PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 12 Electoral System

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by people’s participation? What are the reasons of people’s low participation in India?
Or
What is meaning of people’s participation? Explain four reasons of low and poor people’s participation in India.
Answer:
Meaning of People’s Participation:
Political participation broadly refers to a wide spectrum of political activities ranging from the simple act of voting to widespread political activism in the political process. It thus implies several voluntary activities apart from voting during the elections. It may involve joining a political party, participation in a political meeting, demonstration, rally, standing for election to the local bodies, state legislature or parliament, maintaining contacts with the elected representatives, sending petitions to the government for the redressal of grievances of the people and a number of other activities concerned in any way with the political system of the country.

Reasons for Low People’s Participation in Indian Democracy:
India is the biggest demorcratic country in the world. But in India hardly 60% of the voters cast their votes. Following factors are responsible for people’s low participation in elections of India.

  1. Poverty: Majority of the people in India are poor. A poor person remains worried about earning his livelihood and has no time to cast his vote. The poor person does not even think about the elections.
  2. Illiteracy: Majority of the people in India are illiterate. An illiterate person does not understand the importance of the right to vote. Hence illiterate persons don’t go to cast their votes.
  3. Unemployment: Thousands of educated and uneducated people are unemployed in India. They remain indifferent to democracy and do not take interest in elections.
  4. Another reason of low people’s participation is indian democracy are indifferent views of the peoples.
  5. Corruption is another reason for low people’s participation in India.
  6. People do not have enough faith in political parties.
  7. Social and political backwardness is another reason for low people’s participation in media.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 2.
What is meant by Voting Behaviour? Write main determinants of Voting Behaviour in India.
Or
What is meant by Voting Behaviour? Write the factors which determine the Voting Behaviour in India.
Answer:
Samuel Eldersveld writes, The term ‘voting behaviour’ is not new. But it is used of late to describe certain areas of study and type of political phenomena which previously either had not been conceived or were considered irrelevant. Voting behaviour connotes today more than examination of voting records, compilation of voting statistics and computation of electoral shifts.

Students are deeply immersed in analysis of individual psychological process (perception, emotion, motivation) and their relation to political action as well as of industrial patterns, such as the communication process, and their impact on elections. Today we accept the relevance of a host of variables which, if perceived at all fifteen years ago, certainly did not constitute the focus of inquiry into voting behaviour. The term thus, has expanded in meaning and further is construed as but one area of study subscribed within the broader designation of political behaviour.”

Today voting behaviour is regarded as that area or field of political science which is most suitable for study by the application of scientific techniques. According to Bowman and Boyntion the traditional approaches to the study of this subject were of two kinds: those, which emphasised legal and constitutional aspects, aimed at the description and analysis of election laws, qualifications of voters, delimitation of constituencies and voting machinery. For example, description studies of Negro disenfranchisement. Historical accounts of election campaigns also formed part of this group. In other words, which were the result of traditional approach, were more normative and value laden.

‘Whereas the traditional approach to electoral politics is concerned primarily with assessing the quality of election choice and analysing electoral institutions, the empirical and the behavioural approaches have focussed upon the relationship among the determinants of electoral outcomes. Empirical research has attempted to identify the factors contributing to the voting decision, while behavioural research has attempted to construct theoretical generalisations explaining the interconnections of variable accounting for these decisions, making possible the prediction of future voting patterns.’

Analysis of Voting behaviour began in France in 1913, in the United States during the period between the two world wars and in the United Kingdom after the Second World War.

Factors which influence Voting Behaviour:
It is difficult to ascertain voting behaviour of the voters. Prof. Maya remarks that individual may cast his vote to protect his personal interest or that of a group to which he is loyal; he may merely express his preference for the candidate; he may take part in a ritual because it is the thing to do, like celebrating a national holiday; he may express his faith in democracy and his country; he may pass judgement on the government’s record or show his agreement with a party’s general policy; he may study type of the candidate and his party carefully.

Or he may simply flip a coin. All voting is an emotional experience for ditch-diggers and professors alike; and the people vote in the same election, but not all of them vote on it. Many factors influence the voting behaviour and some important factors which influence the voting behaviour are as below:

1. Social Class:
Social class is one of the most important factors which influence the voting behaviour. Social class is the most important determinant of the voting behaviour in the United Kingdom. While the middle class votes for the conservative party, the workers vote for the labour party. Social class is less significant in American elections than in Western Europe, yet people with low incomes tend to support the democratic party while the rich tend to be republicAnswer:

2. Religion:
Religion also influences the voting behaviour to some extent. The Unionist Party wins the overwhelming majority of protestant votes in Northern Ireland. Conservative parties in France dominate more strongly the areas of Bittany and Alsac. American ethnic minorities have tended to support the democratic party, and voting in Canada, Belgium and South Africa is still based on religious ethnic divisions. With Kennedy the candidate in 1960, four out of the five Catholics voted Democratic Party and analysis of 1964 returns indicates that this Catholic support of the Democratic Party continued. As V. D. Key says, probably the best guess is that Kennedy won because of the fact that he was a Catholic.

3. Age:
Age is also a great factor which influences the voting behaviour. Generally older voters tend to vote for conservative parties. Moreover, age reflects the historical period when the elector’s voting habits were being formed. The Michigan Survey Centre reported in 1960 that two-thirds of its respondents who could recall their first vote still identified with the same party, and 56 per cent claimed never to have crossed party lines in a presidential election.

4. Caste:
Caste is another factor which influences the behaviour of voters. In Indian caste plays a very important role in elections. Prof. Rudolph says, “Within the new context of political democracy, caste remains a central element of India’s society even while adapting itself to the values and methods of democratic politics. Indeed, it has become one of the chief means by which the Indian masses have been attached to the process of democratic politics.”

While emphasising the role of caste in the Kerala elections, Prof. Harrison says: “The success of the Kerala Communist Party as the first regional Communist Party in India to capture control of a state government can be explained, above all, to its ability to manipulate politically strategic caste lobbies within linguistic boundaries as in Andhra. The Kerala Communists were able to transform economic despair into a legislative majority because of their footing on regional caste ground, notable among the numerous Ezhaves who provided the necessary majority of constituencies.” .

5. Effect of Individual Personality:
According to Profs. Carr, Berustein and Murphy, one of the most fascinating aspects of political behaviour is the effect of individual personality traits on the voting decision.

6. The influence of Policy Views:
Key is of the opinion that great number of citizens do in fact vote according to their policy preference. In his examinations of Gallup studies ranging from 1936 to 1960, Key found a marked correlation between voters’ views on public policy issues and their support of one party or the other.

7. Party Propaganda: Party campaign and propaganda is also an important factor which influences the voting behaviour to some extent.

8. Money Power: Voters are also influenced by money power, which plays a major part in the election system.

9. Elite Influence. In every political system, howsoever modern, there are bound to be elitist sections who exercise their influence on the masses.

10. Respected and influential leaders:
Sometimes, the choice of voting is made for the vote by others, such as elders, respected persons and influential leaders.

11. Conscious thinking:
The voting decision of a voter may be the result of his conscious thinking effort to discriminate between the different choices open to him.

12. The voter’s choice is made in a concrete situation and his idea about that situation normally affects his choice and thus the general public opinion is likely to have important bearing on people’s voting choice.

Varma and Bhambari write:
Voting choice is, in one way or the other, the function of a process of political decision-making by each individual voter but that does not mean that the individual voter makes the decision in abstract; all the normal political, social and other forces which influence him and some of them are especially whipped up on the election even exert greater influence on him. As a citizen, a voter has own political and social preferences and prejudices which he must take into account while making his voting choice.

It has been traditional in voting research to emphasise the stability of voter’s behaviour and attribute change to a small group of voters, the ‘floating voters’, who lack a consistent image of the political parties and who fail to identify themselves with a particular party. According to Alan Ball, this view that while the vast majority of electors are stable in their voting behaviour, elections are decided by a relatively small, ill-informed and disinterested minority, has been challenged recently on two fronts.

First, American research has pointed to the possibility that the floating voter may not be as politically illiterate, as the more partisan voter, and secondly,and more importantly, British research has shown that electoral changes may not be due only to this small group of voters, but that in fact there is a far large element of instability in voting behaviour than was believed to be the case.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 3.
Explain any six functions of Election Commission of India.
Or
Explain the composition of the Election Commission and explain four functions of National Election Commission in India.
Or
Discuss the six functions of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
India is a sovereign democratic republic. For the successful working of democracy, elections must be held in a non-partisan spirit. The framers of our Constitution were aware of the need to have an independent and impartial agency to conduct free and fair elections in the country. To ensure this, the Constitution has provided an Election Commission to conduct fair elections.

Composition:
The Election Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of other Election Commissioners as the President may from time to time fix. Till 1989, the Election Commission has always been a one man commission in the sense that though the Chief Election Commissioner was always appointed, no other Election Commissioner was appointed. In 1989 the President appointed two Election Commissioners on the eve of the general elections of 1989.

However, the National Front Government, soon after it came to power, decided to abolish these posts and reverted to the earlier position. In October, 1993 the President appointed two Election Commissioners through an ordinance and gave them the same position and status as the Chief Election Commissioner. The Ordinance was challenged by the Chief Election Commissioner T.N. Seshan and the Supreme Court upheld the supremacy of the Chief Election Commissioner over the newly appointed Election Commissioners.

After the judgement given by the Supreme Court on July 1995, the Court has ruled that the Election Commissioners enjoy equal status with the Chief Election Commissioner. The appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners is made by the President. Before every general elections, the President also appoints, in consultation with the Election Commission, such Regional Commissioners as he considers necessary to assist the Election Commission. At present there are one Chief Election Commissioner and two other Election Commissioners.

The tenure and the service conditions of the Election Commission are determined by the President. Generally the Election Commissioner is appointed for a period of six years. The conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. The Chief Election Commissioner may only be removed when 2/3 majority of the Parliament passes a resolution for his removal. Regional Commissioners can only be removed on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner.

The President or the Governor of a State makes available to the Election Commission such staff as may be necessary for the discharge of its functions.
Functions of the Election Commission. Following are the main functions of the Election Commission:
1. Superintendence, direction and control of the electoral roll for election.

2. To conduct elections to Parliament and legislatures of states and also to the offices of the President and Vice-President.

3. The Election Commission fixes the time-table for the elections.

4. The Election Commission orders a fresh elections in a constituency or at a polling booth if it resorted to malpractices, such as intimidation of voters or burning of polling booths etc. or if it has vitiated the electoral process. On 21st May, 1991 Election Commission countermanded elections in two Parliamentary Constituencies.

5. The Election Commission appoints Returning Officers and Assistant Returning Officers to conduct the elections.

6. The Election Commission allots symbols to various political parties and the candidates.

7. The Election Commission is authorised to recognise a political party. It is the Election Commission that determines what political parties will be recognised at both National and state levels. Election Commission gave recognition to Seven National Political Parties and 59 state level parties.

8. The Election Commissioner is to ensure that only those persons cast their votes, who are entitled to it and that there is no impersonation.

9. The Election Commission decides where polling booths should be set up so that electorates are not required to travel a long distance.

10. The Election Commission is responsible for the safe custody of the ballot boxes and the counting of votes before the results are announced.

11. The Election Commission prepares a code of conduct for all political parties and independent candidates who are contesting elections.

12. The Election Commission supervises the staff deputed by the Union government and the State governments for the election purposes.

13. All election results are announced by the Election Commission. So far 17 elections to the Lok Sabha have been conducted. The Election Commission has acquired considerable prestige and reputation for conducting elections in a fair and free manner.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 4.
Describe the features of the Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
The main features of Indian Electoral system are:
1. Universal Adult Franchise:
In India the system of universal adult franchise has been adopted for the election of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. Every person who is a citizen of India and who is not less than eighteen years of age has the right to exercise his vote in election of members of the House of the People and State Legislative Assemblies.

2. Direct Election:
The Constitution provides for the system of direct election of the members of the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly of every state by the eligible voters.

3. Joint Electoral System:
The Constitution of India provides for a system of joint electorates. Under the joint electorate system every voter in constituency is entitled to participate in electing representative from the constituency.

4. Single Member Constituency:
The Constitution of India provides for a single member constituency. For this purpose the entire country is divided into 543 constituencies. Belonging voters elect their representatives. But only one representative represents his constituency.

5. Election Commission: The Constitution has provided Election Commission to conduct free and fair elections.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 5.
Explain the main steps of Election process in India.
Or
What is election process? Name all the important stages of Indian election process.
Answer:
India is a democratic country. But India has adopted indirect democracy. Administration is run by the representatives of the people, who are elected for a fixed term. In India election procedure is as given below:

1. Constituencies:
The first important task in elections is delimitation of constituencies. Under Article 327 of the Constitution the Union Parliament is empowered to enact legislation from time to time to provide for the delimitation of constituencies for elections to Parliament and to the state legislatures. Parliament passed the Delimitation Commission Act, 1952. The Act provides for the establishment of a Delimitation Commission for the purpose of delimitating constituencies in each state after every census.

2. List of Voters:
First, temporary list of voters is prepared. If anybody’s name is excluded from the list, he can ask for inclusion of his name. But such a request is to be made within a fixed time.

3. Appointment: Senior staff for election purposes is appointed for supervision.

4. Polling Stations: In each constituency polling stations are established and a fixed number of voters are directed to cast their votes there.

5. Filing of the Nomination Papers: After the announcement of the date of elections, nomination papers are filed in favour of candidates.

6. Withdrawal of Nomination: Candidates are allowed to withdraw their names from elections. But this is to be done before the last date for withdrawal.

7. Scrutiny and Objections:
On the fixed date nomination papers are scrutinised and those papers, which are not proper, are rejected and the names of eligible candidates are announced.

8. Propaganda:
With the announcement of elections, political parties and indepedent candidates start propaganda and try to influence the voters. The party propaganda is carried out through election manifesto of the party, public meetings, door canvassing, pamphlets etc. Electioneering ceases forty- eight hours before the closing hour or polling in each constituency.

9. Polling:
On the day of the polling, a holiday is declared so that each voter can cast his vote. At polling booth voters are given ballot papers and the voter stamps against the name of the candidate whom he wants to vote. After that the voter puts the ballot paper in the ballot box.

10. Counting of votes:
After the polling is over the polling officer seals the ballot boxes in the presence of two representatives of the candidates and sends the ballot boxes at a particular place. On the fixed date ballot boxes are opiened in the presence of the representatives of candidates and votes are counted. A candidate getting the highest votes is declared elected. If a candidate fails to get one-sixth of the votes then he loses his security also.

11. Election Expenses:
Each candidate has to submit the accounts of election expenditure to the Election Commission within forty-five days of the declaration of result. The amount of election expenditure is fixed and if any candidate spends more than the fixed limit then his election is nullified.

12. Election Petition:
If any candidate is not satisfied with the impartiality of election or due to some other reason, he may appeal to the court. The court decides the case and an appeal can be made to the Supreme Court against the decision of the High Court.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 6.
What is meant by Adult Franchise? Write two arguments in favour and two against Adult Franchise.
Or
Write arguments in favour of and against Adult Franchise.
Or
Give arguments for and against Adult Franchise.
Answer:
What is Adult Franchise or Adult Suffrage? With the advent of democracy, there started a heated controversy as to which category of the people in society should be given the right to elect representatives. Some people are of the opinion that the right to vote is a function and it should be given only to those people who use it properly. Some favour property and some favour education as the basis for giving the right to vote to the people. But the majority is of the opinion that all the people should be equally given the right to vote.

By adult franchise we mean that every person, both male and female, above the age of maturity, irrespective of caste, colour, creed, property, education, profession or sex, is entitled to enjoy the right to vote in the elections. The idea underlying this principle is that the final sovereignty lies with the people as a whole and not with a particular section of society. At present nearly all the civilized countries like Britain, U.S.A., Russia, France, India, etc., have adopted this principle of Adult Suffrage’ and accordingly all the adults enjoy the right to vote. The age of attaining maturity is fixed by the State. In Britain it is 18 years, in India it is 18 years, in Switzerland it is 20 years and in Russia it is 18 years.

How Universal Adult Franchise was accepted in different countries? There has been a long struggle for the acceptance of the principle of Universal adult franchise. Many battles had to be fought, all the world over, for making it a reality. Women were not considered equal, politically, socially and legally. Hence women were not given the right to vote. Till the second decade of the twentieth century, no country had adopted Universal Adult Franchise.

New Zealand was the first country to incorporate the provisions for universal adult franchise in 1893. Manhood suffrage was introduced in Great Britain in 1918 whereas Universal Adult Franchise was introduced in 1928. The United States extended franchise to women by the 19th Amendment of the Constitution in 1919. Soviet Union, the land of the October Revolution 1917, introduced universal adult franchise in 1936. Slogan of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity was popularised by the French Revolution of 1789, but it was only in 1945 that universal adult franchise was introduced. In India Universal Adult Franchise was followed in 1950.

Arguments in Favour of Adult Franchise:
The principle of Adult Franchise possesses some fundamental merits which cannot be ignored in the modern age of democracy. The merits are as follows:
1. It is in accordance with democratic principles:
The principle of adult franchise is in accordance with the democratic principles. Democracy is a government of the people by the people and for the people. If the principle of adult franchise is not introduced then the power to govern will pass on to some section of the people instead of remaining with the people and the administration may not be run in the best interests of the masses.

2. National unity:
The system of Universal Adult franchise is quite essential for the maintenance of national unity. If only a section of the people is given the right to vote, then the entire public could not consider the government as its own. The people would be divided into two groups and the people who do not enjoy the right to vote would not extend willing co-operation to the government. This way national unity cannot be achieved. But if the system of Universal Adult Franchise is introduced, then all the citizens would consider the State as their own.

3. Laws affect all alike:
Whatever laws are framed by the government, they are not meant for a particular community or a section of the people but they affect all alike. Only those people should have the power to frame laws to whom they concern. Therefore, the introduction of the principle of Adult Franchise is essential so that everybody gets the right to participate in the election of the representatives. It is only under such circumstances that laws can be framed in accordance with the wishes of the people.

4. Peace and order:
The application of the principle of Adult Franchise lies ‘ in the establishment of peace and order in the State. The laws are framed
by the representatives of the people in accordance with their wishes. That is why the laws are willingly obeyed by the people. The people fully co-operate with the government and the laws are never violated. All this helps in the maintenance of peace and order.

5. All the people pay taxes to the government:
The government collects money from the people in the form of taxes. Now a days both the direct and indirect taxes are imposed upon the people and hence all the people pay taxes. According to democratic principle that money should be spent by those people only who have given it in the form of taxes. Therefore, all the people should have the right to send representative to that body which has the power to impose taxes upon the people.

6. Political education:
An important merit of Adult Franchise is that it gives political education to the people. If a large number of people get the right to vote, it helps in making them politically educated. When all the people participate in the election they are bound to think about the problems of the country. They will try to find out solution to all the problems which are facing the country.

7. It creates spirit of self-respect:
Through the system of Adult Franchise the people develop the spirit of self-respect. People develop the feeling that they have a share in the government of the State and they have a hand in the making of the government. They think themselves a very important part of the machinery of the State. They do not think themselves in any way inferior to anybody.

8. No danger of Revolution:
Another merit of Adult Franchise is that all the people get the right to vote and there is no danger of revolution. There are many reasons for it. First, because of Adult Franchise the government represents the entire mass of public and nobody ever complains against the government. Secondly, if the government does not function in accordance with the wishes of the people, the people can change it. The government represents all the people and no section of society opposes its actions.

9. Representation to minorities:
Due to Adult Franchise minorities also get some representation. Hence the problem of giving representation to the minorities is solved by Adult Franchise.

10. Essential for civil rights:
Every citizen enjoys civil and economic rights. To protect social and economic rights, political rights are essential and right to vote is the most important political right.

Arguments Against Adult Franchise:
There is a large number of people who find fault with the system of Adult Franchise and they put forward the following arguments in support of their viewpoint:
1. Uneducated should not be given the right to vote:
The right to vote is not a natural or an inherent right which everybody can enjoy. In fact it is a sort of special privilege which is conferred only on those persons who are best fitted to utilize it for the welfare of the State. Some people are of the opinion that the right to vote should be given only to the educated people. The educated persons can make a proper use of their rights. An uneducated person cannot understand who is the best candidate out of all.

2. Government of the fools:
The masses are ignorant and illiterate. They do not even possess the capacity or understanding to elect the best candidates and to judge the worth of governmental policy. Therefore to entrust the right of voting to ignorant masses is to welcome dangerous consequences. The system of Universal Adult Franchise establishes a government of the fools because the fools and the ignorant are in a majority in society.

3. Franchise based on property:
Some people are of the view-point that franchise should be based on property. Those who are propertied persons and who pay the taxes should have the right to elect the representatives so that these representatives could frame the laws in accordance with the wishes of the tax payers. But this argument does not carry much weight. Nowadays all the people pay taxes and the laws are applicable to all the people equally.

4. No franchise to women:
Some people are of the opinion that women should not be given the right to vote. They say that women are physically weak and they are not capable enough to take an active part in politics. Their proper place is home and not political field. Their participation in politics will disturb the peace at home. In the modern age even this argument does not carry weight. The women are taking very active and intelligent part in politics.

5. All citizens are not equal:
It is also wrong that all the people are equal. Nature has not created everybody equal. Some are wise from their very birth and others are fools. All the people cannot be given similar type of work because all are not equally competent. Therefore all the people cannot be given the right to vote and the right to contest election on equal footing.

6. Franchise is not a right but a responsibility:
Many scholars consider that the right to vote is not a right but it is a responsibility. The right can be extended only to those persons who are really capable of using it properly. If it is extended to an incompetent person, it proves very useless. Therefore the right to vote should be extended only to the capable and educated persons.

7. Radical legislation:
Another defect of adult franchise is that it helps in the framing of radical legislation. A large number of people are elected who can influence the ordinary citizens by their progressive views. These people adopt progressive measures and they create a new atmosphere in society. These progressive measures create cultural lag in society and the relationship between the present and the past is completely broken.

Conclusion:
There is no doubt that the system of Adult Franchise has been criticised on various grounds and various arguments have been put forward against it but the fact is that the merits of Adult Franchise outweigh its demerits. In the modern age almost all the countries have adopted the system of Adult Franchise. In the absence of Adult Franchise democracy is incomplete and it cannot be a success.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 7.
What do you know of the Direct and Indirect Election system? Also explain their merits and demerits.
Or
Explain the merits and demerits of the system of Direct Election.
Or
Write Merits and Demerits of Direct Election System.
Answer:
In democracy the people elect their representatives and the representatives carry out the wishes of the people. Nowadays almost all the countries have adopted the system of Adult franchise. There are two ways to electing representatives- Direct Election and Indirect Election.

Direct Election:
In the system of Direct election the voters directly participate in election and elect their representatives. The process of direct election is quite simple. Every voter goes to the polling station and records his vote either in favour or against particular candidates. A candidate securing the maximum number of votes is declared elected. This system of election is the most popular and is followed in all democratic countries for electing members of People’s Chamber. All members of the State assemblies and House of People in India are elected directly. Every adult in India exercises the right to vote.

Its Merits.
1. Firstly, direct election is consistent with the principle of democracy. People have direct share in the choice of their representatives and in determining the public policy.

2. Secondly, the system makes the citizens active and alert. Each voter feels that his voice will count in the formation of government and the selection of law-makers. A direct contact between the electors and the representatives stimulates interest in public affairs and develops the sense of public spirit. The system makes people conscious of the rights and duties and is fully in keeping with the democratic principles.

3. Thirdly, the representative elected under this system feels responsible to the people and he tries to keep himself in touch with them and better their conditions.

4. Fourthly, direct election broadens the mental outlook of the citizens since it places before them the national aspects of the social and political problems. The voters are presented the different policies and programmes of the candidates.

5. Fifthly, direct election checks the use of corrupt and unfair means in election.

Its Demerits.
1. Firstly, direct election means political excitement which leads to the election of undesirable candidates. The voters are easily carried away or misled by clever orators. They are swept off their feet by popular passion.

2. Secondly, direct election increases the election expenditure which entails a heavy burden on the public purse.

3. Thirdly, direct election places the final choice of the representatives in the hands of the masses and most of them do not have enough of intelligence or independence to vote for the right type of candidates.

4. Fourthly, direct election means election campaigns and intensive political propaganda for and against different candidates. Many citizens, therefore, who would have proved the best administrators, avoid to contest elections.
This means a great national loss.

Indirect Election:
Indirect election means that the voters do not directly participate in the election of their representatives but choose only an intermediary body which elects the representatives. This intermediary body is usually called the Electoral College. It is a system of Double election. In the first instance, the general mass of voters elect from among themselves a small group of electors. These electors then elect the final representatives who become the members of the legislature.

Thus the final choice of electing the representatives is not that of the general mass of voters but of the intermediary body of electors which the general mass of voters had elected in the first instance. This Indirect Election system is often used for the constitution of second chamber. The Council of States in India, the President of India and the President of U.S.A. are elected by the method of Indirect election.

Its Merits:
1. It is useful where the people are sufficiently educated and politically organized and where the constituencies are very large and unwieldy.

2. The final choice of the representatives is in the hands of a body of select persons who possess superior knowledge and are guided by a keener sense of responsibility. It helps to check popular passion.

3. Clever politicians and orators cannot mislead the few selected people. There is no occasion for any disorder or dislocations taking place as a result of the voters being swayed by political passions. There are neither election campaigns nor party propaganda.

4. This system minimizes the evils of party politics and propaganda.

5. Under this system there are in fact two elections. This involves delay which proves very useful. The Electoral College makes the final choice after cool consideration. The delay makes the situation cool and the electors can vote freely and dispassionately.

Its Demerits.
1. The method of indirect election creates a big gap between the representative and the voters. The representatives do not feel responsible to the primary voters.
2. The voters have no direct participation in the selection of their representatives, and so they take little interest in politics and become negligent on public affairs. The system, therefore, has no educative value.
3. The system gives birth to corruption and political intrigue. The intermediate body of voters has a small membership and can be more easily bribed by a rich and powerful candidate.
4. Actually it leads to more party strifes and in countries where political parties are well organized, election by indirect method has become a mere formality.

Conclusion:
Out of the two methods of elections, the method of Direct Election prevails in most of the countries. In all the democratic countries the representatives to the legislature are elected by the method of Direct Election. The members of the Upper House can be elected through the method of Indirect Election. In India the members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the method of Indirect Election. The President of India and the President of U.S.A. are also elected by the method of Indirect Election.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down the composition of Election Commission in India.
Or
Write down the composition of the Election Commission.
Answer:
The Election Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of other Election Commissioners the President may appoint from time to time. In October, 1993 the President appointed two Election Commissioners through an ordinance. At present the Election Commission consists of Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.

The appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners is made by the President. Before each general election, the President also appoints, in consultation with the Election Commission, such Regional Commissioners as he considers necessary to assist the Election Commission. The tenure and other service conditions of the Election Commission are determined by the President. Generally the Election Commissioner is appointed for a period of six years. The conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.

Question 2.
Explain any two changing characteristics of Indian Electorate.
Answer:
Important changes have taken place in the character of Indian electorate. Two important changes are as follows:

  1. The Indian voter has become more politicised. Indian electorate are now taking more interest in the political activities of the country. Indian voters are now more conscious politically.
  2. Indian electorate are more concerned with the contemporary events and problems than with the past achievements or activities of the parties.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 3.
Suggest four remedies to improve the Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
Following remedies are suggested to improve the Indian Electoral System:
1. The present electoral system of single-member constituencies should be replaced by a system of proportional representation.

2. Strict action should be taken against those who indulge in booth-capturing and bogus voting. The high powered Committee on electoral reforms recommended a series of legislative measures to eradicate booth-capturing, rigging and intimidation. The recommended steps include ordering of repoll or countermanding not only on the report of the returning officer but also otherwise and vesting the Commission with power of appointment of investigating agencies, prosecuting agencies and asking for the constitution of Special Courts.

3. There should be provision for recall.

4. The elections including the polling should be so conducted that the people are in a position to exercise their franchise freely, without intimidation, coercion, interference, undue inducement by political parties and others.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 4.
Discuss four techniques of election campaign in India.
Answer:

  • Every main political party and sometimes independent candidates issue election manifesto.
  • Political parties and candidates arrange public meetings and processions, by which they try to persuade the voters in their favour through their speeches and personalities.
  • Wall-paintings, posters and big leaflets are other important techniques of election campaign.
  • Slogans is a very popular and influential technique of election campaign.

Question 5.
Write four functions of Election Commission.
Or
Write down any four functions of Election Commission.
Answer:
1. Election Commission supervises, directs and controls the elections. Such elections include election to Parliament, the legislature of every State and the offices of the President and the Vice-President held under the constitution of India.

2. Election Commission prepares electoral rolls and delimitation of constituencies.

3. Election Commission appoints returning officers and assistant returning officers to conduct the election.

4. The allotment of election symbols to a political party and an independent candidate is done by the Election Commission.

Question 6.
Write any four drawbacks of Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
1. Number of Seats:
There is no relationship between the votes secured by a party and its strength in the Assembly or the Parliament. The number of seats secured by a particular party is not proportionate to the voters.

2. Money Power:
Another important drawback of Indian electoral system is the growing influence of money in elections. The expenses incurred on election are so huge that parties tend to give ticket only to a millionaire. The high cost of electioneering has resulted in corrupt practices.

3. Misuse of Public Media:
It is being alleged that the Congress was using the government monopoly in radio and television for the party. This thing has gone a long way in helping the party in power by projecting.its image. These public media have thus been abused.

4. The existing system of election gives more importance to the individual candidate than the’political party.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 7.
Write down four facts which determine the Voting Behaviour in India.
Answer:

  1. Influence of Religion: Religion influences the voting behaviour to a great extent. In India, many parties seek votes on the basis of religion.
  2. Influence of Caste: Caste influences the voting behaviour to a large extent. In India caste plays a very important role in elections.
  3. Party Propaganda: Party campaign and propaganda is also an important factor which influences the voting behaviour to some extent.
  4. Money Power: Voters are also influenced by money power, which plays a major part in the election system.

Question 8.
Write any four stages of Electoral Process in India.
Answer:
In India election procedure is as follows:
1. Constituencies:
The first important task in election is delimitation of constituencies. Parliament passed the Delimitation Commission Act, 1952. The Act provides for the establishment of a Delimitation Commission for the purpose of delimitating constituencies in each state after every census.

2. List of Voters:
First, temporary list of voters is prepared. If anybody’s name is excluded from the list, he can ask for inclusion of his name. But such a request is to be made within a fixed time.

3. Filing of the Nomination Papers. After the announcement of the date of election, nomination papers are filed in favour of candidates.

4. Withdrawal of Nomination:
Candidates are allowed to withdraw their names from elections. But this is to be done before the last date for withdrawal.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 9.
What are the causes of inadequate people’s participation in India?
Or
Why is the level of people’s participation so low in India?
Answer:
India is the biggest democratic country in the world. But in India hardly 60% of the voters cast their votes. Following factors are responsible for people’s low participation in elections of India.
1. Poverty:
Majority of the people in India are poor. A poor person remains worried about earning his livelihood and has no time to cast his vote. The poor person does not even think about the elections.

2. Illiteracy:
Majority of the people in India are illiterate. An illiterate person does not understand the importance of the right to vote. Hence illiterate persons don’t go to cast their votes.

3. Unemployment:
Thousands of educated and uneducated people are unemployed in India. They remain indifferent to democracy and do not take interest in elections.

4. Another reason of low people’s participation in Indian democracy is indifferent view of the peoples.

Question 10.
What do you understand by People’s Participation in a Democracy?
Answer:
Political participation broadly refers to a wide spectrum of political activities ranging from the simple act of voting to widespread political activism in the political process. It thus implies several voluntary activities apart from voting during the elections. It may involve joining a political party, participation in a political meeting, demonstration, rally, standing for election to the local bodies, state legislature or parliament, maintaining contacts with the elected representatives, sending petitions to the government for the redressal of grievances of the people and a number of other activities concerned in any way with the political system of the country.

Question 11.
How does Casteism effect the Voting Behaviour in India?
Answer:
Caste influences the behaviour of voters. In India caste plays a very important role in elections Prof. Rudolph says, “Within the new context of political democracy, caste remains a central element of Indian society even while adapting itself to the values and methods of democratic politics. Indeed, it has become one of the chief means by which the Indian masses have been attached to the process of democratic politics.”

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 12.
Explain the meaning of voting behaviour. Describe two major determinants of voting behaviour in India.
Or
Explain voting behaviour in India.
Answer:
In the words of J.C. Plano and R.E. Riggs, “Voting behaviour is a field of study concerned with the ways in which people tend to vote in public elections and reasons they vote as they do.”
In brief, the study of voting behaviour implies two things:

  • Why people exercise their right to vote and
  • Why they exercise their franchise in favour of different candidates.

Some of the important determinants of voting behaviour in India are:

  • Caste of the candidate.
  • Religion of the candidate.
  • Region to which the candidate belongs.
  • Influence of money.

Question 13.
What is the salary and term of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners?
Or
Write down the tenure of the members of Election Commission.
Answer:
In December, 1993 the Indian Parliament passed the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1993. As per the provisions of the Act, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners are paid a salary equal to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court. Thus, each of them is paid? 250000 per month as salary.

The Act further provides that the Chief Election Commissioner or an Election Commissioner holds office for a term of six years from the date on which he assumes his office. But if the Chief Election Commissioner or an Election Commissioner attains the age of sixty-five years before the expiry of the term of six years, he shall vacate his office on the date on which he attains the said age.

Question 14.
How is the Chief Election Commissioner removed in India?
Or
Describe the method of appointment, tenure and procedure of the removal of Chief Election Commissioner of India.
Answer:
1. The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President subject to the provisions of any law made on that behalf by the Indian Parliament.

2. The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed for a period of six years.

3. The Chief Election Commissioner is removed from his office by an order of the President after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of the House and by a majority of not less than two thirds of the members of the House present and voting had been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 15.
Describe any four features of the Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
The three important features of the Indian Electoral System are the following:

  1. Universal Adult Franchise: In India the system of universal adult franchise has been adopted for the election of members of Lok Sabha and of State Legislative Assemblies.
  2. Direct Election: The Constitution provides for the system of direct election of the members of the House of the People and of Legislative Assembly of every state by the eligible voters.
  3. Joint Electorate System: The Constitution of India provides for a system of joint electorates.
  4. There is a provision of Reservation of seats for the SCs and STs.

Question 16.
What do you mean by Universal Adult Franchise?
Or
What do you understand by Universal Adult Franchise?
Answer: By universal adult franchise we mean that every citizen both male and female, above the age of maturity, irrespective of caste, colour, creed, property, education, profession or sex, is entitled to enjoy the right to vote in the election. The age of attaining maturity is fixed by the state. In England and in India it is 18 years.

Question 17.
Give four arguments in favour of Adult Franchise.
Answer:
The arguments in favour of adult franchise are given below:
1. It is in accordance with democratic principles. The principle of adult franchise is in accordance with the democratic principles.

2. National unity. The system of Universal Adult Franchise is quite essential for the maintenance of national unity. If the system of Universal Adult Franchise is introduced then all the citizens would consider the State as their own.

3. Laws affect all alike. The introduction of the principle of Adult Franchise is essential so that everybody gets the right to participate in the election of the representatives. It is only under such circumstances that laws can be framed in accordance with the wishes of the people.

4. An important merits of Adult Franchise is that it gives political education to the people.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 18.
Give three arguments against Adult Franchise.
Answer:
1. The uneducated should not be given the right to vote. The right to vote is not a natural or an inherent right which everybody can enjoy. The educated persons can make the proper use of their rights. An uneducated person cannot understand who is the best candidate out of all.

2. Government of the fools. The system of Universal Adult Franchise establishes a government of the fools because the fools and the ignorant are in a majority in the society.

3. All citizens are not equal. It is also wrong that all the people are equal. Therefore, all the people cannot be given the right to vote and to contest election on equal footing.

4. Franchise is not a right but responsibility. Therefore the right to vote should be extended only to the capable and educated persons.

Question 19.
What do you mean by Direct Method of Election?
Answer:
In the system of Direct election the votes directly participate in election and elect their representatives, the process of direct election is quite simple. Every voter goes to the polling station and records his vote either in favour or against particular candidates. A candidate securing the maximum number of votes is declared elected. This system of election is the most popular and is followed in all democratic countries for electing members of People’s Chamber. All members of the State assemblies and House of People in India are elected directly. Every adult in india exercises the right to vote.

Question 20.
What is meant by Indirect Method of Election?
Answer:
Indirect elections means that the voters do not directly participate in the election of their representatives but choose only an intermediary body which elects the representatives. This intermediary body is usually called the Electoral College. It is a system of Double election. In the first instance, the general mass of voters elect from among themselves a small group of electors. These electors then elect the final representatives who become the members of the legislature.

Thus the final choice of electing the representatives is not that of the general mass of voters but of the intermediary body of electors which the general mass of voters had elected in the first instance. This Indirect Election system is often used for the constitution of second chamber. The Council of States in India, the President of India and the President of U.S.A are elected by the method of Indirect election.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 21.
Distinguish between Direct election and Indirect election methods.
Or
Differentiate between Direct and Indirect Election System.
Answer:
In the system of direct election the voters directly participate in election and elect their representatives. But in indirect election the voters do not directly participate in the election of their representatives but choose an intermediary body which elects the representatives. This intermediary body is usually called the Electoral College. It is a system of double election. In India all members of the state assemblies and Lok Sabha are elected directly. The Rajya Sabha in India, the President of India and the President of U.S.A. are elected by the method of indirect election.

Question 22.
What is Indirect Democracy?
Answer:
In indirect democracy people participate in law-making indirectly. People elect some representatives and these representatives act according to the wishes of the people. Their main aim is to promote the welfare of the people. They frame laws of the State and run the administration for the best interests of the people. The entire country is divided into equal electoral constituencies and from each constituency one representative is elected. The representatives are elected for a fixed period and after the expiry of their term fresh elections are held. This system prevails in almost all the countries of the world today.

Question 23.
Write four merits of Indirect Election.
Answer:

  • It is useful where the people are sufficiently educated and politically organised.
  • Indirect election minimizes the evils of party politics and propaganda.
  • The method of indirect election is less expensive because the number of voters is small.
  • Clever politicians and orators cannot mislead the few selected people.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 24.
Write four demerits of Indirect Election.
Answer:

  1. The method of indirect election creates a big gap between the representatives and the voters. The representatives do not feel responsible to the primary voters.
  2. The voters have no direct participation in the selection of their representatives and so they take little interest in politics and become negligent in public affairs.
  3. Indirect election encourages corruption because the number of voters is very small and therefore it is easier to purchase their votes. Besides money other methods are also used to pressurise the voters.
  4. Actually it leads to more parties.

Question 25.
Write four merits of Direct Election.
Answer:

  1. Direct election is consistent with the principle of democracy. People have direct share in the choice of their representatives.
  2. The representative elected directly feels responsible to the people and he tries to keep himself in touch with them and works to better their conditions.
  3. Direct election system makes the citizen active and alert. A direct contact between the electors and the representatives stimulates interest in public affairs and develops the sense of public spirit.
  4. Direct election checks the use of correct and unfair means in elections.

Question 26.
Write four demerits of Direct Election.
Answer:

  1. Direct election means political excitement which leads to the election of undesirable candidates. The voters are easily carried away or misled by clever orators.
  2. Direct election increases the election expenditure which entails a heavy burden on the public purse.
  3. Thirdly, direct election places the final choice of the representatives in the hands of the masses and most of them do not have enough of intelligence or independence to vote for the right type of candidates.
  4. Many citizens, who would have proved the best administrators, avoid to contest elections. This means a great national loss.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the composition of Indian Election Commission.
Answer:
The Election Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and two other Election Commissioners. The appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners is made by the President. Generally the Election Commissioner is appointed for a period of six years. The conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.

Question 2.
Discuss two techniques of election campaign in India.
Answer:

  • Every main political party and sometimes independent candidates issue . election manifesto.
  • Political parties and candidates arrange public meetings and processions, by which they try to persuade the voters in their favour through their speeches and personalities.

Question 3.
Write down any two functions of Election Commission.
Answer:
1. Election Commission supervises, directs and controls the elections. Such elections include election to Parliament, the legislature of every State and the offices of the President and the Vice-President held under the Constitution of India.
2. Election Commission prepares electoral rolls and delimitation of constituencies.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 4.
Which two conditions are necessary for the successful functioning of electoral system in India?
Answer:
The following three conditions are essential for the successful functioning of electoral system in India.
1. Independence of Election Commission:
For the successful functioning of electoral system in India it is essential that the Election Commission should be independent.

2. Check on Money Power:
A major drawback of Indian electoral system is the growing influence of money in election. For fair election it is essential that the role of money power in election should be controlled.

Question 5.
Mention any two drawbacks of Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
1. Number of Seats:
There is no relationship between the votes secured by a party and its strength in the Assembly or the Parliament. The number of seats secured by a particular party is not proportionate to the voters.

2. Money Power: Another important drawback of Indian electoral system is the growing influence of money in elections.

Question 6.
Write any two factors which influence Voting Behaviour.
Answer:

  1. Influence of Religion: Religion influences the voting behaviour to a great extent. In India, many parties seek votes on the basis of religion.
  2. Influence of Caste: Caste influences the voting behaviour to a large extent. In India caste plays a very important role in elections.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 7.
Describe any two preliminary stages of election procedure in India.
Answer:
In India election procedure is as follows:
1. Constituencies:
The first important task in election is delimitation of constituencies. Parliament passed the Delimitation Commission Act, 1952. The Act provides for the establishment of a Delimitation Commission for the purpose of delimitating constituencies in each state after every census.

2. List of Voters:
First, temporary list of voters is prepared. If anybody’s name is excluded from the list, he can ask for inclusion of his name. But such a request is to be made within a fixed time.

Question 8.
What is the reason for people’s low participation in Indian democracy?
Answer:
1. Poverty. Majority of the people in India are poor. A poor person remains worried about earning his livelihood and has no time to cast his vote. The poor person does not even think about the elections.

2. Illiteracy. Majority of the people in India are illiterate. An illiterate person does not understand the importance of the right to vote. Hence illiterate persons don’t go to cast their votes.

Question 9.
What do you understand by Political Participation in a Democracy?
Answer:
Political participation broadly refers to a wide spectrum of political activities ranging from the simple act of voting to widespread political activism in the political process. It thus implies several voluntary activities apart from voting during the elections.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 10.
Mention any two features of the Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
The two important features of the Indian Electoral System are the following:

  1. Universal Adult Franchise: In India the system of universal adult franchise has been adopted for the election of members to Lok Sabha and to State Legislative Assemblies.
  2. Direct Election: The Constitution provides for the system of direct election of the members to the House of the People and to Legislative Assembly of every state by the eligible voters.

Question 11.
What do you mean by Universal Adult Franchise?
Answer:
By universal adult franchise we mean that every citizen both male and female, above the age of maturity, irrespective of caste, colour, creed, property, education, profession or sex, is entitled to enjoy the right to vote in the election. The age of attaining maturity is fixed by the state. In England and in India it is 18 years.

Question 12.
Give two statements in favour of Universal Adult Franchise.
Or
Give two arguments in favour of Adult Franchise.
Answer:
The arguments in favour of adult franchise are given below:
1. It is in accordance with democratic principles. The principle of adult franchise is in accordance with the democratic principles.
2. National unity. The system of Universal Adult Franchise is quite essential for the maintenance of national unity. If the system of Universal Adult Franchise is introduced then all the citizens would consider the State as their own.

Question 13.
Give two arguments against Adult Franchise.
Answer:
1. The uneducated should not be given the right to vote. The right to vote is not a natural or an inherent right which everybody can enjoy. The educated persons can make the proper use of their rights. An uneducated person cannot understand who is the best candidate out of all.

2. Government of the fools. The system of Universal Adult Franchise establishes a government of the fools because the fools and the ignorant are in a majority in the society.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 14.
What is meant by Direct and Indirect Election?
Answer:
In the system of direct election the voters directly participate in election and elect their representatives. But in indirect election the voters do not directly participate in the election of their representatives but choose an intermediary body which elects the representatives.

Question 15.
Write any two merits of Indirect Election.
Answer:

  • It is useful where the people are sufficiently educated and politically organised.
  • Indirect election minimizes the evils of party politics and propaganda.

Question 16.
Mention any two demerits of Indirect Election.
Answer:

  1. The method of indirect election creates a big gap between the representatives and the voters. The representatives do not feel responsible to the primary voters.
  2. The voters have no direct participation in the selection of their representatives and so they take little interest in politics and become negligent in public affairs.

Question 17.
Write any two merits of Direct Election method.
Answer:

  1. Direct election is consistent with the principle of democracy. People have direct share in the choice of their representatives.
  2. The representative elected directly feels responsible to the people and he tries to keep himself in touch with them and works to better their conditions.

Question 18.
Write four demerits of Direct Election.
Answer:

  1. Direct election means political excitement which leads to the election of undesirable candidates. The voters are easily carried away or misled by clever orators.
  2. Direct election increases the election expenditure which entails a heavy burden on the public purse.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Electorate?
Answer:
That part of the total population which participates in election of its representatives is collectively called Electorate.

Question 2.
What is the criterion (basis) for a person to cast vote in India?
Answer:
A citizen, who is eighteen years old or above this age, has the right to cast vote.

Question 3.
What principle of Enfranchisement has been adopted in India?
Answer:
Principle of Universal Adult Frachise.

Question 4.
In which chapter and in which Articles of the Indian Constitution the electoral system has been described?
Answer:
The electoral system has been described in the 15th chapter of the Indian Constitution from Art. 324 to 329.

Question 5.
Write one feature of Indian electoral system.
Answer:
Joint electorate system has been adopted for the election.

Question 6.
Write the composition of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
In the Election Commission, there is a Chief Election Commissioner and a few other Election Commissioners.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 7.
How the members of Election Commission are appointed?
Answer:
According to the Constitution, the appointment of the members of the Election Commsission is made by the President.

Question 8.
How is the Chief Election Commissioner appointed?
Answer:
The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President.

Question 9.
Mention the tenure of the members of the Election Commission.
Answer:
The tenure of the members of the Election Commission is fixed by President after framing laws for it. Usually this tenure is six years.

Question 10.
Write one function of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
The main function of the Election Commission is to conduct elections for Parliament and State Legislatures and to prepare electoral rolls.

Question 11.
In India, how many elections have been held so far for the Constitution of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
Till now, there have been 17 elections for the Constitution of Lok Sabha.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 12.
In which year, elections to the first Lok Sabha were held in India?
Answer:
The elections for the first Lok Sabha in India were held in 1952.

Question 13.
Which two elections are conducted by Indirect Electoral Process in India?
Answer:
1. President
2. Vice-President.

Question 14.
Which two elections are conducted in India through direct election process?
Answer:
1. Election of Lok Sabha 2. Election of Legislative Assembly.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Fill in The Blanks

1. …………….. number of elections of Lok Sabha have so far been conducted in India.
Answer:
Seventeen

2. Mass political consciousness has been encouraging electoral …………….. in India.
Answer:
Participation

3. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed by the ……………..  .
Answer:
Parliament

4. At present, there are …………….. members in Election Commission.
Answer:
Three

5. For election to the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assemblies, India has adopted a …………….. system of representation.
Answer:
Territorial.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

True Or False Statement

1. The Parliament, through 61st Amendment, reduced the minimum voting age from 21 to 18.
Answer:
True

2. 1st Lok Sabha election was held in 1950, and 15th Lok Sabha election was held in 2004.
Answer:
False

3. In India, there is Universal Adult Franchise.
Answer:
True

4. Main drawback of Indian electroal system is the growing influence of money in elections.
Answer:
True

5. The bye election will be held within six months from the date the vacancy occurs.
Answer:
True

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Which is the biggest democratic country in the world?
(a) Japan
(b) India
(c) U.K.
(d) U.S.A.
Answer:
(b) India

Question 2.
The Chief Election Commission is appointed by:
(a) Parliament
(b) President
(c) Prime Minister
(d) Governor.
Answer:
(b) President

Question 3.
How many members are there in Election Commission?
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four.
Answer:
(c) three

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System

Question 4.
Election Commissioner in India is appointed for a period of:
(a) 4 years
(b) 7 years
(c) 6 years
(d) 5 years.
Answer:
(c) 6 years

Question 5.
In India the voting is fixed at the age of:
(a) 14 years
(b) 17 years
(c) 18 years
(d) 15 years.
Answer:
(c) 18 years

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the arrangements made for the protection of Human Rights in India in detail.
Or
Discuss any six steps taken in India for the protection of Human Rights.
Answer:
India is one of the largest democracy of the world. After Independence the makers of our Constitution had made provision for Human Rights. Not only after independence even before independence our national makers worked for Human Rights. The Fundamental Rights enumerated in the Indian Constitution are the most elaborate in the world. Part III of Indian Constitution provides for Fundamental Rights those are as following:

  1. Right to Equality; Articles 14-18
  2. Right to Liberty ; Articles 19-22
  3. Right against Exploitation; Articles 23-24
  4. Right to Freedom of Religion; Articles 25-28
  5. Cultural and Educational Rights; Articles 29-30
  6. Right to Constitutional Remedies; Article-32.

The Indian Constitution has not only made provision for the Fundamental Rights but also made provision for the machinery to implement the rights properly. A number of legislations have been made to eliminate exploitation of the weaker section of the society. Apart from this the Indian government has set up National Human Rights Commission at the level of the central Government and State Human Rights Commission at the state level. These Commissions look into complaints and incidents of violation of Human Rights. Their function includes protection and promotion of Human Rights.

Following steps have been taken in India for the protection of ‘Human Rights’:
1. Establishment of Human Rights: Indian Constitution has established six human rights. Indian citizens have the right to writ five petitions for the protection of these human rights in the court.

2. Establishment of a Commission for ‘Human Rights’: For the protection of ‘Human Rights’-Indian Constitution has established a commission for ‘Human Rights’.

3. Establishment of Commission for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes: For the protection of Human Rights of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes a special Commission is established.

4. National Women Commission: For the security and safety of women’s rights National Women Commission has been established.

5. National Minority Commission: For the security of rights of minorities a “Minority Commission’ is also established.

6. Independent Judiciary. Independent judiciary works like chowkidar for the protection of ‘Human Rights’. Thus independent judiciary is the strongest step for the protection of all Human Rights.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 2.
Discuss the functions of National Human Rights Commission.
Answer:
National Human Rights Commission performs the following functions under the Human Rights Protection Act 1993.

  • To investigate complaints regarding the violation of Human Rights.
  • To investigate the failure on the part of any public official in respect of his duties for preventing a violation of Human Rights.
  • Commission encouraged the functions of non-government institutions for the protection of Human Rights.
  • To review the steps taken under the Constitution or law for protecting the Human Rights and to make recommendations for making such steps more effective.
  • To encourage research in the field of human rights.
  • To visit jails and to examine the conditions of living of the persons undergoing imprisonments or under detentions.
  • To study the international treaties and conventions and try to give it practical shape.
  • To spread knowledge among various classes of people about their human rights.
    To prepare necessary programmes for the development of human rights.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 3.
What do you mean by Disarmament? Discuss the necessity of Disarmament in present world.
Answer:
Present age is an age of Science. Today, armaments and war, because of their totally destructive power, have come to be regarded as the biggest dangers to mankind. The havoc caused by the two World Wars convinced the people over the world that if humanity is to be saved from complete annihilation, something should be done to reduce or limit certain or all types of armaments.

Meaning and Definition of Disarmament:
In simple language the term disarmament is used for reduction or elimination of armaments. In actual practice, it has come to mean everything from total elimination of all the weapons to the regulation or control of only some kind of (offensive and totally destructive) weap¬ons. Disarmament includes everything which has to do something with the limitation, reduction, abolition or control of certain or all armaments through the voluntary agreement of two or more states.

1. According to Morgenthau, “Disarmament is the reduction or elimination of certain or all armaments for the purpose of ending the armament race.”

2. According to V.V. Dyke, “Any regulation or limitation have to do with armed power is treated as a measure of disarmament.”

3. According to Jacob and Atherton, “disarmament seeks to establish conditions that will assure a country that others are neither intending to attack it or capable of doing so, at least in the immediate future. The strategy is to unwind rather then to build up a confrontation of armed forces.”

In its absolute sense, disarmament requires the global destruction of weapons and the dis-establishment of all armed forces. General disarmament means a kind of disarmament in which all the nations participate whereas local disarmament means disarmament by a limited number of nations.

Need and Necessity of Disarmament:
Disarmament is needed due to following reasons:
1. World Peace and Security:
World peace and security is possible only by disarmament. Armaments lead to armament race and armament race leads to war. Arms race can itself be the cause of bloody and costly wars. Disarmament is the most effective means or preventing war and maintaining peace.

2. Disarmament reduces International Tension:
Disarmament reduces international tensions whereas arms race increases international tensions and international tensions encourage war. Disarmament can certainly check the growing war hysteria in international relations.

3. Reduces the Destructiveness of War: Disarmament is needed as it reduces the sufferings and destructiveness of war.

4. Helpful in Economic Development:
Disarmament is needed because it is very helpful in economic development. By disarmament states can save a very large amount of funds and that money can be used for the welfare and economic development of the people of the states. In the timeless dilemma of choosing between ‘guns and butter’, the advocates of arms reduction opt for the latter. It is argued that even if a small portion of millions of dollars now spent on armament everyday is transferred to economic development the world would be entirely different.

5. Helpful in ending Colonialism and Imperialism:
Armaments encouraged Imperialism and Colonialism because states having big stocks of arms used arms for expanding their territories. Hence disarmament is very helpful in ending Colonialism and Imperialism.

6. Moral Reasons:
Disarmament is needed for moral reasons also. Philosophically most solid argument is that war is morally wrong and hence armaments as the means of war are also evil. It is always rational and moral to nip the evil in the bud. Thus elimination of war demands the elimination of arms and armament races.

7. Social Reasons:
Disarmament is also needed due to social reasons. Money saved by disarmament can be utilised for solving the problems of poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, housing etc.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 4.
What do you understand by the concept of Globalization? Discuss its main features.
Or
What do you mean by Globalization? Explain four features of Globalization in India.
Answer:
In the late 20th century the revolution in the means of communication has changed the world in ‘global village’ by lessening its distances. It has encouraged the emergence of world society. Although the concept of globalisation became popular in the last phase of the 20th century but its background is quite old. The ill effects of the two world wars on the rich nations led them to think about the ways and means of coming out of the economic recession.

To achieve this aim they made full use of the international organisations such as General Agreement on Trade and Tariff, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund and World Bank etc. All these organisations brought the countries of world close to each other. Martin Shaw has observed, “Society has been globalised not because human beings thought or act 1 globally, but because in pursuit of other suit – profit, power communication worldwide connectedness has developed.”

Definition and Meaning of Globalization:
Scholars differ regarding the meaning of globalization. Their views are given below:
1. According to Anthony Giddens, “Globalisation means the intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings shaped events occurring many miles away and vice-versa.”

2. According to Robertson, “Globalisation is a concept that refers to the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”

3. According to Mild and McGrew, “Globalisation refers to a historical process which transforms the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions, generating, transcontinental or inter-regional networks of interaction and the exercise of power.”:

In general we can say that globalisation is a process by which the planet Earth is:
considered to be one single unit where social and economic interaction among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation. Globalisation can also be explained as globalisation of world market and to link the economy of all the countries of the world with world market. It is also manifest in the rapid flow of information capital and goods. Different cultures and societies have come face to face with each other.

It has created global electronic communications. Observing the impact of globalization Martin Shaw said, “With the development of global relations, the understanding of human relations in common world wide frame comes to predominate over other, more partial understanding.”

Thus, globalization is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world peace. It is a step towards socio-economic, scientific and technological development of the whole mankind. It has made easier to solve the world problems.

Features of Globalization: Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomenon-
It’s features are as given below:
1. Global Economy:
Global economy is the most important feature of globalization. In the process of globalization, it has been observed that national economies have been integrated into global economy. Trade has come out of national boundaries. Global economy promotes international harmony.

2. Expansion of Industrialisation and MNC’s:
Expansion of industrialisation is another feature of globalisation. Globalisation has increased the value of multi-national business organisations. The output of multi-national corporations is more than a state corporation, that’s why now MNC’s dominate the world market. The notable examples of MNC’s are General Motors and Ford in the automotive industry. ESSO, Shelt and B.P. in Oil industry, McDonald’s fast food-chain AT & T, and International News Corporation in the communication sector.

3. World Wide Institutions:
Establishment of world wide institutions is one of the features of globalisation. Globalisation has brought the countries of the world close to each other. These countries have formed institutions those have global appeal and those work to resolve global problems such as U.N.O. It is an international system of states and they are committed to the cause of universal welfare and upliftment. U.N.O. tries to fight against natural calamities as well as man-made problems.

4. Global Movements:
Global movements is the another feature of globalisation. The members of the global village have come out of their national boundries and fences and started thinking about welfare in broader terms including national and international concern. Women’s liberation movement has been launched on global level. Various other global movements have been launched to eradicate economic inequality, environment problems and armaments.

5. Competitive Economy:
Competitive economy is another important aspect of globalisation. The developing countries are trying to compete with the developed countries. The developed countries are trying to advance and strengthen their economy more and more and developing countries are trying to improve their performance, products and industries to compete with the industry of developed countries.

6. World Trade Organisation:
The emergence of WTO is another feature of globalisation. WTO is an indication of globalisation process. Martin Shaw observes that although, “The WTO remains dominated by the west and is partly a forum for resolving intra-western economic differences, it is now more or less universally accepted as the frame work for regulating trade, as China’s admission in 1999 recognised.”

7. The declining relevance of geographical distance and the insignificance of territorial boundries is the feature of globalisation.

8. International Law for the security of international peace and to resolve trade problems is another important aspect of globalisation.

9. Increase of Foreign Investment in countries is another feature of the process of globalisation.

10. Technological Innovations is another feature of globalisation.

11. Information Revolution is an important aspect of globalisation. Information technology has brought countries closer.

Thus, the process of globalisation has changed the world scenario. It has brought nations closer to each other and has formed world wide society.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 5.
What do you mean by Globalisation? Why India adopted the policy of Globalisation?
Answer:
Meaning of Globalisation:
In the late 20th century the revolution in the means of communication has changed the world in ‘global village’ by lessening its distances. It has encouraged the emergence of world society. Although the concept of globalisation became popular in the last phase of the 20th century but its background is quite old. The ill effects of the two world wars on the rich nations led them to think about the ways and means of coming out of the economic recession.

To achieve this aim they made full use of the international organisations such as General Agreement on Trade and Tariff, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund and World Bank etc. All these organisations brought the countries of world close to each other. Martin Shaw has observed, “Society has been globalised not because human beings thought or act 1 globally, but because in pursuit of other suit – profit, power communication worldwide connectedness has developed.”

Definition and Meaning of Globalization:
Scholars differ regarding the meaning of globalization. Their views are given below:
1. According to Anthony Giddens, “Globalisation means the intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings shaped events occurring many miles away and vice-versa.”

2. According to Robertson, “Globalisation is a concept that refers to the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”

3. According to Mild and McGrew, “Globalisation refers to a historical process which transforms the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions, generating, transcontinental or inter-regional networks of interaction and the exercise of power.”:

In general we can say that globalisation is a process by which the planet Earth is:
considered to be one single unit where social and economic interaction among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation. Globalisation can also be explained as globalisation of world market and to link the economy of all the countries of the world with world market. It is also manifest in the rapid flow of information capital and goods. Different cultures and societies have come face to face with each other.

It has created global electronic communications. Observing the impact of globalisation Martin Shaw said, “With the development of global relations, the understanding of human relations in common world wide frame comes to predominate over other, more partial understanding.”

Thus, globalisation is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world peace. It is a step towards socio-economic, scientific and technological development of the whole mankind. It has made easier to solve the world problems.

Features of Globalization: Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomenon-
It’s features are as given below:
1. Global Economy:
Global economy is the most important feature of globalisation. In the process of globalisation, it has been observed that national economies have been integrated into global economy. Trade has come out of national boundaries. Global economy promotes international harmony.

2. Expansion of Industrialisation and MNC’s:
Expansion of industrialisation is another feature of globalisation. Globalisation has increased the value of multi-national business organisations. The output of multi-national corporations is more than a state corporation, that’s why now MNC’s dominate the world market. The notable examples of MNC’s are General Motors and Ford in the automotive industry. ESSO, Shelt and B.P. in Oil industry, McDonald’s fast food-chain AT & T, and International News Corporation in the communication sector.

3. World Wide Institutions:
Establishment of world wide institutions is one of the features of globalisation. Globalisation has brought the countries of the world close to each other. These countries have formed institutions those have global appeal and those work to resolve global problems such as U.N.O. It is an international system of states and they are committed to the cause of universal welfare and upliftment. U.N.O. tries to fight against natural calamities as well as man-made problems.

4. Global Movements:
Global movements is the another feature of globalisation. The members of the global village have come out of their national boundries and fences and started thinking about welfare in broader terms including national and international concern. Women’s liberation movement has been launched on global level. Various other global movements have been launched to eradicate economic inequality, environment problems and armaments.

5. Competitive Economy:
Competitive economy is another important aspect of globalisation. The developing countries are trying to compete with the developed countries. The developed countries are trying to advance and strengthen their economy more and more and developing countries are trying to improve their performance, products and industries to compete with the industry of developed countries.

6. World Trade Organisation:
The emergence of WTO is another feature of globalisation. WTO is an indication of globalisation process. Martin Shaw observes that although, “The WTO remains dominated by the west and is partly a forum for resolving intra-western economic differences, it is now more or less universally accepted as the frame work for regulating trade, as China’s admission in 1999 recognised.”

7. The declining relevance of geographical distance and the insignificance of territorial boundries is the feature of globalisation.

8. International Law for the security of international peace and to resolve trade problems is another important aspect of globalisation.

9. Increase of Foreign Investment in countries is another feature of the process of globalisation.

10. Technological Innovations is another feature of globalisation.

11. Information Revolution is an important aspect of globalisation. Information technology has brought countries closer.

Thus, the process of globalisation has changed the world scenario. It has brought nations closer to each other and has formed world wide society.

Why India Adopted the Policy of Globalisation:
Following are the factors responsible for India’s globalisation policy:

  • India’s economy will become competitive due to globalisation policy.
  • Foreign Wealth and technique both will be imported in India due to globalisation and this will be helpful for the development of India.
  • The policy of globalisation will encourage a good competition in production and consumers will get better quality of production.
  • With the globalisation process Indian economy will automatically link with the world economy and it will be beneficial for Indian economy.
  • Industrial development will take place due to globalisation.
  • Globalisation will create more employment.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 6.
What do you mean by Globalisation? Discuss the demerits of policy of Globalisation adopted by India.
Answer:
Meaning of Globalisation:
In the late 20th century the revolution in the means of communication has changed the world in ‘global village’ by lessening its distances. It has encouraged the emergence of world society. Although the concept of globalisation became popular in the last phase of the 20th century but its background is quite old. The ill effects of the two world wars on the rich nations led them to think about the ways and means of coming out of the economic recession.

To achieve this aim they made full use of the international organisations such as General Agreement on Trade and Tariff, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund and World Bank etc. All these organisations brought the countries of world close to each other. Martin Shaw has observed, “Society has been globalised not because human beings thought or act 1 globally, but because in pursuit of other suit – profit, power communication worldwide connectedness has developed.”

Definition and Meaning of Globalization:
Scholars differ regarding the meaning of globalization. Their views are given below:
1. According to Anthony Giddens, “Globalisation means the intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings shaped events occurring many miles away and vice-versa.”

2. According to Robertson, “Globalisation is a concept that refers to the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”

3. According to Mild and McGrew, “Globalisation refers to a historical process which transforms the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions, generating, transcontinental or inter-regional networks of interaction and the exercise of power.”:

In general we can say that globalisation is a process by which the planet Earth is:
considered to be one single unit where social and economic interaction among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation. Globalisation can also be explained as globalisation of world market and to link the economy of all the countries of the world with world market. It is also manifest in the rapid flow of information capital and goods. Different cultures and societies have come face to face with each other.

It has created global electronic communications. Observing the impact of globalisation Martin Shaw said, “With the development of global relations, the understanding of human relations in common world wide frame comes to predominate over other, more partial understanding.”

Thus, globalisation is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world peace. It is a step towards socio-economic, scientific and technological development of the whole mankind. It has made easier to solve the world problems.

Features of Globalization: Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomenon-
It’s features are as given below:
1. Global Economy:
Global economy is the most important feature of globalisation. In the process of globalisation, it has been observed that national economies have been integrated into global economy. Trade has come out of national boundaries. Global economy promotes international harmony.

2. Expansion of Industrialisation and MNC’s:
Expansion of industrialisation is another feature of globalisation. Globalisation has increased the value of multi-national business organisations. The output of multi-national corporations is more than a state corporation, that’s why now MNC’s dominate the world market. The notable examples of MNC’s are General Motors and Ford in the automotive industry. ESSO, Shelt and B.P. in Oil industry, McDonald’s fast food-chain AT & T, and International News Corporation in the communication sector.

3. World Wide Institutions:
Establishment of world wide institutions is one of the features of globalisation. Globalisation has brought the countries of the world close to each other. These countries have formed institutions those have global appeal and those work to resolve global problems such as U.N.O. It is an international system of states and they are committed to the cause of universal welfare and upliftment. U.N.O. tries to fight against natural calamities as well as man-made problems.

4. Global Movements:
Global movements is the another feature of globalisation. The members of the global village have come out of their national boundries and fences and started thinking about welfare in broader terms including national and international concern. Women’s liberation movement has been launched on global level. Various other global movements have been launched to eradicate economic inequality, environment problems and armaments.

5. Competitive Economy:
Competitive economy is another important aspect of globalisation. The developing countries are trying to compete with the developed countries. The developed countries are trying to advance and strengthen their economy more and more and developing countries are trying to improve their performance, products and industries to compete with the industry of developed countries.

6. World Trade Organisation:
The emergence of WTO is another feature of globalisation. WTO is an indication of globalisation process. Martin Shaw observes that although, “The WTO remains dominated by the west and is partly a forum for resolving intra-western economic differences, it is now more or less universally accepted as the frame work for regulating trade, as China’s admission in 1999 recognised.”

7. The declining relevance of geographical distance and the insignificance of territorial boundries is the feature of globalisation.

8. International Law for the security of international peace and to resolve trade problems is another important aspect of globalisation.

9. Increase of Foreign Investment in countries is another feature of the process of globalisation.

10. Technological Innovations is another feature of globalisation.

11. Information Revolution is an important aspect of globalisation. Information technology has brought countries closer.

Thus, the process of globalisation has changed the world scenario. It has brought nations closer to each other and has formed world wide society.

Demerits of Globalisation in India. Following are the demerits of policy of globalisation adopted by India:

  • Due to Globalisation multinational companies are interfering in the political system of India.
  • This policy has encouraged economic inequality which has increased the unemployment in India.
  • Critics advocate that this policy is a forceable but not an accepted one. The objective like welfare of all is just out of the scene from this.
  • This is an undemocratic process. This process has weakened the democratic set up by limitation of the labour, limited role of the welfare state.
  • Deduction in subsides etc. by the Government which has indirectly hit the poor category.
  • Globalisation has created a cultural crisis. By it encouragement is given to the Constitutism. The young generation is mad for Pepsi, Coca-cola and other brand of western products.
  • Critics say that the Policy has also influenced the education system, which has established dominance of English language. This education has led to commercialization and has stressed on the markets which has made fall in values and ethics.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down the composition of National Human Rights Commission.
Or
Write down composition of National Commission for Human Rights.
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission started on 12th October 1993. It has eight members, a chairperson, a present or former judge of the Supreme Court, a present or former Chief Justice of a High Court; two members knowledgeable in the area of human rights and the chairperson of the National Commission for Women, National Commission for SCs and STs and the National Commission for Minorities. It protects and promotes Human Rights. It looks into the complaints of violation of human rights and works to protect the rights of all the members of society.

Question 2.
Write down four main functions of National Commission for Human Rights.
Or
Write four main functions of National Human Rights Commission.
Answer:
Following are the main functions of National Commission for Human Rights.

  • To investigate complaints regarding the violation of human rights.
  • To investigate the failure on the part of any public officials in respect of his duties for preventing a violation of Human Rights.
  • Commission encouraged the functions of non-government institutions for the protection of human rights.
  • To visit jails and to examine the condition of living of the persons undergoing imprisonments or under detentions.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 3.
What do you mean by Globalisation?
Answer:
The term global literally means, belonging to the globe which in turn implies connected with the natural habitat of humankind i.e., ‘global planet earth’. Globalisation is a process by which the planet earth is considered to be one single unit where social and economic interactions among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be solved with global efforts and co-operation. Globalisation can also be explained as globalisation of world market. In simple words, globalisation means free flow of goods, services, people, capital and cultures across national borders. It has created global electronic communications. Globalisation is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Disarmament?
Answer:
Disarmament is the need of present age. The term disarmament is used for reduction or elimination of armaments. In actual practice, it has come to mean everything from total elimination of all the weapons to the regulation or control of only some kind of weapons. Disarmament includes everything which has to do something with the limitation, reduction, abolition or control of certain or all armaments through the voluntary agreement of two or more states. Morgenthau says, “Disarmament is the reduction or elimination of certain or all armaments for the purpose of ending the armament race. In its absolute sense, disarmament requires the global destruction of weapons and the disestablishment of all armed forces.”

Question 5.
Why is disarmament necessary? Give four reasons.
Answer:
Disarmament is necessary due to following reasons:

  • World peace and security. World peace and security is possible only by disarmament.
  • Disarmament reduces International tension. Disarmament reduces international tension whereas arms race increases international tension and international tension encourages war. Disarmament can certainly check the growing war hysteria in international relations.
  • Reduces the destructiveness of war. Disarmament is needed as it reduces the sufferings and destructiveness of war.
  • Money saved by disarmament can be utilised for solving the problems of poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, housing etc.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 6.
Mention any four hindrances in the way of Disarmament.
Answer:
Following are the major hindrances in the way of Disarmament:

1. Fear and Security. Nations preferred security than disarmament. Until some system can be evolved whereby nations will be secure with less arms, disarmament will remain a far cry. Fear of insecurity is a big hindrance in the way of disarmament.

2. Faith in Armament. For security of the nations states have more faith in armament than in disarmament.

3. Mutual Distrust. Every state views with suspicion the disarmament proposals put forth by others. Mutual distrust among nations makes it difficult for the international community to go in for disarmament and arms control.

4. The political rivalry between the superpowers served as a stumbling block in the way of disarmament.

Question 7.
What do you mean by New International Economic Order (NIEO)?
Answer:
New International Economic Order constitutes a framework for eliminating the existing era of international economic system which is mostly catering to the needs and interests of the developed countries to the deterrence of the under-developed third world. The NIEO is based on assumption that the prevalent international order perpetuates and aggravates international inequalities and that new relationship of interdependence should replace the order patterns of interdependence and unequal exchange.

NIEO stands for making the international system fairer, just and equitable by adopting a code of conduct for the developed countries. It stands for reducing the gap between the developed countries and under-developed countries. It seeks to end the existing imbalance and inequalities in the economic relationship between the under-developed and developed world.”

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down the composition of National Human Right Commission.
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission started on 12th October 1993. It has eight members, a chairperson, a present or former judge of the Supreme Court, a present or former Chief Justice of a High Court; two members knowledgeable in the area of human rights and the chairperson of the National Commission for Women, National Commission for SCs and STs and the National Commission for Minorities.

Question 2.
Explain the term ‘Colonialism’.
Answer:
According to the Western concept, Colonialism is the establishment and maintenance of an extended rule over an alien people that is separate and subordinate to the ruling power. It implies rule over people of different races inhabiting lands separated by salt waters from the imperial centre.

Question 3.
Explain the meaning of the term Cold War.
Answer:
After Second World War, cold war started between U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. A cold war is a state of tension between countries in which each side adopts policies designed to strengthen itself and weaken the other. A line falling short of actual hot war. The cold war has been a predominant factor in determining the conduct of international affairs in post-second world war.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Disarmament?
Answer:
The term disarmament is used for reduction or elimination of armaments. In actual practice, it has come to mean everything from total elimination of all the weapons to the regulation or control of only some kind of weapons. Disarmament includes everything which has to do something with the limitation, reduction, abolition or control of certain or all armaments through the voluntary agreement of two or more states.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 5.
Why is disarmament necessary? Give two reasons.
Answer:
1. World peace and security. World peace and security is possible only by disarmament.

2. Disarmament reduces International tension. Disarmament reduces international tension whereas arms race increases international tension and international tension encourages war. Disarmament can certainly check the growing war hysteria in international relations.

Question 6.
Write two obstacles in the way of Disarmament.
Answer:
1. Fear and Security. Nations preferred security than disarmament. Until some system can be evolved whereby nations will be secure with less arms, disarmament will remain a far cry. Fear of insecurity is a big hindrance in the way of disarmament.

2. Faith in Armament. For security of the nations states have more faith in armament than in disarmament.

Question 7.
What do you mean by New International Economic Order (NIEO)?
Answer:
The NIEO is based on assumption that the prevalent international order perpetuates and aggravates international inequalities and that new relationship of interdependence should replace the order patterns of interdependence and unequal exchange. NIEO stands for making the international system fairer, just and equitable by adopting a code of conduct for the developed countries.

Question 8.
Write down any two basic principles of New International Economic Order.
Answer:
Following are the main principles of New International Economic Order:

1. NIEO is based on, the principles of sovereign equality of states, territorial integrity and non-interference in the internal affairs of other states.

2. NIEO is based on the principle of co-operation of all the member-states of the international community.

Question 9.
Write down any two Human Rights mentioned in Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Answer:
1. Right to Liberty and Equality. According to Article of Human Rights Declaration, all human beings are free by birth.

2. Equality before Law and Equal Protection of Law. Human Rights Declaration guarantees all persons equality before law and equal protection of laws. All human beings should have the right to an effective judicial remedy.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 10.
Discuss the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Answer:
Following points show the importance of this declaration :
1. The Declaration of Human Rights has exercised profound influence on the constitution of new nations. The Declaration also deeply affected treaties and agreements between the nations.

2. The Declaration has served a very useful purpose at the international level. The Declaration has been often cited in support of human rights.

Question 11.
Mention any two defects of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Answer:
1. The Declaration of Human Rights lacks legality. This is not a legal declaration but a moral document. No legal sanction can be imposed on member states for the violation of the declaration.

2. This Declaration is neither any international policy nor any agreement.

Question 12.
Name any four Human Rights.
Answer:

  1. Right to life
  2. Right to freedom
  3. Right to work
  4. Right to family.

Question 13.
Explain any two merits of globalization.
Answer:

  • Globalisation gives rise to the worldwide information, which has effected every class of society. This has encouraged the social mobility.
  • Possibilities of employment in Multinational companies have increased.

Question 14.
Name two nuclear treaties on which India refused to sign.
Answer:

  1. N.P.T.
  2. C.T.B.T.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of Human Rights.
Answer:
According to Laski, rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek himself to be at his best or make full growth.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Disarmament?
Answer:
Disarmament means the abolition of all material and human resources, for physical violence. Any control or restriction on military power is called as disarmament.

Question 3.
Why is disarmament necessary?
Answer:
During the cold war, both the sides developed modem weapons. If all these weapons are not destroyed through disarmament, they can prove detrimental to human race.

Question 4.
Give one difficulty in the way of Disarmament.
Answer:
The great powers have lust for modernisation of weapons.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 5.
What is the meaning of New International Economic Order?
Answer:
New International Economic Order means to provide food-items to the developing countries and to migrate resources from the developed countries to the developing countries.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation means the unhindered flow of material, service, capital and intellectual property-from one country to another.

Question 7.
Write one effect of Globalisation on India.
Answer:
Because of Globalisation, the investment of foreign capital has increased in India. It has generated new opportunities of employment.

Question 8.
‘Initiative of Six Nations’ Conference was held in.
Answer:
‘Initiative of Six Nations’ Conference was held in 1985.

Question 9.
Give one argument in favour of Globalisation.
Answer:
Because of Globalisation, the dependence of developing countries on International Monetary Fund and World Bank has reduced.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 10.
When is the Human Rights Day celebrated every year?
Answer:
Human Rights Day is celebrated on 10th December every year.

Question 11.
Name the forms of Disarmament
Answer:

  1. Complete Disarmament,
  2. Partial Disarmament,
  3. Compulsory Disarmament,
  4. Voluntary Disarmament,
  5. Unilateral Disarmament,
  6. Bilateral Disarmament.

Fill in The Blanks

1. National Human Rights Commission was established on
Answer:
12 Oct. 1993

2. New International Economic Order means to provide food to
Answer:
Developing Countries

3. Initiative of Six Nations Confrence was held in
Answer:
1985

4. India is committed to the use of Nuclear Energy for purposes
Answer:
Peaceful

5. India is fully committed to the rights and liberties included in the Declaration of Human Rights
Answer:
U.N.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

True Or False Statement

1. Disarmament means the total abolition of arms.
Answer:
True.

2. Due to Globalisation, the investment of foreign capital has increased in India.
Answer:
True.

3. Human Rights Day is celebrated on 10th December.
Answer:
True.

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The National Human Rights Commission was formed on
(a) 12 October, 1991
(b)12 October, 1992
(c) 12 October, 1993
(d)12 October, 1994.
Answer:
(c) 12 October, 1993

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 2.
Main problems of world are
(a) Terrorism
(b) Problem of Human Rights
(c) Problem of Disarmament
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of Above.

Question 3.
Main hindrances in the way of disarmament are :
(a) Fear and Security
(b) Faith in armament
(c) Mutual distrust
(d) All of Above.
Answer:
(d) All of Above.

Question 4.
When was ‘Six Nations Initiative Conference’ held ?
(a) 1985
(b) 1986
(c) 1990
(d) 1991.
Answer:
(a) 1985

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Question 5.
World Trade Organisation was formed on
(a) 24 October, 1945
(b)1 January, 1995
(c) 10 December, 1948
(d) 29 April, 1954..
Answer:
(b)1 January, 1995

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Examine Indo-American relationship.
Or
Analyse India’s relations with U.SA.
Answer:
India’s relations with America were not friendly in the beginning. America intended to dominate India and so adopted the policy of pressure and assistance. Both the countries differed from each other because of the following reasons:

1. Different Views:
The main cause of the tense relations between both the countries was their varied attitudes towards international communism and colonialism.

2. India’s policy of non-alignment:
When India became free, America and Russia had inimical relations. America expected India to join its bloc like other newly liberated countries.

3. Kashmir:
When the Kashmir issue was put forth in the U.N.O. in December, 1947 because of Pak aggression, America fully supported Pakistan. This attitude was completely opposed to the spirit of justice.

4. Recognition of Communist China:
When Communist China came into existence, America didn’t want India to grant recognition to China. But India recognised China in December, 1949.

5. Korean War: America didn’t approve India’s policy in case of Korean War.

6. Military Assistance by America to Pakistan:
America signed a military pact with Pakistan in 1954 and started providing military assistance to Pakistan on the pretext of stopping expansion of communism by using war- weapons. But the wars which took place in 1965 and 1971 proved that these weapons were used against India.

Pt. Nehru visited America in 1957, and consequently, relations between both the countries improved. Eisenhower, the President of America, paid a visit to India in Dec., 1959, to strengthen friendly ties. President Eisenhower signed an agreement with India’s Food Minister S.K. Patil in Washington on 4th May, 1960.

Indo-American relations during Lai Bahadur Shastri Period (1964-65):
The Indo-Pak War of 1965 completely worsened relations between India and America because Pakistan used the American military aid against India. America didn’t check it, and rather favoured Pakistan. America sympathised with India at the sudden death of Shri Shastri at Tashkent.

Indo-American relations during Indira Period (From 1966 to March 1977):
Mrs. Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India on 16th Jan., 1966 after the death of Shri Shastri. Mrs. Gandhi visited America on 18th March, 1966, but the visit didn’t prove fruitful.

The year 1971 proved worst for Indo-American relations because of Bangladesh issue. America supported Pakistan on Bangladesh issue. The Government of India emphatically condemned the unfriendly attitude of America on 7th Aug., 1971. The ‘foreign policy of America suffered a great set-back as India signed a friendship treaty with Russia on 9th Aug., 1971.

America presented anti-India resolution before the Security Council during Indo-Pak war but Russia exercised its veto power. America sent its Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal to pressurise India. But Russian Naval forces warned America by declaring that it would not tolerate any action against India. Afterwards, when India was reckoned as a great power in South Asia after winning Bangladesh war, America stopped giving economic assistance to India.

Janata Government and Indo-American Relations:
President Jimmy Carter visited India in January, 1978 and had discussions with Indian leaders. The Government of India valued this visit the most and extended a warm welcome to President Carter.
Prime Minister Morar Ji Desai and External Affairs Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited America in June, 1978 and President Carter assured them to supply uranium to India.

Indo-U.S. Relations During 1980-85:
In December, 1980 the U.S. President Mr. Ronald Reagan, affirmed the desire of his administration to forge closer ties with India. Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s visit to U.SA. In July 1982, Mrs. Gandhi visited U.S.A. The U.S.A. and India reached a compromise so that India could keep getting nuclear fuel for Tarapur Atomic Power Plant. The agreement ended a dispute that had soured relations between the two countries for four years.

In June 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited U.S.A. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and President Reagan urged all governments to take appropriate steps to combat the ‘new danger of organised terrorism’ which they noted was a ‘threat to peace and democracy’. With regard to science and technology collaboration, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi and Mr. Reagan decided to initiate two new efforts.

Prime Minister Narasimha Rao Visits U.S.A. :
Prime Minister Narasimha Rao visited U.SA. in May, 1994. American President Bill Clinton expressed satisfaction with his wide ranging talks with Narasimha Rao and described his meeting with the Indian Prime Minister as productive. The American President extended full support to the Prime Minister in economic reforms and the liberalisation process and dubbed them as an ‘engine of growth’ for building new bilateral economic relations and giving India a ‘rightful place’ in the comity of nations as a major economic power.

Nuclear Proliferation Treaty and CTBT:
The Nuclear Proliferation Treaty was given permanent and indefinite expansion in May, 1995, but India refused to sign the treaty. India firmly vetoed the draft text of the controversial CTBT on the ground that it did not serve the purpose of promoting the realisation of the universal disarmament.

Nuclear Tests and Relations With U.S A-
India conducted five nuclear tests at Pokhran, three on May 11, 1998 and two on May 13, 1998 in order to develop a full- fledged nuclear deterrent to safeguard India’s security. American President Bill Clinton ordered tough sanctions against India in retaliation for its underground nuclear tests. The sanctions include an end to U.S. assistance to India, a prohibition of the export of certain defence and technology material, an end to U.S. credit and credit guarantee to India etc. Mr. Jaswant Singh, special emissary of Prime Minister, visited America in June, 1998 and held talks with U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott.

On 25th July, 1999 U.S.A. asked Pakistan to pull out its forces from the remaining areas of Kargil and immediately stop acts of terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir, showing for the first time Washington’s greater understanding of India’s concern on cross-border militancy.

U.S. President Bill Clinton’s Visit to India:
On 19th March, 2000 U.S. President Mr. Bill Clinton visited India. India’s tension with Pakistan and nuclear disarmament were the two major issues which dominated Mr. Clinton’s talks with the Prime Minister, Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Both leaders signed a ‘Vision Document’ on the future of Indo-U.S. relations in the new millennium. After signing ‘Vision 2000’, Mr. Clinton described it as laying the foundation for a dynamic and lasting partnership between two growing economic powers. The US President Clinton advised India to move towards nuclear non-proliferation and begin a dialogue with Pakistan to establish a ‘working relationship’ with it.

On 23rd March, 2000 India and U.S.A. entered into agreements worth over $ 1.4 billion on various sectors, including information technology, power and environment. Companies from both sides signed 11 business agreements. President Clinton anounced a $ 5 million aid to India to undertake projects to fight the dreaded Aids and TB diseases. He also announced a $ 10 million U.S. aid package for the development of Internet in rural areas. Describing his visit as ‘remarkable and wonderful’, Mr. Clinton said, “It would help in developing a new partnership at higher levels than in the past 22 years.”

Prime Minister Vajpayee’s Visit to U.SA. :
Prime Minister Vajpayee visited U.S.A. in Sept. 2000. In a stirring speech at the Joint session of U.S. Congress, Mr. Vajpayee spoke of the deleterious impact of cross border terrorism and was emphatic that India and the U.S.A. should close ranks in combating state-sponsored terrorism as distance offered no insulation. The American Congress adopted a resolution unanimously imploring Bill Clinton administration to lift the remaining sanctions against New Delhi. India signed five commercial agreements totalling $ 6 billion in key sectors like power, e-commerce and banking. India’s ties with U.S.A., so goes the Vajpayee strategy, rest on two pillars : anti-terrorism and close economic co-operation.

Sanctions Lifted: On September 23, 2001 President Bush lifted sanctions imposed on India in the wake of 1998 nuclear tests.

Powel’s visit to India:
The Secretary of State Mr. Powell visited India in October 2001 and expressed support to India’s fight against terrorism. He endorsed the Indian stand that the Kashmir issue could not be resolved on the basis of a two-nation theory. On October 17, 2001 the two countries signed a new bilateral treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in criminal matters.

Prime Minister Vajpayee’s Visit to U.S.A. :
Prime Minister Vajpayee visited U.S.A in November 2001. Prime Minister Vajpayee and President Bush pledged to fight terrorism. Mr. Bush said that his administration is committed to develop a fundamentally different relationship with India, one based upon trust and mutual values.

Indo-US Relations in the year 2004:
In January 2004 taking a step ahead towards co-operation India and U.S. has agreed to increase co-operation on three issues-civilian nuclear programme, civilian space programmes and high technology.

Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh’s Visit to U.S.A. :
In July 2005 Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited United States. India and U.S.A. sign 10 years defence agreement.
Nuclear Deal. United States had agreed to the nuclear deal with India because both sides stood to benefit from it.

Bush Signs US-India Nuclear Bill. U.S. :President George W. Bush on 18 December, 2006 signed the historic legislation allowing Civilian Nuclear Trade with India.

Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear Co-operation Agreement 2008:
The Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear Co-operation agreement consists of 22 pages and 17 articles. The agreement will remain in force for 40 years. The purpose of the agreement is to enable full civil nuclear energy co-operation between India and the United States. This agreement would help to address the problem of energy deficit that has emerged as one of the primary constraints on accelerating India’s growth rate. The agreement does not hinder India’s military nuclear programme and provides for uninterrupted supply of fuel.

India Signs Naval Reconnaissance Deal with U.S.A. :
India-U.S. defence co-operation received a big boost with India formalising a mega deal with U.S.A. for the supply of eight long-range naval-reconnaissance aircraft. This deal will fill a vital gap in India’s maritime domain awareness and will be followed by another deal for medium range maritime reconnaissance planes.

Purchasing the sophisticated reconnaissance aircraft from the U.S.A. : instead of from Russia despite the fact that the latter was the old supplier of the same aircraft to India there seems a clear cut shift in India’s focus from Russia to U.S.A.

Barack Obama 44th President of the U.S.A. :
20th January, 2009 witnessed a new dawn of history in the U.S.A. when Barack Obama took oath as the 44th President and dismantling racial barriers as the first black leader of a country.

In Nov., 2009 Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited U.S.A. where he held meeting with President of U.S.A., Mr. Barack Obama. In their Joint Declaration, both leaders announced to abolish terrorist Camps which were activated in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In Nov. 2010 U.S. President Barack Obama visited India. During his visit, Obama supported India’s claims for permanent member seat in U.N. Security Council.

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and American President Obama meet on September 28, 2013 at White House:
The U.S. and India sought more intensive engagement on a gamut of issues, including defence, security, bilateral trade and efforts to dismantle terrorist safe havens and promote clean energy. Both leaders emphasised the need for more intensive defence cooperation. Defence trade between the two nations has reached nearly $9 billion. The U.S. and Indian sought expansion of cooperation to address 21st century challenges in the areas of counter-terrorism, cyber, space and global health security.

Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narender Modi and American President Obama met in September 2014:
During this meeting, both leaders discussed Terrorism, Trade and Civil Nuclear Agreement. In Jan. 2015, American President visited India. During this visit both countries discussed Civil NuLcear Deal and other economic and world issues. In June 2016 and 2017, Indian Prime Minister visited U.S.A. During this visit both countries discussed bilateral Trade, Regional Security clean energy and climate change.

In Sept. 2019, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narender Modi visited U.S.A, to attend U.N.O. conference. During this visit the U.S.A. President Donald Trump attented ‘Howdy Modi’ Programme on 24 Sept. 2019. Dining their joint press conference, both leaders showed concern on Terrorism and climate change. In Feb. 2020, American president Sh. Donald Trump visited India During this visit both countries discussed Biletral trade, climate change and terrorism.
This shows that both the countries are doing their level best to maintain healthy and lasting relationship.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Question 2.
What are the main six points of disagreement between India and U.S.A.?
Answer:
Following are the main issues of disagreement between India and U.S.A.
1. Different Views:
International Communism and Colonialism are the subjects of disagreements and differences between the two countries.

2. Policy of Non-Alignment:
Policy of Non-Alignment is another issue of disagreement between India and U.S.A. U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. were not having co-ordial relations at the time of India’s independence in 1947. America was eager to have India in its group, whereas India adopted a policy of Non¬Alignment and it was not appreciated by U.S.A.

3. Kashmir Issue:
Kashmir issue remained a main issue of disagreement between both the countries, as U.S.A. always sided with Pakistan and it is never relished by India.

4. Recognition of Communist China: India gave recognition to Communist China in 1949. U.S.A. did not favour this act of India.

5. Korean War: U.S.A. disagreed with India’s attitude toward Korean War.

6. Military Assistance to Pakistan: U.S.A. is continuously assisting Pakistan with military help and India has always disliked this assistance of Pakistan by U.S.A.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Question 3.
Describe in detail Indo-Russia Relations.
Answer:
After the disintegration of the U.S.S.R. in December 1991, Russia emerged as the legal successor state of the former super power in world politics. Russian President Yeltsin assured, the Indian Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao that Russia’s relationship and co-operation with India would continue. In early 1992 India and Russia took first firm steps to rebuild economic relations. The decision to end Rupee trade and to switch over to hard currencies was taken. Russia also favoured strategic co-operation with India. Russia also decided to supply another three million tonnes of oil to India in 1993. Indian Defence Minister Sharad Pawar visited Russia and Russia agreed to finance both trade and defence projects.

Visit of Russian President Boris Yeltsin:
In the last week of January, 1993, Russian President Boris Yeltsin visited India. President Yeltsin announced that Russia would support India in the United Nations’ Security Council bn the Kashmir issue. India and Russia agreed to co-ordinate their activities and exchange information and experience to combat different manifestations of terrorism, organised crime and illegal arms trade. The signing of a new Treaty of Friendship and co-operation was designed to guide the path of Indo-Russian relations in the next 20 years.

P.M. Narasimha Rao’s Visit to Russia:
In June, 1994, the then P.M. Narasimha Rao visited Russia. The visit produced two significant declarations and nine agreements. Both the countries denounced the efforts to weaken the unity of pluralisation states through religious extremism. Both agreed to jointly fight the forces of aggressive nationalism and religious fanaticism. The agreement signed related to increased defence co-operation, extension of the $ 830 million defence credit, peaceful space research, etc.

Russian P.M.’s Visit to India:
In December, 1994, the Russian Prime Minister visited India and during his visit, India and Russia signed 8 agreements covering such vital areas as defence, technology and space exploration. Russia assured India that it has no desire to supply arms to Pakistan. The Russian leader voiced support for India’s demand for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.

P.M. H.D. Deve Gowda’s Visit to Russia:
In March, 1997, the Indian P.M. led a powerful delegation to Russia for holding Summit level talks with Russian President and other top leaders. P.M. Gowda and Russian President Boris Yeltsin declared their commitment to further strengthen their bilateral co-operation. The Prime Ministers of both the countries further cemented this foundation by concluding bilateral agreements for checking double tarriffs, co-operation in respect of custom matters and promotion of cultural and sports co-operation.

India, Russia Sign N-Pact:
On 21st June, 1998, in a far reaching nuclear deal, India and Russia signed an accord for construction of two 1000 mw light-water nuclear power reactors at Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu.

Russian P.M.’s visit to India:
In the end of December, 1998, Russian P.M. Yevgeny Primakov visited India. Traditional Indo-Russian relations got a further boost with the two sides signing seven bilateral agreements ranging from military and technical co-operation to a wide array of economic areas. The agreements signed included a long-term agreement on military technical co-operation upto the year 2010, one on extradition treaty, a joint document on development of trade, economic, industrial, finance, science and technology co-operation between the two countries.

Defence Agreement:
On 22nd March, 1999, India and Russia further cemented their defence ties with the signing of defence agreement on training of Indian service officers in military educational institutions of the Russian federation.
In March 2000 Mr. Vladimir Putin was elected President of Russia. On April 15, 2000, President Putin ratified extradition treaty with

India aimed at curbing terrorism:
A senior Russian atomic energy official called for recognition of India and Pakistan as nuclear weapon states. On June 28, 2000, India and Russia decided to set up a commission on Military—Technical Co-operation to impart greater impetus to defence ties and accelerate decision making. India agreed to buy $ 1 billion worth of Russian arms. On June 29, 2000, India and Russia signed a number of agreements on Indo-Russian defence co-operation.

Russian President Vladimir Putin’s Visit to India:
On 2nd October, 2000, President Putin visited India. India and Russia forged a strategic partnership that proposes structured co-operation in the fields of nuclear sciences, defence, space and in fight against international terrorism, separatism, religious extremism, organised crime and illegal drug-trafficking. India and Russia signed 10 agreements to enhance their bilateral ties in various fields.
Russia also declared its unqualified support for India’s permanent membership of an expanded United Nation’s Security Council. On Oct. 4, 2000 a new era dawned in the Indo-Russian defence ties with the two countries signing multi-billion dollar agreements for sale of armaments. They also decided to set up an Inter-governmental Commission on defence and technical co-operation.

Defence Accord:
Indian Foreign and Defence Minister visited Moscow in June 2001. On June 6, India and Russia signed a ‘ground breaking’ accord on bilateral defence co-operation.

Accord on Terrorism:
Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Moscow in November 2001. India and Russia signed the far reaching Moscow Declaration on international terrorism declaring that the struggle against this scourge had become one of the priority tasks of the world community. The two sides reaffirmed the central role of the United Nations in the efforts of the international community in the struggle against terrorism. India and Russia rejected any role for the Taliban, moderate or otherwise, in the post-conflict government structure in Afghanistan.

Visit of Russian Deputy Prime Minister to Delhi (February 2002):
On February 8, 2002 India and Russia signed four key protocols and decided to develop satellite global surveillance system and fifth generation combat aircraft.

Defence Agreement:
On 20th January 2004, India and Russia signed the historic and their biggest ever defence deal of almost ? 7,000 crore. The defence ministers said that the military and technical co-operation between India and Russia has reached a higher level.

Visit of Russian President (Dec. 2004):
Russian President Vladimir Putin visited India in Dec. 2004. India and Russia moved closer vowing to reconcile their positions on two contentious issues of Russian entry into the W.T.O and New Delhi according market economy status to Moscow. The two countries signed 10 agreements and Memorandum of understanding to strengthen bilateral co-operation in banking, energy, space exploration, navigation and visa sectors. Russian President supported India’s Candidature for a permanent seat in U.N. Security Council with veto power.

Visit of Indian Prime Minister to Moscow (December 2005):
Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Moscow on Dec. 6, 2005. Moscow agreed to help India in acquiring the latest nuclear energy generation technology to meet the country’s growing power requirements. India and Russia have identified three key areas—nuclear energy, defence and trade and industry to give special attention to while transforming their buyer-seller relationship into one that aims at joint planning and manufacture of high technology arms and armaments. The agreements have opened the doors for the production of the multi-role transport aircraft and the fifth generation fighter planes which India needed urgently. The new thrust on Joint production has its own significance.

Recent relations between India and Russia:
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh’s Visit to Russia in Nov. 2007:
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Russia in November 2007. India and Russia signed four agreements on November 12, 2007.

India and Russia have resolved a long pending issue on utilization of the rupee debt fund totalling ₹ 80 billion for Russian investments and trade and signed an accord on development and production of a multi-role transport aircraft.

At the joint press conference with Russian President Putin, Dr. Manmohan Singh said the two countries have agreed to redouble their efforts to achieve a bilateral trade target of 10 billion dollars by 2010.

Top Priority to ties with India:
Russia’s new foreign policy doctrine assigns priority to relations with India. The passage on India gives greater emphasis to political and economic co-operation between India and Russia.

Uranium from Russia:
Due to Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement India has been successful in clinching a deal with Russia for the supply of 2000 tonnes of uranium from there. With the adequate availability of uranium from Russia, India’s nuclear power plants will now be able to run on nearly full capacity. Russia will also help India in setting up four additional nuclear plants at Kudankulam, where two plants are already functioning with Russian help. Under the accord signed by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in New Delhi (7-12-2008), the two countries will work on establishing more such plants keeping in view India’s fast growing energy requirement.

In Dec., 2009: Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Russia, where he held talks with Russian President and Prime Minister. During this visit both countries strengthened their military, economic and cultural relations.

In March, 2010: Russian Prime Minister Mr. Valdimir Puntin visited India. During his visit, India and Russia signed a siew of a agreement in by areas like Defence, Nuclear Energy, Petroleum and Aviation.

Visit of Indian Prime Minister to Moscow (2011):
In Dec. 2011, Indian Prime Minister visited Moscow. During his visit, Prime Minister confirmed that India and Russia had concluded negotiations and agreed on terms and conditions for Russian credit for unit 3 and 4 of the Kundalkulam Project.

Visit of Russian President to India:
In Dec. 2012, Russian President Baldimir Putin visited. During this visit, both countries signed 10 pacts related to cooperation and security. ,

Visit of Russian President to India:
In December 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 20 importaht agreements. In Oct. 2016, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited to attend ‘BRICS’ Summit. During this visit both countries signed 16 Agreements.

In June 2017, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Russia. During this visit, both countries signed 5 agreements.
In Oct. 2018, Russian President Sh. Vladimir Putin visited India. During this visit both countries signed eight important agreements.
In Sept. 2019, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi Visited Russia. During this visit, both countries signed 15 important agreements.

Thus, India-Russia relations are cordial and friendly. Both the nations have always helped each other in the hours of need.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the relations between India and United States of America.
Answer:
The end of the cold war marked significant changes in Indo-US relations. Both the countries realised the importance of each other. They have increased co-operation in various spheres of bilateral relations—economic, political, technological and military. America has recognised the economic strength of India and felt that the economic and political growth of India can never be ignored.

The economic and political potential of India has changed the shape of India’s economic and defence relations with America. But after the nuclear test in 1998 USA imposed sanctions on India. But after Kargil issue, USA recognised the necessity of an international war against terrorism. In Oct, 2008 India and U.S.A. signed Civil Nuclear Agreement. Now USA looks India as the potential part of global surveillance that USA wants to build against terrorism.

Question 2.
Write a note on Indo-American Nuclear Treaty.
Answer:
The Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear co-operation agreement consist of 22 pages and 17 articles. The agreement will remain in force for 40 years. The purpose of the agreement is to enable full civil nuclear energy co-operation between India and the United States. This agreement would help to address the problem of energy deficit that has emerged as one of the primary constraints on accelerating India’s growth rate. The agreement does not hinder India’s military nuclear programme and provides for uninterrupted supply of fuel.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Question 3.
What were the main provisions of Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971?
Answer:
On 19th August 1971, India and Soviet Union signed a treaty of peace, friendship and co-operation. This treaty was for twenty years and its documents were exchanged at Moscow. It led to intimate relations between both the countries. The 1971 treaty was the first political-treaty concluded by India with one of the super powers. There were 12 Articles in this treaty and following were the main among 12 articles:

  • Both the countries are desirous of maintaining and developing the present mutual friendly relations.
  • Both the countries believe that mutual friendship and co-operation will be in the interests of Asia and world peace, apart from the mutual benefit of both the countries.
  • Faith in the peaceful co-existence and co-operation.
  • Solution of international problems with peace and mutual co-operation.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a short note on US aid towards Pakistan.
Answer:
America has a soft corner for Pakistan: America has always supported Pakistan against India because India adopted the Non-Aligned Movement against
America’s wish: America provided military alliance to Pakistan, against India, during two Indo-Pak wars of 1965 and 1971.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Post Cold War relationship between India and USA. .
Answer:
The end of the cold war marked significant changes in Indo-US relations. Both the countries realised the importance of each other. They have increased co-operation in various spheres of bilateral relations—economic, political, technological and military. America has recognised the economic strength of India and felt that the economic and political growth of India can never be ignored.

Question 3.
Describe India’s changing relations with the United States of America.
Answer:
1990s heralded a new era in Indo-US relations. The two countries have shown eagerness to improve their relations.

  • In 1999, U.S. Supported India’S Stand On Kargil Issue.
  • In October 2008, India And U.S.A. Signed A Civil Nuclear Co-Operation Agreement.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Question 4.
What were the main provisions of Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971?
Answer:

  • Both the countries are desirous of maintaining and developing the present mutual friendly relations.
  • Both the countries believe that mutual friendship and co-operation will be in the interests of Asia and world peace, apart from the mutual benefit of both the countries.

Question 5.
What are the two causes of tension between India and U.S.A.?
Answer:

  • India did not sign Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). For this, American attitude towards India is not positive.
  • Another cause of tension between the two countries is the military assistance by America to Pakistan since Pakistan uses its weapons against India.

Question 6.
Write two main features of Indo-US Civil Nuclear Co-operation Agreement.
Answer:

  1. The agreement between two states (India and U.S.) possessing advanced nuclear technology, both parties having the same benefits and advantages.
  2. The purpose of the agreement is to enable full civil nuclear energy co-operation between India and the United States.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1
Mention any one main point of the treaty signed between India and Soviet Union in 1971.
Answer:
Both the countries will try their best for the establishment of World Peace and disarmament.

Question 2.
Write one reason for the discordant relations between India and America.
Answer:
American supply of modem weapons to Pakistan.

Question 3.
Write one reason for change in the foreign policy of America in the context of India.
Answer:
India is the largest democratic country of the world.

Question 4.
1, 2, 3 Nuclear treaty was signed between which two countries?
Answer:
India and U.S.A.

Question 5.
Write one cause because of which America needed to be a friend of India.
Answer:
Both America and India are the two big democratic countries of the world.

Question 6.
Mention any one reason for differences between India and America in 1954.
Answer:
In 1954, the main reason for differences between India and America was the problem of Indo-China.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Question 7.
In which year disintegration of Soviet Union took place?
Answer:
Disintegration of Soviet Union took place in 1991.

Question 8.
What is the importance of Russia for India?
Answer:
Russia is important for India’s Nuclear Energy Plans and India’s space industry.

Fill in The Blanks

1. A very important treaty between India and …………….. was signed in 1971.
Answer:
U.S.S.R.

2. Disintegration of Soviet Union took place in …………….. .
Answer:
1991

3. Both America and …………….. are the two big democratic countries of the world.
Answer:
India

4. During Indo …………….. War of 1971, USSR supported India.
Answer:
Pak.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

True Or False Statement

1. India and America signed friendly treaty in 1971.
Answer:
False

2. Russia is giving no assistance to India’s Nuclear Energy Plan.
Answer:
False

3. India is the largest democratic country in the world.
Answer:
True.

4. India and Russia are having friendly relations.
Answer:
True.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
India and Soviet Union signed friendly treaty in:
(a) 1988
(b) 1971
(c) 2004
(d) 1990.
Answer:
(6)

Question 2.
Disintegration of Soviet Union took place in:
(a) 1989
(b) 1990
(c) 1994
(d) 1991.
Answer:
(d) 1991.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Question 3.
Which country is more closer in the context of relationship to India than other?
(a) Pakistan
(6) U.S.A
(c) Russia
(d) France.
Answer:
(c) Russia

Question 4.
When was World Trade Center attacked?
(a) Dec. 13, 2001
(6) Sept. 15, 2002
(c) Sept. 11, 2001
(d) Dec. 25, 2002.
Answer:
(c) Sept. 11, 2001

Question 5.
When was Civil Nuclear Treaty signed between India and U.SA.?
(a) Oct. 2008
(b) Oct, 2009
(c) Oct, 2009
(d) Oct, 2006.
Answer:
(a) Oct. 2008

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Make a survey of Indo-Pak relations.
Or
Explain the relationship between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
India attained freedom on 15th Aug., 1947 but it was partitioned at the same time and so Pakistan came into existence. Pakistan was the result of a policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ of British rulers. Pakistan is India’s neighbouring country and that is why Indo-Pak relations are significant.

Relations between India and Pakistan remained tense because of persistent clashes on the issues of Displaced Property, constitutional place of Indian States, determination of boundary line and disputes over Junagarh, Hyderabad, Kashmir. All the other disputes except Kashmir problem have been solved. Two wars took place between both the countries on Kashmir issue first in 1948, and then in 1965. In 1971, India and Pakistan fought another war on Bangladesh issue.

America supported Pakistan whereas Russia favoured India and used Veto. Mrs. Gandhi announced the origin of the Republic of Bangladesh in Parliament on 6th December. General Niazi signed the documents of surrender on 16th December, 1971 and one lakh Pak-soldiers surrendered. Mrs. Gandhi announced unilateral Ceasefire on 17th December at 8 a.m. and requested Yahya Khan to accept the appeal for ceasefire. India’s victory in war heightened its prestige and badly discouraged Pakistan.

Shimla Conference:
Mrs. Gandhi, without exploiting the defeat of Pakistan, held a summit conference at Shimla in June, 1972 to discuss the problems of both the countries. Pak President Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi participated in this conference. The agreement was reached between Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Z.A. Bhutto on 3rd July and it is known as Shimla Agreement.

The Principles of bilateral talks were encouraged after Shimla Agreement.
After the formation of Janata Government in March, 1977, Indo-Pak relations all the more improved.

India’s External Affairs Minister visited Pakistan on 6th Feb., 1978. Shri Vajpayee, then External Affairs Minister coming back from Pakistan said, “It was foggy when we took off but there was sunshine when we landed in Islamabad.”

No War Pact:
On 15th Sept., 1981 Pakistan offered a No War Pact between the two countries. India suggested seven points for a No War Pact between the two countries. Mrs. Gandhi categorically assured Pakistan that India would never attack it, irrespective of whether the two countries signed a non-aggression pact or not.
Joint Commission. On March 10, 1983 foreign ministers of both the countries signed an agreement to set up a Joint Commission. The first meeting of the Joint Commission took place at Islamabad on June 1, 1983. The Joint Commission agreed to reduce the postal rates, provide easier travel facilities to passengers both ways and promote trade, commercial and cultural contacts.

Pact on Drug Trafficking:
On Sept. 10,1993 India and Pakistan signed a Charter of agreements to combat the ever-increasing trafficking in drugs across the border.

Pakistan’s Support to Terrorists:
For almost a decade Pakistan has been fighting a proxy war on India’s blood-shattered border states. Pakistan is giving all sorts of help to Punjab militants and Kashmir terrorists. On February 22, 1994 the Indian Parliament unanimously condemned Pakistan’s abetment of and encouragement to terrorist activities in Kashmir.

Nuclear Tests:
India conducted three underground nuclear tests on May 11, 1998 and two tests were conducted on May 13, 1998. On 28th May, 1998 Pakistan conducted five nuclear tests to equalise the five tests conducted by India.

Indo-Pak Pact on Bus Service:
On Feb. 17, 1999 India and Pakistan signed a formal agreement for launching the Delhi-Lahore bus service. On Feb. 20, 1999 heralding a new ‘Chapter’ in Indo-Pakistan relations the Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, rode on the bus to Lahore.

Kargil Issue:
After showing limitless patience, India gave a moderate answer on 26th May, 1999 to Pakistan sponsored aggression in the Kargil-Dras sector. Indian government made it very clear that they will continue the operation till ‘our defence forces reoccupy our territory.’ The External Affairs Minister of India, Mr. Jaswant Singh, made it clear to the External Affairs Minister of Pakistan that ‘Aggression has to be undone’. On June 20, 1999, G-8 leaders condemned violation of the line of control and called for an immediate end to fighting in the region and termed as ‘irresponsible’ any military action to change the status quo of the LOC. G-8 leaders asked Pakistan to end infiltration.

Summit between Prime Minister and President, 2001:
In July 2001, the summit between Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pakistan’s President Pervez Musharraf crashed down because the two sides failed to reconcile their differences on the critical Kashmir issue and cross-border terrorism.

Terrorist Attack on Indian Parliament:
On December 13, 2001 terrorists attacked Indian Parliament and 12 persons were killed. Terrorist outfits based in Pakistan-Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad were responsible for the attack on Parliament.

India Recalls High Commissioner:
On 21st December 2001, India recalled its High Commissioner from Islamabad and terminated the Delhi-Lahore bus service as well as the Samjhauta Express train running between the two countries for the last 25 years. On December 27, 2001 India banned the use of Indian airspace by the Pakistani planes and gave an ultimatum for reduction of its High Commission staff by 50 per cent.

Ban on LeT, Jaish-e-Mohammad:
On January 12, 2002 Pakistan’s President Pervez Musharraf banned the Jaish-e-Mohammad and the Lashkar-e-Toiba but ruled out handing over their leaders to India.

Indian Prime Minister’s Visit to Islamabad:
In January, 2004 the Indian Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Islamabad to attend 12th SAARC summit. Mr. Vajpayee met Pakistani President and Prime Minister during his visit. The conflict between the two countries has reduced during this SAARC summit and both the countries agreed to solve their conflicts with peaceful means and mutual talks.

Indo-Pak Relations in 2004:
After the Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s visit to Islamabad in 2004 both the countries have decided to improve their relations. The bus service, train services and air services have been resumed between India and Pakistan.

Pakistani Prime Minister’s Visit to New Delhi (Nov. 24, 2004):
Pakistani Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz visited New Delhi in Nov. 2004. India and Pakistan stuck to their respective state position on Kashmir. But both the countries agreed to set up banks in each other’s country on reciprocal basis.

Bus to Muzaffarabad:
On 16th February, 2005 India and Pakistan agreed to start a bus service between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad from April 7, 2005. Travel will be by entry permit system for all nationals of both countries once identities are verified. Both countries agreed to start a bus service between Amritsar and Lahore and also to religious places such as Nankana Sahib. On April 7, 2005 bus service started between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad.

General Musharraf s Visit (2005):
In April 2005 General Musharraf visited India. The two leaders decided to revive the Indo-Pak Joint Commission. India and Pakistan decided to enlarge economic and commercial ties.

Pact on Ballistic Missiles:
On August 6, 2005 India and Pakistan reached an understanding on the proposed agreement on Pre-Notification of Flight Testing of Ballistic Missiles.

Release of Fishermen and Civilian Prisoners:
On September 12, 2005 India and Pakistan released fishermen and civilian prisoners.

India, Pak exchange relief material:
In November 2005 Indian and Pakistani officials from both sides of the LOC supervised the exchange of relief material for the quake affected population.

Recent relations between India and Pakistan:
Pakistani President General Musharraf declared emergency rule on November 3, 2007.
Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf was sworn in as a Civilian President on November 27, 2007.

Terrorists Attack on Mumbai:
Terrorists attacked Mumbai on November 26, 2007. Nine terrorists were killed and one terrorist Amir Kasab was arrested. These terrorists were supported by Pakistan. Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh stated clearly involvement of Pakistan official agencies in the Mumbai attacks and asked Pakistan to take actions against the perpetrators of the attack so that such strikes do not take place in the future. Pakistan rejected India’s demand for extradition of the perpetrators of the Mumbai terrorist attack, saying there was no extradition treaty between the two countries.

Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee asked Pakistani government to take tangible action against the perpetrators of the Mumbai attack. “All that we want is action and not words from Pakistan. But so far there is no evidence of it.”
Foreign Secretary Shiv Shankar Menon said so far India has not seen any action at all’ from Pakistan.

If Pakistan allows its territory to be used for attacks on India on the unacceptable plea that those involved in the attacks are the so labelled non-state actors, it does not absolve it from the responsibility of allowing its territory to be used by the Jihadis.

In Feb, 2010, India and Pakistan resumed their Foreign Secretary Level Talks. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met the Pakistani P.M. Gilani at Addu on Nov- 2011. Both the leaders described the relationship as moving in a positive direction. Like Pakistani P.M. Gilani, Indian P.M. also referred to “opening a new chapter in the history of the relationship between the two countries.” Both leaders had a hope that the second round of talks will be more productive.

In May 2014, Pakistani Prime Minister Sh. Nawaz Sharif visited India to attend oath ceremony of Sh. Narender Modi as Prime Minister of India. During this visit both leaders discussed bilateral issues. In Dec, 2015, Sh. Nareder Modi, Prime Minister of India, visited Pakistan. In Nov. 2018, India-Pakistan agreed to open the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor for the Sikh Community.

Terrorists, supported by Pakistan, attacked on military base areas of Uri. It resulted in the martyrdom of 21 Indian soldiers. India on 29 Sept. 2016, in reply to this attack, made surgical strike in P.O.K. and killed about 40 to 50 terrorists. Again on Feb. 14, 2019, Pak supported terrorists made a terrorist attack in Pulwama. It resulted in the deaths of 40 Central Reserve Police Force personnel. In response to this Pulwama attack, Balakot airstrike was conducted by India in the early morning hours of February 26, 2019. The Indian warplanes crossed the border and dropped bombs in the vicinity of the town of Balakot. Due to this air stike more than 250-300 Jaish-e-Mohammad terrorists were killed in Balakot.

Conclusion:
We can conclude that given the political will and a spirit of give and take, most problems can be solved through bilateral negotiations. Pakistan should stop helping terrorists immediately and should realise that Kashmir is an integral part of India.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 2.
Describe reasons of hostile and suspicious relations between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
Following are the major areas of conflict between India and Pakistan:
1. Kashmir Problem:
Kashmir is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan. Before Independence Jammu and Kashmir was one of the 565 princely states, ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh. On October 20, 1947 several thousand tribesmen armed with machine guns, mortars, etc., attacked the frontiers of the state. These tribesmen were aided by Pakistan. On 26 October, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession and Indian troops dashed to Kashmir. Pakistan refused to recognise this accession and the war continued for 14 months. On
January 1, 1949 India lodged a complaint with U.N. Security Council and on January 5, 1949 ceasefire was announced by both the countries.

In September 1965, Pakistani forces attacked India. Indian forces gave them a crushing defeat. A U.N. Security Council resolution adopted on Sept. 20, 1965 called for a ceasefire. Pakistan again attacked India on 3rd Dec. 1971 and after the war, the Shimla Agreement was signed between the two countries. On 5-6 August, 2019, Article 370 was abrogated in Jammu and Kashmir and nowadays India’s stand is that P.O.K. will be the centre point of India-Pakistan dialogue.

2. Terrorists activities by Pakistan in India. Another important conflict is the terrorists activities, which Pakistani government encourages. It trains and helps the militants by arms training and money to carry out terrorist strikes in India. Its spy agency ISI is alleged to be involved in India’s north-east operating secretly through Bangladesh and Nepal. Terrorists activities on India’s sea-shore, Pathankot attack, 26/11 Bombay Taj attack, attack in Uri and Pulwama attack are the few examples of it.

3. Violation of Shimla Pact and Lahore Pact:
Pakistan, often violates the terms and conditions of Shimla Pact and Lahore Samjotha and thus increases the tension between two nations.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 3.
Explain in detail the relationship between India and Bangladesh.
Or
Examine the phases of cordial and strained relations between India and Bangladesh.
Answer:
Bangladesh, which was a part of Pakistan and was known as East Pakistan, emerged as an independent state in 1971. East Bengal was not given fair treatment by the rulers of Pakistan and it was made virtually a colony. In an election held early in 1971, Sheikh Mujib’s Awami League got majority in Pakistani Parliament. But Sheikh Mujib was not called to form a government and he was arrested. East Bengal declared independence and the liberation war started. India helped Awami League in the war. War took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. India was the first country to grant recognition to the People’s Republic Bangladesh.

India got Sheikh Mujib Rehman, the first President of Bangladesh, released from detention in Pakistan. India signed a treaty with Bangladesh for friendship, peace and co-operation for twenty five years in 1972. A trade agreement was reached in March 1972 for the economic reconstruction of Bangladesh. There was mutual agreement on Farakka barrage and sharing of Ganga waters. But the assassination of Sheikh Mujib followed by military dictatorship in Bangladesh created tension between India and Bangladesh.

Dispute started between them over Ganga waters. This dispute was settled by an agreement in Oct. 1977. Chief Martial Law Administrator H.M. Ershad visited India on October 6, 1982. India and Bangladesh decided to terminate the 1977 Farakka agreement to undertake feasibility studies. Both agreed on an interim arrangement on the question of Sharing the Ganga water and augmenting its flow. The Summit decided to set up an Indo- Bangladesh joint Economic Commission.

The summit talks between Mrs. Gandhi and General Ershad covered a wide area of understanding and mutual accommodation which augured well for future relations between India and Bangladesh. The joint communique issued at the end of General Ershad’s visit to Delhi conveyed much more than an interim accord on Farakka and a settlement of the Tin Bigha lease issue.

Tin Bigha Corridor:
A major irritant in Indo-Bangladesh relations was removed when the Tin Bigha Corridor was opened on June 26, 1992 amidst heavy security by central paramilitary forces and the state Armed Police. According to the modalities of the agreement formalised by the governments of the two countries on March 26, 1992 the movement of Bangladesh nationals along the corridor would be regulated to avoid intermingling with Indian nationals.

Chakma Refugees:
The repatriation of Chakma refugees, which was to have begun on June 8, 1993 on the basis of an understanding reached between India and Bangladesh during Bangladesh Communication Minister’s visit to New Delhi and Tripura, remained a non-starter. The repatriation of Chakma refugees started on 15th Feb., 1994. The 12 years old Chakma problem came to an end on Feb. 27, 1998 with all remaining refugees being repatriated to their ancestral homeland in Bangladesh.

Ganga Water Pact:
On Dec. 11,1996 Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed visited India. On Dec. 12, India and Bangladesh signed the Ganga Water sharing treaty leaving behind a long period of mutual distrust and suspicion. Prime Ministers of both the countries almost in the same words said that the treaty was tribute to the special quality of Indo-Bangladesh relations. India and Bangladesh formally started sharing Ganga waters on Jan. 1st, 1997.

The first ever trilateral business summit, which brought together the Prime Ministers of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh in Dhaka on 15th Jan., 1998, pledged their commitment to consolidate and strengthen the ongoing efforts for achieving sustainable development. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh reaffirmed their goal of achieving a free trade area in South Asia by the year 2001 and reiterated their commitment to liberalisation of commerce within the region.

Visit of Bangladeshi Prime Minister to India:
Bangladeshi Prime Minister, Mrs. Sheikh Hasina visited India on 16th June, 1998. India and Bangladesh stressed that bilateral problems should be resolved within a bilateral framework. Bangladesh reiterated its commitment that its territory would not be allowed to be used for anti- Indian activities.

Bus Service:
India and Bangladesh entered a new era of bilateral relationship with the launch of bus service linking Kolkata with Dhaka on June 19,1999. India also agreed to provide Bangladesh a credit of? 200 crore. India and Bangladesh agreed to start a new bus link between Agartala and Dhaka on April 9, 2000.

Train Service:
India and Bangladesh signed an agreement to run goods train which revived an old route through the Benapole- Petrapde border points on July 4, 2000.

Indian troops die in Border Clashes:
In April 2001, suddenly the border with Bangladesh had exploded into shooting, killing and high voltage tension. India lodged a strong protest with Bangladesh. India asked the Bangladeshi government to act against the perpetrators of crimes against the Border Security Force personnel saying that acts of criminal adventurism should not be permitted to affect ties between the two countries.

Joint Boundary Working Groups Meeting
In July 2001, a three day meeting between India and Bangladesh ended on a positive note as both sides reiterated their commitment towards expeditious resolution of all pending matters.

Visit of Indian External Affairs Minister:
In August 2002, long standing bilateral issues were discussed at the official talks between visiting Indian External Affairs Minister and Foreign Minister of Bangladesh. But they failed to make any breakthrough in settling any of the bilateral irritants.

Border Patrolling:
On August 6, 2005 India and Bangladesh decided to intensify border patrolling and work out ways to enhance trade and economic co-operation.

India’s Relations with Bangladesh:
Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee’s Visit to Bangladesh (2008):
Indian external affairs minister Pranab Mukherjee visited Bangladesh in Feb. 2008. He visited areas affected by Cyclon Sidr and India provided $ 1 million aid to Bangladesh. Mr. Mukherjee assured he would look into Bangladesh’s concern about the bilateral trade imbalance, river management and non-tariff barriers. He also announced ‘unconditional duty’ free access for two million ready-made garments from Bangladesh to India.

Maitree Express and Refurbishing India-Bangladesh Relations:
A new chapter was opened in Indo-Bangladesh relationship on April 14, 2008 when the Maitree Express rolled out of the Kolkata station on its inaugral journey to Dhaka. Railway Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav said, “This historic day will be written in golden letters in the histories of India and Bangladesh.”

In Jan. 2010 Bangladesi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited India. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina favours strong ties with India and vowed not to allow Bangladesh’s territory to be used for terrorism against its neighbours. Her proposal of forming a South Asian task force to fight terrorism in the region merits to be taken up earnestly by all countries because today the scourge threatens almost every country—including those which promoted it in the past. India and Bangladesh on August 20, 2011 signed joint border maps, finalising the 4156 km. long frontier between the neighbours. The long standing border related discord between the two bodies was settled through the signing of the map.

In Sept. 2011, Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh paid a two day visit to Bangladesh. During this visit India lifted tariffs oh 46 textile items from its sensitive list.

In Oct. 2016, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited India to attend ‘BIMSTEC’ Summit. During this, both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In April 2017, Bangladesh Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 22 agreements.
In May 2018, Bangladesi Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries discussed bilateral issues including Rohingya issue.
In Oct. 2019, Bangladeshi Prime Minister visited India. During this, visit both countries signed 7 important Agreements.

No doubt both Bangladesh and India have their grievances against each other, but these can be redressed in an amicable atmosphere. Both countries will gain immensely by promoting a relationship of goodwill and trust. Given goodwill and understanding between New Delhi and Dhaka, most bilateral problems can be solved without any difficulty.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 4.
Explain in detail the Indo-China relations.
Or
Write a critical note on the changing relationship between India and China.
Answer:
India and China had cordial relations earlier, but China attacked India in 1962 and became hostile to India. China still occupies some territory of India. India is inclined to improve relations with China but Chinese attitude is still inimical.

Indo-China Relations During Nehru Era (1949 to May 1964):
Policy of friendship towards China:
India, since the beginning, adopted the policy of friendship towards Communist China. India first recognised China, and then supported its induction in U.N.O. In 1951, India opposed the resolution of declaring China, an invader in Korea, in U.N.O. India didn’t attend San Francisco conference at the time of Japanese Peace Treaty in 1950 as China was not invited.

India’s Policy of Contentment crossed limits when India gave its extra-territorial rights enjoyed in Tibet, to China by signing a trade-agreement on 29th April, 1954. Both the countries at the time of agreement expressed their faith in the Principles of Panchsheel. These Principles were elaborated in 1953 at Bandung Conference. The Chinese Prime Minister Chou-En-Lai visited India in 1954 and Pt. Nehru also went to China. China attacked India on 20th Oct., 1962 and ‘avenged’ India’s friendly attitude. It badly affected Pt. Nehru’s policies.

Chinese invasion over India:
China attacked both the Western and Eastern sectors of the Indian Border on 20th Oct., 1962. The Chinese soldiers overpowered the military posts till Indian forces balanced themselves after this sudden attack. Britain and America immediately sent military equipment on India’s request. China declared unilateral ceasefire on 21st Nov. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian area which is still in its possession.

Colombo Resolution and attitude of China:
Ceylon, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Egypt organised Colombo conference in December, 1962 to facilitate Indo¬China talks. Mrs. Bhandarnaike brought this resolution to Delhi and Peking. This resolution was passed on 19th January 1963.

Sino-Indian relations during Shastri Period:
(May 1964 to January 1966). After the death of Pt. Nehru, Shri Lai Bahadur Shastri remained the Prime Minister of India till 10th January, 1966. Sino-Indian relations didn’t improve during this period. China adopted hostile attitude during Indo-Pak war in 1965. China fully supported Pakistan and declared India an invader.

Problems of Bangladesh and Chinese attitude towards Indo-Pak war:
The year 1971 was replete with problems for India. China disliked India’s co-operation in Bangladesh movement and it fully supported the dictators of Pakistan. China favoured Pakistan in the meetings of Security Council during Indo-Pak war and held India responsible for invasion. China again threatened India but these threats proved hollow.
Indo-China relations remained tense till April, 1976

Indo-China relations from May 1976 to 1979:
With the deaths of Chou-En- Lai, Chu Teh and of Mao in 1976, Indo-China relations slightly improved. On 15 April, 1976 Shri K.R. Narayanan was sent to Peking as an ambassador to China. China, too, sent its ambassador to India.

The external affairs minister, Mr. A.B. Vajpayee reached Peking on February 12, 1979. India raised the border question at the first ever ministerial dialogue with China since 1960. India arid China agreed to maintain the existing tranquillity along their common borders. But Mr. Vajpayee cut short his China visit by a day due to Chinese attack on Vietnam. .On September, 5, 1979 New Delhi strongly protested to Peking against the violation of Bhutan’s borders.

Indo-China Relations from January, 1980 to 1991:
The Chinese Prime Minister Mr. Hua Kuofeng told Prime Minister Indira Gandhi at Belgrade (Yugoslavia) on May 9, 1980 that his country was more than ready to improve its relations with India.

The three rounds of talks with China-First in Beijing in December, 1981, second in Delhi in May, 1982 and third in January 1983-on the border dispute failed to make any progress. Two more rounds of talks took place between India and China between 1983 and 1985.
Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited China in 1988 and many misunderstandings were removed. A joint working group was formed.

The Joint working groups have held six rounds of talk:
The latest round of talks at the Joint working groups was held in Beijing in early November, 1992. India and China agreed to establish high level contacts in order to maintain peace and tranquillity along the line of actual control. Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao visited China in Sept. 1993 and signed four agreements that would respect the Line of Actual Control (LAC) along the border and renounce the use of force against each other.

Visit of the Chinese President to India:
On 28th Nov., 1996 Chinese President, Mr. Jiang Zemin visited India on a four day State visit. Mr. Jiang was the first Chinese head of the State who has visited India. Chinese President, Mr. Jiang Zemin said, “My visit will further promote friendship between the two countries.” On 29th Nov. ,1996 India and China signed a historic agreement pledging themselves not to attack each other or cross the Line of Control and reduce troops and armaments along the common border. The agreement contained a series of confidence building measures in the military field to ensure a peaceful border.

Post-Pokhran Sino-Indian Relation:
India conducted underground nuclear test, at Pokhran on May 11, 1998—after 24 years of its maiden nuclear test. On 14th June, 1999 Indian External Affairs Minister Mr. Jaswant Singh visited China. India and China decided to establish a security dialogue mechanism and decided to give new impetus to the decisions of the Joint Working Group. It was also decided to celebrate the 50th anniversary of establishment of Indo-China diplomatic relations in an appropriate manner.

Visit of the Indian President to China:
Indian President K.R. Naryanan visited China on May 28,2000 (May 28 to June 3). India and China favoured a ‘fair and reasonable boundary dispute’ and decided to set up an Eminent Persons Group (EPG) to enhance over-all bilateral ties. The President invited China to work with India to eliminate the threat of international terrorism. Chinese President Jiang Jemin also condemned international terrorism.

Chinese Leader Li Peng’s Visit to India (Jan. 2001):
Chinese Leader Li Peng said, “The purpose of my visit is to enhance trust, boost friendship and strengthen co-operation.”

Visit of the Chinese Prime Minister to India:
Chinese Premier Zhu Ronglji visited India in January 2002. The two countries discussed a number of confidence building measures.

Visit of the Indian Prime Minister to China:
In June, 2003, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited .China. During his visit India and China signed the Cross Border Trade Agreement.

China’s stand on Sikkim:
Sikkim has been an issue of conflict between India and China. But in May, 2004 China put a step towards friendship and mutual trust. Beijing for the first time officially stopped showing Sikkim as a separate country in Asia. China’s this step has raised Indo-China relations to a qualitatively new plane.

Improvement in Indo-China Relations:
During these years of Indo-China relations the level of mutual trust between the two countries has been raised. Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister Wang Yi has said during an interview that “China-India relations are developing very well. Especially we have improved our mutual trust, which is important for bilateral relations.”

Recent Relations Between India and China:
India and China Sign 13 Agreements. Chinese:
President Mr. Hu Jintao visited India in November 2006. India and China signed 13 agreements in New Delhi on November 21, 2006.

Joint Indo-China Military Exercise:
The first Indo-Chinese Joint Military exercise began on December 21, 2007 and came to a conclusion on December 25, 2007 in Kunming (China). The focus of the exercise was on the anti-terrorism drill.

Visit of Indian Prime Minister to China:
Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited China on January 13, 2008. Indian Prime Minister and Chinese Premier signed a joint statement titled ‘A Shared Vision for the 21st Century’ on 14th Jan. 2008. The shared vision contains some new issues such as bilateral co-operation in civil nuclear energy. Chinese support for India’s desire to play a greater role in the United Nation Security Council, etc. Moreover, both the countries signed 11 agreements for co-operation in rail, housing, geo-sciences, land resources management and other sectors.

China’s stand on Arunachal Pradesh:
Arunachal Pradesh is an integral part of India. But on November 11, 2008 Qin Gang, Foreign Ministry spokesman rejected India’s assertion that Arunachal Pradesh is its an integral part and insisted that China never recognised the illegal Mac Mohan line and that the status of the border state was never officially demarcated. But Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh rejected China’s claim and stated Arunachal is ‘our land of rising sun’.

Improvement in Indo-China Relations:
During these years of Indo-China relations the level of mutual trust between the two countries has been raised.

Visit of Vice-foreign Minister:
Chinese Vice-foreign minister He Yafei visited India in January 2009, India shared evidence with China about involvement of Pakistan-based elements in the Mumbai terror attacks and urged Beijing to use its influence with its alley Islamabad to co-operate on the issue.

Visit of Chinese Prime Minister of India:
Chinese Prime Minister Mr. Wen Jiabao visited India in Dec, 2010. During his visit both countries signed 6 pact. India and China agreed to raise the bilaternal trade to 100 billion dollar by 2015.

Leaving aside their bilateral problems like boundary issue, at present both have entered into an intensive phase of trade and economic co-operation. Since India has not changed its stand on Tibet, the March 2008 uprising in Tibet is not likely to influence their bilateral relationship.

P.M. Manmohan Singh’s visit to China:
On 23rd October, 2013 India and China took a leap towards reducing tension across the border and promised to strengthen cooperation on trans-border rivers, even as New Delhi delayed pact for a liberalised visa regime. The Border Defence Cooperation Agreement was among the nine pacts that the two countries signed at Beijing.

Chinese President’s visit to India:
In September 2014, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 12 Agreements.
In Oct, 2016, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited India to attend ‘BRICS’ Summit. During this visit, both countires discussed bilateral issues.
In September 2017 and June 2018 Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited China. During this visit, both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In Oct., 2019 Chinese President visited India. During this visit, both countries discussed on Trade, Regional Security and Terrorism.

Conclusion:
The relations between the two countries should be based on complete equality and mutual respect in the spirit of the U.N. Charter. Both could learn from each other’s experience since the two countries were in need of rapid development.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 5.
Assess relationship between India and Nepal.
Or
Discuss the main issues of conflicts and co-operation in the relationship between India and Nepal.
Answer:
India and Nepal are not only neighbours but they have also had long cultural, political and religious links. In language and religion, gods and goddesses, food and clothing the two countries, India and Nepal, have more in common with each other than with any third country of the world. Both have been living as good and friendly neighbours.
Issues of Conflicts in Indo-Nepal Relations. The following factors can be described as the factors which negatively influenced to course of Indo-Nepal relations.

1. Nepal’s Fears:
Being a small state, Nepal feared India. Nepal feared that India could attempt an intervention in Nepal for securing its interests vis-a-vis China. Nepal lived with fear of the Indian interference in its internal affairs.

2. India’s Initial Lack of Interest in Nepal:
During the initial years of her independence, the Indian Foreign Policy did not give much importance to relations with Nepal.

3. The Thesis of ‘Special Relation with Nepal’:
Indian thesis of ‘special relation with Nepal’ gave the impression that India regarded Nepal as an area of India’s influence.

4. The China Factor in Indo-Nepal Relations:
In China, Nepal saw an opportunity of finding a counterpoise to India. India as such viewed with concern any attempt that was being made by Nepal for cultivating friendship and co-operation with China.

5. The Issue of Zone of Peace:
Since 1975, Nepal has been trying to get recognition as a zone of Peace. But India felt that Nepal did not really need such a status, Nepal, however, regarded this proposal as a vital necessity for securing its national interests and world peace.

6. Hijacking of Indian Airlines Plane:
The hijacking of Indian Airlines plane on the Kathmandu-Delhi route in December 2000 created tension and security concern.

7. ISI Activities:
Nepal has been used by the ISI in a big way for carrying out acts of sabotage in India.

8. Eight Thorny Issues:
According to Nepalese experts there are at least eight thorny issues—(i) India’s illegal construction of the Laxmanpur barrage in Bharauch district within 300 metres of the border ; (ii) the silent demographic aggression by Indians taking advantage of the open border ; (iii) Indian occupation of Kalapani ; (iv) Denial of market access to Nepalese businessmen ; (v) Four per cent special additional tax levied on Nepalese goods ; (vi) Lack of provisions in the Mahakali Project agreement to sell hydel power to other countries ; (vii) India’s unwillingness to get involved in the Bhutanese refugees problem and (viii) the murder of Nepalese citizens by ULFA militants in Assam.

9. 1950 Friendship Treaty:
Nepal believes that this treaty places it on an unequal footing with India. Nepal has desired a review of the treaty.

Areas of Co-operation between India and Nepal:
A large number of Nepalese youth received higher education in the Indian Universities. Under the Colombo Plan Agreement 1954, the Indian Govt, undertook to contribute towards the development of communications, irrigation and water supplies projects in Nepal. Indian Public Works Department has constructed several roads in Nepal. India has given a lot of economic aid to Nepal in its development.

The king of Nepal visited India many times and leaders of India went to Nepal. In 1977, the Prime Minister of India, Mr. Morarji Desai visited Nepal. The Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. Surya Bahadur Thapa, visited Delhi in February, 1983. India and Nepal agreed to take up three major river projects of benefit to both countries by harnessing their common water resources. Both countries agreed to set up a Joint Commission at the ministerial level to promote economic co-operation. On March 2, 1983 India agreed to provide Nepal with an assistance of? 8.7 crores for the expansion of Bir Hospital.

Nepal’s first-elected government in 32 years was sworn on May 29, 1991. Mr. Girija Prasad Koirala became the Prime Minister of Nepal. In his first policy announcement Mr. Koirala said that his Nepali Congress Government would maintain very close and cordial relationship with India.

On 21st Oct. 1992 India and Nepal decided to expand bilateral co-operation. In April, 1995, India agreed to provide additional transit facilities for Nepalese goods at Kandha and Mumbai. Successful Indo-Nepal talks on water services were held.
In 1996 India and Nepal signed a treaty on exploiting the Mahakali river basin for electricity and irrigation.
On 5th June, 1997 the Prime Minister of India Mr. I.K. Gujral visited Kathmandu on three day official visit.
India accepted Nepal’s request for an additional transit route to Bangladesh via Phulbari (India).

Visit of Nepalese Prime Minister:
On 31st July, 2000 the Prime Minister of Nepal Mr. Girija Prasad Koirala came to India for a week long visit. Both the countries agreed on a wide-ranging package of confidence building measures to remove irritants and give a new dimension to bilateral ties.

On 1st February, 2005 King Gyanendra removed popular prime minister and also put all other political party leaders under house arrest and suspended fundamental freedoms. India decided not to intervene in Nepal internal affairs but advised King to restore democracy in Nepal.

Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic:
With the passage of the Constitution amendment bill by the Parliament, Nepal on December 28,2007 turned into a Federal Democratic Republic.

First President of Nepal:
The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal gets its first President on July 21, 2008 when the Constituent Assembly elected Nepali Congress Leader Dr. Ram Baran Yadav as President of Nepal.

Nepalese President Visits India:
Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav visited New Delhi on Feb. 16,2010. India went out of the way to make Nepalese President visit to New Delhi a truly sucessful event by offering a 250 million Dollar soft loan through EXIM Bank and signing four major accords with Nepal. India also agreed to supply 50,000 tonne of wheat, 2000 tonne of rice and 10,000 tonne of yellow peas to Nepal.

Indian Prime Minister’s Visit to Nepal:
In August 2014, Indian Prime Minister Mr. Narender Modi visited Nepal. During this visit, he announced $1 billion credit to Nepal. In Oct, 2016, Nepali Prime Minister visited India to attend ‘BIMSTEC’ Summit. During this visit both countries discussed bilateral issues.

In August 2017, Nepal’s Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 8 agreement.
In August 2018, Indian Prime Minister visited Nepal to attend to BIMSTEC Summit. During this, both countries discuss bilateral issues.

These days relations between the two countries are very cordial. The bases of friendship between the two countries are : non-interference in each other’s international affairs, frequent consultations on matters of common interest and financial and technical aid by India for Nepal’s economic development.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 6.
Evaluate Indo-Sri Lanka relations.
Or
Give a brief account of India’s relations with Sri Lanka.
Answer:
India-Sri Lanka relations stretch over a period of more than two thousand years. At the Asian Relations Conference in Delhi 1947, both India and Sri Lanka declared to fight against colonialism, imperialism and racialism. Both are active members of the Non-Aligned Movement. India in co-operation with Ceylon, held a conference at Colombo in 1950. Both the countries participated in Sanding Conference in 1951. The Government of India assisted Ceylon, in its revolution in 1971.

The dispute over Kachcha their island was solved in June 1974 and this land was handed over to Sri Lanka, Despite cordial relations there has been occasional tension between India and Sri Lanka and the cause of tension was the problem of nearly one million people of origin in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka was not prepared to grant full citizenship rights to all the Indian immigrants in Sri Lanka. The government of Sri Lanka passed the India and Pakistan Residents (Citizenship) Act in 1949. About 8 lakhs people of Indian origin applied for citizenship but only one lakh 34 thousands were able to secure citizenship (upto Oct., 1964). The rest were asked to go back to India.

But India’s stand was that those who were living in Sri Lanka for generations or had been born there, are the citizens of Sri Lanka and not of India. Ultimately, Lai Bahadur Shastri and Smt. Bandarnaike of Sri Lanka reached an agreement on the question of citizenship of Indian people there. In Feb.,1979 Prime Minister Morarji Desai visited Sri Lanka and he advised Indian immigrants to regard Sri Lanka as their own land. The President, N. Sanjiva Reddy, visited Sri Lanka in February, 1982. Mr. Reddy’s visit symbolised friendship between two neighbouring and friendly countries.

Due to Tamil problems tension was there between Sri Lanka and India. In June, 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and the Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene held discussions to find a political solution to the ethnic problem in the island nation. The most significant achievement of the summit meeting between Mr. Rajiv Gandhi and Mr. Jayewardene has been the latter’s belated admission of the fact that a political solution of Sri Lanka’s ethnic crisis is impossible without India’s co-operation.

On July 29, 1987 India and Sri Lanka entered into an unprecedented accord aimed at national reconciliation in the island-nation to end the five year old ethnic conflict and opening up a new era in their bilateral relations.

The agreement signed by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and President J. R. Jayewardene envisaged cessation of hostilities between the Tamil Militants and the security forces within the next 24 hours, surrender of arms within 72 hours, return of the army to barracks and merger of Tamil majority northern and eastern provinces. It provides general amnesty for all political prisoners now in jails and also facilitates the rehabilitation of militants who would surrender arms and return to normal civilian life. Mr. Jayewardene on his part promised to meet India’s concern over the possible use of Trincomalee as a foreign military base.

Indian Peace Keeping Force. In accordance with the accord, the government of Sri Lanka requested the Indian government to send Indian Peace Keeping Force to oversee the surrender by the Tamil militants, and the IPKF was sent to Sri Lanka. President Jayewardene was succeeded by Mr. Premadasa. In response to the wishes of Sri Lankan new President, India agreed to withdraw the IPKF and by March, 1990 the process of withdrawal was completed.

Joint Commission. On April, 10, 1991, both the countries agreed for setting up a joint commission by the year-end and agreed to take a series of initiatives in the field of trade, culture and consultancy projects. The two countries also decided to take immediate steps to conclude a cultural exchange programme for 1991-93. The new Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mr. Ranil Wickremesinghe in June, 1993 had set the tour for the economic relations between two countries. The new Sri Lankan Prime Minister’s talks in New Delhi could mark the beginning of a genuine reconciliation between the two neighbours. The bitterness caused in Sri Lanka by the involvement of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in its ethnic strife began to dissolve after its complete withdrawal.

Indian External Affairs Minister’s visit to Sri Lanka. In Jan, 1997 Indian External Affairs Minister I.K. Gujral visited Sri Lanka. On 22nd Jan., 1997 India and Sri Lanka signed a landmark investment promotion and protection agreement to boost bilateral economic ties and decided to bury their political differences. An External Affairs Minister, Mr. Kadirgamar, of Sri Lanka described the agreement as a “Confidence Building Measure”. Indian External Affairs Minister reiterated that New Delhi would not interfere in the internal affairs of Sri Lanka.

Sri Lankan President’s Visit to India. The close friendship between the two nations had been further boosted by the visit of Sri Lankan President, Chandrika Kumaratunga on Dec. 27, 1998. The visit was of paramount significance as it heralded a new era in
bilateral economic relations through the signing of the first-ever landmark Free Trade Area pact between the two countries.
Tamils of Indian Origin to get Lankan Citizenship. On July 21, 2000 Sri Lankan President Mrs. Chandrika Kumaratunga agreed to give Sri Lankan citizenship to those Indian Origin Tamils who were forced to take Indian citizenship in 1964 as a result of the India-Sri Lanka pact on the stateless people of Indian origin in Sri Lanka.

Sri Lankan President’s Visit to Indiai. In 2002 Mrs. Chandrika Kumaratunga, the Sri Lankan President visited India. The Indian Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee reaffirmed India’s support for the peace process in Sri Lanka.
Sri Lankan President’s Visit to India. Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapakse visited New Delhi in December 2005 and urged New Delhi to take a more upfront role in the peace process : An acknowledgment that no solution to the Tamil-Sinhala ethnic conflict would be implementable without India’s support.

Action Against LTTE. Sri Lanka’s war on the terrorist outfit LTTE entered its last phase. The Sri Lankan government has described ts successes against the LTTE as its major victory on terrorism.
In 2009 Tamil Nadu Assembly passed a resolution calling upon the central government to do something to stop war in Sri Lanka as it was compromising the future and safity of the Tamil population there. But Indian government has rightly decided not to involved in the controversial scenario.

During the SAARC conference held in nepal in 2014, Indian Prime Minister Mr. Narender Modi and Sri Lankan President Mr. Mahindera Rajapakshe met in Nepal. During this meeting both leaders discussed bilateral issues.
In Oct. 2016, Sri Lankan President visited India to attend ‘BIMSTEC’ Summit. During this visit both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In May 2017, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Sri Lanka. During this visit, both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In Oct. 2018, Sri Lankan Prime Minister visited India. During this visit both countries agreed to speed up infrastructure projects.
In June, 2019, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Sri Lanka. During this visit, both countries discussed the progress of various programmes supported by India.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Kashmir Problem?
Or
Write a note on ‘Kashmir Problem’.
Answer: Kashmir is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan. Before Independence Jammu and Kashmir was one of the 565 princely states, ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh. On October 20 1947 several thousand tribesmen armed with machine guns, mortars etc. attacked the frontiers of State. Tribesmen were aided by Pakistan. On 26th October Maharaja Hari Singh sent a letter to Lord Mountabatten, then Governor-General of India about his decision to join India. Indian troops were dashed to Kashmir. Pakistan refused to recognize this accession and war continued for 14 months. On January 1, 1948 India lodged a complaint with U.N.

Security Council and on January 5, 1949 Ceasefire line was accepted by both the countries. In September 1965, Pakistan forces attacked India. Indian forces gave them a crushing defeat. A U.N. Security Council resolution adopted on Sept. 20, 1965 called upon India and Pakistan for a ceasefire. Pakistan attacked India again on 3rd Dec. 1971 and after War Shimla Agreement took place between the two countries. On 5-6 August 2019, Article 370 was abrogated from Indian Constitution, and nowadays India is stand is that P.O.K. will be the centre point of India-Pakistan dialogue.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Shimla Agreement.
Answer:
On 3rd December, 1971 Pakistan attacked India. India faced it bravely and defeated Pakistan very badly. One lakh Pak-Soldiers surrendered and General Niazi signed the document of surrender. But Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Gandhi, without exploiting the defeat of Pakistan, held a summit conference at Shimla in June, 1972 to discuss the problems of both the countries. Pak President Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Gandhi participated in this conference. The agreement was reached between Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Bhutto on 3rd July and it is known as Shimla Agreement. Important points of this agreement are given below:

  • Both the countries are resolved to solve their conflicts and confrontations through bilateral peaceful talks.
  • Both the countries would respect each other’s national unity, territorial integrity, political independence and sovereign equality.
  • Both countries won’t use force against each other’s territorial integrity.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 3.
Write a short note on India-China border dispute.
Answer:
The relations between India and China are very ancient. Till 1962, the relations between the two countries were very cordial and friendly. China attacked both the Western and Eastern sectors of the Indian border on 20th Oct. 1962. China declared unilateral ceasefire on 2lst November 1962. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under China’s possession. On July 9, 1979 the External Affairs Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee said that the possibility of a satisfactory settlement with China is not seen unless China agreed to settle the boundary question.

During the last 25 years the leaders of both the countries have emphasised many times that better relations between the two countries are Very necessary in the cause of peace in Asia and the world. The need is to solve the boundary dispute. The relations between the two countries should be based on complete equality and mutual respect in the spirit of the U.N. Charter.

Question 4.
Explain relationship between India and China.
Answer:
In 1962, China attacked India and avenged India’s friendly attitude. Again in 1965, China adopted hostile attitude during Indo-Pak War. But India again in 1966 during Indira era tried to resolve Indo-China boundary dispute. However in 1976 Indo-China relations slightly improved. In 1976, Mr. K.R. Narayanan and in 1978 and 1979, Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited China as Ambassadors of peace and friendship. In 1988, Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China started a new era in Indo-China relations and the diplomatic visits made by both the countries further improved the relations of the two countries. During these years of Indo¬China relations the levels of mutual trust between the two countries have been increased.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 1
Discuss India’s policy towards her neighbour countries.
Answer:
India’s policy towards her neighbour is based on the principles of Panchsheel. India respects the sovereignty and territoral integrity of neighbouring states. India is always ready to have friendly relations with neighbouring states. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but also with other countries of the world.

Question 2.
Shimla Samjhauta (Agreement) was signed when and between which two countries?
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed in 1972 between India and Pakistan.

Question 3.
List any two areas of conflict between India and Pakistan.
Answer:

  • Pakistan considers Kashmir a disupted area whereas India considers Kashmir a part of India.
  • Pakistan is helping the terrorists of Kashmir with arms and other materials. Even training is given to terrorists on Pakistan’s soil.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 4.
Write down two features responsible for tension between India and China Relations.
Answer:

  • Major disputes are regarding the border issue and the demarcation of the 4,200 km long border at the foot of the Himalayas.
  • Chinese aggression on Indian border on October 20, 1962 and the continuing violations of Indian border.

Question 5.
Mention .any one area each of Co-operation and Disagreement between India and Bangladesh.
Answer:

  • Area of Co-operation. Bus service, Train service and Commerce and Trade between the two countries.
  • Area of Disagreement. Chakma Refugees is an area of disagreement between the two countries.

Question 6.
Name two countries which attacked India.
Answer:

  1. Pakistan
  2. China.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the names of two countries which are neighbours of India.
Answer:
Pakistan and Nepal.

Question 2.
Write one cause of tension between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
An important cause for strained relations between India and Pakistan is the issue of cross border Terrorism by Pakistan.

Question 3.
What is the importance of the treaty between India and Nepal formalised in February, 1996?
Answer:
In February, 1996, India and Nepal signed an important treaty for the harmonious development of Mahakali Valley. It paved way for development.

Question 4.
Mention any one important point of the treaty signed between India and China in November, 1996.
Answer:
According to this Agreement, both the countries will not commit any aggression on each other. Both the countries will reduce their military power on the actual line of control. They will also stop military exercises.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 5.
In which year China attacked India?
Answer:
China attacked India in 1962.

Question 6.
When was Bangladesh established?
Answer:
Bangladesh was established in 1971.

Question 7.
Between which two countries Tashkent Pact took place?
Answer:
India and Pakistan.

Question 8.
What is the future of Indo-Pak Relations?
Answer:
The future of Indo-Pak relations is not good.

Question 9.
In which year Mac Mahan line boundry line was determined between India and China?
Answer:
In 1914 Mac Mahan line was determined.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 10.
Who proposed partition of Kashmir?
Answer:
M.C. Naughton.

Question 11.
In which year Shimla Agreement took place?
Or
When Shimla Agreement took place?
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed on 3rd July, 1972.

Question 12.
Who signed Shimla Agreement?
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed by Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Z.A. Bhutto.

Question 13.
Write one major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
Kashmir is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan.

Question 14.
Mention one basic principle of India’s foreign policy.
Answer:
The most important basic principle of India’s foreign policy is Non-alignment.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 15.
When was ‘Panchsheel Agreement’ signed between India and China?
Answer:
In 1954.

Question 16.
Write one provision of Shimla Agreement.
Answer:
Both the countries had resolved to solve their conflicts and confrontations through bilateral peaceful talks.

Question 17.
Write one major point of dispute with China.
Answer:
Major dispute is border dispute. Main issue is demarcation of the 4200 km. long border at the foot of Himalayas.

Question 18.
When was Pakistan established?
Answer:
Pakistan was established on 14 August, 1947.

Question 19.
Which two countries signed Shimla Agreement.
Or
‘Shimla Pact’ took place between which two countries?
Answer:
India and Pakistan.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Fill In The Blanks

1. People’s Republic of China was established in ……………. .
Answer:
1949

2. Farakka Treaty was signed between India and ……………. .
Answer:
Bangladesh

3. India became an independent state on ……………. .
Answer:
August 15, 1947

4. Shimla Agreement was signed on ……………. .
Answer:
3rd July, 1972.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

True Or False Statement

1. In 1924 Mac Mahan line was determined.
Answer:
False

2. Bangladesh was established in 1965.
Answer:
False

3. China attacked India in 1962.
Answer:
True

4. Shimla agreement was signed by Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Bhutto.
Answer:
True

5. India and Pakistan signed Farakka Treaty.
Answer:
False

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Bangladesh was established in:
(a) 1965
(b) 1971
(c) 1972
(d) 1990
Answer:
(b) 1971

Question 2.
When India and Pakistan became independent states?
(a) 26 Jan. 1950
(b) 15 August 1947
(c) 26 Jan. 1947
(d) 14 August 1947.
Answer:
(b) 15 August 1947

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 3.
Which countries entered into Free Trade Agreement in Dec. 1998?
(a) India and Sri Lanka
(b) Pakistan and Bangladesh
(c) India and Pakistan
(d) India and China.
Answer:
(a) India and Sri Lanka

Question 4.
Mac Mahan Rekha (Line) demarcates the Border between which two countries?
(a) India-Pakistan
(b) India-China
(c) India-America
(d) Pakistan-China.
Answer:
(b) India-China

Question 5.
In which year India sent peace-keeping force in Sri Lanka?
(a) 1985
(b) 1989
(c) 1991
(d) 1987.
Answer:
(d) 1987.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Question 6.
Shimla Agreement was signed on:
(a) 3rd July 1972
(b) 3rd July 1971
(c) 3rd July 1966
(d) 3rd July 1975.
Answer:
(a) 3rd July 1972

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Source Based Questions

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Source Based Questions

Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Question 1.
The tribal population in India as per the 2011 Census constitutes 68% of the country’s total population. The state with the highest population of tribal is Mizoram; the state with the lowest population of tribes is Goa. The Union Territory (U.T.) with the highest population of tribals is Lakshadweep and the U.T. with the lowest population of tribals in Andaman and Nicobar Island. The largest tribal community in India is the Santhals, who are found mainly in West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Orissa.

  1. In which Indian region, tribals reside the most?
  2. Which different names are given to tribes?
  3. What is a tribe?

Answer:

  1. Although the tribal population lives more in Central India if we look into their population percentage, their percentage in population is more in the north-eastern region of India.
  2. Tribals are called by different names in different regions such as Adivasi, Vanvasi, Tribe, Pahari, Scheduled tribe etc.
  3. A tribe is a group of people that lives very much away from our civilisation such as forests, mountains or valleys whose members are blood relatives, which is endogamous and which is different from other tribes on the basis of language, religion and other features.

Question 2.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Deforestation is one of the major causes of environmental degradation. It implies the cutting down of trees. Besides, the expansion of cropped areas and pastures are also the major sources of deforestation. During earlier times, the tribals were able to survive because of the availability of forest and natural resources. They were totally dependent on forests for their livelihood. But due to industrialisation, urbanisation, agriculture, commercial logging, increase in population, fuel-wood collection, etc. the deforestation has increased and affected the tribal’s livelihood directly and indirectly. The loss of forest covers also influences the climate and contributes to loss of the biodiversity.

  1. What is meant by deforestation?
  2. What are the reasons for deforestation?
  3. What is the impact of deforestation on tribal life?

Answer:

  1. When naturally grown trees are cut down due to different reasons, it is known as deforestation.
  2. ⇒ Forests are cut down to increase agricultural and pastoral areas.
    ⇒ The land is needed to make dams and to make houses for an increasing population which comes by cutting forests.
    ⇒ We need wood to make furniture and food and that’s why forests are cleared.
  3. ⇒ It reduces the habitat for the tribal people.
    ⇒ Tribals get a lot many things from forests and now they can’t get all these things.
    ⇒ Tribal economy is mainly dependent upon forests. Deforestation completely destroys the tribal economy.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Tribal Society

Question 3.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

The term ‘rural’ is the opposite of ‘urban’. The term ‘rural society’ is used almost interchangeably with the term Village’. As per census 2011, out of 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crore population lives in the rural areas. The rural community has a long history of its own. It is a group of about 5000 people depending on agriculture and allied occupations, permanently residing in a particular geographic area and participating in common socio-economic and cultural activities.

  1. Give the meaning to the word ‘Village’.
  2. Give three features of a village.
  3. Give three differences between a village and a town.

Answer:

  1. A village is a geographical area that is close to the natural environment, whose most of the population is engaged in agricultural-related occupations and which is different from urban areas due to its distinct features.
  2. ⇒Rural people have direct and primary relations.
    ⇒ Most of the rural population is engaged in agriculture or related occupations.
    ⇒ Villages are small in size and that’s why they have social uniformity.
  3. ⇒ Villages are small in size but towns are large in size.
    ⇒ Rural people have direct and primary relations with each other but urban people have indirect and secondary relations.
    ⇒ Most of the rural population is directly or indirectly engaged in agriculture or related occupations but more than 75% urban population is engaged in industrial work or non-agricultural occupations.

Question 4.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

One of the major problems of rural society is indebtedness. The reasons for the chronic indebtedness are poverty and a deficit economy. This problem is not related to just one individual but is passed on from one generation to the next generation. Taking debt for the purpose of agricultural production is indeed necessary as it contributes to production. However, the rural people incur debts for non-productive purposes such as, to meet the family needs, to perform social functions (related to marriage; birth and death), litigation, etc. Since money borrowed does not contribute to production but rather to consumption, it drags the rural people into indebtedness. Thus, it becomes impossible to repay these loans and the rural population becomes. an easy victim of exploitation by greedy moneylenders and middlemen who take advantage of the situation and earn money at a very high rate of interest. As a result, the moneylenders snatch whatever little property these people have, such as, house or land, etc. This system is prevalent in most parts of our country.

  1. What is meant by Indebtedness?
  2. Give reasons for indebtedness.
  3. Give three effects of indebtedness.

Answer:

  1. When an individual takes some loan from another individual, money lender, or bank and is unable to pay it back on time, it is called indebtedness.
  2. People take loans due to many factors such as to fulfill family needs, to solve legal problems, to do agriculture, to do marriage or to complete death ceremony, etc.
  3. ⇒ Due to indebtedness, an individual is exploited by the moneylenders.
    ⇒ His land and house are captured by a moneylender and he becomes homeless.
    ⇒ All his means of living and livelihood are taken away by the moneylender and occasionally rural people commit suicide.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Tribal Society

Question 5.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Urbanism is an important element of the urban society which separates the identity or personality of the people from rural society and tribal society. It represents a way of living. It also denotes the diffusion of urban culture and the evolution of urban society. It reflects an organization of society in terms of complex division of labor, high level of technology, high mobility, the interdependence of its members in fulfilling economic functions, and impersonality in social relations. Louis Wirth has mentioned four characteristics of urbanism: Transiency, Superficiality; Ahbrtymity and Individualism.

  1. What is meant by urbanization?
  2. Give three elements of urbanization.
  3. Which four features of urbanism are given by Louis Wirth?

Answer:

  1. When rural people start to migrate to urban areas to settle there or to find occupation, it is called urbanization.
  2. Following are the elements of urbanization:
    ⇒ Population of more than 5000.
    ⇒ The density of population is up to 400 persons per square kilometer.
    ⇒ 75% population is engaged in agriculture or related occupations. Transiency Superficiality Anonymity Individualism.

Question 6.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

The growth of population in cities is so fast that it has become impossible to provide adequate residential accommodation to all. Hence, the housing problem or what is known as ‘ho, uselessness’ has become one of the serious problems of the urban setting. The pressure on space in cities is so tremendous that large numbers of people are forced to live on roads, buts ‘stands, railway stations and in poorly equipped houses. It is said that around half of the city population in India is either ill-housed or has to pay more than twenty per cent of their income on rent. Megacities like Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, and Chennai are suffering from acute housing problems. ”

  1. Why is the urban population increasing?
  2. What are the demerits of the increasing urban population?
  3. Is the increasing urban population a major problem?

Answer:

  1. There is a conception among rural people about more facilities in urban areas and the availability of more occupations that’s why rural people are moving towards urban areas. That’s why the urban population is continually increasing.
  2. ⇒ There is a lack of living space in urban areas.
    ⇒ Lot many people are forced to live under the open sky or in slums.
    ⇒ 20% of people’s earning is spent on paying rent which reduces their savings.

It is true that the increasing urban population is becoming a major problem. People migrate to urban areas in search of occupations and more facilities ‘ and when they are unable to get the things, they become mentally sick. That’s why crimes are increasing in urban areas which itself is becoming a major problem.

Question 7.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:
transformed into the same group activity with the help of some organ or instrument. A political party is one such organ. Hence, Vladimir Lenin added the idea of a party in Marxism to prepare the workers for class struggle.

  1. Who was Karl Marx?
  2. What is meant by class consciousness?
  3. Explain in brief Karl Marx’s concept of class struggle.

Answer:

  1. Karl Marx was a German philosopher who gave a great contribution to the development of Sociology. His concepts became the basis of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and paved the way for the making of laborers’ government in Russia.
  2. When a group becomes conscious about its existence, features, etc., and starts to consider itself separate from other groups, it is called class consciousness. According to Marx, class consciousness leads to class identification and class solidarity.
  3. According to Marx, there are two groups in society-Capitalist and Labourer class. There exist a struggle between both groups. Capitalist always exploits the laborers with the help of their money. He wants to get more work from labourers by paying less money and labourer wants to get more money by doing less work. This leads to a struggle between the both which is known as class struggle.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Tribal Society

Question 8.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

In rural India th£ big landlords, the absentee landlords, the upper and middle peasantry and the capitalist farmers basically belong to upper and middle castes. And low peasantry, marginal farmers and landless agriculturists belong to lower castes. The class of moneylenders in rural India is basically composed of castes related to Vaishya-Varna. At the same time it is also a reality that because of protective discrimination (e.g. reservations), new opportunity structures based on industries and education and spatial mobility, some sections of lower castes have entered into the sphere of middle and upper classes. However, class status can be altered since it is usually achieved but caste status can never be changed due to its ascriptive nature.

  1. Which classes are available in rural areas?
  2. Which reasons gave chances to different groups to do progress in society?
  3. Is it possible to change status in class?

Answer:

  1. In rural India, big landlords, upper and middle-class peasants, big capitalist farmers, and landless laborers live and they are divided into the upper class, middle class, and lower class according to their landholding.
  2. Although many facilities are available in society in the present age and one can do progress with his hard work but many groups are provided with reservations and other protective measures with which they can progress in society.
  3. Yes, status can be changed in the class system. If an individual has the ability, he can do hard work and earn more money or can get any higher post. It increases his status in society.

Question 9.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Gender relations as we have already discussed refer to men-women relations on the basis of ideological, cultural, political and economic issues. In gender relations, we examine gender subordination. Issues relating to women empowerment and exploitative trends about women are found differently in different societies. In gender relations, it becomes important to talk about the institution of marriage, family, pre-marital, marital, and extramarital relations, the issues of homosexuality, issues related to transgenders, the nature of intimate relations as human sexuality, etc. It is generally accepted that men and women are naturally different because of physiological distinctiveness. But such biological or physiological differences with the support structure of society and culture are converted into social differences. Anthropological and historical evidence has proved that cultural revivalism establishes and re-establishes these differences in relation to vital roles of social interaction.

  1. What is meant by Gender Relations?
  2. Differentiate between Sex and Gender.
  3. How does gender difference become social difference?

Answer:

  1. Gender relations tell us about men-women relations on the basis of cultural, ideological, economic, and political issues.
  2. Sex differences are understood as biological whereas gender differences refer to that behavior and attitudes which are constructed through social practices.
  3.  It is believed that males and females have different natures due to their natural and physical differences but biological and physical differences get converted into social differences with the help of society and culture. Physical differences establish social differences in social interactions.

Question 10.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

In order to understand the socio-cultural changes, one needs to comprehend the meaning of Westernisation. According to M.N. Srinivas, westernization refers to “the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels – technology institutions, ideology, values”. It can therefore be said that the growth of westernization can be traced from the period of the British Raj. No doubt colonial rule lead to exploitation and suppression of the masses. But at the same time, it had also brought a few radical changes in the society and culture of India.

  1. Who gave the concept of Westernisation?
  2. What is meant by Westernisation?
  3. What were the reasons for Westernisation?

Answer:

  1. The concept of Westernisation was given by a famous Indian Sociologist M.N. Srinivas.
  2. According to Srinivas, “Westernisation refers to the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels technology, institutions, ideology, values”.
  3. The British brought many changes to Indian society. They established an army, police, and court system where people of different castes started working together. They also established railways, post and telegraph systems, roads, rivers, etc. They also brought a printing press and established factories in India. People started imitating the British living style which increased the process of westernization a great deal.

Question 11.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Reference group means a group to which we compare ourselves. That group becomes the benchmark according to which one starts changing its opinion, behavior, attitude, and beliefs. For example, Ram is a below-average student in a class. He got inspired by the group of intelligent students in his class and decided to improve himself. There onwards he starts observing their peculiar traits, behavior, and orients himself making them his reference group. He become punctual, disciplined, and improved in his studies. In our day-to-day life, we rely on many reference groups. It may be family, peer group, actor etc.

  1. Who gave the concept of Reference Group?
  2. What is meant by Reference Group?
  3. Does every person have a reference group? If yes then why?

Answer:

  1. The concept of Reference Group was given by Herbert Hyman in 1942.
  2. Reference group means a group to which we compare ourselves. That group becomes an ideal group according to which one starts to change his opinion, behaviour, attitude and beliefs.
  3. Yes, every individual has an ideal group or reference group. Actually, it is human nature that everyone wants to do progress and we start to follow any individual or group. We try to imitate the values, ideas of that group and then it becomes a reference group for us.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Tribal Society

Question 12.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Sanskritisation is a broader term and it can include in itself the narrower process of Brahminisation. For instance, Brahmins are vegetarians and teetotallers by and large. But some of them like Kashmiris, Bengali, Brahmins etc. eat non-vegetarian food, as well. If the term Brahminisation had been used, it would have become essential to specify which particular Brahmin group was being discussed Moreover, it has also been asserted by Srinivas that the reference groups of Sanskritisation are not always Brahmins.

The process of imitation need not necessarily be oriented on the model of Brahmins. He has given the example of low castes of Mysore who adopted the way of life of lingayats who are not Brahmins but who claim equality with Brahmins. The lower caste has made not only Brahmins their reference group but also tend to imitate the way of life of Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Jats, etc. in different parts of the country. Hence, Sanskritisation means not only adaptation of new customs and habits, but also exposure to new ideas, values, and behavior patterns of the upper caste.

  1. Who gave the concept of Sanskritisation?
  2. What is meant by Sanskritisation?
  3. Which castes became ideal castes to be imitated in Sanskritisation?

Answer:

  1. M.N. Srinivas gave the concept of Sanskritisation.
  2. When lower castes start to imitate the living styles, habits, values, etc. of any upper caste or nearby caste, it is called Sanskritisation. It means not only adaptation of new customs and habits, but also exposure to new ideas, values, and behavior patterns of the upper caste.
  3. In the process of Sanskritisation, lower castes started adopting customs, habits, values of upper castes or nearby castes and in the process, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas became model castes or ideal castes.

Question 13.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Class-based movements include both worker’s movements as well as peasant movements. The main demand of workers as well as of peasants was freedom from economic exploitation. The trade union movement in India illustrates a study of the working class, their demands, the response of their owners, and measures taken up by the government. With the growth of cotton mills, jute mills, and the tea industry in India the poor Indian masses got employment in these factories as workers. Low wages, long working hours, unhygienic conditions, exploitation at the hands of native and foreign capitalists made their conditions miserable.

A number of Factory Acts came at various points of time but they too, could not improve the plight of the working-class people. Further, peasants were also exploited economically. Well, known peasant revolts were the Bengal revolt against the indigo plantation system and the peasant movement in Punjab.

  1. What is meant by class-based movement?
  2. Why were class-based movements started in Indian industries?
  3. Give examples of class-based movements.

Answer:

  1. When a movement is started by keeping in mind the demands of a particular class, it is known as a class-based movement.
  2. The condition of laborers in the Indian industries was miserable. They were paid fewer wages, had more working hours, and were exploited by the local and foreign industrialists. That’s why workers movements were started in the Indian industries.
  3. In class-based movements, we can include the movement of Trade Union Organisation, Peasant movement, etc. but the Peasantry Movement of Punjab, the Workers Movement of Mumbai textile mills, and Indigo Plantation of Bengal are very important.

Question 14.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Drug addiction is a problem that has been increasing immensely in our society today. Young people are more vulnerable to drug abuse because of poor self-esteem, low achievement at school, family history, and peer pressure. On the other hand, sometimes they feel that they are too bright, too powerful and are too much in control to become addictive and hence get into the habit of taking drugs. Thus, addiction can trap anyone. It can lead to harming one’s health, causing problems in family structure, and contributing to delinquency in society. The persons who get addicted often lose interest in other activities of their life. As a result, they are not able to take care of their responsibilities and may become a liability for their families as well as their society.

  1. What is meant by drug addiction?
  2. Why do people consume drugs?
  3. What is the result of drug addiction?

Answer:

  1. When an individual becomes so addicted to using liquor, opium, or any other drug that he can’t live without it, this is known as drug addiction.
  2. Many people consume drugs for fun sake, many consume them to reduce stress, many people use them due to any pressure, etc. Gradually, they become so addicted to the drug that it becomes impossible for them to live without it and become victims of a trap.
  3. ⇒ It is having a bad impact on their health as they are unable to do anything.
    ⇒ All of his economic resources get exhausted and economically, he becomes quite weak.
    ⇒ It is having a direct impact on social progress.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Tribal Society

Question 15.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

During the course of old age, metabolism processes slow down. People become weak both physically and mentally. They are more prone to sickness, diseases, syndromes, etc. The immunity of a person diminishes. Older people are most vulnerable to non-communicable diseases. Declining health due to increasing age is complicated by the non-availability of good quality age-sensitive health care for a large proportion of older persons. In addition to this, lack of information and knowledge in combination with high costs of disease management puts old-age care beyond the reach of older persons, especially those who are poor and disadvantaged.

  1. Who is an old-age person?
  2. Which three problems are faced by an old-age person?
  3. How can we remove the problems of an old-age person?

Answer:

  1. Anyone who is retired from his Job or is above the age of 60 years is known as an old age person.
  2. ⇒ He is suffered from many diseases such as sugar, high blood pressure, etc.
    ⇒ After retirement, his income gets exhausted and now he becomes dependent upon his children to meet his daily needs.
    ⇒ His physical ability to fight diseases becomes so low. He is unable to clearly listen or see things.
  3. ⇒ Laws must be strictly implemented so that no one could harass them.
    ⇒ Government must provide excellent and free medical facilities to the elders.
    ⇒ Government must provide them good old age pension to reduce their financial dependency on children.

Question 16.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

There are more than one billion people in the world who live with one or the other form of disability. Many of us have people with disabilities as friends or family, who have difficulties in day-to-day life. People with disabilities are subject to multiple deprivations with limited access to basic services, including education, employment, rehabilitation facilities, etc. Additionally, widespread social stigma plays a major role in hindering their normal social and economic life.

The term disability carries with it a connotation of a lack or deficiency whether mental, physical, or sensory. It has been defined primarily in terms of medical deficit. Moreover, the word disability is itself not a homogenous category as it includes different kinds of bodily variations, physical impairments, sensory deficits, and mental or learning inadequacies which may be either congenital or acquired.

  1. What is meant by disability?
  2. Which problems are faced by disabled people?
  3. Give types of disability.

Answer:

  1. The term disability carries with it a connotation of a lack or deficiency whether mental, physical, or sensory. It is primarily defined in terms of medical deficit.
  2. ⇒ Disable people are unable to get a proper education.
    ⇒ Their chances of getting jobs become quite limited.
    ⇒ They cannot do any work fast the way which a normal person can do.
    ⇒ It becomes an obstacle to their economic growth.
  3. Disability is of many types such as:
    ⇒ Locomotor Disability
    ⇒ Visual Disability
    ⇒ Hearing Disability
    ⇒ Mental Disability
    ⇒ Speech Disability.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on establishment (formation) of SAARC and discuss its objectives.
Or
Describe background and efforts made for the establishment of South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC).
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by the late Zia-Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March, 1980, was given concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation) in August, 1983. On August 1, 1983, foreign ministers of seven countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) met at New Delhi and approved programme of economic co-operation. They decided on an integrated programme of action for regional co-operation. Thus, the seven South Asian countries formally established the SAARC in 1985.
In its 14th Summit which was held at New Delhi on April 3-4-2007, Afghanistan becomes the 8th member of SAARC.

Background And Efforts Made for the Establishment of SAARC:
1. Working Paper on SAARC:
Before the formal launching of SAARC, useful and productive ground work was done by several meetings of the seven South Asian states. The working paper was prepared by Bangladesh’s former President Mr. Zia-Ur-Rehman. He stressed the need of setting up an organisation to promote regional co-operation.

2. Colombo Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of South Asian States (1981):
At this meeting the foreign ministers of South Asian countries- India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka and Maldives, acknowledged the importance of regional co-operation. The meeting agreed to explore the possibilities of co-operation in five spheres i.e. agriculture, rural development, communication, weather and health and population activities.

3. Foreign Secretaries. Meeting in Kathmandu (1981):
At this meeting the recommendations of the seven nation study group and the report of the coordination committee of the whole was accepted. It also decided to explore the possibilities of Transport, Postal Service and Scientific and Technological cooperation.

4. Islamabad Meeting of Foreign Secretaries (1982):
This meeting approved the recommendations of the study group set up in Kathmandu and decided to constitute new study groups on sports, arts and culture.

5. Dhaka Meeting (1983):
This meeting evaluated the mutual co-operation in different fields and recommended the adoption of integrated programme of action by the foreign ministers. It also decided to set up a standing committee.

6. New Delhi Meeting of Foreign Ministers (1983):
In this meeting the foreign ministers signed the declaration of South Asian regional cooperation. The declaration listed the following objectives of South Asian Regional Co-operation.

  • to promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to raise their standard of living,
  • to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region;
  • to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries,
  • to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems;
  • to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields;
  • to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and
  • to co-operate with international and regional organisations with similar aims and objectives.

The declaration also stated that SAARC is based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non¬interference in the international affairs of other states and mutual benefits. The heads of state or government meet annually. It also decided to set up different committees.

7. New Delhi Meeting (1984):
This meeting gave a call for developing friendly relations among the countries of this region, along with co-operation in socio-economic and cultural field.

8. Standing Committee Meeting in Male in Feb. 1985:
This meeting recommended the establishment of a ministry council of South Asian countries through which the common will of mutual co-operation could be given institutional form. Thus, after so much hard work, studies and meeting SAARC was formally inaugurated in Dec. 1985.

Objectives and Principles of SAARC:
The South Asian Association of Regional Co-operation was formally inaugurated in Dec. 1985. The SAARC is an organisation of Eight countries of South Asia:Bhutan, India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC was established primarily for co-operation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics and terrorism.

Objectives of SAARC:
The objectives of the association are : 1. to promote the welfare of the people of South : 2. to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region; 3. to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries. 4. to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems; 5. to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields; 6. to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and 7. to co-operate with international and regional organisations.

Principles of SAARC:

  1. SAARC is based on the principles of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and mutual benefits.
  2. Decisions at all levels are taken on the basis of unanimity. But bilateral and contentious issues will be excluded from the deliberations.
  3. SAARC is not a political organisation but is formed to accelerate development through mutual co-operation.
  4. The members of SAARC would not act as obstruction in having relations with the individual countries of SAARC and with other countries.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Question 2.
What important activities SAARC has taken up during its existence? What has been India’s role in them?
Answer:
SAARC is active since 1985. It has taken up many activities as a regional co-operation association. It’s activities are as follows :
First SAARC Summit:
The leaders of seven South Asian countries Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and India, concluded on Dec. 8, 1985. at Dhaka their first ever regional summit. The Summit Conference adopted a Charter of this regional body to be known as South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. This marked a major development in co-operation among the countries of the region. It will also help in the maintenance of peace and stability in the area.

Second Summit of SAARC:
The second summit of SAARC was held at Bangalore on Nov. 16-17, 1986 under the Chairmanship of Sh. Rajiv Gandhi. It decided to evolve a joint policy to fight terrorism in South Asia, to set up technical committees on women’s participation in development, drug abuse and drug trafficking.

Third Summit of SAARC:
The third summit of SAARC was held at Kathmandu (Nepal) in Nov. 1987, where agreements were reached on terrorism and established a SAARC Reserved Food Grain Stock. The Reserved Food Grain Stock, launched at the summit, will begin with a stock of 200,000 tonnes of wheat and rice. The summit also decided to commission a comprehensive study of the region’s environment and the necessary measures for its protection and preservation.

Fourth SAARC Summit:
The fourth annual summit of SAARC ended in Islamabad on December 31, 1988. The summit pledged to stamp out terrorism and meet the basic needs of the people through a regional plan ‘SAARC 2000’ with specific targets.

Fifth SAARC Summit 1990:
Fifth SAARC summit was held in Male, the capital of Maldives, in November, 1990. The summit decided to enlarge visa-free travel facilities beyond the present categories of members of Parliament and Supreme Court Judges.

Ninth Session of SAARC Council of Ministers, 1991. On July 4, 1991 the Ninth Session of the SAARC Council of Ministers agreed on taking co-ordinated action to combat the menace of terrorism which they said threatened to destabilize the region. On the economic front, the SAARC Council-also approved to institutionalise co-operation in tourism and trade manufacture and service.

Sixth SAARC Summit 1991:
Sixth SAARC summit was held in Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka, on Dec. 21, 1991. The seven SAARC nations have agreed to liberalise trade and called for greater co-operation and interaction among the member states to combat terrorism in the region. India has done well by proposing a collective economic security system for the region.

Seventh SAARC Summit 1993:
Seventh SAARC summit was held at Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, on April, 1993. The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation entered a new phase of economic co-operation as the seventh summit approved the 63 point Dhaka declaration and endorsing the South Asia Preferential trade agreement seeking to reduce trade barriers in the region.

Eighth SAARC Summit 1995:
Eighth SAARC summit was held in New Delhi on 2nd May, 1995. All the members of SAARC countries agreed to liberalise trade and called for greater co-operation. Delhi declaration of the eighth SAARC summit called for an international convention prohibiting the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons under any circumstances and strongly deploring acts of terrorism spreading in and outside the region. The declaration called for the production of organised tourism in a big way in the SAARC region. Another significance of this Summit was agreement on South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA).

Ninth SAARC Summit 1997:
Ninth SAARC summit was held at Male, the capital of Maldives on 11th May, 1997. Leaders of seven South Asian nations accepted India’s proposal to transform the region into a free trade area by 2001. SAARC countries agreed for the removal of all trade barriers and structural impediments by advancing the deadline by four years from the earlier agreed goal of SAFTA by 2005.

Tenth SAARC Summit 1998:
Tenth SAARC summit was held at Colombo on 29th July, 1998. Despite its failings and shortcomings, SAARC has taken several bold steps including establishing a framework for SAPTA (South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement) and SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area). India made a fine gesture that it would remove import restrictions on over two thousand products to facilitate intra-regional trade. With the solitary exception of Pakistan, all other member-countries of SAARC also agreed on the need to hasten the process by two years to realise SAFTA by 2001.

Eleventh SAARC Summit, 2002:
The Eleventh SAARC summit was held at Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal on 5th Jan. 2002 under tenscious shadow of Indo- Pak relations. The 11th SAARC Summit decided for the urgent conclusion of comprehensive convention on combating International terrorism and conducting international cooperation in ending this scourge in conformity with the U.N. Charter. The Summit recognised the importance of creating a free trade area. The declaration called for coordination among the SAARC member states on all World Trade Organisation issues.

Twelfth SAARC Summit (2004):
The 12th SAARC Summit was held at Islamabad; the capital of Pakistan in January 2004. During this summit firstly, SAFTA was approved and it will take effect from January, 2006. Secondly, all the SAARC nations signed its ‘Social Charter’. Thirdly, it was decided to start a ‘SAARC Award’ to respect and encourage the contribution of individual in the spheres of peace, poverty alleviation, social welfare etc. Fourthly, the SAARC nations signed a protocol on the prevention of terrorism.

Thirteenth SAARC Summit (2005):
The 13th SAARC summit was held at Dhaka on November 12, 2005. Summit decided a united fight against terrorism afflicting the region.

Fourteenth SAARC Summit:
The Fourteenth SAARC Summit was held at New Delhi on April 3-4, 2007. All the eight members were present. Afghanistan is the latest addition in the SAARC and because of this addition the total members of the SAARC are eight now. SAARC Summit adopted a 30-point declaration with commitment to ensure market access by all SAARC member countries and also collectively combat poverty, diseases, disaster and terrorism. All the eight members of the SAARC were unanimous for taking strict steps to curb terrorism in the Universe. Two agreements on establishing South Asian University and SAARC Food Bank were signed in the concluding session of the 14th SAARC Summit in New Delhi.

Fifteenth SAARC SUMMIT:
The Fifteenth SAARC Summit was held in Colombo, SRI LANKA on August, 2-3, 2008. The Summit concluded with the leaders expressing serious concern over the threat posed by terrorism to the peace, stability and security of the region and emphasizing the need for strongest possible co-operation in fighting terror and transnational organised crime. The Summit adopted the Colombo Declaration titled ‘Partnership for the growth of our people’ at the concluding session on August 3. The declaration stressed the importance of completing all legislative and other relevant measures to implement within the member states the provisions of the Regional Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances.

Sixteenth SAARC Summit:
The Sixteenth SAARC Summit was held in Thimpu, Bhutan on April 28-29, 2010. The Summit concluded with the leaders express serious concerns over terrorism. SAARC leaders also decided to celebrated the decade of 2011-2020 as a ‘Decade of Intraregional Connectivity in SAARC’.

17th SAARC Summit (2011):
The 17th SAARC Summit was held in Addu (Maidive) on Nov. 10-11, 2011. The Addu declaration said that the leaders agreed upon the theme of ‘Building Bridges.’ The leaders committed to work towards a huge boost in intra SAARC trade, improving air, rail, motor and water transport connectivity between member countries and putting their heads together to solve common development concerns.

18th SAARC Summit-2014:
The 18th SAARC Summit was held in 2014 in Nepal. It concluded adopting a 36-point declaration with commitment to control Terrorism and Religious Fundamentalism.

India’s Role in SAARC :
India has been playing a vital role in the activities of SAARC. To make this organisation a success India has made constructive contributions. Its contributions in the founding and functioning of the organisation are significant and these are as follow:

  1. India played a leading role in the formation of SAARC. With India’s effort SAARC was constituted in 1985 with a view to promote co-operation in the neighbouring countries.
  2. The second SAARC Summit was held in Bangalore in 1986 under the chairmanship of Late Prime Minister Sh. Rajiv Gandhi.
  3. India announced a grant of Rs. 150 lacs to SAARC for the year 1987-88.
  4. In 1988, India offered 1,53,200 tonnes of foodgrains to create a reserved foodgrains stock for SAARC nations.
  5. India announced a contribution of Rs. 2 crores for SAARC activities for the year 1989-90.
  6. Industrial Development Bank of India hosted a meeting of national development institutions of the member countries in October 1991.
  7. In Dec. 1991, during the Sixth SAARC Summit India proposed a collective economic security system for the region.
  8. India hosted the first cultural festival of SAARC countries in October, 1992.
  9. India also ratified SAARC convention on Narcotic Drugs.
  10. The Eighth SAARC Summit was held in New Delhi on 4 May, 1995.
  11. The first SAARC Trade fair was also held in New Delhi from 9th to 14th January, 1996.
  12. India has removed all Quantitative Restrictions from SAARC countries from August 1, 1998.
  13. To boost the trade within the region India has placed over 2000 products from the Restricted List to Open General List.
  14. Under SAPTA India offered duty concessions to SAARC nations on 160 items.
  15. India has offered to conclude bilateral free trade agreements with those SAARC nations who are willing to move faster.
  16. India has already free trade agreements with Nepal and Bhutan.
  17. India has given financial aid to SAARC nations on a large scale particularly to Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.
  18. In 12th SAARC Summit India pledged a contribution of Rs. 21.5 million for conferences to give concrete shape to freeing the SAARC region from hunger and giving an added impetus to the SAARC food bank.
  19. In the 13th SAARC Summit India offered concrete proposals to strengthen, including the facility of daily air services by designated airlines on a reciprocal basis, provision of transit facilities, setting up of a South Asian University and establishment of Regional Food Bank, SAARC High Economic Council and SAARC Museum of Textiles and Handicrafts.

Thus, India has played a constructive role in SAARC. It has always helped the member-states in time of need and emergency. India’s role in SAARC activities is a mark of India’s firm belief in SAARC and its policies.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Question 3.
Describe India’s role in SAARC.
Answer:
India has been playing a vital role in the activities of SAARC. To make this organisation a success India has made constructive contributions. Its contributions in the founding and functioning of the organisation are significant and these are as follow:

  1. India played a leading role in the formation of SAARC. With India’s effort SAARC was constituted in 1985 with a view to promote co-operation in the neighbouring countries.
  2. The second SAARC Summit was held in Bangalore in 1986 under the chairmanship of Late Prime Minister Sh. Rajiv Gandhi.
  3. India announced a grant of Rs. 150 lacs to SAARC for the year 1987-88.
  4. In 1988, India offered 1,53,200 tonnes of foodgrains to create a reserved foodgrains stock for SAARC nations.
  5. India announced a contribution of Rs. 2 crores for SAARC activities for the year 1989-90.
  6. Industrial Development Bank of India hosted a meeting of national development institutions of the member countries in October 1991.
  7. In Dec. 1991, during the Sixth SAARC Summit India proposed a collective economic security system for the region.
  8. India hosted the first cultural festival of SAARC countries in October, 1992.
  9. India also ratified SAARC convention on Narcotic Drugs.
  10. The Eighth SAARC Summit was held in New Delhi on 4 May, 1995.
  11. The first SAARC Trade fair was also held in New Delhi from 9th to 14th January, 1996.
  12. India has removed all Quantitative Restrictions from SAARC countries from August 1, 1998.
  13. To boost the trade within the region India has placed over 2000 products from the Restricted List to Open General List.
  14. Under SAPTA India offered duty concessions to SAARC nations on 160 items.
  15. India has offered to conclude bilateral free trade agreements with those SAARC nations who are willing to move faster.
  16. India has already free trade agreements with Nepal and Bhutan.
  17. India has given financial aid to SAARC nations on a large scale particularly to Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.
  18. In 12th SAARC Summit India pledged a contribution of Rs. 21.5 million for conferences to give concrete shape to freeing the SAARC region from hunger and giving an added impetus to the SAARC food bank.
  19. In the 13th SAARC Summit India offered concrete proposals to strengthen, including the facility of daily air services by designated airlines on a reciprocal basis, provision of transit facilities, setting up of a South Asian University and establishment of Regional Food Bank, SAARC High Economic Council and SAARC Museum of Textiles and Handicrafts.

Thus, India has played a constructive role in SAARC. It has always helped the member-states in time of need and emergency. India’s role in SAARC activities is a mark of India’s firm belief in SAARC and its policies.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about SAARC? Write the names of its member countries.
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by late Zia- Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March 1980, was given a concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC. The leaders of seven South Asian countries India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives concluded on December 5, 1985 at Dhaka their first ever regional summit. The summit conference adopted a Charter of this regional body to be known as South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.

This marked a major development in co-operation among the countries of this region. The Indian Prime Minister in his inaugural address termed it as the beginning of a new dawn. The Dhaka Declaration stated that the Heads of State or Government shall meet annually. The SAARC Secretariat was set up at Kathmandu on 16 January, 1987. In its 14th summit which was held at New Delhi on April, 3-4-2007, Afghanistan became the 8th member of SAARC. The basic aim of the organisation as declared by Dhaka Declaration is “to make the full use of all the human and natural resources and to accelerate the economic and social development of the region.”

Question 2.
Write main objectives of SAARC.
Answer:
The objectives of the association are:

  • to promote the welfare of the people of South
  • to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region;
  • to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries.
  • to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems;
  • to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields;
  • to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and
  • to co-operate with international and regional organisations.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Question 3.
WHhat are the main principles of SAARC? Write the names of its member countries.
Or
Write down the names of the member countries of SAARC.
Answer:
Principles of SAARC:

  1. SAARC is based on the principles of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and mutual benefits.
  2. Decisions at all levels are taken on the basis of unanimity. But bilateral and contentious issues will be excluded from the deliberations.
  3. SAARC is not a political organisation but is formed to accelerate development through mutual co-operation.
  4. The members of SAARC would not act as obstruction in having relations with the individual countries of SAARC and with other countries.

Names of the member countries of SAARC:

  1. India
  2. Pakistan
  3. Bangladesh
  4. Bhutan
  5. Maldives
  6. Sri Lanka
  7. Nepal,
  8. Afghanistan.

Question 4.
Write a short note on SAFTA.
Answer:
The aim of SAFTA is to establish a ‘South Asian Free Trade Area’ through mutual co-operation. A free trade area means that trading among the countries of the area is free from taxes and custom restrictions. During its establishment it was hoped that SAFTA will replace SAPTA before the start of 21st century. The Tenth SAARC Summit decided to set up a committee of experts to conclude on Treaty 2001 on SAFTA. In 12th SAARC Summit held on January, 2004 in Islamabad the SAARC nations have signed the treaty.

On December 29, 2005 the Union Cabinet of India cleared the implementation of South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement though the actual movement of commodities among Seven Nations started from July 1, 2006. SAFTA allows for a differential and progressively freer regions. India, in effect, will offer relatively unhindered access to its markets for Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal, the poorest SAARC members, while different ‘sensitive lists’ on goods and services would be prepared for Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Question 5.
Write down any four achievements of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:

  • All the member countries of SAARC have come closer to one another and their mutual tension has been lessened.
  • All the member countries are collectively working for their socio-economic development.
  • SAARC has created “Food Stock Pool”. It has developed a sense of self-reliance and self-respect among SAARC nations.
  • SAARC has accelerated development in the region.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about SAARC?
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by late Zia- Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March 1980, was given a concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC. The leaders of seven South Asian countries India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives concluded on December 5, 1985 at Dhaka their first ever regional summit.

Question 2.
Write the full name of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:
The full name of SAARC is South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

Question 3.
Write down the names of SAARC member countries.
Or
Write the names of any four countries of SAARC.
Answer:

  1. India
  2. Pakistan
  3. Bangladesh
  4. Bhutan
  5. Maldives
  6. Sri Lanka
  7. Nepal,
  8. Afghanistan.

Question 4.
Write a short note on SAFTA
Answer:
The aim of SAFTA is to establish a ‘South Asia Free Trade Area’ through mutual co-operation. A free trade area means that trading among the countries of the area is free from taxes and custom restrictions.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Question 5.
Write down any two achievements of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:

  • All the member countries of SAARC have come closer to one another and their mutual tension has been lessened.
  • All the member countries are collectively working for their socio-economic development.

Question 6.
Write any two problems of SAARC.
Answer:

  • The first problem is Political lnstability in the SAARC Region.
  • The second problem of SAARC is Terrorism.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by SAARC?
Or
What is the full form of SAARC?
Answer:
SAARC i.e. South Assian Association for Regional Cooperation is an organisation of eight countries of South Asia. It has been established with the objective of increasing mutual co-operation between these countries.

Question 2.
When was SAARC established?
Answer:
A Conference of the Foreign Ministers of seven countries was held on 1-2 August, 1983. They deliberated about the establishment of SAARC. It was formally founded in its first conference at Dhaka in Bangladesh in 1985.

Question 3.
What has been the impact of SAARC as a means of Regional Co-operation?
Answer:
Because of SAARC, the South Asian Countries have come closer to each other. It has been successful in settling some common problems in these countries.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Question 4.
Mention full form of SAARC and SAFTA
Answer:

  • SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.
  • SAFTA: South Asian Free Trade Area.

Question 5.
When and where was the 18th SAARC Conference held?
Answer:
The 18th SAARC Summit conference was held at Thimpu, the capital of Nepal on Nov. 2014.

Question 6.
Write down names of member countries of SAARC.
Answer:
SAARC includes countries such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bengladesh, Maldives and Afganistan.

Question 7.
When and in which conference, Afganistan was made a member country of SAARC?
Answer:
Afganistan was made a member of SAARC in the 14th Summit Conference held in India in April, 2007.

Question 8.
Where is the office of SAARC situated?
Answer:
The office of SAARC is in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

Question 9.
Write down any two countries in the north of India who have joined SAARC.
Answer:
In the north of India, Nepal and Bhutan are the member countries of SAARC.

Question 10.
Write down any two countries in the south of India who have joined SAARC.
Answer:
In the south of India, Sri Lanka and Maldives are the member countries of SAARC.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Question 11.
When was SAARC established?
Answer:
1985.

Question 12.
Write down any one name of the member country of SAARC.
Answer:
India.

Question 13.
How many conferences of SAARC have been held so far?
Answer:
There have been 18 Summit Conferences of SAARC so far.

Question 14.
Where was the 14th Summit Conference of SAARC held?
Answer:
In India.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Fill in The Blanks

1. The SAARC is an organisation of ………….. member states.
Answer:
Eight

2. ………….. is playing an important role in SAARC activities.
Answer:
India

3. First SAARC Summit was concluded on 8 Dec ………….. .
Answer:
1985

4. 17th SAARC Summit was held in ………….. .
Answer:
Maldives.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

True Or False Statement

1. SAARC is a national organisation.
Answer:
False

2. SAARC is an Institution of South Asian countries.
Answer:
True

3. India is not a member of SAARC.
Answer:
False

4. Afghanistan becomes 8th member of SAARC.
Answer:

5. So far fifteen summits have concluded of SAARC.
Answer:
False.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
SAARC was initiated by:
(a) Mr. Zia-ul-Rehman
(b) Mr. Zia-ul-Haq
(c) Mrs. Indira Gandhi
(d) Mr. Mujib-ur-Rehman
Answer:
(a) Mr. Zia-ul-Rehman

Question 2.
SAARC is a/an:
(a) Universal Organisation
(b) Regional Organisation
(c) World Organisation
(d) International Organisation
Answer:
(b) Regional Organisation

Question 3.
The 18th Summit of SAARC
(a) India
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Nepal
(d) Bhutan.
Answer:
(c) Nepal

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Question 4.
The SAARC was formed
(a) 1987
(b) 1983
(c) 1985
(d) 1982.
Answer:
(b) 1983

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. In 2021, the number of elders in India will be
(a) 140 million
(b) 150 million
(c) 160 million
(d) 170 million
Answer:
(a) 140 million

2. In 2001, how many elders were there in India?
(a) 80 million
(b) 77 million
(c) 83 million
(d) 86 million
Answer:
(b) 77 million

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

3. In the Indian Census Survey, who is considered as an elder?
(a) 58 years
(b) 65 years
(c) 60 years
(d) 63 years
Answer:
(c) 60 years

4. Which of these is the sign of old age?
(a) Tooth decay
(b) Baldness
(c) Grey hair
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

5. Which science studies the process of old age?
(a) Gerontology
(b) Dermitology
(c) Physiology
(d) Botany
Answer:
(a) Gerontology

6. Which of these problems is faced by the old age people?
(a) Economic insecurity
(b) Deteriorating health
(c) Change in Roles
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Fill in the Blanks:

1. ………………. is a natural stage of human life which is bound to come.
Answer:
Old age

2. In 1947, around ……………… crore people were elders.
Answer:
1.9

3. According to United Nations, the world population till 2050 will be ……………….
Answer:
910 crore

4. Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act was passed in ………………. A.D.
Answer:
2007

5. According to 6th All India Educational Survey, around …………………. crore children need special education.
Answer:
two

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

True/False:

1. The age of retirement in India is 70 years.
Answer:
True

2. The colour of elders changes into black.
Answer:
False

3. There is tooth decay in old age.
Answer:
True

4. There is a provision of reservation in government jobs for disable persons.
Answer:
True

5. Old age people are given a pension of? 5000 per month.
Answer:
False

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is the population of the world?
Answer:
The world’s population is 650 crores.

Question 2.
According to United Nations, in 2050, what would be world’s population?
Answer:
It will be 910 crores in 2050.

Question 3.
In 2021, what would be the population of old age people?
Answer:
It will be around 121 million.

Question 4.
Who is considered as an elder in India?
Answer:
One who is having age of 60 years or more.

Question 5.
Give few signs of old age.
Answer:
Tooth decay, baldness, grey hair, hearing and viewing problems etc.

Question 6.
What do we call to the study of the process of ageing?
Answer:
We call it Gerontology.

Question 7.
What was the major issue in Hindi movie Piku?
Answer:
Major issue in Piku was the mutual relation between an aged father and his daughter in which father was completely dependent on his daughter.

Question 8.
What is the impact of ageing on health?
Answer:
With ageing, body becomes physically and mentally weak.

Question 9.
When was ‘The Rehabilitation Council Act’ passed?
Answer:
It was passed in 1992.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by Gerontology?
Answer:
Gerontology is a type of science which studies the process of ageing and studies the problems faced by the old age people. Gerontologist studies age, increasing age and the process of ageing.

Question 2.
Activity theory of ageing.
Answer:
Activity theory of ageing says that to remairi happy in old age, one must remain active. This theory says that is the existing roles and rules stops functioning, they must be replaced because with the decline in activity level, the level of satisfaction will also come down.

Question 3.
Problems of old age.
Answer:

  • In old age, one becomes physically and psychologically weak.
  • Economically he depends upon children and becomes economically insecure.
  • Old people are not ready to adapt the changing conditions of life.

Question 4.
Old age homes.
Answer:
Many people are unable to maintain balance with their parents and throw them out of their homes. For such elders, government has made old age homes so that they can in peace in the last stage of their life. Here, every type of care is taken about their needs.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Causes of Problem of Aged.
Answer:

  • The importance and respect of the elders have been decreased due to the decreasing effect of the caste system and that’s why they have to face many types of problems.
  • Due to the development of technology, the importance of the art of elders has been decreased because of which they have to face many types of problems.
  • People are leaving their houses and villages and are moving towards cities due to the spread of education and the problems of elders start from here.
  • People use the whole of their savings to give a better future to their children because of which they have to face many economic problems.

Question 2.
Status of Aged in Ancient times.
Answer:
Status of the aged in ancient India was very good. Patriarchal and joint families were there because of which control of the family was in the hands of elders. Wealth and property of the family was under their control. They had complete knowledge related to art and occupation. They were getting full respect in the family. They used to take all the decisions of the family and no one was going against their wishes. In this way the status of the elders was very good.

Question 3.
Problems which come in old age.
Answer:

  • In old age people suffer from diseases like blood pressure, sugar, heart problem etc.
  • People spend whole of their saving in giving a better future to their children because of which they have to face many economic problems in old age.
  • If elders are dependent upon their children then they have to obey their children because of which many times they are disrespected by their children.

Question 4.
Problem of aged related to health.
Answer:
Persons work for the whole life with great heart. When he becomes old his body hardly responds. He suffers from many diseases like sugar, blood pressure. He is unable to do anything. In this way health related problems are very important for elders.

Question 5.
Old age Homes.
Answer:
If the children of an aged person throw him out of the house he is left with no option except to live in old age homes. In this way old age homes are those houses where those elders are living who are unable to live with their family members. Elders are properly cared in these homes. They are given complete security and shelter ‘in these homes. In this way those aged who are unable to live with their children, they have to live in old age homes. Many old age homes are running in big cities.

Question 6.
Generation Gap.
Answer:
The difference between ideals, rules, ways of behaviour etc. of persons of two generations is known as the generation gap. Actually the old generation expects from the young generation that they must live their lives according to them. But young generation is having its own rules, ideals, ways of behaviour etc. and they never let any one to interfere in their lives. This leads to conflict between the both generations which is known as the generation gap.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you know about the Problems of the Aged?
Answer:
If we look at the Indian population before Indian independence then we will come to know that the rate of life expectancy before independence was around 31 years. It means that person who is born in India lives around 31 years of average. But after independence and after the opening up of health facilities like hospitals, dispensaries etc. the average life expectancy has been increased and has reached to the age of 62 years. It means that within 50 years the life expectancy in India has doubled. Many changes have come in the life of the people after the start of 20th century. First and the most important change which has come is that the average life of the person has been increased. Generally it has been said that the person whose age is more then 60 years or who has been retired from his job has become an aged person or old person. The number of aged persons have also increased with the increase in average age.

This increasing numbers of aged is becoming a challenge for the country. In earlier times every member of the family was coming to the end. It hardly matters that whether he was a child or an aged. If any person was becoming an aged then he was completely taken care by the family. But now people hardly take care of the aged due to the changes which came in the institution of the family, westernization and modernization. They are either not cared by their children or they are sent to old aged homes by their children. This is the biggest problem of the aged.

Generally it has been believed that the problems of a person increases with his increase in age. Rosow says that yet aged people have many problems but one can take them in health, social and financial problems. Person’s utility, in modern age, can be seen on the basis of economic basis and aged people are not considered as useful. Situation of the aged further deteriorates due to technical progress and social change. Problems of the aged has been increased to a great extent due to the increasing number of people of the’ age of 60 years in last few decades. These days aged people have to face many types of social, economic and psychological problems. Even aged people of rural and urban areas have to face the problem of spending their leisure time.

After looking at this we should treat the aged people like humans and should be kept one thing in mind that these people also have their needs and wishes That’s why we should look at their needs from their point of view so that we should be able to understand them and should fulfil their needs.

Historical Perspective:

If we look at the status of the aged people in ancient Indian Society then their position was very good. People in ancient societies were living in the groups of hunters and food gatherers. Aged people were specialized in doing every type of activity. They were considered as very important. Aged, people in ancient societies were given very much importance. Status of the aged people was very powerful in social, religious and political sphere. One scholar has analysed many ancient societies and said that the behaviour, traditions and customs were running according to aged people in ancient societies which was very particular from cultural point of view.

Aged people in ancient Hebru society were considered as the gift of the God. Importance of the aged people in pre industrial societies was considered till that time until they would be able to contribute towards society. Every type of power of society was in their hands and they were given enough security in the society. When they were unable to contribute towards society then they used to retire from their duties. Control of the family was then generally given to the elder son of the family. Because they were elders and had done a lot for the society and family, that’s why they were given enough security from the family. They were the main sources of cultural knowledge.

In Rome, aged people were seen from negative point of view. Due to their more age they were considered as wicked. But some of them were made guardians of small hildren of rich families. Their work was to take the children to school and to bring lem back safely. But elder people in Rome’s history were seen in the negative form.

Question 2.
Explain the status of aged in India.
Answer:
Status of the aged people in ancient Indian society was very good. Aged person was the head of the family and family and property were both in his complete control. He was given the great respect in society and his status was higher than all. At that time it was said that experience of person increases with the increase in age and they give this experience to their next generation. With the passage of time Arya people came to India and they divided the Indian society in four Varnas. Age of the person was considered as 100 years and it was divided in the four ashramas of 25-25 years.

These 4 ashramas were given the names of Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vaan Prastha and Sanyasa ashrama’s. Person was getting education in first ashram and he was establishing his house after marriage in second ashrama. He had to pay the three debts of life i.e. Dena Rina, Pitri Rina and Rishi Rina. During this time, it was expected from young generation that they should take care of elder people in grihastha ashram. Aged persons were given the security through this ashrama system and all the functions of family and society were being done by aged people.

Persons in the age group of 50 years used to move towards forests in vaan prastha ashram by giving everything in the hands of their children. But many a times they used to come back to their homed to give advice on any matter to their children. That’s why they were given enough respect in the society. With the passage of time, this system was changed but the status of aged people remained as it is Actual change in the status of women came after the advent of the Britishers.

The Britishers started to win over India and with this they started to bring social change in India. They adapted a new judicial and educational system with whirl changes came in ancient relations. Young generation started to live away from their elders due to new educational institutions and industries. People started to move from rural areas to urban areas with which a danger came on the existence of ancient and joint families. When people started to move towards urban areas then they started to live in nuclear families because of which they were unable to take care of elder people. New social structure, values, social and political system and new social processes started to come forward. All these have brought some changes in socio¬economic system of society which are given below:

  • In earlier times production was being done at home but now production is being done in factories because of which now family is no more remains as a centre of economic production.
  • People started to move from rural areas to urban areas in the search of employment especially the people of young age.
  • When people started to move away from rural areas to urban areas then join! families were disintegrated and nuclear families came into being.
  • Very big organizations and new occupations came into being in cities with this the importance of art of occupation, given by elders, was reduced. Importance of knowledge of elders was reduced due to the advancement of new type of knowledge of different occupations.
  • Due to industries, work started to be done on machines. With this one danger started to occur for person and that danger was to be retire from the job. Now the role of the elders remain without any role.
  • Facilities of health were increased due to industrialization and new invention with which death rate was reduced very quickly. Average age was increased very quickly and the number of elder people in total population were increased.

At this moment new problem were started for elders like old age, problem of retirement, problem of health, problem of loneliness. When young generation had left their villages then in the start they were sending money to their villages and even going back to the villages to meet them. But slowly and slowly this was also reduced and the problems of the aged were further increased. Even elders were called as a problem. Loneliness, inability, economic dependence are these problems which are seen as the problems of elders in society.

In 1931 or before independence the average age in India was 31 years but after independence most of the evil diseases or serious diseases were kept under control. Average age in 2011 was increase up to 66 year due to health facilities. In this way number of elders were increased due to increase in age and their problems were also increased due to this. Views of the people were also changed due to industrialization, westernization and modernization because of which the rude behaviour towards elders was also increased. Attack towards elders is also included in rude behaviour.

Giving sanction to the problem of rude behaviour towards elders and to find misbehaviour is not an easy work. If any elder is not doing anything then he generally lives in the house. They depend upon their family. Here one thing is important that elders never like to talk to anyone about rude behaviour towards them. If any one comes to know about this even then they never accept this thing. They think that their own children are misbehaving them it hardly matters. Many elders are afraid of the fact that if they would be left by their children with then what would happen lo them, he will remain alone. That’s why they don’t like to talk with any one about the rude behaviour of their children. Elders never like to live in any old age home. They like to live with their children because they don’t have any other option without this.

Quantity of Misbehaviour. If we will do research on the rude behaviour over the elders then the very wrong results will come in front of us because we will not be able to get the required data. It’s reason is that the aged people will not talk with anyone regarding this. According to one research 4 out of 100 aged persons are misbehaved and out of 100, 3 have to face physical violence. Not only this females are more misbehaved as compared to males. Here one thing should be kept in mind that boys misbehave more with their parent as compared to girls even they have to face violence also. Girls are doing less violence with their parents. This problem is going on all over the place. Yet any research on national level has not taken place but some researchers have tried to do so but all of them are unable to tell us that how much serious this problem is? But on the basis of newspapers and reports we caii say that this problem is very serious.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Social Issues: Old Age and Disability Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. The imposing of power by young on elderly of the family creates:
(a) Love
(b) Tension
(c) Stress
(d) Conflict
Answer:
(b) Tension

2. What does the shift in family structure makes elders feel?
(a) Neglected
(b) Poor
(c) Angry
(d) Weak
Answer:
(d) Weak

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

3. By which act does the maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens take place?
(a) Senior Citizen’s Act 2009
(b) Senior Citizen’s Act 2008
(c) Senior Citizen’s Act 2007
(d) Senior Citizen’s Act 2006
Answer:
(c) Senior Citizen’s Act 2007

4. What is the other name for Continuity theory?
(a) Undeveloped theory
(b) Developing theory
(c) Development theory
(d) Non continuity theory
Answer:
(c) Development theory

5. The term ……………. carries with it the connotation of a deficiency mental, physical or sensory.
(a) Blindness
(b) Mental retardation
(c) Disability
(d) Cerebral palsy
Answer:
(c) Disability

6. Children with physical disability whose non-sensory physical limitations or health problems interfere with school attendance or leaving have:
(a) Orthopaedic disability
(b) Cerebral palsy
(c) ADHD
(d) Learning disability
Answer:
(d) Learning disability

7. Embracing which model do the disabled individuals assert a positive identity not only in being disabled but also in being impaired?
(a) Social model
(b) Affirmative model
(c) Politics of disablement model
(d) Structural model
Answer:
(a) Social model

8. The rights of people with disabilities are best promoted by:
(а) Family and friends
(b) Formulating various policies
(c) People with disabilities themselves
(d) Social and government construction
Answer:
(a) Family and friends

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The study of social and sociological aspects of aging is called ………………..
Answer:
Social gerontology

2. Arthritis, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease etc. are age related ……………….. diseases.
Answer:
Chronic

3. One of the most challenging phenomenon worldwide in 21st century is ……………….. population.
Answer:
Aging

4. The new housing system for the elderly is known as ……………….
Answer:
Old age homes

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

5. The ……………… department can take an active role in preparing employees to face retirement and old age issues.
Answer:
Social justice and welfare

6. ………………. is a condition where a person suffers from total blindness or visual acuity not including 6/60 or 20/200 vision.
Answer:
Visual disability

7. The first policy statement in which recognised the rights of people with various impairment is equal opportunities is ……………….
Answer:
The Rehabilitation Council Act

True/False:

1. The Parents’ Maintenance Act was passed in Himachal Pradesh.
Answer:
True

2. The inequality between the young and old in society is explained in the Modernization theory.
Answer:
False

3. Old age people do not have any role problems.
Answer:
False

4. The old age people experience financial insecurity at this age.
Answer:
True

5. Old age people are not considered much productive due to age factor.
Answer:
True

6. The people with Disabilities Act 1995 recognises the need to replace emphasis on medical rehabilitation with emphasis on social rehabilitation.
Answer:
True

Match The Columns:

Column A Column B
Withdrawl from society Activity Theory
Change in socioeconomic status Social Problems
Elders should be more active Disengagement theory
Field of study that aims to study Economic Insecurity
the process of ageing Unable to sustain themselves Gerontology

Answer:

Column A Column B
Withdrawl from society Disengagement theory
Change in socioeconomic status Economic Insecurity
Elders should be more active Activity Theory
Field of study that aims to study Gerontology
the process of ageing Unable to sustain themselves Social Problems

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
According to United Nation, what is the cut off age for older population?
Answer:
This age is 60 + years.

Question 2.
How much would India’s elderly population go upto by 2020?
Answer:
140 million.

Question 3.
On which day is the UN International day for older persons celebrated?
Answer:
1st October.

Question 4.
Which are the five stages of a person’s life?
Answer:
Infancy, Childhood, adolesence, adulthood and old age.

Question 5.
What is the age of retirement in India?
Answer:
60 years.

Question 6.
What do you understand by the term disability?
Answer:
Disability is the consequence of impairment in terms of functional performance and activity.

Question 7.
Distinguish between handicap and impairment.
Answer:
Handicap means deficiency of any physical organ and impairment means loss of psychological, physical or anatomical structure.

Question 8.
What is inclusion?
Answer:
The meaning of inclusion is including any disable person in any work.

Question 9.
What is learning disability?
Answer:
When any person is unable to learn anything, it is called learning disability.

Question 10.
Define social model in your own works.
Answer:
The meaning of social model is that unequal relation in society in which disable persons are not given any importance.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are the physical signs which mark an individual as old?
Answer:
There are few physical signs which mark an individual as old. Some of these signs are tooth decay, grey hair, hunched back, hearing loss, slow pace of walk, vision impairment etc.

Question 2.
What are the causes of loneliness and depression found among the old age people in society?
Answer:
When the children of old age people go for job or to cities for work, they remain alone at home. With time, authority of family goes in the hands of young one’s. Nothing remained in the hands of old age people because of which they becomes the victim of laneliness and depression.

Question 3.
How inclusion is different from integration?
Answer:
In Inclusion, disable persons are included in any work due to any pressure but in Integration, they are made the part of any work and they become a necessary part of that work.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How does the Government help in the rehabilitation of the old age population?
Answer:
After independence, the Indian government started doing a lot for the welfare of old age population. In 1999, United nations decided to celebrate the same year as the International year for the aged population. After this on 13 January 1999, the Indian government made a national policy for them so that they can get benefits from this. In 2007, ‘Maintenance and welfare of parents and Senior Citizens Act’ gave legal status to the rights of aged people. Along with these, many other programmes were initiated from them such as old age security, old age pension, construction of old age homes, expansion of old age services, to make housing policy for old age etc.

Question 2.
Highlight the housing and health related problems faced by the old age people in our society.
Answer:

  • Housing problems: The aged people have to face housing problems. Out of total old age people, most of them are widows and females, and they lack proper house to live in. There is a common complaint that they feel lonely at home or family members force them to live alone.
  • Health problems: In this age, the immunity power of the body declines considerably. People become weak from physical and psychological points of view. They suffer from many diseases such as no digestion, tooth decay, high blood pressure, sugar etc.

Question 3.
What do you understand by ‘social security benefits’?
Answer:
In the changing situations of the present society, economic dependency on children is quite a difficult task. That’s why the importance of social security benefits given by government has increased. It means that the government gives some help in old age. But in our country, India, old age people are given very less social security. 90% of the total old age people work in unorganise sector and they do not get pension or any other benefits. Government gives some help to poor old age people such as

  • National old age pension which is ₹ 75 per month but is given only to those whose age is 65 years and above.
  • Many state governments have made schemes in which ₹ 60-250 per month are given. This is given only to those whose age is 65 years and above and those who live below the poverty line.
  • Widows are given ₹ 150 per month.

Question 4.
Write about the disability discourse in India in your own words.
Answer:
In almost whole of the world, more than 100 crore people are living with one or the other disability. We might have seen many people around us who are disable and face many problems in living an easy life. Disable persons face many crunches in life such as education, employment and other benefits. Along with this, a social curse is attached with it which is an obstacle in the way of their normal economic and social life. Out of 100 crore disable persons in whole of the world, three crore in India are facing any type of disability. These people are either hated or mercy is shown to them. They cannot use all the basis facilities of life and that’s why lack many things in life. Around 2% of the total Indian population is living with any type of disability.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Question 5.
Disability need not to be an obstacle to success. Discuss.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that if any individual wish to achieve any thing, no obstacle can stop him. This thing is correctly applicable even on disable persons. In any disable person wish to achieve anything, he can achieve that. We have many examples who achieved success even if they were disable. In Special Olympics, such people take part and make their country proud.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a detailed note on the theories of ageing.
Or
Explain Activity and Modernisation theory of Ageing.
Or
Discuss modernisation and activity theory of Ageing.
Answer:
There are many theories of ageing which are given below:

1. The Disengagement Theory: According to this theory, old age is such condition in which society and an individual start to move away or disengage from each other. Authority of family moves out of the hands of aged people and goes in the hands of young one’s with which society works efficiently. So, according to this theory, when an individual becomes old, his physical efficiency does not allow him to do more work and he starts to move away from society. That’s -why, every thing goes in the hands of young one’s.

2. The Activity Theory: Activity theory says that, to remain happy in old age, it is necessary for an old man to continue with his work. This theory says that if existing relations are no more, they must be replaced. Change in roles and relations is necessary because with the decline in human ability to do work, decline also comes in his level of satisfaction.

3. The Continuity Theory: Continuity theory also known as development theory. This theory says that the old people try to maintain and preserve internal and external structures by using methods which maintain continuity. This theory has great capability for explaining how people adopt to their own ageing.

4. Modernisation Theory: This theory says that elder persons typically fail to change to satisfy the rules of the modernisation process such as material economy, technological maturity, achievement orientation etc.

5. The Age Stratification Theory: This theory tells us which inequalities exist in any society among young one’s and old persons. This theory also says that the relative inequality of the aged at any given time and in any cultural situation depends upon two types material experiences. First one is those life experiences with which physical and psychological changes come in them and the second is their historical experiences that with which group he is related.

Question 2.
Explain the various problems faced by old age people in society.
Or
Write a detailed note on the problems of the aged.
Answer:
Elders not have to face one or two problems but have to face many problems which are given below:
1. Problems due to Technological Development. Elders were very much respected in ancient times because it was believed that elders have the knowledge of any art. People need those elders to get knowledge of that art. But it is not so in today’s age. Now elders are unable to get that respect due to technological development because any type of knowledge can be saved with the help of technology. That’s why the respect of the aged, which they were getting in earlier times, has been reduced. Now there is no importance of aged for the society. They are considered as useless and misbehaved because of which problems occurred for them.

2. Problem due to decreasing effect of caste system. Many types of laws were made after independence because of which the importance of caste system was reduced to a great extent. Occupation of person, in ancient times, was determined according to his caste, person has to adopt the occupation of that caste in which he is born. He was not allowed to change his occupation even if he had the ability. Elder people of the caste were used to give some secrets of the occupations to the younger members of the family. But after independence, the importance of caste system was reduced because of which now person can adopt anx occupation with his ability. In this way the importance of the secrets given by elders was reduced and their need remains no more. They were considered as useless and their problems were started.

3. Problems due to Spread of Education. Yet the spread of education is good for society but many a times it brings problems for the elders. People of villages send their children to cities to get better education. After getting education they get job in cities. They start to live in cities and even marries over there. In the start they regularly go back to villages and even send money to their parents. But due to increasing business they stop going back to villages and even stop sending money to their parents. Parents has no option except living quitely. From here economic problem starts for them.

4. Problem of Economic Dependency. Generally it has been seen that dependence of money also becomes a reason of problem in old age. If father has died and mother has no source of income then she becomes helpless and becomes dependent upon children. She is left with no option except depending on children to run their daily expenditure. She becomes helpless. In this way dependence upon children also becomes a reason of problem in old age.

5. Spending whole Income on Children. It is very difficult to save money in today’s age of inflation. A middle class family has to do a lot of expenditure. Lot of money is required to meet expenditure of house and expenditure of education of children etc. Every person wants to give better education to his children. Better education is very expensive these days. They spend whole of their income and saving on children to give them good education so that they could be given a good future.That’s why nothing is left with them for old age. Children get good education and good job and even make their own house after marriage. Parents enter in an old age but economic problems surround them. In this way they have to face economic problems.

6. Problems related to Health. Person works with great heart for his whole life. When he becomes old then his body stops responding to them. They surrounds by many diseases like sugar, blood pressure, heart problem etc. They have to take the help of medicines to control these diseases. Their body hardly responds to them. They are unable to do anything. In this way health related problems are very important problems.

7. Problems due to Industrialization. Problems of many aged persons were started after the advent of industries. People are going to cities from villages in search of work. They have to go to cities to save themselves from unemployment and economic problems. They hesitate to take elders to the cities. In this way elders have to live alone in the villages. If there is no economic problem then its fine unless elders hardly get and economic and social help. They struggle themselve to lives because their children do not take their elder’s responsibilities.

8. Another problem is related to the sex of the aged means whether the aged person is male or female. If the aged person is male then he will have to face less problem. But if it is female then there are more chances of misbehaviour with her. She had to do every type of work of the family. She has to take care of the house when her daughter in law goes out for job and has to take care of children. In this way she has to face many problems. After the death of her husband, her economic and social security comes to an end. Widow has to depend upon others and has to live in a pitty condition.

9. It has also been seen that boys create more problems for their elders as compared to girls. Girls give more help to their elder parents. Unmarried children are even more irresponsible. Boys hardly care about their parents because of which daughter in law also stop to do so and elders have to do every type of work themselyes.

10. Quarrel between mother in law and daughter in law also becomes a reason of problem of the aged. Elders depend upon their children. Its reason is that they are wasting their money by spending it on their elders. When situation goes out of control then elders are left with no option except finding other place to live. In some cases some boys send their elders to old age homes. Except this if parents were working in an unorganized sector they are hardly left with any saving for their old age. Their health deteriorates in the old age and have to face many types of problems in the absence of money.

11. Aged people were given a very important place in family and society in traditional Indian Society. Any important decision of the family has been taking according to the wish of the person. But due to the reducing effect of joint family system and with the advent of modern industrial society, many important changes came in social structure. Economic factor was given more importance according to new conditions and the social status of the person now depends upon the socio¬economic condition of the person. That’s why lot of changes have come in the conditions of the aged because they lack money. Their position is changed from earlier conditions. They have to face disrespect and that’s why they have to face psychological tension. Even their children hardly give respect to them.

12. Problem of Leisure Time. Person has to face another problem in the aged condition and that is the problem of spending leisure time. Aged persons have a lot of time and they don’t know what to do with their leisure time. People are working for 8-12 hours in a day in cities and in villages they are working more than that. But after retirement, it becomes very difficult to spend their leisure time. They hardly know that what to do with their leisure time. In this way it has been seen that young generation is leaving their elders in the changed circumstances and in changed values. They are running away from their responsibility of being a child. On the other side parents are spending whole of their income and saving in the upbringing of their children because of which they become useless in their old age.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Question 3.
How can the problems of old age people be solved?
Answer:
In the present age, almost all the countries have started using social, legal and reformative methods to solve the problems of old age people. Some of the methods are given below:

1. Old Age Homes: Few elders are unable to maintain balance with their families and were left alone by them. They even do not keep any relations with their elders. Sometimes, such elders become the victims of tension. For such elders, many countries have started opening old age homes to give them physical, medical and economic security.

2. Welfare Programmes: Almost in all the countries, many welfare programmes for elders have been started such as old age pension, accidental facilities, free medical help etc. To provide the economic security many legal and welfare programmes were started such as provident fund, gratuity, life insurance etc.

3. Jobs: To take care of elders, many methods have been adopted but it is necessary to keep them busy even after their retirement. That’s why few easy jobs have been created for them to take advantage of their experienca

4. Stronger Family Care System: Society must take some steps to have a stronger family care system which could care about elders because one is emotionally attached with his family. There must be a system in which family itself should take care of its elders. In family, members of atleast three generations live together and their relation must be so strong that they must not leave their elders. Traditional values must be so strong that elders must not be left alone.

5. Effective Laws: Different governments have made many laws for the security of elders but there is a need to strictly implement them. There must be a provision that if any one will leave its elder alone, their property will be confiscated and will sent behind bars. Due to this fear, people will not disrespect their elders.

6. Better Medical Facilities: Our present medical facilities are not capable enough to meet the needs of old age people. That’s why we must develop our medical facilities so that the elders can live a happy life.

Question 4.
Write a note on types of disabilities.
Or
Highlight types of disabilities.
Or
Describe Hearing and Mental disability as type of disability.
Answer:
There are many types of disabilities and some of the important one are given below:

1. Locomotor Disability: According to the PWD Act, locomotor disability is the disability of bones, joints or muscles. It leads to the substantial restrictions of the movement of limbs. It also includes cerebral palsy.

2. Visual Disability: Visual disability or low vision can be divided into two parts and these are the blind and the partially sighted. The PWD Act says that the vision of an individual becomes so weak that he is unable to see anything without any external help i.e. spectacle. He is unable to do anything without its help.

3. Hearing Disability: Those individuals who can not hear anything beyond a fixed level come under this category. They need to take help of a machine to hear anything.

4. Mental Disability: This disabilities starts before the age of 18 years and creates hurdle in the normal functioning. His brain cannot work normally. He cannot think properly, brain works in a limit and cannot speak read and write properly. Such disability is known as mental disability.

5. Speech Disability: Those individuals who cannot speak, can speak few limited words or have lost their voice, come under the category of speech disabilities.

Question 5.
What are th’e problems encountered by the people with special needs?
Or
Highlight two problems encountered by differently abled people.
Answer:
1. Social oppression: People with special needs are oppressed in society. They are either hated or are shown mercy by the people. No one gives them a hand full of love. It is so because people feel that they are not normal like them and have some sort of disability. Due to this thinking of common people, such people feel neglected.

2. Inequality: While living in society, they encounter inequality as well. They are behave in an unequal way. They cannot enjoy all the facilities which a common man enjoy. They are discriminated everywhere and on most of the occasions, they are not included. That’s why, they become the victims of tension.

3. Health Related problems: People with special needs are those who are the victims of any type of disability. They cannot hear or cannot see or cannot understand or cannot move freely. In this way they need to take help of anyone to do any work. It is quite difficult for them to do any work of their own.

4. Poverty: Those who are physical disable get very few chances to earn money. Due to their physical inability, they are unable to fully use their ability and that’s why, they always have the problem of money. So, they remain poor.

5. Segregation: Disable people face the problem of segregation. More physical disability leads to more feeling of segregation. Their own behaviour increases the feeling of segregation. Sometimes situation goes out of control and their disability becomes an obstacle in the way of their participation in any work.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Question 6.
In what way legislation can play an important role in empowering the people with special needs?
Or
In what way legislation has played an important role in empowering the people with special ability.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that legislation can play a very important role in empowering the people with special needs. Actually, along with love and sympathy of society, few legal constraints are required so that the people with special needs can live a happy and prosperous life. It can happen only if the government must makes laws for this.

During last few decades, to include them in the mainstream of our country, few anti discrimination laws were made, equal chances were provided and many programmes were made. But this is possible if few people will collectively work in this field. That’s why in 1986, The Rehabilitation council of India was organised. It is an autonomous organisation which gives training to the people who work for the rehabilitation of people with special needs. It was given the legal status under ‘The Rehabilitation Council Act, 1992 with which this organisation was empowered to give training. According to this law, the work of training will be checked from time to time and it will be provided help with new inventions.

Many laws were passed for them such as:

  • Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.
  • National Trust for the welfare of persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disability Act, 1999.
  • Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992.

Major objectives of these acts was to provide equality to the people who live with any type of disability. These laws help us to provide facilities to such people who are disable and have no family support. These laws help those organisations or non-government organisations who are engaged in rehabilitation of these people. Few seats in government jobs are kept reserved for them to give them a happy life.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Why is female foeticide takes place?
(a) Wish to have a son
(b) To save dowry
(c) For the continuation of family
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

2. After how many weeks of pregnancy, sex determination test is conducted?
(a) 10 weeks
(b) 14 weeks
(c) 18 weeks
(d) 22 weeks
Answer:
(c) 18 weeks

3. What is sex ratio in India?
(a) 1000: 943
(b) 1000: 956
(c) 1000: 896
(d) 1000: 953
Answer:
(a) 1000: 943

4. In 2011, what was sex ratio in Punjab?
(a) 1000: 846
(b) 1000: 895
(c) 1000: 876
(d) 1000: 882
Answer:
(b) 1000: 895

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

5. ……………….. district of Punjab has the highest sex ratio.
(a) Ludhiana
(b) Patiala
(c) Amritsar
(d) Hoshiarpur
Answer:
(d) Hoshiarpur

6. Which district of Punjab has the lowest sex ratio?
(a) Patiala
(b) Bathinda
(c) Amritsar
(d) Ludhiana
Answer:
(b) Bathinda

7. When was the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Technique (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act passed?
(a) 1994
(b) 1995
(c) 1996
(d) 1997
Answer:
(a) 1994

Fill in the Blanks:

1. In female foeticide, female foetus is terminated in the ……………… of mother.
Answer:
womb

2. Wish to have a ………………… is the major reason of female foeticide.
Answer:
boy

3. Female foeticide disturbs ………………..
Answer:
sex-ratio

4. Abortion is not allowed under the section ………………… to ………………… of Indian Penal Code.
Answer:
316, 320

5. In ………………., members of family are beaten.
Answer:
domestic violence

True/False:

1. Punjab in India, has the highest sex ratio.
Answer:
False

2. Bhatinda in Punjab has the lowest sex ratio.
Answer:
True

3. It is illegal to know the sex of foetus.
Answer:
True

4. Domestic violence is done against women.
Answer:
True

5. There is no mental violence against women.
Answer:
False

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is meant by crime against women?
Answer:
It means physical or psychological atrocities against women.

Question 2.
Give few examples of crimes against women.
Answer:
Rape, sexual violence, abduction, beating, orostitution etc.

Question 3.
What is meant by female foeticide?
Answer:
After knowing the sex of foetus, terminating of female foetus is called female foeticide.

Question 4.
After how much time of pregnancy, test is conducted?
Answer:
After 18 weeks of pregnancy.

Question 5.
What is meant by sex ratio?
Answer:
Number of females behind 1000 males in a given area.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Question 6.
What was sex ratio in India in 2011 A.D?
Answer:
Sex ratio in India in 2011 was 1000: 943.

Question 7.
What sex ratio in Punjab in 2011 A.D?
Answer:
It was 1000: 895 in 2011 A.D.

Question 8.
Which districts of Punjab have highest and least sex ratio?
Answer:
Hoshiarpur (961) and Bhatinda (869) respectively.

Question 9.
Give one reason of female foeticide.
Answer:
Wish to have a male child and to arrange dowry.

Question 10.
Give one result of female foeticide.
Answer:
Bad impact on female’s health and disturbance in sex ratio.

Question 11.
What is meant by domestic violence?
Answer:
Beating up of wife and children is known as domestic violence.

Question 12.
Give types of domestic violence.
Answer:
Physical violence, sexual abuse, emotional violence, verbal abuse etc.

Question 13.
What is the normal reason of wife battering?
Answer:
Dissatisfaction from dowry and problem with wife.

Question 14.
What is the most common form of domestic violence?
Answer:
Wife battering and violence against women.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Female Foeticide.
Answer:
People wish to have a boy and that’s why when their wives get pregnant, they conduct a sex determination test. In case of female foetus, abortion takes, place and female foetus is killed in the womb of mother. It is known as female foeticide.

Question 2.
Sex Ratio.
Answer:
Number of females behind 1000 males at a particular given time in a particular area is known as sex ratio. Just by looking at sex ratio, we can come to know about the status of women at that place. It was 1000: 943 in India in 2011 A.D.

Question 3.
Reasons of Female Foeticide.
Answer:

  • People wish to have a boy and that’s why they opt for female foeticide.
  • Dowry is given at the time of girl’s marriage. To save dowry, people opt for this work.
  • Boy is headed for the continuation of family. That’s why people opt. for female foeticide.

Question 4.
Consequences of Female Foeticide.
Answer:

  • Sex ratio of society gets disturbed and number of females declines.
  • Violence against women increases such as rape, prostitution, beating, abduction, etc.
  • It leads to lower status of women in India.

Question 5.
Domestic Violence.
Answer:
Domestic violence is a type of socially unaccepted behaviour which one member of family does against the other members such as beating giving threat, showing fear etc. It mainly happens with females and children.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Gender.
Answer:
Generally the word Gender is used to express the physical and social differences between a male and a female. It means that which are physical differences between a male and a female which are given by nature and which are social differences between them which they get only while living in society. So the word Gender is used to express these differences.

Question 2.
Gender Discrimination.
Answer:
In simple wqrds the differences exist between male and female are given the name of Gender Discrimination. Two types of Humans Male and Female, live over in this world. Any one can be differentiated only by looking at its physical features that whether its male or female. Nature has also kept few differences among them. Male and female both have their different physical features. On the basis of these features, we can differentiate between them. So whatever difference exists between them, is given the name of gender discrimination.

Question 3.
Sex Ratio.
Answer:
In simple words, the number of females for every 1000 males is given the name of sex ratio. It means that, in any particular area, how many females are there behind every 1000 males. It is known as Sex Ratio. Sex ratio is related with demo-graphic traits of any country’s population and the knowledge of sex ratio is necessary to get knowledge about population. In 2001, Sex ratio in India was 1000: 933.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Question 4.
Cause of Declining Sex Ratio
Answer:

  • People want to have a boy child and they never hesitate to abort the female foetus. It leads to a decline in sex ratio.
  • Sex ratio declines with increase in female foeticide.
  • Sex ratio declines with the custom of killing new born girls i.e. female infanticide.
  • Emigration of males from one place to another also leads to decline in sex ratio.
  • In traditional societies birth of girl is considered as a curse because of which boys are preferred over girls. It also leads to decline in sex ratio:

Question 5.
Consequences of Declining Sex Ratio.
Answer:

  • Declining Sex ratio leads to increase in violence against women.
  • The custom of polyandry encouragement with declining sex ratio.
  • Declining sex ratio leads to lower social status of women.
  • Health of women deteriorates with it.
  • Trade of women also takes place with declining sex ratio.

Question 6.
Sex Ratio in India.
Answer:
The condition of sex ratio in our country is quite worried. According to census survey of 2001, there were only 933 females behind every 1000 males. In our country, only Kerala is a state and Puduchery is a union territory where females are more as compared to males. In rest of the states and union territories, females are less as compared to male. This situation is quite worried in Punjab, Haryana, Mizoram, Chandigarh etc. Sex ratio is continuely declining in our country.

Question 7.
Sex determination test.
Answer:
In our society, this problem is going on from least few decades. When a lady becomes pregnent, then her in laws family expects that the new born baby should be a baby boy. That’s why after sometime of her pregnency, they opt. for an ultrasound test so that the sex of child could be determined in the womb of the mother. This is known as sex determination test. If the child in the womb is boy then its fine but if the child is a girl then lady is forced to abort the child. This is the reason that sex ratio in our country is going down. Presently this is 1000: 940.

Question 8.
Domestic Violence.
Answer:
The concept of Domestic violence is a complex concept. It is very difficult to define it. When any dispute occurs in the two members of the family and one member is physically and mentally tortured by other member then it is known as Domestic violence. In this pushing, slapping, punching, knifing, shooting, throwing things etc. are included. It not only physically hurts the members but it tortures the person mentally as well.

Question 9.
Definition of Domestic Violence.
Answer:
According to Pagelow, “Domestic violence is an act of commission or omission by family members and any condition resulting from such acts which deprives other family members of equal rights and freedom and interferes with their proper development and choice of freedom.”

Question 10.
Cause of Domestic Violence.
Answer:

  • People use alcohol to get relief from the tension. When wife and children ask them not to do so then they start to beat them and increases domestic violence.
  • Many people are angry by nature and become angry even on small-small things and beat their children.
  • Many persons are drug addict. If they are unable to get money to buy drugs then they beat their family members to get money.
  • Many persons always remains in tension due to poverty and many times they beat up their wives and children due to this.

Question 11.
Wife Battering.
Answer:
This is one of the major disadvantage of male dominated society that wives are physically assaulted by their husbands. Meaning of wife battering is use of violence by husband for his wife. Actually husbands feel that wives are their slaves and whatever they will say, wives need to accept that. But actually, these days, women are getting education with which they come to know about their rights. Now they strongly oppose the wrong doing of their husbands and that’s why they are physically assaulted.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Explain the causes of declining sex ratio in India.
Answer:
There are number of factors which affect sex ratio in any society and these are given below:

1. Biological cause. If sex ratio in any country decreases then its first reason is always biological. It is quite possible that more numbers of males are born in any particular society which leads to decline in sex ratio. From few researches it has been seen that, in our country, the rate of death of girl child, up to the age of one month, is more as compared to male child. As a result, sex ratio has been declined in our country. During the decade of 1981-1990, only 100 girls were there for every 109.5 boys in our country. In this way biological factor could be considered as a cause of declining sex ratio.

2. Migration: Emmigration or migration could also be considered as a cause of declining or increasing sex ratio. It is quite possible that few male members of a state might went over-to other state in search of job. It can increase or decrease sex ratio of both the ’states. Generally it has been seen that when any one migrates from one place to another in search of employment then he never takes his wife and children with him. He stays there for many years to earn money and occasionally he visit his native state. This visit is generally for a short duration because longer duration can lead to loss of money or even employment. We can take example of Punjabi youths who went over to foreign countries or natives of U.P. Bihar, who generally come to Punjab to earn money. This leads to change in sex ratio in the state like Punjab.

3. Female Foeticide: In last few decades, the major cause of declining sex ratio has been the female foeticide. Meaning of female foeticide is killing of unbprn girls in the tomb of her mother. People generally like to have a male child because of which they conduct a sex determination test on the pregnant lady. If it is boy then it’s fine but if it a girl then they opt for abortion. In this way they kill the girl child even before her birth. Female foeticide leads to decrease in number of girls as compared to boys and sex ratio shows positive trend toward boys. Yet, these days, sex determination is legally banned and even abortion is also legally banned and strict punishment is there for both of these but still this test and abortions are going on.

4. Female Infanticide: In many groups of our country, it is a tradition to kill the girl child right after the birth. This custom was quite popular in many tribes of our country. According to this custom, people used to kill their girl child exactly after the birth. They are helped by the mid wives to do this work. The main reason of this is the belief that they need to upbring the girl, then they will have to give dowry at the time of marriage. So to save their money, they prefer to kill the newly born girl child. British government and even Indian Government tried to eliminate this custom, but still it is going on. As a result, sex ratio declines.

5. Traditional Society: Sex ratio declines more in traditional societies as compared to developed societies. If we compare developed countries like America, Japan, Germany etc. with traditional societies like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc. then we will find that sex ratio is less in traditional societies. It is so because people have a tendency in traditional society that they want to have a boy as compared to girl for the continuation of family and they could perform rituals after death. Due to different tendencies of traditional societies, sex ratio declines over there. In this way sex ratio declines in traditional societies.

6. Wish to have a male child: People generally want that they must have a boy so that he can help in continuation of family and he could perform rituals after their death. Except this, people want to have a boy because they know about the fact that they will have to shell out a lot of money at the time of her marriage. Even after marriage they are required to give a lot for rest of her life. That’s why they prefer to have a boy and they does lot of efforts to take a boy. They never hesitate to opt for abortion. In this way wish to have a boy leads to decline in sex ratio.

7. Leaving girl child after her birth: From last few years, a common tendency is developing among people that if the girl child is born then they leave their newly born girl child at railway station or bus stand. It is so because they think that they already have one girl at home and they don’t want another girl child. Instead they want to have a male child. When the girl child takes birth then they leave her to die. She dies in the absence of proper care which leads to decline in sex ratio.

8. Sons are considered pivotal for family welfare. There is a general tendency among people that sons are considered pivotal for family welfare as they not only take care of them in their old age but they will take cpre of the family as well. That’s why they do everything to have male child and they never hesitate to abort the girl child. It also leads to decline is sex ratio.

9. Dowry System: Dowry system is also one Sf the cause of decline in sex ratio. People know about the fact that at the time of marriage of their girls, they will have to shell out a lot of money to give dowry. Even they will have to take the loan to meet the demands of parents of bridegroom. But if they will have a boy then dowry will come to their house. That’s why they prefer to have a boy child instead of girl child which leads to decline in sex ratio.

10. Daughter means Double Loss: A number of people feel that daughter means a double loss to them. Double means when she will marry then she will not only leaves her family but she will be a source of marriage expense. People will have to spent a lot of money on daughter even before her marriage and after marriage she will go to another family which means a double loss for them.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Question 2.
What are the consequences of the declining sex ratio in India?
Answer:
Following are the consequences of declining sex ratio:
1. Violence with women. First consequence of declining sex ratio is that it lead to increase in violence with women. Girls are being killed before birth, new born girls are being either killed or they are left out to die. Women have to face violence because they have given birth to girls not to boys. Sexual violence can also increase like rape, abductions prostitution etc.

2. Polyandry. One of the wrong consequences of declining sex ratio is that it gives encouragement to polyandry. When sex ratio declines then number of females remains less then number of males in society and as a result, one female will have to marry with two or more then two males. That’s why polyandry or fraternal polyandry gets encouragement. All the brothers become husbands of that female. It will have wrong impact on her health. Morality comes down in society and status of females also comes down in society.

3. lower social status of women. A declining sex ratio leads to lower status of women as well. If any female is unable to give birth to a male child then she is forced to go for abortion. After this she is always taunted to unable to give birth to a male child. Social evils and social institutions are also responsible for this and they are also responsible for lower status of women,

4. Bad effect on Health. It any females is unable to give birth to a male child then she is being taunted and even is tortured. She is forced to conduct sex determination test and if the sex of foetus is female then she is forced to opt for abortion. It exerts a bad impact on her wealth and even on her mental health as well.

5. Purchasing of women. The declining sex ratio also leads to the purchase of women. If any one is unable to get married then he tries to purchase women to fulfil his sexual desires. In
ancient times, a custom of bride price was also there.

6. Shortage of females. The declining sex ratio also leads to shortage of females in society. In India sex ratio is 1000: 933. It means that only 933 females are there behind every 1000 males. In this way declining sex ratio leads to a shortage of females in society.

7. Increasing imbalance in society. The declining Sex ratio leads to imbalance in society. More number of males as compared to less number of females creates a lot of problems in society. It can even lead to quarrels Jor women in society. In this way, we can say that declining sex ratio leads to drastic consequences on society.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. According to 2011 census, the sex ratio in India is:
(a) 939
(b) 940
(c) 943
(d) 942
Answer:
(c) 943

2. Sex ratio can be defined as:
(а) Number of females per 100 males
(b) Number of males per 100 females
(c) Number of females per 1000 males
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Number of females per 1000 males

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

3. In the state of Punjab, district with highest sex ratio is:
(a) Hoshiarpur
(b) Bathiitda
(c) Ludhiana
(d) Amritsar
Answer:
(a) Hoshiarpur

4. Female foeticide test includes:
(a) Ultra sound
(b) MRI.
(c) X-rays
(d) Weighing Machines
Answer:
(a) Ultra sound

5. The main cause of female foeticide is:
(a) Increased sex ratio
(b) Patriarchal mindset
(c) Preference for girls
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Patriarchal mindset

6. Which is a form of Domestic Violence?
(a) Legal
(b) Physical Abuse
(c) Society
(d) Economic
Answer:
(b) Physical Abuse

7. Which factor does not perpetuate Domestic Violence?
(a) Cultural
(b) Economic
(c) Social
(d) Pedagogy
Answer:
(ci) Pedagogy

8. The Act, according to which a daughter has an equal share in the property of her parents is
(a) Legal property Act
(b) Hindu Property Act
(c) Civil Act
(d) Divine Act
Answer:
(b) Hindu Property Act

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Sex determination test includes ……………
Answer:
ultrasound

2. ……………….. is one of the main reasons for female foeticide.
Answer:
Patriarchal system

3. The evil practice of ……………….. is responsible for female foeticide in Indian society.
Answer:
Dowry

4. ……………….. keeps declining in India while a bit is improved in ……………… state.
Answer:
Sex ratio, Punjab

5. …………………. should be implemented properly in order to combat female foeticide.
Answer:
Laws

6. ……………… abuse may be inflicted in many ways such as hitting, slapping, punching, pushing and other form of physical contact resulting in bodily sufferings to the victim,
Answer:
Physical

7. The couples living alone or with children, or an individual parent with children are called ………………. households.
Answer:
Nuclear

8. ………………. studies must be made compulsory as part of school, college and university syllabus.
Answer:
Gender and Human Rights

9. ……………… is defined as socially unacceptable and abusive behaviour by one or other or both the members in a close and intimate relationship like marriage or a family.
Answer:
Domestic Violence

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

True/False:

1. Ultrasound is the pre diagnostic test for determination of sex.
Answer:
True

2. Law does not help to generate awareness about female foeticide.
Answer:
False

3. Sex ratio has improved in Punjab according to qensus 2011.
Answer:
True

4. Awareness programmes can sensitise about the ill effects of female foeticide.
Answer:
True

5. Cultural and ritual norms have no effect on female foeticide.
Answer:
False

6. Newly married couple must be made aware that a small family need not only include male children.
Answer:
True

7. The greed for dowry, desire for a male child and alcoholism of the spouse are major factors of domestic violence against women in rural areas.
Answer:
True

8. Wife beating does not reflects domestic violence.
Answer:
False

9. History of domestic violence dates back to the pre-historic period.
Answer:
True

10. spousal domestic violence also affects the children of the family.
Answer:
True

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Match The Columns:

Column A Column B
Female Foeticide The killing of the girl child
Sex Ratio Marital Rape
Patriarchy The killing of the female foetus in the womb
Female Infanticide Females per 1000 males
Form of Domestic Violence Male dominance

Answer:

Column A Column B
Female Foeticide The killing of the female foetus in the womb
Sex Ratio Females per 1000 males
Patriarchy Male dominance
Female Infanticide The killing of the girl child
Form of Domestic Violence Marital Rape

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the sex ratio of India as per the census 2011?
Answer:
According to census survey 2011, the sex ratio in India is 1000: 943.

Question 2.
What is the sex ratio of Punjab as per the census 2011?
Answer:
According to census survey 2011, the sex ratio in Punjab is 1000: 895.

Question 3.
Which districts in Punjab have the highest and lowest sex ratio?
Answer:
Hoshiarpur (961) and Bathinda (869) respectively.

Question 4.
Describe full form of PNDT.
Answer:
Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques.

Question 5.
What is meant by domestic violence?
Answer:
Domestic violence is that socially unacceptable and wrong behaviour which an individual does with his closest relatives such as wife or family.

Question 6.
List any two factors of domestic violence.
Answer:
Economic dependence of women over men and lower economic status of women are the two factors of domestic violence.

Question 7.
What do you mean by female foeticide?
Answer:
After sex determination test, killing of female foetus in mother’s womb is known as female foeticide.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Question 8.
List the causes of wife battering.
Answer:
Male dominated society, males are powerful than females, economic dependence of women over men, consuming drugs, illiteracy of women etc.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Define female foeticide.
Answer:
When a woman gets pregnant, the sex determination of foetus is conducted. In case of female foetus, an abortion is done. It is known as female foeticide. Sex determination test is conducted after 18 weeks of pregnancy.

Question 2.
Define sex ratio.
Answer:
To know about the equality between men and women, it is must to look for the sex ratio. The number of females behind every 1000 males at a particular time and in a particular area is known as sex ratio. In 2011, it was 1000: 943 in India.

Question 3.
What are the two causes of female foeticide?
Answer:

  • Dowry: At the time of girl’s marriage, dowry is given to her in-laws. People do female foeticide so that dowry should not be given.
  • Wish of boy: People like to have a boy as they think that boy will take care of them in old age and will give fire at the time of funeral.

Question 4.
What is the status of female in India?
Answer:
The status of female in India is not good. Only 65% of females are educated. Most of the social evils are attached with females such as rape, abduction, dowry system, female foeticide etc. Just because of these evils, status of females is still low in the present modern age.

Question 5.
Why is male child preferred in India?
Answer:
People want to have a male child because they think that their son will take care of them in their old age. Along with this, he will give fire to their funeral pyre. Moreover he will continue the family.

Question 6.
Write down three causes of domestic violence.
Answer:

  • Males are physically stronger than females.
  • Females economically depend upon males.
  • The social status of females and children is not good.

Question 7.
What is the difference between domestic violence and violence?
Answer:
In domestic violence, we can include violence committed with wife, children, brothers etc. and such behaviour is not acceptable in society. Violence is done between two individuals or groups and most of the times, they are strange. Communal violence is its best example.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Question 8.
What is wife battering?
Answer:
The meaning of wife battering is doing violence with wife by husband. Generally husband considers that wife is under him and thinks that whatever he will say, she will have to accept it. If she refuses it, she is beaten up and this is known as wife battering.

Question 9.
What are the consequences of female foeticide?
Answer:

  • Female foeticide leads to decline in sex ratio.
  • Whole balance of society disturbs as it is considered that both male and.female are not equal in number.
  • It leads to lower social status of women.

Question 10.
List cultural factors of domestic violence.
Answer:
There can be many cultural factors of domestic violence such as gender based socialisation, division of gender based roles, right of son over property, giving importance to males in family, marriage and dowry system, use of violence to end conflict etc.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a short note on female foeticide.
Answer:
Since last few decades, the major cause of declining sex ratio is female foeticide. It means the killing of unborn girl in the womb of her mother. People wish to have a boy and that’s why after sometime of pregnancy, a sex determination test is conducted on the mother. If the foetus is boy, it’s fine but if it’s girl, abortion is conducted. In this way, girl is killed before her birth. This is known as female foeticide. It leads to reduction in number of girls and disturbance in sex ratio.

Question 2.
Discuss any two measures to combat female foeticide.
Or
Write down any two measures to combat female foeticide.
Or
Explain the contribution of government in combating the problem of female foeticide.
Answer:

  • The Indian government has passed many laws and in the section 312-316 of Indian Penal Code, forcing any female to abort her child is illegal.
  • To stop the increasing number of female foeticide, government passed an Act i.e. Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 in which conducting sex determination test was declared illegal. If any one will conduct this test, provisions of punishment were kept in the Act.

Question 3.
Discuss any two consequences of female foeticide.
Or
Discuss effects of female foeticide.
Answer:

  • Impact on female’s health. People prefer to abort the foetus until a male foetus comes. It’has a very bad impact on the health of mother and her new born baby.
  • Impact on Sex ratio. Female foeticide can have adverse impact on sex ratio. It leads to decline in number of girls which further creates many problems such as rape, dowry deaths, polygamy, prostitution etc.

Question 4.
Why is sex ratio declining in India? Explain.
Answer:

  • People wish to have a boy and that’s why they try to have a male child.
  • Due to female foeticide, sex ratio is declining.
  • Female infanticide is also responsible for decline in sex ratio.
  • Dowry is given at the time of girl’s marriage and that’s why people prefer to have a male child.
  • People think that with male child, family will continue and that’s why they prefer to kill their daughters even before their birth.

Question 5.
Name two social problems that give rise to female foeticide.
Answer:

  • Dowry: Dowry is given at the time of daughter’s marriage which is one of the important problems of our society. People prefer to opt for female foeticide not to give dowry. If there will be a male child, dowry will come to their home.
  • Violence against women: Almost in all the societies of the world, females face many types of violence such as rape, abduction, dowry deaths, prostitution, wife battering etc. These are the reasons that people prefer to have a male child.

Question 6.
Write causes of domestic violence.
Or
Two reasons for Domestic Violence.
Answer:

  • People consume alcohol to stay away from tension. When wives and children ask them not to use it, they beat them up and increase domestic violence.
  • There are many people who are angry by nature and they even beat up their children on petty things.
  • Few individuals are drug addicts. If they don’t have money to buy drugs, they beat up their family members to get money.
  • Few people always remain in sorrow due to their poverty and occasionally they beat up their family members to take out their frustration.

Question 7.
Write remedies for wife battering.
Answer:

  • The Indian government has made many laws but they are not implemented properly. They should be properly implemented to save wives from their husbands.
  • Police must solve such cases with great care. Policemen must be given special training to solve the cases of domestic violence.
  • Children and young people must be educated against domestic violence to prepare them for future times.

Question 8.
List the legal reforms to curb female foeticide.
Answer:

  • According to section 312-316 of the Indian Penal Code, doing abortion is illegal.
  • According to The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971, law was little bit relaxed and on medical, humanitarian or on any other ground, abortion was permitted.
  • The major base of female foeticide is sex determination of child. That’s why ‘Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 was passed and sex determination test was declared illegal. If any ultrasound centre will conduct this test, provisions were kept to close down this centre.

Question 9.
What are the effects of domestic violence?
Answer:

  • It can have bad impact on female’s health. She has to face all this physically and psychologically. It can have wrong impact on family atmosphere.
  • Wife battering can have wrong impact on children. Their daily work gets affected and can have wrong impact on their education. Children start to hate their father when they observe their mother is beaten by father.
  • That female always remains in mental tension who faces domestic, violence and is greatly affected from all aspects. This psychological tension affects other aspects of their life as well.

Question 10.
What is scenario of domestic violence agaisnt women in India?
Answer:
Domestic violence against women in India is quite common among all the other domestic violences. The common reason of this is the set ideology of people that females are physically and mentally weaker than males. Yet females are proving that they are no inferior than males in all the sectors but even then number of cases of domestic violence are much more against them. Its reasons are different in different countries. According to the Population Fund Report of United Nations, around two third of the Indian females are the victims of domestic violence. Around 70% married females are the victims of beating, rape or forced sex. Out of these, around 55% of the cases come from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and other north Indian states.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a detailed note on sex ratio.
Answer:
In simple words the number of females behind 1000 males in one square kilometer is known as the sex ratio. It means chat how many females are there for every 1000 males in a particular area. This process is given the name of sex ratio. Relation of the word sex ratio is related with demographic features of population of any country. If we want to know anything about any country’s population then we must know about sex ratio. In 2011 India’s Sex ratio was 1000: 943. It means there were 943 females behind every 1000 males in any particular area.

If we want to know about the status of women in any society then we can come to know about it only by looking at the sex ratio of that society. From this, we can come to know that what type of status has been given to females by that society. If sex ratio is low then status of women is low but if sex ratio is high then the status of women is definitely high. In this way the meaning of sex ratio is number of females in any particular area as compared to males. If we will have information about number of males and females of any country then we can easily come to know about sex ratio of that country. Here child sex ratio is also quite important with sex ratio. Meaning of child sex ratio is that how many girls, with age group of 0-6 years, are there for 1000 boys in population of the country.

If we look at the sex ratio in whole world especially of few major countries then in the year of 2000 there “were 986 females behind 1000 males. This sex ratio is 1000: 1029 in U.S.A. 1000 ; 944 in China, 1000: 1025 in Brazil, 1000: 1041 in Japan, 1000: 933 in India, 1000: 938 in Pakistan, 1000: 953 in Bangladesh and 1000: 1004 in Indonesia. From this data, it is clear that number of females are more as compared to males in developed countries but this number is quite less in developing countries. It is so because gender discrimination is more in backward countries but it is almost negligible in the developed countries.

Condition Of Sex Ratio In India:

The condition of sex ratio in India is not good. According to Census Survey of 2011, there were only 940 females in India as compared to 1000 males. This worrying condition could be understood only by looking at the given .table:

Year Males Females
1901 1000 972
1911 1000 964
1921 1000 959
1931 1000 950
1941 1000 945
1951 1000 946
1961 1000 941
1971 1000 930
1981 1000 934
1991 1000 927
2001 1000 933
2011 1000 943

Here we can see another table related with sex ratio which is state-wise data of sex ratio in India.

Year State/U.T. Males Females
2011 UttarPradeah 1000 908
2011 Maharathtra 1000 925
2011 Bthar 1000 916
2011 West Bengal 1000 947
2011 Andra Pradesh 1000 992
2011 Tamil Nadu 1000 995
2011 Madhya Pradesh 1000 930
2011 Raashtan 1000 926
2011 Karnataka 1000 968
2011 Gujarat 1000 918
2011 Oriasa 1000 978
2011 Kerala 1000 1084
2011 Jharkhand 1000 947
2011 Assam 1000 954
2011 Pnjab 1000 893
2011 Haryana 1000 877
2011 Chhatisgarh 1000 991
2011 Delhi 1000 866
2011 Jainmu and Kashmir 1000 883
2011 Uttrakhand 1000 963
2011 Himachal Pradesh 1000 974
2011 Thpura 1000 961
2011 Meghalaya 1000 986
2011 Mampur 1000 987
2011 Nagaland 1000 931
2011 Gos 1000 968
2011 Arunachal Pradesh 1000 920
2011 Puducherry 1000 1038
2011 Chandigarh 1000 18
2011 Mizoram 1000 975
2011 Sikkim 1000 889
2011 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1000 878
2011 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1000 775
2011 Daman and Diu 1000 618
2011 Lakahadweep 1000 946

From these two tables, it is clear that during 1901-2001, sex ratio in India has declined to a great extent. During 1941-1951, 1981-1991 and 1991-2011, the number of females were increased but during rest of the decades, the number of females were decreased. If we compare the decades of 1901 and 2001 than number of females or sex ratio has been decreased upto 40 females per 1000 males. Only Kerala is a state and Puduchery is the alone union territory where this ratio is favourable for females. In Kerala 1084 females are there for 1000 males and in Puduchery this ratio is 1000:1038. But this is 877 in Haryana, 893 in Punjab and 818 in Chandigarh. So from this it is clear that this declining sex ratio is really a cause of worry for us.

Question 2.
What do your understand by females foeticide? Describe its causes and consequences.
Or
What do you mean by female foeticide? Explain its causes.
Or
What is female foeticide? Explain its impacts.
Answer:
The word female foeticide is made up of two words female and foeticide. The meaning of female is girl and foeticide is killing foetus. So, if we look at the literal meaning of female foeticide it is killing of females foetus in mother’s womb. Actually this concept of female foeticide came forward in last few decades when sex ratio of our country started declining.

Meaning of Female Foeticide. Due to many reasons, people wish to have a boy. They use many methods to get .a boy in place of a girl. When a female gets pregnant, during first three months, foetus is not yet fully developed. It is still known as foetus. These days, many new modern techniques have come forward which tell us that the foetus is of boy or girl. Such test is known as sex determination test. If the foetus is of boy, it’s fine but if it is of girl, it is aborted or terminated. It is known as female foeticide. Just because of female foeticide, the sex ratio in India started declining. In 2011, it was 943 girls behind 1000 boys.

Causes of Female Foeticide. When the foetus of a girl is terminated in the mother’s womb, it is called female foeticide. This is one of the social problems which came forward in last few decades. It can have many reasons which are given-below:

1. Traditional Society. The problem of female foeticide prevails more in traditional society. If we compare developed societies such as U.S.A., U.K. etc. with the traditional societies such as India, China, Pakistan etc., we observe that sex ratio is quite less in traditional societies. It is so because people have a tendency in such societies that they need a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre. Due to such tendencies, number of boys increase in traditional societies as people prefer to have a boy.

2. Wish to have a male child. Generally people wish to have a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre after death. Moreover people know if there will be a girl, they will have to give lot of dowry at the time of her marriage. Along with this, they’ll have to give a lot even after girl’s marriage. That’s why people don’t want girl and they even try for this. They do not hesitate from killing female foetus. In this way wish to have a boy also increases female foeticide.

3. Technological Advances. During ancient times, people did’t have access to technological advances as they were not available. So, it was not possible to conduct sex determination test. They had to wait till child’ birth. If it was girl, she was killed at the time of her birth. But with time, many techniques came forward which made it possible to know about the sex of child. Just after 18 weeks of pregnancy, ultrasound machines tell us that the foetus is boy or girl. Thousands of clinics and nursing homes came forward which terminate female foetus. They even kill unborn girl in the womb of mother. New tools have made this work quite easy. In this way technological advancements are responsible for female foeticide.

4. Patriarchal Society. Our society is basically a patriarchal society and males dominate our houses. They take care of the house and take all the important decisions. In such societies, the status of females is quite low and everything is done according to the wish of males. Females cannot do anything with their wish. Males in such society wish to have boys at home and they do not hestitate from committing female foeticide. Females have to accept this as it is the decision of males. In this way, they are forced to accept this wrong act.

Consequences of Females Foeticide: The problem of female foeticide can have some dangerous consequences on society which are given below:

1. Declining Sex Ratio. If we look at the record of the past 100 years we can see that during last 100 years of 1901-2001, the sex ratio has declined quite considerably. Yet, the number of females increased during the decades of 1971-1981 and 1991-2001 but in rest of the decades, it decreased quite considerbely. In India, only Kerala is the state with positive sex ratio. This no. is 1000: 1084 in Kerala. It is 1000: 1038 in Puduchery. But in Haryana it is 1000: 877, in Chandigarh 1000: 818 and in Punjab it is 1000: 893. In this way we can say that the declining sex ratio is a major cause of concern in society.

2. Violence Against Women. Female foeticide leads to decline in sex ratio which
further leads to increase in violence against women. Girls are killed either before birth or new born girls are killed. Even people abandon their daughters in trains. Females have to face violence as they have given birth to girl, not boy. Many have to face sex based violence such as rape, abduction, prostitution etc. ‘

3. Low Status of Women. Declining sex ratio leads to decline in social status of women. If any female is unable to give birth to boy and is bearing only female child, she is forced to opt for abortion. Social evils and social institutions are also responsible for this and it can have an adverse impact on social status of females.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Question 3.
Explain the role of government in combating the problem of female foeticide.
Answer:
See Question No. 8 of Long answer type questions (IV).

Question 4.
Write a detail note on female foeticide.
Answer:
The word female foeticide is made up of two words female and foeticide. The meaning of female is girl and foeticide is killing foetus. So, if we look at the literal meaning of female foeticide it is killing of females foetus in mother’s womb. Actually this concept of female foeticide came forward in last few decades when sex ratio of our country started declining.

Meaning of Female Foeticide. Due to many reasons, people wish to have a boy. They use many methods to get .a boy in place of a girl. When a female gets pregnant, during first three months, foetus is not yet fully developed. It is still known as foetus. These days, many new modern techniques have come forward which tell us that the foetus is of boy or girl. Such test is known as sex determination test. If the foetus is of boy, it’s fine but if it is of girl, it is aborted or terminated. It is known as female foeticide. Just because of female foeticide, the sex ratio in India started declining. In 2011, it was 943 girls behind 1000 boys.

Causes of Female Foeticide. When the foetus of a girl is terminated in the mother’s womb, it is called female foeticide. This is one of the social problems which came forward in last few decades. It can have many reasons which are given-below:

1. Traditional Society. The problem of female foeticide prevails more in traditional society. If we compare developed societies such as U.S.A., U.K. etc. with the traditional societies such as India, China, Pakistan etc., we observe that sex ratio is quite less in traditional societies. It is so because people have a tendency in such societies that they need a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre. Due to such tendencies, number of boys increase in traditional societies as people prefer to have a boy.

2. Wish to have a male child. Generally people wish to have a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre after death. Moreover people know if there will be a girl, they will have to give lot of dowry at the time of her marriage. Along with this, they’ll have to give a lot even after girl’s marriage. That’s why people don’t want girl and they even try for this. They do not hesitate from killing female foetus. In this way wish to have a boy also increases female foeticide.

3. Technological Advances. During ancient times, people did’t have access to technological advances as they were not available. So, it was not possible to conduct sex determination test. They had to wait till child’ birth. If it was girl, she was killed at the time of her birth. But with time, many techniques came forward which made it possible to know about the sex of child. Just after 18 weeks of pregnancy, ultrasound machines tell us that the foetus is boy or girl. Thousands of clinics and nursing homes came forward which terminate female foetus. They even kill unborn girl in the womb of mother. New tools have made this work quite easy. In this way technological advancements are responsible for female foeticide.

4. Patriarchal Society. Our society is basically a patriarchal society and males dominate our houses. They take care of the house and take all the important decisions. In such societies, the status of females is quite low and everything is done according to the wish of males. Females cannot do anything with their wish. Males in such society wish to have boys at home and they do not hestitate from committing female foeticide. Females have to accept this as it is the decision of males. In this way, they are forced to accept this wrong act.

Consequences of Females Foeticide: The problem of female foeticide can have some dangerous consequences on society which are given below:

1. Declining Sex Ratio. If we look at the record of the past 100 years we can see that during last 100 years of 1901-2001, the sex ratio has declined quite considerably. Yet, the number of females increased during the decades of 1971-1981 and 1991-2001 but in rest of the decades, it decreased quite considerbely. In India, only Kerala is the state with positive sex ratio. This no. is 1000: 1084 in Kerala. It is 1000: 1038 in Puduchery. But in Haryana it is 1000: 877, in Chandigarh 1000: 818 and in Punjab it is 1000: 893. In this way we can say that the declining sex ratio is a major cause of concern in society.

2. Violence Against Women. Female foeticide leads to decline in sex ratio which
further leads to increase in violence against women. Girls are killed either before birth or new born girls are killed. Even people abandon their daughters in trains. Females have to face violence as they have given birth to girl, not boy. Many have to face sex based violence such as rape, abduction, prostitution etc. ‘

3. Low Status of Women. Declining sex ratio leads to decline in social status of women. If any female is unable to give birth to boy and is bearing only female child, she is forced to opt for abortion. Social evils and social institutions are also responsible for this and it can have an adverse impact on social status of females.

Question 5.
What do you understand by female foeticide? Explain various measures to combat this problem.
Answer:
The word female foeticide is made up of two words female and foeticide. The meaning of female is girl and foeticide is killing foetus. So, if we look at the literal meaning of female foeticide it is killing of females foetus in mother’s womb. Actually this concept of female foeticide came forward in last few decades when sex ratio of our country started declining.

Meaning of Female Foeticide. Due to many reasons, people wish to have a boy. They use many methods to get .a boy in place of a girl. When a female gets pregnant, during first three months, foetus is not yet fully developed. It is still known as foetus. These days, many new modern techniques have come forward which tell us that the foetus is of boy or girl. Such test is known as sex determination test. If the foetus is of boy, it’s fine but if it is of girl, it is aborted or terminated. It is known as female foeticide. Just because of female foeticide, the sex ratio in India started declining. In 2011, it was 943 girls behind 1000 boys.

Causes of Female Foeticide. When the foetus of a girl is terminated in the mother’s womb, it is called female foeticide. This is one of the social problems which came forward in last few decades. It can have many reasons which are given-below:

1. Traditional Society. The problem of female foeticide prevails more in traditional society. If we compare developed societies such as U.S.A., U.K. etc. with the traditional societies such as India, China, Pakistan etc., we observe that sex ratio is quite less in traditional societies. It is so because people have a tendency in such societies that they need a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre. Due to such tendencies, number of boys increase in traditional societies as people prefer to have a boy.

2. Wish to have a male child. Generally people wish to have a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre after death. Moreover people know if there will be a girl, they will have to give lot of dowry at the time of her marriage. Along with this, they’ll have to give a lot even after girl’s marriage. That’s why people don’t want girl and they even try for this. They do not hesitate from killing female foetus. In this way wish to have a boy also increases female foeticide.

3. Technological Advances. During ancient times, people did’t have access to technological advances as they were not available. So, it was not possible to conduct sex determination test. They had to wait till child’ birth. If it was girl, she was killed at the time of her birth. But with time, many techniques came forward which made it possible to know about the sex of child. Just after 18 weeks of pregnancy, ultrasound machines tell us that the foetus is boy or girl. Thousands of clinics and nursing homes came forward which terminate female foetus. They even kill unborn girl in the womb of mother. New tools have made this work quite easy. In this way technological advancements are responsible for female foeticide.

4. Patriarchal Society. Our society is basically a patriarchal society and males dominate our houses. They take care of the house and take all the important decisions. In such societies, the status of females is quite low and everything is done according to the wish of males. Females cannot do anything with their wish. Males in such society wish to have boys at home and they do not hestitate from committing female foeticide. Females have to accept this as it is the decision of males. In this way, they are forced to accept this wrong act.

Consequences of Females Foeticide: The problem of female foeticide can have some dangerous consequences on society which are given below:

1. Declining Sex Ratio. If we look at the record of the past 100 years we can see that during last 100 years of 1901-2001, the sex ratio has declined quite considerably. Yet, the number of females increased during the decades of 1971-1981 and 1991-2001 but in rest of the decades, it decreased quite considerbely. In India, only Kerala is the state with positive sex ratio. This no. is 1000: 1084 in Kerala. It is 1000: 1038 in Puduchery. But in Haryana it is 1000: 877, in Chandigarh 1000: 818 and in Punjab it is 1000: 893. In this way we can say that the declining sex ratio is a major cause of concern in society.

2. Violence Against Women. Female foeticide leads to decline in sex ratio which
further leads to increase in violence against women. Girls are killed either before birth or new born girls are killed. Even people abandon their daughters in trains. Females have to face violence as they have given birth to girl, not boy. Many have to face sex based violence such as rape, abduction, prostitution etc.

3. Low Status of Women. Declining sex ratio leads to decline in social status of women. If any female is unable to give birth to boy and is bearing only female child, she is forced to opt for abortion. Social evils and social institutions are also responsible for this and it can have an adverse impact on social status of females.

Measures to combat problem: See Question No. 8 of long answer type questions (IV).

Question 6.
Write a detailed note on domestic violence.
Or
What is domestic violence?
Answer:
Sociologists were attracted towards the problem of family violence during last few decades of 20th century. The concept of family violence is not new in Indian society. It is a centuries old concept and sociologists have given their attention towards it in recent times. It is not correct that the family violence was not there in ancient societies. Family violence is a universal thing and has remained in almost all the societies. Violence and even deaths are also related with this. But we have very less knowledge about this concept because very less statistics are available with us about family violence and very few researches have been done till date regarding this.

It is very difficult to bring conclusions in these types of researches because generally people never like to talk about family violence. In this way very less data of family violence is available with us. Another reason of less availability of data of this concept is that many research works have been done related to family in India, but all of these were related with either structure and functions of joint family or structure and function of nuclear family. No one has paid its attention towards the concept of family violence.

One another reason is that people think that if they will talk with any stranger regarding this then his or her family will break up or conflict in the family will increase. That’s why people never like to share their experience of family violence > with any one. Another reason of less number of researches being done on family violence is that there is very less importance of that part of family on which violence is being committed and that part of family is females and children. It is true that our urban society is progressing very quickly but rural society is standing there where it was 50 years back. Females and children are given very less importance in our society. Even society hardly accepts it as a problem. Society declines to accept it a problem and says, that it is not a problem. Domestic violence is accepted as a feature of personal mental illness.

Even many historians hardly accept it as a social problem and say that the family violence is a personal matter of the family. That’s why it should be kept only for the family or for the home. It is true that government has made many laws after independence to stop domestic violence so that the mutual understanding, love, cooperation, sympathy etc. could be increased in the society. Even there is provision of strict punishment in different laws who commit violence against females and children. But this topic is very important for sociology because till date sociology has studied only family or good and positive aspect of family life but it has never studied the negative aspect of family violence.

If any social system is formed then it is the result of integrative and disintegrative processes. In this way family life is also a mixture of negative and positive aspects. Experience of family life of ttvo persons could also be different and they are generally different. If any person has no problem in family life then his family life is full of happiness. But if any person has many problems in family life then his family life will be full of sorrows. Members of family in family life are very much close to each other and this closeness is due to mutual dependence. Opposition and differences also occur in the views of members due to this dependence.

These differences create mutual conflict also. One writer was of the view that the families where there is a lot of conflict in the family, they use more reasons to remove that conflict and more violence is there in those families. We cannot find same type of situation in the family. Family life is always full of happiness and sorrowness. General consensus and conflict always occur in the family. Many a time violence occurs due to this conflict and many a time this violence results in the form of death. Very less data is available in our country related to domestic violence. Generally researchers pay attention towards the physical violence which is committed in the family. They hardly care about the psychological violence. Psychological violence is very dangerous because its effect lasts for the whole life. But even then the family life has not been explained in a proper way. That’s why our knowledge related to this is very limited.

Definition of Domestic Violence:

Domestic violence is a complex concept. It is very difficult to define it because violence is a very wide concept in which abusing, slapping and the concept of murder are included. Except this the meaning of force and violence are generally taken in the same sense. Violence is generally a physical activity but force is the activity full of hatred in which we hurt other person. This hurt could be physical and psychological as well. From the researches being done on family violence we come to know that we cannot differentiate the legal and illegal activity because the victims of violence make the act of violence legal by accepting those violent acts.

According to Gelles, “Day to day patterned and recurrent use of physical violence like pushing, slapping, punching, knifing, shooting and throwing objects by one member of the family at another.” According to Pagelow, “An act of omission or commission by family members and any condition comes out of such activity which deprives other members of family of equal rights and liberties and interferes with their’optimal development and freedom of choice.”

In this way family violence is not limited only to physical violence but is extended from psychological violence and up to snatching freedom of-members of family. It happens again and again in family relation. The area of family violence starts abusing and goes up to the use of force. Conflict of husband-wife, brother-sister, uncles, grandfather, grandson is included in this. In this way family violence is that act which is being committed by one member of the family towards other member of the family with an idea to strike other one. Yet the violence is very common in our society and violence is not a particular thing itself but when the violence is being used against the members of the family then its study and explanation become necessary.

There can be many types of family violence like misbehave of husband and wife towards each other, marital rape, rape of sister by brother or of daughter by father, violence between brother and sister, violence in father and the son, violence in mother-in-law and daughter-in-law etc. Generally it has been believed that the violence in any other condition is known as very serious but if this violence will be on the base of family then it is accepted as the family problem or just a small crime.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Question 7.
What are the causes of domestic violence?
Or
What are the causes of domestic violence? Discuss.
Answer:
There is not just one or two causes of domestic violence but it has many reasons whose description is given ahead:

1. Social change: Change is law of nature and family and society are also affected by this. Changes are often coming in family, house and society due to geographical and cultural effects. A new change has come in the old relations due to many factors like urbanization, industrialization, new and formal educational system, means of transport and communication etc. People get many chances to get work because of which members of the family were forced to leave the ancient web of relationships. New generation gave importance to nuclear families instead of joint families so that they could move from one place to another. Due to living alone they went out of control of any elder. Problems of office, problems of running the house when become intolerable for the person then he takes out his anger on wife and children in the family because of which domestic violence increases.

2. Alcoholism: Generally it has been seen that humans are using alcohol to get relief from the tensions or for the sake of fun. When a person reaches the home after consuming alcohol then his wife, children, parents etc. advise him not to use alcohol and even tell him about the consequences of using alcohol. Many a time person listens to it and then he comes in anger and starts to beat up his family members. He abuses them and severely beats them up. He thinks that his family members are increasing his problems. In this way he is hardly aware of the fact what he is doing under the influence of liquor. His body remains under the influence of liquor and he hardly cares that wh#t is he doing. In this way alcoholism also increases domestic violence.

3. Misbehaviour of childhood: Many scholars say that many people are very much misbehaved in their childhood by their parents. Their childhood has been spent with full of misbehaviour, violence of parents and without love. Behaviour of many persons becomes rude because of this and when they become adult they misbehave with their parents, wife, and children. Many persons keep these things in their mind and when they become young they also misbehave (physical and psychological) with their parents and children. In this way the childhood of the person is some times responsible for domestic violence.

4. Drug abuse: These days many medicines are available in the market with which person can come in the influence of drug like capsules, injections etc. Yet doctor gives the person to cure its problems but many a time humans start to use them as a drug. When the person consumes them then he hardly cares about the fact that what he is doing. He misbehaves with the members of the family and even he beats them up. He abuses them, beats them up so that he is able to get money from them. In this way domestic violence increases due to drug abuse.

5. Problem of personality: Many a time personality problems can also become a reason of family violence. Some persons are angry by nature and come in anger with small, small things. For example in many families uncles beat up their nephew even due to small things. Some people are very possessive by nature. They beat their wife, children, sister even after little bit of doubt on their behaviour and character. For example if their son, daughter, child is talking on phone then they ask them with whom and why are you talking? If they are unable to get satisfactory answer then they beat them up. In this way problem of personality also becomes a cause of family violence.

6. Less income: Today is the age of inflation but the income of every person is | very much limited. Income of the family is generally less but expenditure is more. That’s why they are unable to run their family in a proper way and they always remain in the economic problems. Person always remains in the tension. Family 1 members demand many things from him but he is unable to fulfil those demands and that’s why he beats them up in tension and anger and violence happens automatically. In this way less income can also become the cause of domestic violence.

7. Unemployment: Many a time unemployment can also become a reason of family violence. Many a time business of any person remains no more, he looses his job etc. In this condition he becomes either unemployed or half employed. He becomes annoyed with this and remains in tension. He brings out his anger on the family members because of which domestic violence increases.

8. Capacity to commit violence: Many a time family members commit violence at that time when the value of being violent is less than that of its result. In other words people beat other members of their family because they can do so. Males are generally powerful than females and children. That’s why they use violent methods against them. Inequality in family and society exists due to sex and age. That’s why the strong person and aged person uses violence and domestic violence increases with this.

9. Clash of interests: God has made every person of a different nature and the interests of every perspn are also different according to that. Any one wants to get more education and any one wants to earn more money. In this way interests of every member of family are also different. Interests of father, son, nephew, uncle, brother, sister, grandfather, grandson etc. are also different. That’s why there is a clash of interests. Every member of the family wants that he should get more and more family’s property. That’s why conflict starts in members of the family. Even brothers hardly talk with each other while living in the family, conflict occurs in father and son. Even they try to kill each other because of property. We can read this type of news in daily newspaper like son killed his father, brother killed his brother, nephew killed his uncle. In this way clash of interests also becomes a reason of domestic violence.

10. Male dominated society: Our society is male dominated society because of which females are given very low status in family and society. In this way the cause of violence against women comes out due to the lower status of women as compared to males. All the powers in male dominated society are in the hands of males. The process of socialization also keeps females under the authority of males. This inequality in both the sexes is going on from the ages. More inequality will lead to the violence against lower class. Except this if lower class (females) will try to oppose it then its answer will also be given in the form of violence.

11. Dependency: Generally males earn money in the family and all the other members depend upon them to live. That’s why males feel that the life of other members of the family is in their command. That’s why they can change their lives. If members of the family spend their lives according to his views then it’s fine otherwise they can be forced to live in his way with the help of violence. In this way dependency also increases domestic violence.

Question 8.
Write a note about control of domestic vialence.
Or
Explain various measures to combat domestic violence.
Answer:
Domestic violence is not a new concept. It was also there in ancient societies. At that time family was giving psychological, physical and social security to its members. But many new changes are coming in joint family. This change has come in the roles of elders of the family. Tension is coming in the relations of husband and wife. Elders are disrespected and many cases of misbehaviour with them can be read in newspapers. Younger members are getting more rights. Elders are not considered as useful but are considered as useless and that’s why the cases of misbehaviour are increasing with them. Relations of parents and children are weakening. Relations of husband and wife are weakening and this we can come to knew from the increasing number of divorces. Ancient family structure remains no more. In future the concept of joint family will also come to an end.

In this way to reduce family violence and to save the lives of victims of violence it is necessary that it should be stopped and it should be cured but we can not change our culture while curing it. Its cure is to stop it. The main aim of stopping methods is to stop family violence. First of all, we have to change our values, behaviour, nature etc. with which our way of looking the females will also be changed.

Sexual inequality,’ economic inequality, and dependency also increase family violence. If the difference between job-oriented females and males will come to an end then family violence will also come to an end. Except this, we should not beat our children but make them understand with love. Violence will give birth to counter-violence. Whichever system will be established with violence it will also come to an end with violence. If we will beat our children to make them understand then it will not affect their bodies but will affect their minds as well. He will never forget this beating for his whole life and will show the same face to his parents which was shown to him by his parents. If we will educate them with love then it would be a very important step to reduce domestic violence because love gives birth to love.