Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Verbs Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Verbs

A Verb is an action word. It tells us something about a person or thing.
Verb एक क्रिया शब्द है। यह हमें किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में कुछ बताता है।

A Verb tells us-
1. What a person or thing is; as-

• The rose is red.
• The mouse was dead.
• Camels are useful animals.

2. What a person or thing has; as-

• A week has seven days.
• Monkeys have long tails.
• They had a good day yesterday.

3. What a person or thing does; as-

• She made a doll.
• He is writing a poem.
• The sun rises in the east.

Parts of a Verb क्रिया के भाग

A Verb in English can have two parts:
1. The Main (Primary) (मुख्य) Verb.
2. The Auxiliary (Helping) (सहायक) Verb.

1. The Main Verb tells us ‘what happened or ‘what the situation is’. The main verb can have four different forms:
(i) V₁ (go) or the root form.
(ii) V₂ (went) or the past form.
(iii) V₃ (gone) or the past participle form.
(iv) V₁-ing (going) or the present participle form.

2. The Auxiliary Verb helps the Main Verb to complete its meaning. It helps the Main Verb to form a Tense, or to form Negatives and Questions.
सहायक क्रिया Main verb (मख्य क्रिया) के अर्थ को पूरा करने में सहायता करती है। यह काल (Tense), नकारात्मक कथनों अथवा प्रश्नों के निर्माण में मुख्य क्रिया की सहायता करती है।

The following verbs are often used as Auxiliary Verbs:

• is, am, are, was, were.
• has, have, had.
• do, does, did.
• will, would, shall, should.
• can, could, may, might, must, etc.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Underline the Verbs in the following sentences:

1. I live in Delhi.
2. The lion roars.
3. It is raining outside.
4. I have two brothers.
5. Rina gave me a flower.
6. A cobbler mends shoes.
7. I will give you my book.
8. The driver was cleaning the car.
Hints:
1. live
2. roars
3. is raining
4. have
5. gave
6. mends
7. will give
8. was cleaning

II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate Auxiliaries:

1. …………… I come in, sir ?
2. I ………….. finished my work.
3. You …………… pay your debts.
4. We …………… help our friends.
5. I ………….. solve this question.
6. You ……………. sit on this bench.
7. Anyone ……………. make mistakes.
8. He ………….. not telling the truth.
Hints:
1. May
2. have
3. must
4. shall
5. can
6. can
7. can
8. is

Three Forms (Conjuction) of the verb

Exercises (Solved)

I. Conjugate the following Verbs:

build, fall, rise, speak, teach, weep, ruin, look, sleep, learn, study, throw, weave, forget, destroy
Answer:

Present	Past	Past Participle
build	built	built
fall	fell	fallen
rise	rose	risen
speak	spoke	spoken
teach	taught	taught
weep	wept	wept
ruin	ruined	ruined
look	looked	looked
sleep	slept	slept
learn	learnt	learnt
study	studied	studied
throw	threw	thrown
weave	wove	woven
forget	forgot	forgotten
destroy	destroyed	destroyed

II. Give the present participle form of the following Verbs:

1. sit
2. die
3. sink
4. fight
5. catch
6. tie
7. run
8. bite
9. shine
10. apply
11. hit
12. live
13. swim
14. writer
15. begin
Hints:
1. sitting
2. dying
3. sinking
4. fighting
5. catching
6. tying
7. running
8. biting
9. shining
10. applying
11. hitting
12. living
13. swimming
14. writing
15. beginning.

Note : 1. Verb की Present participle form verb के साथ ‘ing’ जोड़ने से बनती है।
2. कुछ verbs में ‘ing’ जोड़ते समय उनके अंतिम अक्षर अक्षरों में कुछ फेरबदल भी करना पड़ता है।

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Preposition Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Preposition

A Preposition is a word used before a Noun or Pronoun to indicate place, direction, source; as-
on, in, at, under, upon, into, from.
In the following pictures, study the different positions of the cat.

The italicized words show the position of the cat. We call them prepositions. Some other Propositions of common use are-
of, near, to, after, with, during, off, down, by, above, before, between, at, from, for, among, below, without

Use of Some Prepositions

1. On, Upon.
On indicates position of rest on something.
Upon indicates motion.

• The books are on the table.
• The cat jumped upon the wall.

2. In, Into.
In expresses position of rest inside something.
Into indicates motion towards the inside of something.

• Meera was sitting in her room.
• Neha went Into the room.

3. At, In, On
At is used for a point of time.
On is used with days and dates.
In is used with months and years.

• My brother came here at eight.
• I met my friend at 5 o’clock.
• India got freedom in 1947.
• I shall go to Mumbai on Monday.
• His birthday falls on 15 Nov.
• He went to Ludhiana in May.

Note some other uses of ‘at’ and ‘in’.

• At dawn / noon / night
• In the morning
• In the evening
• In the afternoon

4. At, In
At is used with names of small villages and towns.
In is used with names of big cities and states.

• I was bom at Rampur.
• My uncle lives in Delhi.

5. Between, Among.
‘Between’ is used for two persons, places or things.
‘Among’ is used for more than two persons, places or things.

• The two brothers divided their property between themselves.
• The three brothers quarrelled among themselves.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Underline the prepositions in the following sentences:

1. She sat beside me.
2. Rani is afraid of her teacher.
3. The bird flew over the trees.
4. The dog ran after the mouse.
5. The sky and clouds are above us.
6. The river flows under the bridge.
7. December comes after November.
8. There is a big well behind his house.
9. She brought a beautiful dress for me.
10. I went with my friend to see a movie.
Hints:
2. of
3. over
4. after
5. above
6. under
7. after
8. behind
9. for
10. with, to.

II. Fill in the blanks with a suitable preposition from the box:

of, on, for, near, into, at, by, after, from, with
1. I am fond …………… music.
2. Look …………… the blackboard.
3. I am waiting …………… the bus.
4. The policeman ran …………… the thief.
5. Keep the books …………… the shelf.
6. What is Ludhiana famous …………… ?
7. We are proud …………… our country.
8. My ball has fallen …………… the well.
9. Are you coming …………… road or rail ?
10. I went …………… my Mends for a picnic.
11. There is a temple …………… the hospital.
12. Tony cleaned the floor …………… a broom.
13. The girls are waiting …………… the station.
14. My Mend’s house is far …………… our house.
15. She lives …………… her parents.

Hints:
1. of
2. at
3. for
4. after
5. on
6. for
7. of
8. into
9. by
10. with
11. near
12. with
13. at
14. from
15. with.

III. Write what you see in this picture. Use a suitable preposition in each one of your sentences; as-

Mrs. Raj and Mrs. Rani are sitting on a bench.
Tony is trying to get at the apple.
Some birds are flying in the sky.
A crow is sitting on the branch of a tree.
A dog is running after a ball.
Neha is reading a book under a tree.
Sonu and Anu are waiting for the fancy ball to come down.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Articles Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Articles

‘A’, “an’, ‘the’ are called Articles.
An Article is a word that determines or limits the noun that follows it.
An Article is always used with a Noun. So it can also be called an Adjective.
Article वह शब्द है जो अपने बाद प्रयोग किए गए Noun को निरिचत अथवा सीमित करता है।
Article का प्रयोग हमेशा Noun के साथ ही किया जाता है। इसलिए इसे Adjective भी कहा जा सकता है।

Use of ‘a’, ‘an’

You have already learnt that ‘an’ is used before words beginning with a vowel sound and ‘a’ before words beginning with a consonant sound.

Look at these pictures and name the objects using appropriate articles. Two have been done for you:

Exercise (Solved)

Put ‘a’ or ‘an’ for each:

1. …………. ox
2. ………… kite
3. ………… unit
4. ………… cart
5. ………… M.A.
6. ……….. hour
7. …………. table
8. ………. inkpot
9. ……….. monkey
10. ……….. elephant
11. ……….. honest man
12. ………. useful thing
13. ……….. European lady
14. ……….. one-eyed man.
Hints:
1. an
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. an
6. an
7. a
8. an
9. a
10. an
11. an
12. a
13. a
14. a.

Use of ‘the’

We use “the’ to talk of some specific (विशिष्ट) person, animal, place or thing. We use the’ in the following cases also:

1. Before the names of rivers and seas–
the Ganges, the Sutlej, the Jamuna; the Indian Ocean, the Arabian sea.

2. Before the names of magazines, newspapers and holy books–
the India Today, the Observer, the Tribune, the Times of India; the Bible, the Quran, the Gita.

3. Before the names of races or people–
the Hindus, the Punjabis, the English.

4. Before superlatives–
the hardest, the best, the eldest

5. Before the names of natural objects–
the sun, the moon, the earth.

6. Before the names of mountain ranges–
the Himalayas, the Vindhyas, the Alps

7. Before the names of historical places–
the Jallianwalla Bagh; the Red Fort, the Taj Mahal

8. Before a noun that is modified-
She is the girl who stands first in the class.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Fill in the blanks with the articles ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’:

1. I waited for ……………. hour.
2. ………….. ant is …………… insect.
3. …………. Red Fort is in Delhi.
4. Jack and Jill went up …………… hill.
Speak truth. Don’t tell …………. lie.
6. She rode on …………… elephant at the zoo.
7. ………….. earth is covered with land and water.
8. Bible is ……………. sacred book of Christians.
9. In ………….. sky at night we can see …………… stars and ……………. moon.
10. He took …………… banana, …………… orange and ………….. apple for breakfast.
11. ………….. Sun shines in the east.
12. He is …………….. engineer.
Hints:
1. an
2. An, an
3. The
4. the
5. the, a
6. an
7. The
8. The, a, the
9. the, the, the
10. a, an, an.
11. The
12. an

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable articles (a/an/the):

1. Rohit wrote …………. essay.
2. I saw …………… one eyed man.
3. ………….. sun rises in the east.
4. watch tells us …………. time.
5. accident is ……………. ugly sight.
6. She went home in …………….. morning.
7. …………….. boy standing there is my friend.
8. Mohit saw ……………… old man crossing the road.
9. In the north of our country are ……………. Himalayas.
10. ………….. Ganges, ……………… Yamuna and Saraswati meet at Sangam.
Hints:
1. an
2. a
3. The
4. The, the
5. An, an
6. the
7. The
8. an
9. the
10. The, the, the

III. Rewrite each sentence correctly:

1. He is an European.
2. I heard loud noise.
3. Look at blackboard.
4. Rajan is honest man.
5. I go for the walk in evening.
6. Gardener is watering plants.
7. I gave him an one-rupee coin.
8. An umbrella is an useful thing.
9. He was a best judge of horses.
10. She is a tallest girl in our class.
Answer:
1. He is a European.
2. I heard a loud noise.
3. Look at the blackboard.
4. Rajan is an honest man.
5. I go for a walk in the evening.
6. The gardener is watering the plants.
7. I gave him a one-rupee coin.
8. An umbrella is a useful thing.
9. He was the best judge of horses.
10. She is the tallest girl in our class.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Adjectives Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Adjectives

An Adjective is a defining word. It is used with a Noun to tell us something more about that noun; as-
Adjective एक व्याख्यात्मक शब्द है। इसका प्रयोग किसी संज्ञा (Noun) के साथ उसके बारे में कुछ और बताने के लिए किया जाता है।

1. He is a tall boy.
2. She is a rich lady.
3. I have many books.

We can use Adjectives to compare (तुलना करना) the qualities of Nouns; as-

1. Chintu is a fat boy.
2. Mintu is fatter than Chintu.
3. Pintu is the fattest of the three.

The words fat, fatter and fattest show the degrees of a quality. We call them Degrees of Comparison.

Degrees Of Comparison

There can be three Degrees of Comparison:

1. Positive Degree.
2. Comparative Degree.
3. Superlative Degree.

1. Positive Degree : The ordinary form (साधारण रूप) of the adjective is called Positive Degree; as-

• Meena is a tall girl.
• June is a hot month.
• Dhawan is a good player.

2. Comparative Degree : When two things of the same class are compared, we use the Comparative Degree; as-

• Anita is taller than Payal.
• May is hotter than April.
• Virat is a better player than Murli.

3. Superlative Degree : When one thing is compared with all others of the same class, we use the Superlative Degree; as-

• Anita is the tallest of the three.
• June is the hottest month of the year.
• Virat is the best player in our cricket team.

Note that we usually use-
“the’ before a Superlative Degree.
“than’ after a Comparative Degree.

Forming Degrees Of Comparison

1. By adding -er and -est:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
tall	taller	tallest
fast	faster	fastest
long	longer	longest
kind	kinder	kindest
slow	slower	slowest
poor	poorer	poorest
short	shorter	shortest
small	smaller	smallest
old	older	oldest
young	younger	youngest

2. By adding -r and -st:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
late	later	latest
fine	finer	finest
nice	nicer	nicest
wise	wiser	wisest
large	larger	largest
brave	braver	bravest
gentle	gentler	gentlest

3. By adding -ier and -iest in place of the final ‘-y’:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
dirty	dirtier	dirtiest
noisy	noisier	noisiest
funny	funnier	funniest
heavy	heavier	heaviest
happy	happier	happiest
pretty	prettier	prettiest
greedy	greedier	greediest

4. By doubling the final consonant before adding -er and -est:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
fat	fatter	fattest
big	bigger	biggest
hot	hotter	hottest
sad	sadder	saddest
thin	thinner	thinnest
wet	wetter	wettest

5. By adding more and most:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
honest	more honest	most honest
popular	more popular	most popular
beautiful	more beautiful	most beautiful
wonderful	more wonderful	most wonderful
interesting	more interesting	most interesting

6. By using a different word:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
good	better	best
little	less	least
old	elder	eldest
bad	worse	worst
much / many	more	most

Exercises (Solved)

I. Fill in the blanks with ‘than’ or ‘the’:

1. June is hotter ————– April.
2. This is ———— best book I have.
3. Riding is ———- best kind of exercise.
4. She is more intelligent ———– her sister.
5. A wise enemy is better ———— a foolish friend.
6. Shakespeare was ———— greatest dramatist of England.
Hints:
1. than
2. the
3. the
4. than
5. than
6. the.

II. Complete the following table for Degrees of Comparison:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
dim	dimmer	dimmest
lazy	lazier	laziest
cool	cooler	coolest
dull	duller	dullest
hard	harder	hardest
wide	wider	widest
good	better	best.
quick	quicker	quickest
clever	cleverer	cleverest
happy	happier	happiest
narrow	narrower	narrowest
greedy	greedier	greediest
naughty	naughtier	naughtiest
important	more important	most important

III. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the given Adjective:

1. Soni is ———– than Neha. (pretty)
2. My bag is ———— than his. (heavy)
3. Today is ———— than yeserday. (cold)
4. Raj has ———– friends than I have. (much)
5. A hare runs ———— than a tortoise. (fast)
6. Rosy is the ———– girl in our town. (beautiful)
7. I am not ———– happy than you are. (little)
8. She is the ————– student in our class. (good)
9. This is the ———— thing I have ever seen. (bad)
Hints:
1. prettier
2. heavier
3. colder
4. more
5. faster
6. most beautiful
7. less
8. best
9. worst.

IV. Point out the Adjective and its Degree of Comparison in each sentence:

1. This is an easy question.
2. Ashoka was a great king.
3. She is wiser than her brother.
4. Mumbai is hotter than Shimla.
5. Neeru was wearing a red frock.
6. Manu got more marks than Rajan.
7. Which is the longest river of India ?
8. Who is the best player of your team?
Hints:
1. easy – positive
2. great – positive
3. wiser – comparative
4. hotter – comparative
5. red – positive
6. more – comparative
7. longest – superlative
8. best – superlative.

V. Supply the proper form of the given Adjectives:

1. Hot : May is ———– than April.
2. Tall : Megha is ————- than her sister.
3. Old : My uncle is ———- than my father.
4. Rich : He is the ————- man in our town.
5. Large : Name the ———— city in the world.
6. Dry : Rajasthan is the part ———- of India.
7. Good : This pen is ————- than any other pen.
8. Sharp : Your knife is sharp, but mine is ———-

Hints:
1. hotter
2. taller
3. older
4. richest
5. largest
6. driest
7. better
8. sharper.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Reading Comprehension Unseen Passages Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Reading Comprehension Unseen Passages

Read the given passages and answer the questions the follow each:

1. It is said that health is wealth. Healthy mind stays in a he%y body. Human body is like a machine. Over-eating and eating junk food harms our body. Ivular exercise keeps us fit and healthy. We must eat at regular intervals. It is our duty to ke, Gur body in good condition. Walking for a few kilometres daily is also a good exercise. If ycr body is in perfect health, you enjoy life. So we all must do regular exercise and stay fit.

Choose the correct option:

(i) Health is ……………
(a) money
(b) wealth
(c) gold
(d) nothing
Answer:
(b) wealth.

(ii) Human body is like a …………….
(a) scooter
(b) machine
(c) engine
(d) furniture.
Answer:
(b) machine.

(iii) When should we eat ?
(a) every time
(b) at regular in;rvals
(c) after long hours
(d) not eat in thtmorning.
Answer:
(b) at regular intervals.

(iv) What is our duty ?
(a) to eat junk food
(b) to eat all the tine
(c) to keep our body fit
(d) to get up late in the morning.
Answer:
(c) To keep our body fit.

(v) If your body is in perfect health
(a) you enjoy life
(b) you do not enjoy mything
(c) everything sounds dull
(d) you feel tired all tie time.
Answer:
(a) you enjoy life.

2. Golu did not like to read that much. One day, Golu’s mother bought him a nev book and Golu loved it. His favourite character in the book was a dog named Sheru. Golu read the whole book in one day. He read three pages before school, five pages after school and two pages before he went to bed. Golu loves reading now.

Choose the correct option:

(i) Golu did not like to:
(a) playgames
(b) watch t.v.
(c) read much
(d) talk to his mother.
Answer:
(c) read much.

(ii) Who bought a new book for Golu ?
(a) his father
(b) his mother
(c) his sister
(d) Sheru.
Answer:
(b) his mother.

(iii) Sheru was the name of:
(a) a dog
(b) Golu’s friend
(c) Golu’s neighbour
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(a) a dog.

(iv) Golu read three page’s of the book:
(a) after he went to bed
(b) before he went to bed
(c) before school
(d) after school.
Answer:
(c) before school

(v) Golu liked:
(a) the book
(b) the dog
(c) neither of these two
(d) both the book and the dog.
Answer:
(d) both the book and the dog.

3. Deenu was so involved r a his dream that he forgot he was carrying a tin on his head. He started running and slipped. The t: in fell down and the oil spilled on the ground. He felt very upset. He came back to the grocer w ith a sad heart and narrated the incident. The grocer scolded him and said. ‘ ‘You have caused m e a loss of rupees five hundred.”

Choose the correct option:

(i) Deenu was invo lved in:
(a) his story
(b) his dream
(c) a grocer
(d) shopping.
Answer:
(b) his dream.

(ii) In the tin, there was:
(a) milk
(b) ghee
(c) sugar
(d) oil.
Answer:
(d) oil

(iii) Why did the grocer scold Deenu ?
(a) because he stole his money.
(b) because of hi$ loss
(c) because he told a lie
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(b) because of his loss.

(iv) Deem went to the grocer:
(a) happily
(b) cheerfully
(c) With a sad heart
(d) dreaming.
Answer:
(c) with a sad heart.

(v) Deenu felt very upset because:
(a) he fell down
(b) the oil spilled on the ground
(c) the oil made his clothes dirty
(d) he got hurt.
Answer:
(b) the oil spilled on the ground.

4. Shravan is the month of rains. After a long spell of summer, the weather becomes cool and pleasant. There is greenery all around. New plants start growing. All men, women and children begin to feel happy and cheerful. The festival of Teej in this month expresses their feelings of joy. People put on new and colourful clothes on this day. Girls sing folk songs and enjoy swinging.

Choose the correct option:

(i) Shravan is the month of:
(a) fairs
(b) festival after festival
(c) hot summer days
(d) rains
Ans.
(d) rains.

(ii) The weather becomes cool and pleasant in the month of:
(a) Barisakh
(b) Ashad
(c) Shravan
(d) Kartik.
Answer:
(c) Shravan.

(iii) What brings greenery all around ?
(a) rains
(b) summer heat
(c) cold winter
(d) all these.
Answer:
(a) rains.

(iv) The girls sing:
(a) fake songs
(b) folk songs
(c) new songs
(d) film songs
Answer:
(b) folk songs.

(v) When do girls enjoy swinging ?
(a) on Diwali
(b) on Lohri
(c) on Holi
(d) on Teej.
Answer:
(d) On Teej.

5. It was the 15th August last Monday. This day is celebrated as a national festival in India. It was on this day in the year 1947 that we won our Independence from the British rule after a long struggle. This year we celebrated this festival in our school with a great zeal. We had been working hard for a week to beautify our school. We prepared colourful banners and placards with patriotic slogans written on them.

Choose the correct option:

(i) We won our freedom from the British rule in:
(a) 1950
(b) 1952
(c) 1947
(d) 1974.
Answer:
(c) 1947.

(ii) We celebrate 15th August as a:
(a) social festival
(b) religious festival
(c) national festival
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(c) national festival

(iii) How did we win our freedom ?
(a) after a short period of struggle.
(b) after a long period of struggle
(c) without any struggle
(d) after a bloody struggle.
Answer:
(b) after a long period of struggle.

(iv) This year we celebrated the Independence Day
(a) with a great zeal
(b) without any preparation
(c) in a simple manner
(d) with the help of students
Answer:
(a) with a great zeal.

(v) Patriotic slogans were written on ………………….
(a) die walls
(b) walls and banners
(c) playcards
(d) both banners and placards
Answer:
(d) both banners and placards.

6. After the Headmaster’s speech, a cultural programme was organised. The children sang patriotic songs. Some recited poems related to the freedom movement. Some students spoke about the great patriots of India such as Jhansi ki Rani. Tantya Tope, Sardar Bhagat Singh, Neta Ji Subhash Chander Bose, Mahatma Gandhi and the other great sons and daughters of our motherland.

Choose the correct option:

(i) There was a cultural programme:
(a) before the Headmaster’s speech
(b) after the Headmaster’s speech.
(c) after the poems were recited
(d) after the speech of the students.
Answer:
(b) after the Headmaster’s speech.

(ii) What did the cultural programme include ?
(a) patriotic songs
(b) poems related to freedom movement
(c) speeches about the great patriots of India
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(d) all the above.

(iii) Mahatma Gandhi was:
(a) a common man
(b) an ordinary person
(c) a great scholar
(d) a great patriot.
Answer:
(d) a great patriot.

(iv) A great daughter of India mentioned in the passage is:
(a) Jhansi ki Rani
(b) Rani of motherland
(c) Tantya Tope
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Jhansi ki Rani.

(v) What was the first item of the day?
(a) recitation of poems
(b) patriotic songs
(c) the Headmaster’s speech
(d) a cultural programme.
Answer:
(c) The Headmaster’s speech.

7. Vineet, a student of class VIII was also in the same bus. He swung into action. The exit door near the engine was all on fire. He broke open the emergency door and started pushing the children out through this door. The driver and the conductor saw Vineet, struggling alone. They rushed to help him. By the time the last student was rescued the entire bus had turned into a ball of fire. It was Vineet’s timely action that averted a big tragedy. He saved twenty seven lives. However, he himself suffered some bums during this heroic deed.

Choose the correct option:

(i) Vineet was the student of:
(a) Class VI
(b) Class VII
(c) Class Vin
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(c) Class VIII.

(ii) Which door was on fire ?
(a) entrance door
(b) front door
(c) exit door
(d) emergency dpor.
Answer:
(c) exit door.

(iii) The children were taken out through the ……………….
(a) main door
(b) exit door
(c) frontdoor
(d) emergency door.
Answer:
(d) emergency door.

(iv) Who helped Vineet ?
(a) The driver and the teacher
(b) The conductor and the children
(c) Both the driver and the conductor
(d) The teachers and the children.
Answer:
(c) Both the driver and the conductor.

(v) What happened to Vineet during the heroic deed ?
(a) He suffered some bums.
(b) His face was badly wounded.
(c) All his clothes were burnt.
(d) He came out safe and sound.
Answer:
(a) He suffered some bums.

8. One day the librarian said to him. “Do you really read the books or just return them without reading ?” Narendra said, “Of course, Sir, I thoroughly read all the books borrowed from the library. You can ask me any question from these books.” The librarian took out a book and asked him the questions. Narendra answered all the questions correctly. The librarian was amazed at his sharp memory.

Choose the correct option:

(i) Narendra answered correctly:
(a) two questions
(b) three questions
(c) all the questions
(d) no question.
Answer:
(c) all the questions.

(ii) Who borrowed books from the library ?
(a) librarian
(b) Narendra
(c) Surendra
(d) Narendra’s friends.
Answer:
(b) Narendra.

(iii) The librarian thought that Narendra:
(a) returned the books after reading them.
(b) returned the books after spoiling them.
(c) returned the books without reading them.
(d) all these.
Answer:
(c) returned the books without reading them.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 5 Data Handling Ex 5.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 5 Data Handling Ex 5.2

1. A survey was made to find the type of music that a certain group of young people liked in a city. Given pie chart shows the findings of this survey.

From this pie chart answer the following:

Question (i).
If 20 people liked classical music, how many young people were surveyed ?
Solution:
Let the required number of total young people surveyed = x
∴ 10% of x = 20
∴ \(\frac {10}{100}\) × x = 20
∴ x = \(\frac{20 \times 100}{10}\)
∴ x = 200
200 young people were surveyed.

Question (ii).
Which type of music is liked by the maximum number of people ?
Solution:
Maximum number of people like the light music.

Question (iii).
If a cassette company were to make 1000 CD’s, how many of each type would they make ?
Solution:
Total number of CD’s = 1000
(a) Number of CD’s for semi classical music = 20 % of 1000
= \(\frac {20}{100}\) × 1000 = 200
(b) Number of CD’s for classical music = 10 % of 1000
= \(\frac {10}{100}\) × 1000 = 100
(c) Number of CD’s for folk music = 30 % of 1000
= \(\frac {30}{100}\) × 1000 = 300
(d) Number of CD’s for light music = 40 % of 1000
= \(\frac {40}{100}\) × 1000 = 400

2. A group of 360 people were asked to vote for their favourite season from the ? three seasons rainy, winter and summer:

Question (i).
Which season got the most votes ?
Solution:
Winter season got the most votes (150).

Question (ii).
Find the central angle of each sector.
Solution:
Total Votes = 90 + 120 + 150 = 360
∴ Central angle of the sector corresponding to :
Summer season = \(\frac {90}{360}\) × 360° = 90°
Rainy season = \(\frac {120}{360}\) × 360° = 120°
Winter season = \(\frac {150}{360}\) × 360° = 150°

Question (iii).
Draw a pie chart to show this information.
Solution:
Draw three radi in such a way that it makes angles of 90°, 120° and 150° at the centre.

3. Draw a pie chart showing the following information. The table shows the colours preferred by a group of people.

Colours	Number of people
Blue	18
Green	9
Red	6
Yellow	3
Total	36

Solution:
Central angle of the sector corresponding to :
(i) The blue colour = \(\frac {18}{36}\) × 360°
= 18 × 10° = 180°
(ii) The green colour = \(\frac {9}{36}\) × 360° = 90°
(iii) The red colour = \(\frac {6}{36}\) × 360° = 60°
(iv) The yellow colour = \(\frac {3}{36}\) × 360° = 30°
Thus, the required pie chart is given below.

4. The given pie chart gives the marks scored in an examination by a student in Hindi, English, Mathematics, Social Science and Science. If the total marks obtained by the students were 540, answer the following questions.

Question (i).
In which subject did the student score 105 marks ?
[Hint: For 540 marks, the central angle = 360°. So for 105 marks, what is the central angle ?]
Solution:
Toted marks = 540
∴ Central angle corresponding to 540 marks = 360°
∴ Central angle corresponding to 105 marks = \(\frac {360}{540}\) × 105° = 70°
The sector having central angle 70° is corresponding to Hindi.
Thus, the student scored 105 marks in Hindi.

Question (ii).
How many more marks were obtained by the student in Mathematics than in Hindi?
Solution:
The central angle corresponding to the sector of Mathematics = 90°
∴ Marks scored in Mathematics = \(\frac{90^{\circ}}{360^{\circ}}\) × 540 = 135
30 (135 – 105) more marks were obtained by the student in Mathematics than in Hindi.

Question (iii).
Examine whether the sum of the marks obtained in Social Science and Mathematics is more than that in Science and Hindi.
[Hint:Just study the central angles.]
Solution:
The sum of the central angles for Social Science and Mathematics = 65° + 90° = 155°
The sum of the central angles for Science and Hindi = 80° + 70° = 150°
∴ Marks obtained in Social Science and Mathematics is more than the marks scored in Science and Hindi.

5. The number of students in a hostel, speaking different languages is given below. Display the data in a pie chart:

Solution:
Central angle of the sector representing:
(i) Gujarati language = \(\frac {40}{72}\) × 360°
= 40 × 5° = 200°
(ii) English language = \(\frac {12}{72}\) × 360°
= 12 × 5°= 80°
(iii) Urdu language = \(\frac {9}{72}\) × 360°
= 9 × 5° = 45°
(iv) Hindi language = \(\frac {7}{72}\) × 360°
= 7 × 5° = 35°
(v) Sindhi language = \(\frac {4}{72}\) × 360°
= 4 × 5° = 20°
The required pie chart is as follows.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 5 Data Handling InText Questions and Answers.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Data Handling InText Questions

Textual (Textbook Page No. 69 – 70)

1. A Pictograph : Pictorial representation of data using symbols.

Question (i).
How many cars were produced in the month of July ?
Solution:
250 cars were produced in the month of July.

Question (ii).
In which month were maximum number of cars produced?
Solution:
Maximum number of cars were produced in the month of September.

2. A Bar Graph : A display of information using bars of uniform width, their heights being proportional to the respective values.

Question (i).
What is the information given by the bar graph ?
Solution:
Here, the bar graph gives information about number of students of class VIII in different academic years.

Question (ii).
In which year is the increase in the number of students maximum ?
Solution:
In year 2004-05, the increase in the number of students is maximum.

Question (iii).
In which year is the number of students maximum ?
Solution:
In year 2007 – 08, the number of students is maximum.

Question (iv).
State whether true or false:
‘The number of students during 2005 – 06 is twice that of 2003 – 04.’
Solution :
False, the number of students during 2005 – 06 is not twice that of 2003 – 04 but more than twice.

3. Double Bar Graph : A bar graph showing two sets of data simultaneously. It is useful for the comparison of the data.

Question (i).
What is the information given by the double bar graph?
Solution :
Here, the double bar graph provides information about marks obtained by a student in different subjects and comparison of his marks in year 2005 – 06 and 2006 – 07.

Question (ii).
In which subject has the performance improved the most?
Solution :
In the subject Maths, the performance has improved the most.

Question (iii).
In which subject has the performance deteriorated?
Solution :
In the subject English, the performance has deteriorated.

Question (iv).
In which subject is the performance at par?
Solution:
In the subject Hindi, the performance is at par.

Think, Discuss and Write (Textbook Page No. 71)

Question 1.
If we change the position of any of the bars of a bar graph, would it change the information being conveyed? Why?
Solution:
If the height of a bar remains unchanged, then changing of its position does not change the information being conveyed.

Try These (Textbook Page No. 71)

Question 1.
Draw an appropriate graph to represent the given information:

Solution:
To represent the given data by a bar graph, draw two axes perpendicular to each other. Let us represent ‘Months’ on \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OX}}\) and ‘Number of watches sold’ \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OY}}\) on OY. Let us make rectangles of same width. The heights of the rectangles are proportional to the number of watches, using a suitable scale :
Here, scale is 1 cm = 500 watches
Since, 500 watches = 1 cm
1000 watches = 2 cm
1500 watches = 3 cm
2000 watches = 4 cm
2500 watches = 5 cm

Question 2.

Children who prefer	School A	School B	School C
Walking	40	55	15
Cycling	45	25	35

Solution:
Since, a comparison of two activities is to be represented, therefore a double graph is drawn by taking the ‘Schools’ along X-axis and ‘Number of children’ along Y-axis, using a scale of 1 cm = 5 children.

Question 3.
Percentage wins in ODI by 8 top cricket teams.

Teams	From Champions Trophy to World Cup ’06	Last 10 ODI in ’07
South Africa	75%	78%
Australia	61 %	40%
Sri Lanka	54%	38%
New Zealand	47%	50%
England	46%	50%
Pakistan	45%	44%
West Indies	44%	30%
India	43%	56%

Solution:
To compare the percentage win in ODI achieved by various teams, we represent the data by a double bar graph. We represent the ‘Team’s Names’ along the X-axis and their ‘percentage win’ along Y-axis, using the scale 1 cm – 5%.

Try These (Textbook Page No. 72)

1. A group of students were asked to say which animal they would like most to have as a pet. The results are given below:
dog, cat, cat, fish, cat, rabbit, dog, cat, rabbit, dog, cat, dog, dog, dog, cat, cow, fish, rabbit, dog, cat, dog, cat, cat, dog, rabbit, cat, fish, dog.
Make a frequency distribution table for the same.
Solution:
Using tally-marks, we have

Try These (Textbook Page No. 73-74)

1. Study the following frequency distribution table and answer the questions given below.
Frequency Distribution of Daily Income of 550 Workers of a factory:

Class Interval (Daily Income in ₹)	Frequency (Number of workers)
100 – 125	45
125 – 150	25
150 – 175	55
175 – 200	125
200 – 225	140
225 – 250	55
250 – 275	35
275 – 300	50
300 – 325	20
Total	550

Question (i).
What is the size of the class intervals ?
Solution:
Class size = [Upper class limit] – [Lower class limit]
= 125 – 100
= 25

Question (ii).
Which class has the highest frequency ?
Solution:
The class 200 – 225 is having the highest frequency (140).

Question (iii).
Which class has the lowest frequency ?
Solution :
The class 300 – 325 has the lowest frequency (20).

Question (iv).
What is the upper limit of the class interval 250 – 275?
Solution:
The upper limit of the class interval 250 – 275 is 275.

Question (v).
Which two classes have the same frequency ?
Solution :
The classes 150 – 175 and 225 – 250 are having the same frequency (55).

2. Construct a frequency distribution table for the data on weights (in kg) of 20 students of a class using intervals 30 – 35, 35 – 40 and so on.
40, 38, 33, 48, 60, 53, 31, 46, 34, 36, 49, 41, 55, 49, 65, 42, 44, 47, 38, 39
Solution:
Lowest observation = 31
Highest observation = 65
Class intervals :
30-35, 35-40, 40-45, ……..
The frequency distribution table for above data can be prepared as follows :

Try These (Textbook Page No. 75 – 76)

1. Observe the histogram and answer questions given below:

Question (i).
What information is being given by the histogram ?
Solution:
This histogram represents the heights (in cms) of girls of class VII.

Question (ii).
Which group contains maximum girls ?
Solution:
The group 140- 145 contains maximum number of girls (7).

Question (iii).
How many girls have a height of 145 cms and more?
Solution:
7 girls have a height of 145 cm and more (4 + 2 + 1 = 7).

Question (iv).
If we divide the girls into the following three categories, how many would there be in each?
150 cm and more-Group A
140 cm to less
than 150 cm – Group B
Less than 140 cm – Group C
Solution:
Number of girls in
Group A : 150 cm and more = 2 + 1 = 3
Group B : 140 cm and less than 150 cm = 7 + 4 = 11
Group C : Less them 140 cm = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6

Try These (Textbook Page No. 78)

1. Each of the following pie charts gives you a different piece of information !; about your class. Find the fraction of the circle representing each of these information:

Solution:
(i) Fraction of the circle representing the ‘girls’ 50 % = \(\frac {50}{100}\) = \(\frac {1}{2}\)
Fraction of the circle representing the ‘boys’ 50% = \(\frac {50}{100}\) = \(\frac {1}{2}\)

(ii) Fraction of the circle representing ‘walk’ 40 % = \(\frac {40}{100}\) = \(\frac {2}{5}\)
Fraction of the circle representing ‘bus or car’ 40 % = \(\frac {40}{100}\) = \(\frac {2}{5}\)
Fraction of the circle representing ‘cycle’ 20 % = \(\frac {20}{100}\) = \(\frac {1}{5}\)

(iii) Fraction of the circle representing those who love mathematics = (100 – 15)%
= 85 %
= \(\frac {85}{100}\) = \(\frac {17}{20}\)
Fraction of the circle representing those who hate mathematics = 15%
= \(\frac {15}{100}\) = \(\frac {3}{20}\)

2. Answer the following questions based on the pie chart given:

(i) Which type of programmes are viewed the most?
(ii) Which two types of programmes have number of viewers equal to those watching sports channels ?
Solution:
From the given pie chart,

Type of viewers	Percentage
Sports viewers	25 %
News viewers	15 %
Information viewers	10 %
Entertainment viewers	50%

(i) The entertainment programmes are viewed the most (50 %).
(ii) The news and informative programmes have the number of viewers equal to those watching sports channels (15 % + 10 % = 25 %).

Try These (Textbook Page No. 81)

1. Draw a pie chart of the data given below : The time spent by a child during a day.
Sleep – 8 hours
School – 6 hours
Homework – 4 hours
Play – 4 hours
Others – 2 hours
Solution:
First we find the central angle corresponding to each of the given activities.

Activity	Duration of the activity in a day out of 24 hours	Central angle corresponding to the activity
Sleep	8 hours	\(\frac {8}{24}\) × 360° = 120°
School	6 hours	\(\frac {6}{24}\) × 360° = 90°
Home­ work	4 hours	\(\frac {4}{24}\) × 360° = 60°
Play	4 hours	\(\frac {4}{24}\) × 360° = 60°
Others	2 hours	\(\frac {2}{24}\) × 360° = 30°

The required pie chart is given below.
[Note: Dividing a circle into sectors with corresponding angle (with protractor) you get the required pie chart.]

Think, Discuss and Write (Textbook Page No. 81)

Which form of graph would be appropriate to display the following data.

Question 1.
Production of food grains of a state.

Solution :
A bar graph will be an appropriate representation to display given data.

Question 2.

Favourite food	Number of people
North Indian	30
South Indian	40
Gujarati	25
Others	25
Total	120

Solution :
A pie chart (circle graph) will be an appropriate representation to display given data.

Question 3.
The daily income of a group of a factory workers:

Daily income (in Rupees)	Number of workers (in a factory)
75 – 100	45
100 – 125	35
125 – 150	55
150 – 175	30

Solution :
A histogram will be an appropriate representation to display given data.

Try These (Textbook Page No. 83 – 84)

Question 1.
If you try to start a scooter, what are the possible outcomes ?
Solution:
It may start.
It may not start.

Question 2.
When a die is thrown, what are the six possible outcomes?
Solution:
When a die is thrown, the possible outcomes are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 on the upper face of the die.

Question 3.
When you spin the wheel shown, what are the possible outcomes ? (Fig 5.9)
List them.
(Outcome here means the sector at which the pointer stops.)

Solution:
When we spin the wheel shown, the possible outcomes are A, B or C.
[Note: The sector at which the pointer stops is outcome.]

Question 4.
You have a pot with five identical balls of different colours and you are to pull out (draw) a ball without looking at it; list the outcomes you would get (Fig 5.10).

Solution:
When we draw a ball from a bag with five identical balls of different colours, the possible outcomes are : W, R, B, G or Y.

Think, Discuss and Write (Textbook Page No. 84)

In throwing a die:

1. Does the first player have a greater chance of getting a six?
Solution:
No.

2. Would the player who played after him have a lesser chance of getting a six?
Solution:
No.

3. Suppose the second player got a six. Does it mean that the third player would not have a chance of getting a six ?
Solution:
No.

Try These (Textbook Page No. 86)

Suppose you spin the wheel:

1. ( i ) List the number of outcomes of getting a green sector and not getting a green sector on this wheel.
Solution:
Number of outcomes of getting a green sector = 5
Number of outcomes of not getting a green sector = 3

(ii) Find the probability of getting a green sector.
Solution :
∴ The total number of outcomes = 8
Number of outcomes of getting a green sector = 5
∴ Probability of getting a green sector = \(\frac {5}{8}\)

(iii) Find the probability of not getting a green sector.
Solution:
∴ The total number of outcomes = 8
Number of outcomes of not getting a green sector = 3
∴ Probability of not getting a green sector = \(\frac {3}{8}\)

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Tenses Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Tenses

The form of verb that shows the Time or State of an action is called the Tense.
Verb का जो रुप क्रिया के समय अथवा स्थिति के बारे में बताती है उसे Tense कहते है।

We have three main Tenses in English.
They are-

1. The Present Tense वर्तमानकाल
2. The Past Tense भूतकाल
3. The Future Tense. भविष्यत्काल

Look at the following sentences:

1. Tanu is here today.
2. The girls are happy.
3. Tanu was here yesterday.
4. The girls were happy.
5. Tanu will be here tomorrow.
6. The girls will be happy.

Sentences 1 and 2 show the present state.
We can say they are in the Present Tense.

Sentences 3 and 4 show the past state.
We can say they are in the Past Tense.

Sentences 5 and 6 show the future state.
We can say they are in the Future Tense.

Please Note: 1. We use V₁ for Present Tense.
2. We use V₂ for Past Tense.
3. We use will / shall + V₁ for Future Tense.

Forms of Tenses काल के रूप

Each Tense in English has four different forms:

1. Indefinite
2. Continuous
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous

Thus, there are twelve different Tenses.
They are-

1. Present Indefinite	I write poems.
2. Past Indefinite	I wrote poems.
3. Future Indefinite	I shall write poems
4. Present Continuous	I am writing poems.
5. Past Continuous	I was writing poems.
6. Future Continuous	I shall be writing poems.
7. Present Perfect	I have written poems.
8. Past Perfect	I had written poems.
9. Future Perfect	I shall have written poems.
10. Present Perfect Continuous	I have been writing poems.
11. Past Perfect Continuous	I had been writing poems.
12. Future Perfect Continuous	I shall have been writing poems.

1. Present Indefinite Tense

The Present Indefinite Tense is used to express a universal truth (सर्वमान्य सत्य) or habitual action (आदत की क्रिया)”; as-

1. The baby likes bread.
2. We do our duty.
3. Aman speaks the truth.
4. The earth moves round the sun.

The underlined verbs are all in the Present Indefinite Tense.
For Positive Statements in this tense:
We use V₁ for I, You and a Plural subject; as,

1. You learn your lessons.
2. We pray to God daily
3. I buy milk from this dairy.

We use V₁ + s/es, for third person Singular subject; as,

1. Meena tells lies.
2. My sister cooks delicious food.
3. Mr. Singh teaches us English.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Put each sentence into the plural:

1. A cat eats meat.
2. A dog hates a cat.
3. A writer writes a book.
4. An apple grows on a tree.
Answer:
Cats eat meat.
2. Dogs hate cats.
3. Writers write books
4. Apples grow on trees.

II. Put each sentence into the singular:

1. Houses have roofs.
2. Postmen wear caps.
3. They drink tea out of cups.
4. Classrooms have blackboards.
Answer:
1. A house has a roof.
2. A postman wears a cap.
3. He/She drinks tea out of a cup.
4. A classroom has a blackboard.

Framing Negative Questions

We use do not + V₁ for I, you and a Plural subject; as-
1. They do not learn their lessons.
2. You do not do your homework daily.
3. We do not buy milk from this dairy.

We use does not + V₁ for third person Singular subject; as
1. She does not waste her time.
2. Rita does not cook delicious food.
3. Mr. Singh does not teach us English.

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Negative:
1. Ram goes home for lunch.
2. I like coffee.
3. She looks beautiful.
4. These boys run fast.
5. We go for a walk daily.
6. You obey your teachers.
7. He takes care of his health.
8. “They take tea in the evening.
Answer:
1. Ram does not go home for lunch.
2. I do not like coffee.
3. She does not look beautiful.
4. These boys do not run fast.
5. We do not go for a walk daily.
6. You do not obey your teachers.
7. He does not take care of his health.
8. They do not take tea in the evening.

Framing Questions

We use the following sentence pattern:
Do + Plural subject + V₁ + Complement ?
Does + third person Singular subject + V₁ + Complement ?

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Question:

1. Owls hoot at night.
2. They work on Sundays.
3. Children play on the road.
4. A postman delivers letters.
5. Farmers grow crops for us.
6. Mosquitoes spread Malaria.
7. She helps her mother in the kitchen.
8. Your brother knows many people in this town.
Answer:
1. Do owls hoot at night ?
2. Do they work on Sundays ?
3. Do children play on the road ?
4. Does a postman, deliver letters ?
5. Do farmers grow crops for us ?
6. Do mosquitoes spread Malaria ?
7. Does she help her mother in the kitchen ?
8. Does your brother know many people in this town?

Framing Negative Questions

We can put not before the main verb or in short form after the helping verb; as-

1. Does Rani not tell lies ?
= Doesn’t Rani tell lies ?

2. Do you not take a bath daily ?
= Don’t you take a bath daily ?

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Negative Question:

1. Do cows live on grass ?
Do cows not live on grass ?
(or)
Don’t cows live on grass ?

Note : Do not = Don’t
Does not = Doesn’t

2. She does not like coffee.
3. The sun rises in the east.
4. Do they come here daily ?
5. Does Kusha bring flowers ?
6. We do not pluck the flowers.
7. Does Nitin obey his parents ?
8. He does not drive his car very fast.
9. These boys do not respect their teachers.
Answer:
2. Does she not like coffee ?
Or
Doesn’t she like coffee ?
3. Does the sun not rise in the east ?
4. Do they not come here daily ?
Or
Don’t they come here daily ?
5. Does Kusha not bring flowers ?
6. Do we not pluck the flowers ?
7. Does Nitin not obey his parents ?
8. Does he not drive his car very fast ?
9. Do these boys not respect their teachers ?

2. Past Indefinite Tense

Past Indefinite Tense is used to express an action which took place in the past or was completed before the time of speaking; as-
Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग बीते समय (भूतकाल) में हुई क्रिया के लिए किया जाता है जो उसके बारे में बात करने से पहले ही पूरी हो गई हो।

1. Simi liked ice cream.
2. Rohan went to the market.

For Positive Statements in this tense, we use V₁ with all subjects (singular or plural); as-

1. He worked hard.
2. We took milk in the morning today.
3. I bought this book last week.

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence using the Past form of the given verbs:

1. Rahul (want) a shirt.
2. Deepa (eat) an ice cream.
3. Nancy (wear) simple clothes.
4. Raj (come) to India in March.
5. They (build) a house in Delhi.
6. The boys (laugh) at the beggar.
7. I (go) to the market with my friend.
8. My mother (buy) a new dress for me.
Answer:
1. Rahul wanted a shirt.
2. Deepa ate an ice cream.
3. Nancy wore simple clothes.
4. Raj came to India in March.
5. They built a house in Delhi.
6. The boys laughed at the beggar.
7. I went to the market with my friend.
8. My mother bought a new dress for me.

Negative Statements

We use did not + V₁ for all subjects (singular or plural); as-

1. He did not work hard.
2. We did not take milk in the morning today.
3. I did not buy this book last week.

Please note that did always take V₁ form with it; it never takes V₂ form.

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Negative:

1. Misha told the truth.
Misha did not tell the truth.
2. He took my pen.
3. Tony polished his shoes.
4. She cooked food for me.
5. Rohan respected his teachers.
6. They finished their work in time.
7. The naughty boys broke the glass.
8. Ranjan and his friends went for a picnic.
Answer:
2. He did not take my pen.
3. Tony did not polish his shoes.
4. She did not cook food for me.
5. Rohan did not respect his teachers.
6. They did not finish their work in time.
7. The naughty boys did not break the glass.
8. Ranjan and his friends did not go for a picnic.

For Questions

We use the following sentence pattern:

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Question:

1. Nancy danced at the party.
Did Nancy dance at the party ?
2. He invited us to dinner.
3. My uncle sent me a gift.
4. Our team won the match.
5. You paid your fees yesterday.
6. We spent our holidays at Shimla.
7. They plucked flowers in the garden.
8. Sonu broke his leg in the accident.
Answer:
2. Did he invite us to dinner ?
3. Did my uncle send me a gift ?
4. Did our team win the match ?
5. Did you pay your fees yesterday ?
6. Did we spend our holidays at Shimla ?
7. Did they pluck flowers in the garden ?
8. Did Sonu break his leg in the accident ?

For Negative Questions

We can put not before the main verb or in short form after the helping verb; as
1. Did she not tell lies ?
= Didn’t she tell lies ?

2. Did you not apply for the post ?
= Didn’t you apply for the post ?

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Negative Question:

1. Did the peon ring the bell ?
Did the peon not ring the bell ?
(or)
Didn’t the peon ring the bell ?
2. Did he tell a lie ?
3. We called him a fool.
4. Reeta ate all biscuits.
5. Did she reply your letter ?
6. Your sister painted this picture.
7. Did she finish her work in time ?
8. Did they congratulate you on your success ?
Answer:
2. Did he not tell a lie ?
(or)
Didn’t he tell a lie ?
3. Did we not call him a fool ?
4. Did Reeta not eat all biscuits ?
5. Did she not reply your letter ?
6. Did your sister not paint this picture ?
7. Did she not finish her work in time ?
8. Did they not congratulate you on your success ?

3. Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense is used to express an action that is going on at the time of speaking; as-

1. Radha is doing her homework.
2. Mona is cooking food in the kitchen.

The italicised words express an action which is going on at present. So we can say these sentences are in the Present Continuous Tense.

Positive Statements (is/am/are + V₁ -ing)

1. I am flying a kite.
2. She is doing her work.
3. They are reading a new lesson.

Negative Statements (is/am/are + not + V₁ -ing)

1. I am not flying a kite.
2. She is not doing her work.
3. They are not reading a new lesson.

Questions
(Helping verb before the Subject)

1. Am I flying a kite ?
2. Is she doing her work ?
3. Are they reading a new lesson ?

Negative Questions

(‘not is used before the main verb or in short form after the helping verb)

1. Am I not flying a kite ?
= An’t I flying a kite ?
(We use an’t in spoken language only.)

2. Is she not doing her work ?
= Isn’t she doing her work ?

3. Are they not reading a new lesson ?
= Aren’t they reading a new lesson ?

Exercises (Solved)

I. Use the Present Continuous Tense to complete each sentence:

1. Mona …………… a test. (take)
2. I ………. my breakfast. (have)
3. The hunter …………. the lion. (kill)
4. The trees …………… their leaves. (shed)
5. The farmers ……….. their fields. (water)
6. The pain in my arm ………… worse. (get)
7. The tailors………… the uniforms. (not make)
Answer:
1. Mona is taking a test.
2. I am having my breakfast.
3. The hunter is killing the lion.
4. The trees are shedding their leaves.
5. The farmers are watering their fields.
6. The pain in my arm is getting worse.
7. The tailors are not making the uniforms.

II. Rewrite each sentence as a question:

1. I am reading a book.
2. She is not doing her work.
3. They are watching a movie.
4. You are not listening to me.
5. We are going for a picnic today.
6. The girls are playing in the park.
7. The boys are not teasing the animals.
Answer:
1. Am I reading a book ?
2. Is she not doing her work ?
3. Are they watching a movie ?
4. Are you not listening to me ?
5. Aren’t we going for a picnic today?
6. Are the girls playing in the park ?
7. Are the boys not teasing the animals ?

4. Past Continuous Tense

The Past Continuous tense is used to express an action which was actually taking place at some particular moment (विशेष क्षण/समय पर) in the past.

Positive Statements
We use was/were + V₁ -ing; as-

1. Harjit was reading a book.
2. They were going to the fair.

Negative Statements
We use was/were + not + V₁ -ing; as-

1. Harjit was not reading a book.
2. They were not going to the fair.

Questions
We put the helping verb before the subject; as-

1. Was Harjit reading a book ?
2. Were they going to the fair ?

Negative Questions
We can put ‘not before the main verb or in short form after the helping verb; as-
1. Was Harjit not reading a book ?
= Wasn’t Harjit reading a book ?

2. Were they not going to the fair ?
= Weren’t they going to the fair ?

Exercises (Solved)

I. Complete each sentence using the Past Continuous Tense:

1. Children ………….. in the bushes. (hide)
2. They ………. through the zoo. (walk).
3. The waiter ……….. the people. (serve)
4. Meera …………. with her friends. (not play)
5. The baby ………. all the morning. (not cry)
6. The dancers ………… on the stage. (not perform)
Answer:
1. Children were hiding in the bushes.
2. They were walking through the zoo.
3. The waiter was serving the people.
4. Meera was not playing with her friends.
5. The baby was not crying all the morning.
6. The dancers were not performing on the stage.

II. Rewrite each sentence as a question:

1. The peon was ringing the bell.
2. We were not going to our village.
3. The boys were wearing red turbans.
4. Hema was not working at that time.
5. The children were playing in the street.
6. The teacher was writing on the blackboard.
7. The little girl was not playing with her doll.
8. Anu and Rosy were not talking to each other.
Answer:
1. Was the peon ringing the bell ?
2. Were we not going to our village ?
3. Were the boys wearing red turbans ?
4. Was Hema not working at that time?
5. Were the children playing in the street ?
6. Was the teacher writing on the blackboard ?
7. Was the little girl not playing with her doll ?
8. Were Anu and Rosy not talking to each other?

Miscellaneous Exercises

I. Use Simple Past form of the given verb to complete each sentence:

1. Did you ………….. this film ? (enjoy)
2. Did Roma …………. this picture ? (paint)
3. Columbus ……….. America in 1492. (discover)
4. She ………. to her village last month. (go)
5. The peon ……….. (not) the bell in time. (ring)
6. The fool didn’t ………. from experience. (learn)
Hints.
1. enjoy
2. paint
3. discovered
4. went
5. did not ring
6. learn.

II. Use Simple Present form of the given verb to complete each sentence:

1. I …….. for a walk daily. (go)
2. The sun …………… in the east. (rise)
3. They ……………. (not) bad workers. (like)
4. Kusha …………. (not) her parents. (obey)
5. Teachers …………… good students. (love)
6. We ………… milk and eggs for breakast.
Hints:
1. go
2. rises
3. do not like
4. does not obey
5. love
6. take

III. Rewrite each sentence in Past Indefinite Tense:

1. The bird flies to its nest.
2. They drink coffee every day.
3. Does he pay his fees regularly ?
4. Do you have milk for breakfast ?
5. Do we not fall ill by over-eating ?
6. You do not finish your work in time.
7. Kusha does not wear simple clothes.
8. Does he not help his friends in need ?
Answer:
1. The bird flew to its nest.
2. They drank coffee every day.
3. Did he pay his fees regularly ?
4. Did you have milk for breakfast ?
5. Did we not fall ill by over-eating ?
6. You did not finish your work in time.
7. Kusha did not wear simple clothes.
8. Did he not help his friends in need ?

IV. Rewrite each sentence in Past Continuous Tense:

1. Isn’t it raining heavily ?
2. We are waiting for the bus.
3. The teacher is teaching the children.
4. I am not living with my aunt these days.
5. They are not going home in the evening.
6. Is the lady knitting a sweater for her son ?
7. Aren’t Anu and Manu playing in the street ?
8. Am I wasting my time in watching Discovery Channel ?
Answer:
1. Wasn’t it raining heavily?
2. We were waiting for the bus.
3. The teacher was teaching the children.
4. I was not living with my aunt these days.
5. They were not going home in the evening.
6. Was the lady knitting a sweater for her son ?
7. Weren’t Anu and Manu playing in the street ?
8. Was I wasting my time in watching Discovery Channel ?

V. Rewrite each sentence in Present Continuous Tense:

1. Do you not speak the truth?
2. The students ask many questions.
3. I sit on the front bench in my class.
4. Does Kamla teach dance and music ?
5. These boys do not respect their elders.
6. She does not play with the poor children.
Answer:
1. Are you not speaking the truth?
2. The students are asking many questions.
3. I am sitting on the front bench in my class.
4. Is Kamla teaching dance and music ?
5. These boys are not respecting their elders.
6. She is not playing with the poor children.

VI. Rewrite each sentence in Past Continuous Tense:

1. The girls did not pluck flowers.
2. Did the peon not ring the bell ?
3. Did Ram break the windowpanes ?
4. My friends talked to me in English.
5. The watchman did not open the gate.
6. He spent all his money in good deeds.
Answer:
1. The girls were not plucking flowers.
2. Was the peon not ringing the bell ?
3. Was Ram breaking the windowpanes.
4. My friends were talking to me in English.
5. The watchman was not opening the gate.
6. He was spending all his money in good deeds.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 11 Mensuration Ex 11.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 11 Mensuration Ex 11.2

1. The shape of the top surface of a table is a trapezium. Find its area if its parallel sides are 1 m and 1.2 m and perpendicular distance between them is 0.8 m.

Solution:
Area of top surface of a table = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (sum of parallel sides) × perpendicular distance between the parallel sides
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (1.2 + 1) × 0.8
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 2.2 × 0.8
= 0.88 m²
Hence, area of top surface of table is 0.88 m².

2. The area of a trapezium is 34 cm² and the length of one of the parallel sides is 10 cm and its height is 4 cm. Find the length of the other parallel side.
Solution:

Let the length of the other parallel side be xcm.
Area of trapezium
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (sum of parallel sides) × height
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (10 + x) × 4
= (10 + x) × 2
= 20 + 2x
Area of trapezium = 34 cm² (given)
∴ 20 + 2x = 34
∴ 2x = 34 – 20
∴ 2x = 14
∴ x = 7
Hence, length of the other parallel side is 7 cm.

3. Length of the fence of a trapezium-shaped field ABCD is 120 m. If BC = 48 m, CD = 17 m and AD = 40 m, find the area of this field. Side AB is perpendicular to the parallel sides AD and BC.

Solution:
Perimeter of a field = length of fence of a held
∴ AB + BC + CD + DA = 120
∴ AB + 48 + 17 + 40 = 120
∴ AB + 105 = 120
∴ AB = 120 – 105
∴ AB = 15 m
Now, Area of trapezium ABCD = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (sum of parallel sides)
× perpendicular distance between the parallel sides
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (AD + BC) × AB
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (40 + 48) × 15
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 88 × 15 = 660 m²
Hence, area of the field is 660 m².

4. The diagonal of a quadrilateral shaped field is 24 m and B the perpendiculars dropped on it from c the remaining opposite vertices are 8 m and 13 m. Find the area of the field.

Solution:
Area of quadrilateral ABCD
Area of Δ ABD + Area of Δ BCD
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × BD × AM + \(\frac {1}{2}\) × BD x CN
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 24 × 13 + \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 24 × 8
= 12 × 13 + 12 × 8
= 156 + 96
= 252 m²
Hence, area of the field is 252 m².

5. The diagonals of a rhombus are 7.5 cm and 12 cm. Find its area.
Solution:
d₁ = 7.5 cm, d₂ = 12 cm
Area of a rhombus = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × d₁ × d₂
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 7.5 × 12
= 7.5 × 6 = 45 cm².
Hence, area of rhombus is 45 cm².

6. Find the area of a rhombus whose side is 5 cm and whose altitude is 4.8 cm. If one of its diagonals is 8 cm long, find the length of the other diagonal.
Solution:
Rhombus is a parallelogram too.
∴ Area of rhombus = base × height
= 5 × 4.8
= 5 × \(\frac {48}{10}\)
= 24 cm²
Now, area of rhombus = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × d₁ × d₂
∴ 24 = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 8 × d₂
∴ 24 = 4 × d₂
∴ d₂ = \(\frac {24}{4}\) = 6 Cm

Hence, length of the other diagonal of rhombus is 6 cm.

7. The floor of a building consists of 3000 tiles which are rhombus-shaped and each of its diagonals are 45 cm and 30 cm in length. Find the total cost of polishing the floor, if the cost per m² is ₹4.
Solution:
The shape of a floor tile is rhombus.
d₁ = 45 cm, d₂ = 30 cm
Area of a tile = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × d₁ × d₂
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 45 × 30
= 45 × 15
= 675 cm²
Now, floor of a building consists of total 3000 tiles.
∴ Area of floor = Number of tiles × Area of one tile
= 3000 × 675
= 20,25,000 cm²
1cm = \(\frac {1}{100}\)m
∴ 1cm² = \(\frac{1}{100 \times 100}\)m² = \(\frac {1}{10000}\)m²
∴ 20,25,000 cm² = \(\frac{2025000}{10000}\)m²
= 202.5 m²
∴ Cost of polishing the floor = ₹ 4 per m²
∴ Total cost of polishing the floor
= ₹ 4 × 202.5 = ₹ 810
Hence, total cost of polishing the floor is ₹ 810

8. Mohan wants to buy a trapezium-shaped field. Its side along the river is parallel to and twice the sidealong the road. If the area of this field is 10,500 m² and the perpendicular distance between the two parallel sides is 100 m, And the length of the side along the river.

Solution:
The side along the river is parallel to and twice the side along the road.
Let the length of side along the road be x m.
Then, the length of side along the river = 2xm
Area of trapezium
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (sum of parallel sides) × height
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (x + 2x) × 100
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 3x × 100
= 3x × 50 = 150 x
But, area of field = 10500 m² (given)
∴ 150x = 10500
∴ x = \(\frac {10500}{150}\)
∴ x = 70m
∴ 2x = 2 × 70 = 140 m
Hence, the length of the side along the river is 140 m.

9. Top surface of a raised platform is in the shape of a regular octagon as shown in the figure. Find the area of the octagonal surface.

Solution:
Let us, divide regular octagon into two congruent trapezium and a rectangle. Then add areas of all these three shapes.
Here, height of trapezium = 4 m Length of two parallel sides = 11 m and 5 m respectively.
∴ Area of a trapezium = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (11 + 5) × 4
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 16 × 4
= 8 × 4
= 32 m²
∴ Area of two trapeziums = 2 × 32
= 64m² …….. (i)
Area of a rectangle = length × breadth
= 11 × 5 = 55m² …….. (ii)
∴ Area of regular octagonal platform
= (64 + 55) m² [From (i) and (ii)]
= 119 m²

10. There is a pentagonal-shaped park as shown in the figure. For finding its area Jyoti and Kavita divided it in two different ways.

Find the area of this park using both ways. Can you suggest some other way of finding its area?
Solution:
Jyoti has divided given pentagon into two congruent trapeziums.
∴ Area of a trapezium = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (sum of parallel sides) × perpendicular distance between two parallel sides
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (15 + 30) × \(\frac {15}{2}\)
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 45 × \(\frac {15}{2}\)
= \(\frac {675}{4}\) m²
∴ Area of two trapeziums = 2 × \(\frac {675}{4}\)
= \(\frac {675}{2}\)
= 337.5 m²
Now, Kavita has divided given pentagon into one triangle and the other square.
∴ Area of a triangle = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × b × h
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 15 × 15
= \(\frac {225}{2}\)
= 112.5m² …………….(i)
∴ Area of a square = (side)²
= (15)² = 15 × 15
= 225 m² ……….(ii)
Area of a pentagon
= (112.5 + 225) m² [From (i) and (ii)]
= 337.5 m²
Now, let us use our idea and find another method to find area of a given pentagon. Here, we have divided given pentagon into three triangles.

Area of ∆ a = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 15 × 15
= \(\frac {225}{2}\)
= 112.5m² … (i)
Area of ∆ b = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 15 × 15
= \(\frac {225}{2}\)
= 112.5 m² ………… (ii)
Area of ∆ c = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 15 × 15
= \(\frac {225}{2}\)
= 112.5 m² ……. (iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii) the area of a given pentagon
= (i) + (ii) + (iii)
= (112.5 + 112.5 + 112.5) m²
= 337.5 m²
Hence, area of the given pentagon is 337.5 m².
[Note : By using such ideas, i.e., dividing any shape into convienient shapes, you can find area of given figure.]

11. Diagram of the adjacent picture frame has outer dimensions = 24 cm × 28 cm and inner dimensions 16 cm × 20 cm. Find the area of each section of the frame, if the width of each section is same.

Solution:
Here, picture frame is divided into four trapeziums, such that a, b, c and d.
The sides of opposite trapeziums have same measurement so they have equal area.
∴ Area of a = area of c and area of b = area of d

For trapezium a and c:
Length of parallel sides = 24 cm, 16 cm
Height = \(\frac{28-20}{2}=\frac{8}{2}\) = 4 cm
∴ Area of trapezium a
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (sum of parallel sides) × perpendicular distance between parallel sides
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (24 + 16) × 4
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 40 × 4
= 80 cm²
So area of trapezium c = 80 cm².

For trapezium b and d:
Length of parallel sides = 28 cm, 20 cm
Height = \(\frac{24-16}{2}=\frac{8}{2}\) = 4 cm
∴ Area of trapezium b
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (sum of parallel sides) × perpendicular distance between parallel sides
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × (28 + 20) × 4
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 48 × 4
= 96 cm²
So area of trapezium d = 96 cm².
Hence, area of each section of frame is as follows.
Area of section a = 80 cm²
Area of section b = 96 cm²
Area of section c = 80 cm²
Area of section d = 96 cm²
To find the total surface area, we find the area of each face and then add them.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 15 Probability Ex 15.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 15 Probability Ex 15.2

Question 1.
Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Tuesday to Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another day. What is the probability that both will visit the shop on
(i) the same day?
(ii) consecutive days?
(iii) different days?
Solution:
When Shyam and Ekta visit a particular shop in the same week. Possible outcomes are:
S = {(T, T) (T, W) (T, Th) (T, F) (T, S) (W, T) (W, W) (W, Th) (W, F) (W, S) (Th, T) (Th, W) (Th, Th) (Th, F) (Th, S) (F, T) (F, W) (F, Th) (F, F) (F, S) (S, T) (S, W) (S, Th) (S, F) (S, S)}

Here T stands For Tuesday
W stands For Wednesday
Th stands For Thursday
F stands For Friday
S stands For Saturday
n(S) = 25
(i) Let A is event that Shyam and Ekta visit the shop on the same day
A = {(T, T) (W, W) (Th, Th) (F, F) (S, S)}
n(A) = 5
Probability that both will visit the shop on same day = \(\frac{5}{25}\)
∴ P(A) = \(\frac{1}{5}\).

(ii) Let B is event that both will visit consecutive days particular shop
B = {(T, W) (W, T) (W, Th) (Th, W) (Th, F) (F, Th) (F, S) (F, S)}
n(B) = 8
∴ Probability that both will visit particular shop on consecutive days = \(\frac{8}{25}\).

(iii) Probability that both will visit the shop on different days = 1 – Probability that both will visit the shop
on same day.
= 1 – \(\frac{1}{5}\) [∵ P \((\bar{A})\) = 1 – P(A)]
= \(\frac{5-1}{5}\)
P \((\bar{A})\) = \(\frac{4}{5}\).

Question 2.
A die, is numbered in such a way that its faces show the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6. It is thrown two times and the total score in two throws is noted. Complete the following table which gives a few values of the total score on the two throws:

What is the probability that the total score is
(i) even?
(ii) 6?
(iii) at least 6?
Solution:
The complete table is

Number of all possible out comes = 6 × 6 = 36
(i) Let A is event of getting total as even
A = {2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 12}
n (A) = 18
∴ Probability of getting an even number = \(\frac{18}{36}=\frac{1}{2}\)
P (Even Number) = \(\frac{1}{2}\).

(ii) Let B is event of getting sum as 6 B = {6, 6, 6, 6)
n(B) = 4
Probability of getting an even number = \(\frac{4}{36}\)
∴ P(B) = \(\frac{1}{9}\).

(iii) Let C is event of getting sum at least 6
C = (6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 12}
n(C) = 15
∴ Probability of getting at least 6 = \(\frac{15}{36}=\frac{5}{12}\)
∴ P(C) = \(\frac{5}{12}\).

Question 3.
A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. lithe probability of drawing a blue ball is double that of a red ball, determine the number of blue balls in the bag.
Solution:
Number of red balls = 5
Let number of blue balls = x
∴ Total number of balls = 5 + x
According to question,
Probability of drawing blue ball = 2 Probability of Red ball
\(\frac{x}{5+x}=2\left[\frac{5}{5+x}\right]\)
x = 10
∴ Number of blue balls = 10.

Question 4.
A box contains 12 balls out of which x are black. If one ball is drawn at random from the box, what is the probability that it will be a black ball?
If 6 more black balls are put in the box, the probability of drawing a black ball is now double of what it was before. Find x.
Solution:
Total number of balls in bag = 12
Number of black balls x
∴ Probability of getting black ball = \(\frac{x}{12}\)
If 6 more balls put in the box then total number of balls in the box = 12 + 6 = 18
Number of black balls = x + 6
Probability of getting black ball = \(\frac{x+6}{18}\)
According to Question,
Probability of drawing black ball = 2
Probability of drawing blackball in first case
\(\frac{x+6}{18}=\frac{2 x}{12}\)

\(\frac{x+6}{3}=\frac{2 x}{2}\)

\(\frac{x+6}{3}\) = x
x + 6 = 3x
6 = 3x – x
6 = 2x
x = 3
∴ Number of black balls = 3.

Question 5.
A jar contains 24 marbles, some are green and others are blue. If a marble is drawn at random from the jar, the probability that it is green is \(\frac{2}{3}\). Find the number of blue marbles in the jar.
Solution:
Total number of marbles in jar =24
Let number of green marbles = x
∴ Number of blue marbles = 24 – x
P (Green marbles) = \(\frac{x}{24}\)
When a marble is drawn
Probability of drawing green marble = \(\frac{2}{3}\) (Given)
\(\frac{x}{24}=\frac{2}{3}\)
x = \(\frac{24 \times 2}{3}\)
x = 16

∴ Number of green marbles = 16
∴ Number of blue marbles = 24 – x = 24 – 16 = 8.