PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Urban Society

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Urban Society Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Urban Society

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is the base of urban areas?
(a) Large in size
(b) More population density
(c) Individualism
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

2. Which of these features does not match with urban society?
(a) Less population density
(b) Open organisation
(c) Comlex life
(d) Secondary relations.
Answer:
(a) Less population density

3. How much of Indian population lives in cities?
(a) 68% (b) 32%
(c) 70%
(d) 30%
Answer:
(b) 32%

4. Indian population is:
(a) 102 crore
(b) 112 crore
(c) 121 crore
(d) 131 crore
Answer:
(c) 121 crore

5. The density of urban population should be minimum of ………………. persons per square km.
(a) 200
(b) 300
(c) 100
(d) 400
Answer:
(d) 400

6. ……………… expresses the urban ways of living.
(a) Urbanism
(b) Urbanisation
(c) Sanskritisation
(d) Modernisation
Answer:
(a) Urbanism

Fill in the Blanks:

1. In 2011, around ……………………. people lived in cities.
Answer:
37.7 crore

2. In …………………. societies, all the modern facilities of social hfe are easily available.
Answer:
urban

3. There is ………………. mobility available in urban society.
Answer:
more

4. There is more ……………….. in urban society.
Answer:
individualism

5. …………….. means of social control are available in urban areas.
Answer:
Formal

6. ………………. families are there in cities.
Answer:
Nuclear

True/False:

1. Around 30% of urban population is engaged in non-agricultural occupations.
Answer:
False

2. There is lack of specialisation and division of labour in cities.
Answer:
False

3. Urban societies have heterogeneity of population.
Answer:
True

4. Urban society is large in size.
Answer:
True

5. In place of joint family, nuclear families are coming forward in urban areas.
Answer:
False

6. One of the major problems of cities is the existence of slums.
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is meant by Urbanisation?
Answer:
When rural people migrate to urban areas and adopt their ways of living, it is known as urbanisation.

Question 2. What is Urbanism?
Answer:
Urbanism is the urban way of living adopted by the people who come over there. ^

Question 3.
What is a City?
Answer:
That geographical area where more than 75% of population is engaged in non-agricultural occupations is known as a city.

Question 4.
Give one feature of the urban society.
Answer:
Specialization and division of labour exist in- urban society.

Question 5.
What is a town?
Answer:
That area which is larger than a village but smaller, than a city is known as a town.

Question 6.
How much of the Indian population lives in urban areas?
Answer:
32% or 37.7 crore people.

Question 7.
What should be the minimum population in a city?
Answer:
It should be minimum 5000 persons.

Question 8.
What should be the minimum density of population in urban areas?
Answer:
Minimum of 400 persons per square km.

Question 9.
Who is known as the Father of urban sociology?
Answer:
George Simmel is known as the Father of urban sociology.

Question 10.
What is the size of urban society?
Answer:
Urban society is large in size because of its more population.

Question 11.
Which means of social control are there in urban, society?
Answer:
Formal or secondary means of social Control are there in urban society such as police, courts, laws etc.

Question 12.
Which type of family is available in urban society?
Answer:
Urban societies have nuclear families which are small in size.

Question 13.
On which occupations, urban economy is based?
Answer:
Urban economy is based on non-agricultural occupations.

Question 14.
Name the major issues faced by the urban societies.
Answer:
The problem of housing and slums.

Question 15.
Give one reason of the problem of housing.
Answer:
Too much of population is one of the reasons of housing problem.

Question 16.
What are the different names of slums?
Answer:
Jhugi Jhopadi, Chaal, Dhata, Jhoparpatti etc.

Question 17.
Give one major feature of slums.
Answer:
Poverty and unemployment.

Question 18.
According to Census Survey 2011, What is a City?
Answer:
All the areas which have features of Municipal Committee, Corporation, Military Cantonment Board, Town etc. come under Notified Area.

Question 19.
On what the Urban economy is based?
Answer:
Urban economy is mainly based on non-agricultural occupations.

Question 20.
How many people in 1991, lived in slums in India?
Answer:
Around 46.78 million Indian people lived in slums in 1991.

Question 21.
Give one feature of urban society.
Answer:
People don’t have direct relations with each other. Instead, they have formal.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Which area is known as an urban area?
Answer:
That area where

• minimum population is 5000 persons.
• 75% of the total population is engaged in non-agricultural occupations.
• Density of population should be minimum of 400 persons per sQuestion km.

Question 2.
Who is known as the Father of urban sociology and why’?
Answer:
George Simmel is known as the father of urban sociology. It is so because he gave great contribution in the field of urban sociology. Especially for his book ‘The Metropolis and Mental Life’ printed in 1903 A.D.

Question 3.
What is urbanisation?
Answer:
When rural people start to migrate to urban areas, it is known as urbanisation. It is a two way process. In this, not only rural people migrate to urban area but change also comes in their occupation, habits, behaviour, values etc.

Question 4.
What is urbanism?
Answer:
Urbanism is one of the important elements of urban society which differentiates urban identity and personality from rural and urban societies. It expresses an urban way of living. It also tells us about the expansion of urban culture and evolution of urban society.

Question 5.
Social heterogeneity in urban society.
Answer:
In urban society people of different religions, castes, groups, cultures, live with each other. Due to their interaction, a new culture develops among them. They come from different places to live there and to earn their livelihood. This is known as social heterogeneity of urban society.

Question 6.
Division of labour.
Answer:
Division of labour is one of the key features of urban society. Every one cannot do all of his functions and that’s way the work is divided among many. One who can do any work in the best possible way, is given to do work. This is known as division of labour. Specialisation is one of its important aspects.

Question 7.
Urban family.
Answer:
Urban family is not joint but is nuclear in nature in which parents and their unmarried children live. Such families have less cooperation and control over its members. Parents have very less time to spend with their children.

Question 8.
Slums.
Answer:
Slums are the colonies established by those migrated labourers who are so poor that they cannot afford to purchase a house. People living in slums live in poor conditions because they lack better means of livelihood. Slums are one of the important aspects of urban life.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Literal Meaning of City.
Answer:
In simple words city is a living in any specific area and on the basis of urban characteristics. Word ‘CITY is an English word. Word CITY has come out of the word of Latin language.‘Cr^TTAS’ whose meaning is citizenship. In the same way the English word ‘URBAN’ has come out of Latin word TJRBS’ whose meaning is also city.

Question 2.
Two definitions of CITY.
Answer:
1. According to Willcox, “The cities included all districts in which the density of population per square mile is more than 1,000 and where there is practically no agriculture.
2. According to Bergal, “City is an institution whose most of the citizens are engaged in other industries except agriculture.”
3. According to Anand Kumar, “Urban community is a complex community of secondary relation with more population, based primarily on occupational and environment differences.”

Question 3.
Urbanization.
Answer:
Urbanization is a process in which people are leaving their rural areas and moving towards urban areas. Population of cities is increasing due to this process of urbanization. City cannot develop at once and very quickly but rural communities are changing into urban areas slowly and slowly. In this way the first stage of city is the village. In this way when the features of cities develop in rural communities due to slow changes then these canges are known as urbanization. According to Bergal, “ We shall call urbanization, the process of transforming rural areas into urban areas.”

Question 4.
Urban Society—Large Population.
Answer:
The most important feature of urban society is the large number of people living over there are more density of population. Meaning of density of population is that how many people are lving in per square kilometre. Cities can be divided in different classes on the basis of more or less population like small cities, medium cities and metropolitan cities. Population of the metropolitan cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata etc. is more than one crore but the population of 13 states of India is less than one crore. Industrial houses, educational institutions, business centres are commerce centres are more in cities because of which the density of population is more in cities. Because of more population, many problems arise in cities like poverty, unemployment, crime, starvation, slums etc.

Question 5.
Urban Society—Secondary and Formal Relations.
Answer:
The most important feature of urban society is the large number of population. People don’t have direct or face to face relations due to this large number of population. People in cities have formal relations with each other. These relations are temporary. Person establishes relations with other persons whenever any need arises and these relations come to an end when person’s need also comes to an end or fulfilled. In this way secondary and formal relations are the basis of urban society.

Question 6.
Urban Society—A number of Occupations.
Answer:
Cities are developed on the basis of different occupations. Many industries, occupations and institutions exist in cities because of which different people are used to engage in different types of occupations. Doctors, Managers, Engineers, Specialised labourers, non-specialised labourers etc. type thousands occupations exist in urban areas. More population is necessary for the needs of these different occupations.

Question 7.
Urban Society—Division in Classes.
Answer:
Not much importance is given to the caste, religion and occupation of the person in urban areas. But population in cities is divided in economic classes on economic basis. Population, in cities, is not divided only in two classes of capitalists and labourers but many other small classes and sub-classes exist in cities on the basis of their economic status. The difference ofJiigher and lower classes also exists in cities. –

Question 8.
Urban Society—More Social Mobility.
Answer:
More social mobility exists in urban areas as compared to rural areas. People in cities are always ready to leave one place and to go to another place for more profit or in search of good job. We can see local mobility as well as social mobility among the urban people. It means that person’s social status in society changes to higher or lower according to his ability.

Question 9.
Difference in Rural and Urban Societies.
Answer:

• Joint families exist in rural societies in which all the members of family living with each other but nuclear families exist in urban society in which husband, wife and their unmarried children are living.
• Neighbourhood is of very less importance in cities and people hardly know about their neighbours but neighbourhood is of great importance in rural areas and even children are living there all the times.
• Marriage is considered as a contract in urban areas which could be broken at any time but marriage is a religious sacrament which cannot be broken at any time.
• A number of occupations are there in urban areas but very less number of occupations are there in villages.

Question 10.
Urbanism.
Answer: Urbanism is one of the forms of urbanisation. Urbanisation is a process which actually expresses the change from rural economy towards urban economy. But in the process of urbanism, interest of people starts to incline toward cities from rural areas. They want to leave village and want to migrate towards urban areas and this interest of theirs gives strength to the process of urbanism.

Question 11.
Urban Family.
Answer:
Urban family is exactly opposite to rural family. Urban family is not joint family but is nuclear family in which husband, wife and their unmarried children are living. Relations between the members of urban family are not full of love and sympathy. Most of the functions of urban family are taken away by other institutions. Urban family is unable to fullfill all the needs of its members. Urban family can be broken at any time with divorce.

Question 12.
Urban family—Limited size.
Answer:
Size of the urban family is very small because they are nuclear families. Husband, wife and their unmarried children are living in nuclear family. Children make their new house after the marriage. We cannot see big families in cities. Any rare family can be seen as joint family. In this way due to nuclear family, Urban family is small in size.

Question 13.
Changes coming in Urban Family.
Answer:

• Urban families are changing to nuclear families from Joint families.
• Educational functions of the family remain no more and this function has been taken away by schools, colleges etc.
• Effect of religious functions on family has been .reduced and now people don’t have enough time for religious activities.
• Individualism is spreading in urban family. Now every one thinks about himself in the family.
• Status of female in urban family is also changed. Now she enjoys higher status in the family.

Question 14.
Reasons of breaking up of Urban Family.
Answer:

• Families started to disintegrate due to increasing importance of money.
• Mentality of the people is changing under the effect of western education and that’s why families are breaking.
• Ideals of freedom and equality are coming forward because of which conflicts are increasing and families are disintegrating.
• Social mobility in the cities has been increasing. People are leaving even their families for jobs and that’s why families are disintegrating.

Question 15.
Marriage now is no longer a religious sacrament.
Answer:
In ancient times marriage was considered as a religious sacrament because it was believed that person is doing marriage for the sake of religion. Getting a son, to perform yagyas and to pay the debts are necessary for person according to religion. So person was doing marriage because of these reasons. It was not possible for the person to break relationship with that female with which he has done marriage according to religious rituals. But these days people are used to do love marriage, doing marriage in the courts. Now marriage is not considered as a religious sacrament but is considered as a contract which can be broken at any time. Now the importance of religion and religious sacrament like feeling remains no more in the marriage. Now marriage is considered as a mean to live a good life.

Question 16.
Urban Economy.
Or
Write a short note on economic system of Urban Society.
Answer:
First of all Europe was affected by the industrial revolution and then it had affected the Asian countries. With this people started to move towards cities by leaving their villages and the mutual relations of the people completely changed. Society started to develop very quickly. Industries started to establish. Markets developed very quickly. That’s why urban economy was developed. In this way urban economy is that economy in which production is being done on large scale, big industries ard there, money is of great importance, division of labour and specialization are there, people have individual point of view and occupational diversity is there.

Question 17.
Industrial Economy.
Answer:
Urban economy can also be called as industrial economy because urban economy depends upon industries. Very big-big industries are there in cities where thousands of people are working with each other. Production is also on large scale due to large scale industries. Owners of these larger industries are different individuals. Production is being done for market. These markets are not only internal markets of the country but are foreign markets as well. Even in some cases, production is being done only for foreign markets. Owners of these big industries produce things only for their profit > and they exploit the labourers as well.

Question 18.
Division of labour and specialization.
Answer:
We can find a number of occupations and occupational diversity in urban societies. Family, in earlier times, was the unit of productions. All the functions were being done only in the family. But due to advent of urban areas, thousands of occupations and industries were developed. For exanjple we confined many types of functions in a factory and we need specialised person to do any specific type of work. Only the skilled person can do that specific work. In this way functions in cities are divided among different people because of which division of labour prevails in urban society. People are specialised in their work and that’s why specialisation is of great importance. In this way division of labour and specialisation are two important aspects of urban economy.

Question 19.
Occupational Diversity.
Answer:
The main feature of any urban society or industrial society is the availability of a number of occupations. Thousands of occupations are available in cities. Any one is officer, any one is peon, teacher, carpenter, blacksmith, labourer, rickshaw puller, shopkeepers, fruit sellers, vegetable sellers etc. like thousands of occupations are available in cities. We can find hundreds of occupations in one industry. In this way directly we can see that a number of occupations are there in cities.

Question 20.
Classes exist in urban society on the basis of occupational diversity.
Answer:
Three types of classes exist in urban society on the basis of occupational diversity and these are:

• Lower class
• Middle class
• Higher class

Question 21.
Lower class.
Answer:
The people working in industrial sector, labourers, labourers working in the rural sectors, Rickshaw and rehri pullers in cities etc. are the part of this class. Their living standard is low because they are working with their own hands and they have nothing except selling their labour. Their income is also low because of which these people are unable to educate their children and they hardly know about the legal security. They are related with the different castes and religions and even are working differently. They are living in slums. This class is also known as unorganized class.

Question 22.
Middle class.
Answer:
There is one class between lower and higher class and this class is known as middle class.. The members of this class belongs generally to job oriented people, petty shopkeepers and small businessmen. This class works either for people of higher class or are doing government jobs. Small big businessmen, big small shopkeepers, peons, clerks, big small officers, small big farmers, contractors, property dealers, artists etc. come in this category. Higher class dominates the lower class with the help of this class.

Question 23. Higher class.
Answer:
Very rich people are coming in this class. Big industrialists, leaders come in this category. Industrialists have the money. They invest their money and establish their industries and they give jobs to middle and lower class people. The main aim of industrialist is to invest the money to earn money. Power of the country is in the hands of leaders because of which they come in higher class. Their living standard is very high and way of living is also very high. They are the part of higher class because they have lot of money and power of country in their hands.

Question 24.
Slums.
Answer:
Slums can be defined as the group of buildings or bad houses where more than required people are living in non living conditions, where people have to live in unhygienic environment due to non-arrangement of sanitation or due to lack of facilities and with which a wrong effect is there on the health and morality of the people living in those groups.

Question 25.
Characteristics of Slums.
Answer:

• There is a problem of living in slums because a number of people are living over here.
• Slums are full of crimes because the behaviour of the people living over here is generally disintegrative.
• People lack facilities living over here because these are made illegally.
• Population of these slums is too much because people of lower class are coming to cities in search of work and they have to live over here in the absence of money.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is urbanization? What are its determinants?
Answer:
Urbanization. Urbanization is the process in which people leave their rural areas and move towards urban areas. Population of cities is increasing due to this process of urbanization. City cannot develop at once and very quickly but rural communities are changing into urban areas. In this way the first stage of city is the village. In this way when the features of cities develop in rural communities due to slow changes then the process of these changes is known as urbanization. According to Bergal, “We shall call urbanization, the process of transforming rural areas into urban areas.”

According to Anderson, “Urbanization is not a one way process but is a two way process. It not only includes moving towards cities from villages and changes in occupation, business, services from agriculture but it also includes change in nature, beliefs, values and behavioural patterns.”

Generally urbanization is a process which actually shows change from rural economy to urban economy. When industrial occupations, educational institutions and trade centres develops slowly and slowly in rural areas then people of different castes, classes, religions etc. start to live there, population increases and different means of employment develop over there. Production starts on a large scale, means of communication and transport develop to a great extent. Structure of relations also changes with this and secondary relations develop over there. Then this process can be called as the process of urbanization. This process has not been developed in a , great deal in India as compared to western countries because here rural communities are more in number and their main occupation in agriculture.

Determinants Of Urbanization:

There are many elements which determine the urbanization and their description | is given below:

1. Favourable Geographical Environment. Favourable geographical environment is necessary for the development of any city. Cities develop at those places whereever geographical conditions are good enough. If the geographical condition is good then person can fulfill all of his daily needs. Many ancient cities, in our country India, were developed along the banks of many rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Sindhu etc. More than 100 cities or towns were developed along the banks of river Ganga.

2. Invention of the means of Transport, During ancient times, wheels, animals, boats etc. were used to send surplus food from rural areas to urban areas. Slowly and slowly with passage of time, other means of transport were developed and cities also started to develop. In this way means of transport and communications played an important role in the development of cities.

3. Surplus Food Products. The main occupation of people of villages is agriculture. When people started to produce food more than their needs then people started to live over there. Slowly and slowly population was increased at those places and new industries and markets started to develop. That’s why villages started to develop into cities.

4. Attraction of Cities. People are attracted by many facilities which prevail in urban areas like educational institutions, more means of employment, higher standard of living etc. That’s why cities started to develop. Patliputra city in ancient India was established due to Nalanda University.

5. Religious Importance* Many places in India are there which are considered as sacred from religious point of view. So due to religious importance, many cities were developed. Haridwar, Mathura, Kashi, Prayag, Anandpur Sahib etc. and many other cities are there which were developed due to their religious importance.

6. Cultural and Economic Importance. Cultural and economic facilities of any area play an important role in the development of any city. Many cities in our country are there which were developed due to their cultural and economic importance. For example, Patliputra or today’s Patna was developed due to Nalanda University and Dhaka was developed due to trade or economic reasons. In the same way Muradabad, Bareily etc. were developed due to these reasons. Many cities in ancient India were developed because those places were famous for any specific type of art or any industry.

7. Establishment of Army Camps. During ancient times, generally the winner kings were used to establish army camps around villages to control them. Slowly and slowly these camps around villages took the form of cities. Cities like Delhi, Kolkata, Agra etc. were developed due to this reason.

Question 2.
Explain the different factors which promote the process of urbanization.
Answer:
Development of cities in ancient times is generally considered in between the middle of 5000-4000 B.C. These cities were small in size because of which they were not more than the’towns. There was no development in cities from 3000 B.C. upto 2000 B.C. After this cities started to develop in Greek-Roman age. Ancient cities came to an end and new cities in different states started to develop. After this the cities in the countries like Mesopotamia, Rome, India, Greece started to be destroyed. On contrary to this cities were continuously increasing in western Europe. Cities started to develop very quickly around 1800 A.D. The process of urbanization has taken a great speed in 19th and 20th century. The elements which have „ encouraged the process of urbanization are given below:

1. Industrialization and Commercialization. Cities started to develop very quickly after Industrial revolution. Large industries were established due to new machines in industries, invention of machines and too much investment of money in industries. Rural people started to move towards industrial areas to earn more money by leaving their traditional occupations. In this way industrial centres like Jamshedpur, Liverpool, Chicago were developed as industrial cities. In earlier times, people used to make their house in good atmosphere but now they started to live in cities due to their occupations.

Commercialization, with industrialization, also has played an important role in the development of urban areas. Cities in ancient times were developed at those places where things can be easily distributed. Later on cities were developed due to development of trade. In this way industrialization and commercialization has given a great contribution in the development of this process.

2. Development of means of Transport and Communication. Development of means of transport and communication has also encouraged the process of urbanization. Industries depend upon means of transport for raw material and to distribute final product in the market. Means of transport and communication are very much necessary in industrial cities. When industries started to develop in the country then means of transport were not fully developed. That’s why labourers, working in industries, had to live near the factories. In this way large slums came into being around these factories. So the development of means of transport has encouraged the urbanization.

3. More or Surplus Resources. When any society starts to produce more resources then its needs in cities also start to develop very quickly. Humans, in ancient times, were used to fulfill their needs but man’s production power has been increased in modern age due to his win over nature. Now less number of persons can produce much more than their ability due to the development of technology, science and knowledge. Man’s control over nature is also one of the reasons of development of cities.

4. Educational Facilities. Educational facilities have also given a great contribution in the development of cities. Main educational institutions, in ancient times, were only in cities. Main training centres, university, technical educational centre, agricultural university etc. were all existing in cities. Library, art centres etc. were also in cities. Rural people are moving towards cities to achieve these facilities with which the process of urbanization is increasing.

5. Recreational Facilities. There are a number of recreational facilities in urban areas. Many types of recreational clubs, cinema, theatres etc. have developed in cities. These institutions attract people living in other areas towards them. In this way these also play an important role in the development of cities.

6. Economic Attraction of Urban Areas. Individual progress can happen only in cities. People get good pay in cities and get help in increasing business. Humans get good occupation and good pay for their needs while living in cities and that’s why they like to live in cities. People get good, better and more facilities in cities. Businessmen get more profits in cities. Standard of living of people becomes higher in cities and that’s why people are moving towards cities.

In this way after looking at these elements, we can say that these elements plays an important role in the development of cities or in the process of urbanization.

Question 3.
What are the features of urban family?
Answer:
1. Nuclear Family. Joint families exist in rural society in which grand father-grand mother, father-mother, married and unmarried children, uncle-aunt and their children are living. This type of family can also be called as extended family. But urban families are not this much big. They are very much small in size and are nuclear families in which husband wife and their unmarried children live. Children make their new house after marriage. In this way family remains nuclear. This type of family is very common in metropolitan and big cities.

2. Less Number of Children. Less number of children are there in urban family. Urban parents are generally literate persons and they are aware about their duties and responsibilities urban families are conscious about their functions. With this urban families have to bear a number of expenses and parents are conscious about the fact they cannot give good education to more children. That’s why they restrict themselves to less number of children (one or two) so that they could be given a better future and they can become the good citizens of the country.

3. Small in Size. Size of the urban family is very small because they are nuclear families. Husband, wife and their unmarried children live in nuclear family. Children make their new house after the marriage. We cannot see large families in cities. Any rare family can be seen as joint family. In this way due to nuclear family, Urban family is small in size.

4. Individualism. The point of view of members of urban family is quite individualistic. They only think about themselves. Every member of a family, in ancient times, was thinking about the welfare of family. Even they were suppressing their wish in front of the wish of family. In other words collectivity was important than the individualism. But in today’s urban families, person never likes to leave his wish in front of wish of the family. Infact he does everything what he can do to fulfill his wish. Today individualism is important than the collectivity. Even sometimes family has to surrender in front of wish of any member. Point of view of person, in today’s practical society, is individualistic.

5. Less Control. Urban families have very less control over its members. In rural societies collectivity is heavier then the wish of an individual and family has enough control on its members. Every one has to obey the orders given by elders of the family. But urban families are exactly opposite to it. Every one works in his own way and is free from any burden. He just takes the advice of the members of the family but does what he wants. No one can suppress his wish. In this way urban family has very less control omits members.

6. Equal Status of Women. Status of male and female is equal in urban society but the status of female is very low in rural family. Urban female is well educated and is aware about her rights. With this most of the urban women are working somewhere else except their home. They are working in the offices, factories, schools, colleges etc. and are earning equal money with that of “males. Even in some cases she earns more than the males. She helps the family from economic point of view and that’s why she wants that she should be given equal rights with males. If male tries to oppose this then she can take divorce from him. In this way urban female has got equal status with that of males due to her education and economic status.

7. Formal Relations. Relations between members of urban families are formal and impersonal. Very less control is there of one member over the other because they don’t have close relations. Point of view of the people is individualistic and that’s why they just talk with each other when any need arises. Even they hardly take care about each other’s problems. Just husband and wife take care of each other. Relations between them are formal and impersonal.

8. Decreasing Impact of Religion. Effect of religion in urban family has been reduced to a great extent. Religion has a great impact in rural family and the impact of the religion can be seen in every activity of the family. Religious rituals are being performed with proper care at the time of birth, marriage and death. But the impact of religions has been reduced to a great extent in urban family. Urban people are generally literate and want to do every activity on the basis of reason. They want to know everything about what they have to do but we cannot tell anything about religion. Religious activities have been reduced in urban families. Very less religious rituals are being performed at the time of birth, marriage and death. Priest takes only 1-1- hours to perform marriage or he needs very less time to perform rituals at the time of death.

Question 4.
Why are urban families breaking down? Explain.
Answer:
The urban family is disintegrating. This disintegration has not come in last one or two years but is the result of many changes which came in many years. All these changes came because of many reasons and these reasons became the causes of disintegration of urban family. Most of these reasons are given below:

1. Importance of Money. In modern society, man has changed his life style by getting education because of which he needed a lot of money. So he started to earn a lot of money by using his capabilities so that he was able to take his status and living standard high. His this thinking has encouraged him to separate from urban family.

2. Impact of Westernization. The British empire brought many changes in India. They promoted the western culture. Western education helped the people to form independent views. That’s why people started to live separately. Individualistic interests also started to’ develop. When females started to get education then the values of joint family started to change. She moved out of her house for job and urban family started to disintegrate.

3. Industrialization. Modern society is also known as industrial society. Industries came into being. Production of things was gone to industries. Machines can do a lot of work with less expenditure. Artisans started to move towards industries. In this way they started to separate from the family. Now there was no need to adopt their traditional occupation. That’s why people started to move towards cities for jobs and urban families started to disintegrate. –

4. Social Mobility. In modern societies, man can achieve status according to his capabilities. That’s why he has to do a lot of hard work. Every, person wants to move upwards in the society. In joint family, status of the person is ascribed and that’s why there is no need to work hard. There is lot of socal mobility in the society and that’s why joint family started to disintegrate. Now everyone thinks about his own family. The sense of individualism has been developed. He wants to make his personality himself. In this way social mobility has encouraged the disintegration of urban family.

5. Development in the means of Transportation. Means of transport have been developed. In earlier times man was unable to move from one place to another due to lack of means of communication. That’s why they have to live in the joint family. But with the development of means of transport this problem was solved. Now they can live at different places and even then they can contact each other very easily. That’s why urban family started disintegrating.

6. Increase in Population. Population in India is increasing with great pace. With this a situation comes in family, within a short span of time, when land and property of the family become insufficient for the needs of all the members. In this condition any one member of the family has to leave his house in search of job or an occupation. Urban family is also disintegrating because of this.

7. Problem of Urbanization and Immigration. One of the important reasons of disintegration of joint family is the rapidly increasing urbanization because of which people of village are moving towards cities for jobs or for better living. On the other side, houses in urban areas are very less in number. Houses in cities are not only less in numbers but are small as well. That’s why the urban families are disintegrating even because of problem of houses in cities.

8. Ideals of Independence and Equality. Joint family is just like a dictator’s monarchy in which the head of the family is just like a dictator. Every one has to obey his orders and no one is allowed to speak in front of him. This is totally against the modern ideology. Under the influence of modern education in young generation and under the influence of ideology of independence and equality, urban families are disintegrating.

9. Legislative Reasons. In the British rule, many legislations were passed with which joint families started to disintegrate. Under the influence of The Hindu Law of Inheritance Amendment Act 1929 and Hindu Women’s Right of Property Act of 1937, the disintegration of joint family was encouraged because it helped in the division of family property. So, the property of the joint family started to divide which resulted in the disintegration of urban family.

Question 5.
Explain different characteristics of Economy of urban society.
Answer:
If we compare economy of rural society with economy of urban society then we will come to know that the urban economy has come out of the rural economy. Before its advent, cities were in the form of villages. But gradually the population of villages was increased. Size of village became larger with the increase in population. Due of larger size, many new occupations came into being. Firstly small scale industries were established and then later on large industries also come into being. Production, in these industries, started on larger scale instead of small scale. Villages then changed into towns and later on these towns became cities. When population increased then these cities changed into metropolitan cities. People in earlier times, were producing things only to fulfill their needs. But later on, with the increase in population and demand, they started to produce things for market. Cities became the larger markets. Modern cities are of same type where thousands of occupations are available. People today are producing things not for themselves but for market.

If production, in cities, was started on a larger scale then Industrial revolution also played an important role in it. Industrial revolution was started in 2nd half of 18th century in Europe. First of all Europe was influenced by it and then later on due to imperialism, it spread in the countries of Asia in 19th century. Mutual relations of the people were changed due to industrial revolution. Society started to develop very quickly. New industries, on a larger scale, came into being. Markets started to develop. That’s why urban economy was also developed. In this way very quick changes came in urban economy after 19th century. Present urban economy also depends upon this where production is on large scale, lage industries are there, enough importance of money is there, division of labour and specialization are there, individualistic point of view of people is there and occupational diversity is there. After looking at that we can say that there are certain characteristics of urban economy which are given ahead:

1. Industrial Economy. Urban economy can also be called as industrial economy because urban economy depends upon industries. Very large industries are there in cities where thousands of people work with each other. Production is also on large scale due to large scale industries. Owners of these larger industries are different individuals. Production is being done for market. They produce not only for internal markets of the country but for foreign markets as well. Even in some cases, production is being done only for foreign markets. Owners of these big industries produce things only for their profit and they exploit the labourers as well.

2. Division of Labour and Specialization. We can find a number of occupations and occupational diversity in urban societies. Family, in earlier times, was the unit of productions. All the functions were done only in the family. But due to advent of urban areas, thousands of occupations arid industries were developed. For example we confine many types of functions in a factory and we need specialised person to do any specific type of work. Only a skilled person can do that specific work. In this way functions in cities are divided among different people because division of labour prevails in urban society. People are specialised in their work and that’s why specialisation is of great importance. In this way division of labour and specialisation are two important aspects of urban economy.

3. Production on a Large Scale. Production, in urban economy is being done on a larger scale. Very large industries are there in cities where thousands of labourers, clerks, officers work. Large amount of money is also, invested in these industries. Owner can earn profit only if the production will be done on a large scale. This production is not only for internal market but is for foreign market as well. Some industrial units produce only for foreign markets. Produced thing is being sold in the market with full profit so that every one could be able to get some profit out of it. These industrial units are working day and night to produce on a large scale.

4. Occupational Diversity. The main feature of any urban society or industrial society is the availability of a number of occupations. Thousands of occupations are available in cities. Any one is officer, any one is peon, teacher, carpenter, black smith, labourer, rickshaw puller, shopkeepers, fruit sellers, vegetable sellers etc. like thousands of occupations are available in cities. We can find hundreds of occupations in one industry. In this way directly we can see that a number of occupations are there in cities.

5. Nature of Getting more Profit. One of the another important feature of urban economy is that the people have the tendency to earn more and more profit. Industrialists want to produce things by spending less amount of money and want to sell their produced things with more and more profit. Shopkeeper wants to sell things to customer with big margin of profit. Even in many occupations, profit goes upto the range of 100% to 200%. Every one wants to earn more and more money because of which they try to earn in any right or wrong way. Labourer wants to earn more and more money. In this way every one wants to become rich because of which they have the tendency to earn more and more profit.

6. Social Mobility. The meaning of social mobility is by leaving the present social status and moving towards other social status. Too much social mobility is there in cities. A number of people are doing job in cities. If any one gets better pay and better position in any other job then he leaves first job very quickly. Small shopkeepers are doing progress and making big shops. People leave their house to live in another house. This is mobility. With this too much specialization and division of labour is there in cities. Specialised persons are in great demand in cities. Some specialised persons are changing their jobs even after one or two years. That’s why their area of social contracts also increases because of which person raises his standard of living and this is also mobility. In this way mobility is also an essential part of urban economy. .

7. Competition. We can see lot of competition in urban economy. Urban people are getting education, doing different types of courses and are getting training in many fields. 15-20 people are there to take only one job. With this, competition is also there in big industries to sell more and more of their things. Even they try to sell their product by reducing rates with which consumer gets profit. In the same way big and small shopkeepers are also competing with each other to sell their things more of than their competitors. Even they reduce the rates of things. Sometimes this reduction of things goes upto the range of 50%, 60% or even upto 70% of actual cost so that more and more things could be sold. Other companies also reduce their rates by looking at the rates of its competitors. Actual beneficiary from this price war is actually the consumer. In this way we can see too much competition in urban economy.

8. More Population. One of another important feature of urban economy is the availability of more population in urban society. Wherever industries were established, cities were also established around those industries. People are moving towards cities by leaving their rural households^ work in these industries. If they will be able to get any work in these industries then it’s fine unless they adopt any one of other occupations in cities. Slowly and slowly the population of the city increases. Needs of the people also increase, with the increase in population. So to fulfill their needs shops and markets develop, government and private offices come into being, schools, colleges etc. come forward for the education of children. Police system also comes forward to control the increased population. In this way slowly and slowly small city changes into big city. Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi etc. are this type of cities.

9. Crimes. If city spreads then crimes also increases with this. Some people, out of the whole population, are there who love to snatch things from others instead of earning by hardwork. Thiefs, dacoits, burglars etc. come under this category. People are unable to get good place to live because of which slums come into being. These slums are the centres of most of the crimes. Theft, decoity, rape, beating up, snatching etc. are very common in cities.

10. More Capital Investment. More investment of capital is very much necessary for urban economy. Large industries are there in cities and hundreds of crores are required to establish such industries. That person invests the whole money who runs the whole industry. A very big network is required to bring raw material, for production, to sell produced things, to collect money etc. Lot of money is required to make this type of big network. That’s why more investment of capital is there. That person earns more profit who invests this much amount of money.

11. Importance of Money. Money is of great importance in an urban economy because every type of function is being done with money in today’s age. Even person gets social status with the help of money. Rich persons, who have more money, have higher social status and the poor people, who don’t have money, have lower social status. Status of rich people and politicians is very much higher because they have a lot of money but one hardly bothers about poor people.

Question 6.
What are the reasons behind coming up of slums? How can their condition be improved?
Or
What are the causes for the growth of slums?
Answer:
If we look carefully then we will come to know that slums came up due to modern societies. Many processesjike modernization, industrialization, westernization came forward to make societies modern. New industries were established due to industrialization and many cities came into being around industries. People came to these areas from their village in search of work and started to live over here. They had to live in slums due Jto very low income. There were no facilities in these slums with which their atmosphere started to deteriorate and they became the slums. In this way slums came into being. Not only one or two factors were responsible for the existence of these slums but many factors were responsible which are given below:

1. Economic Reasons. If we look at slums carefully then we will come to know that the main reason for the existence of slums is economic. People are moving towards cities due to poverty and in search of good income and start to live over here. It becomes necessary for them to save money for their needs as well as to send money to their families in the villages. Income is less but expenditure is more. That’s why they can’t afford to live in expensive houses and have to live in slums. They have to accept the unhygienic atmosphere of slums. Atmosphere deteriorates with the increase in population. Thus, they are forced to live in slums due to less expenses.

2. Industrialization. Industrialization has played a very important role in the establishment of slums. Generally it has been seen that people start to live around that area where any industry has been established. People are coming to cities to find any job in these industries by leaving their villages. They get job but income is very low because of which they cannot afford to live in expensive houses. That’s why they have to live in slums where 8-10 persons are living in one room. Atmosphere and place of living in these slums is very unhygienic because of which they have to face many problems and diseases. That’s why due to industrialization slums came into being.

3. Political Reasons. Our country is democratic and political parties are the main reasons in our country for the existence of slums. These political parties are fighting with each other to get power. They have their own programmes and ideology to uplift the poor people. But there is no place of poverty in their own lives and they are very much away from the problem of poverty. Yet these parties are making many programmes to uplift the poor people but actually they hardly do any thing for them. They make these programmes only to get their votes. Very less steps they take to improve their condition. Political parties want to keep them at their own place to save their vote bank. In this way our political system is responsible for these slums.

4. Social System. The present social system of our society is also responsible for the establishment of slums. There is no place of poor and weak people in our social system. Poor people live at those places in cities where even animals don’t want to live. They have to live in unhygienic environment without any option except to live over here. They are considered as unnecessary by society, government and industrialists. Government and industrialists take work from them but never let them to come up in social strata. If they are uplifted then they will become a danger for higher class. In this way our social system is also responsible for this.

5. Administrative Causes. Local administration is also responsible for the existence of slums. Local administration is always considered as corrupt and inefficient because they are unable to make good economic, social and administrative policies for the people. They make one master plan for the development of the city. But due ,to any reason they hardly care about the development of slums and upliftment of poor people. Less economic sources are also responsible for this. But even if less economic resources are utilized in a proper way then the condition of even slums can also be improved. But it never happens because of which slums increase and remain unhygienic to live over here.

Ways of Improvement:

No problem in ’this world is there which cannot be solved. In this way if our government, leaders and officers work in a proper way then the problem of slums can also be solved. There are certain ways to improve slums which are given below:

1. The biggest problem of these slums is of drinking water. People hardly get clean water to drink because of which they have to drink unhygienic water. Government should arrange for clean drinking water for them for 24 hours.

2. In this way there is another big problem of sanitation or polluted water. If proper facilities of sanitation will be there then the diseases of these slums can also be removed. Government should arrange for proper facilities of sanitation, sewerage, bathrooms etc. so that the diseases can be kept away from these slums.

3. They have another problem of non-electricity. Government should also arrange electricity for slums.

4. Industrialists should also come forward to improve the condition of these places. Industrialists should also arrange for good houses for their workers so that the population of slums should not be increased.

5. Our leaders, officers and government should leave the politics and try to do some welfare works for them and should leave their political interests for their betterment. They should work honestly for the upliftment of these people so that they can live a better life in society.

6. The government should arrange for concrete and better houses for them so that they should come out of these slums to live a better life. In this way if government, leaders and officers work in a proper way then most of the problems of these slums can be solved and these people can live a better life.