Class 10

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Literature Book Chapter 3 One Thousand Dollars Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Literature Book Chapter 3 One Thousand Dollars

Question 1.
Who gave $ 1,000 to Robert Gillian ? Who did the money belong to ? Why was it given to him ?
Answer:
Lawyer Tolman gave the money to Robert Gillian. This money belonged to Gillian’s uncle. Robert was asked to spend the amount and then give an account of how he had spent it.

वकील टॉलमैन ने राबर्ट गिलियन को यह पैसे दिए। ये पैसे गिलियन के अंकल के थे। उससे कहा गया कि वह इस पैसे को खर्च करे और फिर इस बात का ब्योरा दे कि उसने ये पैसे कैसे खर्च किए थे।

Question 2.
Why was Bobby Gillian not happy with the money given to him ?
Answer:
Bobby Gillian was the only heir of his uncle’s property. This property was worth half a million dollars. But Bobby got only one thousand out of it. Naturally, he was not happy.

बॉबी गिलियन अपने अंकल की धन-दौलत का एकमात्र वारिस था। यह सम्पत्ति पांच लाख डॉलर की थी। परन्तु बॉबी को इसमें से केवल एक हज़ार मिले। स्वाभाविक रूप से वह खुश नहीं था।

Question 3.
What was the condition laid down by the lawyer ?
Answer:
The lawyer asked Bobby to spend the one thousand dollars and then give an account of how he had spent it. Only then the full contents of the will could be shown to him.

वकील ने बॉबी से कहा कि वह एक हज़ार डॉलर खर्च कर ले और फिर इस बात का ब्योरा दे कि उसने ये कैसे खर्च किए थे। केवल तभी वसीयत का पूरा ब्योरा उसे बताया जा सकता था।

Question 4.
Who else got the money and how much ?
Answer:
The others who got the money were the butler, the housekeeper and Miss Hayden who was the ward of Robert’s uncle. Each of them got ten dollars.

अन्य लोग जिन्हें पैसे मिले. वे थे – खानसामा, घर का नौकर और मिस हेडन जो राबर्ट के अंकल की एक आश्रिता थी। उनमें से प्रत्येक को दस डॉलर मिले।

Question 5.
Why was Old Bryson not serious in giving suggestions to Gillian ? What were the suggestions given ?
Answer:
Old Bryson did not like Gillian. Therefore, he was not serious in giving his suggestions. He suggested that Gillian could buy a house, provide milk for babies, spend in art galleries, spend for someone’s education, or buy a diamond pendant for Miss Lotta.

ओल्ड बायसन गिलियन को पसन्द नहीं करता था। इसलिए वह सुझाव देने के प्रति गम्भीर नहीं था। उसने सुझाव दिया कि गिलियन एक मकान खरीद सकता था, बच्चों के लिए दूध प्रदान कर सकता था, आर्ट गैलरियों में खर्च कर सकता था, किसी की शिक्षा पर खर्च कर सकता था, अथवा मिस लौटा के लिए हीरों का हार खरीद सकता था।

Question 6.
Which suggestion did Gillian accept? What did he do then ?
Answer:
Gillian accepted the suggestion to give a diamond pendant to Miss Lotta. He phoned for a cab, and asked the driver to take him to the Columbine Theatre.

गिलियन ने मिस लौटा को हीरों का हार देने का सुझाव स्वीकार कर लिया। उसने एक बग्घी के लिए फोन किया और चालक से कहा कि वह उसे कोलम्बाइन थियेटर ले चले।

Question 7.
Who was Miss Lotta Lauriere ? Did she welcome Gillian’s coming ? Was she happy with his offer ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Miss Lotta was an actress. She did not welcome Gillian’s coming. She was not happy with Gillian’s offer. She wanted a much costlier pendant.

मिस लौटा एक अभिनेत्री थी। उसने गिलियन के आने का स्वागत न किया। उसे गिलियन की पेशकश पर प्रसन्नता न हुई। वह इससे कहीं अधिक कीमत का हार चाहती थी।

Question 8.
What did Gillian ask the driver of the cab ? Did he like his answer ? How do you know ?
Answer:
Gillian asked the cab driver what he would do if he had a thousand dollars. The driver said that he would open a saloon. At this Gillian said, “Oh, no.” It shows that he did not like the cab driver’s answer.

गिलियन ने बग्घी-चालक से पूछा कि यदि उसके पास एक हजार डॉलर होते तो वह क्या करता। चालक ने उत्तर दिया कि वह एक शराबखाना खोल लेता। इस पर गिलियन ने कहा, “अरे, नहीं।” इससे पता चलता है कि उसे बग्घी-चालक का उत्तर पसन्द न आया।

Question 9.
Who did Gillian talk to next ? Why ?
Answer:
Gillian next talked to a blind man, who was selling pencils. He wanted to know from him what he would do if he had a thousand dollars.

इसके बाद गिलियन ने एक अन्धे आदमी से बात की जो पेन्सिलें बेच रहा था। वह उससे जानना चाहता था कि वह क्या करता यदि उसके पास एक हज़ार डॉलर होते।

Question 10.
Why did Gillian give his money to Miss Hayden ? What did he ask her to give him and why ?
Answer:
Gillian gave his money to Miss Hayden because he wanted to spend the money in a lump and save himself the trouble of keeping accounts. He asked Miss Hayden to give him a piece of paper to write a note.

गिलियन ने अपने पैसे मिस हेडेन को इसलिए दे दिए क्योंकि वह पूरे पैसे एक ही बार में खर्च करना चाहता था और स्वयं को हिसाब रखने की मुसीबत से बचाना चाहता था। उसने मिस हेडन से कागज़ का एक टुकड़ा कुछ लिखने के लिए मांगा।

Question 11.
What did Gillian write in his note ?
Answer:
He wrote that he had paid one thousand dollars to the best and dearest woman on earth. He added that it would give him eternal happiness.

उसने लिखा कि उसने एक हजार डॉलर धरती पर की सबसे बढ़िया और प्यारी औरत को दे दिए थे। उसने यह भी लिखा कि इससे उसे अनन्त प्रसन्नता प्राप्त होगी।

Question 12.
Why did Gillian go to the lawyers again ?
Answer:
He went to the lawyers to give them the account of how he had spent the one thousand dollars.

वह वकीलों के पास यह हिसाब देने गया कि उसने एक हजार डॉलर कैसे खर्च किए थे।

Question 13.
What had Gillian’s uncle written in the postscript of his will ?
Answer:
He had written that if Robert had spent the money wisely, he would get another five thousand dollars. Or else, this amount would go to Miss Hayden.

उसने लिखा था कि यदि राबर्ट ने पैसे समझदारी से खर्च किए तो उसे पाँच हजार डॉलर और मिल जाएंगे। अन्यथा ये पैसे मिस हेडन को मिल जाएंगे।

Question 14.
Why did Gillian not get the rest of the money ? Was he sorry for his action ?
Answer:
Gillian told the lawyers falsely that he had lost the thousand dollars on the races. Thus he lost his right to the other five thousand dollars. But he was not at all sorry for it. Rather he was happy that the money would go to the lady he loved so much.

गिलियन ने वकीलों को झूठ ही कह दिया कि वह एक हज़ार डॉलर घुड़दौड़ों में हार गया था। इस प्रकार वह अन्य पांच हज़ार डॉलर पर अपना अधिकार खो बैठा। किन्तु उसे उस बात का बिल्कुल कोई खेद नहीं था। इसके विपरीत उसे तो खुशी थी कि पैसे उस औरत को मिल जाएंगे जिसे वह इतना प्यार करता था।

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Robert lost the money on races.(True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 2.
To whom did Bobby Gillian give his one thousand dollars ?
(i) Butler
(ii) Miss Hayden
(iii) Lawyers
(iv) Miss Lotta Lauriere.
Answer:
(ii) Miss Hayden

Question 3.
Robert Gillian offered a ……………. to Miss Lotta Lauriere.
Answer:
pendant worth one thousand dollars

Question 4.
Robert Gillian received one million dollars from his uncle’s will. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 5.
The blind man was selling …………. on the walkside.
(i) books
(ii) pencils
(iii) pens
(iv) notebooks.
Answer:
(ii) pencils

Question 6.
Who was Miss Lotta Lauriere ?
Answer:
She was an actress.

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the story, ‘One Thousand Dollars’?
Answer:
O’Henry.

Question 2.
From where did Robert Gillian receive one thousand dollars ?
Answer:
From his uncle’s will.

Question 3.
What was the condition with the money which Gillian had received from his uncle’s will ?
Answer:
He had to spend that money sensibly.

Question 4.
Who was Miss Lotta Lauriere ?
Answer:
She was an actress.

Question 5.
What did Robert Gillian offer Miss Lotta ?
Answer:
He offered her a pendant worth one thousand dollars.

Question 6.
What did Gillian ask the cab driver ?
Answer:
He asked the cab driver what he would do if he had a thousand dollars.

Question 7.
What did Gillian want to ask the blind man who was selling pencils ?
Answer:
He wanted to ask the blind man what he would do if he had a thousand dollars.

Question 8.
What did Gillian ask Miss Hayden to give him ?
Answer:
A piece of paper to write a note.

Question 9.
Why did Robert Gillian go to the lawyers again ?
Answer:
To give them the account of how he had spent one thousand dollars.

Question 10.
Who got the rest of the money, i.e. five thousand dollars ?
Answer:
Miss Hayden.

Complete the following :

1. Robert Gillian was the only heir of …………..
2. …….. was the ward of Robert’s uncle.
3. Gillian asked the cab driver to take him to
4. The property of Gillian’s uncle was worth ……………..
5. Gillian accepted the suggestion to give ……………….. to Miss Lotta.
6. ….. said that he would open a saloon if he had one thousand dollars.
Answer:
1. his uncle’s property
2. Miss Hayden
3. the Columbine Theatre
4. half a million dollars
5. a diamond pendant
6. The cab driver.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Gillian told the lawyers that he had lost the thousand dollars on the races.
Answer:
True

2. Miss Lotta was happy with Gillian’s offer.
Answer:
False

3. Miss Hayden worked at the Columbine Theatre as an actress.
Answer:
False

4. Gillian lost his right to other five thousand dollars.
Answer:
True

5. Robert’s uncle had a ward named Miss Lotta.
Answer:
False

6. Bobby was the only heir of his father’s property.
Answer:
False

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
Who gave ten thousand dollars to Robert Gillian ?
(a) Lawyer Tolman.
(b) Miss Heydan.
(c) Old Bryson.
(d) Miss Lotta.
Answer:
(a) Lawyer Tolman.

Question 2.
Miss Hayden was ……….
(a) Gillian’s beloved
(b) Miss Lotta’s sister
(c) Bryson’s wife
(d) Tolman’s client.
Answer:
(a) Gillian’s beloved

Question 3.
What was Robert’s nickname ?
(a) Tony.
(b) Robin.
(c) Harry.
(d) Bobby
Answer:
(d) Bobby

Question 4.
Old Bryson did not like ……
(a) Robert’s uncle
(b) Robert Gillian
(c) Lawyer Tolman
(d) Miss Hayden.
Answer:
(b) Robert Gillian

Question 5.
Old Bryson suggested that Gillian could
(a) buy a house
(b) spend in art galleries
(c) spend for someone’s education
(d) all of these three.
Answer:
(d) all of these three.

One Thousand Dollars Summary & Translation in English

One Thousand Dollars Introduction:
Robert Gillian receives one thousand dollars from his uncle’s will. But there is also a condition. He has to spend this money sensibly. He goes to Old Bryson for his advice. But Bryson is in no mood of giving him any advice. He talks to Gillian in a satirical tone. Robert offers Miss Lotta Lauriere to buy her a pendant worth one thousand dollars.

But she wants a much more expensive one. He asks a cab driver what he would do with a thousand dollars. He replies that he will open a saloon with it. Robert’s uncle had a ward, Miss Hayden. Perhaps Robert loves her. He gives the entire amount to her and makes a detail about it. Then he goes to the office of his uncle’s lawyers. He tells them that he has spent the money.

They tell him if he has spent the money sensibly, he would get another 5,000 dollars otherwise this amount will go to Miss Hayden. Hearing this, Robert Gillian tears the account of spending money. He tells the lawyers that he has lost the entire money on races. Saying this he leaves the office.

One Thousand Dollars Summary & Translation in Hindi

One Thousand Dollars Introduction:

राबर्ट गिलियन को अपने अंकल की वसीयत से एक हजार डॉलर मिलते हैं। परन्तु वहां एक शर्त भी है। उसे यह पैसे समझदारी से खर्च करने हैं। वह ओल्ड बायसन के पास उसकी सलाह लेने के लिए जाता है। परन्तु ब्रायसन कोई सलाह देने के मूड में नहीं है। वह गिलियन से व्यंग्यात्मक ढंग से बात करता है। राबर्ट मिस लौटा लौरियर को एक हजार डॉलर का एक हार खरीद कर देने की पेशकश करता है। परन्तु वह इससे काफ़ी अधिक महंगा चाहती है। वह एक बग्घी-चालक से पूछता है कि वह एक हजार डॉलर से क्या करेगा। वह कहता है कि वह इससे एक शराबखाना खरीदेगा।

राबर्ट के अंकल पर आश्रित एक लड़की थी, मिस हेडन। शायद राबर्ट उससे प्यार करता है। वह सारा पैसा उसे दे देता है और इसका विवरण बना देता है। इसके बाद वह अपने अंकल के वकीलों के दफ्तर में जाता है। वह उन्हें बताता है कि उसने पैसे खर्च कर दिए हैं। वे उसे बताते हैं कि यदि उसने पैसे समझदारी से खर्च किए हैं तो उसे और भी 5,000 डॉलर मिलेंगे अन्यथा यह पैसे मिस हेडन को मिल जाएंगे। यह सुन कर राबर्ट गिलियन पैसे खर्च करने वाला लेखा फाड़ डालता है। वह कहता है कि वह सारे पैसे घुड़दौड़ों में हार गया है। यह कह कर वह दफ्तर छोड़कर चला जाता है। कठिन शब्दार्थ तथा सम्पूर्ण कहानी का हिन्दी अनुवाद

One Thousand Dollars Summary & Translation in Hindi:

(Page 18-19)
“One thousand dollars,” ……………. a thousand dollars pour

Word-meanings :
1. solemnly-गम्भीरतापूर्वक; 2. severely-कठोरता से, रूखे ढंग से; 3. details –ब्यौरा; 4. comply with-का पालन करना; 5. thrust-घुसा देना, ठूसना; 6. calm-शांत स्वभाव वाला; 7. sighed-लंबी सांस ली; 8. laid down-रख दी; 9. wake up-ध्यान से सुनो। 10. usual—सामान्य, साधारण।

अनुवाद- “एक हज़ार डॉलर,” वकील टॉलमैन ने गम्भीरतापूर्वक और रूखे ढंग से दोहराया, “और यह रही रकम।” __ युवा गिलियन हंस दिया जब उसने एक डॉलर वाले नोटों की गड्डी को छुआ। “यह तो इतनी छोटी-सी रकम है,” उसने वकील से कहा।

“तुमने अपने चाचा की वसीयत पढ़ने के वक्त सब-कुछ सुना था,” वकील टॉलमैन ने एक रूखे स्वर में कहना जारी रखा। “मैं नहीं जानता कि तुमने वसीयत की छोटी-छोटी बातों पर गौर किया था या नहीं। मैं तुम्हें बता दूं कि तुम्हें इन एक हज़ार डॉलरों के खर्च करने के तरीके का पूरा ब्यौरा देना होगा, जैसे ही तुम उन्हें खर्च कर · चुके होगे। मुझे विश्वास है कि तुम स्वर्गीय मिस्टर गिलियन की इच्छाओं का पालन करोगे।” ___ “आप भरोसा रखिए,” उस जवान आदमी ने नम्रतापूर्वक कहा, “परन्तु मुझे शायद एक सेक्रेटरी रखना पड़े। मैं हिसाब-किताब में कभी भी कुशल नहीं था।” गिलियन ने नोटों की गड्डी को अपनी जेब में ढूंसा और क्लब चला गया। वहां वह उस व्यक्ति को ढूंढने लगा जिसे वह ओल्ड ब्राइसन कह कर बुलाता था।

ओल्ड ब्राइसन एक शांत स्वभाव वाला चालीस वर्ष का व्यक्ति था। वह एक कोने में बैठा हुआ एक किताब पढ़ रहा था और जब उसने गिलियन को आते देखा तो उसने लम्बी सांस ली, अपनी किताब नीचे रख दी और अपना चश्मा उतार दिया।
“ओल्ड ब्राइसन, ध्यान से सुनो,’ गिलियन बोला, “मेरे पास तुम्हें सुनाने के लिए एक हास्य-जनक कहानी है।”
“मेरी इच्छा है कि तुम अपनी कहानी बिलियर्ड रूम में किसी को सुनाओ, गिलियन,” ओल्ड ब्राइसन ने कहा।
“यह कहानी उन सामान्य कहानियों से बेहतर है,” गिलियन कागज़ से एक सिगरेट बनाते हुए बोला, “और मैं तुम्हें ही सुनाने जा रहा हूं। यह इतनी दुःखदायी और (साथ में) हास्यजनक है कि खेलते हुए इसे नहीं सुना जा सकता। मैं अभी-अभी अपने चाचा के वकीलों के कार्यालय से आया हूं। मेरे चाचा ने (वसीयत में) मेरे लिए एक हजार डॉलर छोड़े हैं। अब, कोई व्यक्ति केवल एक हजार डॉलरों से संभवतया क्या कर सकता है?”

(Page 19-20)
thought;” ………….. in a ranch.”

Word-meanings : 1. was worth-की हैसियत थी; 2. microbe – जीवाणु; 3. bacillus – जीवाणु; 4. rest-बाकी बचा; 5. doing away—मार डालने के लिए; 6. butler-खानसामा, रसोइया; 7. housekeeper-घर की देखरेख करने वाला; 8. seal ring – मोहर लगाने वाली अंगूठी; 9. fairy godmother – बहुत कृपालु और खुले दिल वाला व्यक्ति; 10. allowance खर्चे के लिए दिया गया पैसा; 11. heir-उत्तराधिकारी, वारिस; 12. frowned-भौंहें टेढ़ीं की; 13. ward-ऐसा व्यक्ति जो किसी के संरक्षण में हो; 14. offensive अपमान करने वाला; 15. art gallery-कला दीर्घा; 16. ambitious – महत्त्वाकांक्षी; 17. moralise-उपदेश देना; 18. gentle laugh-हल्की हंसी; 19. sensible-समझदारी वाली; 20. pendant- (हार की) लटकन; 21. ranch-एक बड़ा फार्म जहां गाएं-भैंसें, भेड़ें, इत्यादि पाले जाते हैं।

अनुवाद- “मैं तो सोचता था,” ओल्ड ब्राइसन बोला, “कि स्वर्गीय सैप्टिमस गिलियन की हैसियत लगभग पांच लाख डॉलरों की थी।” “बिल्कुल थी,” गिलियन ने प्रसन्न स्वर में कहा, “और यहीं वह हास्य-जनक बात आती है। वह अपनी लगभग सारी दौलत को एक जीवाणु के लिए छोड़ गया है। मतलब यह कि उसकी वसीयत का कुछ हिस्सा उसे मिलेगा जो एक नया जीवाणु खोजेगा और बाकी का सारा धन उस अस्पताल को जाएगा जो उस जीवाणु को मारने में समर्थ होगा। खानसामा और घर की देखभाल करने वाले को एक-एक मोहर लगाने वाली अंगूठी और दस डॉलर मिलेंगे। उसके भतीजे को (केवल) एक हज़ार डॉलर मिले हैं।”

“तुम्हारे पास तो हमेशा ही खर्च करने के लिए बहुत सारे पैसे रहे हैं,” ओल्ड ब्राइसन ने कहा।
“हां, हां, कई टन,” गिलियन बोला। “चाचा जी बहुत कृपालु और खुले दिल वाले थे जहां तक खर्चा-पानी देने का सम्बन्ध है।”
“कोई अन्य वारिस?” ओल्ड ब्राइसन ने पूछा।
“कोई भी नहीं,” गिलियन ने भौंहों पर बल डालते कहा और बेचैनी से दीवान को ठोकर लगा दी। “एक मिस हेडन है, मेरे चाचा के संरक्षण में रहने वाली एक लड़की, जो घर में ही रहा करती थी। मैं तुम्हें बताना भूल गया कि उसे भी एक मोहर लगाने वाली अंगूठी और दस डॉलर मिले हैं। कैसी मज़े वाली बात है ! अपमान न करना, ओल्ड ब्राइसन – बताओ कि कोई व्यक्ति एक हजार डॉलर से क्या कर सकता है?”

ओल्ड ब्राइसन ने अपने चश्मे को साफ़ किया और मुस्करा दिया। और जब वह मुस्कराया तो गिलियन को विश्वास हो गया कि वह पहले से भी ज्यादा अपमान-जनक बनने वाला था। “एक हज़ार डॉलर,” उसने कहा, “का अर्थ कम या ज्यादा दोनों ही है। कोई इतनी रकम से एक अच्छासा घर खरीद सकता है। एक हजार डॉलर जून, जुलाई और अगस्त में एक सौ बच्चों के लिए शुद्ध दूध खरीदने में समर्थ होंगे और उनमें से पचास बच्चों के जीवन की रक्षा कर सकेंगे। किसी कला दीर्घा में आप आधे घण्टे का मौज-मज़ा ले सकते हैं। इससे किसी महत्त्वाकांक्षी लड़के को शिक्षा मिल सकेगी। तुम न्यू हैंपशायर के किसी नगर में जाकर रह सकते हो और इतने पैसों में दो साल तक सम्मानपूर्वक रह सकते हो।”

“लोग तुम्हें पसन्द करने लगेंगे अगर तुम उपदेश देना बन्द कर दो। मैंने सिर्फ तुमसे यह बताने के लिए कहा था कि मैं उन एक हजार डॉलर से क्या कर सकता हूं,” गिलियन ने कहा। “तुम?” ओल्ड ब्राइसन ने हल्की हंसी के साथ कहा। “हां तो बॉबी गिलियन, सिर्फ एक ही समझदारी वाला काम है जो तुम कर सकते हो। तुम मिस लौटा लौरियर को हीरों की एक लटकन खरीद कर दे सकते हो और अपना बाकी का समय तुम किसी पशु-फ़ार्म में बिता सकते हो। मैं इसलिए तुम्हें भेड़ों के फ़ार्म की सलाह दे रहा हूं क्योंकि मुझे भेड़ें बिल्कुल अच्छी नहीं लगती।”

(Page 20)
“Thanks,” ………………. he told the driver.

Word-meanings : 1. lump—एकमुश्त; 2. cab-टैक्सी या किराए की कोई अन्य बग्घी; 3. let him in—उसे अन्दर ले आओ; 4. perform-प्रदर्शन करना; 5. cipher-शून्य; 6. saloon-मधुशाला, शराबखाना; 7. curiosity–उत्सुकता; 8. sidewalk —पटरी, फुटपाथ।

अनुवाद- “धन्यवाद,’ गिलियन ने उठते हुए कहा। “मैंने सोचा था कि मैं तुम पर भरोसा कर सकता हूं, ओल्ड ब्राइसन। तुमने मुझे सही सलाह दी है। मैं पैसों को एकमुश्त खर्च करना चाहता था। अब कोई विस्तृत हिसाब-किताब रखने की कोई ज़रूरत नहीं है। मैं वैसा करना सख़्त नापसन्द करता हूं।”

गिलियन ने फोन करके एक टैक्सी बुलवाई और ड्राइवर को कोलंबाइन थियेटर चलने को कहा। मिस लौटा लौरियर शो के लिए लगभग पूरी तरह तैयार थी जब वस्त्र-सज्जा करने वाली स्त्री ने मिस्टर गिलियन के आने की सूचना दी। “उसे अन्दर ले आओ,” मिस लौरियर ने कहा। “अब क्या बात है, बॉबी?” उसने बोर होते हुए कहा। “मैं दो मिनट में प्रदर्शन करने वाली हूं।”

“मैं दो मिनट भी नहीं लूंगा,” गिलियन बोला। “एक लटकन के विषय में तुम्हारा क्या विचार है? मैं तीन शून्यों के पहले एक अंक लगाने जितनी रकम कर सकता “ओह, जैसा तुम कहो। बॉबी, क्या तुमने वह हार देखा था जो उस रात को डैला स्टैसी ने पहना हुआ था? वह दो हज़ार दो सौ डॉलर में आया था,” वह बोली। और वह अपने प्रदर्शन के लिए चली गई। गिलियन टैक्सी की तरफ़ गया। “तुम क्या करते अगर तुम्हारे पास एक हज़ार डॉलर होते?” उसने ड्राइवर से पूछा। “मैं तो एक शराब-घर खोल लेता,” ड्राइवर ने झट से जवाब दिया। “मैं दोनों हाथों से पैसा बनाता। क्या तुम सोच रहे हो

“ओह, नहीं,” गिलियन ने कहा, “मैंने केवल उत्सुकतावश पूछा था। चलो, चलते रहो, जब तक मैं तुम्हें रुकने को न कहूं।”
ब्राडवे पर आठ ब्लाक आगे, गिलियन ने पटरी पर एक अन्धे आदमी को पैंसिलें बेचते हुए देखा। गिलियन टैक्सी में से बाहर निकला ओर उसके सामने खड़ा हो गया।

“क्षमा करना,” उसने कहा, “लेकिन मुझे बताओ कि तुम क्या करते अगर तुम्हारे पास एक हजार डॉलर होते?”
“क्या आप अभी-अभी टैक्सी से उतरे हैं? ज़रा इस पर नजर डालिए, अगर आप – पसन्द करें,” उस अन्धे आदमी ने कहा और अपनी जेब से एक छोटी-सी किताब निकाली। गिलियन ने उसे खोला और पाया कि वह बैंक की एक पास-बुक थी। पास-बुक के अनुसार अन्धे आदमी के खाते में 1785 डालर जमा थे। गिलियन ने पास-बुक वापस की और टैक्सी में बैठ गया। “टॉलमैन एन्ड शार्प, ब्राडवे चलो,” उसने ड्राइवर से कहा।

(Page 21)
“I beg your ……. Tolman & sharp.

Word-meanings : 1. cheerful —प्रसन्नतापूर्ण; 2. slender-दुबली-पतली, छरहरी; 3. postscript-अनुलेख; 4. loosened a bit-थोड़ा नर्म पड़ा; 5. light-heartedly-खुशमिजाज़ी से; 6. bowed-सिर झुकाया। __ अनुवाद- “क्षमा कीजिएगा,” गिलियन ने प्रसन्नतापूर्ण स्वर में कहा, “किन्तु क्या मैं एक प्रश्न पूछ सकता हूं? मुझे आशा है कि आप बुरा नहीं मानेंगे। क्या मिस हेडन को मेरे चाचा जी की वसीयत में अंगूठी और दस डॉलर के अलावा भी कुछ मिला था?”

“नहीं, कुछ नहीं,” मिस्टर टॉलमैन ने कहा। “आपका बहुत-बहुत धन्यवाद है, श्रीमान,” गिलियन ने कहा और बाहर निकल कर टैक्सी में बैठ गया।
जब गिलियन अपने चाचा के घर पहुंचा तो मिस हेडन लाइब्रेरी में बैठकर पत्र लिख रही थी। वह छोटे कद की दुबली-पतली स्त्री थी और उसने (शोक-सूचक) काले वस्त्र पहने हुए थे। “मैं अभी-अभी टॉलमैन के कार्यालय से आया हूं,” उसने कहा। “उन्हें वसीयत में हस्ताक्षरों के बाद लिखा हुआ एक सन्देश मिला है। ऐसा लगता है कि चाचा जी दुबारा सोच-विचार करने के बाद थोड़े नर्म पड़े और आपके नाम एक हज़ार डॉलर की . वसीयत और कर दी। क्योंकि मैं इधर से गुजर रहा था, टॉलमैन ने मुझे वह पैसे आपको देने को कहा।

यह रहे पैसे।” गिलियन ने पैसे मेज़ पर रख दिए। मिस हेडन सफ़ेद पड़ गई। “ओह! मुझे अफ़सोस है,” पैसे उठाते हुए मिस हेडन ने कहा। “मुझे अफ़सोस है,” उसने दुबारा कहा। “क्या इसका कोई फायदा नहीं है?” गिलियन ने लगभग खुशमिजाजी से कहा। “क्या मैं एक नोट लिख सकता हूं?” गिलियन ने एक मुस्कराहट के साथ पूछा। मिस हेडन ने उसे एक पन्ना दिया और फिर से अपने काम में व्यस्त हो गई। गिलियन ने अपने एक हजार डॉलर के खर्च के ब्यौरे के तौर पर यह शब्द लिख दिए“अपने परिवार के एक कलंक, रॉबर्ट गिलियन, द्वारा एक हजार डॉलर, अमर प्रसन्नता के लिए पृथ्वी की सर्वोत्तम और प्रियतम् स्त्री को दिए गए।” गिलियन ने अपने लिखे को एक लिफ़ाफ़े में सरकाया, सिर झुकाया और अपने रास्ते चला गया। – उसकी टैक्सी टॉलमैन एण्ड शार्प के कार्यालय पर रुकी।

(Page 21-22)

“I have spent ………………… room whistling.

Word-meanings : 1. slipped-सरकाया; 2. tossed-उछाल दिया, फेंका; 3. bequest-उत्तराधिकार में मिला; 4. gist-सारांश; 5. examine-जांच करना; 6. in regard to-के सम्बन्ध में; 7. bother -परेशान करना; 8. disgust-विरुचि, घृणा।

अनुवाद- “मैंने एक हजार डॉलर खर्च कर दिए हैं,” उसने प्रसन्नतापूर्ण स्वर में मिस्टर टॉलमैन से कहा, “और मैं आप को हिसाब देने आया हूं।” उसने लिफ़ाफे को मेज़ पर फेंक दिया। लिफ़ाफे को छुए बिना मिस्टर टॉलमैन दरवाज़े की तरफ़ गया और उसने साझीदार, शार्प, को बुलाया। दोनों आपस में किसी चीज़ के बारे में विचार-विमर्श करते रहे। अन्त में मिस्टर टॉलमैन ने कहा, “मिस्टर गिलियन, आप के चाचा ने एक और लिफ़ाफा भी रखवाया था जिसे आपको उत्तराधिकार में मिले एक हज़ार डॉलर के खर्च का आप के द्वारा हिसाब दे दिए जाने के बाद खोलने का निर्देश दिया गया था।

क्योंकि आप ने हिसाब दे दिया है, मेरे साझीदार और मैंने उस लिफ़ाफ़े में लिखे हुए को पढ़ लिया है। हम आप को विस्तार में नहीं बताएंगे। परन्तु उसका सारांश यह है कि अगर आपने वे एक हजार डॉलर अक्लमंदी से खर्च किए हैं तो हमें आपके लिए रखे गए पांच हज़ार डॉलर की रकम को आप को दे देने का अधिकार है। परन्तु यदि आपने उस रकम को उसी तरह खर्च किया है जिस तरह आप अतीत में करते थे तो वे पांच हजार डॉलर मिरियम हेडन, स्वर्गीय मिस्टर गिलियन के संरक्षण में पलने वाली वह लड़की, को दे दिए जाएंगे।

अब, मिस्टर गिलियन, अब हम उन हजार डॉलर के खर्चे के हिसाब की जांच करेंगे।” मिस्टर टॉलमैन ने अपना हाथ उस लिफ़ाफे की तरफ़ बढ़ाया। गिलियन ने उससे भी ज्यादा तेज़ी दिखाकर लिफ़ाफे को उठा लिया। उसने उस हिसाब को तथा लिफ़ाफ़े को फाड़ डाला और उन चिंदियों को अपनी जेब में डाल लिया। “कोई बात नहीं,” उसने मुस्करा कर कहा, “आप को इसके द्वारा परेशान होने की कोई ज़रूरत नहीं है। कुछ भी हो, मैं उन एक हज़ार डॉलरों को घुड़दौड़ में गंवा चुका हूं। नमस्कार, सज्जनो।” टॉलमैन तथा शार्प ने घृणा में अपने सिर हिलाए और एक-दूसरे की तरफ़ देखा, और उन्होंने गिलियन को सीटी बजाते हुए कमरे से बाहर जाते हुआ सुना।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Literature Book Chapter 2 Half A Rupee Worth Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Literature Book Chapter 2 Half A Rupee Worth

Question 1.
How did Subbiah manage to get rice during the drought ?
Answer:
During the drought, Subbiah would go round the countryside and collect as much rice as he could. He would sell it at a very high rate and earn huge profits.

सूखे के दौरान सुब्बिया चावल प्राप्त करने के लिए ग्रामीण प्रदेश का चक्कर काटता और जितने चावल सम्भव हो सकता, इकट्ठे कर लेता। इन्हें वह बहुत ऊंचे दामों पर बेच देता और ऊंचे मुनाफ़े कमाता।

Question 2.
Those were the days when Subbiah loathed the rice bags.’ Which were those days ? Why did he dislike the rice then ?
Answer:
Subbiah was then a young boy. Like other boys, he longed to go and enjoy life in the open. But his father would not allow him to leave the shop. Naturally, Subbiah loathed the rice bags.

सुब्बिया तब एक छोटा लड़का हुआ करता था। दूसरे लड़कों की तरह वह खुले में जा कर जीवन का आनन्द लेना चाहता था। परन्तु उसका पिता उसे दुकान छोड़ने नहीं देता था। स्वाभाविक रूप से सुब्बिया चावलों की बोरियों से घृणा करता था।

Question 3.
What is the meaning of the statement ‘Rice was in his blood.’ ?
Answer:
Subbiah had spent all his days with his father in his rice shop. Thus he knew all about rice, and the rice business. It could be said that rice was in his blood.

सुब्बिया ने अपने सब दिन अपने पिता के साथ उसकी चावलों की दुकान में बिताए थे। इस प्रकार वह चावलों और चावलों के व्यापार के बारे में सब कुछ जानता था। ऐसा कहा जा सकता था कि चावल उसके खून में था।

Question 4.
How did Subbiah’s profits increase during the war ? Did he follow the rules laid down by the government ? How did he tackle the officers ? Answer:
During the war, there was a scarcity of rice. Subbiah sold his stock at very high rate and made big profit. He followed the rules only on paper, not in practice. He bribed the officers who came to check his stock and accounts.

युद्ध के दौरान चावलों की बहुत कमी हो गई। सुब्बिया अपने भण्डार बहुत ऊंचे भाव पर बेचता और भारी लाभ कमाता। वह केवल कागजों पर ही नियमों का पालन करता, असल में नहीं। जो अफ़सर उसका भण्डार या लेखा जांचने आते, वह उन्हें रिश्वत दे देता।

Question 5.
Besides selling rice, what else did Subbiah do to earn more ?
Answer:
Subbiah lent money at very high rates of interest. If people failed to pay back his money, he would acquire their houses. Thus he earned more and more money.

सुब्बिया ब्याज की बहुत ऊंची दरं पर पैसा उधार देता। यदि लोग उसका पैसा वापस न कर पाते तो वह उनके मकानों पर कब्जा कर लेता। इस प्रकार वह अधिकाधिक धन कमाता गया।

Question 6.
Who came to buy rice one evening when Subbiah was about to go home ? Did he give rice to him ? What did he say
Answer:
A person came to buy some rice. Subbiah refused to give him any. He said that he had some other business. But then he agreed to give the rice, but only half a seer for eight annas.

एक व्यक्ति कुछ चावल खरीदने आया। सुब्बिया ने उसे चावल देने से इन्कार कर दिया। उसने कहा कि उसे कोई अन्य काम था। परन्तु फिर वह उसे चावल देने के लिए सहमत हो गया किन्तु आठ आने में केवल आधा सेर।

Question 7.
How much rice did Subbiah agree to sell the man and for how much ?
Answer:
Subbiah agreed to sell him half a seer of rice for half a rupee.

सुब्बिया उसे आधा सेर चावल आठ आने में बेचने को सहमत हो गया।

Question 8.
Why did Subbiah ask the man to wait ? What reasons did he give ?
Answer:
Subbiah did not want anyone to know about his secret godown. So, he asked the man to wait. He said that he would have to go and bring rice from some other man.

सुब्बिया नहीं चाहता था कि उसके गुप्त गोदाम के बारे में किसी दूसरे को पता चले। इसलिए उसने उस आदमी को इन्तजार करने को कहा। उसने उससे कहा कि उसे किसी अन्य व्यक्ति के पास जा कर चावल लाने होंगे।

Question 9.
Where did Subbiah go to get the rice ?
Answer:
He went to his secret godown to get the rice. This godown was situated in a back street.

वह चावल लेने के लिए अपने गुप्त गोदाम में गया। यह गोदाम एक पिछली गली में स्थित था।

Question 10.
Did the man wait for Subbiah for long ? How.do you know ?
Answer:
Yes, the man waited for a very long time. He came in the evening and waited till morning. Then he went to Subbiah’s wife who took him to the godown.

हां, उस आदमी ने बहुत लम्बे समय तक प्रतीक्षा की। वह सायंकाल आया और प्रातः तक प्रतीक्षा करता रहा। फिर वह सुब्बिया की पत्नी के पास गया जो उसे गोदाम पर ले गई।

Question 11.
Where did the man go after waiting for Subbiah for a long time ? Where was he taken and by whom ?
Answer:
The man went to Subbiah’s home. There he asked Subbiah’s wife about him. The wife took the man to Subbiah’s godown.

हवह आदमी सुब्बिया के घर गया। वहां उसने सुब्बिया की पत्नी से उसके बारे में पूछा। पत्नी उसे सुब्बिया के गोदाम पर ले गई।

Question 12.
How did Subbiah die ?
Answer:
Subbiah tried to take out some rice from a heap of bags. While he was doing so, the bags fell on him. He was buried under the bags and killed.

सुब्बिया ने बोरों के एक ढेर में से कुछ चावल निकालने का यत्न किया। जब वह ऐसा कर रहा था तो बोरे उसके ऊपर आ गिरे। वह बोरों के नीचे दब गया और मारा गया।

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Subbiah was a rice merchant. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Subbiah had …………….. children.
(i) two
(ii) three
(iii) four
(iv) five.
Answer:
(iv) five.

Question 3.
Where did Subbiah’s wife take the man ?
Answer:
She took the man to the secret godown

Question 4.
Subbiah died in a road accident. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Subbiah’s profit ………… during the war.
(i) increased
(ii) decreased
(iii) went down
(iv) did not change.
Answer:
(i) increased

Question 6.
Subbiah was buried under the bags and died. (True/False)
Question
True

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the story, ‘Half a Rupee Worth?
Answer:
R.K. Narayan.

Question 2.
Who was Subbiah ?
Answer:
A rich merchant.

Question 3.
What sort of a man was Subbiah ?
Answer:
A shrewd businessman.

Question 4.
Where had Subbiah spent all his days ?
Answer:
With his father in rice shop.

Question 5.
For how much did Subbiah agree to sell half a seer of rice ?
Answer:
For half a rupee.

Question 6.
What was the government rate of rice at that time ?
Answer:
Three seers of rice for a rupee.

Question 7.
What did Subbiah’s wife have to tell the people when Subbiah did not return by the next morning even ?
Answer:
She had to tell them about their secret godown also.

Question 8.
Where was Subbiah’s secret godown situated ?
Answer:
In a back street adjoining Subbiah’s house.

Question 9.
How was the main door of the secret godown opened by the people ?
Answer:
They first broke open the front ventilator and then a boy slipped through it to open the main door.

Question 10.
Where did they find Subbiah eventually ?
Answer:
He lay buried under a heap of rice bags.

Complete the following :

1. Subbiah kept ………………… prized cows and buffaloes.
2. Subbiah owned ………………… acres of land.
3. During the war, there was a …………….. of rice.
4. Subbiah …………… all about rice and the rice business.
5. To earn more, he lent money at ……………….. of interest.
6. When Subbiah died, there was ………. in his hand.
Hints :
1. five
2. thirty
3. scarcity
4. knew
5. a very high rate
6. a half-rupee coin.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Subbiah loathed the rice bags in his boyhood.
Answer:
True

2. Subbiah’s profits increased during the war.
Answer:
True

3. Subbiah followed the rules only on paper.
Answer:
True

4. When Subbiah’s father died, he took over his father’s business.
Answer:
True

5. Subbiah’s wife did not know about his secret godown.
Answer:
False.

6. Besides selling rice, Subbiah used to sell and buy lands also.
Answer:
False.

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
‘Boys should be horsewhipped if they are not to become brigands.’ Who practised this theory of child training ?
(a) Subbiah.
(b) Subbiah’s father.
(c) Subbiah’s son.
(d) Subbiah’s mother.
Answer:
(b) Subbiah’s father.

Question 2.
Subbiah would bribe the government officials and thus
(a) sell the rice to the ration depot.
(b) buy the rice from the ration depot.
(c) sell the rice in the black market.
(d) buy the rice from the black market.
Answer:
(c) sell the rice in the black market.

Question 3.
When the man had waited for Subbiah for three hours, …………
(a) he went to Subbiah’s godown.
(b) he called at Subbiah’s house.
(c) he went back to his house.
(d) none of these three.
Answer:
(b) he called at Subbiah’s house.

Question 4.
…………………. became very anxious when Subbiah did not return by six next morning.
(a) Subbiah’s mother
(b) Subbiah’s father
(c) Subbiah’s wife
(d) Subbiah’s children.
Answer:
(c) Subbiah’s wife

Half A Rupee Worth Summary & Translation in English

Half A Rupee Worth Introduction:
This is the story of a rich rice merchant, Subbiah. In his shop, there were all varieties of rice. Subbiah was a very shrewd businessman. He survived all ups and downs of his trade. He had five children. He provided them good education. His house was quite big and his wife had a lot of gold ornaments. He would lend money to people on high rates of interest.

And if people failed to pay back the money, he would acquire their houses. During the War, his profits piled up. But after the War, the government introduced price and food control. But Subbiah also found solution to this problem. He would bribe the government officials and thus sell the rice in the black market. At his shop, he would measure short and thus save a considerable quantity of rice.

He converted one of his houses into a big godown. He would sell his rice to his known customers only. One evening as he had just closed his shop, a person came to him. He requested him to give him rice worth half a rupee. At first Subbiah refused. But after much request, Subbiah agreed to give him only half a seer of rice although the government rate was three seers for a rupee. He took the coin from the man and told him to wait there. The man waited for Subbiah for three hours but he did not come.

He called at Subbiah’s house. Subbiah’s wife opened the door. She became very anxious when Subbiah did not come by six next morning. Now Subbiah was looked for in his godown. They saw his dead body under the fallen bags of rice. There was a half-rupee coin in his hand.

Half A Rupee Worth Summary & Translation in Hindi

Half A Rupee Worth Introduction:
यह एक धनी चावल व्यापारी सुब्बिया की कहानी है। उसकी दुकान में सभी प्रकार के चावल थे। सुब्बिया एक चतुर व्यापारी था। वह व्यापार के सभी उतार-चढ़ावों के बावजूद कायम रहा था। उसके पांच बच्चे थे। उसने उन्हें अच्छी शिक्षा दिलवाई। उसका घर काफी बड़ा था और उसकी पत्नी के पास सोने के बहुत से गहने थे। वह लोगों को ब्याज की ऊंची दरों पर पैसे उधार दिया करता था। यदि लोग उसके पैसे वापस करने में असफल रहते तो वह उनके घरों पर कब्जा कर लेता। विश्व युद्ध के दौरान उसके मुनाफे बहुत बढ़ गए।

परन्तु युद्ध के बाद सरकार ने ‘मूल्य और भोजन पर नियन्त्रण कानून’ लागू कर दिया। परन्तु सुब्बिया ने इस समस्या का भी समाधान खोज लिया। वह सरकारी अफसरों को रिश्वत दिया करता और चावलों की कालाबाजारी किया करता। अपनी दुकान पर वह कम तौला करता और इस प्रकार काफी मात्रा में चावल बचा लिया करता। उसने अपने मकानों में एक को बड़े गोदाम में बदल दिया। वह अपने चावलों को केवल जान-पहचान वाले ग्राहकों को ही बेचा करता। एक शाम जब उसने अपनी दुकान को अभी बन्द किया ही था कि एक व्यक्ति उसके पास आया।

उसने उससे आठ आने के चावल देने का अनुरोध किया। पहले तो सुब्बिया ने मना कर दिया। परन्तु काफी मिन्नत के बाद सुब्बिया उसे केवल आधा सेर चावल देने को सहमत हो गया जबकि सरकारी भाव एक रुपये में तीन सेर था। उसने उस आदमी से अठन्नी ली और उसे वहीं इन्तजार करने के लिए कहा। वह आदमी तीन घण्टे तक सुब्बिया का इन्तजार करता रहा, परन्तु वह नहीं आया। वह सुब्बिया के घर पर गया। सुब्बिया की पत्नी ने दरवाज़ा खोला। वह बहुत चिन्तित हो गई जब सुब्बिया अगली सुबह छः बजे तक भी नहीं आया। अब सुब्बिया को उसके गोदाम में तलाश किया गया। उसका मृत शरीर चावलों की बोरियों के नीचे दबा पड़ा था। उसके हाथ में एक अठन्नी थी।

Half A Rupee Worth Summary & Translation in Hindi:

(Page 11-12)
Subbiah sold rice ………………. Business prospered.

Word-meanings : 1. heaped-ढेर लगे हुए; 2. wicker basket-बाँस की टोकरी; 3. varieties-किस्में; 4. coarse-मोटा, सस्ता; 5. jasmine-चमेली; 6. slender-छरहरा, पतला, 7. stuffy-दम घोंटने वाला; 8. gunny sack-बोरा; 9. husk-भूसी, 10. flourish-फलना-फूलना; 11. drought-सूखा, अनावृष्टि; 12. scour-छान डालना; 13. harvest-फ़सल; 14. depressionनीचे जाना, अवनति होना; 15. survive-बच जाना, जीवित रहना; 16. apprentice-किसी काम को सीखने वाला, प्रशिक्षु; 17. loathe-घृणा करना, 18. more or less-लगभग, मानो; 19. horsewhipped-घोड़ों की तरह चाबुक से पीटे जाएं; 20. brigand-डाकू, बदमाश; 21. steadfastness-दृढ़ता, स्थिरता; 22. slid in-की जगह ले ली; 23.prosper-फलना-फूलना।

अनुवाद- सुब्बिया बाज़ार के गेट पर चावल बेचता था। उसकी दुकान में आप को बांस के टोकरों में ढेर लगी हुई सभी किस्में मिल सकती थीं। कंकड़ों से भरे मोटे चावल से लेकर दिल्ली संबा (एक बढ़िया किस्म) तक, जिसके दाने चमेली जैसे सफ़ेद और सुई जैसे पतले होते थे। उसकी दुकान दमघोंटू और अन्धेरी थी परन्तु वह दुकान की हर चीज़ को पसन्द करता। उसे बोरों, चावलों और भूसी की गंध बहुत अच्छी लगती थी। अच्छे और बुरे, सभी दिनों में वह फलता-फूलता रहा।

ऐसे भी सूखे के दिन आए जब धान की फ़सल नहीं हई और चावल-मिलें खामोश रहीं और जब लोगों की आंखें खोखली दिखती थीं और वे अधमरे दिखते थे। परन्तु उन दिनों में भी वह अपनी दुकान कभी बन्द नहीं करता था। यदि उसे बीस टोकरों जितना माल न मिलता तो वह आसपास का सारा क्षेत्र छान डालता और कम से कम दो टोकरे भर लेता और उन्हें बेच देता। ऐसे समय भी आए जब फसल इतनी भरपूर हुई कि वह उस अनाज का एक चौथाई भी स्वीकार न कर पाता जो उसे खरीदने के लिए प्रस्तुत किया जाता और तब चावल बेचना बेवकूफी वाला व्यापार समझा जाता। अगर आप दिन-रात लगा कर चावल बेचें तो आपको पचास रुपये का मुनाफा भी होने की कोई आशा नहीं होती। ऐसे समय को वे लोग ‘कारोबार की अवनति’ कहते हैं।

परन्तु सुब्बिया सभी उतार-चढ़ावों के बावजूद कायम रहा। चावल उसके खून में था। अपने पिता के शासन (जब वह दुकान का मालिक हुआ करता था) में सुब्बिया एक अवैतनिक प्रशिक्षु के रूप में दुकान पर बैठता था। वह ऐसे दिन थे जब सुब्बिया चावल के बोरों को घृणा की दृष्टि से देखता था। वह भीड़ से भरी सड़कों, सिनेमाघरों, फुटबाल के मैचों और कुश्ती की प्रतियोगिताओं के लिए लालायित रहता था जिन्हें वह भीड़-भरी दुकान के दरवाजे में से देखा करता था। परन्तु उसका पिता मानो उसे दुकान के साथ जंजीर से बांध कर रखता और उसकी बाहर की रुचियों को हतोत्साहित करता था। “लड़कों को घोड़ों की तरह चाबुक से मारना चाहिए यदि हम नहीं चाहते कि वे डाकू या बदमाश बनें।” वह शिशु-शिक्षा के इस सिद्धान्त पर इतनी दृढ़ता से पालन करता था कि समय बीतने पर उसी छोटे-से व्यक्ति को चावल और बाजार के सिवाय कुछ दिखाई नहीं देता था। जब उसके पिता की मृत्यु हुई, तो उसने काम को इतनी अच्छी तरह संभाल लिया कि किसी को कोई फर्क नहीं दिखा। ज्यादातर लोगों को लगता कि वह बूढ़ा अभी भी वहीं था और नकदी की गिनती कर रहा था। व्यापार फलता-फूलता गया।

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Subbiah kept we ………… mess of things.

Word-meanings : 1. prized—कीमती; 2: round-गोल-मटोल; 3. owned का मालिक था; 4. survey-देखना; 5. intact-साबुत, ठीक-ठाक; 6. exorbitant-बहुत ऊंचे; 7. acquired—कब्जे में ले लेता था; 8. swollen with money-बहुत धनवान हो गया; 9. brocaded-ज़री से युक्त, 10. draped-वस्त्रों से सज्जित; 11. gaudy-भड़कीली; 12. gilt-जिस पर मुलम्मे का काम हुआ हो, सुनहरा; 13. shove-धकेलना; 14. eternity-अनंत काल तक; 15. shock–सदमा, धक्का ; 16. piled up-ढेर लगाते गए; 17. flocked-भीड़ लगा कर आते थे; 18. beneficial-लाभ देने वाली; 19. hoax-नकली, कृत्रिम, झांसा; 20. make a mess-अव्यवस्थित करना।

अनुवाद- सुब्बिया के पास पांच अमूल्य गाएं और भैंसें थीं जिनका दूध, दही और मक्खन वह, उसकी पत्नी और उसके पांच बच्चे दिन-रात खाते थे जिसके कारण से वे सब गोल-मटोल और गुब्बारे की तरह हो गए। नजदीक के गांव में उसके पास 30 एकड़ जमीन थी और वह अपनी सम्पत्तियों को देखने और यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए, कि वे ठीक-ठाक थीं, महीने में एक बार वहां जाया करता था। वह ब्याज की बहुत ऊंची दर पर पैसे उधार दिया करता था और यदि लोग पैसे वापस करने में असफल रहते तो वह उनके घरों पर कब्ज़ा कर लिया करता था। वह बहुत धनवान हो गया। वह अपने बच्चों को स्कूल भेजता था और उन्हें ज़री की टोपियां और मखमल के कोट खरीद कर देता था और घर में पढ़ाने वाले एक अध्यापक को पैसे देता था ताकि वह हाल में एक दिए की रोशनी में बैठकर पाठों को अपनी सबसे ऊंची आवाज में चिल्ला-चिल्ला कर बोले।

उसने अपनी पत्नी को गहनों से लाद दिया और उसे बनारसी रेशम की भड़कीली साड़ियां पहनने को दी, उसने अपने मकान में दो और मंजिलें और कई हाल-कमरे बढ़ा लिए और सभी दीवारों पर गहरे नीले रंग का पेंट करवा लिया और उन को सुनहरी फ्रेमों वाले देवताओं के सैंकड़ों चित्रों से ढक दिया। सारा दिन वह अपनी लोहे की अलमारी के पास बैठा रहता और उसमें पैसे धकेलता रहता, साथ ही अपने सहायकों को बोरों में चावल नापते हुए गौर से देखता रहता; वह एक संतोषजनक जीवन बिता रहा था। कोई कारण नहीं दिखाई देता था कि यह सब अनंत काल तक न चलता रहे – वही गतिविधियां और काम धन्धे चलते रहें और उसका एक. या दूसरा बेटा उसी की आकृति ग्रहण करे और परिवार के व्यापार को आगे बढ़ाए। यह सब कुछ शायद चलता रहता यदि युद्ध न शुरू हो जाता। शुरू-शुरू में तो ऐसा लगा मानो सभ्यता का अन्त आ गया हो, किन्तु पहले सदमे के बाद कुछ भी हो, वह इतना बुरा भी सिद्ध नहीं हुआ।

उसके मुनाफ़े इस तरह बढ़ते चले गए जैसे पहले कभी भी नहीं बढ़े थे। मैगोन और बर्मा ने चावल भेजना बन्द कर दिया और उसका अर्थ यह था कि उस स्टॉक, जो उसके पास था, का मूल्य अपने वजन के सोने के मूल्य के बराबर हो गया था। लोग हर समय झुंडों में उसकी दुकान पर आने लगे। उसने साथ लगता एक बड़ा मकान गोदाम के रूप में इस्तेमाल करने के लिए खरीद लिया, और फिर उससे आगे वाला, फिर उससे आगे वाला भी, और उसके बाद उसने एक दर्जन अन्य गांव खरीद लिए। कुल मिलाकर, ऐसा लगता था कि युद्ध एक बहुत लाभकारी शक्ति था जब तक कि ‘मूल्य तथा भोजन नियन्त्रण कानून’ नहीं लागू हो गया। अपने जीवन में पहली बार वह चिंतित हो गया। वह नहीं समझ पा रहा था कि किसी भी व्यक्ति को यह अधिकार कैसे था कि वह बताए कि सुब्बिया को क्या बेचना चाहिए और किस दर पर। उसे खुशी महसूस हुई जब उसने किसी को कहते सुना, ‘खाद्य विभाग एक झांसा ही है। सरकार सब चीज़ों में अव्यवस्था पैदा कर रही है।’

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He soon found ………….. on these things nowadays.

Word-meanings : 1. survive-बचे रहना; 2. garb—वेश, वस्त्र; 3. groan-कराहना; 4. surrender-त्याग देना, समर्पित करना; 5. peasants-किसान; 6. atrocious-नृशंस, भद्दी; 7. outward—बाहर दिखती हुई; 8. screen-सुरक्षित कर लेना; 9. prying eyes-खोज-बीन करने वाली नज़रें; 10. boon-वरदान; 11. appreciation-प्रशंसा, सम्मान; 12. gradually-धीरे-धीरे; 13. deft-दक्ष, निपुण; 14. accumulate-इकट्ठा होना; इकट्ठा करना; 15. vast—विशाल; 16. rags चिथड़े; 17. count on—पर भरोसा करना।

अनुवाद- जल्दी ही उसे पता लग गया कि एक नए वेश में वह अभी भी बचा रह सकता था। अधिकारियों के सामने गिड़गिड़ा कर, और लोगों से मिलकर, और कई तरह के फार्म भर कर शीघ्र ही उसे अपने व्यापार को ‘उचित मूल्य का खाद्यान्न डिपो’ के रूप में जारी रखने की आज्ञा मिल गई। वह अप्रसन्नता से कराह उठा जब उसे पता चला कि उसे अपना वह सारा चावल, जो उसके मज़दूर-किसान उसके गांव के खेतों में उगाते थे, त्याग देना होगा। वह सारा मामला उसे बहुत निर्दयतापूर्ण लगा। “वे मेरी फ़सल की कीमत तय करेंगे ! वे मुझे उस चीज़ को लेने की आज्ञा देंगे जो मैं स्वयं उगाता हूं !” परन्तु उसने उस स्थिति को बिना किसी बाहरी विरोध के स्वीकार कर लिया।

उसे नींद बहुत कम आने लगी और उसे भोजन से अरुचि हो गई। अंधेरी रातों में पूरे वक्त वह अपनी इस समस्या के विषय में सोचता रहता। अंत में उसे एक हल सूझ गया। वह ऊंचे स्वर में स्वयं से बोला, “अभी भी खेतों में मेरे पास चावल हैं और अभी भी मेरे गोदाम में बोरे पड़े हैं, आखिर सरकार क्या चाहती है ? कागज़ों में चीजें व्यवस्थित रूप में हों ? उन्हें यह अवश्य मिलेगा।’ उसने वह सारा चावल रख लिया जो वह बेचना तथा अपने निजी प्रयोग के लिए चाहता था परन्तु छिपा कर और बिना काग़ज़ों में दिखाए।

उसे उन लोगों को बहुत सारे पैसे देने पड़े जो उसके खातों और स्टॉक का निरीक्षण करने के लिए आते थे। यदि उसे किसी ऐसे अवसर पर दस रुपये का एक नोट देना पड़ जाता तो उसका अर्थ यह होता था कि उसने उन छानबीन करने वाली आंखों से एक हज़ार रुपये का अनाज छिपा लिया था। जब उसने इस सब पर विचार किया तो उसकी समझ में आ गया कि वे सारे नियन्त्रण वास्तव में वरदान थे। हफ़्ते में एक बार वह कुछ आने दान करने लगा और अपने मामलों में ईश्वर द्वारा रुचि लेने के सम्मान में वह मन्दिर में हर शुक्रवार को एक नारियल फोड़ने लगा। धीरे-धीरे, तजुर्बा होने पर, वह अपनी स्थिति का मालिक बन गया। अपने डिपो पर वह निपुण हाथों से चावल इस प्रकार तौलता था कि दिन के अन्त में चावलों की काफ़ी सारी मात्रा इकट्ठी हो जाती थी जो किसी की भी नहीं होती थी और उसके बाद वह देर लगाता और इस प्रकार से दुकान को खोलता, बन्द करता, और फिर से खोल देता कि लोगों को कई बार उसके पास आना पड़ता, इससे पहले कि वे उससे कुछ भी चावल ले सकें : जब उनके पास पैसे होते तो उसके पास स्टॉक न होता, अथवा जब उसके पास चावल होते तो उनके पास (खरीदने के लिए) पैसे न होते।

यह सब कर के वह हर हफ्ते चावल की एक विशाल मात्रा बचा लेता, और फिर गांव की उसकी फ़सल का एक छोटा-सा अंश ही खाद्यान्न विभाग में पहुंचता। बहुत कम समय में ही उसने पिछली गली में स्थित अपने एक मकान को गोदाम में बदल लिया और वहां फर्श से ले कर छत तक चावलों के बोरे एक के ऊपर एक करके रख दिए। (लोगों की नजरों में) वह रद्दी कागज़ों और चिथड़ों का एक स्टोर था जिन्हें वह कागज़ के कारखाने के लिए जमा किया करता था।

वह हमेशा अपने चावल को छोटी मात्राओं में और अपने परिचित ग्राहकों को ही बेचता था। वह उनसे पैसे पेशगी ले लेता था और उन्हें बाद में आने को कहता था। वह हमेशा एक सन्देह वाली बात भी उछाल दिया करता था, ‘एक आदमी था तो सही, जिसके पास थोड़े-से चावल थे। मुझे नहीं पता कि अभी भी उसके पास हैं या नहीं। चलो कोई बात नहीं, पैसे मेरे पास छोड़ जाओ।’ कभी-कभी वह पैसों को यह कहते हुए वापस कर देता, ‘मुझे अफ़सोस है कि चावल मिल नहीं पाए। उस आदमी ने कहा तो था कि उसके पास थे, पर तुमको पता ही है कि आजकल हम इन चीज़ों पर कभी भी भरोसा नहीं कर सकते।

(Page 14)
One evening ………. know will demand.

Word-meanings :
1. halted-रुका; 2. starving-भूखे मर रहे हैं; 3. exhausted—समाप्त हो गया था, वैध नहीं रहा था; 4. empty-handed-खाली हाथ; 5. seer-सेर (तौल की पुरानी इकाई); 6. contempt-तिरस्कार; 7. nonsense-मूर्खता की बात; 8. enraged-अत्यन्त क्रोधित; 9. perhaps-शायद।

अनुवाद- एक दिन शाम के वक्त जैसे ही उसने दुकान बन्द की और चाबी को जेब में रख कर चलने वाला था, एक व्यक्ति उसके सामने आकर रुका और बोला ‘ओह ! दुकान बन्द हो चुकी है। चलो, मेरी किस्मत ही ऐसी थी।’ ‘मुझे एक अन्य ज़रूरी काम है, मेरे पास रुकने और बातें करने के लिए कोई वक्त नहीं है,’ सुब्बिया ने कहा। वह उस व्यक्ति के पास से हो कर चल दिया। दूसरा व्यक्ति उसके पीछे-पीछे चलने लगा। उसने सुब्बिया को बांह से पकड़ा और चिल्लाया, ‘तुम्हें दुकान खोलनी होगी और मुझे चावल देने होंगे। मैं तुम्हें जाने नहीं दे सकता।’ सुब्बिया सोच में पड़ गया। वह व्यक्ति फिर बोल उठा, ‘मेरे दो बच्चे भोजन के लिए रो रहे हैं। वे और मेरी बूढ़ी मां भूख से मरे जा रहे हैं।

मेरा राशन कार्ड तीन दिन पहले खत्म हो गया था। मैं उन्हें उस हालत में और नहीं देख सकता। ‘कृपा करके किसी भी तरह मुझे थोड़े-से चावल दे दो। मैं पूरे शहर में बार-बार चक्कर काटता रहा हूं, किन्तु मुझे कहीं से एक दाना भी नहीं मिल सका। घर पर वे सोच रहे होंगे कि मैं कुछ न कुछ लेकर लौटूंगा। यह तो ईश्वर ही जानता है कि वे क्या करेंगे जब वे मुझे खाली हाथ लौटते हुए देखेंगे।’
‘तुम्हें कितने चावल चाहिएं ?’ ‘मुझे एक सेर दे दो। घर में मुझे छः व्यक्तियों को खिलाना है।’

‘तुम्हारे पास कितने पैसे हैं ?’ दूसरे व्यक्ति ने अठन्नी (आधा रुपया) का सिक्का सामने दिखाया। सुब्बिया ने सिक्के को तिरस्कार से देखा। तुम आशा करते हो कि इतने पैसों में तुम्हें एक सेर चावल मिल जाएंगे ?’ ‘किन्तु चावल तो एक रुपये में तीन सेर मिलते हैं, हैं कि नहीं ?’ ‘यह सब बातें अब मत करो। तुम भूखे ही मर जाओगे अगर तुम नियंत्रित मूल्य और इसी प्रकार की मूर्खता भरी बातें करते रहोगे।’ उसे बहुत गुस्सा आ गया। ‘यदि तुम्हारे पास आठ आने और भी हैं तो शायद तुम्हें एक सेर चावल मिल जाएंगे,’ सुब्बिया ने कहा। – दूसरे व्यक्ति ने ‘न’ में सिर हिलाया और कहा, “इस समय महीने के आखिरी दिन चल रहे हैं, देखो, मेरे पास इतने ही पैसे हैं।’ ‘तुम्हें केवल आधा सेर चावल मिल पाएंगे। यही वह मूल्य है जो वह आदमी, जिसे मैं जानता हूं, मांगेगा।’

(Page 15)
All right; ………… fallen bags.

Word-meanings : 1. suspicious-शक करने वाला; 2. had gone by-बीत चुके थे; 3. deepened-गहरा चुकी थी, काफ़ी बीत चुकी थी; 4. pretend-बहाना बनाना, दिखावा करना; 5. wander-भटकना; 6. anxious-चिंतित, 7. nervous-घबरा जाना, अधीर हो जाना; 8. whereaboutsपता-ठिकाना; 9. bylanes-छोटी गलियां, 10. bolted—(काबले से) बंद था; 11. ventilator-रोशनदान; 12. a little off-थोड़ी ही दूर; 13. stick out-निकला हुआ दिखाई दे रहा था।

अनुवाद- ‘चलो ठीक है,’ दूसरे व्यक्ति ने कहा, ‘कुछ न होने से तो बेहतर होगा।’ ‘मुझे वह सिक्का दो,’ सब्बिया ने कहा। उसने सिक्का पकड़े रखा। ‘मेरे पीछे मत आओ, वह व्यक्ति बहत शक्की है। वह उसी पल ‘न’ कह देगा जब मेरे साथ किसी को देखेगा। तुम यहीं इंतजार करो, मैं वापस आऊंगा किन्तु मैं (चावल ला देने का) वायदा नहीं करता। यदि वह ‘न’ कह देता है तो यह तुम्हारा दुर्भाग्य होगा, केवल इतना ही समझ लो। चलो, मुझे सिक्का दो।’

वह आठ आने ले कर वहां से चला गया और वह दूसरा व्यक्ति गली के एक मोड़ पर खड़ा हो गया। रात गहरा चुकी थी। वह व्यक्ति बार-बार स्वयं से बुदबुदाने लगा, ‘हैं ? क्या हुआ होगा, वह कहां है ? वह कहां गया है ? अब मैं कब घर जाऊंगा और चावल पकाऊंगा ? मेरे बच्चे, ओह, मेरे बच्चे।’ वह घूमा और उस दिशा में चलने लगा जिसमें सुब्बिया गया था परन्तु वह कहीं भी न पहुंच सका क्योंकि सुब्बिया ने उस तरफ जाने का दिखावा भर किया था ताकि उसके गुप्त गोदाम का पता न चल सके, और वास्तव में वह मुड़ गया था और किसी और दिशा में चला गया था।

वह व्यक्ति खामोश गलियों में इधर-उधर भटकता रहा और वापस मुख्य दुकान पर आ गया, इस आशा के साथ कि शायद वह वहां हो। वह वहां भी नहीं था। दरवाज़े पर अब भी ताला लटक रहा था, ठीक उसी प्रकार से जैसे उसने उसे पहले देखा था। फिर वह सुब्बिया के घर गया। उसने दरवाज़े को खटखटाया। सुब्बिया की पत्नी ने दरवाज़ा खोला। उस व्यक्ति ने पूछा, ‘क्या सुब्बिया घर पर है ?’ – ‘नहीं ! वह घर तो बिल्कुल भी नहीं आया।’ वह बहुत चिंतित लग रही थी। अगली प्रातः छः बजे तक वे अधीर हो उठे और उस हालत में वह कहे बिना न रह सकी, “क्या तुमने उसे उस दूसरे गोदाम में ढूंढा ?’ ‘वह (गोदाम) कहां है ?’

उसे बताना पड़ा क्योंकि वही अकेली व्यक्ति थी जो उस गोदाम का पता-ठिकाना जानती थी। वे चल पड़े। कुछ छोटी-छोटी गलियों में से होते हुए वे उस मकान पर आ पहुंचे। दरवाज़े को अन्दर से कुंडी लगी हुई थी। उन्होंने दरवाजे को खटखटाया। अंत में उन्हें सामने वाले रोशनदान को तोड़ना पड़ा, एक लड़के को उस में से घुसाना और फिर मुख्य द्वार को खुलवाना पड़ा। सुबह की धुंधली रोशनी उस टूटे हुए रोशनदान से आ रही थी। एक कोने में उन्होंने फर्श पर पड़ी हुई एक टार्च को देखा, और फिर उन्हें आठ आने का एक सिक्का, और थोड़ी ही दूरी पर गिरे हुए बोरों के ढेर के बीच में से निकलता हुआ एक हाथ दिखाई दिया।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Literature Book Chapter 1 Bed Number-29 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Literature Book Chapter 1 Bed Number-29

Question 1.
How did the author lose his eyesight ?
Answer:
One day the author was going on a busy street. Suddenly he was struck by a fast-moving vehicle. As a result of this accident, the author lost his eyesight.

एक दिन लेखक एक व्यस्त सड़क पर चला जा रहा था। अचानक एक तेज गति से आ रहा वाहन उससे आ टकराया। इस दुर्घटना के परिणामस्वरूप लेखक अपनी दृष्टि खो बैठा।

Question 2.
What did the author do before he lost his eyesight ?
Answer:
The author was a painter. He used to paint pictures before he lost his eyesight.

लेखक एक चित्रकार था। अपनी दृष्टि खोने से पहले वह चित्र बनाया करता था।

Question 3.
Who did the author meet in the hospital ward ? Why was he there?
Answer:
The author met a person named Naeem in the hospital ward. Like author,Naeem too was blind. Both of them had been admitted there for the operation of their eyes.

लेखक अस्पताल के वार्ड में नईम नामक एक व्यक्ति से मिला। लेखक की भान्ति नईम भी अन्धा था। उन दोनों को वहां आंखों के ऑपरेशन के लिए भर्ती किया गया था।

Question 4.
When did the author regain his confidence and how ?
Answer:
Naeem urged the author to start painting again. He would describe a scene and the author would paint it on a canvas. Naeem would praise the paintings highly. Thus the author regained his confidence.

नईम ने लेखक से दुबारा पेन्टिंग शुरू करने का आग्रह किया। वह किसी दृश्य का वर्णन किया करता और लेखक इसे चित्रपट पर चित्रित किया करता। नईम चित्रों की बहुत प्रशंसा किया करता। इस प्रकार
लेखक को अपना विश्वास दोबारा प्राप्त हो गया।

Question 5.
What happened when the author’s second operation failed ? Who consoled him then ?
Answer:
The author was deeply depressed at the failure of his second operation. He had spent his last rupee on it. It was Naeem who consoled him and offered to help him.

लेखक अपने दूसरे आप्रेशन की असफलता पर गहरा निराश हुआ। उसने इस पर अपना अन्तिम रुपया खर्च कर दिया था। यह नईम था जिसने उसे ढांढस बन्धाया और उसकी सहायता करने की
पेशकश की।

Question 6.
How did the author get the money to get operated the third time ? Who helped him ?
Answer:
It was Naeem who helped the author. He would keep with himself each painting made by the author, and would give him the money. He would say that a rich man liked the paintings and bought them.

यह नईम था जिस ने लेखक की मदद की। वह लेखक के द्वारा बनाई गई प्रत्येक पेन्टिंग को अपने पास रख लेता और उसे पैसे दे दिया करता। वह ऐसा कह दिया करता कि एक धनी आदमी को पेन्टिंगैं
पसन्द आ गई थीं और उसने उन्हें खरीद लिया था।

Question 7.
Where was Naeem when the author regained his eyesight ?
Answer:
Naeem had left the hospital by then. He had spent all his money in paying the author for his paintings. Now he had no money to pay for his third operation. So he had to leave the hospital.

नईम तब तक अस्पताल छोड़ कर जा चुका था। उसने अपने सब पैसे लेखक को उसके चित्रों का भुगतान करने में खर्च कर दिए थे। अब उसके पास अपने तीसरे आपरेशन के लिए कोई पैसे नहीं बचे थे। इसलिए उसे अस्पताल छोड़ कर जाना पड़ा।

Question 8.
Did the author know that Naeem was also blind like him ? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer:
No, the author did not know that Naeem was also blind like him. Naeem would describe for the author the scenes outside the window. He used to admire the author’s paintings. So the author could never imagine that Naeem was blind like him.

नहीं, लेखक नहीं जानता था कि नईम भी उसकी भान्ति अन्धा था। नईम लेखक के लिए खिड़की से बाहर के दृश्यों का वर्णन किया करता। वह लेखक के चित्रों की प्रशंसा किया करता। इस प्रकार लेखक
कभी यह अनुमान भी न लगा पाया कि नईम उसकी भान्ति अन्धा था।

Question 9.
Why could Naeem not get his treatment done ?
Answer:
Naeem had spent all his money in paying for the author’s paintings. He was left with no money for his own treatment. He had to leave the hospital.

नईम ने अपने सारे पैसे लेखक के चित्रों का भुगतान करने में खर्च कर दिए थे। उसके पास अपने खुद के उपचार के लिए कोई पैसे नहीं बचे थे। उसे अस्पताल छोड़ कर जाना पड़ा।

Question 10.
How did the author feel when he learnt that Naeem had left the hospital because he had no money for the treatment ?
Answer:
The author was deeply shocked. He was unable to move for some time. His eyes were filled with tears.

लेखक को गहरा सदमा महसूस हुआ। वह कुछ समय के लिए हिल भी न सका। उसकी आंखें आंसुओं

Question 11.
How could Naeem describe different seasons in detail ?
Answer:
Naeem himself was an artist. He had painted four paintings of different seasons. He had described the colours of these very paintings to the author.

नईम स्वयम् एक कलाकार था। उसने चार विभिन्न मौसमों की पेन्टिंगें बनाईं थीं। उसने इन्हीं पेन्टिंगों के रंगों का वर्णन लेखक को किया था।

Question 12.
What does the message “The goddess of hope smiled on me ……….. and then it vanished.’ mean ?
Answer:
The author had regained his eyesight after the operation. Now he hoped that he would be able to see Naeem who had helped him so much. But when he read Naeem’s letter, all his hope was dashed.

लेखक को आपरेशन के बाद आंखों की ज्योति फिर से प्राप्त हो गई थी। अब उसे आशा थी कि वह नईम को देख पायेगा जिसने उसकी इतनी मदद की थी। परन्तु जब उसने नईम का पत्र पढ़ा तो उसकी सब आशा खण्डित हो गई।

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Naeem was in the hospital when the author regained his eyesight. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Who did the author meet in the hospital ward ?
(i) Naeem
(ii) Bobby Gillian
(iii) Subbiah
(iv) Della.
Answer:
(i) Naeem

Question 3.
The author regained his eyesight after the ………..
(i) first operation
(ii) second operation
(iii) third operation
(iv) fourth operation.
Answer:
(iii) third operation

Question 4.
The author was a ……….. before he lost his eyesight.
Answer:
painter

Question 5.
The author knew that Naeem was also blind ……….. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Naeem urged the author to restart …………..
(i) dancing
(ii) singing
(iii) studying
(iv) painting.
Answer:
(iv) painting.

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
What did the author use to do before he lost his eyesight ?
Answer:
He used to paint pictures.

Question 2.
What did Naeem ask the author to do?
Answer:
He asked him to start painting again.

Question 3.
Who consoled the author when his second operation failed ?
Answer:
Naeem.

Question 4.
Who bought the paintings made by the author when he was in the hospital ?
Answer:
Naeem.

Question 5.
What would Naeem describe for the author ?
Answer:
He would describe the scenes outside the window for the author.

Question 6.
Why did Naeem have no money for his third operation ?
Answer:
He had spent all his money in buying the author’s paintings.

Question 7.
When did the author get deeply shocked ?
Answer:
When he learnt that Naeem had left the hospital because he had no money left for the treatment.

Question 8.
What does the story, ‘Bed Number-29 describe ?
Answer:
The supreme sacrifice made by Naeem for the sake of the author.

Question 9.
Did the author know that Naeem was also blind like him ?
Answer:
No, the author did not know that Naeem was also blind like him.

Complete the following :

1. The author was an amateur ……………….
2. The author met a person named ………………. in the hospital ward.
3. Naeem himself was an ……………….
4. The author could never imagine that ……………….
5. Naeem had no money to pay for
6. It was Naeem who ……………….
Answer:
1. painter
2. Naeem
3. artist
4. Naeem was blind like him
5. his third operation
6. helped the author.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Naeem was a short story writer.
Answer:
False

2. The author first met Naeem in the operation theatre in the hospital.
Answer:
False

3. Naeem urged the author to start singing again.
Answer:
False

4. Naeem used to admire the author’s paintings.
Answer:
True

5. Naeem would sell each painting made by the author to a rich man.
Answer:
False

6. The author was deeply depressed at the failure of his third operation.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
Who said, “The goddess of hope smiled on me ………. and then it vanished.” ?
(a) Naeem.
(b) The author.
(c) Naeem’s doctor.
(d) The author’s friend.
Answer:
(b) The author.

Question 2.
Naeem too was ………………… like the author.
(a) deaf
(b) blind
(c) dumb
(d) lame.
Answer:
(b) blind

Question 3.
The unknown customer of the author’s paintings was :
(a) Naeem himself
(b) the author himself
(c) a rich man of the city
(d) Naeem’s brother.
Answer:
(a) Naeem himself

Question 4.
Naeem had provided the author everything needed for
(a) photography
(b) painting
(c) colouring
(d) none of these three.
Answer:
(b) painting

Bed Number-29 Summary & Translation in English

Bed Number-29 Introduction:
This story describes a supreme sacrifice made by Naeem for the sake of the author. The author is an amateur painter. One day he meets with an accident and loses his eyesight. In the hospital, Naeem is his wardmate. He is also known as Number Twenty-nine, which is the number of his bed. He is a very cheeerful person. He describes beautiful scenes to the author and encourages him to start painting again. In the beginning, the author hesitates but agrees at last. Naeem provides him everything for painting.

He praises author’s paintings and tells him that nobody could believe they are painted by a blind man. The doctors operate on the author for the second time. The author has spent his last rupee on this operation. But unfortunately, this operation is also unsuccessful. Naeem offers the author some money, but the author refuses. Naeem finds a rich customer to buy the author’s paintings. With the sale of his paintings, the author gets sufficient money for his third operation. This operation is successful and the author is able to see again.

He wants to meet Naeem, but Naeem has already left the hospital. The author comes to know that the unknown customer of his paintings was Naeem himself. His paintings are just masses of haphazard lines. Naeem was himself blind, but he spent all his money to buy the author’s paintings. He could not have his third operation as he was left with no money. For the same reason, he had to leave the hospital. Under Naeem’s pillow, the author finds four paintings. These paintings were drawn by Naeem, before he was blind. These showed he was a great artist.

Bed Number-29 Summary & Translation in Hindi

Bed Number-29 Introduction:
यह कहानी नईम द्वारा लेखक के लिए किए गए महान् बलिदान का वर्णन करती है। लेखक एक शौकिया पेन्टर है। एक दिन उसके साथ एक दुर्घटना हो जाती है और वह अपनी दृष्टि खो बैठता है। अस्पताल में नईम उसके वार्ड में ही है। उसे नम्बर उन्तीस भी कहा जाता है जोकि उसके पलंग का नम्बर है। वह एक बहुत खुश-तबीयत व्यक्ति है। वह लेखक को सुन्दर दृश्यों का वर्णन करता है और उसे दोबारा पेन्टिंग शुरू करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करता है। शुरू में लेखक हिचकिचाता है परन्तु अन्त में मान जाता है। नईम पेन्टिंग के लिए उसे हर चीज़ उपलब्ध करवाता है। वह लेखक की पेन्टिंगों की प्रशंसा करता है और उसे बताता है कि कोई भी इस बात पर विश्वास नहीं करेगा कि इन्हें एक अंधे आदमी ने बनाया है।

डॉक्टर दूसरी बार लेखक का ऑपरेशन करते हैं। लेखक ने इस आपरेशन पर अपना अन्तिम पैसा भी खर्च कर दिया है। परन्तु दुर्भाग्यवश यह ऑपरेशन भी असफल रहता है। नईम लेखक को कुछ पैसे देने की पेशकश करता है, परन्तु लेखक इन्कार कर देता है। नईम लेखक की पेन्टिंगों को खरीदने के लिए एक धनी ग्राहक ढूंढ लेता है। अपनी पेन्टिंगों की बिक्री से लेखक को अपने तीसरे ऑपरेशन के लिए काफ़ी पैसे मिल जाते हैं। यह ऑपरेशन सफल रहता है और लेखक को फिर से दिखने लगता है। वह नईम से मिलना चाहता है, परन्तु नईम पहले ही अस्पताल छोड़ कर जा चुका है। लेखक को पता चलता है कि उसकी पेन्टिंगों का अज्ञात खरीददार स्वयम् नईम था। उसकी पेन्टिंगें आड़ी-तिरछी रेखाओं का मात्र पुंज हैं।

नईम खुद अन्धा था, परन्तु उसने अपने सारे पैसे लेखक की तस्वीरें खरीदने में खर्च कर दिए। वह अपना तीसरा ऑपरेशन नहीं करवा सका, क्योंकि उसके पास कोई पैसा नहीं बचा था। इसी वजह से उसे अस्पताल छोड़ना पड़ा था। नईम के तकिये के नीचे से लेखक को चार पेन्टिंगें मिलती हैं। ये पेन्टिंगें नईम ने अन्धा होने से पहले बनाईं थीं। इनसे पता चलता था कि वह एक महान् कलाकार था।

Bed Number-29 Summary & Translation in Hindi:

(page 5-6)
Brakes shrieked,…………. hope to me.

Word-meanings : 1. shriek—चीखना, (यहां) ब्रेक लगने की तीखी आवाज़; 2. struck-आ कर लगी; 3. leapt-कूदा, होने लगा; 4. recall—-याद आना; 5. predawn glow–प्रभात के पहले वाला प्रकाश; 6. dew-bathed grass-ओस से नहाई हुई घास; 7. masterpiece-सर्वोत्तम कृति; 8. crash–टक्कर; 9. nightmare-बुरा स्वप्न; 10. dreadful-भयानक; 11. depression—-अवसाद; 12. stare– टकटकी लगा कर देखना; 13. limped-लंगड़ा कर चलता था।

अनुवाद- ब्रेक लगने की तीखी आवाज़ आई, कोई चीज़ आकर लगी, कोई चिल्लाया और मेरे चारों ओर अंधेरा घिरता आ रहा था। मेरे पूरे शरीर में पीड़ा होने लगी और एक कोमल आवाज़ ने कहा, “श्रीमान, कृपया हिलिए मत। ऐसा करना खतरनाक हो सकता है।” मैंने समझने की कोशिश की जो भी हुआ था — मैंने प्रभात के पहले होने वाली रोशनी को याद किया; पेड़ और फूल, ओस से नहाई हुई घास, मानो सभी सूर्योदय का इंतज़ार कर रहे थे – मैंने इन सब को अपने कैनवस में कैद कर लिया था, जो मेरी सर्वोत्तम कृति थी, मेरे जीवन की खुशी थी।

इसलिए मैंने उसका नाम ‘जीवन’ रख दिया — उसके बाद मुझे व्यस्त सड़क का दृश्य याद आया, ट्रैफिक का ऊंचा शोर, कार – और वह टक्कर। मेरे हाथ ने आंखों पर बंधी पट्टियों को छुआ। “नहीं, ईश्वर,” मैं कराह उठा, “नहीं, यह नहीं।” । मेरा जीवन आवाजों, भावनाओं, गंधों, स्वादों और भयानक अवसाद का एक दुःस्वप्न बन कर रह गया था। वह अंधेरे का एक पिंजरा था जिसने मुझे कैदी बना कर रखा हुआ था — अंधेरा और मैं, बस हम दोनों थे। समय अब स्थिर हो गया था, अब मेरे लिए सूर्य उदय होना बन्द हो गया था; फूलों का खिलना, जल-धाराएं और निर्मल आकाश अब सिर्फ यादें बन कर रह गए थे। जीवन मेरे साथ ही मरता जा रहा था, एक घंटे से दूसरे घंटे तक मैं पलंग पर लेटा रहता मानो छत की ओर टकटकी लगा कर देख रहा होऊं।

“कहो, क्या हाल है ?” मेरे वार्ड का साथी, नईम, पूछ रहा था जिसे ‘उन्तीस नंबर’ के नाम से जाना जाता था जो कि उसके बैड का नंबर था। वह एक मधुरभाषी और प्रसन्नचित्त व्यक्ति था जो कहानियां सुना कर मुझे सांत्वना देता रहता था और इस प्रकार मेरे मन को जीवन की भयानक वास्तविकताओं से परे ले जाता था। सिवाए इसके कि वह लंगड़ा कर चलता था और उन्तीस नंबर के बैड पर था, मुझे उसके बारे में मुश्किल से ही कुछ पता था। वह फूलों की क्यारियों में फुदकती हुई चिड़ियों का और प्रातःकाल की चमक का वर्णन इतने आश्चर्यजनक ढंग से करता था कि मैं कल्पना करने लगता था मानो उस दृश्य को स्वयं ही देख रहा होऊं। “बोलते रहो,” मैं उससे आग्रह करता जब उसकी आवाज़ आनी बंद हो जाती। इस प्रकार वह सारा दिन अपनी खिड़कियों के बाहर के दृश्य का वर्णन बहुत विस्तार से करता रहता था। उसका ऐसा करना मुझे आशा देता था।

(Page 6)
“Listen,” he said ……….. happened with myself.”

Word-meanings :
1. hobby-शौक के लिए किया गया काम; 2. lash out-फटकारना; 3. hysterical —मानो दौरा पड़ गया हो; 4. moved—बहुत प्रभावित; 5. brightened—जोश आ गया; 6. haystack-घास का ढेर; 7. ablaze चमकदार रंगों से भरी; 8. bask-धूप सेंकना; 9. gasp-लंबी सांसें लेना; 10. uneasy -बेचैनी-भरी; 11. embarrassed—लज्जित कर दिया; 12. after all-कुछ भी हो; 13. plead-विनती करना; 14. attendants—कर्मचारी; 15. miracle-चमत्कार।

अनुवाद- “सुनो,” उसने एक दिन सवेरे कहा। “तुम चित्र बनाना शुरू कर दो, जो जैसा तुमने कहा था, पहले तुम्हारा शौकिया काम हुआ करता था।” मैंने उसे बहुत फटकारा। मैं चिल्लाया, मानो दौरा पड़ गया हो, कि उसे मेरी कला के बारे में मज़ाक करने का कोई अधिकार नहीं था। वह लंगड़ाता हुआ अपने बैड पर चला गया।

कई दिन बीत गए। फिर एक दिन मैंने उससे पूछा कि क्या वह किसी चीज़ से गहरे रूप से प्रभावित हुआ था। “हां,” उसने धीरे-धीरे कहना शुरू किया, “हां, कई चीज़ों से।” अचानक उसकी आवाज़ में जोश आ गया। “हां, बिल्कुल।” “एक बार अक्तूबर की एक सुनहरी शाम के वक्त मैं एक फार्महाउस के पास से गुजर रहा था और मैंने घास का एक ढेर देखा। वह भूसा नहीं था, वह शुद्ध सोना था। चारों तरफ दुनिया रंगों से भरी हुई थीलाल पत्तियां, सफ़ेद बत्तखें जो सुर्ख लाल पश्चिम दिशा में डूबते हुए सूर्य की आखिरी किरणों में धूप सेंक रही थीं। वहां से हिलने में असमर्थ हुआ, मैं वहां खड़ा हो गया और गहरी-गहरी सांसें लेने लगा। “क्या,” मैं चिल्लाया, “तुमने चित्र नहीं पेंट किया ?” एक बेचैनी-भरी खामोशी छा गई जिसने मुझे ऐसा प्रश्न पूछने की लज्जा से भर दिया। कुछ भी हो, मैंने सोचा, हर आदमी कलाकार नहीं होता। “मेरा मतलब है, मैंने तो उसका चित्र पेंट कर लिया होता,” जल्दी-जल्दी मैंने कहा। “तुम क्यों नहीं पेंट कर लेते ? वह दृश्य मेरे मन में है और मैं जानता हूं कि तुम पेंट कर सकते हो। कृपा करके ‘हां’ कह दो, मान जाओ,” उसने विनती की, और इससे पहले कि मैं जान पाऊं कि मैं क्या कर बैठा था, मैंने कह दिया, “हां।”

मेरे जीवन ने एक नया मोड़ ले लिया। उसने मुझे हर वह चीज़ दे दी थी जिसकी ज़रूरत मुझे पेंटिंग में पड़ सकती थी और जब अस्पताल के कर्मचारी आश्चर्य में भर कर चिल्ला उठे जब वे कमरे में आए, तो नईम ने उन्हें चुप करा दिया। फिर चमत्कार शुरू हुआ और उत्सुक, पर लगभग कांपती हुई, उंगलियों से मैं एक उस दृश्य का चित्र बनाने लगा जो मुझे किसी समय बहुत अच्छा लगा था। मैं अपनी याद्दाश्त के कैनवस पर से, लगातार मेहनत करते हुए कागज़ पर उस दृश्य का रेखाचित्र बनाता रहा; मैं अपने काम में इतना डूबा हुआ था कि अपने अंधेपन के विषय में कुछ भी नहीं सोच पा रहा था। मैंने दृश्य का चित्र समाप्त किया और कांपती हुई आवाज़ में नईम को बुलाया। लंबे-लंबे कदमों से वह मेरे बैड की तरफ आया और कुछ समय के लिए मुझे कुछ भी सुनाई नहीं दिया। मेरा दिल डूब गया। “अवश्य ही मैंने कोई भारी गड़बड़ कर दी होगी,” मैं सोचने लगा। फिर उसकी आवाज़ ने खामोशी को भंग कर दिया। “यह बहुत अद्भुत है। यह अविश्वसनीय है, तुम प्रतिभाशाली हो, तुममें विलक्षण प्रतिभा है, कौन कह सकता है कि तुम अंधे हो।” मेरे मन को आराम मिला और मैं कह उठा, “सचमुच! मैं कभी विश्वास नहीं कर सकता था यदि यह मेरे स्वयं के साथ न हुआ होता।”

(Page 7-8)
Every morning, …………. living for something.

Word-meanings : 1. dreamy-स्वप्निल, मानो सपने में हो; 2. magic dreamland sceneryजादुई स्वप्नदेश का दृश्य; 3. create-रचना करना, (यहां) चित्र बनाना; 4. anxiety-चिंता; 5. lump in one’s throat गला रुंध जाना, मानो गले में कुछ अटक गया हो; 6. unwound-(पट्टियां) खोली जा रही थीं; 7. buried—गड़ा लिया; 8. console-सांत्वना देना; 9. shock—सदमा लगना; 10. persuadeमनाना; 11. awful-भद्दा, बेकार; 12. strike a bargain-सौदा कर सकना।

अनुवाद- हर सुबह, नाश्ते के बाद, नईम मेरे बैड पर आता, एक स्वप्निल आवाज़ में एक दृश्य का वर्णन करता जिस पर मैं सवेरे से शाम तक काम करता रहता, मानो कि दिन कभी खत्म नहीं होगा। एक कैनवस खत्म होता और दूसरा शुरू होता। यह सब बहुत अद्भुत था। नईम मुझसे जादुई स्वप्नदेश का सारा दृश्य बनवाता। स्वयं को उसके रंगों की दुनिया में गुम करके, और अपने अंधेपन को भूल कर, मैं कागज़ पर वह सब चित्रित करता जो वह कहता। वह हमेशा मेरी प्रशंसा करता और मुझे अपनी प्रतिभा पर ज्यादा, और ज्यादा विश्वास होता गया। वह स्वयं रंगों का मिश्रण करता, और किसी जगह हल्की शेड और किसी और जगह गहरी रेखा का इस्तेमाल करने का सुझाव देता। यह वही समय था जब डाक्टरों ने एक बार फिर मेरा ऑपरेशन किया।

नईम ने पढ़ कर मुझे सुनाने का या मेरी खिड़की के बाहर के दृश्य का वर्णन करने का काम अपने ऊपर ले लिया क्योंकि मैं बैड से हिलने में असमर्थ था। जैसे-जैसे दिन बीते, मेरी चिंता बढ़ती गई – आंशिक रूप से इसलिए क्योंकि मैं अपनी स्वयं की आंखों से रंगों की दुनिया को देखना चाहता था, पर ज्यादा इसलिए क्योंकि मैंने इसी ऑपरेशन में अपना अंतिम रुपया भी खर्च कर दिया था, और ऑपरेशन के असफल हो जाने की स्थिति में मैंने अंधेरों और कष्टों के विपत्तिपूर्ण जीवन से डरते रहना था। मैं नर्स के साथ डाक्टरों के कमरे की तरफ जा रहा था जब नईम आया और बोला, “आज का दिन बहुत सुंदर है, मुझे पूरी उम्मीद है कि तुम इसे जल्दी देख सकोगे।” मैंने जवाब देना चाहा पर मानो गले में कुछ अटक गया। मुझे ऑपरेशन थियेटर से आने वाली गंध आई और मैंने एक दस्ताने वाले हाथ को कोमलता से स्वयं को छूते हुए अनुभव किया। मेरी पट्टियां खोली जा रही थीं। दीवार-घड़ी की टिक-टिक सुनाई दे रही थी और एक आवाज़ ने कहा, “अपनी आँखें खोलो,” और मैंने अपनी आँखें खोलीं। वही समाप्त न होने वाला अंधेरा अभी भी मौजूद था।

नर्स की मदद से मैं वापस अपने कमरे में आ गया। तो मेरे सामने ऐसा जीवन था – अंधेरे से भरा हुआ। मैंने अपना सिर तकिए में गड़ा लिया। नईम मेरी बगल में था और मुझे सांत्वना दे रहा था। “मैं जल्दी ही यहां से चला जाऊंगा, नईम,” मैंने एक दिन उदास हो कर कहा। “मेरे पास अब पैसे नहीं बचे, इस ऑपरेशन में मेरा सब कुछ खर्च हो गया।” उसे सदमा लगा। “ओह, नहीं! मेरे पास कुछ पैसे हैं, तुम उन्हें ले सकते हो,” उसने कोमलतापूर्वक कहा। मैंने दृढ़ता से उत्तर दिया, “धन्यवाद, नईम। मैंने कभी भी किसी से कुछ नहीं मांगा, न ही भविष्य में मांगूंगा, फिर भी (पेशकश के लिए) मैं तुम्हारा धन्यवाद करता हूं।” उसने मुझे मनाने की कोशिश की, पर मैंने सुनने से इन्कार कर दिया। एक दिन दोपहर में नईम दौड़ता हुआ मेरे बैड पर आया और कहने लगा, “सुनो यार, मेरा एक दोस्त है जो कला-प्रेमी है। वह तुम्हारे पेंट किए हुए चित्र खरीदना चाहता है।” “ऐसा कैसे हो सकता है, वह तो बहुत भद्दे होंगे!” मैंने सोचा। “वह अमीर है, हम उससे सौदा कर सकते हैं।” मैंने हामी भर दी और नईम खुशी से कमरे में इधर-उधर नाचने लगा। अगले दिन उसने मुझे कुछ कड़कड़ाते हुए नोट पकड़ाए। मेरी प्रसन्नता की कोई सीमा न रही। आशा फिर से ऊंची उठ गई। एक बार फिर मैं किसी उद्देश्य के लिए जीने लगा था।

(Page 8)
I took to ……… paintings in my hand.

Word-meanings :
1. tale—कहानी; 2. off and on—कभी-कभी; 3. purple-जामुनी; 4. splash —छींटे मारना, छितरा जाना; 5. mind’s eye—मन की आँखें ; 6. regained consciousness होश में आया; 7. flash-चमक, कौंध; 8. wheeled back-पहिएदार कुसी में बिठाकर वापिस ले गए; 9. pale -पीला (बीमारी या घबराहट से); 10. vanished—गायब हो गई।

अनुवाद- मैंने फिर से चित्र पेंट करना शुरू कर दिया। हर सुबह नईम मेरी बगल में बैठ जाता और अपनी स्वप्निल कहानी शुरू कर देता। मैं चित्र बनाता और बनाता ही गया। वह अपरिचित खरीददार कभी-कभी आता और मेरे चित्र खरीद लेता। नईम चारों ऋतुओं के दृश्यों का वर्णन इतने भावनात्मक ढंग से करता, विशेषकर सूर्यास्त के दृश्यों का, कि गुलाबी, जामुनी, सफ़ेद, बैंगनी और सुनहरे रंग के सारे शेड मेरे ‘मन की आंखों’ के सामने छितरा जाते।

मेरे सारे चित्र खरीद लिए गए थे और मैंने स्वयं को तीसरे ऑपरेशन के लिए तैयार पाया। ऑपरेशन के बाद जब मुझे होश आया, मुझसे कहा गया कि मैं न तो हिलूं और न ही किसी से बात करूं। बैड नंबर उन्तीस, नर्स ने बताया, खाली हो चुका था। जब मेरी पट्टी खोली जाने वाली थी तो मैंने नईम को बुला लाने को कहा किन्तु नर्स ने कहा कि वह बीमार था और आने में असमर्थ था। डाक्टर ने पट्टी खोली और जब मैंने अपनी आंखें खोली तो रोशनी की एक चमक मेरी आंखों में घुसती चली गई – मैं देख पा रहा था। वे पहिएदार कुर्सी में बिठाकर मुझे वापिस कमरे में ले गए।

मैं ऊंची आवाज़ में बोला, “नईम, नईम।” “सिस्टर, नईम कहां है ?” मैंने पूछा। नर्स का चेहरा पीला पड़ गया जब उसने मुझे नईम का पत्र पकड़ाया – आशा की देवी मुझ पर मुस्कराई और फिर उसी शीघ्रता से, जितनी शीघ्रता से वह आई थी, वह गायब हो गई। दुःख से पागल होकर मैं अलमारी की तरफ भागा, और वहां मेरे सारे चित्र पड़े हुए थे। वे केवल अव्यविस्थत रूप से खींची गई लकीरों के पुंज थे जिनमें कोई रंग नहीं था। नर्स बोली, “वह बहुत महान् व्यक्ति था। उसने अपने सारे पैसों से यह चित्र खरीदे और अस्पताल छोड़ कर चला गया जब उसके पास चित्र खरीदने के लिए पैसे नहीं रहे। वह अपना तीसरा ऑपरेशन भी नहीं करवा सका।”

“क्या ?” मैं चिल्ला पड़ा, “ऑपरेशन ? कौन सा ऑपरेशन ? “क्यों ? बेशक उसकी आंखों का ऑपरेशन, वह अंधा था,” वह बोली। कुछ देर के लिए मैं हिलने में असमर्थ हो गया। आंसुओं ने मेरी आंखों को धुंधला कर दिया था। उसके तकिए के नीचे वे चार चित्र पड़े हुए थे जिनमें उसने अंधा होने से पहले चार ऋतुओं की पेटिंग की थी। उसने उन्हीं चित्रों का वर्णन मेरे सामने किया था – और इस प्रकार मेरे ‘कैनवस पर वे चित्र पेंट करने की कोशिश की थी। आंसुओं ने मेरी आंखों को धुंधला कर दिया जब मैंने उसके चित्रों को अपने हाथों में लिया।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by Dobereiner’s triads? Give some examples to support it.
Answer:
In 1817, a German Chemist, Dobereiner, gave a classification in which the similar elements were arranged in groups of three called Triads. The arrangement was such that the atomic mass of the middle element was almost the average of the atomic masses of the first and third elements. For example, if A, B and C are the elements present in the triad, then

Atomic mass of B =\(\frac{\text { Atomic mass of } \mathrm{A}+\text { Atomic mass of } \mathrm{C}}{2}\)

Examples of triads.
A few examples of triads are listed as given ahead :
1. Lithium, Sodium. Potassium
Atomic mass of Lithium (Li) = 7
Atomic mass of Potassium (K) = 39
Atomic mass of Sodium (Na) = \(\frac{39+7}{2}\) = 23
Actual atomic mass of sodium = 23

This group of triads is called Alkali Metal Group. All the elements present are metals, have valency equal to one (1) and dissolve in water to form soluble hydroxides called alkalis.

2. Calcium, Strontium, Barium
Atomic mass of Calcium (Ca) = 40
Atomic mass of Barium (Ba) = 137
Atomic mass of Strontium (Sr) = \(\frac{137+40}{2}=\frac{177}{2}\) = 88.5
Actual atomic mass of strontium = 88

This group of triads is called Alkaline Earth Metals Group. All the elements present are metals, have valency equal to two (2) and their oxides dissolve in water to form hydroxides which are alkaline in nature.

Question 2.
(a) What was Dobereiner’s basis of classifying elements?
Answer:
Dobereiner gave a classification in which the elements were arranged in a group of three elements called triads. The arrangement was such that the atomic masses of the middle elements were almost the average of the atomic masses of the first and third elements.

(b) What is the basis of classification of elements according to Mendeleev?
Answer:
The major contribution in the classification of the elements is by Mendeleev, a Russian chemist. He studied in detail the properties of the elements and made a very important observation. He stated that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses, the elements with similar properties recur after a definite gap. He based his classification of law called Mendeleev’s Periodic Law. The law may be stated as:

Physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic weights or atomic masses.

Question 3.
Give a brief discussion of the Mendeleev’s classification of the elements.
Answer:
Mendeleev’s classification of the elements is based upon the Mendeleev’s periodic law. The law helped him to develop a table called Mendeleev’s Periodic Table. The table has been divided into vertical columns which are called Groups and horizontal rows which are known as Periods.

These are briefly discussed as follows :
1. Groups: These are the vertical rows. There are in all eight groups. The elements present in first seven groups are called Normal Elements. The elements present in group VIII are called the Transition Elements. Each group (I to VII) has been further divided into sub-groups which are called A and B. The inert gas or noble gas elements (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) were not known at that time. Therefore, they were not shown in the table. All the elements placed in a group have the same valency. Ail the elements present in a sub-group have the similar properties. For example, group I-B includes element Cu (Copper), Ag (Silver) and Au (Gold). They have similar properties.

2. Periods: In the periodic table horizontal rows are called periods. There were in all six periods in the original periodic table. The seventh period was added later on and this is not shown in the periodic table. The properties of the elements present in a period change systematically. For example, in every period, the first element is a typical metal. As we move from left to right, the metallic character gradually decreases and non- metallic character increases. For example, in period 2, the first element Li (Lithium) is a metal while the last element F (Fluorine) is a non-metal. The Mendeleev’s Periodic Table is shown below :

Mendeleev’S Periodic Table

Question 4.
(a) Why do we classify elements?
Answer:
To simplify and systematize the study of known elements.

(b) What were the two criteria used by Mendeleev in creating his Periodic Table?
Answer:

1. Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic masses.
2. Mendeleev considered the compounds formed by the elements oxygen and hydrogen.

(c) Why did Mendeleev leave some gaps in his Periodic Table?
Answer:
For the discovery of new elements.

(d) In Mendeleev’s Periodic Table, why was there no mention of Noble gases like7 Helium, Neon and Argon?
Answer:
Because noble gases were not known at that time.

(e) Would you place the two isotopes of chlorine, Cl-35 and Cl-37 in different slots because of their different atomic masses or in the same slot because their chemical properties are the same? Justify your answer.
Answer:
In the same slot because Cl-35 and Cl-37 have same chemical properties.

Question 5.
How did Mendeleev’s Periodic Table help in the discovery of new elements?
Answer:
When Mendeleev gave the periodic table, only 63 elements were known. The classification was based on two major properties :

• Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses.
• Elements present in a group have similar properties.

Many elements were not known at the time the periodic table was given. Therefore, Mendeleev left gaps for these elements in the periodic table. But the properties of these elements could be predicted. For example, let us suppose that Rb (Rubidium) a member of group IA was not known when Mendeleev framed the periodic table. But its properties could be predicted. It was expected to be a metal with valency equal to 1. It was expected to be soluble in water to form a soluble hydroxide RbOH which is an alkali. This helped in the discovery of the element. In this manner, a number of elements could be discovered.

Question 6.
Discuss some major merits of the Mendeleev’s Periodic Table.
Answer:
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Mendeleev’s periodic table was the first proper systematic classification of the elements. The important merits of the table are listed as follows :
1. Systematic study of elements. With the classification of elements into groups and periods, their study became quite systematic. For example, if the properties of one particular element in a group are known, those of the other elements could be predicted. Actually, elements placed in a group are expected to show similar characteristics.

2. Correction of wrong atomic masses. The periodic table helped in correcting the atomic masses of some of the elements because the elements were arranged in order of their increasing atomic masses.

3. Prediction of new elements. At the time Mendeleev gave the periodic table, only 63 elements were known. While arranging these elements in groups and periods, certain gaps were left. These gaps represented some undiscovered elements. But the properties of these unknown elements could be predicted from their positions in the respective groups. This helped, later on, to discover these elements.

Question 7.
On the basis of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table given following, answer the questions that follow the table :

(a) Name the element which is in
(i) 1st group and 3rd period
Answer:
Sodium

(ii) VII group and 2nd period.
Answer:
Fluorine

(b) Suggest the formula for the following :
(i) oxide of nitrogen
Answer:
N₂O₅

(ii) hydride of oxygen.
Answer:
H₂O.

(c) In group VIII of the Periodic Table, why does cobalt with atomic mass 58.93 appear before nickel having atomic mass 58.71?
Answer:
Because the elements with similar properties could be grouped together.

(d) Besides gallium, which two other elements have since been discovered for which Mendeleev had left gaps in his Periodic Table?
Answer:
Scandium and Germanium.

(e) Using atomic masses of Li, Na and K, find the average atomic mass of Li and K and compare it with the atomic mass of Na. State the conclusion drawn from this activity.
Answer:
Average atomic mass of Li and K = \(\frac{6.939+39.102}{2}=\frac{46.04}{2}\) = 23.02
Atomic mass of Na = 22.99
Hence Atomic mass of Na = Average of atomic masses of Li and K = \(\frac{46.04}{2}\) = 23.02

Question 8.
Point out the major defects in Mendeleev’s Periodic Table.
Answer:
Defects in Mendeleev’s Periodic Table:
Mendeleev’s periodic table was quite helpful in the classification of the elements.

But it had certain defects also. These are discussed as follows :
1. Position of hydrogen. Hydrogen was placed at the top of group LA. It is a non-metal where all other elements included in the group are metals.

2. Position of isotopes. The periodic table is based on the basis of the atomic masses of the elements and the elements with different atomic masses must be given separate places in the table. If this is correct, all the isotopes of an element must be allotted separate positions. For example, there are three isotopes for hydrogen and they must be given three separate places in the table. But only one position for hydrogen has been given.

3. Wrong order of atomic masses of some elements. In the table, the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses. This means that the element with higher atomic mass must be placed after the element with the lower atomic mass. But in the table, there are some anomalies. For example, Co (Cobalt) with atomic mass 58-9 should be placed after Ni (Nickel) with atomic mass 58-7. But it has been placed before nickel.

4. Elements with similar properties placed in different groups. In the periodic table, it has been found that the elements with similar properties are placed in different groups. For example, copper and mercury have many common properties. But copper has been placed in group I B and mercury in group II B.

5. No similarity in the elements placed in sub-groups. The elements present in different sub-groups of the same group are expected to have common properties. But these are quite different. For example, elements in group I A are very soft and reactive metals but elements in group IB are hard and less reactive in nature.

6. No explanation for the cause of periodicity. Mendeleev was not in a position to explain why the elements included in a group show similar properties.

Question 9.
Give a brief description of Long Form of Periodic Table.
Answer:
The Long form of periodic table has been formed by arranging the elements in order of increasing atomic numbers. It is based upon Modern periodic law which states that the properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers. Just as in case of the Mendeleev’s table, this periodic table has also been divided into Periods and Groups.
(A) Groups
These are the vertical columns. In all, there are eighteen groups in the table. The details of the groups are as follows :

Long Form of Periodic Table of Modern Periodic Table

• Group 1: The elements present in group I or 1 are called Alkali Metals.
• Group 2: The elements which are present in group IIA or 2 are called Alkaline Earth Metals.
• Groups 13 to Group 18: There are in all six groups. The Groups 13 to 16 are named after the first element present in the family. For example, Group IIIA or 13 is called Boron Family because first member is boron.
• Group 17 consists of a family called Halogen Family.
• The group 18 is also called zero group because the elements have zero valency. These elements are ail gases. They have very little tendency to take part in chemical combination. These are also called Noble Gases.

In the latest Long Form of Periodic Table, groups of Alkali metals and Alkaline erttH metals are given numbers 1 and 2. The transition of elements are numbered from its,2 The non-metals are included in groups 13 to 18.

Group No.	Name of Family
Group 13	Boron Family
Group 14	Carbon Family
Group 15	Nitrogen Family
Group 16	Oxygen Family
Group 17	Halogens
Group 18 or zero group	Noble Gases

• Group 3 to Group 12: There are in all ten groups. These are all metals and are called Transition elements. When we go down each group, the metallic character further increases.
• Group 3: Group 3 also includes fourteen elements belonging to Lanthanide family. These are called Lanthanides because they start after Lanthanum (La) with Z = 57. These are present in the 6th period as shown in the table.
• It also includes another fourteen elements called Actinides. These are present in 7th period. These are so called as they come after Actinium (Ac) with Z = 89. These are placed at the bottom of the table for convenience.

(B) Periods
Periods are the horizontal rows which are present in the Long Form of Periodic Table. Different periods have different number of elements and their atomic numbers are continuous. There are in all seven periods. The seventh period is still incomplete. The number of elements which are included in each period are given below :

Period	No. of elements	Name of the Period
1	2	Shortest Period
2	8	Short Period
3	8	Short Period
4	18	Long Period
5	18	Long Period
6	32	Longest Period
7	20	Incomplete Period

Question 10.
What is periodicity? What is the cause of periodicity?
Answer:
Periodicity may be defined as the repetition of the similar properties of the elements placed in a group and separated by definite gaps of atomic numbers (8, 8, 18, 18, 32).

Cause of Periodicity. The properties of the elements, particularly the chemical properties, are linked with number of electrons present in the outermost shell of their atoms which is also called Valence shell. Elements with similar valence shell electronic configurations are expected to have similar properties.

It may be noted that all the elements which are present in a group have the same number of electrons in the valence shells of their atoms. In other words, the same valence shell electronic arrangement gets repeated after definite gaps of atomic numbers (8, 8, 18, 18, 32). Therefore, the elements placed in a group show similar properties.

Example, Let us write the electronic distribution of the first four members of the alkali metals present in group I.

All the four elements have one electron each in the valence shell of their atoms. They have, therefore, similar properties.

Question 11.
(a) What were the two major shortcomings of Mendeleev’s periodic table? How have these been removed in the modern periodic table?
Answer:
The shortcomings of Mendeleev’s periodic table are :

• Isotopes of an element find different positions in periodic table.
• Some chemically similar elements have been separated and some dissimilar elements are placed together.

In these Modern Periodic Table
Modern Table

• Isotopes of an element occupy the same position because they have same atomic number.
• The similar elements are grouped together and dissimilar elements are separated.

(b) Two elements X and Y have atomic numbers 12 and 16 respectively. Write the electronic configuration for these elements. To which period of the modern periodic table do these two elements belong? What type of bond will be formed between them and why?
Answer:

Element	Electronic Configuration	Period
X12	2, 8, 2	3rd
Y16	2, 8, 6	3rd

They will form ionic bonds because two electrons are transferred from X to Y so that they get their octets complete :

Question 12.
Why is Long Form of Periodic Table regarded better than Mendeleev’s Periodic Table?
Or
How could Modern Periodic Table remove various anomalies of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table?
Answer:
Long Form of Periodic Table is regarded better than the Mendeleev’s periodic table due to the following reasons:

• It is based upon atomic number which is considered better than the atomic mass because the properties of the elements are related to the atomic number.
• It explains why the elements placed in a group show similar properties but Mendeleev’s Periodic Table gives no explanation for the same.
• All groups in the Periodic Table are independent groups and there are no sub¬groups as in Mendeleev’s Periodic Table.
• Many defects in the Mendeleev’s Periodic Table have been removed.
• There is no confusion regarding the position of isotopes because all the isotopes of an element have the same atomic number.
• The periodic table is more systematic than the Mendeleev’s table and is easy to remember.

Question 13.
The following tables shows the position of six elements A, B, C, D, E and F in the periodic table.

Using the above table answer the following questions :
(a) Which element will form only covalent compounds?
Answer:
E

(b) Which element is a metal with valency 2?
Answer:
D

(c) Which element is non-metal with valency of 3?
Answer:
B

(d) Out of D and E, which one has a bigger atomic radius and why?
Answer:
D

(e) Write a common name for the family of elements C and F,
Answer:
The noble gases.

Question 14.
The question refers to the elements of the periodic table with atomic number from 3 to 18.

(a) Which of these :
(i) is/are noble gas?
Answer:
H, P

(ii) is it a halogen?
Answer:
G, O

(iii) is an alkali metal?
Answer:
A, I

(iv) is it a metal with valency 2?
Answer:
A, I

(b) Write the electronic arrangement of G.
Answer:
G has the electronic configuration = 2, 7

(c) If A combines with F, what would be the formula of resulting compound?
Answer:

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Atomic number is considered to be a more appropriate parameter than atomic mass classification of elements in a periodic table. Why?
How does atomic size of elements vary on moving from
(i) Left to right in a period.
(ii) from top to bottom in a group.
Give reasons for your answers.
Answer:

• This is because atomic number is a more fundamental property of an atom.
• As we move from left to right along a period atomic radius decreases due to increase in effective nuclear charge.
• As we move from top to bottom in a group, atomic radius increases. This is due to addition of new electronic shells.

Question 2.
Define periodic law. Why was it necessary to change the basis of classification from atomic masses to atomic numbers?
Answer:
Periodic Law: The properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers. It was necessary to change the basis of classification from atomic masses to atomic numbers because atomic number and not atomic mass is the fundamental property of an element.

Question 3.
What do you understand by the term periodicity? Do the properties of two elements placed in a group the same? Illustrate.
Answer:
The repetition of the similar properties of the elements placed in a group and separated by definite gaps of atomic numbers (8, 8, 18, 18, 32) is called periodicity. The elements placed in a group show similar properties, e.g. consider group 1 elements.

Element	Symbol	Electronic configuration
Lithium	(3)	Li – 2, 1
Sodium	(11)	Na – 2, 8, 1
Potassium	(19)	K – 2, 8, 8, 1
Rubidium	(37)	Rb – 2, 8, 18, 8, 1
Cesium	(55)	Cs – 2, 8, 18, 18, 1
Francium	(87)	Fr – 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1

These elements show similar properties because they have similar outer electronic configurations.

Question 4.
What was wrong with Dobereiner’s classification of elements?
Answer:
Dobereiner classified the elements in group of three in such a way that the atomic mass of the middle element was the mean of the first and the third elements. But he could not find many triads of elements. Therefore, the classification was rejected.

Question 5.
What properties do ail elements in the same column of the periodic table as boron have in common?
Answer:
The elements of Boron family in the periodic table show

• Tricovalency
• Form trihalides
• Form trioxides
• React with halogens to form halides.

Question 6.
Indicate the atomic number of elements of period 3 of Modern periodic table :
(a) non-metals
Answer:
14, 15, 16, 17

(b) elements forming negative ions.
Answer:
15, 16, 17

(c) elements with high melting points.
Answer:
11, 12, 13, 14

(d) elements forming positive ions.
Mention the atomic number only.
Answer:
11, 12, 13

Question 7.
Define atomic radius. Give its units.
Answer:
Atomic radius. It may be defined as the distance between the centre of nucleus and the outermost shell of an isolated atom.

Also the atomic radius of a non-metallic element is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms bound by a single covalent bond.
Units = Å or pm (picometre)
e.g. atomic radius of hydrogen atom = 37 pm.

Question 8.
How does atomic radius vary down a group and along a period?
Answer:
Variation in a group. The atomic radius generally increases from top to bottom in a group due to the addition of a new shell.
Variation along a period. The atomic radius decreases on moving from left to right due to the increase in nuclear charge.

Question 9.
Write down the electronic configuration of elements with atomic numbers 2, 14, 17, 19. Indicate the group of the periodic table to which they belong.
Answer:
The information is being given in a tabular form.

Atomic number	Electronic configuration K L M N	Group
2	2	18
14	2, 8, 4	14
17	2, 8, 7	17
19	2, 8, 8, 1	1

Question 10.
Locate the following group in the periodic table :
(a) Alkali metals
Answer:
Alkali metals: Group 1 or IA

(b) Halogens
Answer:
Halogens: Group 17 or VIIA

(c) Alkaline earth metals
Answer:
Alkaline earth metals: Group 2 or IIA

(d) Noble gases.
Answer:
Noble gases: Group 18 or zero

Question 11.
What properties do the elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table as fluorine have in common?
Answer:
These are :

• They form diatomic molecules F₂, Cl₂, Br₂ I₂
• They are non-metals.
• They show a valency of one.

Question 12.
Write the chemical electronic configuration of nitrogen (N = 7) and phosphorous (P = 15).
Answer:

Question 13.
(i) Name the members of the alkaline earth family.
Answer:
The members of the alkaline earth family are :
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra.

(ii) To which group do they belong?
Answer:
They belong to group 2.

(iii) Which member is radioactive in nature?
Answer:
The radioactive member in them is Radium (Ra).

(iv) Which member is the least reactive?
Answer:
The least reactive member of the family is Beryllium (Be).

Question 14.
Why are the members of group 1 called alkali metals?
Answer:
The members of group 1 are called alkali metals because all of them are water soluble. They react with water to form soluble hydroxides. The soluble hydroxides of the metals are called alkalies.

Question 15.
An atom has the electronic configuration 2, 8, 7.
(a) What is the atomic number of this element?
Answer:
The atomic number of the element = Total number of electrons
= 2 + 8 + 7 = 17

(b) To which of the following elements would it be chemically similar? (atomic numbers are given) N (7), F (9), P (15), Ar (18).
Answer:
The electronic configurations of given atom and N, F, P and Ar are.

Atom	Electronic configuration
	K	L	M
	2	8	7
N	2	5
F	2	7
P	2	8	5
Ar	2	8	8

Since F has same number of electrons in the outermost shell as the given atom. Hence, the given atom is chemically similar to F.

Question 16.
What physical and chemical properties of elements were used by Mendeleev in creating his periodic table? List two observations which posed a challenge to Mendeleev’s Periodic Law.
Answer:
He selected the compounds of the elements with oxygen and hydrogen. He gave a table based upon atomic weights of the elements.

Limitations of Mendeleev’s Classification

• The position of hydrogen was uncertain.
• The isotopes of elements were not given proper positions in the periodic table.

Question 17.
(a) What are amphoteric oxides? Choose the amphoteric oxides from amongst the following oxides :
Na₂O, ZnO, Al₂O₃, CO₂, HaO
Answer:
The oxides which can react both with acids as well as bases to produce salts and water.

(b) Why is it that non-metals do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids?
Answer:
This is because non-metals cannot lose electrons and cannot reduce H⁺ ions from acid to H₂.

Question 18.
What are noble gas elements? Why are they so called?
Answer:
Noble gas elements are the. elemehts present in group 18 of the periodic table which is also called zero group, It means that the valency of the elements is zero. Actually, whereas the first member helium has two electrons in its only shell, the atoms of the remaining elements (Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon) have eight electrons in their outermost shells. They do not have any tendency to combine with atoms of other elements. Hence, they show zero valency. These are also called noble gases because they do not take part in chemical combination.

Question 19.
How is metallic character of an element defined? How does the metallic character of the elements change in a group?
Answer:
The metallic character of an element may be expressed in terms of its tendency to lose electrons and to form positive ion.
M (Element) → M⁺ + e^–

In a group the metallic character increases’ downwards. For example, among the elements of group 2, Beryllium (Be) is the least metallic. At the same time, radium (Ra) which is the last element is maximum metallic in nature.

Question 20.
Why do the elements present in a group show similar chemical properties?
Answer:
The properties of the elements, particularly the chemical properties are related to valence shell electronic distribution. The elements with the same valence shell electronic distribution have the similar chemical properties. For example, the members, of alkaline earth metal family (Group 2) have two electrons in the valence shell of their atoms. They therefore, show similar chemical properties.

Question 21.
How does the reactivity of the metals vary in a group?
Answer:
In a group, containing metals, the reactivity increases down the group. For example, in the metals of group 1 (Alkali metals), Lithium reacts with water very slowly. Sodium is more reactive and potassium is. still more reactive than sodium.

Question 22.
Name the elements present in the second period. Give their electronic configuration.
Answer:
The second period of the Long Form of Periodic Table has eight elements. The first element is Lithium and the last element is Neon. The electronic configuration of the elements are given below:

Question 23.
Why do not the elements present in a period show same valency?
Answer:
The valency of the element is related to the number of electrons in the outermost energy shell of its atom. Since the elements present in a period have different number of valence electrons or outermost electrons, they show different valencies.

Question 24.
The metallic character of the elements in a period decreases from left to the right. Justify.
Answer:
In every period, as we move from left to right, the metallic character of the elements decreases gradually. This is shown with the elements present in the third period.

Question 25.
Give symbols for :
(a) a metal belonging to second group of the periodic table.
Answer:
The metal belonging to second group is calcium (Ca).

(b) a metal belonging to the third group of the periodic table.
Answer:
The metal belonging to third group is aluminium (Al).

(c) two non-metals belonging to the halogen family.
Answer:
The two non-metals of halogen family are fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl).

Question 26.
Write electronic structures of:
(i) Potassium
(ii) Lithium
(iii) Fluorine.
Answer:
The electronic configurations of the atoms are given below :

Question 27.
Name two other elements which are in the same family as
(i) carbon
Answer:
Carbon belongs to the group 16. Two other elements are silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge).

(ii) fluorine
Answer:
Fluorine belongs to group 17. Two other elements are chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br).

(iii) sodium.
Answer:
Sodium belongs to group 1. Two other elements are lithium (Li) and potassium (K).

Question 28.
Carbon (atomic number 6) and silicon (atomic number 14) are elements in the same group of the periodic table. Give the electronic arrangements of the carbon and silicon atoms and state the groups in which these elements occur.
Answer:
The required information may be given in a tabular form as follows :

Element	Atomic no.	Electronic arrangement	Group
Carbon (C)	6	2, 4	14
Silicon (Si)	14	2, 8, 4	14

Question 29.
Sodium and aluminium have atomic numbers of 11 and 13 respectively. They are separated by one element in the periodic table and have valencies of 1 and 3 respectively. Chlorine and potassium are also separated by one element in the periodic table (their atomic numbers are 17 and 19 respectively) and yet both have valency of one. Explain your answer.
Answer:
Sodium and aluminium: The electronic configurations of the elements are given below :
Sodium (Na) = 2, 8, 1
Aluminium (Al) = 2, 8, 3

The valency in this case is given by the number of valence electrons. Therefore, the valency of sodium is 1 and that of aluminium is 3.

Chlorine and potassium: The electronic configurations of the elements are given below :
Chlorine (Cl) = 2, 8, 7
Potassium (K) = 2, 8, 1

Question 30.
Give the atomic number and electronic distribution of:
(i) The third alkali metal
Answer:
Potassium (19) 2, 8, 8, 1

(ii) The second alkaline earth metal
Answer:
Magnesium (12) 2, 8, 2

(iii) The first halogen
Answer:
Fluorine (9) 2, 7

(iv) The second noble gas.
Answer:
Neon (10) 2, 8.

Question 31.
Observe the following elements in the Modern Periodic Table.

Name the elements A, B, C and D. Also indicate noble gas
Answer:
(A) Lithium
(B) Chlorine
(C) Neon
(D) Potassium C is a noble gas

Question 32.
Match the following :

(a) Fluorine	(i) Metalloid
(b) Neon	(ii) Halogen
(c) Sodium	(iii) Noble gas
(d) Arsenic	(iv) Alkali metal

Answer:

(a) Fluorine	(ii) Halogen
(b) Neon	(iii) Noble gas
(c) Sodium	(iv) Alkali metal
(d) Arsenic	(i) Metalloid

Question 33.
How many electrons can be present in the valence shells of metal atoms and non-metal atoms?
Answer:
Metal atoms have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their valence shells whereas non-metal atoms have 4 to 7 electrons in their valence shells.

Question 34.
How are the various groups of the Modern Periodic Table designated according to the IUPAC system and old system?
Answer:
The designations of various groups of the Modern periodic table are :

Question 35.
What are the uses of Modern Periodic Table?
Answer:

• Systematic study of the elements. In the periodic table, the elements with similar properties are placed together in the same group. If we know the properties of one element of the group, the properties of other elements belonging to the same group can be predicted. Thus, there is no need to study the properties of all the elements.
• Properties of an element can be predicted from the position of the element in the periodic table. For example, if the element belongs to group IA or IIA it is likely to be a reactive metal, and if it belongs to group VII A it is likely to be a reactive non-metal.
• It has led to the discovery of many new elements.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many elements have been discovered so far?
Answer:
114.

Question 2.
How are elements classified?
Answer:
The elements have been classified on the basis of their properties.

Question 3.
Why are group IA elements called alkali metals?
Answer:
This is because all these elements are metals and their oxides and hydroxides give alkaline solutions in water.

Question 4.
What is the basis of Modern Periodic table?
Answer:
It is based upon Modern Periodic law.

Question 5.
Name the family to which halogens belongs?
Answer:
Halogen family.

Question 6.
Name the second elements of group 14.
Answer:
Silicon.

Question 7.
How many valence electrons and present in halogen elements?
Answer:
Seven.

Question 8.
How many elements are present in 4th period?
Answer:
18.

Question 9.
How many electrons are present in Mg²⁺ ion?
Answer:
Ten.

Question 10.
Out of Na and Mg which was larger size?
Answer:
Na

Question 11.
What is the valency of nitrogen?
Answer:
Three.

Question 12.
Out of Na and K which is more reactive?
Answer:
Sodium (Na).

Question 13.
Name the group number of halogen family.
Answer:
Group 17 (or VII-A).

Question 14.
Name the last element of third period?
Answer:
Argon.

Question 15.
What is Dobereiner’s Triad?
Answer:
A group of three elements having similar properties is called Dobereiner’s Triad.

Question 16.
A, B and constitute the Dobereiner s Traid. Atomic mass of A and C are 7 and 23 respectively. Calculate atomic mass of B.
Answer:
\(\frac{7+23}{2}=\frac{30}{2}\) = 15

Question 17.
Name the elements discovered after Mendeleev’s Periodic Table?
Answer:
Scandium (Se), Gallium (Ga), Germanium (Ge) etc.

Question 18.
Name the groups and periods in Mendeleev’s Periodic Table?
Answer:
8 groups and 7 periods.

Question 19.
How does atomic radii as we move from left along a period in the Periodic Table?
Answer:
It decreases.

Question 20.
An element has the electronic configuration 2, 8, 3. What is its group number in Modern Periodic Table?
Answer:
Group 13.

Question 21.
Give the basis of Dobereiner’s classification.
Answer:
Doberenier Triads.

Question 22.
Give the characteristics of Dobereiner’s Triads.
Answer:
The atomic mass of the central element is the average of masses of the other two elements.

Question 23.
What is the drawback of Doberenier’s Triads?
Answer:
All the known elements could be grouped into Triads.

Question 24.
There are three alements A, B and C. The atomic masses of A and C are 7 and 39. What is the atomic mass of B on the bais of Dobereiner’s Traids?
Answer:
Atomic mass of B = \(\frac{7+39}{2}\) = 23.

Question 25.
There are three elements X, Y, Z. Atomic masses of X and Z are 35.5 and 127. What will be atomic mass of Y on the basis of Dobereiner’s Traids?
Answer:
Atomic mass of Y
\(\frac{35.5+127}{2}=\frac{162.5}{2}\) = 81.25

Question 26.
Write Newland’s Law of Octaves for classification of elements.
Answer:
When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses, eighth elements has properties similar to the first element.

Question 27.
How many element were classified by Newland.
Answer:
Upto mass number 40.

Question 28.
Indicate the group number and period number of P in the modern Periodic Table.
Answer:
Group-15, Period-3.

Question 29.
An element has the electronic configuration 2, 8, 8, 2. Indicate its group and Period in the Modern Periodic Table.
Answer:
Group-12, Period-4.

Question 30.
An element M is in the group 13 of Modern Periodic Table write the formula of its oxide.
Answer:
M₂O₃.

Question 31.
Give the groups and periods in the Modern Periodic Table.
Answer:
Group-18, Periods-7.

Question 32.
Give the electronic configuration of ₁₇Cl³⁵. Also indicate its position in the Periodic Table.
Answer:
Electronic configuation of ₁₇Cl³⁵ = 2, 8, 7
Period number = 3
Group number =17. (VII A)

Question 33.
Give the name and electronic configuation of element with atomic number 9.
Answer:
Fluorine and it has the electronic configuation = 2, 7.

Question 34.
What is Modern Periodic Law?
Answer:
It states that the properties of the elements are the periodic functions of their atomic numbers.

Question 35.
Who gave Newland’s Law of Octaves.
Answer:
Newland.

Question 36.
Define Mendeleev’s periodic law.
Answer:
It states that the properties of the elements are the periodic functions of their atomic masses.

Question 37.
What is the basis of Mendeleev’s Modern Table?
Answer:
It is based upon Mendeleev periodic law and in this table the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses.

Question 38.
How many groups are present in Mendeleev’s Period Table.
Answer:
Eight.

Question 39.
Name the next elements after P in Modern Periodic Table.
Answer:
Sulphur (S).

Question 40.
Give the group number of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Answer:
They belong to group number 15.

Question 41.
Out of Mg and Al which is more metallic?
Answer:
Mg.

Question 42.
Out of Be, Mg, Ca, Al which does not belong to same group?
Answer:
Al.

Question 43.
In which group noble gases are present?
Answer:
Group 18 or group zero.

Question 44.
Na and S are present in the third period of Modern Periodic Table. Which is more metallic and why?
Answer:
Na is more metallic due to larger size than S.

Question 45.
What is metallic character?
Answer:
It is the tendency of an atom of the element to form positive ions by losing electrons.

Question 46.
What is the trend in metallic character on moving from left to right along a period?
Answer:
It decreases.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Who gave Law of octaves?
(A) Newland
(B) Dobereiner
(C) Mendeleef
(D) Lother Mayer.
Answer:
(A) Newland

Question 2.
In Mendeleef’s periodic table which element was discovered in the gap between Boron and Aluminium ?
(A) Na
(B) Ca
(C) Ga
(D) Ba.
Answer:
(C) Ga

Question 3.
According to Mendeleef’s periodic law, the elements are arranged in order of A increasing:
(A) Atomic numbers
(B) Decreasing atomic number
(C) Increasing atomic masses
(D) Decreasing atomic masses.
Answer:
(C) Increasing atomic masses

Question 4.
Which element occupied gap left in Mendeleers periodic table?
(A) Germanium
(B) chlorine
(C) Oxygen
(D) Silicon.
Answer:
(A) Germanium

Question 5.
An element has the electronic configuration 2, 8, 2. It is present in group:
(A) 2
(B) is
(C) 8
(D) 10.
Answer:
(A) 2

Question 6.
Which element shows metallic character?
(A) 2, 8, 2
(B) 2, 8, 4
(C) 2, 8, 8
(D) 2, 7.
Answer:
(A) 2, 8, 2

Question 7.
Which shell is largest shell?
(A) K
(B)L
(C) M
(D) N.
Answer:
(D) N

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Out of Na and Mg, ______ has bigger size.
Answer:
Na.

Question 2.
Number of elements known in Mendeleefs periodic table were ______
Answer:
63.

Question 3.
Oxygen and sulphur belong to same ______
Answer:
group.

Question 4.
The elements of group 17 are called ______
Answer:
halogens.

Question 5.
The valency of the members of noble gas family is ______
Answer:
zero.

Question 6.
The halogens belong to group ______
Answer:
17.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Periodic Classification of Elements Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following statements is not a correct statement about the trends when going from left to right across the periods of periodic table.
(а) The elements become less metallic in nature.
(b) The number of valence electrons increases.
(c) The atoms lose their electrons more easily.
(d) The oxides become more acidic.
Answer:
(c) The atoms lose their electrons more easily.

Question 2.
Element X forms a chloride with the formula XCl₂, which is a solid with a high melting point. X would most likely be in the same group of the periodic table as :
(a) Na
(b) Mg
(c) Al
(d) Si
Answer:
(b) Mg

Question 3.
Which element has :
(а) two shells, both of which are completely filled with electrons?
Answer:
Neon

(b) the electronic configuration 2, 8, 2?
Answer:
Magnesium

(c) a total of three shells, with four electrons in its valence shell?
Answer:
Silicon

(d) a total of two shells, with three electrons in its valence shell?
Answer:
Boron

(e) twice as many electrons in its second shell as in its first shell?
Answer:
Carbon.

Question 4.
(a) What property do all elements in the same column of the periodic table as Boron have in common?
Answer:
All elements of this column have 3 electrons in their valence shell like Boron.

(b) What property do all elements in the same column of the periodic table as Fluorine have in common?
Answer:
All elements of this column have 7 electrons in their valence shell like fluorine.

Question 5.
An atom has electronic configuration 2, 8, 7.
(а) What is the atomic number of this element?
Answer:
17

(b) To which of the following element would it be chemically similar? (atomic numbers are given in parenthesis).
N (7), F (9), P (15), Ar (18).
Answer:
F (9) (2, 7)

Question 6.
The position of three elements A, B and C in the periodic table are as shown below :

(а) State whether A is a metal or non-metal.
Answer:
A is non-metal.

(b) State whether C is more reactive or less reactive than A.
Answer:
C is less reactive than A.

(c) Will C be larger or smaller in size than B.
Answer:
C has smaller size than B.

(d) Which type of ion, cation or anion, will be formed by element A?
Answer:
Anion, A-.

Question 7.
Nitrogen (atomic number 7) and phosphorus (atomic number 15) belong to group 15 of the periodic table. Write the electronic configurations of these two elements. Which of these will be more electronegative? Why?
Answer:

	K	L	M
N7 has electronic configuration	2	5
P15 has electronic configuration	2	8	7

Nitrogen is more electronegative than Phosphorus due to smaller size.

Question 8.
How does the electronic configuration of an atom relate to its position in the Modern Periodic Table?
Answer:
By knowing the electronic configuration of an element, we can know its period number from the number of shells present in its atom and from number of electrons in the valence shell of its atoms we can know its group number, e.g. let us consider the case of sodium atom.

Atomic number of sodium = 11
Its electronic configuration = 2, 8, 1 (K) (L) (M)
∴ Number of shells = 3
∴ Sodium belongs to 3rd period.

Also sodium atom has one electron in its valence shell.
∴ It is present in first group.
∴ Sodium lies in the first group and third period of Modern Periodic Table.

Question 9.
In the Modern Periodic Table, calcium (atomic number 20) is surrounded by elements with atomic numbers 12,19, 21 and 38. Which of these have physical and chemical properties resembling calcium?
Answer:
Element with atomic numbers 12 and 38 because they have two electrons in their valence shells like calcium (2, 8, 8, 2).

Question 10.
Compare and contrast the arrangement of elements in Mendeleev’s Periodic table and the Modern Periodic table.
Answer:
Similarities :

• In both the elements are arranged in groups and periods.
• In both similar elements are placed in same group.
• Both the classification make the study of elements simple and systematic.

Differences :

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table	Modern Periodic Table
1. The elements are arranged in order of increasing mass numbers.	1. The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers.
2. It has 8 vertical columns called groups.	2. It contains eighteen vertical columns called groups.
3. Groups like group VIII ‘have been divided into sub groups A and B.	3. Each group is an independent group.
4. Inert gases are not included in this table.	4. Inert gases are included in this periodic table.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Periodic Classification of Elements InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Did Dobereiner’s triads also exist in the columns of Newlands’ octaves? Compare and find out.
Answer:
Yes, Dobereiner’s triads also existed in columns of Newlands’ octaves. These are:

H	Li	Be
F	Na	Mg
Cl	K	Ca

Question 2.
What were the limitations of Dobereiner’s classification?
Answer:

• Dobereiner could find only three triads from the elements known at that time.
• It is applicable only to a few elements.

Question 3.
What were the limitations of Newlands’ law of octaves?
Answer:

• It is applicable upto calcium only.
• Sometimes two elements were put in the same slot.
• After the discovery of noble gas, law of octave is not valid.

Question 4.
Use Mendeleev’s periodic table to predict the formulae for the oxides of following elements :
K, C, Al, Si, Ba.
Answer:
K₂O, CO₂, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, BaO.

Question 5.
Besides Gallium, which other elements have since been discovered to fill the gaps left by Mendeleev in his periodic table? (any two)
Answer:
Scandium and Germanium.

Question 6.
What were the criteria used by Mendeleev in creating his periodic table?
Answer:

• The formulae of hydrides and oxides formed by an element wrere treated as one of the basic properties of an element for its classification.
• It is based upon Mendeleev’s periodic law which predicts that the properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic masses.

Question 7.
Why do you think the noble gases are placed in a separate group?
Answer:
These gases were discovered very late because they are very inert and placing them in a separate group, does not disturb the existing order put forward by Mendeleev.

Question 8.
How could Modern Periodic Table remove various anomalies of Mendeleev Periodic Table?
Answer:

• Isotopes of an elements occupy same position in the periodic table due to same atomic number.
• There is a logical separation of elements into subgroups.
• It is based upon the fundamental property of an element i.e. atomic number.

Question 9.
Name two elements you would expect to show same kind of chemical reactivity as magnesium. What is the basis for your choice?
Answer:
Calcium and Strontium because they have same number of valence electrons.

Question 10.
Name :
(а) three elements that have only a single electron in their outermost shells.
Answer:
Lithium, Sodium and Potassium.

(b) two elements that have two electrons in their outermost shells.
Answer:
Magnesium, Calcium.

(c) three elements with filled outermost shells.
Answer:
Neon, Argon, Krypton.

Question 11.
(a) Lithium, Sodium, Potassium are all metals that react with water to liberate hydrogen gas. Is there any similarity in the atoms of these elements?
Answer:
One electron in their valence shells and are metals.

(b) Helium is an unreactive gas and neon is a gas of extremely low reactivity. What, if anything, do their atoms have in common?
Answer:
Eight electrons in their valence shells.

Question 12.
In the modern periodic table, of the first ten elements, which are metals?
Answer:
Lithium and Beryllium.

Question 13.
By considering their position in the periodic table, which one of the following elements would you expect to have the most metallic characteristics?
Ga Ge As Se Be.
Answer:
Gallium.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is allotropy? Name the allotropes of carbon. Are they chemically same? Compare their physical properties.
Answer:
Allotropy: The phenomenon of existence of two or more different physical forms of the same chemical element, with same chemical properties is called allotropy.

Allotropes of carbon

• Diamond
• Graphite

Similarity in chemical composition:
If both the allotropes in equal amount are heated in air then both will release same amount of carbon dioxide and will not leave any residue. Therefore this proves that both are same in chemical composition.

Comparison of Physical Properties

Property	Diamond	Graphite
1. Appearance	Transparent	Black, shiny
2. Hardness	Very hard	Soft, slippery/ smooth in touch
3. Heat conductivity	Very less	Medium conductor
4. Electric conductivity	Bad conductor	Good conductor
5. Density (kg/m3)	3 – 510	2 – 250
6. Purity	Purest	Less pure than diamond
7. Melting point	3500°C	3000°C
8. Uses/Applications	Jewellery, drilling purpose Lubricants.	Drycells, Electric Arcs, Pencils, Lead,

Question 2.
What is covalent bond? Write its properties.
Answer:
The chemical bond formed by sharing of electrons between atoms of same or different non-metal elements is known as covalent bond.

Properties of Covalent bond/bonds.

• They hax e strong bonds within molecules but their inter molecular bond is weak.
• They have low boiling points.
• They have low melting points.
• Their compounds are bad conductors of electricity.

Question 3.
(a) Why does carbon form largest number of compounds?
Answer:
This is due to its tetracovalency and catenation.

(b) Why are some of these called saturated and other unsaturated compounds?
Answer:
The compounds containing C – C single bond are called saturated compounds and the compound containing

bonds are called unsaturated compounds.

(c) Which of these two is more reactive?
Answer:
Unsaturated compounds are more reactive than saturated compounds.

(d) Write the names of the compounds
(i) CH₃ – CH₂ – Br
Answer:

Answer:

Question 4.
Write about nomenclature of carbon compounds.
Answer:
The names of compounds in a homologous series are based on the name of basic carbon chain modified by a prefix’ ‘phrase before’ or ‘suffix’ ‘phrase after’ indicating the nature of the functional group. For example, the names of various alcohols are methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.

Naming of carbon compound can be done by the following method :

• Identify the number of carbon atoms in the compound. A compound having three carbon atoms will have the name propane.
• In case a functional group is present, it is indicated in the name of the compound with either a ‘prefix’ or a ‘suffix’. Like chloro propane, bromo propane, propanal, propanone etc.
• If the name of functional group is to be given on the basis of suffix, the name of the carbon chain is modified by deleting the final ‘e’ and adding the appropriate suffix. For example, a chain having three carbons with a Ketone group will be given name in the following manner.
  Propane-‘e’ = propan + ‘one’ = propanone.
• If the carbon chain is unsaturated then the final ‘ane’ in the name of carbon chain is substituted by ‘ene’ or ‘yne’. For example, a three-carbon chain with a double bond would be called propene and if it has triple bond, it would be called propyne.

Question 5.
Write down the chemical properties of carbon compounds.
Answer:
The main chemical properties of carbon compounds are :
1. Burning: Carbons in all its allotropic forms burns in the presence of oxygen and produces heat, light and C02, For example :
C + O₂ → CO₂ + heat and light
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + Heat and light
CH₃CH₂OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O + Heat and light.
Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a clear flame whereas unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with sooty yellow flame.

2. Oxidation: Carbon compounds can easily be oxidised by burning. Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium permanganate converts alcohols into acids.

3. Addition reaction: Unsaturated hydrocarbons make saturated hydrocarbons by adding hydrogen to itself in the presence of catalysts like nickel and palladium. The reaction is commonly used in hydrogenation of vegetable oils using nickel catalyst.

Vegetable oils generally have long unsaturated carbon chain while animal fats have saturated carbon chains.

4. Substitution reaction: Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive and are inert in the presence of most reagents. However, in the presence of sunlight, chlorine gets combined with hydrocarbons in a quick reaction. Chlorine replaces very quickly the hydrogen atoms in the chemical reaction one by one due to which number of products are usually formed with the higher homologous of alkanes.

Question 6.
(a) What is an alcohol? Give two examples.
Answer:
Alcohol is a simple compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. If one hydrogen atom is replaced by hydroxyl (-OH) group in alkene, alcohol is produced. General formula of alcohol is C_nH_2n+2

Examples :

• In Methane (CH₄) when hydrogen atom is replaced by hydroxyl (- OH) group, methanol (CH₃OH) is formed.
• Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is produced with the help of ethane

(b) How is synthetic ethanol produced? Also write.
Answer:
Synthetic ethanol is prepared by reacting ethane with water in the presence of phosphoric acid (H3P04).

Properties of Ethanol :

• It is a colourless liquid with specific colour.
• Its boiling point is 351 K and melting point is 156 K.
• It is soluble in water in any proportion.
• It doesn’t show any reaction with litmus because it is neutral.
• It burns with blue flame in air to produce carbon dioxide and water.
  C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
• It reacts with oxygen or potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) to produce ethanoic acid.
  C₂H₅OH + O₂ → CH₃COOH + H₂O
• It reacts with sodium metal.
  2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂
• It reacts with acetic acid in the presence of concentrated H₂SO₄. When this mixture is heated and poured in ice cold solution of sodium carbonate, a sweet smell is produced.

Question 7.
Give important properties of monocarboxylic acids. Also give its uses.
Or
Give important properties of ethanoic acid (Acetic acid). Also give its uses.
Answer:
Important properties of monocarboxylic acid :
1. Ethanoic acid or acetic acid is colourless liquid and is soluble in water, 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar.

2. Pure ethanoic acid melts at 290 K and freezes during winter in cold climates and looks like ice. Hence it is called glacial acetic acid.

3. Esterification: When an acid is heated with an alcohol in the presence of cone. H2S04, an ester is produced. This is a slow reversible reaction and is called esterification.

Esters are sweet-smelling substances.

4. Action with a base

5. Action with carbonates and bicarbonates
Ethanoic acid decomposes carbonates and bicarbonates producing salt, carbon dioxide and water.
2CH₃COOH + Na₂CO₃ → 2CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂ ↑
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂ ↑

Uses of ethanoic acid :

• It is used in the manufacture of dyes, perfumes and rayon.
• It is used in the manufacture of plastics, rubber and silk industries.
• It is used as a solvent.
• It is used as a vinegar in cooking, as food dressing and for preparing pickles.
• It is used for the manufacture of chemicals like acetone, acetic anhydride, etc.
• It is used for making white lead [2PbCO₃. Pb(OH)₂]

Question 8.
Explain the following terms :
(i) Esterification
Answer:
Alcohols are treated with carboxylic acids in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to form ester and this process in known as esterification.

Method: Mix ethyl alcohol with acetic acid in a test tube. Few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid is added and test tube is heated mildly in hot tub of water. Instantaneously sweet smell of ester is diffused in whole room.

It is an example of esterification. Ester is used in ice-cream, cold drinks, medicines, make up etc.

(ii) Saponification
Answer:
Saponification: Breaking down of fats is called saponification.

It is performed by heating vegetable or animal oils with 40% solution of caustic soda. Fats and base react to produce soap and glycerol.

Concentrated common salt solution is added to crystallize soap from water. Soap floats on the surface of water, after cooling. Soap is extracted from water and desired colour and smell are added and is given desired shape.

(iii) Decarboxylation
Answer:
Decarboxylation: Methane is produced when sodium or potassium salt of ethanoic acid are heated with sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide in 3 : 1 ratio.

It is a useful method to prepare methane. It is known as decarboxylation because one molecule of CO₂ is removed.

(iv) Polymerization.
Answer:
Polymerization: When a large number of small molecules join together at a specific temperature and pressure to form a big molecule, this process is termed as polymerization. These small molecules are known as ‘monomer’ whereas big combined molecule is known as ‘polymer.’
For example. Molecules of ethene join together at 2000 atm pressure and 200°C to form polythene.

Question 9.
Describe a method for the preparation of soap.
Answer:
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids. When the naturally occurring esters called fats or oils are heated with NaOH solution, they undergo hydrolysis to form sodium salt of higher fatty acid (called soap) and glycerol.

Manufacture of Soap. Soap can be made easily in the laboratory. Heat fat or oil with sodium hydroxide solution. After a few minutes, and constant stirring, the oil and water layers get mixed.

Add 5-10 g of common salt to it, stir the mixture and allow’ it to cool. On cooling, pale yellow a solid forms as a cake called soap.

The same principle is used for making soap in soap industry. Some other substances like perfumes, disinfectants and medicines are added to soap to give it desired characteristics.

Example :

Question 10.
What do you understand by isomers? Explain it with an example.
Or
Write down the isomers of butane.
Answer:
Isomers. The compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formula are called isomers and the phenomenon is called isomerism. There is no change in the structure of methane, ethane, propane if the atoms of carbon and hydrogen are rearranged but in case of alkane molecule if number of carbon is more than three then more than one arrangement is possible.

In this one long carbon chain is formed and the others are branched. In case of butane the chain is linked with atleast three carbon atoms with other carbon atoms. This type of alkanes are termed as iso-alkane. In a chain having no branch, carbon atom cannot be linked with two carbon atoms. Alkanes of this type are called normal alkane (n-alkane).

Two Isomers of Butane:

Isomers of Pentane

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain why carbon forms mostly covalent compounds?
Answer:
Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell. In order to get stable electronic configuration, it has to lose or gain four electrons, but it is difficult to lose or gain four electrons from energy considerations. Hence, Carbon complete its octet by sharing its valence electrons with other atoms forming covatent bonds resulting in the formation of covalent compounds.

Question 2.
In order to form large amount of carbonic compounds which major elements are used other than hydrogen and oxygen?
Answer:
The number of carbonic compounds is very large which was not possible only with the help of hydrogen and oxygen. Along with these two elements some other elements like nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen, halogens (Cl, Br, I, F) etc. also combine and because of it the caybonic compounds have crossed the number of many million. These combine together on the basis of functional groups and make new compounds.

Question 3.
‘Carbon is a unique element’, why?
Answer:
Carbon is the only known element out of all other known elements, that has got capability to make long chains. Each long chain of carbon atoms provides such a simple base with which other atoms can join by various methods resulting in the composition of various compounds.

Carbon atoms can make long chains or rings in three ways because of having catenation property.

Question 4.
Explain the structure of diamond and write why is it so hard?
Answer:
In diamond each carbon atom remains at the centre of regular tetrahedral and it remains bound with covalent bond to four carbon atoms which are situated at four corners of tetrahedral. Thus, all electrons of carbon are bound atoms and none is found in free state. So it forms a strong three-dimensional tetrahedral structure and because of it diamond is the hardest substance with very high density.

Question 5.
What are the uses of diamond?
Answer:
Uses of Diamond

• Diamond being the hardest substance is used for cutting other substances.
• Diamond because of its shine and lustre is used for making ornaments.
• It is used for drilling hard rocks.
• Sharp-edged diamonds are used by eye surgeon in catract surgery.
• Being extra ordinarly sensitive for heat radiations and having property to remove immediately harmful radiations. These are used in making absolute thermometers.

Question 6.
Why do diamonds glitter?
Answer:
Diamond is a transparent substance whose refractive index is very high. The rays of light passing through it get diverted much. According to its cut base edges light rays undergo total internal reflection. When these edges are polished, diamond glitters very beautifully.

Question 7.
How are diamonds made naturally and artifically?
Answer:
Naturally, diamonds are made by carbon present at the depth of about 150 km, where pressure is 70,000 atm and the temperature is about 1500°C. These diamonds come up near the surface with special kimberlite rocks. Artifically, diamonds are made by heating graphite under high pressure in the presence of special catalysts.

Question 8.
Write the structure of graphite. Why is it so soft?
Answer:
Each carbon atom is bonded with three neighbouring carbon atoms with covalent bonds in graphite. They are always in the same plane giving hexagonal array. As compared to diamond, the distance between carbon atoms is more. The distance between upper and lower layers does not permit carbon atoms to make covalent bonds and because of this fourth electrons remains free. These layers can easily slide one upon the other and graphite attains the property of a lubricant. It is very soft and slippery.

Question 9.
Why are diamonds used in jewellery? Give reasons.
Answer:
Refractive index of diamond is 2.45 which is the highest of all known substances, because of this, it shines brightly. Its critical angle is 24°, which is very less. This is why, the light rays passing through it deviates much. A small deviation in it causes beautiful spectrum of colours. When the bases of diamond are polished, it produces an astonishing brightness. That is why diamonds are used in making jewellery.

Question 10.
Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity?
Answer:
Each carbon atom of graphite is surrounded by three carbon atoms joined with covalent bond which makes hexagonal layers over each other. In these layers distance between the carbon atoms is more, that is why the possibility of fourth covalent bond between the carbon atoms of opposite layers is reduced. The fourth covalent electron is set free. The graphite has easy flow of electrons and it acts as a good conductor of electricity.

Question 11.
What are the uses of graphite?
Answer:
Uses of Graphite

• It is good conductor of electricity so- it is used in making dry cells and electric arcs as electrods.
• It is used in making pencils, black colour and black paint.
• It has lubricant property so it is used in machines to keep them lubricating at high temperature.
• It is used in making crucibles to boil some metals because of its high melting point.

Question 12.
Why are allotropes of carbon in form a molecule known as fullerenes?
Answer:
The allotropes of carbon in which 60 carbon atoms join to form a molecule are termed as fullerene. US architect Buckminster Fuller designed three dimensional domes which were supported by pentagonal and hexagonal structures.

Since fullerene molecules looked like these domes, that is why they are known as fullerene.

Question 13.
Draw the electron dot structures of methane, ethane, ethene, butane.
Or
(i) Write molecular formula of butane.
(ii) Draw the structure of Propanal.
Answer:
Methane
Formula -CH₄

Ethane
Formula -C₂H₆

Ethene
Formula -C₂H₄

Or
(i) Butane
Formula – C₄H₁₀

(ii) Propanal

Question 14.
Write two tests of alcohol.
Answer:

1. Ester test: When alcohol is heated with acetic acid, in the presence of sulphuric acid, sweet smelling ester is produced.
2. Sodium test: Alcohol reacts with sodium metal and always produces hydrogen gas.

Question 15.
(a) What do you understand by homologous series? Explain with an example.
Answer:
Homologous series. A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain is called a homologous series. Each successive member differ by (- CH₂) group. All the members of a homologous series can be obtained by similar process.

General Formula : C_nH_2n+2
For example : Homologous series of alkane is as follows

(b) Write the first three homologous compounds of methane.
Answer:
Homologous Compounds of Methane

Question 16.
Define homologous series. What are its main properties?
Answer:
Homologous series. A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain is called homologous series. In this series the adjacent members differ by (-CH₂) group. Each member of a homologous series is called homolog.

Properties of Homologous Series :

• All the members of a homologous series can be represented by a common formula.
• Two successive members differ by one carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms.
• All the members of a homologous series possess similar chemical properties.
• There is a small difference between all the members of a homologous series.
• There is always a difference of 14 a.m.u. in atomic mass of two adjacent homologous.

Question 17.
What are alkanes? Write the properties of its main members. What do we conclude from its properties?
Answer:
Alkanes. The hydrocarbons with structural/general formula C_nH_2n+2 are called alkanes. The members of this group form an homologous series. Hydrocarbons like methane, ethane, propane and butane form many carbonic compounds which are collectively known as alkane. In these compounds, the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms differ by (- CH₂) for the next member of family.

Properties of Alkanes

Conclusions:

• Physical properties of alkane are based on their mass.
• First four members of alkane are in gasous state and alkanes having more than six carbon atoms are in liquid state.
• Alkanes having high molecular mass are found in solid state.
• Melting and boiling point of alkanes increase with increase in molecular mass.

Question 18.
What happens when hydrogen gas is passed through vegetable oils in the presence of nickel?
Answer:
Vegetables oils have double bond and polymerisation is possible. When nickel is used as catalyst, vegetable oil converts to vegetable ghee when hydrogen is passed through it because of hydrogenation. Vegetable ghee is solid like butter at room temperature.

Question 19.
Write the chemical properties of ethanoic acid.
Answer:
Ethanoic acid reacts with some metals, metal carbonates, hydroxides and bicarbonates.
1. Action with sodium:

2. Action with sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide:

3. Action with carbonate and hydrogen carbonate :
It reacts with carbonates and hydrogen carbonate to form water, salt and carbon dioxide.

Question 20.
Which type of oils should be used for cooking? Why?
Answer:
Animal fats have saturated fatty acids, which are harmful for health, whereas oils have long unsaturated carbon chains which are not harmful. Hence unsaturated fatty acids oils are used for cooking.

Question 21.
Write the ill-effects of using alcohol.
Answer:

• It is an addictive substance.
• It affects the sensitivity of nervous system.
• When a drunken person drives the vehicle he/she is not able to take the right decisions which leads to accident.

Question 22.
Why is consumption of methanol (CH₃OH) very fatal?
Answer:
Even a very small amount of methanol can prove fatal. In liver, it oxides to form methanale, which vigorously react with cells of liver, by which protoplasm gets emanating and swells in the same manner as boiled egg. Consumption of methanol also lead to blindness.

Question 23.
Write the IUPAC names of ethyl alcohol and acetic acid. Write the name of products formed when ethyl alcohol and acetic acid react in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. Write its chemical reaction.
Answer:

Compounds	IUPAC Names
1. Ethyl alcohol	ethanol
2. Acetic acid	ethanoic acid

Chemical reaction :

Question 24.
How will you prepare :
(a) ethyl alcohol from ethene
(b) acetic acid from ethyl alcohol?
Give reactions.
Answer:
(a) Ethene is heated with water in the presence of phosphoric acid to prepare ethyl alcohol

(b) Acetic acid is prepared by oxidation of ethyl alcohol

Question 25.
Write in brief the various industrial alcohols.
Answer:

• Absolute alcohol: It is 100% pure ethanol. It is produced by fractional distillation of ethanol which is prepared by fermentation of carbohydrates.
• Denatured alcohol: It is 95% ethanol and is used in industries. It is made poisonous by adding methanol, copper sulphate and pyridine, so as to make it unfit for drinking.
• Power alcohol: It is mixture of Benzene and Ether in 20% Ethanol and 50% gasolene. It is used to save petroleum.
• Alcoholic beverages: Alcohol is used as addictive drink. It is sold under various names like, rum, whisky, brandy, Jinn, etc.

Question 26.
Why is cleansing effect of soap not effective in hard water?
Answer:
Soaps are not effective in hard water for washing purposes because hard water has salts of calaium and magnesium. When soaps are dissolved in hard water, calcium and magnesium ions l’eact with water to form calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids.

That is why a large amount of soap gets wasted. Calcium and magnesium salts being insoluble in water make precipitates and they get attached with the clothes and cause hinderance to the cleaning action and the clothes are not cleaned properly.

Question 27.
Distinguish between soaps and detergents.
Answer:

Soaps	Synthetic detergents
1. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids e.g. Sodium Stearate.	1. Synthetic detergents are Sodium alkyl Sulphates or Sodium alkyl benzene sulphates.
2. Soaps are prepared from vegetable oils or animal fats.	2. Synthetic detergents are prepared from the hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum.
3. Soaps have relatively weak cleansing action.	3. They have strong cleansing action.
4. Soaps form curdy white precipitates with calcium and magnesium salts present in hard water and hence, are not used in hard water.	4. Calcium and magnesium salts of detergents are soluble in water. Therefore no curdy white precipitates are obtained in hard water and hence synthetic detergents can be used even in hard water.
5. Soaps cannot be used in acidic medium as they are decomposed into carboxylic acids in acidic medium.	5. They can be used in acidic medium as they are the salts of strong acid and are not decomposed in acidic medium.
6. Soaps do not cause water pollution.	6. Synthetic detergents cause water pollution.
7. Soaps are biodegradable.	7. Some of the synthetic detergents are non biodegradable.

Question 28.
Write the formation of ethanol by fermentation process.
Answer:
Fermentation occurs in the presence of Bio-chemical catalysts at normal temperature by which sugar molecules convert into alcohol and carbon dioxide. These catalysts are known as enzymes, which means ‘yeast’ or ‘in the fermentation’.

Alcohol is formed by fermentation of sugar or starch. In a beaker, grape juice or glucose mixture is heated at 20° – 30°C in the presence of yeast. Sugar or starch molecules break into smaller molecules which produce carbon dioxide due to process of fermentation. This carbon dioxide is expelled out but air is not given inlet. A dilute mixture of ethanol is formed in water during fermentation. Ethanol is purified by distillation.

Chemical reaction :

Question 29.
Write the name of the reaction in which ethanoic acid and ethanol react together to form one product. Write the common name of the product.
Answer:
When ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid, ester is produced and this process is known as esterification.
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH → CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

Question 30.
Observe the figure given below :

(i) Write the reaction taking place
Answer:

(ii) What is this reaction called?
Answer:
Esterification

Question 31.
What is indicated in the figure given below and give use of it.
Answer:
The figure indicates formation of micelle. Micelles are used to remove oily dirt from clothes.
1 – Hydrophilic end
2 – Oil droplet.

Question 32.
Show the bonds of Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen atoms respectively.
Answer:
1. Hydrogen: Two atoms of hydrogen by sharing of their electrons make hydrogen molecule (H2).

2. Oxygen: A double bond is made between two atoms of oxygen. Each atom of oxygen shares two electrons with other atom to form .an octet.

3. Nitrogen: Each atom of nitrogen shares three electrons to form an octet.

Question 33.
(i) Write molecular formula of Propane.
Answer:
C3H8

(ii) Write IUPAC name of

Answer:
Bromoethane.

Question 34.
What is detergent? Write the formation of synthetic detergents. Write its advantage.
Answer:
Materials used for cleaning purposes are known as detergents. Since long, soaps have been used as detergents but now-a-days synthetic detergents are more popular. The detergent molecule has two ends, one which is made of sulphate (-SO₄) or sulphonate (SO₃Na) group and it is hydrophilic by nature whereas other which is made of hydrocarbon is hydrophobic.

Synthetic detergent produces ample amount of lather even in hard water. These do not form insoluble salts of calcium or magnesium.

Question 35.
Which substances are used to produce synthetic detergents?
Answer:
Following substances are needed for production of synthetic detergents :

• Long chained hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum and coal.
• Concentrated sulphuric acid.
• Sodium hydroxide.

Procedure: Hydrocarbons are treated with cone, sulphuric acid to get hydrocarbonic sulphuric acid. It is further reacted with NaOH which forms synthetic detergents. About 15 to 30% of the total weight of washing powder is detergent. Rest of the others are various chemicals which provide other qualities.

Question 36.
What are the components of washing powder?
Answer:

• Synthetic detergents (15 to 30%).
• Sodium sulphate and sodium nitrate.
• Sodium tri-poly phosphate or sodium carbonate.
• Sodium perborate.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which element is present necessarily in the following items?
Food, clothes, medicines and hooks.
Answer:
Carbon.

Question 2.
On which element do all living processes depend?
Answer:
Carbon.

Question 3.
What percentage of carbon is present in minerals found under the crust of earth?
Answer:
0.02 %.

Question 4.
What percentage of CO₂ is present in atmosphere?
Answer:
0.003%.

Question 5.
How many electrons are present in the outer shell of carbon?
Answer:
4.

Question 6.
Why does carbon need four electrons to gain or lose?
Answer:
To attain noble gas configuration.

Question 7.
How does carbon gain four electrons?
Answer:
By making C₄^– anion.

Question 8.
How does carbon lose four electrons?
Answer:
By making C₄⁺ cation.

Question 9.
Which type of bond is shared by a pair of two hydrogen atoms?
Answer:
Single bond.

Question 10.
How is single bond between two atoms expressed?
Answer:
By single straight line.

Question 11.
What is the atomic number of nitrogen?
Answer:
7.

Question 12.
How many electrons are given by each atom of Nitrogen to complete the octet?
Answer:
3.

Question 13.
Which gas is used as a fuel the most?
Answer:
Methane gas.

Question 14.
Methane is the main constituent gas of which two fuel gases?
Answer:
Biogas, C.N.G.

Question 15.
Write the full form of C.N.G.
Answer:
Compressed Natural Gas.

Question 16.
How is the structure of diamond?
Answer:
Strong three-dimensional structure.

Question 17.
How is the structure of graphite?
Answer:
Hexagonal.

Question 18.
Which of these two is a good conductor of electricity diamond or graphite?
Answer:
Graphite.

Question 19.
Which is the hardest substance?
Answer:
Diamond.

Question 20.
How does it feel by touching graphite?
Answer:
Soft and slippery.

Question 21.
Which element has the ability to form large number of compounds?
Answer:
Carbon.

Question 22.
Give names of two elements which are placed in the group of carbon and have same valency.
Answer:
Valency of carbon is 4. This group has silicon and germanium.

Question 23.
What is the simplest form of hydrocarbon?
Answer:
Methane (CH₄).

Question 24.
In which types of bonds can carbon atoms join?
Answer:
Single, double, triple bond and ring-shaped.

Question 25.
Write the names of five elements which can make bond with carbon to form new compounds.
Answer:
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Chlorine.

Question 26.
Write the formula of Ethane.
Answer:
C₂H₆.

Question 27.
Write the structural formula of Ethane.
Answer:

Question 28.
Give the next higher homo-logues of:
(i) C₃H₆
Answer:
C₄H₈

(ii) C₆H₈.
Answer:
C₇H₁₀.

Question 29.
Give the structure of ethanol.
Answer:

Question 30.
Name the functional group in propanone.
Answer:

Question 31.
Give the structure of simplest ketone.
Answer:
Simplest keton is acetone. It has the structure :

Question 32.
Give the name and structure of four carbon atoms in aldehyde.
Answer:

Question 33.
Name the products obtained when ethanol undergoes complete combustion.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and Water (H₂O).

Question 34.
Give the structural formula of ethanol.
Answer:

Question 35.
Give the name and structure of functional group present in acetic acid (CH3COOH).
Answer:
Carboxyl group

Question 36.
Which of the following compounds belong to same homo-Iogous series?
C₂H₆O₂, C₂H₆O₂, C₂H₆, CH₄O
Answer:
C₂H₆ O, (C₂H₅OH) And CH₄O or (CH₂OH).

Question 37.
Give the structural formula of an ester.
Answer:

Question 38.
Give the names and structural formulas of acid and alcohol from which ethyl acetate is obtained.
Answer:
Acetic acid

and ethyl alcohol, CH₃CH₂OH

Question 39.
Give the electron-dot stucture of methane.
Answer:

Question 40.
Define covalent bond.
Answer:
It is formed by mutual sharing of electron pair between two atoms.

Question 41.
Explain what covalent compounds do not conduct electric current?
Answer:
This is because there are neither free ions nor free electrons.

Question 42.
Name the bond formed between metal atom and non-metal atoms.
Answer:
Ionic or electro valent bond.

Question 43.
What are allotropes?
Answer:
When an element exists in two or more form having different physical pruperties but, some chemical properties, there forms are called allotropes.

Question 44.
Define catenation.
Answer:
It is the property due to which a large number of atoms of the same element get linked together through covalent bonds forming long straight chains, branched chains and rings of different sizes.

Question 45.
Give two oxidising agents.
Answer:

1. Acidified potassium permanganate.
2. Acidified potassium dichromate.

Question 46.
Give the electron dot structure of ethane.
Answer:
Dot structure of ethane :

Question 47.
Give the structural formula of propane.
Answer:

Question 48.
Give the electron dot structure of ethene.
Answer:
Dot structure of ethene.

Question 49.
Define functional group.
Answer:
It is an atom or group of atoms which when present in a molecule gives special properties to it. e.g. C₂H₅OH has the functional group, -OH (hydroxyl group).

Question 50.
If two organic compounds have some functional group, predict they have similar physical or chemical properties.
Answer:
Similar chemical properties.

Question 51.
Give the general formulae of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
Answer:
Alkanes: C_n H_2n+2
Alkaenes: C_nH_2n
Alkynes: C_nH_2n-2, where n = No. if carbon atoms).

Question 52.
Give the structural formula of isomers of C₄H₁₀ (butane).
Answer:
Butane has two structural isomers :

Question 53.
Give the first four members of homologous series of alcohols.
Answer:
CH₃OH, C₂H₅OH. C₃H₇OH, C₄H₅OH.

Question 54.
Define a Catalyst.
Answer:
It is a substance which can increase the rate of a reaction but remains unchanged in mass and composition at the end of reaction.

Question 55.
What happens when a piece of sodium metal is added to ethanol? Give chemical equation also.
Answer:

Question 56.
What happens when ethanol is heated with conc. H₂SO₄ at 443K?
Answer:
Ethanol undergoes acidic dehydration to give ethene

Question 57.
What is denatured spirit or alcohol?
Answer:
It is prepared by adding poisonous substance like methanol, acetone, pyridine or copper sulphate to ethanol. It is unfit for drinking purposes.

Question 58.
Give three uses of ethanoic acid.
Answer:

1. In the manufacture of vineger
2. In the manufacture white lead
3. As a reagent in laboratory.

Question 59.
What is the atomic number of hydrogen?
Answer:
One.

Question 60.
Give the electronic configuration of carbon atom.
Answer:
(2, 4).

Question 61.
Give name of four carbon compounds.
Answer:
Methane, Chloroform, Ethanol and ethanoic acid.

Question 62.
Give two allotropic forms of carbon.
Answer:
Diamond and graphite.

Question 63.
Give the name of simplest ketone.
Answer:
Propanone (CH₃ COCH₃).

Question 64.
Give the name of first member of homologous series of alkynes.
Answer:
Ethyne (C₂H₂).

Question 65.
Give the name and formula of acid present in vinegar.
Answer:
Ethanoic acid (CH₃ COOH).

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Ethanoic acid has the formula:
(A) C₂H₅OH
(B) CH₃COCH₃
(C) CH₃COOH
(D) C₂H₅COOH.
Answer:
(C) CH₃COOH

Question 2.
Carboxylic acids contain functional group:
(A) -CHO
(B) -CH₂OH
(C) -COOH
(D) -OH.
Answer:
(C) -COOH

Question 3.
The general formula of the alkyne is:
(A) C_nH_2n-2
(B) C_nH_2n+2
(C) C_nH_2n
(D) C_nH_2n+2.
Answer:
(A) C_nH_2n-2

Question 4.
Propanone has the functional group :
(A) -OH
(B) -CHO
(C) C=O
(D) -COOH.
Answer:
(C) C=O

Question 5.
Vinegar contains acetic acid:
(A) 5-8%
(B) 15-20%
(C) 21-29%
(D) 30-40%.
Answer:
(A) 5-8%

Question 6.
The reaction of acetic acid with ethyl alcohol is called :
(A) Polymerisation
(B) Saponification
(C) Hydrogenation
(D) Esterification.
Answer:
(D) Esterification.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The functional group present in ethyl alcohol is ___________
Answer:
The functional group present in ethyl alcohol is alcoholic group (-OH)

Question 2.
CH₃—CH₂—OH represents ___________
Answer:
Ethyl alcohol.

Question 3.
Two atoms of the same element combine to form a molecule. The bond between them is known as ___________ bond.
Answer:
Covalent.

Question 4.
In the formation of oxygen molecule, the oxygen atoms share ___________ electrons each.
Answer:
Two.

Question 5.
The number of single covalent bonds in the molecule of ammonia is ___________
Answer:
Three.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Carbon and its Compounds Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Ethane, with the molecular formula C₂H₆ has :
(a) 6 covalent bonds
(b) 7 covalent bonds
(c) 8 covalent bonds
(d) 9 covalent bonds.
Answer:
(b) 7 covalent bonds

Question 2.
Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group :
(a) carboxylic acid
(b) aldehyde
(c) ketone
(d) alcohol.
Answer:
(c) ketone

Question 3.
While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that :
(а) the food is not cooked completely
(b) the fuel is not burning completely
(c) the fuel is wet
(d) the fuel is burning completely.
Answer:
(b) the fuel is not burning completely

Question 4.
Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH₃Cl.
Answer:
The formation of CH₃Cl can be represented as :

Carbon forms single covalent bonds with three H- atoms and one Cl – atom by sharing one electron pair with each C-H bonds are non-polar. But C – Cl bond is polar because C and H leave almost same electronegativity whereas Cl has more electronegativity than carbon.

Question 5.
Draw the electron dot structures for :
(a) ethanoic acid
Answer:

(b) H₂S
Answer:

(c) propanone
Answer:

(d) F₂.
Answer:

Question 6.
What is an homologous series? Explain with an example.
Answer:
A series of compounds having similar structural formulae, same functional group and hence similar chemical properties is called a homologous series. In the homologous series any two adjacent members differ by CH2 unit in their molecular formulae.

For example homologous series of aldehydes (or alkanals) can be represented as :

H – CHO	Methanal
CH3 – CHO	Ethanal
CH3 – CH2 – CHO	Propanal
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO	Butanal
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO	Pentanal and so on.

Question 7.
How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?
Answer:
Differences between ethanol and ethanoic acid

Ethanol	Ethanoic acid
1. It is a colourless liquid having a pleasant smell.	1. It is colourless liquid having vineger like smell.
2. It has no action with a litmus solution.	2. It turns blue litmus solution red.
3. It has no action with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.	3. It decomposes sodium hydrogen carbonate solution giving brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas.

Question 8.
Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Answer:
Soap molecule has two ends, one is hydrophilic, and it dissolves in water, while the other end is hydrophobic, and it dissolves in hydrocarbons. When soap is at the surface of water , the hydrophobic ‘tail’ of soap will not be soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface of water with the ionic end in water and the hydrocarbon ‘tail’ pointing out of water.

Inside water, these molecules have a unique orientation which keeps the hydrocarbon portion out of the water. This is achieved due to the formation clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster. This formation is called a micelle.

Such micelles can be formed in other polar solvents like ethanol.

Question 9.
Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Answer:
Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most applications because they bum producing a large amount of heat and light.

Question 10.
Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer:
When soap is added to hard water, the soluble calcium and magnesium salts present in it react with soap to give insoluble calcium salt of soap which produces scum.

Question 11.
What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Answer:
Soap solution will turn red litmus paper blue because soap is alkaline in nature.

Question 12.
What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
Answer:
The addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of catalysts like palladium, platinum, nickel etc. to give saturated hydrocarbons is called hydrogenation.

This reaction is used for hydrogenation of liquid vegetable oils using a nickel catalyst to get artificial or vanaspati ghee.

Question 13.
Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reaction : C₂H₆, C₃H₈, C₃H₆, C₂H₂ and CH₄.
Answer:
Out of C₂H₆, C₃H₈, C₃H₆, C₂H₂ and CH₄; C₃H₆ and C₂H₂ undergo addition reactions because they contain multiple bonds.

Question 14.
Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Answer:
Distinction between Butter and Cooking oil:

Butter	Cooking Oil
1. It is solid at room temperature.	1. It is liquid at room temperature.
2. Mix equal volumes of HgCl2 solution in 50% alcohol and 5% iodine solution in alcohol. To this add lg of butter. Violet colour does not fade away.	2. Mix equal volumes of HgCl2 solution in 50% alcohol and 5% solution of iodine in alcohol. To this add 1 ml of cooking oil. Violet colour fades away.
3. Take 2 g of butter in a test tube. To this add 1ml of cone. HCl and a few drops of 2% furfural solution in alcohol. Shake and allow to stand for 5 – 10 minutes. No rose red coloration appears.	3. Take 2 g of cooking oil in a test tube. To this add 1 ml of cone. HCl and a few drops of 2% .furfural solution in alcohol. Shake it and allow to stand for 5 – 10 minutes. Rose red coloration is obtained.

Question 15.
Explain the mechanism of the cleansing action of soaps.
Answer:
Mechanism of cleansing action of Soap:
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids e.g. sodium palmitate, C₁₅H₃₁COO^–Na⁺, sodium stearate, C₁₇H₃₅COO^–Na⁺ etc. A molecule of soap consists of two parts :

1. a long chain hydrocarbon part (C₁₅H₃₁^–, C₁₇H₃₅ …. etc.) which is soluble in oil and
2. ionic part on polar group, – COO^–Na⁺ which is soluble in water. Thus a molecule of soap can be represented as :

The long hydrocarbon chain is insoluble in water but soluble in oil and greases whereas the ionic or polar part is soluble in water. Soap has a capacity to clean a dirty piece of cloth whereas ordinary water cannot. The dirty clothes contain greasy and oily substance (dirt). Soap molecules dissociate in water to give carboxylate ion (RCOO^–) and cation (Na⁺). When soap added to dirty clothes dipped in water, the hydrocarbon part of carboxylate group dissolving in greasy or oily dirt particles where the polar (COO^–) group remain attached to water. In this way each oil droplet acquires negative charge.

The cleansing action of Soap

These negative charged oil droplets called micelles cannot coalesce and hence form a stable emulsion water. These small droplets along with dirt can be easily washed away with water. Thus the soap helps in removing greasy dirt by producing a stable oil in wrater type emulsion. Also the soap reduces surface tension of water. Hence cloth is wetted more effectively and is cleaned.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Carbon and its Compounds InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What would be the electron-dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO₂?
Answer:
In carbon dioxide, carbon atoms are bonded with two oxygen atoms. The atomic number of carbon is 6, and it has four electrons in the outer shell.

To make an octet it requires four electrons. Oxygen requires only two electrons in the outer shell. Therefore electron-dot structure will be :

Every oxygen atom is joined to carbon atom by double bond.

Question 2.
What would be the electron-dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? (HINT. The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of ring.)
Answer:
The atomic number of sulphur is 16

Sulphur has 6 electrons in the outermost shell and to complete an octet it requires 2 electrons.
∴ Sulphur atom will share 2 electrons. It’s chemical formula is S₈.

Question 3.
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Answer:
Three ; n-Pentane, iso-pentane, neo-pentane.
Structural isomers can be drawn for pentane.

Question 4.
What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?
Answer:

1. Catenation: The carbon atoms have an astonishing property to combine and form bond with other carbon atoms to form long chain compounds. This property is known as catenation. In this, either long chain of carbon are in ring form or the carbon atoms join in single, double or triple bond.
2. Tetravalency: Carbon has four electrons in the outermost shell. That is why its valency is four and it has got capacity to make bonds with other elements. Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Chlorine and many other elements can make new compounds with the help of carbon.

Question 5.
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Answer:
Molecular formula of cyclopentane = C₅ H_{2 × 5} = C₅H₁₀

Question 6.
Draw the structures for following compounds :
Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
(i) Ethanoic acid
Answer:
Ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH)

(ii) Bromopentane
Answer:

Due to exchange of position of carbon with bromine, many isomers of bromopentane are possible.
For example :

(iii) Butanone
Answer:

(iv) Hexanal.
Answer:

Question 7.
How would you name the following compounds?
(i) CH₃ – CH₂ – Br
Answer:
Bromoethane

Answer:
Methanal

Answer:
Hex-1-yne.

Question 8.
Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
Answer:
This is because in this reaction oxygen gets added to ethanol.

Question 9.
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?
Answer:
A mixture of ethyne and air is not burnt for welding. This is because air also contains nitrogen along with oxygen. Nitrogen will also burn in oxygen producing oxides of nitrogen such as nitre oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) which cause pollution.

Question 10.
How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Answer:
The following two tests are used :

• Litmus test: Treat the given compound with blue litmus solutions. If the blue litmus solution turns red, it is a carboxylic acid and if does not turn red, it is an alcohol.
• Sodium bicarbonate test: Add some sodium bicarbonate solution to the given compound. If their is a brisk evolution of a colourless and odourless gas (CO₂) which turns freshly prepared lime water milk, it is carboxylic acid and if their is no effervescence, it is an alcohol.

Question 11.
What are oxidising agents?
Answer:

• The substances which can oxidise other substances by giving oxygen are called oxidising agents.
• Examples: Alkaline potassium permanganate solution, acidified potassium dichromate solution, etc.

Question 12.
Would you be able to check if water is hard using a detergent?
Answer:
No, we can’t check whether the water is hand or soft using a detergent.

Question 13.
People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’ the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush, or the mixture is agitated necessary to get clean clothes?
Answer:
This is because when soap molecules dissolve in the dirt, the dirt is somewhat loosened from the clothes, and in order to remove it from clothes, the clothes have to be beaten on a stone or beaten with a paddle or scrubbed with a brush or mixture has to be agitated in washing machines.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 2 Where is Science Taking Us? Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Main Course Book Chapter 2 Where is Science Taking Us?

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why does the author of ‘Where Is Science Taking Us ? say that science is doing less than nothing ?
Answer:
Science has done nothing with regard to ethical and spiritual matters. It has created many ethical problems, but doesn’t offer any solutions. Therefore, the writer says that science is doing less than nothing.

नैतिक और आध्यात्मिक विषयों के सम्बन्ध में विज्ञान ने कुछ नहीं किया है। इसने अनेक नैतिक समस्याएं खड़ी कर दी हैं, परन्तु उनका समाधान नहीं दिया है। इसलिए लेखक कहता है कि विज्ञान कुछ भी नहीं से भी कम कर रहा है।

Question 2.
What are machines doing for the humans ?
Answer:
Machines have given humans abnormal power. They are helping them in every field. They are working as man’s slaves.

मशीनों ने मनुष्यों को असाधारण शक्ति प्रदान कर दी है। वे हर क्षेत्र में उनकी सहायता कर रही हैं। वे मनुष्य के दासों के रूप में काम कर रही हैं।

Question 3.
What is the greatest triumph of science ?
Answer:
Science has helped us to produce more and more food. It has also invented many new medicines and helped man to live longer.

विज्ञान ने अधिकाधिक भोजन पैदा करने में हमें सहायता प्रदान की है। इसने अनेक नई दवाइयों का आविष्कार भी किया है और मनुष्य की अधिक समय तक जीवित रहने में सहायता की है।

Question 4.
What are the consequences of war ?
Answer:
War causes death and destruction. Selfish traders hoard all food and people have to starve.

युद्ध से मृत्यु और विनाश पैदा होते हैं। स्वार्थी व्यापारी सभी खाने की चीज़ों की जमाखोरी कर लेते हैं और लोगों को भूखा मरना पड़ता है।

Question 5.
Today the upper age group is overcrowded.’ Why?
Answer:
Almost every year, many new drugs are invented. These drugs increase the average span of life. As a result of this, the upper age group has become overcrowded.

लगभग प्रत्येक वर्ष अनेकों नई दवाइयों की खोज हो जाती है। ये दवाइयां जीवन की औसत अवधि को बढ़ा देती हैं। इसके परिणामस्वरूप अधिक आयु के लोगों की संख्या अत्यन्त बढ़ गई है।

Question 6.
What has happened to the ethics and morals in the modern world?
Answer:
In the modern world, everybody is running after material things. Nobody cares about ethics and morals.

आधुनिक संसार में प्रत्येक व्यक्ति भौतिक चीजों के पीछे भाग रहा है। नैतिकता और नीति-शास्त्र की परवाह कोई नहीं करता है।

Question 7.
What is really needed in the world today ?
Answer:
Moral and spiritual values are needed in the world today. The qualities of charity, mercy, understanding, tolerance and justice need to be developed.

आज संसार में नैतिक और आध्यात्मिक मूल्यों की ज़रूरत है। दान, दया, सहानुभूति, सहनशीलता और न्याय सम्बन्धी गुणों को विकसित करने की ज़रूरत है।

Question 8.
Why does the author of ‘Where Is Science Taking Us ? wish to live another hundred years ?
Answer:
The author hopes that life will become more interesting, intriguing and exciting in future. He wants to enjoy such kind of life. That is why he wishes to live another hundred years.

लेखक को आशा है कि भविष्य में जीवन और अधिक रोचक, जटिल और रोमांचक हो जाएगा। वह इस प्रकार के जीवन का आनन्द उठाना चाहता है। इसी कारण से वह सौ वर्ष और जीना चाहता है।

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
List the material triumphs of science and the non-material necessities to make the world a better place.
Answer:
Science has given man all power over the physical world. It has given man the power of machines. With the help of machines, man can do even the impossible. But science has given man only the power over material things. In fact, it is the non-material things like charity, mercy, tolerance and justice that make the world a better place. In this regard, science has done less than nothing.

विज्ञान ने मनुष्य को भौतिक संसार के ऊपर पूरी शक्ति प्रदान कर दी है। इसने मनुष्य को मशीनों की शक्ति प्रदान कर दी है। मशीनों की सहायता से मनुष्य असम्भव काम तक कर सकता है। किन्तु विज्ञान ने मनुष्य को केवल भौतिक चीज़ों के ऊपर शक्ति प्रदान की है। वास्तव में यह दान, दया, सहनशीलता और न्याय जैसी चीजें हैं जो संसार को एक बेहतर जगह बनाती हैं। इस विषय में विज्ञान ने कुछ नहीं से भी कम काम किया है।

Question 2.
What should be the ultimate aim of science ?
Answer:
The ultimate aim of science should be to make life worthwhile on the earth. No doubt, science has given man the comfort of all material things. But more than material things, it is the non-material things that man needs. They are the qualities of charity, mercy, tolerance and justice. It is these things that make life worthwhile. Science should help man develop these functions of the mind.

विज्ञान का अन्तिम लक्ष्य इस धरती पर जीवन को सार्थक बनाना है। निस्सन्देह विज्ञान ने मनुष्य को सभी भौतिक चीज़ों की सुविधा प्रदान की है। किन्तु भौतिक चीजों से ज्यादा मनुष्य को अभौतिक चीज़ों की ज़रूरत है। वे दान, दया, सहनशीलता और न्याय के गुण हैं। यही चीजें हैं जो जीवन को सार्थक बनाती हैं। विज्ञान को मनुष्य में यही क्रियाएँ विकसित करने में सहायता देनी चाहिए।

Vocabulary and Grammar

Question 1.
Modern drugs have decreased the average span of life of human beings. (True, False)
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Machines give us more and more hours of …………..
(i) hard work
(ii) leisure
(iii) life
(iv) health.
Answer:
(ii) leisure

Question 3.
Name two non-material things mentioned in the lesson.
Answer:
Charity and tolerance

Question 4.
According to the writer, science is doing ‘less than nothing for material things’. (True, False)
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Which age group is overcrowded today?
(i) Childhood
(ii) Middle age group
(iii) Upper age group
(iv) None of these.
Answer:
(iii) Upper age group

Question 6.
Science has helped man to live ……
(i) forever
(ii) no more
(iii) longer
(iv) a short life.
Answer:
(iii) longer

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Name the author of the essay, Where is Science Taking Us’?
Answer:
The name of the author is Dr. S.W. Pennyquick.

Question 2.
Which is the newer question cropping up before us ?
Answer:
The question is : ‘Where is science taking us ?

Question 3.
Which thing does the author first take as a material thing ?
Answer:
He first takes up the machine as a material thing.

Question 4.
Where do we find machines ?
Answer:
We find them in every sphere of life.

Question 5.
What does a machine give us ?
Answer:
A machine gives us power and leisure.

Question 6.
Are machines good for us in all the ways ?
Answer:
No, they also create problems for us.a

Question 7.
What questions regarding machines come in man’s mind ?
Answer:
Man wants to know the answer regarding the aims and goal of the machines.

Question 8.
What things are now most important for the humanity ?’
Answer:
They are understanding, tolerance, justice and mercy.

Question 9.
Has science been successful in non-material things ?
Answer:
No, science has been helpless in this regard.

Question 10.
How is the life becoming because of machines ?
Answer:
It is becoming more and more interesting and exciting.

Complete the following :

1. Material things are our ………………… business.
2. Machines are there in every …………………. of human activity.
3. This age is truly the age of ………………….
4. We can now kill our fellow men in …………………. numbers.
5. During the war, many people have to …………………
6. Machine age gives us more hours of …………..
Answer:
1. daily
2. field
3. machine
4. large
5. starve
6. leisure.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. From the early times, man has wanted to know the meaning of life.
2. Science is doing a lot in respect of ethical and spiritual values.
3. Machines have reduced our leisure time.
4. Science produces goods, but it has no control over the consequences.
5. The number of aged persons has come down.
6. The spirit of tolerance and understanding is necessary for the humans.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
Man has always wanted to know the ………………… of life.
(a) use
(b) meaning
(c) complexities
(d) mystery
Answer:
(b) meaning

Question 2.
Machines have given us more hours of ……………
(a) worries
(b) troubles
(c) leisure
(d) hard work.
Answer:
(c) leisure

Question 3.
We can now kill our fellow beings in …………
(a) fewer numbers
(b) a second
(c) the trenches
(d) larger numbers.
Answer:
(d) larger numbers.

Question 4.
Now the wars have become ……
(a) very terrible
(b) easy
(c) rare
(d) impossible.
Answer:
(a) very terrible

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
The synonym of each word under column A rhymes with the other word given under column C. Fill in the blanks in column B with the synonyms of words under A :
Answer:
1. fury – rage – page
2. began-started – parted
3. consequence – result – insult
4. conquest – victory – history
5. ethical – moral – oral
6. apparent – obvious – tedious
7. tolerate – bear – tear
8. charity – donation – nation
9. sufficient – enough – rough
10. abolish – end – mend.

Question 2.
Match the words under A with their antonyms under B :
Answer:
1. material → spiritual
2. forward → backward
3. necessary → unnecessary
4. creative → destructive
5. triumph → defeat
6. less → more
7. obvious → latent
8. ultimate → initial
9. justice → injustice
10. exciting → dull.

Question 3.
Make meaningful words by using over and under as prefix or suffix.
Answer:
1. overcome
2. underline
3. overestimate, underestimate
4. overstatement, understatement
5. undercurrent
6. overarm, underarm
7. overdo
8. overground, underground
9. pullover
10. overage, underage
11. underpants
12. overcharge, undercharge.

Question 4.
Rewrite the following in Direct Speech :
Answer:
1. The minister said, “I spoke about the rights of the citizens in a democracy. I must speak about the citizen’s responsibilities too.”
2. My mother said to me, “Do not waste your time during the holidays. Do some useful reading.”
3. The school inspector said, “I was very pleased with the school. I wish to congratulate the principal and the staff.”
4. The boys said to the teacher, “We didn’t understand the question. Please explain it once more.”

Question 5.
Change the Voice in the following sentences :
Answer:
1. The examination has been passed by him.
2. The truth must be spoken by you.
3. Your uncle’s advice should be followed by you.
4. A song can be sung by her now.
5. The test will be passed by Ram.
6. Why was he abused by you ?
7. It has to be done by me.
8. The police will arrest him soon.
9. A lie cannot be told by her.
10. You must accept this.

Question 6.
Put the words in the brackets into the be-going form :
Answer:
1. You are going to miss your bus.
2. The man with a brick in his hand is going to throw it at the dog.
3. We are wearing red clothes and the bull is going to attack us.
4. I am not going to sleep in this room, it is dirty.
5. Due to some technical fault, the aeroplane is going to crash.
6. They are going to make a lot of money out of this deal.
7. I am going to collect my new dress this evening.
8. I’ve reminded you once; I am not going to do it again.
9. He is going to smuggle this gold out of the country.
10. Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.

Where is Science Taking Us? Summary & Translation in English

Where is Science Taking Us Introduction:

In this chapter, the writer analyses the aims and the ultimate goal of science. He says that science has so far limited itself to material things. It has given man immense power over his material environment. But in non-material things such as charity, tolerance, forbearance, justice, mercy and understanding – science has been helpless. The writer says that the ultimate goal of science should be to make life worthwhile. And it can be done only by the advancement of non-material things. The writer hopes that one day science will bring about a functional improvement in the human mind and give it greater power of reasoning and understanding. He hopes that man will then have sufficient reason and understanding to abolish war.

Where is Science Taking Us? Summary & Translation in English:

Page – 18

When man first began to think, he asked himself the deepest of all questions a question which you have undoubtedly asked yourself many times : What is the Meaning of Life ? What is it all about ? Where are we all going ? What drives men ever forward to work and worry ? And now there’s this other big question a newer question which is beginning to force itself into our notice. One that is not ages old that has not been with us since man first began to think. It is : Where is Science Taking Us?

First, where is science taking us with regard to ethical and spiritual values ? We know what it is doing with regard to material things, for material things are its daily business; but what is it doing with regard to non-material things ? If the answer were ‘nothing at all’, that would be bad enough; but the actual answer is ‘less than nothing’. Here science is actually doing less than nothing. Its material teachings have been so over-emphasized that many people are floundering and wondering whether after all man is but a machine animated by forces over which he has no control.

Let’s concentrate on material things, the things that form the very stronghold of science. Look at the machine, for instance. This is the age of the machine. Machines are everywhere in the fields, in the factory, in the home, in the street, in the city, in the country, everywhere. To fly, it is not necessary to have wings; there are machines. To swim under the sea it is not necessary to have gills ; there are machines. To kill our fellow men in overwhelming numbers, there are machines. Petrol machines alone provide ten times more power than all human beings in the world. In the busiest countries, each individual has six hundred human slaves in his machines.

Page – 19

What are the consequences of this abnormal power ? Before the war, it looked as though it might be possible, for the first time in history, to provide food and clothing and shelter for the teeming population of the world every man, woman and child. This would have been one of the greatest triumphs of science. And yet, many a time especially during the war we have seen the world crammed full of food and people hungry. For that’s the way of science and the machine age. Science produces the goods, it makes the goods, but has no control over the consequences.

The machine age gives us year by year more hours of leisure but it fails to teach us how to use them. It gives us mechanical habits of mind and represses the spirit of adventure except along machine- made lines. We will need all our creative powers to think our way out of the social problems which science has created for us.

It is science that has given us the unexpected redistribution of the age groups. Almost every year, some modern drug adds a little more to the average span of life, until the upper group is overcrowded. In the United States, for instance, there are already nine million people over the age of sixty. (This talk was delivered around the 1950’s.) In fifteen years’ time, this number will reach the astonishing figure of forty-five million. Who is to keep them ? It will need some readjustment.

And so science goes on raising its problems. Compared with our fundamental question What is Life ? these problems may seem to be of less importance. But they are not really so.

What is happening is that science is creating problems faster than they can be solved. Man is struggling in a sort of vicious circle, always striving to catch up and never getting nearer. And there are no signs that the glut of discoveries is coming to an end. War is the worst example; science has pushed it so far forward that ethics 1 and morals are floundering hopelessly behind.

Page -20

It makes one sometimes ask : What is science really after? What are its aims? What is its goal? Its aims seem to be obvious. They are material, of course. One aim is the complete understanding, indeed the conquest, of man’s environment ; the conquest of everything material, big or small, bringing all powers within man’s reach. The other aim is the understanding of all the mysteries that lie within the human body the material mysteries, the innumerable chemical and physical actions that make the body work.

If these are the apparent aims of science, surely they cannot represent the ultimate goal. The ultimate goal, if there is such a thing, must be the understanding of everything that makes life worth while, the enrichment of all that life means. That goes beyond material things; for man needs more than food and shelter and clothing and the understanding of what goes on within his stomach.

What is really needed in the world today, perhaps more than ever before, is not some new world-shattering discovery in nuclear physics, or some breath taking discovery in chemistry or medicine. The advance for which the world is waiting, beyond any doubt, is a small advance a slight advance in charity, in understanding, forbearance, tolerance, justice and mercy. That is what the world is waiting for, and waiting rather anxiously. But charity, and tolerance, and forbearance, and the understanding of one another are non-material matters. And in non-material things in the simplest social things science has been helpless. It cannot even help us to distinguish good from evil.

Maybe this will not always be so. Who knows ? It is quite probable that some day science will effect an improvement in the human brain itself. Not a structural improvement, for in structure the human brain is the greatest miracle of all; its understanding will come last. But there might well be a functional improvement. That is far from fantastic. The advances in science might one day well increase the capacity and reasoning power of the human brain.

Page -21

I should say there is little doubt that man will one day improve on the natural man, raise his intellectual status, and give himself greater power of reasoning and understanding. He might have sufficient reason and understanding to abolish war. Whether that will be so, whether and when he will have a better understanding of his fellow men that remains to be seen. It brings us back to the question Where is Science Taking Us ? Despite the present vicissitudes, we are going somewhere. There are trouble some times ahead. But those who fear for the future are the craven (cowardly) in spirit; for life is becoming more and more interesting, intriguing and exciting. I wish I had another hundred years

Where is Science Taking Us? Summary & Translation in Hindi

Where is Science Taking Us? Introduction:
इस लेख में लेखक विज्ञान के उद्देश्यों तथा इसके अन्तिम लक्ष्य का विश्लेषण करता है। वह कहता है कि विज्ञान ने अब तक स्वयं को भौतिक चीज़ों तक ही सीमित रखा है। इसने मनुष्य को अपने भौतिक पर्यावरण पर अथाह शक्ति प्रदान की है। किन्तु दयालुता, सहनशीलता, धैर्य, न्याय, दान-भावना तथा सहानुभूति जैसी अभौतिक चीज़ों के बारे में विज्ञान असहाय है। लेखक कहता है कि विज्ञान का अन्तिम लक्ष्य जीवन को सार्थक बनाना होना चाहिए तथा ऐसा केवल अभौतिक चीजों को विकसित करने से ही सम्भव हो सकता है। लेखक आशा करता है कि एक दिन विज्ञान मनुष्य के दिमाग की कार्य-प्रणाली में सुधार ला देगा। यह इसे तर्क करने तथा दूसरों को समझ पाने के लिए अधिक योग्यता प्रदान कर देगा। वह आशा करता है कि मनुष्य के पास तब इतना तर्क और इतनी सहानुभूति होगी कि युद्ध सदा के लिए समाप्त हो जाएगा।

Where is Science Taking Us? Summary & Translation in Hindi:

Page – 18

जब मनुष्य ने पहली बार सोचना शुरू किया तो उसने सभी प्रश्नों से अधिक गहराई वाला एक प्रश्न स्वयं से पछा – वह प्रश्न जो आप ने निश्चय ही स्वयं से अनेक बार पछा होगा जीवन का अर्थ क्या है ? वह सब किसके विषय में है ? हम सब कहां जा रहे हैं ? कौन-सी चीज़ मनुष्यों को हमेशा आगे की तरफ धकेलते हुए काम करने और चिन्ता करने के लिए धकेलती रहती है ? और अब वहां यह दूसरा बड़ा प्रश्न है – एक और नया प्रश्न जो हमारे ध्यान में ज़बरदस्ती आना शुरू हो / गया है। ऐसा प्रश्न जो युगों पुराना नहीं है ……. जो | हमारे पास तब से नहीं रहा है जब से मनुष्य ने पहली

बार सोचना शुरू किया था। यह प्रश्न है – विज्ञान हमें कहां ले जा रहा है ? पहली बात यह है कि विज्ञान हमें नैतिक और आध्यात्मिक गुणों के विषय में हमें कहां ले जा रहा है ? हमें पता है कि यह भौतिक पदार्थों के विषय में क्या कर रहा है, क्योंकि भौतिक चीजें इसकी दैनिक क्रिया में आती हैं ; किन्तु यह अभौतिक चीज़ों के सम्बन्ध में क्या कर रहा है ? यदि इसका उत्तर होता ‘कुछ भी नहीं’, तो यह बहुत खराब बात होती; किन्तु वास्तविक उत्तर है – ‘कुछ नहीं से भी कम’। इस क्षेत्र में विज्ञान वास्तव में कुछ नहीं से भी कम कर रहा है। इसकी भौतिक शिक्षाओं को इतना ज्यादा वज़न दिया गया है कि अनेक लोग भटकने लगे हैं और हैरान हुए  सोच रहे हैं कि आखिर क्या मनुष्य मात्र एक मशीन है| जो ऐसी शक्तियों के द्वारा संचालित हो रही है जिनके ऊपर उसका कोई वश नहीं है।

आइए, हम भौतिक चीज़ों पर अपना ध्यान एकाग्र | करें, वे चीजें जो विज्ञान का केन्द्र हैं। उदाहरण के रूप में, मशीन को देखिए।यह मशीन का युग है। मशीनें हर जगह हैं – खेतों में, फैक्टरियों में, घरों में, शहर में, गलियों में, देहात में,| हर जगह। उडने के लिए पंखों की ज़रूरत नहीं: इसके लिए मशीनें हैं। समुद्र के भीतर तैरने के लिए गलफड़ों की ज़रूरत नहीं है। इसके लिए मशीनें हैं। अपने साथी मानव-जीवों को भारी संख्या में मारने के लिए वहां. मशीनें हैं। अकेली पेट्रोल की मशीनें ही दुनिया भर के सभी मनुष्यों की अपेक्षा दस गुणा अधिक शक्ति प्रदान / करती हैं। व्यस्ततम् देशों में प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के पास | उसकी मशीनों के रूप में छ: सौ गुलाम हैं।

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इस असामान्य शक्ति के क्या परिणाम हैं ? युद्ध के पहले ऐसा प्रतीत होता था मानो इतिहास में पहली बार विश्व की उमड़ती जनसंख्या को खाना, कपड़े और | रहने के लिए छत दे पाना शायद सम्भव | हर आदमी, औरत और बच्चे के लिए। विज्ञान की यह हो जाएगा सबसे बड़ी जीत होनी थी। और फिर भी हमने कई बार, विशेषकर युद्ध के दौरान, विश्व में भोजन से ठसाठस भरे हए भंडार देखे हैं और लोगों को भखे रहते देखा है। क्योंकि यही तरीका है विज्ञान और मशीनी युग का। विज्ञान चीज़ों का उत्पादन करता है, वह चीजें बनाता है, किन्त परिणामों पर इसका कोई नियंत्रण नहीं है। मशीनी युग हमें वर्ष-प्रति-वर्ष विश्राम के अधिकाधिक घण्टे प्रदान करता है किन्तु हमें इस विश्राम का उपयोग करना नहीं सिखाता है।

यह हमारे दिमाग को एक मशीन के जैसी आदतें प्रदान कर देता है और साहसिक भावना को दबा देता है – मशीनी ढंग से काम करने के अतिरिक्त शेष सभी भावनाओं को। हमें अपनी सभी सृजनात्मक शक्तियों का प्रयोग करते हुए सोचना होगा कि हम उन सामाजिक समस्याओं से कैसे बाहर निकल सकते हैं जो विज्ञान ने हमारे लिए पैदा कर दी हैं। यह विज्ञान है जिस ने हमें आयु-वर्गों का अप्रत्याशित रूप से पुनः वर्गीकरण प्रदान कर दिया है। लगभग प्रति वर्ष कोई न कोई आधुनिक दवाई जीवन की औसत अवधि को थोडा और बढ़ा देती है. जिस से ऊपरी आयु-वर्ग की संख्या और भी ज्यादा हो जाती है। उदाहरण के रूप में, संयुक्त राज्य में साठ वर्ष से अधिक आयु वाले लोग पहले ही 90 लाख हैं।

(यह भाषण 1950 के आसपास दिया गया था।) पन्द्रह वर्षों केसमय में यह संख्या साढ़े चार करोड़ के अचम्भाजनक आँकड़े तक पहुँच जायेगी। उनका पालन कौन करेगा ? इसके लिए कुछ पुनः समन्वय करने की ज़रूरत पड़ेगी। तथा इस प्रकार विज्ञान अपनी समस्याएँ पैदा करता रहता है। हमारे मौलिक प्रश्न के मुकाबले में – कि ज़िन्दगी क्या है ? ये समस्याएं शायद थोड़ी कम महत्त्वपूर्ण लगें। परन्तु वास्तव में वे ऐसी नहीं हैं। सुलझाया नहीं जा सकता। मनुष्य एक प्रकार के दुश्चक्र में संघर्ष कर रहा है, हमेशा समस्याओं से निबटने का संघर्ष करता रहता है और कभी भी उनके बराबर आगे बढ़ नहीं पाता है। और इस बात के कोई संकेत नहीं है कि आविष्कारों की भरमार समाप्त होने वाली है। सबसे| बुरा उदाहरण युद्ध है; विज्ञान ने इसे इतना आगे धकेल दिया है कि नीतिशास्त्र और नैतिकता बेबस रूप से भटकते हुए पीछे रह गए हैं।

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इस कारण कभी-कभी व्यक्ति पूछने लगता है विज्ञान वास्तव में क्या प्राप्त करना चाहता है ? इसके उद्देश्य क्या हैं ? इसका अन्तिम लक्ष्य क्या है ? इसके लक्ष्य स्पष्ट लगते हैं। वे निस्सन्देह भौतिक हैं। एक लक्ष्य है : पूर्ण समझ, असल में विजय, इन्सान की उसके वातावरण पर विजयः प्रत्येक भौतिक चीज़ पर विजय, बड़ी हो या छोटी, सभी शक्तियों को मनुष्य की पहुंच के अंदर लाना।दूसरा उद्देश्य उन सभी रहस्यों को समझना है जो मनुष्य के शरीर के भीतर छिपे हैं – भौतिक रहस्य, वे असंख्य रासायनिक और शारीरिक क्रियाएं जो शरीर को चलाने में मदद करती हैं। यदि विज्ञान के प्रत्यक्ष उद्देश्य यही हैं तो निस्सन्देह वे अन्तिम उद्देश्य नहीं हो सकते।

अन्तिम उद्देश्य, यदि ऐसी कोई चीज़ होती है, तो यह अवश्य उन सभी बातों की समझ होनी चाहिए जो जीवन को सार्थक बनाती हैं, उन सभी बातों की समृद्धि जिनका अर्थ जीना होता है। यह बात भौतिक चीज़ों से परे की बात है; क्योंकि मनुष्य को रोटी, कपड़ा और मकान से कुछ ज्यादा चाहिए होता है और ऐसी बातों की समझ से कुछ ज्यादा कि उसक पट म क्या गातावाधया चल रही होती हैं।

आज की दुनिया में वास्तव में जिस चीज की आवश्यकता है, शायद पहले के किसी समय से भी ्यादा, वह परमाणु भौतिकी के किसी विश्व-विनाशक आविष्कार की नहीं है, अथवा रसायन-विज्ञान या औषधि विज्ञान में किसी आश्चर्यजनक खोज की। वह प्रगति, जिसकी संसार प्रतीक्षा कर रहा है वह निस्संदेह एक छोटी-सी प्रगति है सिर्फ थोड़ी-सी प्रगति दानशीलता, समझ, धैर्य, सहनशीलता, न्याय और दया भावना में प्रगति। यही चीज़ है जिसका इंतजार दुनिया कर रही है, और बहुत उत्सुकता से। किन्तु दानशीलता और सहनशीलता और धैर्य तथा परस्पर समझ अभौतिक चीजें हैं। और अभौतिक चीजों

के विषय में अति साधारण सामाजिक बातों के सम्बन्ध में विज्ञान बेबस रहा है। यह तो बुराई और अच्छाई में अंतर करने में भी हमारी मदद नहीं कर सकता। शायद ऐसा हमेशा नहीं रहेगा। कौन जानता है ? ऐसी बहुत सम्भावना है कि विज्ञान किसी दिन इन्सानी दिमाग़ में ही सुधार ला दे। दिमाग़ की बनावट में नहीं, क्योंकि आकार की दृष्टि से इन्सानी दिमाग एक सब से बड़ा अजूबा है; इसे समझ पाना सब से अन्तिम बात होगी। किन्तु इस में क्रियात्मक सुधार लाया जा सकता है। यह कोई बहुत विलक्षण बात नहीं है। विज्ञान में होने वाली प्रगतियां शायद एक दिन मानव दिमाग़ की क्षमता और इसकी तर्क-शक्ति को भी बढ़ा दें।

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मैं तो कहूंगा कि इस बात में लगभग कोई सन्देह नहीं है कि मानव अपने स्वाभाविक रूप से बेहतर बन जाएगा, अपने बौद्धिक स्तर को ऊपर उठा लेगा, तथा स्वयं को तर्क करने और समझने की बेहतर शक्ति प्रदान कर देगा। उसके पास शायद इतना तर्क और इतनी बुद्धि आ जाए कि वह युद्ध को समाप्त कर दे। क्या ऐसा होगा, क्या उसे अपने सहजीवों के बारे में बेहतर समझ प्राप्त हो जाएगी और कब होगी ये बातें अभी देखना बाकी इस से हम पुनः वापस उस प्रश्न पर आ जाते हैं कि विज्ञान हमें कहां ले जा रहा है ? वर्तमान के उतार चढ़ावों के बावजूद हम किसी-न-किसी तरफ़ अग्रसर हो रहे हैं। आने वाला समय मुश्किलों से भरा होगा। किन्तु वे लोग जो भविष्य के विषय में डरते हैं, वे आत्मा के कायर हैं, क्योंकि जीवन अधिकाधिक रुचिपूर्ण, जटिल और रोमांचक होता जा रहा है। काश, मेरे पास (जीवन के) एक सौ वर्ष और होते।

 

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 6 Life Processes Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Life Processes Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for :
(a) nutrition
(b) respiration
(c) excretion
(d) transportation.
Answer:
(c) excretion.

Question 2.
The xylem in plants are responsible for :
(a) transport of water
(b) transport of food
(c) transport of amino acids
(d) transport of oxygen.
Answer:
(a) transport of water.

Question 3.
The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires :
(a) CO₂ and water
(b) Chlorophyll
(c) Sunlight
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of above.

Question 4.
The breakdown of pyruvate to give CO₂, water and energy takes place in :
(a) cytoplasm
(b) mitochondria
(c) chloroplast
(d) nucleus
Answer:
(b) mitochondria.

Question 5.
How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does the process take place?
Answer:
Digestion of fats takes place in the intestine. The fats are emulsified by the bile salts present in bile. The emulsified fats are acted upon by pancreatic lipase (strepsin) which hydrolyses fats into fatty acids and glycerol. The intestinal lipase also hydrolyses the emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 6.
What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
Answer:
Role of saliva

• Saliva lubricates the food and facilitates mastication.
• Saliva binds the food molecules together.
• Saliva contains ptyalin (salivary amylase) enzyme which acts on starch, glycogen and other carbohydrates to form maltose.

Question 7.
What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?
Answer:
Photosynthesis is essential in case of autotrophic nutrition

Conditions required for photosynthesis

• CO₂ is necessary for photosynthesis.
• Water is required.
• Sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis.
• Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.
• By-products. Molecular oxygen is liberated as a byproduct.

Question 8.
What are the differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use anaerobic mode of respiration.
Answer:
(a) Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration	Anaerobic respiration
1. It takes place in the presence of oxygen.	1. It takes place in the absence of oxygen.
2. It is completed in cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells.	2. It is completed in the cytoplasm only.
3. It involves the complete oxidation of glucose into CO2 and H2O and a large amount of energy is released.	3. It involves the incomplete oxidation of glucose into CO2 and alcohol or lactic acid and less amount of energy is released.
4. The process is harmless.	4. It is toxic to plants.

(b) Anaerobic respiration takes place in bacteria and yeast.

Question 9.
How are alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
Answer:

Question 10.
What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?
Answer:
Haemoglobin is a respiratory pigment present in RBC of blood. It has high affinity for oxygen. One molecule of haemoglobin carries 4 molecules of oxygen. If simple diffusion were to move oxygen in our body, it is estimated that it would take 3 years for a molecule of oxygen to reach tip of toes from lungs.

Question 11.
Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
Answer:
Double circulation. In human beings heart is four-chambered, having right and left auricles and right and left ventricles. The right auricle receives the deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it into the right ventricle that pumps it to the lungs via a pulmonary arch for oxygenation. The left auricle receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it into the left ventricle, which pumps it to the body through a single aortic arch.

Significance:

• Thus, the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood remain fully separate, and there is complete double circulation.
• It increases efficiency.

Double circulation of blood in birds and mammals.

Question 12.
What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?
Answer:
Differences between transport in xylem and phloem

Transport in xylem	Transport in phloem
1. Water and minerals are transported through xylem.	1. Sucrose, amino acids and other substances are transported through phloem.
2. Xylem helps in upward movement, i.e. from roots to stem, branches and leaves.	2. Phloem is responsible for downward and lateral movement from leaves to other parts.

Question 13.
Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning.
Answer:

• Alveoli of lungs remove CO₂ as a waste during exchange of gases and nephrons filter wastes from blood.
• Alveoli are supplied with extensive network of blood capillaries for gaseous exchange. Bowman’s capsule surrounds a cluster of capillaries for filtration.
• Both increases surface area either for gaseous exchange or filtration.
• Urea and uric acid wastes are removed in the nephron.
• Both purify blood lungs alveoli by removing waste gases and nephrons by filtering the waste products in the form of urine.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Life Processes InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the energy requirements of multicellular organisms like humans?
Answer:
In multicellular organisms, all the cells of body may not be in direct contact with the surrounding source of oxygen i.e. environment, thus simple diffusion will not meet the oxygen requirements of all the cells. These organisms require specialised organs to meet the oxygen requirement.

Question 2.
What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
Answer:
Features of living organisms

• Movements
• Growth
• Metabolism
• Cellular body
• Nutrition
• Respiration
• Transportation
• Excretion
• Respond to stimuli
• Reproduction.

Question 3.
What are outside raw materials used by living organism?
Answer:
Outside raw materials used by living organism

• Energy obtained from food.
• Oxygen: Required for breaking down of carbon based molecules to liberate energy in the body.
• Water: It is required for proper digestion of food and other functions in the body. It is raw material for photosynthesis in plants. All reactions occur in solution form in the body.
• CO₂ Raw material for photosynthesis in plants. All reactions occur in solution form in the body.

Question 4.
What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
Answer:

• Nutrition
• Respiration
• Transportation
• Excretion.

Question 5.
What are the differences between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
Answer:
Differences between Autotrophic and Heterotrophic nutrition

Autotrophic Nutrition	Heterotrophic Nutrition
1. It occurs in green plants and blue green algae.	1. It occurs in animals and insectivorous plants.
2. CO2 and water are raw materials which combine to form organic compound.	2. They depend on plants and herbivore for their food.
3. They need chlorophyll and sunlight	3. There is no need of chlorophyll and sunlight,

Question 6.
Where do the plants get each of raw materials required for photosynthesis? (PB. Board 2011)
Answer:
Raw materials of photosynthesis

• CO₂
• Water.
• Nitrogen

1. CO₂ is obtained from air. It enters the leaf through stomatal openings.
2. Water is obtained from soil. It enters the leaf through the mid-rib and vein from the root which absorbs it from the soil.
3. Nitrogen: It is obtained from soil.

Question 7.
What is the role of acid in our stomach?
Answer:
HCl is obtained from gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach.

Functions of HCl:

• It provides acidic medium. It is required for the action of enzymes. It changes the pH of food from almost neutral to acidic medium (from pH 7 to 2)
• Activates the inactive proenzyme propepsin into active pepsin.
• Kills the bacteria present in food.
• It softens calcium.
• It regulates the opening and closing of the pyloric aperture.

Question 8.
What is the function of digestive enzymes?
Answer:
Role of digestive enzymes: These enzymes convert the complex non-diffusible form of food into simple diffusible form.

• Ptyalin converts starch into maltose.
• Pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides and amino acids.
• Rennin curdles milk protiens so that they can stay for longer period to be acted upon by pepsin.
• Lipase acts on fats and forms fatty acid and glycerol.
• Maltase acts on maltose and forms glucose.

Question 9.
How is small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
Answer:
Small intestine is a long tubular structure. The inner wall of small intestine is thrown into folds called villi. The absorptive cells have numerous finger-like processes called microvilli. They increase the surface area for absorption of food. These villi have blood vessels named lacteals from absorption of food.

Question 10.
What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Answer:
The amount of oxygen dissolved in water is very low as compared to the amount of oxygen in air. Thus these organisms have to make less efforts to obtain oxygen.

Question 11.
What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms?
Answer:
Different pathways to provide energy from glucose

Question 12.
How is oxygen and CO₂ transported in human beings?
Answer:
1. Transport of oxygen: It is transported from respiratory organs to body cells,
1. Haemoglobin helps in the transport of oxygen. In the alveoli of the lungs, the haemoglobin (Hb) present in red blood corpuscles combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. When the blood reaches the tissue, oxygen is released from the oxyhaemoglobin for the consumption by the tissues.
Hb + O₂ → HbO₂

2. Some of O₂ is transported in the solution form by plasma of blood.

2. Transport of CO₂

• CO₂ diffuses into blood plasma to form physical solution.
• CO₂ forms unstable carbonic acid with water and is transported as such.
• CO₂ is also transported from tissue to lungs as bicarbonates.

Question 13.
How are lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases?
Answer:
Within the lungs, the primary bronchi divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate into balloon-like structures called alveoli. These alveoli increase the surface area for exchange of gases. There are 750 million alveoli in the lungs of man. If the alveolar surface is spread out it would cover about 80 m2. Thus it makes efficient exchange of gases.

Each alveolus or air sac has a diameter of 75 to 300 microns and has a very thin wall. The walls of the alveoli are elastic and are supplied with capillaries. Through these thin walls gases are exchanged between the capillaries and the air sacs.

Question 14.
What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these components?
Answer:
There are two main transport systems in human beings :

1. Blood vascular system.
2. Lymphatic system.

Components of blood vascular system

• Blood: It is a reddish viscous fluid connective tissue. In an adult human being, it is 5-6 litres in amount. Blood consists of two parts – plasma and formed elements. (RBCs, WBCs and blood platelets). Blood transports digested food, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes and hormones in the body.
• Heart: It is a hollow, muscular pumping organ. The heart sends the blood to lungs. Heart pumps the blood in the body.
• Blood vessels: The blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood are called arteries. They divide to form capillaries of finer dimensions. Exchange of materials takes place across the capillaries. It is possible because the walls of capillaries are extremely thin. The blood from the tissues is returned by veins.

Components of Lymphatic system

1. Lymph: It acts as middle man between blood and tissue. It destroys harmful bacteria
2. Lymph vessels
3. Lymph capillaries
4. Lymph nodes

Question 15.
Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Answer:

• In the heart of these organisms the left side has oxygenated blood and right side deoxygenated blood.
• The separation of blood allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body.
• It is essential for such animals which have high energy needs.
• They also constantly use energy for maintaining body heat.

Question 16.
What are the components of transport system in highly organised plants?
Answer:
Components of transport system in plants

• Xylem tissue. Vessels and tracheids of roots, stems and leaves are concerned with transport of water and minerals in plants.
• Phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells. It transports food, amino acid, phytohormones and other substances from leaves to various parts of plants.

Question 17.
How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Answer:
Transport of water and minerals
1. In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water conducting channels reaching all parts of the plants.

2. Plants absorb water and minerals through their entire surface i.e., roots, stem and leaves. However, mainly the water is absorbed by roots from soil.

3. The area of young roots where most of the absorption takes place is the root hair zone.

4. This zone is the area of greatest permeability.

5. Passage of water in root or pathway of water in root

• The entry of water into the root hair dilutes the cell sap. Thus water molecules in root hair increase as compared to adjacent cortical cells.
• Water reaches the passage cells of endodermis. These passage cells lie opposite the xylem.
• They allow water to entre the pericycle.
• So, water enters the xylem from pericycle for upward movement of sap.

6. The Ascent of Sap:
The upward movement of water from the root towards the top of the plant in the xylem vessels is called ascent of sap. The upward transport of water and minerals in plants which are in some cases as tall as 400 ft. poses a serious problem.

7. Transpiration also helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.

Question 18.
How is food transported in plants?
Answer:
Transport of food in plants:
The food prepared in the green leaves of plants is transported through phloem in the form of sucrose solution to storage organs of roots, seeds and fruits. This process is called translocation. This process requires energy. It is provided by ATP molecules. This increases the osmotic pressure in the tissue causing water to move into it. This pressure moves the material in the phloem to tissues which have less pressure.

Question 19.
Describe the structure and functioning of nephron.
Or
How does urine formation occur in human?
Answer:
Structure of a Nephron:
A nephron is made up of:

• a globular double-walled Bowman’s capsule around a clump of capillaries or glomerulus, and
• a tubule surrounded by blood capillaries.

The tubule consists of
(a) a proximal convoluted portion
(b) the loop of Henle, with descending and ascending limbs, and
(c) a distal convoluted part.

The nephron empties into a collecting duct. The two million nephrons of a human being, end to end would extend for nearly 80 km. All the collecting ducts discharge into a central cavity of the kidney (pelvis) that connects to the ureter.

Functioning of Nephron
Urine is formed by 3 processes: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion in the nephrons of the kidney.
1. Ultrafiltration (Glomerular filtration):
Blood is filtered under pressure in the glomeruli present in the cup-like structure of Bowman’s capsule. Glomerular (nephric) filtrate is formed.

Nephron and its function

2. Tubular reabsorption:
In the PCT, entire glucose, amino acids, vitamins and hormones, most of the inorganic ions are reabsorbed by active transport, most of water by osmosis, and some urea by back diffusion from nephric filtrate.
Loop of Henle mainly concentrates urine to conserve water. Here, some inorganic ions are actively taken up and some water leaves by osmosis.

3. Tubular secretion:
In the DCT, collecting tubule and collecting duct, many ions, water (depending upon availability) are secreted in to DCT and collecting duct.
Urine formed passes into bladder from kidney through ureters.

Question 20.
What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
Answer:
Excretory products of plants include CO₂, salts, resins, tanins latex etc. Excretion in Plants

• Excess of water passes out during transpiration.
• Plants get rid of dead tissue as a measure to eliminate waste.
• Waste products may be stored in cellular vacuoles.
• Waste products may be stored in leaves which fall off.
• Resins and gums are stored in old xylem.
• Plants also excrete wastes into soil.
• Aquatic plants lose their waste products by diffusion into the water.

Question 21.
How is the amount of urine produced regulated?
Answer:

• Amount of urine formed depends upon the availability of water in the body.
• ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) regulate the amount of water.
• Osmoregulation helps in regulation of salts and water.
• Urine is stored in urinary bladder.