Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Punctuation Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.
PSEB 7th Class English Vocabulary Punctuation
Punctuation का अर्थ है-लिखने में प्रयुक्त विराम चिन्ह। जब कभी हम लिखते हैं तो हमें अपने भावों को स्पष्ट करने के लिए कई स्थानों पर रुकना पड़ता है। इसके लिए कुछ विशेष नियम हैं और उन्हीं के अनुसार हम विराम चिन्हों का वाक्यों में प्रयोग करते हैं। ग़लत चिन्ह लगाने से वाक्यों का अर्थ भी बदल जाता है। यह बात नीचे लिखे वाक्यों से स्पष्ट हो जाएगी।
Examples:
- “The Sun”, said the Moon, “moves round the Earth.”
- The Sun said, “The Moon moves round the Earth.”
ऊपर दिए गए दोनों वाक्य एक जैसे शब्द समूहों से बने हैं, परन्तु विराम चिन्ह अलग-अलग ढंग से लगाए गए हैं जिससे कि इनके अर्थों में अन्तर आ गया है।
पहले वाक्य का यह अर्थ निकलता है-
चन्द्रमा ने कहा, “सूर्य पृथ्वी के चारों ओर घूमता है।”
इसके विपरीत दूसरे वाक्य का अर्थ निकलता है
सूर्य ने कहा, “चन्द्रमा पृथ्वी के चारों ओर घूमता है।”
Capital Letters and Important Punctutation Marks
- Capital Letters. [ABC]
- Full Stop [.]
- Comma [,]
- Mark of Interrogation [?]
- Inverted Commas [” “]
- Apostrophe [‘]
- Mark of Exclamation [!]
1. CAPITAL LETTERS
अंग्रेजी भाषा ही एकमात्र ऐसी भाषा है, जिसमें दो प्रकार के Letters (अक्षर) होते हैं
- Capital letters (बड़े अक्षर) जैसे- A, B, C…….
- Small letters (छोटे अक्षर) जैसे-a, b, c, ……
इन बड़े तथा छोटे अक्षरों का प्रयोग करने के विशेष नियम हैं1. प्रत्येक वाक्य के पहले शब्द का पहला letter (अक्षर) capital (बड़ा) होता है; जैसे,
Once a fox was hungry.
The teachers are teaching.
2. Inverted Commas (” “) के भीतर लिखे जाने वाले प्रत्येक वाक्य के पहले शब्द का पहला letter capital होता है; जैसे,
He said to me, “Who is he?”
3. Proper Noun तथा Proper Adjective का पहला letter capital होता है; जैसे,-
I met Mohan. (Proper Noun) He is an Indian. (Proper Adjective) I visited Japan. (Proper Noun) I like English people. (Proper Adjective).
4. दिनों, महीनों, त्योहारों, पुस्तकों, जातियों आदि के नाम सदा capital letter से आरम्भ होते हैं; जैसे,
He came here on Monday. (Day)
I read the Ramayana. (Book)
He was happy on Diwali. (Festival)
5. शब्दों का संक्षिप्त रूप (Abbreviations) प्रस्तुत करते समय capital letters का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,
M.P., M.L.A., M.A., B.A.
6. भाषाओं तथा विषयों के नाम का पहला अक्षर capital होता है; जैसे,
Hindi, English, History, Science.
7. God तथा God के लिए प्रयोग किए जाने वाले pronoun (सर्वनाम) He, His, Him सदा capital letter से आरम्भ होते हैं; जैसे,
I pray to God. I pray to Him daily. I love His ways.
II. Use of Full Stop (.)
1. Exclamatory तथा Interrogative sentences को छोड़कर सभी वाक्यों के अन्त में Full Stop का प्रयोग होता है।
Ram ate food.
Come here.
He is a great man.
2. Abbreviations के अन्त में Full Stop का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,
He is an M.A.
I met Mr. R.R. Sharma.
Sh. Tulsi Ram is an M.L.A.
III. Use Of Comma (,)
Comma का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित ढंग से किया जाता है:
1. एक ही Part of speech के शब्दों को पृथक करने के लिए; जैसे,-
(i) I bought a chair, a table and a fan.
(ii) He is kind, gentle and brave.
2. Apposition (व्याख्या करने वाले शब्दों) से पहले तथा बाद में; जैसे,
Ram, our friend, is going to England.
3. Reported Speech को शेष वाक्य से अलग करने के लिए; जैसे,
Ram said to me, “You are a good player.”
4. No तथा Yes के पश्चात्; जैसे,
No, I cannot go there.
Yes, I shall see him today.
5. तिथि को वर्ष से अलग करने के लिए; जैसे,
March 23, 20…. .
6. Adverb Clause को Principal Clause से अलग करने के लिए; जैसे,
When he came here, I met him.
IV. Sign of Interrogation (?)
प्रश्नवाचक चिन्ह (Sign of Interrogation) का प्रयोग प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य के अन्त में होता है; जैसे,
How are you?
Do you love me?
V. Use of Inverted Commas (” “)
(a) किसी व्यक्ति की बात को उसी के द्वारा कहे हुए शब्दों में व्यक्त करने के लिए Inverted Commas (“”) का प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे,
He said to me, “Where are you going ?”
Ram said to him, “How are you now ?”
(b) यदि किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा कहे गए शब्द दो भागों में हों, तो Inverted Commas दो बार आरम्भ होते हैं और दो बार बन्द होते हैं; जैसे,-
“He”, said Mohan, “is a foolish boy.”
VI. Use of Apostrophe (‘)
(a) Possessive case बनाने के लिए Noun के साथ प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे,
Sita’s house.
Ram’s house.
(b) किसी लुप्त अक्षर के स्थान पर भी इसका प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे,
Don’t = Do not
Can’t = cannot
Didn’t = Did not
I’ve = I have
That’s = That is
Haven’t = Have not
VII. Sign of Exclamation (!)
1. विस्मयादि बोधक (Exclamatory) शब्दों या शब्द-समूहों के बाद; जैसे,-
What a beautiful flower !
How fine the building is !
2. सम्बोधन सूचक शब्दों के बाद; जैसे,-
Thief ! Thief ! Catch the thief.
Mother ! Mother ! I am alone.
Foolish ! Do not do it.
3. सुख-दुःख आदि प्रकट करने वाले शब्दों के साथ; जैसे,-
Alas ! I am undone.
Hurrah ! We have won the match.
4. शुभ-कामना प्रकट करने वाले वाक्यों के अन्त में; जैसे,-
May you live long !
May you succeed !
Exercises
I. Rewrite the sentences using commas and capitals, where necessary. The first one has been done for you:
1. will you get the radio for us rachna ?
Will you get the radio for us, Rachna ?
2. the gita the bible and the quran are all holy books.
The Gita, the Bible and the Quran are all holy books.
3. the stars the moon and the sun are heavenly bodies.
The stars, the moon and the sun are heavenly bodies.
4. akbar the great and birbal were great admirers of each other.
Akbar the great and Birbal were great admirers of each other.
5. on reaching the banks of ganga he offered his prayers.
On reaching the banks of Ganga, he offered his prayers.
6. saying thus he breathed his last.
Saying thus, he breathed his last.
II. Rewrite the following sentences using appropriate marks of punctuation. One has been done for you:
1. what shall I bring you when I come back home said the king to his sisters.
“What shall I bring you when I come back home ?” said the king to his sisters.
2. the traveller said can you tell me the way to the nearest inn yes said the man
The traveller said, “Can you tell me the way to the nearest inn ?” “Yes”, said the man.
3. dont be afraid little boy I wont harm you I want to be your friend said the giant.
“Don’t be afraid, little boy. I won’t harm you. I want to be your friend,” said the giant.
4. will your mother not be sorry to see you without jewellery gaurav asked
“Will your mother not be sorry to see you without jewellery ? Gaurav asked.
5. how have you found so much wealth asked ali babas wife
“How have you found so much wealth ?” asked Ali Baba’s wife.
6. the staff room needs sweeping take the broom and sweep it said the principal.
“The staff room needs sweeping. Take the broom and sweep it,” said the Principal.
7. O king replied buddha this is the custom we always observe.
“O king”, replied Buddha, “this is the custom we always observe.”
8. mrs prasad said how much did you pay for this picture.
Mrs. Prasad said, “How much did you pay for this picture ?”
9. gopal sita radha and neelu went to ludhiana.
Gopal, Sita, Radha and Neelu went to Ludhiana.
10. the farmer said I cant give you any money
The farmer said, “I can’t give you any money.”
III. Use an apostrophe where necessary. Some may not need. One has been done for you:
| 1. The clowns hat had a feather. | The clown’s hat had a feather. |
| 2. Bulbul’s eyes are brown. | Bulbul’s eyes are brown. |
| 3. The boys ties were flying about. | The boys’ ties were flying about. |
| 4. My sisters essay got the first prize. | My sister’s essay got the first prize. |
| 5. The childrens books are torn. | The children’s books are torn. |
| 6. Lets go to the zoo this evening. | Let’s go to the zoo this evening. |
| 7. Crows nests are made of twigs. | Crows’ nests are made of twigs. |
| 8. On Sunday therell be a fair. | On Sunday there’ll be a fair. |
| 9. The babies dresses were on sale. | The babies dresses were on sale. |
IV. Punctuate the following with commas and inverted commas, where needed.
1. Rajan said Goodbye.
2. Shiela says in our house there are chairs tables fans and radios.
3. Whose books are these ? said Rani.
4. I looked for my pen everywhere said Ali.
5. Give me the books, shouted Ranjit.
Answer:
1. Rajan said, “Goodbye.”
2. Shiela says, “In our house, there are chairs, tables, fans and radios.”
3. “Whose books are these ?” said Rani.
4. “I looked for my pen everywhere,” said Ali.
5. “Give me the books,” shouted Ranjit.