Class 8

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one or two words:

Question 1.
How the land was measured in ancient time?
Answer:
Using a rope.

Question 2.
Which Emperor is called die founder of land reforms?
Answer:
Mughal Emperor Akbar.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Question 3.
How many acres are there in one hectare?
Answer:
2.5 acre.

Question 4.
How may marlas make one kanal?
Answer:
20 marlas.

Question 5.
In which states of India, Murababandi has been done in a systematic way?
Answer:
Punjab and Haryana.

Question 6.
In which decade, Murababandi was started?
Answer:
In the decade of 1950.

Question 7.
Which site is to be seen for Jammabandi?
Answer:
www.plrs.org.in

Question 8.
How many acres are there in a Muraba according to Murababandi Act?
Answer:
25-25 acre pieces of land.

Question 9.
At what time, Girdawary of Rabi crops is prepared?
Answer:
1 March to 31 March.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Question 10.
After how many years, new Jammabandi is carried out?
Answer:
Earlier it was after every four years and now after every five years.

(B) Answer in one or two sentences:

Question 1.
Who corrects the Girdawary of a disputed land?
Answer:
Girdawary of a disputed land can be got corrected in the court of Tehsildar.

Question 2.
What is Jammabandi?
Answer:
Jammabandi is an important document of Punjab land revenue act regarding the ownership of a land. Particulars which are mentioned in this are khepet number, khatauni, name of village pati, name of person according to his share in ownership, name of person who is existing cultivator and source of irrigation.

Question 3.
What is Intkaal?
Answer:
Transfer of ownership right from one owner of land to another owner is calld intkaal.

Question 4.
What instruments are required for measurement of land?
Answer:
Demarcation of the land on all four sides is called measurement. Patwari or Kanungo use shijra and zareeb to mark the length and breadth of the land according to the Khasra number.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Question 5.
What is Goshwara?
Answer:
Total of all cultivated crops in the form of a table is called goshwara.

Question 6.
What is Rehan or Mortgage?
Answer:
When owner of a land gives all or part of his land temporarily to another person for cultivation for mutually agreed amount and for fixed time, it is called mortgage.

Question 7.
What is Khraba/loss of crops, how it is assessed?
Answer:
When crop destroyed on large scale due to natural calamities like heavy rians, floods, attack of insects/pests, drought etc. is called Khraba. Loss or Khraba is assessed by assuming that production of crop in the area is 100%.

Question 8.
What is Shijra and what are its other names?
Answer:
Shijra is a piece (of cloth on which map of village is carved, Khasra numbers of all the land of village land are printed on it. It is also known as Kishatvar, Paarcha or Latha.

Question 9.
What is Murababandi and what are its benefits?
Answer:
Scattered pieces of land in the name of an owner are consolidated as one unit at one place, this is called Murababandi or chakbandi. Its
benefit is that every work related to land becomes easier.

Question 10.
What is Zareeb?
Answer:
Zareeb is a chain made up of iron rings and is used to measure land. It is 10 Karams long i.e. 55 feet long.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

(C) Answer in five to six sentences:

Question 1.
What is Girdawary and at what time it is done?
Answer:
It is a survey of the crops. It is called Girdawary or Gardaury. It is done twice in a year. For Rabi crops it is done in the month of March and for Kharif crops it is done in October. Additional Girdawari in also done for Jayad crops in the months of May and December for crops falling between Rabi and Kharif and between Kharif and Rabi season.

Question 2.
Why division of land is essential and how it is done?
Answer:
When there are two or more shareholders of a particular piece of land, then land is divided as per the consent of the shareholders, this is called division of land. After division of land each shareholder is the independent owner of his share of land. Now he can sell the land or mortgage his land. He can take loan against his land.

Question 3.
What is computerization of land record?
Answer:
All the land records have been computerized. The certified copies of Jammabandi and Intkaal can be obtained by paying requisite fee personally from nearby office of Sub-Tehsildar or Tehsildar. The land records can be seen at the site www.plrs.org.in.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Question 4.
What is Theka or Chakota or renting in or renting out of land?
Answer:
The owner of a land gives his land on rent to some other person for cultivation for fixed time period and fixed amount agreed on by both sides. The time period can be one year or two years or five years etc. This is called Theka Or Chakota.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on land registry.
Answer:
When a person who is owner of a piece of land, house, shop etc. mortgaged or sold the same to some other person, then an agreement is entered with photos with mutual consent of both parties in the register maintained in the office of Tehsildar. This is called registry. Registry Bai, Rehan share, transfer of ownership etc. are various types of registries.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who played important role in the work of measurement of land in the regime of Mughal emperor Akbar?
Answer:
Todar Mai.

Question 2.
Before the year 1580, how did people pay tax to the government?
Answer:
In the form of crop.

Question 3.
After the year 1580, in which form tax was paid to the government?
Answer:
In the form of cash.

Question 4.
What is the length of Zareeb?
Answer:
10 karam or 55 feet.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Question 5.
What is Musteel?
Answer:
A piece of 25 acre land is called Musteel.

Question 6.
How many columns are there in intkaal?
Answer:
It has 12 columns.

Question 7.
How many columns are there in Jammabandi form?
Answer:
1-12 Columns.

Question 8.
When is Girdawary of Kharif crop done?
Answer:
1 October to 31 October.

Question 9.
When is the Girdawary of Jmd crop done?
Answer:
May and December.

Question 10.
How is the loss of crop assessed?
Answer:
By assuming 100% production of crop.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Question 11.
1 foot a = …………..
Answer:
12 inches.

Question 12.
1 yard = ……………..
Answer:
3 feet.

Question 13.
1 furlong =…………….
Answer:
220 yards.

Question 14.
1 mile =……….. yard = ………… furlong
Answer:
1760 yard=8 furlong.

Question 15.
1 Karm =……….. inch =…………. foot
Answer:
66 inches=5.5 feet.

Question 16.
1 sq karm=…………. sarsahi
Answer:
1 sarsahi.

Question 17.
1 maria=…………… sarsahian
Answer:
9 sarsahian.

Question 18.
1 maria = ………… sq feet
Answer:
272.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Question 19.
1 maria = ………… sq yard
Answer:
30.

Question 20.
1 Kanal = ………. maria
Answer:
20.

Question 21.
1 Kanal =……… biswa
Answer:
12.

Question 22.
1 acre = …………. kanal
Answer:
8.

Question 23.
1 acre = ……….
Answer:
4000.

Question 24.
1 acre = ……. maria =……. sq foot
Answer:
160 maria=220 x 198 sq foot.

Question 25.
1 acre=………. sq metre
Answer:
4000.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Question 26.
1 biswa = ………. sq foot
Answer:
50.

Question 27.
1 Muraba/1 Musteel =………. acre
Answer:
25.

Question 28.
1 hectare =………….. acre
Answer:
2.5.

Question 29.
1 hectare =………… sq metre
Answer:
10000.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
At the time of Akbar, how was land tax paid?
Answer:
Earlier land tax was paid in the form of crops and since 1580 the tax was paid in the form of cash.

Question 2.
What are different types of intkaal?
Answer:
Types of intkaal are – Bai, Rehan, exchange, division etc.

Question 3.
Who enters the details in intkaal?
Answer:
Patwari makes enteries in the intkaal, kanungo checks the enteries as per the record. Tehsildar summons both the parties at a specified place and time, Numbardar verifies and Tehsildar approves it.

Question 4.
What type of ownership changes are entered in the Jammabandi?
Answer:
Rehan, Bai, unirrigated to irrigated, rental to crop sharing etc.

Question 5.
What is the reason for loss of crop?
Answer:
There are many reasons of loss or Kaharaba e.g. heavy rains, floods, attack of insects, pests etc.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Girdawary, land registry.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 2.
Write note on theka, division.
Answer:
Do yourself.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Nursery Raising Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one to two words:

Question 1.
Which fungicide is used for vegetable seed treatment?
Answer:
Captan or thiram.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 2.
What is the optimum time for raising the nursery of tomato?
Answer:
First week of November, first fortnight of July.

Question 3.
When should the Chilli nursery be raised?
Answer:
Last week of October to mid of November.

Question 4.
Write the name of two summer season flowers.
Answer:
Sunflower, Zinnia.

Question 5.
Write the names of two winter season flowers.
Answer:
Gulashrafi, Ice plant.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 6.
What is the optimum time for raising nursery of eucalyptus?
Answer:
February-March or September-October.

Question 7.
What is the length of poplar cutting for nursery raising purpose?
Answer:
20-25 cm.

Question 8.
Write the method through which true to type plants can be produced.
Answer:
Vegetative propagation-cuttings.

Question 9.
What is the seed rate of onion for one acre?
Answer:
4-5 kg per acre.

Question 10.
Write the name of two fruits and flowers which are raised through budding.
Answer:
Mango, Guava, Apple, Pears.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
Which vegetables are raised through nursery?
Answer:
Capsicum, Brinjal, Onion, Tomato, Cabbage, Broccoli, Chinese Cabbage, Chills etc.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 2.
Write the seed rate and time of sowing for nursery raising of tomato.
Answer:
Vegetable Time of sowing of nursery Seed rate per acre Tomato First week of November, first fortnight of July 100 gram

Question 3.
Which are two winter season flowers and when these can be sown?
Answer:
Marigold, Gulashrafi; time of sowing: September to March.

Question 4.
Which fungicide is used against damping off of seedlings of vegetables?
Answer:
Seeds are treated with captan or thiram against damping off.

Question 5.
Which fruit plants are vegetatively propagated?
Answer:
Following fruit plants are vegetatively propagated-Mango, Guava, Plums, Citrus fruits, Peach, Grapes, Pomegranate, Fig, Apple, Pears etc.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 6.
Which fruit plants are grown through seed?
Answer:
Fruit plants whieh are grown through seed are-Papaya, Karonda, Jamun, Falsa etc.

Question 7.
Write ideal method of nursery raising of poplar.
Answer:
Nursery is raised from one year old plants. Cuttings should be 20-25 cm long and 2-3 cm in diameter. Treat the cuttings with ehlorpyriphos and emisan against termite and diseases. Time of nursery raising is mid January to mid February. By keeping one bud above the soil, plant the cuttings in the soil and keep the soil moist till sprouting starts.

Question 8.
How to collect the seed for preparation of Drake nursery?
Answer:
These seeds are collected in winter from healthy, well growing and tall plants. Best time for collecting seeds is from November-December.

Question 9.
Which are the methods for nursery preparation of fruit plants?
Answer:
Nursery raising for fruit plants is done by using seeds as well as by vegetative propagation. Vegetative propagation methods are-cuttings, budding, layering, grafting etc.

Question 10.
What are the advantages for preparation of plants through cutting?
Answer:
It is a very cheap method and easy also. Plants developed are uniform and of same heredity qualities.

(C) Answer in five to six sentences:

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 1.
How to develop plants through layering?
Answer:
This is a vegetative propagating method. In this method new plants are developed from mother plant while it remains attached to it. Layered shoots are encouraged to form roots while still attached with the plant. About 30 cm from the shoot tip remove the ring of bark and bury it in the soil keeping the end of shoot exposed. Keep the soil moist, roots will emerge after few weeks. Now separate the plant from the mother plant.

Question 2.
Describe the methods of budding.
Answer:
Budding is a vegetative propagation method. It involves the insertion of a scion on to the stock. A ‘scion’ is detached bud of a plant, while a ‘stock’ is the stem of parent plant. Buds should be taken from healthy plants which are known for their good quality fruits, and are disease free also. Cut in the bark of root stock should precisely match with the size of bud. Tie the bud tightly around the root stock keeping the bud exposed.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 3.
Descrbe briefly about the nursery raising of Sisham.
Answer:
Collect riped pods from healthy and straight trees in December to January. Nursery can be raised in poly bags or in seed beds. Suitable time for nursery raising is mid January-February and July-August. Soak the pods in cool water for 48 hours before sowing. Sow the seed at a depth of 1 to 1.5 cm. Seeds start germinating within 10-15 days after sowing. When plants become 5-10 cm high, thinning should be done and spacing should be 15 x 10 cm. For raising nursery 2-3.5 kg pods per acre are required. Nearly 60,000 plants can be obtained.

Question 4.
Describe the method of nursery raising of flowers.
Answer:
Flower nurseries are prepared on raised seed beds or in pots. Take soil, leaf mould, FYM each in 1: 1: 1 proportion and add 75 g super phosphate, 75 g CAN and 45 g murate of potash per m3 area. Mix all these properly. Thick layer of 2-3 cm of thin mixture is applied on raised seed beds. Sow seeds and cover with the same mixture and sprinkle water on these seed beds. Keep the soil of seed beds moist. It takes 30-40 days for nursery to become ready.

Question 5.
What are the methods for nursery preparation of fruit plants?
Answer:
Nursery can be prepared by two methods for fruit plants.
(1) Using seeds
(2) Vegetative propagation.

1. Nursery raising by seeds:
It is easy and cheap method to raise nursery from seeds. But the plants obtained are not uniform and also have different heredity traits and they may grow big in size. Management of such plants becomes very difficult.

2. Vegetative propagation:
There are four methods to raise nursery by using vegetative propagation.

  • By cuttings
  • Layering
  • Budding
  • Grafting.

Plants produced by this method are uniform and true to type plants. Plants grown by this method bear fruit early.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Nursery Raising Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 1.
What is the future of nursery raising occupation for vegetables with respect to income?
Answer:
It is very profitable occupation.

Question 2.
The land choosen for nursery rasing should get sun shine but for how many hours?
Answer:
At least 8 hours in a day.

Question 3.
Which type of soil is suitable for nursery raising?
Answer:
Sandy Loam or Clayey Loam.

Question 4.
What should be the size of seed bed prepared for nursery raising of vegetables?
Answer:
1.0 to 1.25 m, wide.

Question 5.
How much should be the height of seed bed prepared for nursery rasing of vegetables.
Answer:
15 cm.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 6.
What should be the length of seed bed prepared for nursery raising of vegetables?
Answer:
At least 3-4 m.

Question 7.
Which fungicide is used to treat the soil of seed bed prepared for nursery raising of vegetables?
Answer:
Formalin.

Question 8.
What is used to treat the seeds used for nursery raising?
Answer:
Captan or thiram.

Question 9.
What is the time of sowing of nursery for brinjal?
Answer:
October-November, February-March and July.

Question 10.
What is the time of sowing of nursery for early season cauliflower?
Answer:
May-June.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 11.
What is the time of sowing of nursery for mid season crop of cauliflower?
Answer:
July-August.

Question 12.
What is the time of sowing of nursery for late season crop of cauliflower?
Answer:
September-October.

Question 13.
What is the time of sowing of nursery for rabi onion?
Answer:
Mid October to mid November.

Question 14.
What is the time of sowing of nursery for Kharif onion?
Answer:
Mid March to mid June.

Question 15.
What is seed rate for sowing nursery of brinjal and capsicum?
Answer:
For brinjal seed rate is 400 gram per acre and for capsicum seed rate is 200 gram per acre.

Question 16.
What is seed rate for cauliflower (early season)?
Answer:
500 gram per acre.

Question 17.
What is seed rate for mid season and late season crop of cauliflower?
Answer:
250 gram per acre for both.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 18.
Cultivation of which flowers is profitable?
Answer:
Guldaudi, Dalhia, Seasonal flowers.

Question 19.
In how many days the nursery for flowers is ready?
Answer:
30-40 days.

Question 20.
Which fruit plants are prepared by cutting method of vegetative propagation?
Answer:
Pomegranate, Mango, Pears, Guava.

Question 21.
What should be the spacing between cuttings and what is the number of buds used for nursery raising for fruit plants.
Answer:
Spacing should be 6-8 inches and there should be 3-5 buds.

Question 22.
What is the name given to plant on which scion is fitted?
Answer:
Root stock.

Question 23.
Which type of grafting is done for mango?
Answer:
Side grafting.

Question 24.
Which are the plants for agroforestry?
Answer:
Poplar, Eucalyptus, Drake, Sisham.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 25.
What is the length and diameter of poplar cuttings?
Answer:
20-25 cm long and 2-3 cm diameter.

Question 26.
Which chemical is used to treat cuttings of poplar against termite and diseases?
Answer:
Chloropyriphos and emisan.

Question 27.
What is the suitable time for preparing nursery of poplar?
Answer:
Mid January to mid February.

Question 28.
After how many years poplar plants are ready to transplant in the field?
Answer:
One year.

Question 29.
What is suitable time for preparing nursery of Eucalyptus (Safeda)?
Answer:
February-March or September-October.

Question 30.
When are the seeds of Drake collected?
Answer:
November-December.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 31.
What is time of sowing for Drake?
Answer:
February-March.

Question 32.
How much time is taken by seeds of Drake for germination?
Answer:
Three weeks.

Question 33.
Which tree is state tree of Punjab?
Answer:
Sisham.

Question 34.
For how much time pods of sisham are to be soaked in cool- water before sowing?
Answer:
48 hours.

Question 35.
What is the seed rate for sisham for preparing nursery for one acre?
Answer:
2.0 to 3.5 kg pods.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which type of vegetables can be grown by nursery raising?
Answer:
Those vegetables, which can tolerate the transplanting shock, can be grown successfully by nursery raising.

Question 2.
Which land should be choosen for preparing nursery of vegetables?
Answer:
A land which gets sunshine for at least 8 hours a day. Land should be free from stones. There should be no big trees near the land which may cause shading.

Question 3.
Why sandy loam or clayey loam is best suited for preparing nursery of vegetables?
Answer:
This soil has required proportion of constituents like clay, sand, silt etc.

Question 4.
Write about the size of seed beds for preparing nursery of vegetables?
Answer:
Seed beds should be 1.0 to 1.25 m wide and 15 cm higher than ground level and should be 3-4 m in length.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 5.
After treating the soil, how to eliminate the effect of formalin?
Answer:
The effect can be eliminated by turning the soil in beds once a day for 3-4 days.

Question 6.
What should be the depth for sowing seeds in the nursery and what is row spacing?
Answer:
Seed should be sown at a depth of 1-2 cm and line spacing should be 5 cm.

Question 7.
Give some important points which you keep in mind while transplanting the seedlings?
Answer:

  • When seedlings are 4-6 weeks old, nursery is ready for transplanting.
  • Stop irrigating the nursery before 3-4 days of transplanting.
  • Transplanting should be done in the evening time’
  • Irrigate immediately after transplanting.

Question 8.
Write about fertilizers for preparing nursery of seasonal flowers.
Answer:
Fertilizer requirement for each one cubic metre is 75 gram, super phosphate, 75 gram CAN, 45 gram murate of potash, for equal proportion of soil, leaf mould, and FYM (in the ratio 1:1:1).

Question 9.
What problem may arise for fruit plants prepared from seed?
Answer:
Plants prepared from seed are not uniform, become large in size and it becomes difficult to manage them. They are also not hue to type plants.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

Question 10.
Give one advantage of preparing plants by vegetative propagation?
Answer:
The plants prepared by this method are true to type plants and are uniform in size such plants bear fruit early. They bear fruits, which are uniform in size, colour and other characteristics.

Question 11.
Write about cuttings of poplar.
Answer:
Prepare cuttings from one year old plants but not from training and pruning of branches of old plants. Cuttings should be 20-25 cm long and 2-3 cm in diameter.

Question 12.
How will you save cutting of poplar from termite and diseases?
Answer:
Treat the cuttings with 0.5% solution of chloropyriphos 20EC and 0.5% Emisan solution separately against termite and diseases.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give method of taking leaves sample for different fruit plants.
Answer:

Fruit Method to take leaves samples
Mango Take 30 leaves of 5-7 months in March-April. The branch should be bearing flowers or fruits for taking leaves.
Alucha From the branches of the same year take 100 leaves of 3-4 months for mid-May to mid-July.
Peach From the branches of same year take 100 leaves of 3-5 months from mid-May to mid-July.
Guava Take 50-60 leaves from 5-7 months old branches (non-bearing) in August-October.
Citrus family Take 100 leaves 4-8 months old after fruiting is over in July to October.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 2 Nursery Raising
Question 2.
What do you know about the grafting of mangoes?
Answer:
Mangoes are propagated through grafting. For this purpose stones of mango are sown in August in a well-prepared field. Germination takes place in 2 weeks. These seedlings are transplanted to nursery when leaves are still of light colour and are one-fourth of actual size. Seedlings become graftable upto April. Take a healthy scion for grafting. Remove leaves from this scion. In 7-10 days petioles drop and buds become swollen. Scion is ready for grafting. Give two 4 cm sized horizontal cuts separated by 1-2 cm. Give another cut on the stock at 15 cm height from ground level. Bark from this portion of rootstock is lifted away.

A slanting cut is given to the scion on the base and removes bark also. The length of the scion stick should not be more than 8 cm because the chance of breakage is more for a long stick. Prepared scion is inserted under the bark flap of rootstock. The bark flap is restored to its original position and the graft joint is tied using polythene strips of gauge 150-200 thickness. When scion growth starts the upper part of the rootstock is lopped. This method of propagation is used from March to October in Punjab. The success rate is lower from May to October.

Question 3.
What do you know about Nursery raising of Pear, Peach, and Alucha?
Answer:
1. Pear: Rootstock is Kainth or Batank (rootsucker). Tongue grafting is done during January-February whereas T budding is done from June to August. 1 to 3 years plants are transplanted in mid-February and aged plants are transplanted at the end of December.

2. Alucha (Plum): The plants are transplanted upto mid-January. Plants are in a dormant stage. The rootstock used is Kabul green gaze. The basal part of graft 5 to 7.5 cm is dipped in IAA 100 ppm solution for 24 hours.

3. Peach: These are propagated by budding or grafting. Rootstocks are Sharbati and Khurmani. The other variety Florida has lesser seeds thus is not used as rootstock.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D. Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB National Movement 1919-1947 A.D. Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
When and from which country Mahatma Gandhiji came back to India?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhiji came back in 1891 A.D. from England and then again came back to India from South Africa in 1915 A.D.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Satyagraha Movement?
Answer:
Satyagraha was one of the largest weapons of Mahatma Gandhi. According to it, he used to keep fast or to set on protest. Many a time he used to keep hunger strike.

Question 3.
Where and when Jallianwala Bagh tragedy occurred?
Answer:
Massacre of Jallianwala Bagh took place on 13th April 1919 A.D. at Amritsar.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Khilafat Movement?
Answer:
Indian Muslims believed that the Sultan of Turkey was their Khalifa and religious leader. He was not treated well by the British after the First World War. That’s why Muslims started a movement against the British which was known as Khilafat movement.

Question 5.
Write down the names of the persons who left their law practices during the non-cooperation.
Answer:
Moti Lai Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, C.R. Dass, Sardar Patel, Lala Lajpat Rai, etc.

Question 6.
When and why Simon Commission was appointed?
Answer:
Simon Commission was appointed in 1928 A.D. to check the Reform Act of 1919 A.D.

Question 7.
When and where, by whom was founded the Nau-Jawan Bharat Sabha?
Answer:
Nau-Jawan Bharat Sabha was founded by Sardar Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev and Bhagwati Charan Vohra at Lahore in 1926 A.D.

Question 8.
Write down a note on Simon Commission.
Or
What do you know about Simon Commission?
Answer:
The British government appointed Simon Commission and sent it to India in 1928 A.D. to check the Reform Act of 1919. This Commisson had seven members but none of them was an Indian. So this commission was strongly opposed with black flags and slogans like ‘Simon go back’. Police started canning the revolutionaries. As a result Lala Lajpat Rai got hurt in this canning and later on he died because of these wounds.

Question 9.
Write down a note on civil disobedience movement. .
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi started Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930-1934 A.D. to attain freedom from the British. He broke the Salt Law at a place named Dandi on the coast of Gujarat. Encouraged by this incident, people of all the coastal areas started violating the Salt Law. A pact was signed between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin in 1931 A.D. All those who had violated the law were freed. Gandhiji went to England to participate in the Second Round Table Conference. But no satisfactory solution to the Indian problems could be found there. ^On his return from England, Gandhiji again started the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhiji was arrested and sent to jail. Government declared Indian National Congress illegal to suppress this movement and leaders of Congress were sent to jail. Police fired at people at many places. But the British government was unable to suppress this movement.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 10.
Write down a note on Quit India Movement.
Answer:
The British fought Second World War against Japan. So Japan decided to attack India because India was under the British rule. Gandhiji thought.that if the British could left India then Japan would not attack India. So Gandhiji started Quit India Movement on 8th August 1942 A.D. Government arrested Gandhiji and other Congress leaders on 9th August 1942 A.D. People got angry with this and they severely damaged police stations, government buildings, post offices and railway stations. Government also used repressive policies but was unable to suppress the revolutionaries.
im-1

Question 11.
Write down a note on Azad Hind Fauj.
Answer:
Indian National Army was founded by Subhash Chandra Bose in Japan. His objective was to free India from the British rule. Those Indian soldiers were included in Indian National Army who were captivated during the Second World War by Japan. Subhash Chandra Bose gave many slogans such as ‘Delhi Chalo’, ‘Give me blood, I will give you freedom’, ‘Jai Hind’ etc. But Japan was defeated in Second World War. So Indian National Army was unsuccessful in getting India free. Subhash Chandra Bose died in an air crash in 1945 A.D. A number of soldiers of Indian National Army were arrested by the British. That’s why Indian people did strikes, protest and demonstrate in whole of the country. So the British made free all the soldiers of Indian National Army.

Question 12.
Explain the Gandhian Era.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi holds the highest place in the history of modern India. He made the maximum contribution to the freedom struggle of India. He faced the British with Non-violence and Satyagraha and forced them to leave India.

A brief description of the life and activities of this great freedom fighter is as under :
Birth and Education: Gandhiji’s name was Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi. He was born on 2nd Oct., 1869 A.D. at Porbander in Kathiawar. Gandhiji received his early education in India and went to England for his higher education. He became a barrister and came back to India.

Political Life: After returning from England, he worked as lawyer for some time. But later, he went to South Africa.
When he reached South Africa, he was pained to see that the Indians were not treated well by the whites. Gandhiji could not tolerate it. He started Satyagraha movement there and helped Indians to get their demands accepted by the African Government.

Gandhiji in India: In 1915, Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa. The First World War was going on at that time. The British Government was engaged in this war. It was badly in need of men and money. So, Gandhiji appealed to the people to cooperate with the British. He wanted to win over the British by helping them. He believed that the British would grant freedom to India after winning the war.
im-2
But contrary to his belief, the British passed the Rowlatt Act. Gandhiji was very much pained by these Black Bills and he started satyagraha against them.

Non-Cooperation Movement: Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement against the British in 1920. Public completely cooperated with Mahatma Gandhi. The government tried to suprress the movement forcefully. But Gandhiji withdrew the movement on account of some incident of violence in 1922.

Civil Disobedience Movement: In 1930, Gandhiji started Civil Disobedience Movement. He violated salt laws by preparing salt from sea water. He broke the salt law on the sea coast at Dandi in Gujarat in March, 1930. The people started defying the salt laws at various places. Consequently, the government was frustrated and Indians were given the right to prepare salt.

Quit India Movement. The main aim of Gandhiji was to free India. He started Quit India Movement in 1942 to achieve his aim. Lakhs of people took part in the movement and suffered heavy losses. Though the movement failed, yet it made clear that the British would have to quit India soon.

Other Works: Gandhiji did a lot to uplift the status of all the Indians. He gave the message of wearing Khadi to remove poverty from India. He gave the message of brotherhood to stop communal riots in the country.

Death: On 30th January, 1948 A.D. Gandhiji was shot dead by Nathu Ram Vinayak Godesey. The whole of the country was plunged into gloom at his death. Indians cannot forget the services of Gandhiji. He is remembered as the ‘Father of the Nation’.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 13.
Explain the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi started Non-Cooperation movement against British Government in 1920 A.D.

Following were the main objectives of this movement :

  • To criticize the atrocities committed on people of Punjab and the policies of British.
  • To stop injustice committed against Sultan of Turkey (Khalifa)
  • To establish unity among Hindus and Muslims.
  • To achieve Swaraj (freedom) from British Government.

Program of Non-Cooperation Movement :

  • To give up government jobs.
  • To return government or official titles.
  • Not to take part in government festivals and meetings.
  • Not to use foreign-made goods. Instead country-made goods should be used.
  • To boycot government courts and disputes should be resolved through Panchayats.
  • To use Khadi cloth made by charkha.

Progress of Non-Cooperation Movement: Mahatma Gandhi returned his title of ‘Kesar-e-Hind’ to the government. He appealed the people to take part in his movement. Many Indians gave up their government jobs and titles. Thousands of students left their schools and colleges. They started to study in Kashi Vidyapeeth, Gujarat Vidyapeeth, Tilak Vidyapeeth, etc. Hundreds of Lawyers left their legal practice. Moti Lai Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, C.R. Dass, Sardar Patel, Lala Lajpat Rai also left their legal practice. People sacrificed foreign made clothes and started tctuse Khadi clothes made by charkha.

Government arrested thousands of people to suppress this movement. Congress session was going on at village Chauri-Chaura of Gorakhpur distt. of Uttar Pradesh in 1922 A.D. Around 3000 farmers were taking part in it. Police fired bullets ut them. Farmers became angry, they attacked the police station and set it on fire. As a,result 22 policemen were killed. Gandhiji became furious he took back Non-Cooperation’Movement at Bardauli on 12th February in 1922 A.D.

Importance: Yet the Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by Mahatma Gandhi but still it gave an important contribution in spreading National movement.

  • People of almost all the classes took part in this movement with which national consciousness occurred among them.
  • Females also took part in it. Their self-confidence increased with this.
  • Popularity of Congress party increased with this movement.
  • Some leaders of Congress were furious with Mahatma Gandhi because of calling off the movement. Pandit Moti Lai Nehru and C.R. Dass were some of them. So they founded ‘Swaraj party’ on 1923 A.D. to achieve freedom from the British.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 14.
Explain the Revolutionary movement.
Answer:
Revolutionary movement was also started in India for getting freedom from the British rule. Their brief description is given below :
1. Babbar Akali Movement: Some Akali Sikh leaders wanted to run Gurudwara reform movement in a violent way. They were known as Babbar Akalis. Their leader Kishan Singh founded a ‘Chakravarti Jatha’ and raised his voice against repressive policies of British at Hoshiarpur and Jalandhar. He along with his 186 friends was arrested on 20th February 1923. Five out of them were hanged.

2. Young India Society (Naujawan Bharat Sabha): Young India Society was founded at Lahore in 1926 A.D. It’s founder members were Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Bhagwaticharan Vohra, Sukhdev, etc.

Main Objectives: The following were the main objectives of this society :

  • To deveop feeling of sacrifice.
  • To develop sense of patriotism among the people.
  • To spread revolutionary ideas among the masses.

Membership: All the males-females of 18 to 35 years of age were free to become members of this society. Only those persons could become members who believed in their programmes. Many males and females of Punjab gave their cooperation to this society. Durga Devi Vohra, Sushila Mohan, Amar Kaur, Parvati Devi and Lilawati were some of its members.

Activities: Members of this society were fully active at the time of arrival of Simon Commission. Revolutionaries took out strong procession against Simon Commission under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai. The British police caned that procession. Lala Lajpat Rai was severely hurt in this canning. He died on 17th November 1928 A.D. Meantime, all the revolutionaries of India made their central organization called ‘Indian Socialist Republic Association’. Members of Young India Society started to carry on activities with this association.

Assembly Bomb Case: Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt surrendered themselves by throwing bombs in legislative assembly on 8th April 1929 A.D. Pobce also arrested two other revolutionaries—Sukhdev and Rajguru.

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged on”23rd March 1931 A.D. on the charges of murder of Police officer Mr. Sanderas. But it is one of the hard facts that Bhagat Singh sacrificed his life and set an example which could motivate .the coming generations.

Question 15.
Explain about Gurudwara reforms movement.
Answer:
Gurudwara reform movement was started, during the period of 1920-1925 A.D., to remove occupation of Gurudwaras of Punjab from the clutches of Mahants. This movement is also known as Akali Movement because Akalis made possible to remove Mahants from Gurudwaras.

Akali Dal started many morchas for making Gurudwara reform movement successful. Brief description of some of these morchas is as below :
1. Morcha of Nankana Sahib. Mahant Narayan Dass of Nankana Sahib was a characterless person. One peaceful Jatha reached Nankana Sahib on 20 February 1921 A.D. to remove him from the Gurudwara. This Jatha was badly treated by Mahant. His goons attacked the Jatha. Leader of Jatha Laxman Singh and some of his supporters were burnt alive by the Mahant.

2. Morcha of Keys of Treasury of Harmandar Sahib. Keys of treasury of Harmandar Sahib were with the British. Shiromani Committee demanded those keys but British denied to hand over keys to them. Sikhs protested against British for their denial of handing over the keys. Many sikhs were arrested by the British. Congress and Khilafat Committee supported the British. So finally the British handed over the keys of treasury to the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (S.G.P.C.)

3. Morcha of ‘Guru Ka Bagh’. Gurudwara ‘Guru Ka Bagh’ is situated in Ajnala sub¬division and around 13 miles from Amritsar. This Gurudwara was under possession of Mahant Sunder Dass who was a characterless person. Shiromani Committee sent a Jatha under the leadership of Daan Singh on 23rd August 1921 A.D. to take over the possession of this Gurudwara. Members of this Jatha were arrested by the British. Sikhs got furious with this. They started sending more and more Jathas to Gurudwara. These Jathas were also badly treated. Its members were even canned by the police.

4. Incident of Punja Sahib. The Government decided to send Sikhs arrested in ‘Guru Ka Bagh’ Morcha to Attock through railway. Sikhs of Punja Sahib urged the government to stop train at Hassan Abdal so that arrested Sikhs could be given food. But Government denied that request. Then Bhai Karan Singh and Bhai Pratap Singh jtood in front of train and got martyrdom. Except the martyrdom of these two Sikhs, body parts of many Sikhs were cut down.

5. Jaito Morcha. In 1923 A.D., the British dethroned Ripudaman Singh, the ruler of Nabha, without any reason. Shiromani Akali Dal and other patriot Sikhs decided to hold a big rally at Gurudwara Gangasar (Jaito). On 21st February, 1924 A.D. a Jatha of five hundred Akalis started for Gurudwara Gangasar. They had to face British army when they reached Nabha. The Sikhs were unarmed. Consequently, more than 100 Sikhs achieved martyrdom and about 200 were injured.

6. Sikh Gurudwara Act. In 1925 A.D., the Punjab Government passed the Sikh Gurudwara Act. According to this Act, the management of the Gurudwaras came into the hands of the Sikhs and the government released all the Sikhs from the jails in due course of time.

So, the Sikhs made many sacrifices in the Akali movement. On the one hand, they saved the Gurudwaras from the Mahants who were puppets in the hands of the British and on the other hand, they created a spirit of hatred among the Indians against the British which continued till the achievement of independence.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi started ____________ movement in India against the Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Non Cooperation

Question 2.
Mahatma Gandhi ji postponed the Non-Cooperation in ____________________
Answer:
1922 A.D

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 3.
Nankana Sahib Gurdwara’s Mahant _________________ was characterless person.
Answer:
Narayan Das

Question 4.
There were ____________ members of Simon Commission, which was sent in India in 1928 A.D.
Answer:
Seven

Question 5.
On 26th January 1930 A.D. an ________________ day was celebrated in India.
Answer:
Independence.

III. Write ‘True or False’ in brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi Ji surrendered the title of Kesar-I-Hind to the government.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Swaraj Party was established by Mahatma Gandhi Ji.
Answer:
False

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 3.
Bhagat Singh and his companions founded Naujwan Bharat Sabha in 1926 A.D.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
On 5th April, 1930 A.D. Mahatma Gandhi Ji broke the Salt Law in a village Dandi by making salt from the sea water.
Answer:
True.

IV. Match the words :

Question 1.

A B
1. Non Violence (i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh
2. Quit India Movement (ii) Mahatma Gandhi Ji
3. Revolutionary Movement (iii) On 8th August, 1942
4. Jaito Morcha (iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh

Answer:

A B
1. Non Violence (ii) Mahatma Gandhi Ji
2. Quit India Movement (iii) On 8th August, 1942
3. Revolutionary Movement (iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh
4. Jaito Morcha (i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide National Movement 1919-1947 A.D. Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
_______ movement started side by side with Non-Cooperation movement.
(a) Swadeshi and boycott
(b) Quit India
(c) Khilafat
(d) Civil Disobedience.
Answer:
(c) Khilafat.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 2.
Gandhiji started _______ movement in 1920 AD.
(a) Non Cooperation
(b) Rowlatt Satyagraha
(c) Quit India
(d) Civil Disobedience.
Answer:
(a) Non Cooperation.

Question 3.
Non Cooperation movement was called off due to violence occured at _______ in U.P.
(a) Lucknow
(b) Chauri Chaura
(c) Benaras
(d) Meerut.
Answer:
(b) Chauri Chaura.

Question 4.
_______ founded Naujawan Sahha in 1925-26 AD.
(a) Bhagat Singh
(b) Chandrashekhar
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(a) Bhagat Singh.

Question 5.
In _______ Session, Congress passed a resolution demanding Purna Swaraj.
(a) Bombay
(b) Calcutta
(c) Lahore
(d) Kanpur.
Answer:
(c) Lahore.

Question 6.
Indian National Congress, in 1929 Session, decided to celebrate _______ as Independence Day.
(a) 15 August
(b) 26 January
(c) 17 August
(d) 19 March.
Answer:
(b) 26 January.

Question 7.
Gandhiji marched to and broke Salt Law.
(a) Gujarat
(b) Surat
(c) Dandi
(d) Ahmedabad.
Answer:
(c) Dandi.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 8.
The first phase of Civil disobedience Movement ended in
(a) 1929 A.D.
(b) 1928 A.D.
(c) 1931 A.D.
(d) 1930 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1930 A.D.

Question 9.
Second phase of Civil Disobedience Movement Started in
(a) 1932 A.D.
(b) 1933 A.D.
(c) 1931 A.D.
(d) 1934 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1932 A.D.

Question 10.
Civil Disobedience Movement ended in
(a) 1932 A.D.
(b) 1933 A.D.
(c) 1931 A.D.
(d) 1934 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1934 A.D.

Question 11.
Quit India Movement started in
(a) 1940 A.D.
(b) 1941 A.D.
(c) 1942 A.D.
(d) 1943 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1942 A.D.

Question 12.
Who started Quit India Movement?
(o) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Lai Bahadur Shastri
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 13.
When did Muslim League demanded Pakistan?
(a) 1930 A.D.
(b) 1935 A.D.
(c) 1940 A.D.
(d) 1945 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1940 A.D.

Question 14.
When did Gandhiji decide to launch a nation wide Styagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act?
(a) 1919 A.D.
(b) 1920 A.D.
(c) 1921 A.D.
(d) 1922A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1919 A.D.

Question 15.
When Cabinet Mission came to India?
(a) March 1945
(b) March 1946
(c) Sept. 1947
(d) Sept. 1946.
Answer:
(b) March 1946.

Question 16.
Which day was observed by Muslim League as Direct Action Day?
(o) 15 Aug, 1945
(b) 26 Jan, 1946
(c) 16 Aug, 1946
(d) 26 Jan, 1947.
Answer:
(c) 16 Aug, 1946.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 17.
The person in the given picture gave great contribution in the Indian Freedom struggle. Name the person.
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(a) Jawahar Lai Nehru
(b) Sardar Patel
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Chancira Shekhar Azad.
Answer:
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi started _______ to oppose Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Rowlatt Satyagraha

Question 2.
Mahatma Gandhi withdraw Non-Cooperation Movement in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1922

Question 3.
Mahant _______ of Gurdwara Nankana-Sahib was a characterless person.
Answer:
Narayan Dass

Question 4.
Simon Commission had _______ members.
Answer:
Seven

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 5.
26th January 1930 A.D. was celebrated as India’s first _______ day.
Answer:
Independence.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
During Non-Cooperation Movement Mahatma Gandhi surrendered the title of Kesar-e-hind.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
Swaraj Party was founded by Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
In 1926 A.D. Bhagat Singh and his companions founded Naujwan Bharat Sabha.
Answer:
(✓)

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 4.
On 5th April, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi made salt at Dandi and broke salt law.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A B
1. Ahimsa (i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh
2. Quit India Movement (ii) Mahatma Gandhi
3. Revolutionary Movement (iii) 8th August, 1942
4. Jaiton Morcha (iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh

Answer:

A B
1. Ahimsa Maharaja (ii) Mahatma Gandhi
2. Quit India Movement (iii) 8th August, 1942
3. Revolutionary Movement (iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh
4. Jaiton Morcha (i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was Rowlatt Act? Why was it opposed by the people?
Answer:
Rowlatt Act was passed to suppress the movement of the people. According to it, any person could be arrested only on the basis of doubt. That’s why it was opposed by the people.

Question 2.
When did Simon Commission come to India? Which leader lost his life in the anti-demonstration against this Commission?
Answer:
The Simon Commission came to India in 1928. Lala Lajpat Rai was severely wounded by police lathis while leading a procession against the Simon Commission at Lahore. He died of the injuries a few days later.

Question 3.
Write the names of the associates of Bhagat Singh. In which year were they hanged?
Answer:
Sukhdev and Rajguru. They were hanged on 23rd March, 1931 in the Central Jail at Lahore.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 4.
When did the Indian National Congress demand Poorna Swaraj?
Answer:
The Indian National Congress demanded Poorna Swaraj or complete independence in 1929 A.D. at its Lahore Session.

Question 5.
When did the Quit India movement start? What was its impact on the British Government?
Answer:
The Quit India movement was started in August 1942 A.D. The Government tried to suppress this movement with full force.

Question 6.
When was the Indian Independence Act passed?
Answer:
The Indian Independence Act was passed on 16th July’, 1947. But it was finally approved by the Crown two days later.

Question 7.
Whose minister was Cripps and what was the reason of his arrival to India in 1942 A.D.?
Answer:
Cripps was a minister of the British Government. The British Government sent him to India in 1942 A.D to satisfy Indians so that they could help the British in the World War II.

Question 8.
Why Non-Cooperation movement was started?
Answer:
One peaceful crowd in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar was fired at by the Police. Gandhiji decided to start Non-Cooperation Movement against the British to protest this incident.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 9.
When was the Non-Cooperation movement withdrawn and what was its reason?
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation movement was withdrawn in 1922 A.D. Its reason was violent incident occurred at Chauri-Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 10.
What was the contribution of Lala Lajpat Rai to the freedom struggle of India?
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Rai was a great patriot. He lodged a strong protest against the partition of Bengal. In 1928, he led a procession at Lahore to protest against the Simon Commission. The police cane-charged the processionists as a result of which he received severe injuries. He died of these injuries a few days later.

Question 11.
What was the contribution of Sardar Bhagat Singh to the struggle for freedom?
Answer:
Sardar Bhagat Singh was a great revolutionary. He threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly Hall at Delhi to convey the feelings of the Indians to the British Government. He was also among those revolutionaries who shot dead Mr. Saunders, the Deputy Superintendent of Police at Lahore.

Question 12.
Why was the Civil Disobedience movement started?
Answer:
After the failure of the Non-Cooperation movement, the government passed the laws which were not in the interests of the public. The rates of taxes were so high that a common man was unable to pay. Civil Disobedience movement was started by Gandhiji to mark protest against such laws.

Question 13.
When and by whom Swaraj Party was founded?
Answer:
Swaraj Party was founded by Pt. Moti Lai Nehru and C.R. Dass in 1923 A.D.

Question 14.
What was the objective of Swaraj Party? Was it successful in achieving its objective?
Answer:
Main objective of Swaraj Party was to take part in elections and to struggle for achievement of independence. Swaraj Party got important success in the elections of central assembly and state assemblies held on 1st November 1923 A.D.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 15.
When and between whom Poona Pact was signed?
Answer:
Poona Pact was held between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in September 1932 A.D.

Question 16.
On 13th April, 1919, around 20,000 people gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. What was the main reason of their peaceful arrest?
Answer:
To oppose the Rowlatt Act and the arrest of their popular leaders.

Question 17.
Many movements were started in India to gain independence. Do you know when the Quit India movement was started by Gandhiji?
Answer:
In August, 1942.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the life of Gandhiji till 1915 A.D.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhiji was born on 2nd Oct. 1869 A.D. in the house of Diwan Karam Chand Gandhi at Porbandar of Kathiawar (Gujarat). His mother was Putli Bai. Gandhiji received his early education in India and went to England for higher education. He became barrister and came back to India in 1891 A.D. He went to South Africa in 1893 A.D. Indian people were badly treated over there by the British. Gandhiji criticized it. He started Satyagraha movement over there and Indians were given their rights. Gandhiji came back to India in 1915 A.D.

Question 2.
When and which Act was passed on the basis of Montegue-Chelmsford report? What was written in it?
Answer:
Indians helped the British in First World War. So the British published Montegue- Chelmsford report to please Indians. Act of 1919 A.D. was passed on the basis of this report.

Following were the main points of this Act :

  • India will remain a part of the British Empire.
  • Gradually the responsible rule will be established in India.
  • Indians will be included in every department of state administration.

Question 3.
What were the clauses of Act of 1919 A.D.? Why it was opposed by Indian National Congress?
Answer:
Following were the main clauses of Act of 1919 A.D. :

  • Through this Act, subjects were divided between Centre and Provinces.
  • Dyarchy was established in provinces.
  • The communal electoral system was spread.
  • System of two houses of the legislative council was made in the Centre.
  • Members of state Council were increased to 60, and members of Legislative Assembly were increased to 145.
  • Powers and rights of secretary of states were reduced. Number of members of its council was also reduced.

Indians were not very much pleased with Act of 1919 A.D. So they started Satyagraha movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, to oppose this Act.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 4.
Write a note on Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Indian people started the Satyagraha movement in opposition to Act of 1919 A.D. So the British Government passed Rowlatt Act in 1919 A.D. to control the situation. According to this Act, the British government was free to arrest any person without issuing any warrant and without any trial. Arrested person was not allowed to appeal in court against his arrest. So this Act was strongly opposed by the people. Pt. Moti Lai Nehru criticised this Act by saying, “No Appeal, No Vakil and No Dalil.” Gandhiji started Satyagraha movement in whole of the country to oppose Rowlatt Act.

Question 5.
Write a note on the Non-Cooperation movement.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi against British government in 1920 A.D. Main objectives of this movement was to not to cooperate the British government in any manner. This movement was declared in Nagpur session of Congress. Gandhiji appealed the people not to cooperate government in any manner. One definite programme was also prepared. According to it, people sacrificed their government jobs and titles. Mahatma Gandhiji gave back his title of ‘Kesar-e-Hind’. Students left their government schools. Lawyers left their legal practice. Foreign made goods were also sacrificed and people started to use local goods. But people, at a place of Chauri-Chaura, set police station on fire in which many policemen were killed. When Gandhiji listened the incident of violence, he took back this movement.

Question 6.
Write a note on the increasing tension between the Sikhs and the British about the Gurudwaras.
Answer:
The British government always supported the Mahants, the priests of the Gurudwaras. The Sikhs did not like it. These priests had entered the Gurudwaras as Sewadars but during the British rule, they began to consider themselves as the owners of the Gurudwaras. They considered the property of Gurudwaras as their personal property. Patronage of the British was available to the Mahants or priests. So they thought that their hold on the Gurudwaras was safe. They started living a luxurious life. The Sikhs could not tolerate it.

Question 7.
Describe the event of Guru Ka Bagh Morcha.
Answer:
Guru Ka Bagh is situated 13 miles away from Amritsar in Tehsil Ajnala. This Gurudwara was in the possession of Mahant Sunder Dass, who was a characterless person. Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee sent a Jatha on 23 Aug., 1921 A.D. under the leadership of Dhan Singh to take charge of the Gurudwara. The police arrested the members of this Jatha. The Sikhs got annoyed with this incident and sent many more Jathas, which were very cruelly treated by the police. All political parties of the country condemned this action of the government.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on the Jaito Morcha.
Answer:
In July 1932, the British removed Maharaja Ripudaman Singh of Nabha from the throne without any reason. Shiromani Akali Dal and other patriot Sikhs condemned this action of the government and a Jatha of 500 Akalis marched towards Gurudwara Gangasar (Jaito) on 21st February, 1924. On reaching Nabha, they faced the British Army. Many Sikhs were killed and a large number of them were injured. Finally, the Sikhs succeeded in getting their demands accepted by the government.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 9.
Write a brief note on the event of Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy.
Answer:
The tragedy of the Jallianwala Bagh occurred in 1919 A.D. on the Baisakhi Day. The people of Amritsar were holding a meeting in Jallianwala Bagh on that day to protest against the arrest of their leaders. General Dyer, without giving any warning, ordered his troops to fire on the peaceful meeting. As a result, a wave of discontent and anger spread all over the country. The struggle for freedom took a new turn. Now, it became a struggle of all the people against the foreign rulers.

Question 10.
How the event of Jallianwala Bagh tragedy gave a new turn to freedom struggle of India?
Answer:
Many people were killed due to the massacre of Jallianwala Bagh (13th April 1919 A.D.). This massacre took a new turn to freedom struggle of India. This struggle was limited to few people before the massacre. Now it became the struggle of the masses. Farmers, labourers, students, etc, started to take part in it. Lot of enthusiasm came in freedom struggle with this massacre and the freedom struggle started with great pace.

Question 11.
Write a note on motion of Poorna Swaraj.
Answer:
Indian National Congress passed a resolution of Poorna Swaraj at its annual session on 31st December 1929 A.D. This session was held at Lahore, on the banks of Ravi river, under the presidentship of Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru. This was also decided in this session that if government did not free India quickly then Independence Day will be celebrated in whole of the country on 26th January 1930 A.D. It was also decided to start Satyagraha movement to achieve independence. 26th January 1930 was celebrated as first Independence day in the whole country.

Question 12.
Where Round Table Conferences were held? Briefly describe them.
Answer:
Round Table Conferences were held at London. First Two Conferences. First Round Table Conference was called by the British Government in 1930 A.D. to discuss the report of Simon Commission. But this Conference remained unsuccessful due to boycot of the Congress.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931. Gandhiji accepted to suspend Civil Disobedience Movement and to take part in Second Round Table Conference in this Pact. Second Round Table Conference was held in London in Sept. 1931 and Gandhiji demanded to stop the rule of representing Indians in centre and provinces. But he was unsuccessful in meeting his demands. As a result he again started Civil Disobedience Movement on 3rd January 1932 A.D. In the end Gandhiji and other Congress leaders were arrested.

Third Conference. Third Conference was held in 1932 A.D. Gandhiji didn’t take part in it.

Question 13.
Why Cripps Mission was sent to India? Was it been able to satisfy Congress leaders?
Answer:
Second World War started in Sept. 1939 A.D. The British government did not consult the Congress leaders and declared India’s participation iij the war. The Congress leaders criticised this declaration and resigned from provincial legislative councils. The British government sent Cripps Mission to India on March 1942, under Sir Starford Cripps so that the solution of this problem could be found. It put certain proposals before the Congress leaders which were unable to satisfy the Congress leaders.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 14.
Write a note on Pakistan’s demand of Muslim League.
Answer:
Muslim League was pleased with the resignations of Congress leaders from provincial legislative councils in 1939 A.D. That’s why leader of League Mohammad Ali Jinnah decided to celebrate Freedom Day on 22nd Sept., 1939 A.D. On 23rd March 1940 A.D., Muslim League demanded Free Pakistan for Muslims by calling two separate nations for Hindus and Muslims. The Britishers also supported Muslim League because they wanted to weaken National movement.

Question 15.
Briefly describe Cabinet Mission and its suggestions.
Answer:
The British government sent the Cabinet Mission, with three members, to India in March 1946 A.D. Its President was Lord Pathik Lawrence. This mission discussed with Indian leaders about political power to be given to India. It also suggested to establish constitutional committee to frame the constitution and to establish interim Government in the country. So according to this suggestion, Jawaharlal Nehru made an interim government in Sept. 1946. Muslim League also joined interim government on 15th Oct. 1946 A.D.

Question 16.
Briefly describe the events after 1946 which led to freedom or division of India.
Answer:
The British Prime Minister Lord Attlee declared on 20th February, 1947 that the British government will free India by 30th June 1948 A.D. Lord Mountbatten came to India as new Viceroy on 22nd March 1947 A.D. He started discussions with the Congress leaders. He declared that India will be made free but it will be divided into two parts— India and Pakistan. Congress accepted this division because it wanted to stop bloodshed and violence in the country.

The British Parliament passed ‘Indian Independence Act’ on 18th July 1947 A.D. As a result, the British rule in India came to an end on 15 August 1947 A.D. and India became free. But India was divided into two parts i.e. India and Pakistan.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
On the basis of which theories Mahatma Gandhi tried to achieve freedom to the country?
Answer:
The British didn’t fulfil their promises done with Indians during first world war. So Indians planned to remove the British rule under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

Mahatma Gandhi tried to win over freedom on the basis of following theories :
1. Non-Violence. Mahatma Gandhi adopted the policy of peace and non-violence to win over the hearts of the British. Gandhiji was therfollower of truth and non-violence.

2. Satyagraha Movement. Mahatma Gandhi believed in Satyagraha movement. According to this, he used to keep fast for few days or to demonstrate to meet his demands. Whole of the world was attracted towards him when he used to start this type of moVement.

3. Hindu Muslim Unity. Mahatma Gandhi stressed on thje unity of all the Indians especially Hindus and Muslims. If at any place riots occurred due to one reason or the other, then Gandhiji always tried to pacify the people by going at that place.

4. Non-Cooperation Movement. Mahatma Gandhi started Non-Cooperation Movement to oppose injustice being committed with Indian people. For this, he urged the people to boycot Government offices, courts, schools, colleges and foreign made goods.

5. Khadi and Charkha. Gandhiji asked the rural people to use Khadi clothes and to prepare cloth with the help of charkha. He propagated that local goods should be used instead of foreign made goods.

6. Social Reforms. Mahatma Gandhi also tried to eradicate social evils such as untouchability. He also tried for the welfare of the women.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

Question 2.
Describe Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and Khilafat Movement.
Answer:
1. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. In 1919 A.D. and under the orders of Mahatma Gandhi, strikes were called and processions were held in Punjab to oppose Rowlatt Act. Two famous leaders of Amritsar Dr. Kitchloo and Dr. Satpal were arrested on 10th April 1919 A.D. Indians took out a procession to oppose this Act. Government ordered to open fire at this procession. As a result, few people were killed. So Indians became angry and killed 5 British officers. The British Government called the Military in Amritsar city to control the situation.

Around 20,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh of Amritsar on 13th April 1919 to oppose Rowlatt Act. General Dyer ordered to fire bullets at these people. People started to run here and there to save their lives. This garden was closed from three sides and the fourth side was covered by the soldiers. Just within a short span of time whole of the garden was filled with blood and dead bodies. Around 1000 people were killed in this massacre and 3000 persons were wounded. People got furious after knowing about this massacre.

2. Khilafat Movement. Turkey helped Germany against the British in the first world war. Turkish Sultan ‘Abdul Hamid II’ was considered as Khalifa or religious leader of Muslims of Indians. They helped the British in the war so that Khalifa of Turkey will not be treated badly at the hands of the British. But Turkey was divided into many parts by the British at the end of the war and Khalifa was imprisoned by the British.

So Indian Muslims started Khilafat Movement to oppose the British. Shaukat Afi, Muhammad Afi, Abul Kalam Azad and Azmal Khan were its main leaders. Mahatma Gandhi and Bal Gangadhar Tilak also took part in this movement to establish unity among Hindus and Muslims.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB The Revolt of 1857 Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Write down any two political causes of the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
1. Insult of Bahadur Shah: In 1856 A.D., the Governor-General told the Mughal Emperor that he would be the last emperor of India. After his death, his princes will have to vacate the Red fort. This decision of the British annoyed the Muslims.

2. Unjustified annexation of Avadh: Avadh remained a faithful friend of the British but its unjustified annexation annoyed the people.

Question 2.
Which punishment was given to Bahadur Shah Zafar?
Answer:
He was taken prisoner and sent to Rangoon. After some time, Bahadur Shah Zafar died and the Mughal empire came to an end. His two sons were shot dead.

Question 3.
Write down the immediate cause of the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The episode of the greased cartridges was the immediate cause of rising on May 10, 1857. Some Indian soldiers at Meerut refused to use a new type of cartridge which were greased with the fat of the pigs and cows. A portion of the cartridge had to be bitten with one’s teeth before it could be fired. This enraged the Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the British army. They refused to obey the orders of their British officers to use the cartridges and rose in revolt.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 4.
With which other two names the revolt of 1857 A.D. is known?
Answer:
The first war of Independence and Soldier Revolt.

Question 5.
Write down in brief the social causes of revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

  1. The Christian missionaries were propagating Christianity in India. They insulted Hindu and Muslim religions while propagating Christianity. The Government never put any restrictions on their activities. So, the Indians were annoyed with this policy of the British.
  2. In 1856 A.D. Religious Inability Act was passed. According to this Act, if someone changed his religion, he could get the share of his father’s property. Bypassing this law, the government encouraged the people to embrace Christianity.
  3. The British did not treat Indians well. They called Indians ‘Rustics’ and ‘Black Indians’. Indians could not bear this insult. This also become a cause of the revolt of 1857.

Question 6.
Write down the causes of failure of the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The following were the main causes of failure of Indians in the rising of 1857 :

  • The day of 31st May, 1857 was fixed for the start of revolt. But it started on 29 March. Rebels were not fully prepared for the revolt.
  • Revolt did not spread in entire India.
  • Unity was lacked among rebels.
  • Rebels lacked means to carry on the revolt.
  • Rebels were not fighting for any common objectives.
  • Military generals of rebels were not capable objectives.
  • Some local kingdoms helped the British to crush the revolt.
  • Means of transport were under control of British.
  • Intelligence system of the British was very good.
  • They crushed the revolt with the help of their military.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The cartridges were greased with the fat of cow and ________
Answer:
pig

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 2.
Many states annexed to the British Empire according to the Doctrine of Lapse of Lord
Answer:
Dalhousie

Question 3.
First of all the revolt of 1857 A.D. was started in ________
Answer:
Barrakpur

Question 4.
________ was a famous general of Nana Sahib.
Answer:
Tanya Tope

Question 5.
Indian soldiers declared their emperor.
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar.

III. Write ‘True’ or ‘False* in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Indians were appointed on high posts.
Answer:
False

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 2.
Good treatment was given to the Indians by the Britishers.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
The British made many social reforms.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Gradually Indian industry and trade declined.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
The Britishers ’adopted the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’.
Answer:
True.

IV. Something To Do :

Question 1.
To know about Lakshmi Bai, queen of Jhansi.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 2.
Collect the pictures of prominent freedom fighters and paste them in your scrapbook.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide The Revolt of 1857 Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
When did first war of Independence take place?
(a) 1857 A.D.
(b) 1897 AD.
(c) 1947 AD.
(d) 1965 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1857 A.D.

Question 2.
What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi from the British?
(a) To adopt a daughter
(b) To adopt a son
(c) To give her back her kingdom
(d) To give her pension.
Answer:
(b) To adopt a son.

Question 3.
What was the immediate cause of revolt done by Indian Sepoys?
(a) Use of Canons
(b) Use of new machines.
(c) Use of fat coated cartridges
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Use of fat coated cartridges.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 4.
Who was the last Mughal Emperor?
(a) Akbar
(b) Aurangzeb
(c) Jahangir
(d) Bahadur Shah Zafar
Answer:
(d) Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Question 5.
Where was Bahadur Shah Zafar exiled and died?
(a) New Delhi
(b) Kanpur
(c) Rangoon
(d) Nepal.
Answer:
(c) Rangoon.

Question 6.
When did Bahadur Shah Zafar die?
(a) 1857 A.D.
(b) 1862 A.D.
(c) 1860 A.D.
(d) 1865 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1862 A.D.

Question 7.
From where did the Indian revolt of 1857 start?
(a) Delhi
(b) Meerut
(c) Kanpur
(d) Jhansi.
Answer:
(b) Meerut

Question 8.
________ was proclaimed as emperor of India in 1857.
(o) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(b) Tantya Tope
(c) Nana Saheb
(d) Aurangzeb.
Answer:
(a) Bahadur Shah Zafar.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 9.
________ was the first martyer of the revolt of 1857.
(a) Nana Saheb
(b) Mangal Pandey
(c) Rani Laxmi Bai
(d) Tantya Tope,
Answer:
(b) Mangal Pandey.

Question 10.
________ led the revolt of Kanpur.
(a) Tantya Tope
(b) Rani Laxmi Bai
(c) Nana Saheb
(d) Kunwar Singh.
Answer:
(c) Nana Saheb.

Question 11.
Rani Lakshmi Bai died at
(a) Kanpur
(b) Gwalior
(c) Nagpur
(d) Satara.
Answer:
(b) Gwalior.

Question 12.
What was the long term result of revolt of 1857?
(a) Rise of Indian Nationalism
(b) Creation of Awareness
(c) End of Company’s rule
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Rise of Indian Nationalism.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 13.
When was Awadh annexed into the British Empire?
(a) 1850 A.D.
(b) 1856 A.D.
(c) 1860 A.D.
(d) 1857 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1856 A.D.

Question 14.
Who introduced Policy of Lapse in India?
(a) Lord William Bentinck
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord Wellington
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Lord Dalhousie.

Question 15.
Who resented high taxes in countryside?
(a) Peasants
(b) Zamindars
(c) Jotdars
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 16.
Which of these reforms was introduced by the British?
(a) Ban on Sati Pratha
(b) Permission of Widow remarriage
(c) Introduction of Western Education System
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 17.
Identify the event with which the persons given in the picture were associated:
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 1
(a) First World War
(b) Revolt of 1857
(c) Peasant Revolt
(d) Indigo Revolt.
Answer:
(b) Revolt of 1857.

Question 18.
The given picture is of Rani Laxmi Bai whose kingdom was annexed by the British under a policy called ________
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 2
(a) Subsidiary Alliance
(b) Doctrine of Lapse
(e) Policy of Paramountcy
(d) Through Conquests.
Answer:
(b) Doctrine of Lapse.

Question 19.
The person in the given picture was declared the leader of the 1857 revolt. Name the person.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 3
(a) Tantya Tope
(b) Raja Kanwar Singh
(c) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(d) Nana Saheb.
Answer:
(c) Bahadur Shah Zafar.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 20.
The person in the given picture is known as the first martyr of the revolt of 1857 AD. Name the person.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 4
(a) Tantya Tope
(b) Mangal Pandey
(c) Kanwar Singh
(d) Nana Saheb.
Answer:
(b) Mangal Pandey.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The cartridges were filled with the fat of cow and ________
Answer:
pig

Question 2.
According to Doctrine of Lapse of Lord ________, many Indian Kingdoms were captured.
Answer:
Dalhousie

Question 3.
Initially, the revolt started at ________
Answer:
Barrackpur

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 4.
________ was a famous general of Nana Sahib.
Answer:
Tantya Tope

Question 5.
Indian soldiers declared ________ at their leader.
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
During British times, Indians were appointed at higher posts.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 2.
Indians were behaved quite well.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
The British introduced many social reforms here in India.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 4.
Gradually Indian trade and industries declined.
Answer:
(✓)

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 5.
The British adopted the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’.
Answer:
(✓)

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A B
1. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah (i) Delhi
2. Nana Sahib (ii) Avadh
3. Bahadur Shah Zafar (iii) Kanpur
4. Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal (iv) Punjab

Answer:

A B
1. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah (ii) Avadh
2. Nana Sahib (iii) Kanpur
3. Bahadur Shah Zafar (i) Delhi
4. Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal (iv) Punjab

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write two religious causes of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

  1. The British were converting Indians into Christians by promising them many concessions.
  2. The English passed Religious Inability Act, 1856 to spread Christianity.

Question 2.
Write two political causes of Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

  1. There was discontentment among the Indian rulers because of the policy of the subsidiary alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse.
  2. Title of Emperor was taken away from the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. He was, therefore, annoyed with the British.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 3.
Write the names of the main leaders of the. Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
Names of four important leaders of the revolt were:

  1. Nana Sahib
  2. Tantya Tope
  3. Rani Laxmi Bai and
  4. Kanwar Singh.

Question 4.
Give two reasons of the failure of Revolt of 1857 A.D. in Punjab.
Answer:
Revolt of 1857 A.D. failed in Punjab due to two following reasons :

  1. There was no capable leader of rebels.
  2. Instead of giving help to rebels, the kings of Patiala, Nabha and Jind gave their support to the British.

Question 5.
Which were the four main centres of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow.

Question 6.
Who was Tantya Tope?
Answer:
Tantya Tope was the General of Nana Sahib. He was the leader of army of Nana Sahib in the revolt. When the British took control of Kanpur, he helped Rani Laxmi Bai.

Question 7.
Why did the Rani of Jhansi took part in the Rising of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
Rani of Jhansi took part in the rising of 1857 because the British did not allow her to adopt a heir to the throne of Jhansi.

Question 8.
Write two political consequences of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

  1. The rule of the East India Company came to an end. India came under the direct rule of the British Crown i.e. the King and the Parliament of Britain.
  2. The British Government abandoned the policy of annexing Indian States.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 9.
Write two social effects of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

  1. It created bitterness between the Hindus and the Muslims.
  2. The Indians and the Europeans began to hate each other.

Question 10.
Give any two economic effects of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

  1. After the Sepoy mutiny of 1857, the British purchased raw material at cheap rates from the Indian markets and sent it to England.
  2. They had a monopoly in the trade of Tea, Coffee, Tobacco, Cotton, etc.

Question 11.
In which cantonments of Punjab revolt occurred in the Revolt of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
During the revolt of 1857 A.D. revolt occurred in cantonments of Lahore, Firozpur, Peshawar, Ambala, Mianwali etc. of Punjab.

Question 12.
What was the contribution of Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal in the revolt?
Answer:
Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal refused to pay tax to the government and rose in revolt against it. He fopght against the English at some places. Ultimately he died while fighting the British near Pakpattan.

Question 13.
Why Nana Sahib became opponent of the British?
Answer:
Peshwa Baji Rao II died in 1857 A.D. But after his death, Lord Dalhousie stopped the pension of his successer i.e. Nana Sahib. That’«s why he became opponent of the British and revolted against them.

Question 14.
How many soldiers at Merrut refused to use the greased cartridges?
Answer:
Nearly 85 soldiers in Merrut refused to use the greased cartridges.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 15.
Who occupied Delhi on 11th September?
Answer:
General Nicklson occupied Delhi on 11th September with the help of the Sikh soldiers.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where and why did the Revolt of 1857 start?
Answer:
The Revolt of 1857 started at Barrackpur cantonment, Bengal in March. A soldier named Mangal Pandey shot an English officer. He was hanged for this crime. This incident inspired his fellow soldiers with patriotic feelings and they later joined the revolt against the British on 10th May, 1857.

Question 2.
Why were the soldiers of Avadh against the British?
Answer:
The army of Bengal was the best army of the East India Company. A majority of the soldiers in the army belonged to Avadh. Lord Daihousie annexed Avadh into the British Empire. Avadh soldiers did not like it and turned against the British. The English disbanded the Avadh army as a result of which thousands of soldiers became unemployed. They decided to rise in revolt in protest.

Question 3.
Why did the Indian soldiers take part in the Revolt of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
Following are the reasons of taking part of Indian soldiers in the Revolt of 1857 A.D. :

  1. In 1856, one law was passed according to which soldiers could be sent beyond the sea in a war. But in Hindu religion, it was considered that going beyond the sea is against religion.
  2. Indian soldiers were badly treated during the Parade. It was unbearable for the Indian soldiers to tolerate this disrespect.
  3. Indian soldiers were given very less salary as compared to the British soldiers. That’s why resentment spread among them.
  4. The British officers disrespected the culture of Indian soldiers in front of them. Indian soldiers wanted to take revenge of this disrespect.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 4.
Describe the military consequences of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
Following were the military consequences of the revolt :
1. Consolidation of the Army: There were two types of soldiers before the revolt.

  • The soldiers appointed by the Company and
  • The soldiers appointed by the British government. After the revolt, the two armies were unified.

2. Increase in the number of European Soldiers: The number of European soldiers was increase^ and the number of Indian soldiers was decreased. But the Sikhs of Punjab and the Gorkhas of Nepal were given preference in the recruitment in the army.

3. Reorganisation of Indian Army: Artillery was put under the charge of the British soldiers. Indian soldiers were given weapons of low quality.

Question 5.
Describe the event of Lucknow at the time of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
Lucknow, the capital of Avadh, was the centre of revolt. The rebels uprooted the British administration in this area. The British Commander-in-Chief Havlock marched on Lucknow with a large force and captured it on 31st March, 1858. After sometime, the large landlords of Avadh also lay down their arms. Thus the revolt was crushed in Avadh.

Question 6.
Discuss the importance of freedom struggle of 1857 A.D. in the history of our country on the basis of four things.
Answer:
The First War of Independence was the most important event in the history of India. Its importance may be studied as under :

  • It was the first attempt made by the Indians for the achievement of freedom. Indian soldiers and public collectively faced the enemy in this war of independence. Thus this struggle was a symbol of Indian national unity.
  • People of all castes, creeds and religions made joint efforts to achieve freedom.
  • The British were alarmed as a result of this revolt and they made several reforms in the administration to please the Indians.
  • Several Indians sacrificed their lives in this struggle. The sacrifices of these persons always inspired the coming generations of India.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 7.
Write down a note about Regional Focus: Avadh.
Answer:
Avadh was a very prosperous state. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Avadh always remained loyal to the Britishers. But Britishers started to interfere in his kingdom. He was forced to keep the British army in his kingdom. After some time whole of his army was relieved and kept British army over there. Whole expenditure of the British army was on Nawab. All the relieved soldiers of army of Nawab became unemployed. In 1856 A.D., Britishers accused Nawab of mis government of Avadh and removed him. Then his kingdom was annexed into the British empire. Soldiers, formers and zamindars got annoyed with this and they took part in the revolt of 1857 in great number.

Question 8.
Write a note on “Doctrine of Lapse”.
Answer:
The Doctrine of Lapse was adopted by Lord Dalhousie. According to this doctrine, succession to protected state depended upon the will of the British. Lord Dalhousie decided that if the ruler of a dependent state had no male child, he could not adopt a son. It meant that if a native ruler died without leaving a son behind, the dependent state would pass into the hands of the British. On the grounds of Doctrine of Lapse, Dalhousie annexed seven dependent kingdoms into the British Empire which included Nagpur, Jhansi, Jaipur and Satara.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down the main causes of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
The main causes of the Revolt of 1857 were as follows :
1. Political Discontentment: There was a great resentment among the Indian masses on account of wrong political policies of the British. Lord Dalhousie annexed several Indian states on the basis of the Doctrine of Lapse. The rulers, the public and employees of these states turned against the British. The British ruined village self-government. They did not promote the Panchayat system. They also gave setback to village cottage industries. So the villagers too had feelings of hatred against the British.

2. Shortcomings in the Administration: Corruption was rampant in the British administration. Justice was very costly. Land tax system was very faulty and harsh. Actually, the main aim of the British was to collect more and more money. The British rule in India was, therefore, most unpopular.

3. Economic Exploitation: To promote industry in England, the British ruined Indian industries. Now, only the British made goods were sold here. Farmers too were greatly exploited by the Company. All high jobs were given to the British who got their salaries from Indian exchequer. So this exploitation of Indians increased the discontentment against the British rule.

4. Interference in the Religious Matters: The British took many steps to convert the Indians into Christianity. They also tried to change religious customs of the Indians. As a result, Indians belonging to all religions turned against the English.

5. Discontentment in the Army: There was discontentment among Indian soldiers. They were given very low salaries. The British soldiers misbehaved with them. In 1856, Indian soldiers were supplied greased cartridges for use. Soldiers were enraged and rose in revolt.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 2.
What were the causes of the failure of Rising of 1857?
Answer:
The following were the main causes of the failure of Indians in the Rising of 1857:
1. Beginning of the Revolt before time: The rebellion started before time because of the incidents at Behrampur, Barrakpur and Meerut. Unity among the revolutionaries received a setback and the English got sufficient time to suppress the revolt.

2. No common aim: The leaders participating in the struggle did not have any common goal. Some were fighting for the cause of religion, some for the safety of their states, while some others for the independence of the country. Therefore, the failure of revolution was certain.

3. Revolt Unorganised: The rebels had no able leader who could have kept them united. They were unorganised and indisciplined.

4. Untrained Soldiers: The rebels lacked trained soldiers. They had no modern weapons of war. Most of the people who participated in the rising were disbanded soldiers. They had little experience. The rising was bound to fail.

5. The rising did not spread in the whole country: This struggle remained restricted only to the northern India. People of South India did not take active part in it. Had the whole of India stood united against the British, the first war of Indian Independence would not have failed.

6. Control of the British over the means of transport: All the means of transport and communication like railways, post and telegraph etc. were in the hands of the British. They were in a position to send soldiers and weapons of war from one place to another place easily.

7. Harsh methods of the British to suppress the Revolt: The British dealt with revolutionaries very cruelly. Cities were looted and burnt. Many people were hanged. Public got frightened and did not take part in the rising.”

8. Economic difficulties: The rebels lacked money. They were not in a position to purchase good weapons. As a result, they failed in their mission.

Question 3.
Describe the results of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The rising of 1857 A.D. had some very important results which were as under :
1. Political results:

  1. The rule of the company in India came to an end. India, now, came under the direct control of the British government in England.
  2. The Governer-General of India was given the new title of Viceroy.
  3. Mughal rule in India came to an end.
  4. Indian kings were given permission to adopt son.
  5. After 1857, British discontinued the policy of annexing Indian States into the British Empire.

2. Social results:

  • On 1st of Nov. 1858, Queen Victoria of England proclaimed a Declaration in which it was said that the British government would not interfere in the religious matters of the Indians. Indians would be given jobs on merit and they would also be given higher posts.
  • The British adopted the policy of divide and rule. They started favouring one particular religion and people of one class were made to fight with the people of other class so that their interests in India could be protected.

3. Military results:

  • The number of Indian soldiers in the army was reduced and that of the Europeans increased.
  • After the rising, artillery and ammunition departments were put under the control of British soldiers.
  • Now the soldiers of different castes and different religions were kept into separate regiments so that they could not start revolt again against the Britishers.
  • European soldiers were appointed on higher and important posts. Indian soldiers were given less important positions.
  • Some type of system was made in which Indian soldiers and officers of every level should remain under the supervision of European army.
  • Expenses of European army were put on Indian people.

4. Economic results: Many type of trade restrictions were imposed on Indians by British government. As a result, Indian trade suffered huge losses.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 4.
Explain the four main events of Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Or
Describe the main events of Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The Indians rose against the British on a large scale for the first time in 1857. Plan for the rising was ready. The message of rising was .sent to soldiers and the public by circulation of roses and chapatis. 31st May, 1857 was fixed for the revolt, but the incident of greased cartridges at Meerut led to the beginning of rising on 10th May.

An account of the events of this rising is as under :
1. Barrakpur. Greased cartridges were supplied to the soldiers stationed at Barrakpur, a cantonment in Bengal on 29th March, 1857 A.D. A soldier named Mangal Pandey refused to use them. In a fit of anger, he shot dead an English officer and asked his companions to pounce upon their British Officers. Mangal Pandey was sentenced to death. All the soldiers of Barrakpur Cantonment got enraged by this incident. Mangal Pandey was the first martyr of the revolt of 1857.

2. Meerut. The fire of revolt engulfed Meerut on 10th May, 1857. The Public and soldiers of Meerut came out in an open revolt against the British. The whole city echoed with slogans like “Maro Firangi Ko”. Soldiers broke open the gates of jails and released their companions. From there, they marched to Delhi.

3. Delhi. The English officers tried to check rebels at Delhi, but they failed to do so. The rebels declared Bahadur Shah as their king and Delhi came under their control within four days.

On 14th September, 1857 differences arose among the rebel soldiers at Delhi. British took advantage by this rift and re-established their control over Delhi. Terror was let loose on the citizens. Bahadur Shah was arrested and sent to Rangoon. Both of his sons were killed.

4. Kanpur. Nana Sahib declared himself as Peshw’a at Kanpur. The British commander Havlock defeated Nana Sahib and the control of Kanpur came in the hands of the English. Tantya Tope tried to re-establish his control there but failed. In the mean time Nana Sahib took shelter in Nepal. Tantya Tope fled and went over to Rani of Jhansi.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 5
Mandal Pandey

5. Lucknow. Lucknow was the capital of Avadh. The English commander Havlock invaded Lucknow with a large army and established his control over the city on 31st March, 1858. After some time, “Talukedars” of Avadh also laid down their arms and as such the fire of revolt in Avadh was also extinguished.

6. Jhansi. Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi led the rising. The British commander attempted to suppress the revolt and occupy Jhansi but failed. Jhansi was again invaded in April, 1858 A.D. This time a few companions of Rani Lakshmi Bai deserted her and joined the British. They however, faced bravely the aggressors. The fort of Jhansi came under the control of the British. The Rani was killed in a battle with the British near Gwalior. In the Central India, Tantya Tope fought many battles with the English but was defeated. He was captured and hanged on April 18th, 1858.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 6

7. Punjab. Yet many rulers of states of Punjab helped the Britishers in revolt, but still revolt occurred at many places against Britishers. Indian soldiers revolted at Ferozpur, Peshawar, Jalandhar and at some other places. But these revolts were suppressed by Britishers and many soldiers were killed.

In modern Harvana, local leaders of Rewari. Bhiwani, Balabhgarh, Hansi, etc. also revolted in 1857 A.D. but they were also suppressed by Britishers.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 5.
Explain the political, economic and military causés of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
In 1857, Indians revolted against the British for the first time. They wanted to drive them away from their country. This revolt is considered as the ‘First War of Independence’. Political, military and economic causes of this revolt were as under :

I. Political Causes:
1. Annexationist Policy of Daihousie. LMrd Daihousie wanted the expansion of the British empire in India. He. therefore, adopted the policy of annexation through the Doctrine of Lapse. According to this policy, a ruler who had no male heir was not allowed to adopt a son who might inherit his kingdom. He annexed Satara, Nagpur. Sambalpur, Jaitpur etc. to the British Empire. By following this policy, the British did not allow the widow queen of Jhansi to adopt a son. She, therefore, became a bitter enemy of the British.

2. Injustice with Nana Sahib. Nana Sahib was the adopted son of the last Maratha Peshwa Bajirao II. After the death of Bajirao, the British refused to pay annual pension to Nana Sahib. So, he turned against the British. On seeing injustice done to Rani of Jhansi and Nana Sahib, the Indians were annoyed and felt insulted. They began to make plans to end the British rule in India.

3. Insult of Bahadur Shah. In 1856 A.D, the Governor-General told the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah that he would be the last Emperor of India. After his death, his princes will have to vacate the Red Fort and stay in a rented house near Qutub Minar. This decision of the British annoyed Bcgam Zeenat Mahal, the queen of Bahadur Shah. She started hatching conspiracies to destroy the British rule in India. The Muslim population of the country could not bear this insult to the heir of Akbar and Aurangzeb.

4. Unjustified annexation of Avadh. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Avadh was a faithful friend of the British. His ancestors had also helped the British several times. Even then, the British levelled the charge of maladministration against the Nawab of Avadh and annexed his kingdom to the British empire. They gave pension to Wajid Ali Shah and sent him to Calcutta (Kolkata). The people of Avadh got annoyed over it. There were 60,000 Avadh soldiers in the army of Bengal. They could not tolerate this injustice done to their king and decided to rise in revolt against the British.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 7

II. Military Causes:

  • Low Salaries: The salaries of Indian soldiers were very low. They were not given higher salaries even if they were qualified. Chances of their promotion were very less.
  • Misbehaviour of the Europeans: Indian soldiers were considered to be inferior to European soldiers and English officers used to maltreat the Indian soldiers.
  • The Enlistment Act of 1856: An Act was passed in 1856 by which, it was made obligatory for the soldiers to go overseas if ordered. As a result of it, dissatisfaction spread among the Indian soldiers.
  • Annexation of Avadh: The British annexed Avadh on the basis of maladministration. The Nawab was deposed and his army was disbanded.
  • The issue of Greased Cartridges: In 1856 A.D, Indian soldiers were given greased cartridges which were to be bitten with one’s teeth before they could be fired. This enraged the Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the British army. Indian soldiers were angry over it. The first freedom struggle of 1857 A.D. was the result of this discontentment amongst the Indian soldiers.

III. Economic Causes:

  • The British started sending raw materials from India to factories in England. Finished products of England were sold in India. This policy affected Indian industry very badly and many artisans became jobless.
  • The British increased the land tax step by step. This tax was collected by very harsh methods. The farmers were dissatisfied due to this reason.
  • Import duties on Indian raw materials in England were high whereas import duties in India on British-made goods were low. Indian trade was, therefore, suffering from heavy losses.
  • The British confiscated the Jagirs of many ‘Jagirdars’ and increased taxes on other ‘Jagirs’. As a result, many landlords turned against the British.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

Question 6.
Explain the contribution of Punjabis in the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The Punjabis had mixed reactions to the revolt of 1857. The Indian soldiers in some cantonments of Punjab faced the British army bravely, but some rulers of Punjab states sided with the British. As a result, The revolt of 1857 in Punjab could not succeed.

A brief description of the role of the Punjabis in the revolt of 1857 is as under:
1. Revolt by Soldiers. The uprising started on 10th May 1857 at Meerut. The news about the revolt reached Lahore on May 12th, 1857. Indian soldiers (called sepoys) at Mian Mir cantonment (near Lahore) were disarmed as there was danger of the spread of revolt in Punjab. After this, the Indian soldiers in the cantonments of Peshawar, Naushehra, Multan, Ambala, Jalandhar, Rawalpindi, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, and Derajat were disarmed. Even then the soldiers in the eastern region revolted. The army created some disturbances at Jalandhar, Phillaur, Jhelum, and Thaneshwar. Hindustani and Punjabi soldiers revolted in other important cantonments also. Some soldiers killed their commanders.

2. Revolt by Common people. In view of the deteriorating condition of the British Government, the common people also revolted at several places. For example, people at Sialkot and Sirsa co-operated with the Indian soldiers. Besides, the Muslim tribals of Montgomery, Multan, Bahawalpur, and Fazilka also joined the revolt. Similarly, Punjabis rose in an open revolt at Karnal, Rohtak, and Rewari. Some jats of Karnal refused to pay the land tax to the British.

3. Revolt by Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal. Ahmed Khan Kharal was the chief of a tribe. He refused to pay tax to the government and ro#e in revolt against it. Some tribals living on the banks of Ravi sided with him. He fought against the English at some other places also and killed the British soldiers and officers. Ultimately, he died while fighting the British near Pakpattan.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Soil and Soil Management Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one to two words:

Question 1.
What is the pH of normal soil for crop production?
Answer:
pH should be from 6.5 to 8.7.

Question 2.
Name any two physical properties of soils.
Answer:
Particle size, soil density, pore size, water holding capacity etc.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

Question 3.
Which soils have highest infiltration rate?
Answer:
Sandy soil.

Question 4.
What is the percentage of clay particles in clayey soils?
Answer:
At least 40% clayey particles.

Question 5.
Which soil property determines the soil acidity or alkalinity?
Answer:
Value of pH for the soil.

Question 6.
Which are the prominent salts present in saline soils?
Answer:
Chlorides and sulphates of potassium, calcium and magnesium.

Question 7.
The soil with higher concentration of sodium carbonates and bicarbonates are categorized as.
Answer:
Alkali soil.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

Question 8.
Which amendment is used for reclamation of alkali soils?
Answer:
Gypsum.

Question 9.
Name two green manure crops.
Answer:
Daincha, Jantar.

Question 10.
Which crop is best suited for cultivation in clayey soils?
Answer:
For cultivation of paddy crop.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
What is soil?
Answer:
Soil is the upper layer of earth in which plant roots grow, plants take water and nutrients from it.

Question 2.
Write the important functions of soil.
Answer:
Crops absorb water and nutrients from soil and soil also gives physical strength to the plants.

Question 3.
Enlist the physical properties of soil.
Answer:
Size of particles, soil density, pore size, water holding capacity etc.

Question 4.
Compare clayey and sandy soils.
Answer:

Sandy Soil Clayey Soil
1. If soil is rubbed between finger and thumb, it feels gritty. 1. Soil particles are very fine.
2. Water holding capacity in not good. 2. Water holding capacity is large.
3. Pore size is big. 3. Pore size is very small.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

Question 5.
What acidic 90?
Answer:
Those soils which have high acidic content and their pH value is less than 7 are acidic soils. These soils are found in areas of heavy rain fall, due to this, bases drin out and due to decay of organic malter Like leaves etc. soil becomes acidic.

Question 6.
What is saline soil?
Answer:
Soils which have high content of salt in them are saline soils. These soils have chlorides and sulphates of potassium,, calcium and magnesium. .

Question 7.
Write two main methods to identify a sandy soil.
Answer:

  • Sandy soils have higher infiltration rate.
  • It feels gritty when soil is rubbed in hands.
  • Moist ball breaks very easily.

Question 8.
What are the major properties of loamy soils?
Answer:

  • Particles are very-very fine.
  • Pore size is very small.
  • When taken in hand it feels like powder.
  • Water holding capacity is high.

Question 9.
What are saline-alkali soils?
Answer:
Soils with higher concentration of sodium and soluble salts in it are called saline-alkali soils.

Question 10.
What is puddling?
Answer:
Ploughing in flooded field is known as puddling.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

(C) Answer in five to six sentences:

Question 1.
Describe the different types of sods according to their physical properties.
Answer:
Physical properties of soil are: size of soil particle, pore size, soil structure, water holding capacity etc. There are three types of soils:
1. Clayey Soil:
It has more than 40% of clay content. Its water holding capacity is high. Balls can be made from moist clay and do not break on applying pressure. Particles are fine and pore size is also very fine.

2. Sandy Soil:
These soils have low water holding capacity. Particle size is not very small and pore size is also not very small as compared to clayey soil, water infiltration rate is high. Moist ball break easily with very little pressure. When rubbed in hands it feels gritty.

3. Loamy soil:
Properties of this soil lies between sandy and clayey soil. Its properties are optimum for crop cultivation and is best suited for agriculture.

Question 2.
Give the diagrammatic representation of soil components.
Answer:
Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, water and air. Their proportion is shown in the diagram below. Water and air content can vary.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management 1

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

Question 3.
Explain the management practices for improving sandy soils.
Answer:

  • Incorporate green manure which is 45-50 days old or before the flowering sets. Sunhemp/dhaincha can be used for this purpose.
  • Apply well decomposed organic manue (FYM etc.) by ploughing.
  • Poultry manure, pig manure and compost etc. can be mixed with the soil.
  • Cultivate leguminous crops in such soils.
  • Use small plot size for irrigation.
  • Remove the top sandy layer by using Karaha.
  • Incorporate clay soil or village pond soil to improve the quality.

Question 4.
Explain the method of reclamation of alkali soil.
Answer:

  • Level the field uniformly so that distribution of water is same throughout the field.
  • Do not allow the outflow of salt dissolved water to adjoining fields, prevent it by making strong bunds around the field.
  • To know the requirement of gypsum for the soil, get soil and water tested.
  • Broadcast the required dose of gypsum in the field and mix it with shallow ploughing.
  • Apply green manure, organic manure etc. to improve the soil.

Question 5.
Explain in detail the management strategy for clayey soils.
Answer:

  • To improve water infiltration rate and aeration of the clayey soil apply green manure and organic manure.
  • Plough the crop residue in the soil.
  • Plough the field at proper moisture content to avoid the formation of large-sized clods. .
  • This soil is suitable for cultivation of paddy.
  • There should be proper drainage system so as to drain out excessive water.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Soil and Soil Management Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Is earth living or non-living according to soil scientists?
Answer:
It is living.

Question 2.
What is the percentage of minerals and organic matter in earth?
Answer:
Minerals 45% and organic matter 0-5%.

Question 3.
Which soil is called light soil?
Answer:
Sandy soil.

Question 4.
Which soil has high water holding capacity?
Answer:
Clayey soil.

Question 5.
Which soil is best suited for agriculture?
Answer:
Loamy soil.

Question 6.
Where is the problem of acidic soils found?
Answer:
In areas of heavy rainfall.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

Question 7.
What is value of pH for Acidic soils?
Answer:
Less than 7.

Question 8.
What range of pH value is suited for agriculture?
Answer:
6.5 to 8.7.

Question 9.
What is pH of saline soils?
Answer:
Less than 8.7.

Question 10.
Which soils are called Kauai, reh, Thur or shorn?
Answer:
Saline soils.

Question 11.
How much is the water holding capacity of alkali soils?
Answer:
Very less.

Question 12.
Name a crop used for green manure?
Answer:
Sunhemp, Jantar.

Question 13.
What should be the plot size for sandy soils for irrigation?
Answer:
Small size.

Question 14.
What is the suitable time to mix lime in acidic soil?
Answer:
3-6 months before sowing the crop.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

Question 15.
How big is the problem of acidic soils in Punjab?
Answer:
There is no problem of acidic soils in Punjab.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write reason why soils become acidic?
Answer:
Heavy rainfall helps in the growth of plants and more vegetation is found in such areas. Leaves etc. fall on the ground decompose and increase the acidic content. Rain water helps in the flowing out of basic salts which further adds to the acidic nature.

Question 2.
Write two properties of saline soils.
Answer:

  • Chloride and sulphate salts of calcium, magnesium and potassium have high concentration in such soils.
  • pH of these soils is less than 8.7.

Question 3.
Write two properties of alkali soils.
Answer:

  • In such soils concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium is high.
  • Infiltration rate of such soils is low.

Question 4.
Write two methods to reclaim the acidic soils.
Answer:
The soil is reclaimed by using lime. Remains from cane mill and wood ash can also be used.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

Question 5.
Give properties of loamy soil.
Answer:
Its properties are between sandy and clayey soil. It feels like powder when taken in hands.

Question 6.
What is the meaning of water logged soil?
Answer:
Those soils in which water table is at depth of 0 to 1.5 m below surface of soil are called water logged soils.

Question 7.
How saline soils are reclaimed?
Answer:
Salts are washed away with water from the soil. For doing this field is flooded with water and is then ploughed. This water is drained out from the field which have salts dissolved in it. In another method, salts are made to dissolve into water and this water is allowed to leach down.

Question 8.
How can we improve sandy soils?
Answer:
We can improve sandy soil by incorporating 45-50 days old green manure crop of dhaincha/sunhemp in the soil.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Make a list of physical properties of soil. Write few lines about any one of these?
Answer:
Different soils have different physical properties. Some of the physical properties are:

  1. Particle size
  2. Depth
  3. Colour
  4. Density
  5. Water holding capacity
  6. Temperature
  7. Pore size
  8. Infiltration rate

Particle size:
Soil is made up of different mineral particles. Particle size depends on the ratio in which different sized particles are present in the soil. Fertility of the soil depends on particle size to some extent.

Question 2.
What is pH value? What is the effect of pH value on soil?
Answer:
pH value:
pH value tells us the nature of the soil i.e. acidic, neutral or alkaline nature. pH value is the ratio of concentration of hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxyl ion (OH-) in a solution.

pH value of soil Type of soil
> 8.7 Alkali
8.7 – 7 slightly  alkaline
7 Neutral
7.6 to 5 light acidic
< 6.5 acidic

Question 3.
Write briefly about the chemical characters of soil?
Answer:
Soils have different types of chemical properties like pH, electric conductivity (EC), salt content, etc. Based on these chemical properties, soils are classified as below:

  1. Acidic soils: These soils have a pH value of less than 7. These soils are found in areas where high rainfall occurs.
  2. Salt-affected soils: These soils have a high concentration of salts. Based on salt concentration, pH and EC soils can be saline, alkali, or saline-alkali.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB National Movement 1885-1919 Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Where the first session of the Indian National Congress was held and under whose presidentship and how many delegates participated in it?
Answer:
The First Session of the Indian National Congress was held from 28 December till 30 December 1885 under the Presidentship of Bomesh Chandra Banerjee, 72 representatives took part in it.

Question 2.
When and under whose Governor-generalship Bengal was partitioned?
Answer:
Partition of Bengal took place in 1905 A.D. under the tenure of Lord Curzon.

Question 3.
When and by whom the Muslim League was founded?
Answer:
Muslim League was founded by Muslim leaders on 30th December 1906 A.D. Its main leaders were Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan, Salim-Ulah Khan and Nawab Mohsin.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 4.
When, where and who founded Gadar Party?
Or
By whom and where was the Gadar Party founded? ‘ (P.S.E.H. 2020)
Answer:
Gadar Party was founded in 1913 A.D. by the Indians living in America and Canada. It was founded at San Fransisco.

Question 5.
Write down a note on Swadeshi and Boycott.
Answer:
Swadeshi and Boycott Movement was started in 1905 A.D. in Bengal after the partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon. But very rapidly it spread to other parts of the country. Important leaders of this movement were Surendra Nath Banerjee, Vipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Public meetings were held at different parts of the country. People took oath, in these public meetings, to use local made goods and to boycott foreign made goods. Shopkeepers were forced not to sell foreign made goods and people were also told to not to use foreign made goods. Foreign clothes were burnt at different places of the country. Nationalist newspapers also propagated to boycott foreign made goods. Swadeshi and boycot movement had greatly affected the social, economic and political life of the people. Nationalist feelings of the people were arosed by this movement.

Question 6.
Write a note on revolutionary movement.
Answer:
Revolutionary movement in India originated due to the failure of the moderates and repressive policy of government towards assertive leaders. Main objective of revolutionary leaders was to eliminate the British rule from India. That’s why they founded many secret associations in the country. Revolutionaries in these associations were given the training to fire arms. It’s main centres were in Maharashtra, Bengal, Punjab, etc.

Main leaders of revolutionary movement in Punjab were Sardar Ajit Singh, Pindi Das, Sufi Amba Prasad and Lai Chand Falak. Under their leadership many violent activities took place in cities. Except India, revolutionary movements were started in foreign countries like England, America and Canada. Shyamji Krishna Verma founded Indian Home Rule society in England. This society became the centre of revolutionary activities. Lala Hardyal founded Gadar Party in America.

Question 7.
Write down the main aims of the Indian National Congress.
Answer:
The following were the main objectives of moderates :

  • To establish friendly relations among those who were working in the interest of the country.
  • To end communalism, provincialism and the feeling of religious differences and to sow the seed of Nationalism.
  • To ask the government to make administrative and social reforms.
  • To make a programme to serve the country.
  • To make a programme of next 12 months for nationalists of doing activities of national interest.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 8.
Write down the causes of the rise of national awakening among Indians.
Answer:
National consciousness aroused among Indian people in the second half of 19th century. Meaning of National consciousness is that sense, prevailing among citizens of any nation, with which they start to feel that all of them belong to one nation.

There were many causes of the rise of national consciousness among Indian people and causes of this sense are given below :
1. Impact of Great Revolt of 1857 A.D. Indian people revolted against the British rule in 1857 A.D. to remove foreign rule from the country. This revolt was crushed by the British. After this, they started committing atrocities on Indian people. That’S why a sense of national awakening rose among Indian people to throw away foreign rule.

2. Administrative Unity. The British government started the same legal and administrative system in the country. As a result people living in different parts of the country started to consider themselves as citizens of one nation with which national consciousness rose among the people.

3. Socio-Religious Reform Movements. Many socio-religious reform movements started in 19th century and 20th century in different parts of the country. All the social reformers, like Raja Ram Mohan Roy (Brahmo Samaj), Swami Dayanand (Arya Samaj) Sri Satguru Ram Singh ji (Namdhari Movement), etc. criticised the prevailing evils of society. Socio-religious consciousness was arosed by them, among the people, to remove these evils and this lead to the birth of nationalism among the people.

4. Western Education and Literature. Indian people read books of foreign writers like Hilton, Mill, Burn etc. and came to know about their political rights. Feelings of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity and National Consciousness rose among the people with the views of many scholars like Rousseau, Voltaire, Macaulay, etc.

5. Economic Exploitation of Indians. The British traders used to buy raw materials at less rates, from Indian people and used to send it to England. Then they used to sell goods, made in the factories of England, to Indian people at higher rates. It led to less sale of Indian made goods. Small Scale Industries were destroyed due to unavailability of raw material. As a result, Indian artisans became unemployed. Farmers were forced to pay higher land revenue because of which they were forced to sell their land. In this way, they also became unemployed.

6. Non-appointment of Indians on Higher Posts. The British Government never appointed Indians on higher posts even if they had the ability to do so. So resentment came in them against the British. Except this, Indian employees were given less wages and facilities as compared to the English employees even for same work. So Indian employees were very much annoyed with this. This thing also helped in the awakening of national consciousness.

7. Indian Newspapers and Literature. Knowledge of people was increased ‘/ben newspapers in India started to publish in the English and local languages. People came to know about local and international events from newspapers like Bombay Samachar, Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Tribune, Kesari etc. and national consciousness rose among them. Except this patriotic writings of great writers like ‘Anand Math’ of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and his song ‘Vande Matram’ became very popular. Poetry and Essays of Ravindra Nath Tagore, Hemchandra Banerjee and Kashavchandra Sen also helped in awakening of national consciousness among the people.

8. Means of Transport and Communication. It became very easy for the people to move from one place to another place with the development of means of transport and communication like Railway, Post and Telegraph office, etc. People started to exchange their ideas. They started to think jointly about solution of their problems.

9. Opposition of Illbert Bill. Governor-General Lord Rippen was the first British
officer who kept soft corner for the Indians. He wanted to give equal rights to Indian judges as compared to European judges. That’s why he introduced a bill called Illbert Bill. But this Bill was opposed by the British. That’s %hy Indian people started opposing the British as well. ”

10. Study of Ancient Literature. Many European Scholars, William Jones, Max Mular, Jacobi etc. studied ancient Indian literature. They proved that the Indian’culture is great. So Indian people started to feel proud of their country and culture. It also led to awakening of national consciousness among the Indian people.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Mr A.O. Hume established Indian National Congress in Bombay in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1885

Question 2.
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1905

Question 3.
_______ said ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.’
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 4.
The session of Indian National Congress was held in _______ A.D. in Surat.
Answer:
1907.

III. Match the words :

Question 1.

A B
1. Home Rule Movement (i) 1914 A.D.
2. Muslim League (ii) Sohan Singh Bhakna
3. Minto Morlay Reforms (iii) Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan
4. Ghadar Party (iv) Lord Curzon
5. First World War (v) 1916 A.D.

Answer:

A B
1. Home Rule Movement (v) 1916 A.D.
2. Muslim League (iv) Lord Curzon
3. Minto Morlay Reforms (iii) Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan
4. Ghadar Party (ii) Sohan Singh Bhakna
5. First World War (i) 1914 A.D.

IV. Things To Do :

Question 1.
Paste the pictures of leaders related with this lesson in scrapbook and write about the activities performed by them.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 2.
If you would be a leader during that period what role would be played by you in the Swadeshi and Boycott movements?
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide National Movement 1885-1919 Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
After _______ AD, Nationalism in India started to emerge.
(a) 1857
(b) 1870
(c) 1885
(d) 1905.
Answer:
(a) 1857.

Question 2.
Indian National Congress was formed in _______
(a) 1857
(b) 1885
(c) 1887
(d) 1890.
Answer:
(b) 1885.

Question 3.
Who was the founder of Indian National Congress?
(a) Lord Curzon
(b) A.O. Home
(c) Dada Bhai Naoroji
(d) Surendra Nath Banerjee.
Answer:
(b) A.O. Hume.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 4.
In_______ Bengal was divided by Lord Curzon.
(a) 1911 A.D.
(b) 1907 A.D.
(c) 1905 A.D.
(d) 1902 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1905 A.D.

Question 5.
_______ was the movement which was started due to partition of Bengal.
(a) Non Cooperation
(b) Civil Disobedience
(c) Quit India
(d) Swadeshi and Boycott.
Answer:
(d) Swadeshi and Boycott.

Question 6.
In _______, Gandhiji came back to India from South Africa.
(a) 1905 A.D.
(b) 1910 A.D.
(c) 1915 A.D.
(d) 1918 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1915 A.D.

Question 7.
Rowlatt Act was passed in
(a) 1915 A.D.
(b) 1919 A.D.
(c) 1917 A.D.
(d) 1921 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1919 A.D.

Question 8.
When was Arms Act passed?
(a) 1880 A.D.
(b) 1878 A.D.
(c) 1875 A.D.
(d) 1882 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1878 A.D.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 9.
Which act was passed to silence the critics of the British government?
(a) Vernacular Press Act
(b) Arms Act
(c) Rawlat Act.
(d) Govt, of India Act, 1935.
Answer:
(a) Vernacular Press Act.

Question 10.
Who introduced Ilbert Bill to give equal status to Indian Judges as compared to European Judges?
(a) Lord Rippen
(b) Lord Ilbert
(c) Lord Mountbetten
(d) Lord Curzon.
Answer:
(a) Lord Rippen.

Question 11.
Who was the first President of Indian National Congress?
(a) A.O. Hume
(b) Bomesh Chandra Banerjee
(c) Dada Bhai Naoroji
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(b) Bomesh Chandra Banerjee.

Question 12.
Who gave the slogan that “Freedom is my birth right and I shall have it.”
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai.
Answer:
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Question 13.
Which age of national movement is known as the Moderate age?
(a) 1885-1905
(b) 1905-1925
(c) 1890-1915
(d) 1900-1920.
Answer:
(a) 1885-1905.

Question 14.
When was All India Muslim League founded?
(a) 1907 A.D.
(b) 1906 A.D.
(c) 1908 A.D.
(d) 1909 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1906 A.D.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 15.
When was Lucknow Pact signed?
(a) 1917 A.D. {b) 1915 AD.
(c) 1916 A.D. (d) 1914 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1916 A.D.

Question 16.
Gandhiji went to in 1916 to inspire the peasants to struggle the oppressive plantation system.
(a) Kheda
(b) Kanpur
(c) Ahmedabad
(d) Champaran.
Answer:
(d) Champaran.

Question 17.
Who among the following was the leader of Radicals?
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919 1
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Lala Lajpat Rai
(c) Bipin Chandra Pal
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Congress was founded by A.O. Hume in _______A.D.
Answer:
1885

Question 2.
Lord Curzon divided Bengal in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1905

Question 3.
_______ said that “Swaraj is my birht right and I shall have it.”
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question 4.
Surat session of Congress was held in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1907.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer:

Question 1.
After Surat divsion of Congress -in 1907, a pact was signed between both factions in 1916.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
Annie Besant and Tilak were moderate leaders of Congress.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
First President of Congress was Womesh Chandra Banerjee.
Answer:
(✓).

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A B
1. Home Rule League (i) 1914 A.D.
2. Muslim League (ii) Sohan Singh Bhakna
3. Minto Morley Reforms (iii) Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan
4. Gadar Party (iv) 1909 A.D.
5. First World War (v) 1916 A.D.

Answer:

A B
1. Home Rule League (v) 1916 A.D.
2. Muslim League (iii) Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan
3. Minto Morley Reforms (iv) 1909 A.D.
4. Gadar Party (ii) Sohan Singh Bhakna
5. First World War (i) 1914 A.D.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name any four political associations founded before the foundation of Indian National Congress. What was their objective?
Answer:
Associations:

  1. Bengal British Indian Society
  2. British Indian Association
  3. Indian Association
  4. Bombay Presidency Association.

Objective: Main objective of these associations was to demand reforms in Indian administrative system by the government and to get political rights for Indian people.

Question 2.
What is meant by National Consciousness?
Answer:
Meaning of National Consciousness is to arise one sense in the minds of the people that all of them belong to one nation.

Question 3.
Name any four newspapers which awakened national consciousness among Indians.
Answer:
Bombay Samachar, Amrit Bazaar Patrika, The Tribune and Kesari.

Question 4.
Who introduced Illbert Bill and why?
Answer:
Illbert Bill was introduced by Lord Rippen because he wanted to give equal status to Indian Judges as compared to the British Judges.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 5.
Name three foreign scholars which told that Indian culture was great.
Answer:
William Jones, Max Muller and Jacobi.

Question 6.
Why Nationalist movement from 1885 A.D. till 1905 A.D. is known as Moderate age?
Answer:
Nationalist movement from 1885 A.D. till 1905 A.D. is known as Moderate age because all the Congress leaders of this age were moderate in nature.

Question 7.
Name some moderate Leaders.
Answer:
Ferozshah Mehta, Dada Bhai Naoroji, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhle and Madan Mohan Malvia.

Question 8.
Why did Lord Curzon divide Bengal? WTiat was his objective?
Answer:
Lord Curzon said that the partition was necessary for the administrative purposes. But his actual objective was to weaken the national movement by dividing Indians.

Question 9.
When and in which parts Congress was divided?
Answer:
Congress was divided among Moderates and Extremists. This division took place at Surat Session in 1907 A.D.

Question 10.
Who was the President of Gadar Movement? Wfhat was the objective of this movement?
Answer:
The President of Gadar movement was Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna. Main objective of this movement was to remove the British rule from India through revolutionary activities.

Question 11.
Name three main extremist leaders.
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Vipin Chandra Pal.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 12.
Write names of main leaders of Revolutionary movement in Punjab.
Answer:
Sardar Ajit Singh, Pindi Das, Sufi Amba Prasad and Lai Chand Falak.

Question 13.
When were Minto-Morley reforms passed? WTiat was government’s motive behind this?
Answer:
Minto-Morley reforms were passed in 1909 A.D. Government’s main motive behind this was to please extremist leaders and to separate Muslims from Hindus by giving them special rights.

Question 14.
What was the name of newspaper of Gadar Party? Wfhere Gadar Party was founded by Lala Hardyal?
Answer:
Name of the newspaper of Gadar party was ‘Gadar’. Lala Hardyal founded Gadar Party in America.

Question 15.
Name two main leaders of Home Rule movement.
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mrs. Annie Besant.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the impact of English language on development of Nationalism?
Answer:
The Indians studied English as it had become the official language. Now Punjabis, Madrasis, Bengalis, Gujaratis and Haryanavis were able to talk to one another through the medium of English. English language thus helped in bringing together the people of different provinces. Indians studied Western literature through English language. Thus they received knowledge about freedom, equality, democracy, etc. They started thinking about starting struggle to achieve freedom for their own country.

Question 2.
What was the effect on the Indian languages and newspapers of discrimination against Indians by the British?
Answer:
The British always treated Indians unequally. The Indians were only appointed clerks on very low salaries. No responsible post was given to them. They were discriminated on the basis of religion, caste and creed. The newspapers which were published in Indian languages could not tolerate it. So they started writing articles which highlighted the problems of the common people. The Government took harsh measures to suppress the press. As a result, Indian public was awakened and the spirit of nationalism gained strength.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 3.
What were the achievements of Moderates?
Answer:

  1. Congress sessions started to held every year just because of efforts of moderate leaders. Indian demands were kept in front of Government through these sessions.
  2. Sense of nationalism was awakened by essays, speeches and columns of newspapers given by moderate leaders.
  3. Moderate leaders like Dada Bhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhle etc. went over to England to propagate their demands.
  4. Parliament of England passed Indian Council’s Act in 1892, just because of moderate efforts, according to which Indians were given representation in Lawmaking councils.
  5. The British Government arranged to take I.C.S. Exams in India because of their efforts.

Question 4.
When and why partition of Bengal took place? What was its impact on Indian Freedom Movement?
Answer:
Partition of Bengal was ordered by Lord Curzon in 1905 A.D. His actual motive behind this partition was to weaken national movement by dividing Hindus and Muslims. People got angry with the partition of Bengal and they did strikes, took out processions at different places of the country. Swadeshi movement was also started in opposition to the partition of Bengal.

Impacts: This partition had a great impact on the Indian Freedom Movement:

  1. National consciousness rose among the people due to partition of Bengal.
  2. Congress was divided into two powerful parts, i.e. moderates and extremists, due to partition of Bengal.
  3. National movement spread due to partition of Bengal.

Question 5.
What were the main provisions of Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 A.D.?
Answer:
The following were the main features of the Morley-Minto reforms :

  1. One Indian member, S.P. Sinha was appointed as the member of the Executive Council of Governor-General.
  2. Member of Central Legislative Council were increased from 16 to 60.
  3. Members of Provincial legislative council were increased from 30 to 50.
  4. Indirect electoral system was arranged to elect members of legislative council. According to this electoral system, first of all, members of Municipal Committees or District Boards were elected by the people. These elected members further elect the members of legislative council.
  5. Separate electoral system was arranged for Muslims. 6 seats were kept reserved for them in central legislative council. Only Muslim voters were allowed to vote in these six seats.

Question 6.
What were the differences between policies of Moderates and Extremists?
Answer:
The following were the differences between the policies of moderates and extremists :

  1. The Moderates wanted self-government (within the British Empire) and Extremists wanted Swarajya or complete Independence.
  2. The Moderates were in favour of making appeals and sending petitions to the government but hard-liners wanted to resort to the path of agitations.
  3. The Moderates wanted to invite the attention of the government by passing resolutions only whereas the Extremists wanted to get their demands accepted by agitations, protest meetings and demonstrations.
  4. The Moderates believed in the British sense of Justice whereas the Extremists believed that the British would do nothing for the welfare of the Indians.

Question 7.
How Indian National Congress was divided in 1907 A.D.?
Answer:
Session of Indians National Congress was held at Surat in 1907 A.D. Moderate leaders criticised the Swadeshi and Boycot motions introduced by extremists in this session. Except this, dispute occurred between Moderates and Extremists on the issue of Presidentship of Indian National Congress. Moderates wanted to make Ras Bihari Bose as its President but Extremists were in favour of Lala Lajpat Rai. Extremists were totally against the moderate policies and their constitutional methods. So they started to do their work by separating themselves from Indian National Congress. In this way Congress „ was divided.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 8.
When was Muslim League founded? What were the reasons of its origin?
Answer:
Muslim leaders founded their separate political organization on the 30th of December, 1906 A.D. with the name of Muslim League. Its main leaders were Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan, Salim-Ullah Khan, Nawab Mohsin and others.

Reasons: The following were the main reasons of its origin :

  • Muslims wanted to make one separate association to protect their interests.
  • Muslim League was founded by the British Policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ in India.
  • Wahabi Movement started in Arabic countries with which sense of communalism occurred in India.
  • Principal of Mohammadan Anglo Oriented College, Mr. Beck wrote essays to encourage sense of communalism and Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan also propagated in its favour.

Question 9.
Write a note on Gadar Party.
Answer:
Many Indians lived in America and Canada. But they were badly treated by the British. So they felt that they cannot get respect in foreign countries until their country would remain under the clutches of slavery. So they made a plan to get freedom for the country. They gathered at San Fransisco (America) in 1913 A.D. and founded Gadar Party. Sohan Singh Bhakna was made President of Gadar Party. Lala Hardyal was appointed as its secretary.

Main objective of Gadar Party to get freedom for the country through revolutionary activities. Party started to publish one newspaper called ‘Gadar’ to propagate its ideas. Material related to the killing of the British supporters, Looting government treasury, making bombs, destroying Railway lines, cutting telephone wires, to encourage soldiers to do revolt etc. used to publish in this newspaper.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were demands, programmes of Indian National Congress (1885-1905 A.D.) and describe Government’s behaviour towards the Congress.
Answer:
Main demands of Indian National Congress. The following were the demands of Indian National Congress :

  • indian people should be given the right to elect their representatives for central and provincial legislative councils.
  • Indians should be appointed on higher posts according to their abilities.
  • Education should be spread in the country.
  • Unnecessary restrictions on press should be lifted.
  • Executive and Legislative should he separated from each other.
  • Local institutions should be developed and they should be given more powers.
  • Like England, I.C.S. The exam should also be arranged in India.
  • Expenditure on army should be reduced.
  • Land Revenue collected from the farnwrs should be reduced.
  • Proper system of irrigation should be made.

Programme of Indian National Congress. All the Moderate leaders of Congress (1885-1905 A.D.) were not in fiwour of using revolutionary activities or violent activities to meet their demands from the Government. They used to put their demands in front of government through speeches. motions and applications. They used to pass motion in every session of Congress and used to send it to the government. They believed that Government will definitely accept their demands.

Government’s behaviour towards Indian National Congress. The government wanted that Congress should remain under its control but when it was unable to do then it moved against the Congress. The government restricted government officials to take part in sessions of the Congress. The Government also tried to separate Muslims from the Congress. In this way Government adopted the policy of neglecting towards Congress.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 2.
Explain the founding of Indian National Congress.
Answer:
Many Indians had been planning to form a political organization of all India character. In 1885 A.D.. A.O. Hume, a retired English Civil Servant, appealed to the young graduates of the Calcutta University to form an association for the social, moral and political uplift of the Indians. He got in touch with the prominent Indian leaders like Dada Bhai Naoroji, Feroz Shah Mehta. Bedur-ud-Din Toyabji and founded with their help the Indian National Congress. It held its first session in December, 1885. It was presided over by W.C. Bannerji. After the establishment of Congress, a number of other associations joined it.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919 2
Soon the Congress became the most influential political organization in the country.

Main objectives of the Congress :

  • To develop friendship among the Indians who were working for national cause in various parts of the country.
  • To develop sentiments of national unity by removing prejudices of race, creed, region and religion.
  • To develop a mature public opinion on the social problems of the day.
  • Presentation of popular demands before the Government.

Question 3.
Write down in brief the rise of extremists.
Answer:
National Movement from 1905 till 1919 A.D. remained in the hands of extremist leaders. There were many reasons of origin of extremists whose brief description is given below :
1. Failure of the Moderates. Moderate leaders failed in fulfilling their demands by Government. That’s why youngsters demanded to do powerful political activities.

2. Unemployment. Many Indians got higher education but they remained unemployed. They got annoyed with the British Government and started to think about taking hard steps.

3. Economic Policy of the British. Economic policy started by the British was very helpful in encouraging extremist nationalism.

4. Femine and Plague. Femine occurred in different parts of the country in 1896-97 A.D., Plague also broke out at nearby area of Pune in 1897 A.D. Hundreds or thousands of people died in it. The British Government hardly gave any help in this type of situation. So Indians supported the extremist based movement.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919 3
5. Motivation from Foreign Revolutions. Indians got nationalism to free their country from the world events like French Revolution, American struggle for freedom. Unification of Italy, etc. That’s why they adopted the path of extremist nationalism.

6. Misbehaviour with Indians in Foreign Countries. Indians living in England and South Africa were not properly behaved by the British. So Indian nationalists started a powerful movement to get freedom from the British rule.

7. Russian Defeat From Japan. A war broke out in 1904-05 A.D. between J.apan and Russia. A big country like Russia was defeated by small country like Japan. This Japanese win over Russia awakened the sense of getting freedom in the minds of Indians. It also encouraged extremist nationalism.

8. Speeches of Extremist Leaders. Extremist movement was started by the leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Vipin Chandra Pal. They took out processions and gave speeches at different places of the country. Bal Gangadhar Tilak said that, “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.’’ This type of views were also expressed by Lala Lajpat Rai and Vipin Chandra Pal. gaj Gangadhar Tilak Extremist nationalism was motivated by these type of views.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

Question 4.
Explain Home Rule Movement and Lucknow Pact.
Answer:
Home Rule Movement. Home Rule League was founded by Mrs. Annie Besant at Madras and by Bal Gangadhar Tilak at Pune in 1916 A.D. Its main objective was to establish a home rule or Swaraj in India and to arose consciousness about Swaraj among the Indians. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was of the view that “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.” As a result, the Indian minister of Britain declared on Aug. 1917 that British Government would establish institutions of self-rule in India, and slowly and slowly self-rule will be established in the country. Just after this declaration, Home Rule League came to an end gradually.

Lucknow Pact. First World War started in Europe in 1914 A.D. British fought against Muslim country, Turkey in this war. The Sultan of Turkey was the religious leader of all the Muslims of the world. That’s why leaders of the Muslim League got annoyed with this and joined hands with Indian National Congress. In 1916 A.D., one pact took place between both the parties at Lucknow according to which separate representation for Muslims was accepted by Indian National Congress. So both these parties started to take part in the national movements in association with each other. It gave new strength to a national movement.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Handicraft and Industry Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Write down the two reasons for the decline of small-scale industries in India.
Answer:

  1. The main protectors of these industries were local rulers, their family members, and officials.
  2. When the British started conquering local kingdoms, then cottage industries were bound to decline.
  3. People of new classes didn’t like the goods made in cottage industries of India.
  4. They were under the impact of the British. That’s why they liked the goods made in Europe instead of goods made in India.

Question 2.
Why the goods made by small-scale industries were expensive in India?
Answer:
Goods made by cottage industries of India were more expensive because more labour was required to manufacture these goods.

Question 3.
Where and when the first cotton industry was set up in India?
Answer:
First industry (factory) of cotton textile in India was set up in 1853 A.D. at Bombay.

Question 4.
Where and when the first jute industry was set up in India?
Answer:
First Jute industry in India was established in 1854 A.D. at Sarampur (Bengal).

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

Question 5.
Where and when the first coffee garden was set up?
Answer:
First coffee garden in India was started in 1840 A.D. in South India.

Question 6.
Where afiid when the first tea garden was set up?
Answer:
First tea-garden in India was established in 1852 A.D. at Assam.

Question 7.
Write down the reasons of decline of small scale industries in India in the 19th century.
Answer:
Indian villages were self-dependent before the establishment of the British rule in India. People of villages such as blacksmiths, farmers, carpenters, cobblers, potters, etc. collectively made things to fulfil needs of the village. Their cottage industry or their art was their means of income. But after the advent of the British rule in the country, rural people also started using goods made in the British factories because they were cheap as well as of good quality. So the small scale industries of villages and Indian cities started to decline and people became unemployed.

Question 8.
Write down the importance of modern Indian industries.
Answer:
Economic and Social life of India was greatly affected by the development of modern industries in India. It led to the emergence of two classes i.e. capitalists and labourers. Capitalists started to exploit the labourers. They gave less wages by taking more work from the labourers. So government passed the Factory Acts to improve condition of labourers. Many new cities came into being with industrial development. These cities became centres of modern life and culture.

Question 9.
Write a note on Indigo industry.
Answer:
Indigo was required by the British for textile industry in England. That’s why they encouraged the cultivation of indigo in India. It was started in Bihar and Bengal in laterpart of 18th century. Europeans established large gardens of Indigo where Indian were employed. 35 Lakh hectare land was there in 1825 under the cultivation of indigo. But this cultivation of indigo started declining in 1879 A.D. when manufacture of artificial indigo started. As a result only 3-4 Lakh hectare remained under the cultivation of indigo in 1915 A.D.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

Question 10.
Write down a note on Coal Mines.
Answer:
All the new factories, established by the British in India, were run by coal. Coal was also required to run the railway. That’s why special care was given to take out coal from mines. In 1854 A.D. only two coal mines were there in Raniganj district of Bengal. But this number increased to 56 in 1880 and to 123 in 1885 A.D.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The kings of princely states used to use the things made by industries.
Answer:
small scale

Question 2.
New generation did not the goods prepared by small scale industries.
Answer:
like

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

Question 3.
All new factories were run by
Answer:
power.

III. Write True or False in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
All workers became unemployed due to the decline of small scale industries in towns and villages.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Industrial revolution occurred in England in the 19th century.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The rates of the small scale commodities were high.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Indian raw material began export to England in the 18th century.
Answer:
True

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

IV. Match the words :

Question 1.

A B
1. Assam (i) Sarampur (Bengal)
2. Jute Industry (ii) Raniganj
3. Coal Mining Industry (iii) Tea Company
A B
1. Assam (iii) Tea Company
2. Jute Industry (i) Sarampur (Bengal)
3. Coal Mining Industry (ii) Raniganj

Answer:

V. Things To Do :

Question 1.
Dear student! a potter will be making the utensils of clay. You go to him and know how he is doing his professions?
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
If any weaver is weaving the cloth in any village or near the village then you go to him and know how cloth is prepared by him?
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Handicraft and Industry Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which of these was a cause of decline of small scale industries in India?
(а) Abolition of native princely states
(b) High rates of small scale commodities
(c) Better finishing of machine-made goods
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

Question 2.
When was the first Cotton factory established in India?
(a) 1853 A.D.
(b) 1854 AD.
(c) 1855 A.D.
(d) 1856 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1853 A.D.

Question 3.
Where was the first Jute industry set up in 1854 A.D.?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Sarampur
(c) Bokaro
(d) Jharia.
Answer:
(b) Sarampur.

Question 4.
What is Hectare?
(a) A measurement of height
(b) A measurement of Weight
(c) A measurement of land
(d) A measurement of air
Answer:
(c) A measurement of land.

Question 5.
When was Assam Tea company established?
(a) 1844 A.D.
(b) 1834 A.D.
(c) 1854 A.D.
(d) 1864 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1834 A.D.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

Question 6.
Where was first tea garden developed in 1852 A.D?
(a) Assam
(b) West Bengal
(c) Karnataka
(d) Meghalaya.
Answer:
(a) Assam.

Question 7.
When was first coffee garden established in India?
(a) 1820 A.D.
(b) 1830 A.D.
(c) 1840 A.D.
(d) 1850 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1840 A.D.

Question 8.
Mahatma Gandhi believed that all Indians must make their cloth by knitting the yarn. In the given picture Mahatma Gandhi is knitting the yarn to make ________ cloth.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry 1
(a) Silk
(b) Khadi.
(c) Jute
(d) Polyster
Answer:
(b) Khadi.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Kings of local kingdoms used products made by ________ industry.
Answer:
cottage

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

Question 2.
New generation never ________ the products of cottage industry.
Answer:
like

Question 3.
All new industries are run on ________
Answer:
coal.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
Decline of Indian cottage industry led to the unemployment of artisons.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
Industrial revolution in England started in 19th century.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
Machine made goods are costly.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 4.
In 18th century, raw material from India was exported to England.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A B
1. Assam (i) Sarampur (Bengal)
2. Jute Industry (ii) Raniganj
3. Coal Mines (iii) Tea Company

Answer:

A B
1. Assam (iii) Tea Company
2. Jute Industry (i) Sarampur (Bengal)
3. Coal Mines (ii) Raniganj

Question 1.Very Short Answer Type Questions

What was the economic condition of villages before the establishment of the British rule?
Answer:
Villages were self-dependent from economic point of view before the establishment of the British rule.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

Question 2.
Why goods made by Indian artisans were unable to compete with goods made by machines?
Answer:
Goods made by Indian artisans were unable to compete with machine made goods because machine made goods were not only cheap but they were of good quality as well.

Question 3.
Why goods by cottage industries of India were not liked by people of new classes?
Answer:
Because they were under the impact of western culture.

Question 4.
Which things are made in Jute industry?
Answer:
Mats and sacks of jute.

Question 5.
Why coffee industry suffered huge loss?
Answer:
Indian coffee was in competition with the coffee of Brazil which was much better in quality as compared to the Indian coffee. That’s why coffee industry of India suffered huge loss.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

Question 6.
Name six modern industries developed during the British rule in India.
Answer:

  1. Cotton Textile industry
  2. Jute industry
  3. Coal industry
  4. Indigo industry
  5. Tea
  6. Coffee.

Question 7.
Why were the Factory Acts passed?
Answer:
The Factory Acts were passed to improve the condition of labourers.

Question 8.
Clothes made of which thing were used by early man to keep himself warm?
Answer:
Clothes made by skin of animals.

Question 9.
Where were maximum jute factories opened and who opened them?
Answer:
Maximum Jute factories were opened in Bengal and they were opened by the Europeans.

Question 10.
Why was the cultivation of indigo reduced?
Answer:
The cultivation of indigo was reduced because of the introduction of synthetic indigo in 1879 A.D.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

Question 11.
Why did the Coffee plantation industry suffer a lot?
Answer:
The coffee plantation industry suffered a lot because of the competition with Brazilian coffee.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How was the process of making of cloth developed in India? Which evidences have been found about making of cloth through excavation?
Answer:
Early man wore clothes made by skin of animals to keep himself warm. The process of making of cloth was invented quite late. It has been believed that grass was used to make clothes inTndia. Later on they came to know about use of thread on ‘Khaddi or Kargha’ or to make samples. With the passage of time, the technique of making clothes on charkha or kargha was improved.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry 2
Evidence: Archaeologists, who study ancient goods, have found evidences of coloured cotton cloth and making of thread from the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

Except this, they have found charkhas, mats etc. from excavations of certain places of Kashmir. It tells us that people used to make clothes even 4,000 years ago.

Question 2.
Why did the textile industry decline in India? How it got new life or how was it revived?
Answer:
Indian clothes were famous all around the world. European traders came to India to do trade of cloth and pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon. They established factories of cotton clothes in India. Production in these factories was being done with machines instead of ‘Khaddis’. But textile industry in India started declining after the advent of industrial revolution in England. But in the 20th century, Mahatma Gandhi encouraged the production of Khadi cloth through ancient means of producing clothes i.e. through ‘Charkha’. With this Indian cloth industry was revived.

Government made new economic policy with which cloth industry did enormous progress. Government has also given many facilities for the export and import of the cloth.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

Question 3.
Write a note on Jute industry in India during the British rule.
Answer:
Jute industry makes sacks and mats of jute. This industry was mainly under control of European people. First jute industry in India was established at Serumpur (Bengal) in 1854 A.D. After this, most jute factories were established in the province of Bengal. This number of industries was increased up to 36 in the start of 20th century.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down in detail the causes of decline of small scale industries.
Answer:
The main reasons of decline of cottage industries in India are given below :
1. End of Local Kingdoms of India: A number of Indian kingdoms were annexed by the British. That’s why cottage industries suffered a great loss because the things made by cottage industries were used by family members and kings of local kingdoms.

2. Expensive goods of Indian cottage industries: Goods made by the Indian cottage industries were more expensive because more labour was required to manufacture those products. On the other hand, goods made by machines were very cheap. That’s why the sale of goods made by cottage industries was declined. It lead to decline of Indian cottage industries.

3. Quality of machine-made goods. The quality of machine-made goods of the British ‘ industries was much better than the goods made by local cottage industries. That’s why the machine-made goods were liked by most of the Indians. This thing also led to decline of Indian cottage industries.

4. Interests of people of new classes. People of new classes were under the impact of western culture. With this, the things made by machines were of much better quality as compared to the local goods. That’s why the local goods were not ljked by the people of new generation.

5. Sending Indian raw material to England. Industrial Revolution came in Europe in 18th century. That’s why large industries were established over there. Lot of raw material was required to make goods in such industries. But England itself was unable to fulfill needs of its industries. That’s why the British rulers in India started to send raw material from India to England. It led to the shortage of raw material for the Indian manufacturers. So Indian industries started declining.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

Question 2.
Write down in detail about modern Indian industries.
Answer:
Many new industries were established in India during the British rule but of which main industries are given below :
1. Cotton Textile Industries. First cotton textile industry in India was established at 1853 A.D. in Bombay. After this, many textile mills were established in 1877 A.D. in cotton-producing areas of Ahmedabad, Nagpur, etc. Till 1879 A.D. around 59 cotton textile mills were established in India in which around 43,000 people were employed. This number of textile mills was increased to 206 in 1905 A.D. Around 1,96,000 labourers were employed in these industries.

2. Jute Industry. Jute industry makes mats and sacks of jute. This industry was mainly under the European people. First jute industry in India was established at Sarampur (Bengal) in 1854 A.D. After this most jute factories were established in the province of Bengal. This number of industries was increased up to 36 in the beginning of 20th century.

3. Coal Mining. All the industries established by the British in India were running with coal. Coal was also required for railway. That’s why special care was given to take out coal from mines. In 1854 A.D. only two coal mines were there in Raniganj district of Bengal. But this number increased to 56 in 1880 and to 123 in 1885 A.D.

4. Indigo Industry. Indigo was required by the British for textile industry in England. That’s why they encourage cultivation of indigo in India. It was started in Bihar and Bengal in later part of 18th century. Europeans established large gardens of indigo where thousands of Indians were employed. 35 Lakh hectare land was there under the cultivation of Indigo. But this cultivation of indigo started to decline in 1879 A.D. when manufacture of artificial indigo started. As a result, only 3-4 Lakh hectare remained under the cultivation of indigo in 1915 A.D.

5. Tea. One company was established in Assam in 1834 A.D. the British planted the first Tea garden in Assam in 1852 A.D. Till 1920 A.D., around 7 Lakh hectare land was there under the cultivation of tea. Tea of around 34 crore Pounds was exported to foreign countries at that time. Later on, tea gardens were also planted in the mountains of Kangra and Nilgiri.

6. Coffee. The first coffee garden was planted in South India in 1840 A.D. Later on, the coffee gardens were planted in the regions of Mysore, Coorg, Nilgiri, and Malabar. This industry suffered a huge loss due to its competition with the coffee of Brazil.

7. Other Industries. Many new industries were established in India during the later part of the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century. Out of these industries steel, sugar, paper, matchstick, leather industries were more important.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Book Solutions  Chapter 3 Vitamins Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Physical Education Chapter 3 Vitamins

Physical Education Guide for Class 8 PSEB Vitamins Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you know about vitamins?
Answer:
Vitamins are such chemical materials which help our body for proper growth and development. By now many vitamins have been discovered but the most prominent of all these are vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins

Question 2.
What is the importance of vitamins?
Answer:
Importance of Vitamins in our body:

  • Vitamins maintain our health.
  • Vitamins help in the growth and development of our body,
  • They increase appetite.
  • They purify our blood and increase blood in our body.
  • They strengthen the bones and teeth.
  • Vitamins help us to create immunity in our body.
  • They cure the skin diseases.
  • They provide energy to our body.

Question 3.
What do you know about vitamin A? Write the effects of deficiency and excess of it.
Answer:
Vitamins:
By now many vitamins have been discovered, but the most prominent of all these are vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K. The details about the sources and functions of various vitamins have been given below:

Sources:
It is available in plenty in milk, curd, butter, cheese, egg, fish, fresh vegetables such as spinach, carrot, cabbage and tomato, orange, mango, papaya, fig, etc.

1. Vitamin A:
The following are the functions of vitamin A-

  • It improves eyesight.
  • It increases appetite.
  • It keeps digestive function normal.
  • It helps in the development and strengthening of body.
    PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins 1

Diseases which are produced due to the deficiency of the vitamin ‘A’:

  • The lack of vitamin A causes night blindness.
  • The skin becomes dry.
  • Nose, throat, eyes and skin become more prone to infectious diseased.
  • The body becomes weak and’its development stops.
  • The lungs get weakened.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins

Question 4.
What is vitamin B complex? What is the source of it?
Answer:
Vitamin B:
The following are the functions of vitamin B:

  • It regulates Nervous System and keeps it normal.
  • It energizes nerves, muscles, heart and brain.
  • It stimulates appetite.
  • It gives protection against skin diseases.
    PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins 2

Diseases which are produced due to the deficiency of the vitamin B:

  • One feels less appetite.
  • The development of children stops.
  • One is affected with a disease called berry-berry and skin diseases.
  • One develops blisters on the tongue.
  • The hair begins to fall off.

Sources:
It is available in milk, curd, butter, cheese, whole pulses, cereals, soyabean, peas, eggs, leaves of green vegetables, cabbage, onion, spinach, tomato, salad, etc.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins

Question 5.
What is vitamin C? Write its functions?
Answer:
Sources:
It is found in orange, lemon, pomegranate, guava, amla, etc. In addition to these, it is available in green vegetables, tomato, cabbage, carrot, spinach, etc.

Functions of vitamin C:

  • Vitamin C help in the absorption of iron from the food materials.
  • It mantains and repairs cartilage, bones and teeth.
  • It keeps the blood vessels healthy.
  • It help in healing bone injuries.
  • It strengthens the immune system.
  • It maintains good eye health and improves vision.

Deficiency of Vitamin C causes:

  • One is afflicted with such tooth diseases as pyorrhoea.
  • The bones get weakened.
  • Wounds do not heal quickly.
  • One suffers from anaemia.
  • Bleeding does not stop quickly.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins

Question 6.
Write about vitamin D?
Write the effect of its deficiency.
Answer:
Vitamin D:
The functions of vitamin D are –

  • It helps in the formation of bones and teeth.
  • It strengthens bones and teeth.
  • It is needed most for the growth of children.
    PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins 3

Sources: It is found in milk, egg yolk, butter, ghee, cod liver oil, etc. It forms itself in the rays of the sun.

Diseases which are produced due to deficiency of the vitamin ‘D’:

  • Bones become weak.
  • The teething of children gets delayed.
  • One is afflicted with such diseases as epilepsy, hysteria and rickets.
  • Muscles become weak.

Question 7.
What is vitamin E? Write its sources.
Answer:
Vitamin E:
The functions of Vitamin E are-

  • It increases the reproduction power.
  • It prevents impotence in men and infertility in women.
    PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins 4

Diseases which are produced due to deficiency of the vitamin ‘E’:

  • Boils are formed on the skin.
  • One is afflicted with infertility.

Sources:
It is available in cabbage, carrot, salad, peas, onion, tomato, cauliflower. In addition to these, it is found in honey, wheat, rice, egg yolk, almond, pistachis, gram pulse, etc.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins

Question 8.
What is vitamin K? Write effects of its deficenecy.
Answer:
Vitamin K:
The functions of Vitamin K are as follows:

  • It stops blood flow from cuts.
  • It helps in blood clotting.
  • It saves one from skin diseases.
    PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins 5

Diseases which are produced due to deficiency of the vitamin K:

  • The process of blood clotting gets stopped.
  • One is afflicted with some skin diseases.

Sources: It is found in cabbage, spinach, fish, soyabean, tomato and egg yolk.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Guide Vitamins Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Mention the types of Vitamin:
(A) Vitamin A
(B) Vitamin B
(C) Vitamin C
(D) All above.
Answers:
(D) All above.

Question 2.
From where we get Vitamin D?
(A) Sun
(B) Food
(C) Fruits
(D) None of these.
Answers:
(A) Sun

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins

Question 3.
Beri-Beri disease is cause of Vitamin:
(A) Vitamin C
(B) Vitamin A
(C) Vitamin K
(D) None of these.
Answers:
(A) Vitamin C

Question 4.
Lack of which Vitamin causes scurvy disease?
(A) Vitamin C
(B) Vitamin A
(C) Vitamin B
(D) None of these.
Answers:
(B) Vitamin A

Question 5.
Lack of Vitamin A which disease occurs?
(A) Night Blindness and skin disease
(B) Not feeling hungry
(C) Anaemia
(D) All of the above.
Answers:
(D) All of the above

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the types of vitamins.
Answer:
Vitamins are of six types – A, B, C, D, E and K.

Question 2.
Lack of which vitamin causes night blindness?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin A.

Question 3.
Lack of which Vitamin causes Berry-Berry disease?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin B.

Question 4.
Lack of which Vitamin causes Scurvy disease?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin B.

Question 5.
What is the cause of Pyoria?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin C.

Question 6.
Lack of which vitamin causes infertility in women?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin E.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins

Question 7.
Mention the vitamins which are not soluble inwater?
Answer:
Vitamins C, D and K.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the effect of vitamin ‘C’ deficiency?
Answer:
The deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy. It results in the swelling and aching of hand and feet. The development of bones becomes slow and sometimes the bones get distorted. It delays the healing of wounds and weakens the teeth. It results in dark circles under eyes. There is always a risk of communicable diseases.

Question 2.
What are vitamins?
Answer:
Vitamins are such chemical materials which help our body for proper growth and development. By now many vitamins have been discovered but the most prominent of all these are vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K.

Question 3.
What are functions of vitamin ‘A’ and write its sources.
Answer:
Vitamin A:
The following are the functions of vitamin A-

  • It improves eyesight.
  • It increases appetite.
  • It keeps digestive function normal.
  • It helps in the development and strengthening of body.
    Img 5

Diseases which are produced due to the deficiency of vitamin A:

  • The lack of vitamin A causes night blindness.
  • The skin becomes dry.
  • Nose, throat, eyes and skin become more prone to infectious diseases.
  • The body becomes weak and its development stops.
  • The lungs get weakened.

Sources:
It is available in plenty in milk, curd, butter, cheese, egg, fish, fresh- vegetables such as spinach, carrot, cabbage and tomato, orange, mango, papaya, fig, etc.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Vitamins

Question 4.
Write the source of vitamin E and K
Answer:
Sources of Vitamin E:
It is available in cabbage, carrot, salad, peas, onion, tomato, cauliflower. In addition to these, it is found in honey, wheat, rice, egg yolk, almond, pistachis, gram pulse, etc.

Sources of Vitamin K: It is found in cabbage, spinach, fish, soyabean, tomato and egg yolk.

Question 5.
What are the need of vitamins in our body?
Answer:
Need of Vitamins in our body:

  • Vitamins maintain our health.
  • Vitamins help in the growth and development of our body.
  • They increase appetite.
  • They purify our blood and increase blood in our body.
  • They strengthen the bones and teeth.
  • Vitamins help us to create immunity in our body.
  • They cure the skin diseases.
  • They provide energy to our body.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

PSEB 8th Class Science Guide Conservation of Plants and Animals Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks.
(a) A place where animals are protected in their natural habitat is called …………………..
(b) Species found only in a particular area is known as …………….. .
(c) Migratory birds fly to faraway places because of …………………. changes.
Answer:
(a) Zoo
(b) endemic species
(c) climatic.

Question 2.
Differentiate between the following:
(a) Wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve
(b) Zoo and wildlife sanctuary
(c) Endangered and extinct species
(d) Flora and fauna.
Answer:
(a) Difference between Wildlife Sanctuary and Biosphere Reserve.
Wildlife sanctuary is the place where wild animals are protected and preserved. Biosphere reserve is the area meant for conservation of variety of plants, animals and micro-organisms (biodiversity) found in an area.

(b) Difference between Zoo and Wildlife Sanctuary.
Zoo is a place where animals are protected in their natural habitat.
Wildlife Sanctuary is a place where wild animals are protected and preserved.

(c) Endangered and Extinct Species.
Endangered Species are the animals whose numbers are diminishing and face extinction.
Extinct Species are the species which have been disappeared from the earth.

(d) Difference between Flora and Fauna.
Flora is a collection of plants found in a particular area.
Fauna is a collection of animals found in a particular area.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Question 3.
Discuss the effects of deforestation on the following.
(a) Wild animals
(b) Environment
(c) Villages (Rural areas)
(d) Cities (Urban areas)
(e) Earth
(f) The next generation.
Answer:
(a) Effect of deforestation on wild animals.
Plant and trees are the habitat and food for wild animals. So cutting of trees destroy the natural habitat of wild animals and thus they would become endangered species.

(b) Effect of deforestation on environment.
Deforestation decreases the level of oxygen in the atmosphere. Rainfall and the fertility of soil also decreases due to deforestation. As a result, there are increased chances of natural calamities like floods and drought.

(c) Effect of deforestation on villages (rural areas).
Most of the agriculture is done in rural areas. When trees and plants (deforestation) are cut down, it leads to change in soil properties.

(d) Effect of deforestation on cities (urban areas).
In cities there run more factories and automobiles. So deforestation will pollute the environment and hence the life in cities will not be healthy for living.

(e) Effect of deforestation on earth.
Deforestation leads to the increase of natural calamities like flood and drought. Deforestation leads to increase in temperature of earth causing global warming. Less trees would result in more soil erosion.

(f) Effect of deforestation on the next generation.
Deforestation leads to the climatic changes which have a great effect on the next generations. The environment becomes polluted. So the next generation would not be as prosperous as previous one.

Question 4.
What will happen if:
(a) we go on cutting trees
(b) the habitat of an animal is disturbed
(c) the top layer of soil is exposed ?
Answer:
(a) If we go on cutting trees continuously, rainfall and the fertility of the soil will decrease. Hence there are increased chances of natural calamities such as floods and drought.

(b) If the habitat of an animal is disturbed, some of the species do not get appropriate food and shelter and with the passage of time they will come under the category of endangered species.

(c) If the top layer of the soil is exposed, the soil has less humus and become less fertile. Gradually the land converts into deserts. It is called desertification.

Question 5.
Answer in brief:
(a) Why should we conserve biodiversity ?
(b) Protected forests are also not completely safe for wild animals. Why ?
(c) Some tribals depend on the jungle. How ?
(d) What are the causes and consequences of deforestation ?
(e) What is Red Data Book ?
(f) What do you understand by the term migration ?
Answer:
(a) Biodiversity is the variety of plants, animals and micro-organisms generally found in an area. Animals that feed on plants too are selective in their feeding habits e.g. the red panda prefers tender bamboo shoots and the koala bear of Australia feeds mostly on eucalyptus leaves. Birds and antelopes too, are very selective in their feeding habits. Wide variety of plants in the forests fulfil the needs of different herbivorous animals and strengthen the food chain. Therefore, to conserve wild life, it is necessary to conserve the rich variety of plants and animals.

(b) Protected forests are also not completely safe for wild animals because people living in the neighbourhood encroach upon them and destroy them.

(c) Some tribes depend on the jungle. Rock shelters are also found inside the Satpura National Park which are the pre-historic evidences of human life in these jungles.

Figures of animals, men shown as fighting, hunting, dancing, and playing musical instruments are depicted in these rock paintings. Figures of a man-eater tiger and a group of people are also shown in these rock paintings. Many tribals still live in the jungle.

(d) Causes of Deforestation.
Due to changing lifestyle of the people and development of technology in the 20th century, the utilization of forest products has increased tremendously. The main factors leading to the felling of trees for our comfort and convenience are:

  1. Requirement of more timber for housing purpose due to increase in population.
  2. Clearing the forest land for cultivation.
  3. Construction of roads and dams.
  4. Overgrazing by the cattle.
  5. Increased mining industry.

Consequences of Deforestation.
The following are the major consequences of deforestation:

  1. The balance of oxygen/carbon dioxide ratio in air will be disturbed.
  2. Excessive floods.
  3. Soil erosion.
  4. Climatic changes.
  5. Destruction or migration of animals and birds living in forests.
  6. No replenishment of ground water.
  7. Destruction of medicinal plants.
  8. Industries related to timber, rubber etc. will not flourish.
  9. Reduction in fertility of soil.

(e) Red Data Book.
Red Data Book is the source book which keeps a record of all endangered animals and plants. There are different Red Data Books for plants, animals and other different species.

(f) Migration.
Going far away from their original habitat of some species during a particular period of the year is called migration. Migration mostly takes place in birds. Birds migrate to other places due to climatic changes e.g. Bar headed goose, Great Cormorant, Surkhab are the migratory birds.

Question 6.
In order to meet the ever-increasing demand in factories and for shelter, trees are being continually cut. Is it justified to cut trees for such projects ? Discuss and prepare a brief report.
Answer:
It is not justified to cut trees for such projects. Do yourself by discussing in your class.

Question 7.
How can you contribute to the maintenance of green wealth of your locality ? Make a list of actions to be taken by you.
Answer:
We should maintain the green wealth of our locality.

  1. We should grow more and more trees on the either side of road.
  2. We should discourage the cutting of trees.
  3. The government should make laws to prevent the excessive cutting of trees.
  4. Parks should be made in a particular area.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Question 8.
Explain how deforestation leads to reduced rainfall.
Answer:
We know that forest helps in bringing the rainfall. So deforestation leads to reduced rainfall and the fertility of soil also decreases. As a result, there are increased chances of natural calamities such as floods and drought.

Question 9.
Find out about the national parks in your state. Identify and show their locations in the outline map of India.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 10.
Why should paper be saved ? Prepare a list of ways by which you can save paper.
Answer:
Need of saving paper.
One tonne of paper needs 17 full grown trees. So we should save paper. Paper can be recycled for 5-7 times and can be used. We should save, reuse used paper and recycle it. By this we not only save trees but also.save energy and water needed for manufacturing paper. Moreover, the harmful chemicals used in paper making will also be reduced.

List of ways of Saving Paper:

  1. Write on both sides of a paper.
  2. Re use the paper.
  3. Leave less margin.
  4. Make toys, caps etc. out of used papers.

Question 11.
Complete the word puzzle.
Down
1. Species on the verge of extinction.
2. A book carrying information about endangered species.
5. Consequence of deforestation.
Across
1. Species which have vanished.
3. Species found only in a particular habitat.
4. Variety of plants, animals and micro-organisms found in an area.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals 1
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals 2

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Conservation of Plants and Animals Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Students saw a huge squirrel in the forest which is often found in this particular region. Rajinder asked guide about it. Guide told him that it is found in this particular area only. What is this species called ?
(a) Ordinary species
(b) Endemic species
(c) Endangered species
(d) Special species.
Answer:
(b) Endemic species.

Question 2.
In which book, the record of endangered species is kept ?
(a) Blue Data Book
(b) Red Data Book
(c) Yellow Data Book
(d) Green Data Book
Answer:
(b) Red Data Book.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Question 3.
What causes the migration of birds and animals ?
(a) For entertainment
(b) For Respiration
(c) For Abondonment
(d) For Reproduction.
Answer:
(d) For Reproduction.

Question 4.
When was Project Tiger Act launched by our government ?
(a) 5 April 1973
(b) 1 April 1973
(c) 12 April 1973
(d) 14 April 1973
Answer:
(b) 1 April 1973.

Question 5.
The increase in level of which gas causes global warming ?
(a) CO2
(b) O2
(c) N2
(d) H2
Answer:
(a) CO2

Question 6.
Which of the following is a migratory bird ?
(a) Parrot
(b) Surkhab
(c) Maina
(d) Pigeon.
Answer:
(b) Surkhab.

Question 7.
In which state is Kanha National Park situated ?
(a) Uttarakhand
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Kerala.
Answer:
(6) Madhya Pradesh

Question 8.
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve has which of the following animals ?
(a) Wild Dog
(b) Leopard
(c) Wolf
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 9.
The plants and animal found in a particular area are called:
(a) Endemic species
(b) Fauna
(c) Flora and fauna
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Endemic species.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Question 10.
By how many full-grown trees one tone paper is made ?
(a) 17
(b) 27
(c) 7
(d) 37
Answer:
(a) 17.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:
1. The removal of the top soil layer is known as ………………..
Answer:
soil erosion

2. Wild plants and animals in the forest constitute ………………
Answer:
wildlife

3. Plants need ……………. gas for photosynthesis.
Answer:
carbon dioxide

4. The conversion of fertile land into deserts is called …………….
Answer:
desertification

5. …………………. is that part of the earth in which living organisms exist or which supports life.
Answer:
Biosphere

6. ………………….. refers to the variety in life existing on earth.
Answer:
Biodiversity

7. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve consists of one national park named …………………. and two wildlife sanctuaries named ………………. and ……………. .
Answer:
Satpura, Bori, Pachmarhi

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

8. The plants and animals found in a particular area are termed ………………. and ………………. .
Answer:
flora, fauna

9. …………………. species are exclusively found in a particular area only.
Answer:
Endemic

10. …………………… is a group of populations which are capable of interbreeding with each other.
Answer:
species

Question 2.
Define deforestation.
Answer:
Deforestation. Clearing of forests and using that land for other purposes is called deforestation.

Question 3.
Give some natural causes of deforestation.
Answer:
Causes of Deforestation. Forest fires and severe drought are some of the natural causes of deforestation.

Question 4.
What is the result of decrease in rainfall and fertility of soil ?
Answer:
This results in the increase of natural calamities such as floods and drought.

Question 5.
Which gas is needed by plant for photosynthesis ?
Answer:
The plant needs carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

Question 6.
What is the result of increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ?
Answer:
It leads to global warming.

Question 7.
What causes draught ?
Answer:
Causes of Draught. Increase in temperature on earth causes draught.

Question 8.
Define Desertification.
Answer:
Desertification. The conversion of fertile land into desert is called desertification.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Question 9.
Name the place which has plants and animals similar to those of the upper Himalayan peaks and those belonging to lower Western Ghats.
Answer:
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.

Question 10.
What do the government do to protect and conserve wildlife ?
Answer:
The government lays down rules, methods and policies to protect and conserve them.

Question 11.
What is biosphere ?
Answer:
Biosphere. It is that part of earth in which living beings exist or which supports life.

Question 12.
Define biodiversity.
Answer:
Biodiversity. It refers to variety in life existing on earth, their inter relationships and their relationship with the environment.

Question 13.
What are biosphere reserves ?
Answer:
Biosphere Reserve. Biosphere reserves are the areas that are meant for conservation of biodiversity.

Question 14.
Name one national park and two wildlife sanctuaries in Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
Answer:
National Park – Satpura
Wildlife Sanctuaries – Bori and Pachmarhi.

Question 15.
Define flora.
Answer:
Flora. The plants found in a particular area is called flora.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Question 16.
Name some flora of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
Answer:
Sal, Teak, Mango, Jamun, Silver ferns, Arjun etc.

Question 17.
Define fauna.
Answer:
Fauna. These are the animals found in a particular area.

Question 18.
Name fauna of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
Answer:
Chinkara, blue-bull, barking deer, leopard, wild dog, wolf etc.

Question 19.
Define species.
Answer:
Species. It is a group of population which are capable of interbreeding with each other.

Question 20.
What are endemic species ?
Answer:
Endemic Species. These are exclusively found in a particular area only which may be any geographical unit like a state, zone or a country.

Question 21.
Give two endemic flora of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
Answer:

  1. Sal
  2. Wild mango.

Question 22.
Give two endemic fauna of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
Answer:

  1. Indian giant squirrel
  2. Flying squirrel.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Question 23.
Which factors affect the natural habitat of endemic species and endanger their existence ?
Answer:

  1. The destruction of their habitat,
  2. Increasing population,
  3. Introduction of new species.

Question 24.
What are Wildlife Sanctuaries ?
Answer:
Wildlife Sanctuaries are some areas where wild animals are protected and preserved.

Question 25.
Name some important threatened wild animals.
Answer:
Black duck, white eyed buck, elephant, golden cat, pink headed duck, gharial, march crocodile, python, rhinoceros, etc.

Question 26.
What are Zoos ?
Answer:
Zoos. Zoos are also the places where animals are protected.

Question 27.
What are national parks ?
Answer:
National parks are large and diverse reserves to protect whole sets of ecosystems.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write causes of soil erosion.
Answer:
Causes of Soil Erosion:

  1. Top soil is carried away by wind sweeping across ploughed soil left unused in dry season.
  2. Dust stroms cause soil erosion.
  3. Loss of the forests by felling or fire starts soil erosion. Soil is carried away by rivers and streams and deposited in the oceans.
  4. Unprotected fields are eroded by wind and water.
  5. Urbanisation has led to removal of vegetation.
  6. Burrowing animals also contribute in soil erosion. They make the soil loose and liable to be carried away by water.
  7. Human activities, such as felling of trees, overgrazing, overcropping and faulty tilling, accelerate soil erosion.

Question 2.
How can soil be conserved ?
Answer:
Soil Conservation:

  1. Stopping clear-cutting of forests and overgrazing of ranges, check soil erosion by streams and rivers.
  2. Intensive cropping helps in checking soil erosion. A field always under a crop is protected against soil erosion.
  3. Bunds around the fields contain rain water and check soil erosion besides washing away of minerals.
  4. Irrigation channels in the fields should be so designed as to carry water at a slow speed.
  5. Drainage canals to carry flood water will protect the fields against soil erosion.
  6. Contour ploughing (ploughing along a slope rather than up and down) checks soil erosion by water.
  7. Erosion of soil by wind may be stopped by planting trees and growing grass. Tree belts round fields act as wind breakers.

Question 3.
Write importance of wild life.
Answer:
Importance of Wild Life:

  1. Plants, animals and microorganisms provide many things to us.
  2. Ecological balance is maintained by maintaining food chains and natural cycles.
  3. Maintenance of gene bank for breeding programmes.
  4. Wild animals are source of fun and recreation to public. .
  5. It is a source of inspiration to poets and artists.
  6. It is source of aesthetic value.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Question 4.
Write two differences between endangered and vulnerable species.
Answer:
Differences between endangered and vulnerable species

Endangered species Vulnerable species
1. They have extreme danger of dying out and disappearing. 1. They face some danger of dying out.
2. They may become extinct. 2. They have danger of entering category of endangered species.

Question 5.
Explain biosphere reserves.
Answer:
Biosphere Reserve.
It is a specified area in which multiple use of land is permitted by dividing it into certain zones and each zone is specified for particular activity.

The concept of Biosphere Reserve has been evolved by Man and Biosphere (MBA) programme of UNESCO. In the biosphere reserve, multiple land use is allowed by designating various zones such as core, buffer zone and manipulation zone. In a biosphere reserve, wild population, traditional life ,style of tribals and varied domesticated plant and animal genetic resources are protected.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals 3

Question 6.
Discuss the concept of “endangered species.”
Answer:
Endangered Species.
The species (or taxa) which are on the verge of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factor continue to be operating. These are species with only limited number of individual survivals. They are in immediate danger of extinction e.g., the great Indian bustard bird which is inhabitant of the semiarid areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra is highly endangered bird.

Question 7.
What are the factors responsible for global warming ?
Answer:
The continuously rising levels of carbon dioxide and some other gases in the air result in an increase in the temperature of atmosphere causing warming up of the atmosphere of earth i.e. global warming.

Question 8.
Why are the forests considered to be an important natural resource ?
Answer:
The forests are considered to be a significant natural resource on the earth because:

  1. they help in maintaining the balance of oxygen and CO2 gases in the air and thus sustain life.
  2. they help in bringing rain.
  3. they regulate climate.
  4. they help in replenishing ground water,
  5. they control floods.
  6. they prevent soil erosion.
  7. they provide a living place to a large number of plants and animals.
  8. they provide us many medicinal plants.
  9. they provide many plant products such as rubber, gums, resins, honey, lac, katha etc.
  10. they decrease run off rate of rain water.
  11. they provide conditions for wild life, the main source of meat for tribal societies.

Question 9.
What measures should be taken for the replenishment of forests ?
Answer:
Measures for Replenishment of Forests.
Man is utilizing the natural resources to fulfil his needs in modern times. However, if the forests are removed for our comforts, it will ultimately lead to elimination of the human species from the surface of the earth. The following measures should be adopted for replenishment of forests:

  1. Growing more plants.
  2. Judicious use of plant products.
  3. Prevent overgrazing by the cattle.
  4. Strict law enforcement for setting up mining and other industries in. . around forests.
  5. Mobilising the public opinion through electronic and print media.
  6. Establishing forest nurseries.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Question 10.
How do plants check soil erosion ?
Answer:
The underground parts of the plants (i.e. roots) help in binding the soil particles. The soil with plant cover is not eroded by water or wind. Hence, plants check the soil erosion.

Question 11.
Why is it necessary to have a wide variety of plants in a forest ?
Answer:
It is essential to have a wide variety of plants in a forest due to the following reasons:

  1. selective feeding habits of animals.
  2. fulfil the needs of animals as well as human beings.
  3. provide shelter to a number of organisms.
  4. a stable diversified food chain/food web offers a better chance of survival to the animals living in the forest.

Question 12.
Name five National Parks.
Answer:
National Parks:

  1. Corbett National Park in Uttrakhand.
  2. Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh.
  3. Sanjay National Park in Maharashtra.
  4. Periyar National Park in Kerala.
  5. Bannughatta National Park in Karnataka.

Question 13.
Explain how large scale deforestation could lead to depletion in ground water resource.
Answer:
Vegetation helps the soil to retain water which ultimately replenishes the ground water resource. In recent times, large forest areas have been cleared for various purposes. Overgrazing too has destroyed vegetation and the barren land so formed, has lost the capacity to hold water. And thus there is a depletion in ground water resource.

Question 14.
To protect a forest means to conserve air, soil and water. Explain.
Answer:
The forest is complex biological system. Though it is self-sufficient, it depends on the other renewable resources to maintain itself. Therefore, to protect a forest it is necessary to conserve air, soil and water. A forest relies on specific climatis conditions for its survival. At times, large scale man-made geographical alterations such as huge dams and excessive mining have disturbed the environment of the region causing severe damage to the forests in the area. Air pollution from industries situated even miles away have similar ill-effects on the forests.

Question 15.
How does habitat destruction affect wildlife ?
Answer:
Animals and plants have a strong relationship with their habitat. Certain living organisms can survive only in a specific kind of environment. The golden lion tamarins were found in a small area of Brazilian rain forests. It was their only natural habitat. When this area was destroyed, the beautiful little golden coloured mammal became homeless.

Although, Brazil has many more rain forests, today, few golden lion tamarins survive only in the zoos and probably will never be able to return to the wild habitat because their natural habitat has been destroyed by man. When a forest dies, a large number of animals become endangered or extinct.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Question 16.
Name at least seven wild animals of Khangchendzena National Park, which face the danger of extinction.
Answer:
Wild animals of Khangchendzena National Park which face extinction are snow leopard, clouded leopard, marbled cat, Himalayan black bear, civet binturong, red panda Tibetian wild ass, blud sheep, serow, goral, takin, musk deer and green pigeon.

Question 17.
What is an ecosystem ?
Answer:
Ecosystem. The biotic community together with the physical environment (abiotic components) forms an interacting system called the ecosystem. It may be natural or artificial. An ecosystem may be temporary e.g. crop field or permanent e.g. forest. An ecosystem may be as big as an ocean or forest or as small as wood. Thus ecosystem is any structural and functional unit of the environment that can be identified.

Ecosystem is an interacting system consisting of a community (living) components and environment (abiotic components) where both influence each other.

Question 18.
What are the advantages of silviculture ?
Answer:
Silviculture is the major project started to replenish forest. It is of two-fold advantages:

  1. Produces large quantities of raw materials.
  2. Increases the area under forests.

Question 19.
What are the functions of biosphere reserves ?
Answer:
Functions of Biosphere Reserve:

  1. It helps to maintain the biodiversity of that area.
  2. It helps to maintain the culture of that area.
  3. It may also contain some other protected area.

Question 20.
Name some animals which are preserved in our wild life Sanctuaries. What do these sanctuaries pose ?
Answer:
Some of the important threatened wild animals like black buck, white eyed buck, elephant, golden cat, pink headed duck, gharial, marsh crocodile, python, rhinoceros, etc. are protected and preserved in our wild life sanctuaries. Indian sanctuaries pose unique landscapes, broad level forests, mountain forests and virgin bush lands in deltas of big rivers.

Question 21.
Write a note on migratory birds.
Answer:
Migratory Birds. Birds who cover long distances to reach another land are known as the migratory birds. The migratory birds are Bar Headed Goose, Great Cormorant. Migratory birds fly to far away specific areas every year during a particular time because of climatic changes. They fly for laying eggs as the weather in their natural habitat becomes very cold and inhospitable.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Question 22.
Write a note on reforestation.
Answer:
Reforestation.
It is the restocking of the destroyed forest by planting more new trees. We should plant at least as many trees as we cut. Reforestation can take place naturally also. If the deforested area is left undisturbed, it re-establishes itself. If we have to retain our green wealth for generations, plantation of more trees is required.

Government of India has implemented the National Forest Policy in 1952. It aimed at forest coverage of one-third of the total land area of the country. On the failure of this policy, Indian government revised the policy in 1980. This was named Forest (conservation) Act. This act aimed at preservation and conservation of natural forests and meeting the basic needs of the people.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
List the steps for conservation of wild life.
Answer:
Steps for conservation of wild life :

  1. To preserve the endangered species.
  2. Proper planning and management of land and water so as to protect the natural habitat.
  3. Maximum varieties of food crops, farage plants, timber trees, livestock, animals for aquaculture and their wild relatives should be preserved to maintain gene bank.
  4. Each country should identify the habitat of wild relatives of economically useful organisms and should preserve them.
  5. Wild areas should be protected to preserve the habitat of migratory or wild ranging animals.
  6. To check the over-exploitation of the useful organisms.
  7. International trade in wild plants and animals should be regulated.
  8. Protection of wild life from the activities of poachers and hunters. Indian government enacted “Wild Life Protection Act” in 1972 to declare hunting as an unlawful act.
  9. Emphasis should be laid on the development and creation of parks and sanctuaries, where threatened species could be preserved or introduced.
  10. The observance of “wild life week” is made an annual feature with a view to educate the masses of the importance of wild life.
  11. It is proposed to establish breeding farms, especially for threatened species, so that they can be reared in semi-natural conditions and then introduced in parks and sanctuaries.

Question 2.
List a few advantages of forests.
Answer:
Advantages of Forests:

  1. Forests conserve fertility of soil.
  2. Forests cause rains and maintain water cycle.
  3. Forests provide Wood. Indian forests yield valuable timbers, wood like teak, sal, deodar, shisham etc.
  4. Forests provide Paper. The conifers and bamboos are used as raw material to prepare paper.
  5. Medicinal plants of forests provide medicines of great importance.
  6. Forests provide number of products like resins, gums, rubber, food and insecticides.
  7. Forests also provide the cork e.g. oak (Quercus).
  8. The other useful products which are obtained from the forest e.g. shellac, natural dyes, lac, honey, wax, etc.
  9. Rayon and artificial silk are obtained from cotton linters.
  10. Plastics are also prepared from cellulose nitrate.
  11. Natural rubber is also obtained from the forests.
  12. Forests provide fuel wood.
  13. Forests provide essential oils which are obtained from rosha grass, khas and sandal wood. They are used in the manufacture of soaps, cosmetic, pharmaceuticals, confectionary, pipe and tobacco.
  14. Soap substitute such as ritha and shikakai are important commercial products.
  15. Forests have a great aesthetic value.

Question 3.
Give some sketches of flora and fauna of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals 4

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

PSEB 8th Class Science Guide Force and Pressure Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises

Question 1.
Give two examples each of situations in which you push or pull to change the state of motion of objects.
Answer:

  1. In a cricket game, fielders stop the ball hit by a batsman.
  2. Brakes applied to stop a moving vehicle.

Question 2.
Give two examples of situations in which applied force causes a change in the shape of an object.
Answer:

    1. Pressing a rubber ball placed on a table.
    2. Spring fixed in the seat of bicycle pressed down due to weight of the rider.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks in the following statements:
[а] To draw water from a well we have to ………………. at the rope.
[b] A charged body …………….. an uncharged body towards it.
[c] To move a loaded trolley we have to …………………. it.
[d] The north pole of a magnet …………… the north pole of another magnet.
Answer:
(a) pull
(b) attracts
(c) push
(d) repels.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

Question 4.
An archer stretches her bow while taking aim at the target. She then releases the arrow, which begins to move towards the target. Based on this information fill up the gaps in the following statements using the following terms.
Muscular, contact, non-contact, gravity, friction, shape, attraction.
[а] To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes change in its …………………. .
[b] The force applied by the archer to stretch the bow is an example of ………………… force.
[c] The type of force responsible for a change in the state of motion of the arrow is an example of a ………………. force.
[d] While the arrow moves towards the target, the forces acting on it are due to ………………….. and that due to ………………….. of air.
Answer:
(a) shape,
(b) muscular,
(c) muscular,
(d) gravity, friction.

Question 5.
In the following situations identify the agent exerting the force and the object on which it acts. State the effect of force in each case.
[a] Squeezing a piece of lemon between the fingers to extract its juice.
[b] Taking out paste from a toothpaste tube.
[c] A load suspended from a spring while its other end is on a hook fixed to a wall.
[d] An athlete making a high jump to clear the bar at a certain height.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure 1

Question 6.
A blacksmith hammers a hot piece of iron while making a tool. How does the force due to hammering affect the piece of iron ?
Answer:
The force applied by the hammer flattens the piece of iron i.e. changes its shape and size.

Question 7.
An inflated balloon was pressed against a wall after it has been rubbed with a piece of synthetic cloth. It was found that the balloon sticks to the wall. What force might be responsible for attraction between the balloon and the wall.
Answer:
Electrostatic force.

Question 8.
Name the forces acting on a plastic bucket containing water held above ground level in your hand. Discuss why the forces acting on the bucket do not bring a change in its state of motion.
Answer:
Forces acting on plastic bucket

  1. Force of gravity acting downwards.
  2. Muscular force of arms acting upwards.

The two forces do not bring about any change in state of motion of bucket because both forces are equal and act in the opposite direction and thus cancel each other’s effect.

Question 9.
A rocket has been fired upwards to launch a satellite in its orbit. Name the two forces acting on the rocket immediately after leaving the launching pad.
Answer:
When a rocket leaves launching pad, the following forces act on it:

  1. Gravitational force of earth (downwards).
  2. Propelling force of gases emitted by combustion of fuels (upwards).

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

Question 10.
When we press the bulb of a dropper with its nozzle kept in water, air in the dropper is seen to escape in the form of bubbles. Once we release the pressure on the bulb, water gets filled in the dropper. The rise of water in the dropper is due to
(a) pressure of Water
(b) gravity of the earth
(c) shape of rubber bulb
(d) atmospheric pressure.
Answer:
(d) atmospheric pressure.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Force and Pressure Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Raman was surprised to see a camel walking easily barefooted on sand but he himself was unable to walk barefoot on sand. What is the reason behind this ?
(a) The surface area of the foot of the camel is more
(b) The surface area of the foot of Raman is more.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) The surface area of the foot of the camel is more.

Question 2.
By exerting force on anything:
(a) results in increasing the speed of the object
(b) results in decreasing the speed of the object
(c) Results in change in the direction of the motion of the object
(d) All the effects are possible.
Answer:
(d) All the effects are possible.

Question 3.
Force is:
(a) a push on an object
(b) a pull on an object
(c) a push or pull on an object
(d) neither a push nor a pull.
Answer:
(c) a push or pull on an object.

Question 4.
The food in the foodpipe is pushed forward during digestive process :
(a) By friction force
(b) Muscular force
(c) Contact force
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Muscular force.

Question 5.
The force of friction on a moving object always acts:
(a) in the direction of motion
(b) opposite to the direction of motion
(c) in the direction of motion upwards
(d) opposite to the direction of motion downwards
Answer:
(b) opposite to the direction of motion.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

Question 6.
While carrying luggage on the railway station a ‘coolie’ often rolls his cloth and places it on his head to :
(a) increase force
(b) increase pressure
(c) reduce weight
(d) reduce pressure
Answer:
(d) reduce pressure.

Question 7.
The pressure applied by liquids …………………. with the increase in depth.
(a) decreases
(b) remains same
(c) increases
(d) depends on the nature of liquids
(c) increases.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is common in following actions :
kicking, hitting, lifting, pulling, etc ?
Answer:
In all above actions, force is used to change the motion of the object.

Question 2.
What other terms are used for actions involving motion of objects ?
Answer:
Push or pull.

Question 3.
What is force ?
Answer:
Force. A push or pull that changes or tends to change the state, shape or direction of motion of the body is called force.

Question 4.
What is meant by pressure ?
Answer:
Pressure. Force acting per unit area is called a pressure.

Question 5.
Explain with an example that force can change the speed of an object.
Answer:
Suppose you are going on your bicycle with a speed of 10 m/s in north to south direction, and if your friend gives a strong push to your bicycle in the same direction then the speed of your bicycle will definitely increase.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

Question 6.
Give an illustration to show that a force can change the shape of the object.
Answer:
If a rubber ball is pressed in between the two palms, we find that ball is no longer round but becomes oblong.

Question 7.
Give an illustration to show that a force can produce change in both the speed and direction of motion.
Answer:
When the batsman plays the ball thrown by bowler, the speed and direction of the ball changes.

Question 8.
Give an illustration to show that force can change the direction of mofion of an object.
Answer:
In game of football, we can change the direction of a moving football by kicking it.

Question 9.
What causes force to act ?
Answer:
Interaction between two objects.

Question 10.
What happens when force is applied in the direction of motion ?
Answer:
The speed of object increases.

Question 11.
What happens when forces acting on an object are in opposite direction and equal ?
Answer:
Net force will be zero i.e. object will not move in any direction.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

Question 12.
What is contact force ?
Answer:
Contact force. The force which acts only, when objects are in contact, is called contact force.

Question 13.
Give examples of contact force.
Answer:
Muscular and frictional forces.

Question 14.
Which type of force is force of gravity ?
Answer:
Non-contact force.

Question 15.
Give an example of non-contact force.
Answer:
Magnetic force.

Question 16.
What is electrostatic force ?
Answer:
Electrostatic force. The force exerted by a charged body is called electrostatic force.

Question 17.
How can pressure be increased or decreased ?
Answer:
By changing the area on which force acts.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

Question 18.
Why is the foundation of wall made wider ?
Answer:
To decrease the pressure of the walls on the base.

Question 19.
What is relation between force, area and pressure ?
Answer:
Pressure = Force/Area.

Question 20.
Which type of tool is needed for cutting or piercing ?
Answer:
A sharp edged tool.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is done to stop a moving ball ?
Answer:
To stop a moving ball, equal force is applied in the direction opposite to the direction of motion of the ball.

Question 2.
Can a moving object on a smooth surface stop by itself ? If so, why ?
Answer:
A moving object can stop by itself due to friction between it and the surface on which it is moving. Friction acts in the opposite direction thus, stops the ball.

Question 3.
When is net force applied zero ? Give an example.
Answer:
When two forces are applied in opposite direction and are equal in magnitude then net force is zero. Example : A game of tug-of-war.

Question 4.
Force is a vector quantity. How ?
Answer:
A vector quantity is that quantity which can be represented completely by magnitude as well as direction. To represent the force magnitude as well as direction both are required. Hence force is a vector quantity.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

Question 5.
Name various types of forces.
Answer:
The following are the various types of forces:

  1. Muscular force.
  2. Magnetic force.
  3. Electrostatic force.
  4. Gravitational force.
  5. Frictional force.

Question 6.
List two effects of force.
Answer:
Effects of Force.

  1. Force changes the state of motion.
  2. Force changes the shape of an object.

Question 7.
What is state of motion of an object ?
Answer:
State of motion of an object is its speed and direction of motion. The state of rest is when speed is zero. The change in speed or direction of motion or both means a change in state of motion of an object.

Question 8.
Can force change only the direction of motion without any change in speed of an object ? If yes, how ?
Answer:
Yes, force can change only direction of motion without any change in speed of an object. It can be shown as follows:
Experiment.
Take a small stone. Tie it to a string. Whirl string in circular path with your hand. It is noted that stone moves with a constant speed in circular path. But when the whirling is stopped, the stone tries to move in horizontal path. This shows that force applied is used to change the direction of motion of the stone.

Question 9.
Give few examples of muscular force.
Answer:
Muscular force. Walking, breathing, running, lifting, sking, fighting are few activities which require muscular force to accomplish.

Question 10.
Give an example of contact force.
Answer:
When a moving striker collides with a disc on a carrom board, the disc begins to move showing the effect of contact force.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

Question 11.
Give two examples of non-contact forces.
Answer:
Examples of non-contact force.

  1. When two magnets lie side by side at a distance they either repel or attract each other.
  2. A charged body can attract or repel other uncharged or charged body even from a distance.

Question 12.
Why is force of gravity termed as non-contact force ? Explain.
Answer:
Force of gravity acts on objects lying on or near the surface of earth. It also acts on distant objects such as shown by leaves falling from trees, water in pipes flowing downwards, revolution of moon around the earth. In all cases, objects are not in contact with the earth. So it is termed as a non-contact force.

Question 13.
Define pressure and what are its units ?
Answer:
Pressure. The force acting per unit area of a surface, is called pressure. Force
Pressure = \(\frac{\text { Force }}{\text { Area }}\)
Unit of Pressure is Pascal or N m-2.

Question 14.
Why do you use sharp edged knife to cut a fruit ?
Answer:
In the sharp edged knife the effect of force increases the pressure on a fruit and thus cut it easily.

Question 15.
Where is pressure greater and the least inside a bottle filled with water ?
Answer:
In a bottle filled with water, the pressure is the greatest at the bottom of the bottle and it is the least at the top of the bottle.

Question 16.
What makes a balloon stretch as it is filled with air ?
Answer:
When we fill air in a balloon, the air exerts pressure on inner surface of the balloon. The pressure of the air inside the balloon stretches it.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

Question 17.
Show experimentally that pressure increases with the depth.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure 2
The pressure of a liquid depends upon its depth. This can be proved by an experiment given below :
Experiment.
Take a deep vessel having atleast three holes at different heights on one side of the vessel as shown in Fig. Fill it with water. We shall find that the jet of water from the lowest hole reaches the farthest. This proves that at the lowest hole, the force or pressure is
maximum. Fig. Pressure increases with depth.

Question 18.
What is atmospheric pressure ?
Answer:
Atmospheric pressure. Our earth is surrounded by an air column. This air column like liquid columns exerts pressure on all the objects lying on earth. This pressure exerted by air of the atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure.

Question 19.
Atmospheric pressure is so great, why are we not crushed by it ?
Answer:
Our body and the bodies of other organisms are made up of cells which have fluids that exert pressure from within. This pressure exerted from the inside of the cell is equal to the atmospheric pressure and prevents us from being crushed.

Question 20.
The following picture shows the sheet of rubber tied to one side of the pipe filled with water. If the level of water is raised then what will be the effect on balloon of rubber. Give reason.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure 3
Answer:
When the level of water is raised in pipe, the rubber sheet tied to the pipe blows. This happens because with the raise of level of water, the pressure exerted on rubber increases.
That is way, rubber sheet blows.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the different types of forces ? Give an example of each.
Answer:
Types of forces:
The following are the different types of forces:
1. Muscular force
2. Magnetic force
3. Electrostatic force
4. Gravitational force
5. Frictional force.

1. Muscular force:
The force applied by a living being with its muscles is known as muscular force e.g., bullocks apply muscular force to draw a cart.

2. Magnetic force:
A magnet has the property of attracting things made of cobalt, nickel, iron or steel. The force produced by a magnetic substance is called the magnetic force e.g., a magnet can move small iron pins.

3. Electrostatic force:
When substances like plastic and terylene are rubbed against each other, charge is excited on them. The force produced due to this electricity is called the electrostatic force e.g., when a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod moves bits of paper due to electrostatic force.

4. Gravitational force:
The earth exerts a force of attraction on all things on its surface and beyond. The force of attraction exerted by the earth is called the gravitational force or force due to gravity. An object dropped from a certain height falls on the earth due to the gravitational force.

5. Frictional force:
When an object moves along some other object, the force which acts between the surfaces of a contact of the two objects is called the frictional force. The frictional force opposes the motion of the object e.g., a marble rolled on the ground stops after sometime due to the frictional force.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure

Question 2.
When a force is applied to a body, state its effect.
Answer:
The following conclusion can be drawn about the effect of force applied to an object:

  1. Change in speed : The applied force can produce a change in the speed of an object.
  2. Change in direction of motion : The applied force can change the direction of motion of object.
  3. Change in both speed and direction of motion : The applied force can produce a change in both the speed and direction of motion.
  4. Change in shape and size of the body : The applied force can change the shape and size of an object.

Question 3.
Mention advantages and disadvantages of force.
Answer:
Advantages of force:

  1. Force can move a stationary object. For example, a toy can be moved by applying force.
  2. It can slow down a moving object. For example, a bicycle slows down on applying force due to brakes.
  3. It can change the direction of motion of an object. For example* a batsman hits the ball and changes its direction.
  4. It can change the shape of an object. For example, squeezing a sponge changes its shape.

Disadvantages of a force:

  1. Frictional force is responsible for wear and tear of tyres of vehicles and of our shoes.
  2. Frictional force also generates heat. This can be harmful. The heat produced in moving machines reduces their efficiency.

Question 4.
Describe an experiment to show that pressure is the same at all points at the same depth.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure 4
Experiment.
Take an empty tin can and pierce several holes of equal size at the same height and cover them with cellotape to be opened at will. Now fill the can up to its brim and remove the cellotape in order to open the holes (Fig.). It will be found that water from all the holes traverses equal horizontal distance. This is because of the fact that the pressure at all points is the same at the same depth.

Question 5.
How can you demonstrate the presence of atmospheric pressure experimentally?
Answer:
Experiment.
Take a metallic can. Add little water into it. Remove its cap and heat the can, as shown in Fig. (a). The water boils and steam starts coming out from the mouth of the can. The steam forces out most of the air from the can. Now close the can with an air tight lid. Pour cold water on the can. Due to the cold water, the steam inside the can condenses to a liquid state. A partial vacuum is created. The external pressure (atmospheric) becomes greater than the inside pressure of steam. Hence high external pressure crushes the container [See Fig. (b)].
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 11 Force and Pressure 5