This PSEB 10th Class Science Notes Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds will help you in revision during exams.
PSEB 10th Class Science Notes Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds
→ In our daily life, the maximum things used by us are compounds of carbon.
→ All living species involve carbon.
→ A very small quantity of carbon present in nature is used by us.
→ Most of the carbon compounds are not good conductors of electricity.
→ The bonding of carbon compounds does not produce any ions.
→ The atomic number of carbon is 6. It has four electrons in its outermost shell.
→ It can gain four electrons forming C4- anion or it can lose four electrons forming C4+ cation.
→ Hydrogen requires one or more than one electron. The shared pair of electrons is said to constitute a single bond between two hydrogen atoms.
→ Chlorine forms a diatomic molecule.
→ Oxygen forms a double bond between two oxygen atoms.
→ In order to attain an octet, each nitrogen atom in a molecule of nitrogen contributes three electrons giving rise to three shared pairs of electrons.
→ Methane is a compound of carbon. It is the major component of bio-gas and compressed natural gas (CNG).
→ It is one of the simplest compounds of carbon.
→ Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. They have the same chemical properties.
→ Fullerenes form another class of carbon allotropes which was first identified as C-60.
→ There are around 3 million carbon compounds in number.
→ The nature of a covalent bond enables carbon to form a very large number of compounds.
→ Carbon shows Catenation to the maximum extent.
→ The organic compounds having the presence of carbon-carbon single bonds only are termed saturated compounds.
→ The carbon-Carbon bond is very stable and strong.
→ Compounds of carbon are formed with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, and some other elements.
→ Since carbon has a valency of four and is capable of bonding, it forms a large number of compounds.
→ The saturated compounds of carbon and hydrogen are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane.
→ The compounds with identical molecular formulas but different structures are called structural compounds.
→ In addition to straight and branched carbon chains, some compounds have carbon atoms arranged in the form of rings. For example, cyclohexane.
→ Saturated hydrocarbons are called ‘Alkanes’. Such unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one double bond are called ‘Alkenes’. Those having one triple bond are called Alkynes’.
→ All hydrocarbons burn in the presence of oxygen and release heat, light, and CO2.
→ Saturated hydrocarbons generally produce clean flame on burning while unsaturated carbon compounds produce a yellow flame with a lot of black smoke.
→ Incomplete combustion produces a sooty flame.
→ A flame is produced when gaseous substances are burnt.
→ Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels that have been formed from biomass that has been subjected to various biological and geological processes.
→ Alcohol can be converted into carboxylic acids by complete oxidation.
→ Substances that are capable of adding oxygen to other substances are known as oxidizing agents.
→ Catalysts are substances that cause a reaction to occur or accelerate the rate without reacting and getting affected.
→ Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature. Ethanol is commonly called alcohol.
→ Consumption of small quantities of ethanol tends to slow metabolic processes and depress the central nervous system.
→ Consumption of methanol even in very small quantity can cause death. It can also cause blindness by affecting the optic nerve.
→ Methanol is mixed with ethanol to prevent its misuse. Dyes are added to colour the alcohol blue. This is called denatured alcohol.
→ Sugarcane juice can be used to prepare molasses which is fermented to give ethanol.
→ Ethnic acid is commonly called acetic acid. 3.4% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar.
→ Carbon: Carbon is an element that is of immense significance in its elemental and combined form. Placed in 14th group of periodic table with atomic number 6, mass number 12 and electronic configuration 4 it has electronic valency 2, 4 and is symbolised as \({ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}\).
→ Carbon compounds: The compounds in which carbon is present are called carbon compounds. These are generally covalent. Ionic compounds of carbonates are not included in this.
→ Covalent bonds: The bond formed by sharing of electrons is known as a covalent bond.
→ Allotropy: The property of an element by virtue of which it can exist in two or more physical forms of the same chemical element, with the same chemical properties.
→ Hydrocarbons: The covalent compounds of hydrogen and carbon are called hydrocarbons.
→ Saturated hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons with the same chemical formula CnH2n+2 are called alkane. These have a covalent bond between the members of the same category.
→ Isomerism: The compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called isomers and the phenomenon is known as isomerism.
→ Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: The compounds of carbon having double or triple bonds between the carbon atoms are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons.
→ Alkene: Generally a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CnH2n is called alkene.
→ Alkyne: The carbon compound containing a triple bond between carbon atoms is called alkyne.
→ Catenation: The carbon atoms form bonds with other carbon atoms to form long-chained compounds. This property is known as catenation.
→ Allotropy: The phenomenon of the existence of two or more physical forms of the same chemical element, with the same chemical properties, is called allotropy.
→ Fullerenes: There are the allotropes of carbon having a football or bucky ball-like structure.
→ Addition reactions: These are the reactions in which some molecules get added to unsaturated Hydrocarbon like alkene/alkyne.
→ Substitution reactions: These are the reactions in which an atom or group of atoms from an organic compound is replaced by another atom or group.
→ Esterification: The reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester is called esterification.
→ Functional group: An atom or group of atoms that determines the chemical properties of an organic compound is called a functional group.
→ Fermentation: The process of conversion of complex organic compounds into simple organic compounds with the help of enzymes is known as fermentation.
→ Alcohol: The compound obtained by the replacement of a hydrogen atom of alkane by hydroxyl (-OH) functional group is called alcohol: Its general formula is CnH2n+1 OH.
→ Carboxylic acid: Carboxylic acids are those organic compounds that have (-COOH) as a functional group.
→ Homologous series: A series of organic compounds having the same functional group formula and possessing similar chemical properties are termed homologous series.