Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 10 State and Government Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.
PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 10 State and Government
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Bring out the distinction between the state and the government.
Answer:
State is the main subject of Political Science. Without state development of personality of the individual is not possible. State is a community of persons, permanently occupying a definite territory, having a government which is sovereign in internal and external matters. There are four essential elements population, definite territory, government and sovereignty. Without these four elements there can be no state.
Government is one of the elements of the states. State does not perform any functions. Its functions are performed by the government. The government performs this function by framing laws. According to Garner “Government is the collective name for the agency magistracy or organisation through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and realised.” We in our daily life use the word state for government and government for i state. But distinction exists between state and government.
Distinction between State and Government:
In ancient times no distinction was made between state and government. King of France, Louis XIV used to say, ‘I am the state.’ He could claim that he was the government as he was the absolute monarch and all governmental authority was vested in him. But he could not claim himself to be the state as the state is altogether a different concept.
Similarly Stuart King of England tried to prove their absolutism never made a distinction between state and government. Even Hobbes has not made any distinction between state and government. Locke was the first writer who made a distinction between state and government. But even today masses do not consider any distinction between the two. Laski has pointed out that “the state is for the purposes of practical administration, the government.”
Following are the distinctions between State and Government : s 1. Government is a Part of State. Government is a part of the state and not itself a state. There are four elements of the state-population, fixed territory, government and sovereignty. Government is only one of the . elements which constitute the i state. No doubt without government there can be no state but government itself cannot be a state.
2. Government is the Agent of the State:
Government is the agent of the state. Just as it is the function of the’agent to carry out the will of the owners of his company, similarly aim of the government is to fulfil the wishes of the state. According to Laski, “It exists to carry out the purpose of the state. . It is not itself the supreme coercive power. It is simply the mechanism of administration which gives effect to the purposes of that power.
3. State is Abstract, Government is Concrete:
State is an idea. It has no form. It can be imagined only but we cannot see the abstract state. We can see the population and territory but not the state. But on the other hand government is a concrete institution. For example, we can think of Indian state but we cannot see it whereas we can see Indian government.
4. Membership of the State is compulsory, but not of Government:
Membership of the state is compulsory. Every citizen must be the member of one or the other state but every person cannot be the member of a government even if he so desires. The membership of a state is not voluntary. A man becomes a citizen of that state where he is bom, he cannot refuse to become a citizen of that state.
But every man is not a member of the Government and its membership is also not compulsory. To become a member of a government depends upon the will of the individual. To be a member of the government one must possess certain necessary qualifications and the persons fulfilling those alone can become the members of the government. The individual can leave the membership of the government at any time but no citizen can leave the membership of the state when he so likes.
5. Territory is essential for State, but not for Government:
Fixed territory is an essential element of the state. Without definite territory there can be no state. But definite territory is not essential for the government. Government is an institution which can be established in a closed room. During Second World War when Germany conquered many European countries then the governments of these countries were run in other countries. For example, government of France was run from England. But there cannot be a state without a definite territory.
6. State possesses Sovereignty but government does not posssess the same:
Sovereignty is an essential element of the state. Without sovereignty there can be no state. Before 1947 India was under the British empire and hence India was not a state. But sovereignty is not with the government. The powers enjoyed by the government are conferred upon it by the state. Powers of the state are unlimited whereas powers of the government are limited. Generally government derives its powers from the constitution, just in India. If government exercises its power in a corrupt manner, it can be changed.
7. State is peramanent, government is temporary:
State is permanent, though it is not immortal. A state remains state so long as it has four essential elements— population, definite territory, government and sovereignty. State ends when it loses sovereignty. But after gaining sovereignty it becomes state again. When Hitler conquered Austria, Poland etc. they did not remain states but after the war when they gained sovereignty they became states. But government is changeable.
Governments come and go but states continue for ever. If today, in one state there is monarchy, tomorrow there can be a democratic government. Before March, 1977, in India there was a Congress government but in the general election Congress Was defeated and Janata Party came into power but in the general election of 1980, Congress (I) gained a thumping majority in the Parliament.
8. Government does not include the whole population of the state:
Population is an essential element of the state. All the persons living within a territory of a state are included in the population of a state. But in the government only those persons are included who are working in different organs of the government, e.g., members of the parliament, members of the executive and judges of the judiciary etc. In other words in the population of the government only those persons are included who are drawing salary from the treasury.
9. State without government is impossible but government without state is possible:
Government is an essential attribute of the state and without government there can be no state. But it is not essential that there must be a state for the existence of a government. A government may exist without a state. During Second World War government of France was in England but there was no France state as France was conquered by Hitler.
10. Difference of Nature:
State is a result of growth. It is a natural institution. But government is an artificial institution which is formed by men. Thus from nature point of view state is natural whereas government is artificial.
11. States are the same everywhere, but Governments are different:
All states are essentially alike. Every large or small state has the same four elements-population, definite territory, Government and sovereignty. India, Pakistan, Japan, England, America, Russia, China etc., are having these four elements. But there are various forms of governments. Forms of government vary from state to state and from time to time. In India, Japan, England, Bangladesh etc. there is a parliamentary government but in U.S.A., there is a presidential government. In Communist China, Vietnam, Cuba, North Korea etc. there is a dictatorship of the Communist Party.
12. People can resist the Government, not the State:
People cannot oppose the state because whole population is included in the state. How can the population oppose themselves? Will of the state is expressed through government. All functions of the state are performed by the government. If a government does not work for the welfare of the people and enact such laws which are not in the interests of the masses, then masses have a right to oppose such a government and even government can be changed by peaceful or revolutionary methods.
Conclusion:
On the basis of above discussion we can say that differences exist between state and government. American Supreme Court has made a distinction between state and government in one of its decisions : “The state itself is an ideal personal, intangible, invisible, immutable. The government is an agent and within the spare of the agency a perfect representative, but outside of that it is lawless usurpation.” But state and government cannot exist without each other.
Both are different entities and though everything is done in the name of the state yet it is done by the government. According to Laski, “All institutions act through persons, the power they exercise cannot operate in any other fashion. The state, therefore, needs a body of men who operate in its name, supreme coercive authority which it disposes and this body of men is what we term the government of the state.”
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What do you mean by Government?
Answer:
There are four essential elements of a state-population, definite territory, government and sovereignty. Without these four elements there can be no state.
Government is one of the elements of the state. State does not perform any functions. Its functions are performed by the government. The government formulates and expresses the will of the state. The government performs this function by framing laws. According to Garner, “ Government is the collective name for the agency magistracy or organisation through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and realised.”
Question 2.
Distinguish between state and government.
Answer:
- Government is a part of the state and not itself a state.
- Membership of the state is compulsory, but not of government.
- Fixed territory is an essestial element of the state. But definite territory is not essestial for the government.
- State possesses sovereignty but government does not possess the same.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What do you mean by Government?
Answer:
Government is one of the elements of the state. State does not perform any functions. Its functions are performed by the government. The government formulates and expresses the will of the state. The government performs this function by framing laws.
Question 2.
Distinguish between state and government.
Answer:
- Government is a part of the state and not itself a state.
- Membership of the state is compulsory, but not of government.
One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Define the term Government.
Answer:
According to Garner- “Government is the collective name for the agency magistracy or organisation through which the will of the state is formulated expressed and realised.”
Question 2.
Mention any one difference between state and Government.
Answer:
Territory is essential for State, but not for Government.
Fill in the blanks
1. Government is one of the elements of the
Answer:
State
2. King of France used to say , “I am the state.”
Answer:
Louis XIV
3. State is but Government is concrete.
Answer:
Abstract.
True or False Statement
1. The government formulates and expresses the will of the state.
Answer:
True.
2. State is a part of Government.
Answer:
False
3. State is parmanent, but Government is temporary.
Answer:
True.
Choose The Correct Answer
Question 1.
What is the difference between state and government?
(A) State is more comprehensive than Government
(B) Government is an agent of the state
(C) State is abstract, Government is concrete
(D) All of the Above.
Answer:
(D) All of the Above.