Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Physical Education Solutions

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Physical Education Chapter 6 Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Physical Education

Physical Education Guide for Class 12 PSEB Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Physical Education Textbook Questions and Answers

One Mark Question-Answers

Question 1.
Where has the word Sociology been define from?
Answer:
The word Sociolgy has been derived from two words ‘Socius’ meaning associate or companion and ‘logos’ means knowledge.

Question 2.
Which country is considered to be the most ancient civilizations in the world?
Answer:
Greek.

Question 3.
Which sports is considered to be the mother of all sports?
Answer:
Gymnastics.

Two Marks Question-Answers

Question 4.
Write the definition of Sociology.
Answer:
According to Garrett, ‘‘Socialization is the process where by the biological individual is converted into human person.”
According to Ogburn, ‘‘Socialization is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group”.

Question 5.
What is the meaning of Sociology?
Answer:
The literal meaning of the term sociology is composed of two words ‘Socius’ meaning associate or social and ‘logos’ meaning science or study. Thus sociology is the science of society. Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction and culture of everyday life. The main focus of sociology is to study the human society in relation to its origins, functions and problems. It works on relation among people, group, class, organization and culture. It also helps in varying the impact of social organization like family, religion, education, politics, culture etc. on human behaviour.

Question 6.
Write about ‘brotherhood’.
Answer:
This implies that participation in sports activities helps in the development of social qualities such as brotherhood feeling, equality and sympathetic attitude, cooperation, helpfulness etc. The feeling of brotherhood is mainly developed through team games, where a player develops a feeling of affection and loyality for his team members.

Question 7.
How can a person get rid of Physical and mental stress?
Answer:
The following methods can be adopted to get rid from Physical ad mental stress:

Meditation and deep breathing exercises.
To keep yourself busy in constructive activities.
To recognize the stress causing situations.
Self-assessment and self control.
To remove stress with the help of pep-talks.
Participation in sports and recreational activities.

Three Marks Question-Answers

Question 8.
How are social values developed?
Answer:
“Participating in sports can improve the quality of life of individuals and communities, promote social inclusion, improve health, counter anti-social behaviour,’raise individual self-esteem and confidence, and widen horizons.”

Socialization enables a man to become an individual and at the same time a valuable member of society. Social development is a balanced set of social skills and learned adaptive behaviors that enables an individual to interact well with other people, react positively and avoid behaviour that has negative consequences. Sport has been used as a practical tool to engage young people in their communities through volunteering, resulting in higher levels of leadership, community engagement and altruism among young people.

Sports helps an individual much more than in the physical aspects alone. It builds character, teaches and develops strategic thinking, analytical thinking, leadership skills, goal setting, risk taking and many more. Cooperation, responsibility, empathy, self-control and self-reliance etc. are considered to be components of social development.

Question 9.
Explain the contribution of sports in National integration?
Answer:
Physical education and sports programme serves as a valuable means for the development of national and international integration. It provides activities that help participants to deeply understand the cultural diversity, different castes and religions, their social norms, ethical and moral issues in their life. Physical education and sports provides a common platform to unite different segments of people to work for a common goal.

Hence, physical activity and sports programmes should be practiced to inculcate these values in school curriculum. Keeping in view the development of community integration through sports it should be an educational phenomenon. The idea behind the origin of Olympic Games by the Greeks were development of brotherhood and cooperation through sports. The French man Baron Pierre De Coubertin advanced the same idea, for the revival of modem Olympic Games in 1896.

Question 10.
Write a note on the following:
(i) Educational institution
(ii) Social groups
(iii) Development of leadership
(iv) Selection of the Right sport.
Answer:
(i) Educational institution (School):
An educational institution such as school play a pivotal role in the child’s life. These institutions help in crafting children to interact positively with the members of society such as their friends, family and teachers etc. That is why schools are also known to be the second home of learning for children. The behaviour of children and their personality development not only depends on the upbringing by the parents but also on the way they are evolved in their school lives. So, now-a-days it is becoming more challenging for the schools to inculcate every aspect of child’s personality development rather than just to impart bookish knowledge.

(ii) Social groups:
Just as family, the peer or friends group to have an important role in child’s behaviour. When the children interact with their friends they learn social skills such as communication, helpfulness, co-operation, brotherhood etc. in the group. But, unfortunately we don’t always realize how children are attached to their friends and what influence they have on their behaviour. Hence, if a child remains in bad group, he will learn bad habits and if he lives in a good friends group the same will have positive impact on his behaviour.

(iii) Development of leadership:
There are ample opportunities in games and sports, where the leadership qualities are developed in sportspersons. The main base of sports activities is to direct and establish common aim among team members and group. Through games and sport various leadership qualities are developed in sportspersons such as loyahty, empathy, ability, discipline, enthusiasm, responsibility etc.

(iv) Selection of the right sport:
The knowledge of psychology helps in the selection of athletes for a particular sports after testing and observation of behaviour. It is important to possess some psychological traits such as will power, interest, motivation, competitive spirit to prepare well in the field of spores. So while making selection for the team and preparing them for competition the knowledge of psychological behaviour would prove to be beneficial.

Five Marks Question-Answers

Question 11.
What is learning? Explain the definition and principles of learning.
Answer:
The concept of learning can be understood as the change in behaviour as a result of experience, acquisition of new habits and skills. The change of behaviour is relatively permanent in nature. It is believed that learning is a lifelong process that begins in cradle and ends in coffin. It has been viewed that a person adapts to his environment by acquiring new survival and social skills. It is not necessarily being a positive change in behaviour. It is most appropriately lasting change in the behaviour as a result of experience which gives satisfaction and fulfilment in social context. Further, to an ordinary man, it may be understood as formal way of acquiring skills and knowledge but it is not confined to four walls.

According to Gates:
“Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training.”
According to E.R. Hilgard: “Learning is a permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of prior experience.”
According to Mitchel: has defined learning as “the process by which new behaviour is acquired.”
According to G.Murphy: “The term learning covers every modification in behaviour to meet environmental requirements.”

1. Law of Readiness:
The first most important law related to learning implies that a person must be ready to learn i.e. he should have interest for what he is going to learn. If the person is not interested he will not learn, whatever the situation is given or presented before him. He should have clear objective and reason to learn something e.g. ‘ ‘You can take a horse to a pond, but cannot make him drink, if he is not thirsty.” Similarly, a child does not leam if he/she has no reason for it. Secondly, if an individual is not ready in terms of physical abilities, mental capabilities and emotionally then also they will not be able to find any reason to leam.

2. Law of Effect:
It is natural that an individual works continually to leam if the result or outcome of the learning has a positive effect on the learner or if the learner feels satisfying and pleasant. It is simply the positive feedback and strong effect of learning. It gives positive reinforcement and motivation to leam if the effect is satisfying and the learner will continue to leam in order to improve. On the other hand, if the learner experiences unsatisfying,, unpleasant feelings, then it creates difficulty for a task to be learned by the student. Hence, it is very challenging for a teacher or instructor to retain positive outcomes from the learning situation for the learner. Hence, the chances of success and continuity in learning definitely increase if the effect of learning experiences is pleasant and satisfying.

3. Law of Exercise:
This law simply states that it is important to practice or repeat to retain and remember particular things. The correct and precise repetition of a particular task leads to accurate movement and improvement related to particular skill or knowledge. It can further be understood as law of use and law of disuse:

(i) Law of Use:
It implies that in order to have perfection or improvement in particular learning, it is necessary to reduce errors by making repetition for a particular task. This would lead to less error and more perfection or improvement. In other words, practice makes a man perfect.”

(ii) Law of Disuse:
When a modifiable connection is not made between a situation and response, during a length of time, that connection’s strength is decreased.” The things learnt are not easy to retain, evaluate and apply after a single session of practice. Hie skills shown and practised once leads to weakening of stimulus and response of the learners. Hence, it is important to practice and strengthen the stimulus and response related to the learning of skills.

Question 12.
What do you know about the problems of adolescence? Explain in detail.
Answer:
During this period of growth, many physiological, biological, psychological and behaviour changes can be seen in adolescence. Due to these unseen and unexpected rapid changes, adolescents face many problems as mentioned below:

1. Problems related to biological changes:
The problems related to physical or biological changes occur both in boys as well as girls. These changes are internal physiological changes such as menstruation periods in females and nightfall among boys. Due to these physiological changes, they experience aggresive drives, restless and difficulty in adapting to these sudden changes. These changes can also be seen on the surface of the body in both genders. The most observable change is the growth of body hair.

2. Problems related to psychological behaviour:
During this age, adolescents become highly mal-adjusted due to physiological changes. They get entangled in stress, tension, anxiety, strife, irritable behaviour; mood swings and self consciousness etc. They begin to quarrel with elders over small issues. Sometimes, the adolescent feels so excited as top of the world and sometimes he finds himself in a state of depression. According to Ross, ‘ ‘ The adolescent lives intensely emotional life, in which we can see the rhythm of positive and negative phases of behaviour in his constant alteration between intense excitement and deep depression.”

3. Freedom:
In this age an adolescent seeks freedom of thoughts and acts from his parents. Due to intense physical and mental changes adolescent wants to exhibit that they tend to make themselves free from any kind of parental control or boundations. But, they should be given freedom with responsiblity at the same time. They should be neither overprotected nor under protected.

4. Recognition and self consciousness:
During adolescent period the child seeks social attention and recognition. He wants to be recognised as mature, who understands every aspect related to society and tries to attract everyone’s attention in the group with his acts. He tries to change his behaviour as a result of physical and mental maturity.

5. Destructive tendencies and behaviour:
During this age the adolescents fall prey to destructive behaviour or tendencies if not guided properly. They tend to show aggressive behaviour, especially when they are compelled to do any activity against their desire or liking. Adolescents experiments with drugs, smoking, alcohol, watching adult films under the influence of ignorance.

6. Peer relationship:
It has been observed that friends are very important for this age group. They have keen desire to be outside with the company of their friends rather than family members. They try to present themselves better than others in order to maintain their respect and value in the group. This is an appropriate age for socialization if they get proper guidance.

7. Problems related to career choices:
The problems related to choice related to educational stream, vocational guidance occurs during his age. During this age of schooling they have to make selection regarding his subjects for the future career aspect. The maturity level of this age group keep them in dilemma whether it is a right decision or not for their future. The whole career depends on the selection of the subjects and course made by them.

8. Lack of stability in relation to dependency:
This age is the bridge between childhood and adulthood, hence it is neither the age of maturity nor immaturity. So, an adolescent always struggle between the dependent or independent behaviour. On one hand, he does not leave the adolescent and on the other hand he wants to take responsibility. Lack of experience and immaturity leads to experience emotional imbalance.

9. Sex related problems:
During adolescence many physiological changes occurs and this may result in the intense sexual urges. They get attracted towards opposite gender or they want to indulge in satisfying sexual desires. This may lead to distraction from their family members sometimes leading to complex situations.

Question 13.
What is the meaning of Psychology? What is the importance of Psychology in sports?
Answer:
The concept of studying human behaviour and their mental processes was first recognized by the Greek psychologists Sigmund Freud. To study human behaviour the knowledge of psychology must be understood. The word ‘Psychology’ has been derived from the Greek terms ‘psyche’ and ‘logos’ where ‘psyche’ means the ‘soul or mind’, and the meaning of logos is to talk about’ or ‘science or study’. Hence, the meaning of psychology is the science or study of soul. But, the meaning and concept of psychology kept on changing. Later, the concept was explained as science of mind, as the psycho-physical unity of a human being cannot be ignored. Today, it is understood as the science of behaviour of an individual in relation to the environment.

Definitions of Psychology:
According to Warren, “Psychology is the science which deals with the mutual interrelation between an organism and environment.”
According to Woodworth, “Psychology deals with the activities of the individuals in relation to his environment.”
According to Crow and Crow, “Psychology is the study of human behaviour and human relationship.
According to MC Dougall, “Psychology is the study of human behaviour, its cause and conditions.”

Importance of Psychology in Games and Sports:
Physical education and sports involves bodily movement in an environment related to physical activities. Moreover, the need of psychology automatically arises on account of the applicability of the principles of psychology in Education. Since, the start of an organised programme of Physical Education and competitive sports where everyone is willing to win at any cost, we cannot perform well without proper knowledge of psychological behaviour of a sportsperson e.g. his interest, attitude, motivation, aptitute, emotional behaviour pattern and individual differences etc. Physical performance in sports is no longer restricted to a physical or physiological domain of the athlete. It is well understood that numerous psychological factors affect and improve the performance level of an athlete.

Physical capacities although limited to a certain extent can be modified under certain psychological conditions such as motivating an athlete or reinforcement of behaviour. Therefore, there is an essence to exploit the capability through the application of psychological aspects in the field of sports. Physical education teachers, coaches and trainers therefore should apply its knowledge to enhance individual development and achievements.

1. To know and understand the behaviour:
The first most important aspect of psychology is to know an individual and understand his behaviour in different situations. This understanding related to behaviour helps in dealing with various aspects of a person e.g. interest and attitude of a person towards an activity, his emotional state during various competitive situations etc. This would certainly help the teachers and coaches to direct their students towards an activity which may be beneficial in terms of performance.

2. Channelization and Control of Emotions:
The study of psychology helps in understanding the feelings and emotions of an individual or a sportsperson particularly during practice and competitive situations such as anxiety, fear, stress etc. The knowledge of psychology helps in understanding and channelizing these emotions towards right direction during competitive situations. During these situations psychological techniques such as meditation, autogenic training, concentration etc. can be practised.

3. Selection and preparation of athletics:
The knowledge of psychology helps in the selection of athletes for a particular sports after testing and observation of behaviour. It is important to possess some psychological traits such as will power, interest, motivation, competitive spirit to prepare well in the field of sports. So while making selection for the team and preparing them for competition the knowledge of psychological behaviour would prove to be beneficial.

4. Important as a relaxation tool:
Psychology is not just to help people to understand their behaviour. It also helps to move athletes to next level of performance. To learn how basic psychological tools such as goal setting, imagery, self talk, relaxation skills can help with the problems when things go wrong. It would not just help to deal with problems or issues, it will help the sportsperson to understand how self talk can influence emotion and behaviour achieves peak performance.

5. Help in motivation to improve:
Some sports psychologist work with athletes and coaches to improve performance and increase motivation. It helps the athletes to cope up with difficult situations.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Guide Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Physical Education Important Questions and Answers

One Mark Question-Answers

Question 1.
The word psychology has been derived from which language?
Answer:
The word psychology has been derived from the Latin language.

Question 2.
Give literal meaning of sociology. .
Answer:
The literal meaning of term sociology is composed of two words ‘Socius’ meaning associate or social and ‘logos’ meaning to study or science.

Question 3.
Name two social qualities.
Answer:

Brotherhood feeling
Moral and character development.

Question 4.
Highlight two social institutions affecting human behaviour.
Answer:

Family
Edcuational Institution.

Question 5.
Who was the father of Modern Olympic Game?
Answer:
Baron Pierre de Coubertin.

Question 6.
In which year Modern Olympic Games was started?
Answer:
In the year 1896.

Question 7.
Highlight moral and character qualities of a person.
Answer:

(i) Mutual understanding
(ii) empathy.

Question 8.
Define psychology.
Answer:
According to Woodsworth “Psychology deals with the actvities of the individual in relation to his environment.

Question 9.
Highlight two importance of psychology.
Answer:

To know and understand the behaviour.
Channelization of emotion.

Question 10.
Elucidate the concept of learning.
Answer:
Learning implies change in behaviour of an individual as a result of experience, acquisition of new habits and skills.

Question 11.
Enlist two laws of learning.
Answer:

Law of Readiness
Law of exercise.

Question 12.
Give the types of transfer of training.
Answer:

Positive transfer of training
Negative transfer of training
Zero transfer of training.

Question 13.
Give the literal meaning of adolescence.
Answer:
The literal meaning of adolescence is to grow to maturity.

Question 14.
Enlist any two problems of adolescents.
Answer:

Problem related to biological changes
Problem related to psychological behaviour.

Question 15.
Give two measures to solve problem related to adolesence.
Answer:

Parental guidance and knowledge
Sex education.

Question 16.
Highlight major countries which contributed in the development of sports.
Answer:
Greece, China, Japan, India, USA, Sweeden, Denmark.

Question 17.
What is transfer of training?
Answer:
Transfer of training refers to carrying over of habits, skills and attitude from one learning area to other area.

Question 18.
Elucidate various laws of learning.
Answer:

Law of Readiness
Law of Exercise
Law of Effect.

Question 19.
Who presented various laws of learning?
Answer:
E.L. Thorndike.

Question 20.
Enlist various social qualities.
Answer:

Brotherhood feeling
Helpfulness.

Question 21.
What do you understand by socialization?
Answer:
The process of acquiring social qualities, skills, knowledge and value to development social relation is called socialization.

Question 22.
Who was the father of psychology?
Answer:
Sigmund Freud.

Two Marks Question-Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand by sociology?
Answer:
In order to learn social skills to survive in a conducive social environment a man has to go through social learning is known to be sociology.
Alex Inkeles, “Sociology is the study of system of social action and of their interrelations.”

Question 2.
Define Sociology.
Answer:
Young and Mack defined Sociology as, “The scientific study of the social aspects of human life.”

Question 3.
Highlight various social qualities.
Answer:

Community building
Character and moral qualities
Group feeling and responsibility
Channelization of energy

Question 4.
Name any two social institutions affecting human behaviour.
Answer:
The Family:
The key role and foundation of human behaviour is influenced by the family. The family traditions, values, beliefs, ethics deeply affects the behaviour of a child. A child’s behaviour is most influenced by their family members since they are the primary social group.

Educational Institution (School):
An educational institution such as school play a pivotal role in the child’s life. These institutions help in crafting children to interact positively with the members of society such as their friends, family and teachers etc. That is why schools are also known to be the second home of learning for children.

Question 5.
What is the role of sports in National Integration?
Answer:
Understanding cultural diversity:
Participation in physical acitivity helps in deep understanding related to cultural diversity and democracy. It helps to practice and understand the values, ways of living, their language, problems related to different communities and religions.

Question 6.
What do you know about control of emotions?
Answer:
The study of psychology helps in understanding the feelings and emotions of an individual or a sportsperson particularly during practice and competitive situations such as anxiety, fear, stress etc. The knowledge of psychology helps in understanding and channelizing these emotions towards right direction during competitive situations. During these situations psychological techniques such as meditation, autogenic training, concentration etc. can be practised.

Question 7.
Give the literal meaning of the term learning.
Answer:
The concept of learning can be understood as the change in behaviour as a result of experience, acquisition of new habits and skills. The change of behaviour is relatively permanent in nature. It is believed that learning is a lifelong process that begins in cradle and ends in coffin. It has been viewed that a person adapts to his environment by acquiring new survival and social skills. It is not necessarily being a positive change in behaviour. It is most appropriately lasting change in the behaviour as a result of experience which gives satisfaction and fulfilment in social context. Further, to an ordinary man, it may be understood as formal way of acquiring skills and knowledge but it is not confined to four walls.

Question 8.
Elucidate the various laws of learning.
Answer:

Law of Readiness.
Law of Effect.
Law of Exercise.

Question 9.
What is the difference between the law of use and disuse?
Answer:
Law of Use:
It implies that in order to have perfection or improvement in particular learning, it is necessary to reduce errors by making repetition for a particular task. This would lead to less error and more perfection or improvement. In other words, practice makes a man perfect.”

Law of Disuse:
When a modifiable connection is not made between a situation and response, during a length of time, that connection’s strength is decreased.” The things learnt are not easy to retain, evaluate and apply after a single session of practice. The skills shown and practised once leads to weakening of stimulus and response of the learners. Hence, it is important to practice and strengthen the stimulus and response related to the learning of skills.

Question 10.
What do you know about transfer Of learning?
Answer:
Generally, transfer of training refers to carrying over of habits, skills and attitude from one learning area to another area. Sometimes it has been observed that skills or techniques learnt in one area helps or creates hindrance in the other area, so it is said to have the impact of transfer of training.
According to Perkinson and Salomon, “When learning in one context enhances (or undermines) a related performance in another contexts is called transfer of learning.”

Question 11.
Enlist various types of transfer of training.
Answer:
The application of previous learning in new learning may influence in three ways: The skills, behaviour, knowledge and habits acquired may either help the new learning or create hindrance in the new learning or may not have any influence on the new learning. Hence it can be categorised under three sub headings:
1. Positive transfer of training.
2. Negative transfer of training.
3. Neutral or Zero transfer of training.

Question 12.
How would you explain positive transfer of training?
Answer:
When the skills, behaviour or knowledge habits acquired in previous learning area helps in the new learning area that can be termed as positive transfer of training. It may also be termed as generalization of the skills or knowledge in the new situation, e.g. in physical education and sports situation the endurance developed by running long distance can help in the endurance capacity to new learning area-swimming. This would help in swimming for longer duration as general component of endurance developed with the help of previous learning area. Positive transfer occurs when learning one skills makes a way to learn the next one easier.

Question 13.
What do you mean by zero transfer of training?
Answer:
This condition of transfer of training occurs when the previously learned skills has nothing to do with the new learning area. In other words it implies that the skills, knowledge, habit acquired in previous learning area neither creates hindrance problems nor facilitates the learning of new skills. For example, the skills learnt in Volleyball like smashing & service etc. neither helps in learning any of the Gymnastics skills.

Question 14.
Give the literal meaning of adolescence.
Answer:
The literal meaning of the word adolescence is derived from a Latin word ‘adolescere’ which means ‘to grow to maturity.’ This is generally considered to be the transitional stage of physical and psychological changes.
According to Jersield, ‘‘Adolescence is the period through which a gorwing person makes transition from childhood to maturity. ”

Question 15.
Highlight various problems of adolescence.
Answer:

Problems related to biological changes
Problems related to psychological behaviour
Freedom
Recognition and self consciousness
Destructive tendencies and behaviour
Peer relationship
Problems related to career choices
Lack of stability in relation to dependencys

Question 16.
Explain the contribution of Greek for the development of sports.
Answer:
The Greek civilization has the oldest culture in the world. It was the ‘Golden Era’ in the field of sports. The highest event in the field of sports was originated by the Greek civilization i.e. Ancient Olympic Games in 776 B.C. Their philosophy for the same was to stay healthy and fit and overall development for the benefit of citizens.

The main states were Athens and Sparta to introduce games and sports to celebrate the festival in honour of God Zeus. The main activities included in the festival were wrestling, chariot races, running, throwing, horse riding and hunting etc. Due to the impact of Roman invaders the games came to end in 394 A.D.

Question 17.
What contribution give by Japan for the development of sports?
Answer:
The history of games and sports in Japan can be classified into two periods before The Meiji Era(up to 1867) and after the Meiji Era (1867 onwards). There is not much evidence suggesting rigorous involvement in games and sports prior to 1867. However, during early period Archery, Horse riding, Wrestling and Judo etc.were the major physical activities. After 1867, games and sports were introduced in the schools on similar patterns like that the western countries.

Starting with callisthenic and military drills, Swedish gymnastic type exercises were adopted.In 1913 military drills Judo, fencing were introduced in the schools and later on 1936 in revised curriculum many other athletics activities and Ball games were added.Their physical education program was based on scientific lines contributing to the health and physical fitness of the students with an objective to develop wholesome personality.

Three Marks Question-Answers

Question 1.
Give two definitions of the term sociology.
Answer:
Alex Inkeles, “Sociology is the study of system of social action and of their interrelations.”
Young and Mack defined Sociology as, “The scientific study of the social aspects of human life.”

Question 2.
Write any two social institutions affecting human behaviour.
Answer:
The various social institutions that play a vital role in moulding the behaviour have been listed below: .
1. Peer Group:
Just as family, the peer or freinds group to have an important role in child’s behaviour. When the children interact with their friends they learn social skills such as communication, helpfulness, co-operation, brotherhood etc. in the group. But, unfortunately we don’t always realize how children are attached to their friends and what influence they have on their behaviour. Hence, if a child remains in bad group, he will learn bad habits and if he lives in a good friends group the same will have positive impact on his behaviour.

2. Religious Institutions:
A religious institution is a place where a unified system of beliefs, values and practices relative to sacred things are acquired. These institutions play a major role in imbibing moral values such as speaking the truth, not to harm others, sympathetic attitude, respecting elders, helpfulness etc. Hence, these values play significant role in the behaviour of a child. It is also believed that the people spending time in these institutions are tolerant by nature , peaceful and remain content and happy in their life.

Question 3.
Write a short note on:
(a) Religious institutions
(b) National culture.
Answer:
(a) Religious Institutions:
A religious institution is a place where a unified system of beliefs, values and practices relative to sacred things are acquired. These institutions play a major role in imbibing moral values such as speaking the truth, not to harm others, sympathetic attitude, respecting elders, helpfulness etc. Hence, these values play significant role in the behaviour of a child. It is also believed that the people spending time in these institutions are tolerant by nature , peaceful and remain content and happy in their life.

(b) National Culture:
The nation in which children bom and grow with due care of both family and state, with quality education, without any bias thought would prove to be a strength of nation.

Question 4.
How would you elucidate the role of sports in national integration?
Answer:
Understanding cultural diversity:
Participation in physical acitivity helps in deep understanding related to cultural diversity and democracy. It helps to practice and understand the values, ways of living, their language, problems related to different communities and religions. Thus, in the field of sports new connection and bonding among the players is formed and in certain cases this turns into relationship. Thus, games and sports help in promoting goodwill, unity and understanding, that may provide solution to many national problems.

Equal opportunities to all:
The physical education and sports programme provides no space for the discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, religion or colour etc. It ensures that one remains free from any sense of discrimination. Especially in team games, members of the team are selected from different regions of the country to represent national team. Thus, the players belonging to different caste, religion or region develops feeling of togetherness, brotherhood, co-operation, helpfulness and goodwill to achieve common goal as a national team. These qualities become an integral part of their nature, conduct and behaviour in real life. So, we develop sports in the belief that this would help in solving many national problems and develop national integration.

Respect for nation and patriotism:
Physical Education and sports plays an important role in inculcating the feeling of belongingness to the nation and national character. The team or an individual representing nation feels honoured and thus spirit of patriotism is developed in same way. Thus, the programme of physical education and sports are planned in such a way that the j spirit of patriotism and national respect strengthens among the participants.

Question 5.
Highlight the importance of psychology.
Answer:
To know and understand the behaviour:
The first most important aspect of/ psychology is to know an individual and understand his behaviour in different situations. This understanding related to behaviour helps in dealing with various aspects of a person e.g. interest and attitude of a person towards an activity, his emotional state during various competitive situations etc. This would certainly help the teachers and coaches to direct their students towards an activity which may be beneficial in terms of performance.

Channelization and Control of Emotions:
The study of psychology helps in understanding the feelings and emotions of an individual or a sportsperson particularly during practice and competitive situations such as anxiety, fear, stress etc. The knowledge of psychology helps in understanding and channelizing these emotions towards right direction during competitive situations. During these situations psychological techniques such as meditation, autogenic training, concentration etc. can be practised.

Question 6.
What is concept of learning?
Answer:
The concept of learning can be understood as the change in behaviour as a result of experience, acquisition of new habits and skills. The change of behaviour is relatively permanent in nature. It is believed that learning is a lifelong process that begins in cradle and ends in coffin. It has been viewed that a person adapts to his environment by acquiring new survival and social skills. It is not necessarily being a positive change in behaviour. It is most appropriately lasting change in the behaviour as a result of experience which gives satisfaction and fulfilment in social context. Further, to an ordinary man, it may be understood as formal way of acquiring skills and knowledge but it is not confined to four walls.

Question 7.
Define learning.
Answer:
According to Gates, “Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training.”
According to E.R. Hilgard, “Learning is a permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of prior experience.”
According to Mitchel has defined learning as “the process by which new behaviour is acquired.”

Five Marks Question-Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term Sociology? How physical education and sports help in the development of social qualities.
Answer:
The literal meaning of the term sociology is composed of two words ‘Socius’ meaning associate or social and ‘logos’ meaning science or study. Thus sociology is the science of society. Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction and culture of everyday life. The main focus of sociology is to study the human society in relation to its origins, functions and problems. It works on relation among people, group, class, organization and culture. It also helps in varying the impact of social organization like family, religion, education, politics, culture etc. on human behaviour.

Development of social Qualities Through Sports:
Sports play a significant role in the lives of children and young people by shaping their development into useful members of the society and the sorts of people they become in their life. In terms of development of social qualities through sports, following areas have been discussed:

1. Community building:
The role of sports in the community building has shown strong link with the social cohesion and social capital among children and youth. Sports provide opportunities to these children and youth to engage themselves in their communities through volunteer participation which results in the development of leadership qualities, positive peer relationship regardless of gender, ability and ethnicity.

2. Character and moral qualities:
The moral behaviour and character development is acquired through social interaction that occurs through sports and physical activities depend on the context of programe and values promoted in the sports scenario. In this
way, physical education teacher, coach, trainer have a determinant role to influence the character building of youth or children with appropriate sports programme. It has been observed that physical activity outside of competetive sports are more beneficial in promoting mutual understanding and empathy among children and youth.

3. Group feeling and responsibility:
Team games act as a model for the development of group feeling or cohesion. The best way to develop group feeling or ‘We’ is to engage youth and children in the team participation. It helps in the development of social qualities such as brotherhood, helpfulness,respect, cooperation, sympathetic attitude etc among the members of team or a group.

4. Channelization of energy:
Games and sports play an important role in channelizing the energy in an appropriate way. This is the best means to divert the hidden emotions, negative thoughts into constructive and meaningful activities and bring desirable changes in the behaviour of a person. So, it is useful means to provide an appropriate outlet to these negative thoughts and emotions otherwise the same can be dangerous for the society.

5. Punctuality and dedication:
Participation in games and sports requires lot of dedication, keeping in view the rules of games to perform well. It helps in inculcating the sense of responsibility, value of time, punctuality and respect for other team mates and cooperation of all team members to achieve results. These qualities are better learned in the field of physical education and sports, which proves to be very useful in other fields of life as a member of society. Hence, these qualities helps to become a productive member of the society.

Question 2.
Elucidate the term psychology. Also highlight its importance in the field of sports.
Answer:
The concept of studying human behaviour and their mental processes was first recognized by the Greek psychologists Sigmund Freud. To study human behaviour the knowledge of psychology must be understood. The word ‘Psychology’ has been derived from the Greek terms ‘psyche’ and ‘logos’ where ‘psyche’ means the ‘soul or mind’, and the meaning of ‘logos’ is ‘to talk about’ or ‘science or study’. Hence, the meaning of psychology is the science or study of soul. But, the meaning and concept of psychology kept on changing. Later, the concept was explained as science of mind, as the psycho-physical unity of a human being cannot be ignored. Today, it is understood as the science of behaviour of an individual in relation to the environment.

According to Woodworth, “Psychology deals with the activities of the individuals in relation to his environment.”
Importance of Psychology in Physical Education and Sports.
1. To know and understand the behaviour:
The first most important aspect of psychology is to know an individual and understand his behaviour in different situations. This understanding related to behaviour helps in dealing with various aspects of a person e.g. interest and attitude of a person towards an activity, his emotional state during various. competitive situations etc. This would certainly help the teachers and coaches to direct their students towards an activity which may be beneficial in terms of performance.

2. Channelization and Control of Emotions:
The study of psychology helps in understanding the feelings and emotions of an individual or a sportsperson particularly
during practice and competitive situations such as anxiety, fear, stress etc. The knowledge of psychology helps in understanding and channelizing these emotions towards right direction during competitive situations. During these situations psychological techniques such as meditation, autogenic training, concentration etc. can be practised.

5. Help in motivation to improve:
Some sports psychologist work with athletes and coaches to improve performance and increase motivation. It helps the athletes to cope up with difficult situations.

Question 3.
What is learning? Explain the various types of transfer of training.
Answer:
The concept of learning can be understood as the change in behaviour as a result of experience, acquisition of new habits and skills. The change of behaviour is relatively permanent in nature. It is believed that learning is a lifelong process that begins in cradle and ends in coffin. It has been viewed that a person adapts to his environment by acquiring new survival and social skills. It is not necessarily being a positive change in behaviour.

It is most appropriately lasting change in the behaviour as a result of experience which gives satisfaction and fulfilment in social context. Further, to an ordinary man, it may be understood as formal way of acquiring skills and knowledge but it is not confined to four walls.
According to Gates, “Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training.”

Types of Transfer of Training:
The application of previous learning in new learning may influence in three ways: The skills, behaviour, knowledge and habits acquired may either help the new learning or create hindrance in the new learning or may not have any influence on the new learning. Hence it can be categorised under three sub headings:
1. Positive transfer of training.
2. Negative transfer of training.
3. Neutral or Zero transfer of training.

1. Positive transfer of training:
When the skills, behaviour or knowledge habits acquired in previous learning area helps in the new learning area that can be termed as positive transfer of training. It may also be termed as generalization of the skills or knowledge in the new situation, e.g. in physical education and sports situation the endurance developed by running long distance can help in the endurance capacity to new learning
area-swinuning. This would help in swimming for longer duration as general component of endurance developed with the help of previous learning area. Positive transfer occurs when learning one skills makes a way to learn the next one easier.

2. Negative Transfer of Training:
It is the situation when the skills, knowledge, habits acquired in previous learning area creates hinderance and problems in the new learning area. This type of transfer can be seen when the skills learnt in previous area overlaps the other one and causes confusions and problems for the new area. e.g. In games and sports situation the transfer of learning from Lawn tennis to Badminton causes hindrance in learning the gripping of racket. The reason for this could be in Lawn tennis, the gripping of racket needs strong and stiff wrist whereas in Badminton the vice versa i.e. flexible wrist is required for the same. Hence, this becomes quite harder for a learner to learn new skills.

3. Neutral or Zero Transfer of Training:
This condition of transfer of training occurs when the previously learned skills has nothing to do with the new learning area. In other words it implies that the skills, knowledge, habit acquired in previous learning area neither creates hindrance problems nor facilitates the learning of new skills. For example, the skills learnt in Volleyball like smashing & service etc. neither helps in learning any of the Gymnastics skills.

Question 4.
What do you know about the sports as cultural heritage?
Answer:
Culture can be defined as the behavior that comes to us either by inheritance or by the surroundings. Culture comprises our ways of living, eating habits, thoughts, customs, traditions, moral, art, literature, religion, games and sports and many other aspects of life. The term heritage is something that is transfered from the past to the present and from the present to the future with proper modifications. Heritage serves as a building bridge between the past and present.

Physical activities were part of ancient times as a means of existence like running, fishing, fighting and jumping etc. Later on, these were used to fulfill their basic needs slowly with change in time most of these physical activities were modified and were used for playing and recreation. Let’s trace out the historical development or sports as cultural heritage in various parts of the world:

1. Greece:
The Greek civilization has the oldest culture in the world. It was the ‘Golden Era’ in the field of sports. The highest event in the field of sports was originated by the Greek civilization i.e. Ancient Olympic Games in 776 B.C. Their philosophy for the same was to stay healthy and fit and overall development for the benefit of citizens. The main states were Athens and Sparta to introduce games and sports to celebrate the festival in honour of God Zeus. The main activities included in the festival were wrestling, chariot races, running, throwing, horse riding and hunting etc. Due to the impact of Roman invaders the games came to end in 394 A.D.

2. Rome:
Romans were not keen sports lovers as participants, they strongly believed in gaining supremacy with power and strength. The only purpose to take part in physical activities was to serve military purpose. The most practiced activities at that time was gladiater combats, man to man combat, birds fight, and the same used to continue till the end of other’s life. The blood shed and brutality brought vulgarity to these games and ended with the time. They introduced many combative games like chariot racing, jumping and sword fighting etc.

3. Germany:
The culture of sports as ‘aesthetisism’ was introduced by the Germans in the world. In the early 19th century, coincident with the rise of nationalism, Friedrich Ludwig John, considered the “father of gymnastics,” founded the gymnastics club, and invented several events that are now part of the Modem gymnastics program. At the same time, Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts-Muths initiated school programs that helped to promote physical education in the curriculum of German education programme. They introduced gymnastics apparatus like horizontal bar, vaulting horse and parallel bars etc to the world. So, the contribution of German can be realized as the introduction of Gymnastics.

4. Sweden:
In Sweden’s history of physical education and sports name of Per Henrik Ling appears at the forefront. He founded a system of gymnastics which has come to be known as Swedish Gymnastics and was later on adopted by United States of America also. He applied the science of anatomy and physiology to physical activities. His another contribution was in introducing new apparatus like stall bars, rings, swinging ropes etc. in Swedish system of gymnastics. He advocated physical activities for all and that exercise be prescribed keeping in view the individual differences. Swedish gymnastics devised corrective and curative exercises for correct posture and correct carriage of body.

5. Denmark:
In Denmark, Franz Nachtegall laid foundation of the physical education. Due to his continuous untiring efforts physical education games and sports were introduced in the schools. As the need for trained teachers grew he took lead in developing courses of study for this purpose. After his death, Danish Rifle Club was formed where training is shooting and military drill was imported. Niels Bukh introduced Primitive Gymnastic in which he included a series of exercise of arms, legs, neck joints, abdomen etc. at one stretch without any break. As a result of Nachtegall’s efforts physical education was made compulsory in all elementary schools and introduced in many high schools. Foundation of physical education physical activity was, thus firmly laid.

6. England:
The credit of popularizing outdoor games lies with the Britishers. The activities that were popular in England were Archeiy, Swimming, Rowing, Hockey, Football and later on Cricket and Tennis were also introduced during that period. The importance of introducing physical education in the school curriculum was presented by the Britishers. The emphasis were also laid to maintain and develop playground and gymnasium in the institution as well. So, the physical training, games and sports occupied prominent place in the British period.

7. United States of America:
The contribution of American culture can be realized with the introduction of new sphere of games i.e. ball games like soccer, tennis, baseball and ice hockey etc. Later on with the tremendous efforts YMCA organization Dr. James Naismith invented Basketball in the year 1991 in the training school Springfield. In the year 1895 volleyball game was invented by William G. Morgan at YMCA. After the revival of Modem Olympic Games in the year 1896, with the untiring efforts of ‘Baron Pierre Dr. Coubertin, the development of games and sports continued of its peak.

8. Japan:
The history of games and sports in Japan can be classified into two periods before The Meiji Era(up to 1867) and after the Meiji Era (1867 onwards). There is not much evidence suggesting rigorous involvement in games and sports prior to 1867. However, during early period Archery, Horse riding, Wrestling and Judo etc.were the major physical activities. After 1867, games and sports were introduced in the schools on similar patterns like that the western countries. Starting with callisthenic and military drills, Swedish gymnastic type exercises were adopted.In 1913 military drills Judo, fencing were introduced in the schools and later on 1936 in revised curriculum many other athletics activities and Ball games were added.Their physical education program was based on scientific lines contributing to the health and physical fitness of the students with an objective to develop wholesome personality.

9. China:
Although, it is believed that since 2698 BC Kung Fu a medicinal type of gymnastics was prevalent in China, Simple exercises like bending, stretching, skating were also practiced. Dancing, wrestling, bow and arrow, shooting were also popular. Period of ChouDynasty (1122 BC to 256 BC) gave impetus to physical activities and shooting, football, boxing, fencing, boat racing, throwing, and Chariot racing also became quite popular.The modem physical education came to occupy an important position only in 19thcentury. Earlier, calisthenics and military drills were introduced but later on ball games were also introduced.In 1929, physical education was introduced in the schools as the compulsory subject. Gradually, all major games found their way in the regular exercise programs and today China has emerged as a formidable country in the field of games and sports.

10. India:
India can boast of having rich sports heritage. During Indus Valley Civilization period (3250 BC to 2500 BC) it appears that dancing, swimming, boxing and dice games were quite popular in India. During Vedic period (2500 BC to 600 BC) yoga was being practiced, though more as a religious activity than as an exercise. Military drill, wrestling, bow and arrow shooting, fights with dagger, sword and mace, throwing discuss and spear, horse riding, chariot races, hunting, boxing were also prevalent. Early and later Hindu period (600 BC to 1000 AD) witnessed keen interest of the rulers in promoting the sports activities.

Medieval period (1000 AD to 175 AD) saw the emergence of Gurukul system where in physical activities occupied similar important status of education in other subjects. Activities like wrestling, sword fighting and other activities resembling martial arts were patronized by the rulers.Even during Mughal period, physical activities received due attention and were promoted and patronized by Mughal rulers. During this period wrestling, boxing, pigeon flying, swimming, hunting, animal fighting, chess,chopadand individual competitions were quite popular.

However, institution like akharas and vyamshalas took keen interest in promoting indigenous activities like dands, baithaks, malkham and popularized Indigenous games like Kho-Kho and Kabaddi. Yogic exercises, dancing, wrestling etc. also found place in the regular exercise programs. After independence various schemes and policies for promoting games and sports were adopted. Numerous sports associations and organizations have been set up to give impetus to physical activities. India also took initiative to organize a sports competition between Asian countries on the pattern of Olympic Games.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 6 Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Physical Education Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.