PSEB 12th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Biology Important Questions Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms

Very short answer type questions

Question 1.
What is life span?
Answer:
The period between birth and the natural death of an organism represents its life span.

Question 2.
On what factors does the type of reproduction adopted by an organism depend on? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
The organism’s habitat, physiology and genetic make-up determines the type of reproduction adopted by it.

Question 3.
Name an organism where cell division is itself a mode of reproduction.
Answer:
Protists/Monerans/Amoeba/Paramecium.

Question 4.
Mention two inherent characteristics of Amoeba and Yeast that enable them to reproduce asexually. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:

1. They are unicellular organisms.
2. They have a very simple body structure.

Question 5.
What is conidia?
Answer:
The asexual, non-motile spores produced externally/exogenously in some fungi are called conidia, e.g., Penicillium.

Question 6.
Define gemmules.
Answer:
Internal asexual reproductive units or buds in sponges are called gemmules.

Question 7.
Name the vegetative propagules in the following
(a) Agave
(b) Bryophyllum
Answer:
(a) Agave – Bulbil
(b) Bryophyllum – Leaf buds/adventitious buds.

Question 8.
Mention the unique feature with respect to flowering and fruiting in bamboo species.
Answer:
Bamboo flowers once in its life time generally after 50-100 yrs of vegetative growth. It produces large number of fruits and dies.

Question 9.
Is Marchantia monoecious or dioecious? Where are the sex 1 organs borne in this plant? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Marchantia is dioecious. The male sex organs, antheridia, are borne on j the antheridiophores and female sex organs called archegonia are borne on archegoniophores.

Question 10.
Suggest a possible explanation why the seeds in a pea are arranged in a row, whereas those in tomato are scattered in the juicy pulp. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
The ovary of pea plant is monocarpellary and the ovules are arranged along one margin whereas in tomato the ovary is tricarpellary with axile placentation.

Question 11.
In a developing embryo, analyse the consequences if cell divisions are not followed by cell differentiation.
[NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
If differentiation does not follow division, embryo will not develop and this will not develop into a new organism.

Question 12.
Name the phenomenon and one bird where the female gamete directly develops into a new organism.
Answer:
The phenomenon is called parthenogenesis. Turkey.

Question 13.
Mention the site where syngamy occurs in amphibians and reptiles, respectively.
Answer:
In amphibians, external fertilisation occurs hence, syngamy occurs in the medium of water. In reptiles, internal fertilisation occurs hence, syngamy occurs within the body of female parent.

Question 14.
Name the group of organisms that produce non-motile gametes. How do they reach the female gamete for fertilisation?
Answer:
Angiosperms produce non-moule gametes. They reach the female gamete with the help of air or water.

Question 15.
The number of taxa exhibiting asexual reproduction is drastically reduced in the higher plants (angiosperms) and higher animals (vertebrates) as compared with lower groups of plants and animals. Analyse the possible reasons for this situation. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Both angiosperms and vertebrates have a more complex structural organisation. They have evolved very efficient mechanism of sexual reproduction. Since asexual reproduction does not create new genetic pools in the offspring and consequently hampers their adaptability to external conditions, these groups have resorted to reproduction by the sexual method.

Short answer type questions

Question 1.
The cell division involved in gamete formation is not of the same type in different organisms. Justify.
Answer:
The parents may be haploid or diploid but the gametes always have to be haploid, biploid parents undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes, whereas haploid parents undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes.

Question 2.
Although sexual reproduction is a long drawn, energy-intensive complex form of reproduction, many groups of organisms in Kingdom Animalia and Plantae prefer this mode of reproduction. Give at least three reasons for this. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:

• Sexual reproduction brings about variation in the offspring.
• Since gamete formation is preceded by meiosis, genetic recombination occurring during crossing over (meiosis-I), leads to a great deal of variation in the DNA of gametes.
• The organism has better chance of survival in a changing environment.

Question 3.
Explain the importance of syngamy and meiosis in a sexual life cycle of an organism.
Answer:
Syngamy and meiosis play an important role in sexual life cycle of any diploid organisms, may be a plant or animal syngamy, i.e. fusion of haploid gametes/sex cells (n) (fertilisation) to form diploid egg cell/zygote (2n). Zygote divides repeatedly by mitotic divisons to form an embryo which develop into a new diploid organisms. After attaining sexual maturity, the organisms undergo special type of meiotic divisions – spermatogenesis/ microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis/ oogenesis to form haploid male sex cells and female sex cells. These sex cells (n) again fuse to form diploid zygote.

Question 4.
Why are mosses and liverworts unable to complete their sexual mode of reproduction in dry conditions? Give reasons.
Answer:
For sexual reproduction to take place in mosses and liverworts the motile male gametophytes, antherozoids, have to swim on the water surface to fertilise the immotile female gametophytes, egg. In dry conditions, the antherozoids do not reach the egg and hence fertilisation cannot occur.

Question 5.
Why do algae and fungi shift to sexual mode of reproduction just before the onset of adverse conditions?
Answer:
Algae and fungi shift to sexual mode of reproduction for survival during unfavourable conditions. Fusion of gametes helps to pool their resources for survival. The zygote develops a thick wall that is resistant to dessication and damage which undergoes a period of rest before germination.

Long answer type questions

Question 1.
What is gametogenesis? Describe the different types of gametes and draw labelled diagrams. ,
Answer:
The process of formation of two types of gametes – male and female inside the gametangia is called gametogenesis.

Depending upon the size and motility, the gametes are of following types :
1. Isogametes or Homogamets: The gametes are similar in shape, size, structure arid function. Their fusion is called isogamy e.g., Cladophora. However, when the isogametes are physiologically different and the gametes produced by one parent do not fuse with each other, the gametes belonging to different mating types can only fuse and their fusion is called physiological anisogamy, e.g., Ulothrvc.

2. Anisogametes or Heterogametes: The fusing gametes are different in form, size, structure and behaviour. The larger, non-motile, food-laden gamete is called ovum/egg/oosphere/ macrogamete. The smaller, motile, active gamete is called sperm/male gamete/antherozoid. Such gametes are called anisogametes or heterogametes and their fusion is termed as anisogamy or heterogamy e.g., Cladophora.

Question 2.
Write a note on sexuality in organisms.
Answer:
Sexuality in Organisms: Sexual reproduction in organisms generally involves the fusion of gametes from two different individuals. But this is not always true.

Sexuality in Plants: Plants may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant (bisexual) e.g., rose or on different plants (unisexual) e.g., papaya. In several fungi and plants, terms such as homothallic and monoecious are used to denote the bisexual condition and heterothallic and dioecious are the terms used to describe unisexual condition.

In flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is staminate i.e., bearing stamens, while the female is pistillate or bearing pistils. In some flowering plants, both male and female flowers may be present on the same individual (monoecious) or on separate individuals (dioecious). Some examples of monoecious plants are cucurbits and coconuts and of dioecious plants are papaya, mulberry and date palm.

Sexuality in Animals: There are species which possess both the reproductive organs (bisexual). Earthworms, sponge, tapeworm and leech are typical examples of bisexual animals that possess both male and female reproductive organs i.e., they are hermaphrodites. There are large number of animal species which are either male or female and are called as unisexual organisms, e.g., frog, lizard, crow, dog, cat, rabbit, human beings etc.