PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What do we call the process which is based on change which tells us about good or had of anything?
(a) Sanskritisation
(b) Industrialisation
(c) Urbanisation
(d) Modernisation
Answer:
(d) Modernisation

2. What is necessary for modernisation?
(a) Higher level of education
(b) Development of means of transport and communication
(c) Giving preference to industries
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. Who was responsible for bringing modernisation in India?
(a) Mughal Emperor
(b) Indian Government
(c) The British Government
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) The British Government

4. What do we call the process in which there is a free flow of trade, services, capital investment and people between countries?
(a) Privatisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Modernisation
(d) Liberalisation
Answer:
(b) Globalisation

5. The process of selling public sector companies to private hands is known as …………….
(a) Privatisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Modernisation
(d) Liberlisation
Answer:
(a) Privatisation

6. Removing unnecessary restrictions from controlled economy is known as ………………
(a) Privatisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Liberalisation
(d) Modernisation
Answer:
(c) Liberalisation

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The concept of cultural lag was given by …………….
Answer:
William Ogburn

2. In Japan, globalisation is known as ………………
Answer:
gurobaruka

3. ………………. gave four bases of globalisation.
Answer:
Giddens

4. The process of removing unnecessary restrictions in controlled economy is known as ……………
Answer:
liberalisation

5. The process of selling public sector companies to private sector is known as ……………
Answer:
Privatisation

True/False:

1. In globalisation, there is no exchange of capital and services.
Answer:
True

2. Globalisation has made world a ‘global village’.
Answer:
True

3. According to Weber, modernisation changes personal relations into impersonal relations.
Answer:
True

4. In modernisation, less capital investment brings modernity in the country.
Answer:
False

5. With modernisation, technology changes from simple to complex. :
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is meant by modernisation?
Answer:
The process of adopting modern values and ways of living is known as modernisation.

Question 2.
Which areas were developed under modernisation?
Answer:
Industries, means of transport and communication, health and educational facilities etc.

Question 3.
What is the major feature of modernisation?
Answer:
Modern societies depend upon each other to fulfill their needs.

Question 4.
Who used the word modernisation first time?
Answer:
First of all, this word was used by Daniel Lerner.

Question 5.
Why is the process of modernisation lengthy?
Answer:
Because it takes generations to make a society modern.

Question 6.
Who gave the concept of culutral lag?
Answer:
The concept of cultural lag was given by William F. Ogburn.

Question 7.
Give views of Durkheim about the process of modernisation.
Answer:
According to Durkheim, in modernisation, mechanical solidarity gets changed into organic solidarity.

Question 8.
Give one obstacle in the way of modernisation,
Answer:
Colonial rule in the less developed countries.

Question 9.
Give one reason of modernisation.
Answer:
Increase in urbanisation, development of industries, spread of education.

Question 10.
Who gave the concept of ‘Global Village’?
Answer:
The concept of Global Village was given by Marshall Mclluhum.

Question 11.
What do we call globalisation in Indonesia?
Answer:
In Indonesia, globalisation is known as ‘globalisasi’.

Question 12.
Give one feature of globalisation.
Answer:
In globalisation, local functions spread everywhere in the world.

Question 13.
What is meant by LPG?
Answer:
L means liberalisation, P means privatisation and G means globalisation.

Question 14.
Give one reason of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation has been made possible because of developed means of transport and communication.

Question 15.
Give one result of globalisation.
Answer:
It increase foreign direct investment in the country.

Question 16.
What is meant by FDI?
Answer:
The meaning of FDI is Foreign Direct Investment.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by modernisation?
Answer:
The meaning of modernisation is adopting modern values and ways of living life. It takes generations for society and individuals to become modern because they easily adopt modern things but they do not change their views.

Question 2.
Give three negative consequences of modernisation.
Answer:

• Joint families are disintegrating and nuclear families are coming forward.
• Leisure goods are increasing in the market which exerts the wrong impact on kids.
• Immorality has increased in society.

Question 3.
What is necessary for modernisation?
Answer:

• There should be a better level of education.
• Means of transport and communication should be developed.
• In place of agriculture, industries should develop.

Question 4.
What is meant by globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation is a process in which the economy of a country is attached to the economies of other countries. It means that the unrestricted flow of goods, services, capital and labour between different countries is globalisation. There is the free flow of trade among them.

Question 5.
What is Liberalisation?
Answer:
Removing unnecessary restrictions in a controlled economy is liberalisation. Removing unnecessary restrictions from industries and trade to make the economy more competitive and progressive is liberalisation. It is an economic process and a process of economic changes in society.

Question 6.
What is Privatisation?
Answer:
In democratic countries, there is mixed economy. In such economy, there are public sector companies which are under the control of government. Selling of such public sector companies to private hands is called privatisation.

Question 7.
What are three major aspects of globalisation?
Answer:

• Positive aspect in which there are many advantages of globalisation.
• Neutral aspect according to which globalisation is a necessary process of development.
• Negative aspect which brings economic problems and inequality in income.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Modernization.
Or
Define Modernization.
Answer:
The meaning of the process of Modernization is that change which comes under the influence of westernization but it exists only in a basic direction. With this process, a new form was taken by many Indian institutions and change in modern times is because of the result of the modernization. Results of this process are always positive and developing.

Question 2.
Two characteristics of Modernization.
Answer:

• Social Differentiation: Many sectors of society became complex due to the process of modernization. Because of this, the process of differentiation has been fastened.
• Social Mobility: Ancient social, economic elements are changed because of modernization and new values of human ideals are established.

Question 3.
Two changes due to Modernization.
Answer:

• Secularization. The idea of secularization has been established in Indian society. Member of any religious group can achieve highest or higher post of the country. Qualities of cooperation, love, patience create equality in society. It is because of Modernization.
• Industrialization. With the advent of industrialization, the growing demands of increasing population of India were fulfilled. On one side, large scale industries came into being and on the other side domestic industries and joint families came to an end.

Question 4.
Modernization increases Social Mobility.
Answer:
Social mobility is the main characteristic of modern societies. Division of labour, specialization, different occupations, industries, business, means of communication and transportation in urban society have increased the social mobility. Every person can become rich from poor with his intelligence and capabilities. He adopts that occupation which gives more profits to him. Even he changes his place of residence with occupation. In this way, with social mobility, new values are developed in place of old traditional values. So from this, we can say that the modernization increases social mobility.

Question 5.
Establishment of new classes with Modernization.
Answer:
Process of modernization gives enough opportunities to person. That is why new classes are established in society. If there will be only one class in society, then that society will be known as classless society. That is why new classes came into being in modern society. Another reason for new classes came into being because different persons have different abilities because of which they are different from each other from the point of view of money, occupation, education. That is why new classes are coming in front of us. Money is of great importance in modern society. That is why people are divided in different classes on political and religious basis. Labour unions are using war path to achieve their goals. Even people of different occupations have made their own unions.

Question 6.
Modernization or Mechanization.
Answer:
Lot of changes have come in the occupations related to agriculture through mechanization. In earlier times, India was dependent upon other countries for food grains. But after modernization and with the use of mechanization, our country became self-dependent in this sector and other parts also have been changed.

Question 7.
Modernization and Social Change.
Answer:
The process of modernization has brought very quick revolutionary changes in our society. Female education has been increased. Except this lot of change have come in widow marriage, dowry system and position of women. Many laws were also passed in this regard. In this way, this process became very effective in eradicating social evils.

Question 8.
Industrialisation.
Answer:
Every society has to make itself industrialised to fulfil all of its needs. Development of industries in every sector of the society is known as Industrialisation. Its main aim is to produce at a large scale so that the society could be able to meet its demands. Industrialisation also comes due to fhe increasing population of the society. Capitalism also came after the advent of this Industrialisation.

Question 9.
Urbanisation.
Answer:
Migration of people towards cities and increasing numbers of cities is known as urbanisation. Many changes came in society due to urbanisation. Increase in population, social mobility, change in the forms of social institutions, increase in the means of enjoyment etc. also came due to urbanisation. Villages were also affected by urbanization because people of villages started to move towards cities. Change in every sector of society came due to urbanisation.

Question 10.
Globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation is a very wide economic process which is spread over all countries and societies. In this, different countries have free trade and economic relations. Different countries depend upon each other for their needs because of which the concept of free trade and economic relation in different countries came in front of us. This concept is known as Globalisation.

Question 11.
Characteristics of Globalisation.
Answer:

• Business in the whole world goes on in this.
• New economy has been established with this in the world.
• Market has been expanded to the whole world.
• Division of labour has been increased with this.
• Specialized persons are moving from one country to another country with this.

Question 12.
Effects of Globalisation on India.
Answer:

• Export from India has been increased.
• Foreign investment in India has been increased.
• The foreign exchange of India has been increased.
• India’s Gross Domestic Production (G.D.P.) has been increased.
• Technical and educational improvements are there.
• Industries have been developed.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Explain the impact of modernisation on Indian society.
Answer:
1. Secularization: The process of secularization has reached the people by the processs of modernization. After Independence of India, every person of India is treated as equal in front of law. Now person of every religion can achieve any status in society. People were made conscious to make friendly relations with members of other religions. Different activites of different relations were given respect. In this way the sense of unity started to develop among people. The concept of secularization was applied in every sector after independence.

2. Westernizatipn: Process of modernization is related with the process of westernization. Westernization started to affect the Indian society after the advent of Britishers and slowly and slowly the process of Westernization was transformed into Modernization. All those elements of western culture, which were adopted by Indian people, also transformed into Indian way. On one side some elements and life styles of British culture attracted many Indians and on another side many parts of Indian population were specifically attracted by the different aspect of British culture. In this way the transformation of Indian people towards the process of modernization is also related with the mobility of westernization.

3. Industrialization: Industrialization is an important feature of modern society. Existence of industrialization in India is also by the effect of western culture. Many big industries were established in India with the help of foreign countries. Industrialization is related with the production on large scale. Capitalism is developed in society due to development of industrialization. Now person is doing that work which gives him more profit. Industrial revolution has produced many new technical occupations. Person in Industrial society gets occupation on the bases of his ability not according to his caste.

That’s why the traditional custom of adopting ancestral occupation came to an end. Life style of the people living in industrial cities was completely changed. Domestic production of villages was destroyed due to development of industrialization. That’s why the joint family system of ancient times also came end. Economic system of India was also changed. Every sector of industries started to develop. Many countries like U.K., U.S.A., Japan etc. have established their industries in India. In this way, from this description, it is clear that the industrialization of our society was progressed through the process of Modernization.

4. Urbanization: The process of urbanization came into being with the development of industrialization. With the industrial development, cities were also developed near to these industries. People came to cities from villages in search of employment. Process of modernization was started with the development of cities. More density of population and social mobility is there in cities. Contact between villages and cities was established with the development of means of transport and communication. In this way different social institutions were completely changed through urbanization. Position of female was changed very quickly.

They started to demand, status equal to males. Nuclear families got more sanctions in cities than joint familis. Male and female got equal status in nuclear families. If we look at the educational sector in modern times then we can see that females are more as compared to males. Females are doing more progress in every sector i.e. governmental jobs, business, industries etc. Now she is not dependent upon the males. She is now earning herself and is self-dependent.

In this way the importance of wealth, status and education was increased. Effect of religions, in cities is very less due to dominance of religions. In cities dominance of secondary groups, more density of population, modernization, scientific outlook are there and people are, trying to obtain more and more facilities. That’s why relations among humans in cities are formal and temporary in nature. Gist and Helbert are of the view that “The city encourages impersonal rather than personal contacts.”
Urban people are more literate because of which they adopt new circumstances by understanding them very quickly. Some problems also came into being due to urbanization like unemployment, slums, more divorce rate, suicide etc. But many problems are also eliminated like caste system, child marriage, sati pratha etc.

5. Development of New Classes: The process of modernization has given many opportunities to person to do progress. That’s why many new classes are established. If there will be one class in society then that society will be known as classless society. That’s why new classes came into being in modern societies. One reason of new classes came into being is that different people don’t have same ability and that’s why they are different from the aspect of wealth, occupation, education etc. That’s why new classes came into being.

Maclver and Page are of the view that, “Wherever social inter-course is limited by consideration of status by distinction between higher and lower there social class exists. A social class, then is a portion of a community marked off from the rest by social status. A system or structure of social classes involves, first, a hierarchy of status groups, second, the recongnition of the superior, inferior stratification and finally some degree of performance of the structure.”

Money and wealth has more importance in modern society. That’s why people are not divided in different classes on the basis of caste but are divided in different classes on political and economic basis. In industrial sector labourers have established their labohr unions to fight with the capitalists. Even different people have made their different occupational unions.

6. Development in Agricultural Area: Most of the population of Indian villages does the work of agriculture. People were using physical power in ancient societies to do agricultural works but new machines are invented in modern times. Agriculture is being done with the help of tractors. New chemical manures are used with which production has been increased. Produce is being cut down by combines. That’s why more production is there with less physical work. Now less number of persons are used in agricultural work. That’s why people become unemployed and started to work in industries.

Mechanization in the sector of agriculture is being done with modernization. Earlier India was dependent upon other countries for its foodgrains. But with green revolution it became self-dependent. In this way economic condition of people of villages started to improve and their standard of living became higher.

7. Establishment of Welfare State: After Independence, the word ‘welfare state’ was used by the Indian Constitution for our country because of which burden of the country was increased. That’s why the process of social change is gaining speed day by day. Central and state governments are working for the protection of the rights of businessmen, consumers, collectively. Especially they are working for the welfare of lower caste. The government is trying for the equal distribution of wealth and the process of modernization is responsible for this.

8. Democratization: Democratization of the political sector is being done because of the process of modernization: India is known as the largest democracy in the world because all the adults of the country have the right to vote. All are equal in front of the law. Everyone has got some fundamental rights, the Government is working to remove economic inequalities. Some directive principles of state policy are given in Constitution so that the state should make its policies according to these principles. People have the right to change the government. In this way, democracy in India is very strong and all this is the result of modernization.

Question 2.
Explain the results of globalisation.
Or
Discuss the consequences of globalisation on society.
Or
Write down the impact of globalisation on Indian society.
Answer:
Economic reforms in India were started in 1991 and the process of globalisation and Indian economy was encouraged. Effects of globalisation on different sectors of the Indian economy are given below:

1. Increase of Indian Share in World Export. With the process of globalisation, the Indian share in world expect has been increased. Indian goods and services in India in the decade of 1990-2000 has been increased by 125%. In 1990 Indian sharing world’s export of goods and services was 0.55% which was increased up to 0.75% in 1999.

2. Foreign Investment in India. Foreign direct investment is an important feature of globalisation because foreign investment increases the capacity of production of any economy. Foreign investment in India is continuously increasing. From 1995¬96 up to 2000-01 it has been increased by 53% and during this time 500 corers annually has been invested in India.

3. Foreign Exchange Reserves. Foreign exchange is necessary for import. In June 1991 foreign exchange reserves in India was One Billion Dollars which was enough only to fulfil the needs of only two weeks of the country. After this India has adopted new economic policies. Globalisation and liberalisation were encouraged because of which foreign exchange reserve was increased very quickly. Now the foreign exchange reserve is near to 395 Billion Dollars.

4. Growth of Gross Domestic Product. Because of globalisation, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country has been increased. In 1980 it was 5.63% which was increased to 5.80% in 1990. Now it is around 7%.

5. Increase in Unemployment. Because of globalisation unemployment in India has been increased. During the decade of 1990-2000, the economic problems came in Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Singapur, Indonesia, Malaysia and it came because of globalization. That’s why millions of people lost their jobs and they had to live below poverty line. At the start of 1990’s decade, the rate of unemployment was 6% which was increased up to 7% in 2000.

6. Impact on Agriculture. The share of agriculture and its related activities in the Gross Domestic Product of country is 29%. But it is 2% in U.S.A., 55% in Japan and France. If we look at the labour force then India’s 69% labour force is related with agricultural functions but labour force in the agriculture sector in U.S.A and U.K. is only 2.6%. In the near future it is necessary for India to open its market for world companies in the agricultural sector which is in agreement with W.T.O. This time will be a challenging one for India.

7. Educational and Technical Development. Globalisation and Liberalization have put a great effect on the education and technical sector which has been a revolution. World is shrinking due to means of transport and communication. Internet and computer has brought a revolution in this sector.

8. Change in the Form of Classes. Globalisation has changed the form of different classes. In 20th century only three main classes i.e. higher class, middle class and lower class were there but now the number of classes has been increased.

9. Privatization. One of the good effects of globalization can be seen in the form of Privatisation. Many Public Sector Undertakings (P.S.U.’s) like V.S.N.L., I.P.C.L., NALCO are now in the hands of private parties because of which they are earning more profits.

10. Development of Industries. Foreign direct investment is very helpful in achieving a higher rate of economic development. It gives not only advantage to industries but consumers are getting products of better quality and better technology. It gives motivation to Indian industries to compete with the foreign companies in international market. So, all in all the process of globalisation is very good in bringing social change and giving good quality products to consumers.