Class 10

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 1 The Happy Prince Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Main Course Book Chapter 1 The Happy Prince

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where did the statue of the Happy Prince stand ?
Answer:
It stood on a high column above the city.

यह नगर के ऊपर की तरफ़ एक बहुत ऊँचे स्तम्भ पर खड़ा था।

Question 2.
How was the statue decorated ?
Answer:
The statue was covered with thin leaves of fine gold. It had two bright sapphires for its eyes. There was a large ruby on its sword-hilt.

बुत बढ़िया सोने की बारीक पत्तियों से पूरा ढका हुआ था। उसकी आँखों में दो चमकदार नीलम लगे थे। उसकी तलवार की मूठ पर एक बड़ा लाल माणिक था।

Question 3.
Where was the Swallow going ?
Answer:
The Swallow was going to Egypt. His friends had already gone there.

अबाबील पक्षी मिस्र जा रहा था। उसके मित्र पहले ही वहां जा चुके थे।

Question 4.
Why did the Swallow put up between the feet of the Happy Prince ?
Answer:
It was a fine place between the feet of the Happy Prince. Also, there was plenty of fresh air. That was why the Swallow put up there.

प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार के पैरों के मध्य की जगह बहुत बढ़िया थी। साथ में वहां पर्याप्त ताजा हवा भी थी। इसीलिए अबाबील वहां ठहर गया।

Question 5.
Where were the drops coming from ?
Answer:
The drops were coming from the eyes of the statue of the Happy Prince.

बूंदें प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार के बुत की आँखों से आ रही थीं।

Question 6.
Why was the Happy Prince crying ?
Answer:
The statue of the Happy Prince had been set up very high. He could see all the sorrows and miseries of the city people. It made him cry.

प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार का बुत बहुत ऊँचाई पर स्थापित किया गया था। वह शहर के लोगों के सभी दुःखों और कष्टों को देख सकता था। इससे उसे रोना आ गया।

Question 7.
Describe the seamstress in the words of the Prince.
Answer:
The seamstress had a thin and worn face. She was embroidering flowers on a satin gown. Her hands were coarse and red. They were all pricked by the needle.

दर्जिन का चेहरा दुबला और थका हुआ था। वह साटन के एक गाउन पर फूलों की कढ़ाई कर रही थी। उसके हाथ खुरदरे और लाल थे। वे पूरी तरह से सुई के कारण छिदे हुए थे।

Question 8.
Why was the seamstress’s little boy crying?
Answer:
The little boy was ill. He had fever. He was crying for oranges.

नन्हा लड़का बीमार था। उसे बुखार था। वह संतरों के लिए रो रहा था।

Question 9.
How did the Happy Prince and the Swallow help the seamstress?
Answer:
The Happy Prince asked the Swallow to pluck the ruby out of his sword hilt and take it to the seamstress. The Swallow did the same. Thus they helped the seamstress.

प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार ने अबाबील से अपनी तलवार की मूठ से माणिक निकाल कर दर्जिन के पास लेजाने को कहा। अबाबील ने ऐसा ही किया। इस प्रकार उन्होंने दर्जिन की सहायता की।

Question 10.
Why did the Swallow feel warm ?
Answer:
The Swallow had done a good deed. The thought of it made him feel warm.

अबाबील ने एक अच्छा काम किया था। ऐसा सोच कर उसे सुखद गर्मी महसूस हुई।

Question 11.
What troubled the young man in the garret ?
Answer:
The young man in the garret was a poor playwright. He was feeling very cold and there was no fire in the grate. He was feeling hungry also.

अटारी में बैठा युवक एक निर्धन नाटककार था। उसे बहुत ठण्ड लग रही थी और अंगीठी में कोई आग नहीं थी। उसे भूख भी लग रही थी।

Question 12.
How was the young man helped ?
Answer:
The Prince asked the Swallow to pluck out the sapphire from his eye and give it to the young man. The Swallow did as he was told. The young man. became happy on getting the sapphire. He was now able to finish his play.

राजकुमार ने अबाबील को आदेश दिया कि वह उसकी आँख से नीलम निकाल ले और युवक को दे आए। अबाबील ने वैसे ही किया जैसा उसे कहा गया था। नीलम पाकर युवक खुश हो गया। वह अब अपना नाटक समाप्त कर सकता था।

Question 13.
Why was the match girl crying ?
Answer:
The match girl’s matches had fallen into the gutter. They were all spoiled. That was why she was crying.

माचिस बेचने वाली लड़की की माचिसें नाली में गिर गई थीं। वे सब खराब हो गईं थीं। इसी कारण वह रो रही थी।

Question 14.
The Swallow said to the Prince, “I will stay with you always.” Why ?
Answer:
The Prince had given away the sapphires from his eyes for the poor playwright and the match girl. He had now become completely blind. The. Swallow felt deep pity for the Prince and decided to stay with him for ever.

राजकुमार ने अपनी आँखों के नीलम ग़रीब नाटककार और माचिस बेचने वाली लड़की के लिए दे दिए थे। वह अब पूरी तरह अन्धा हो गया था। अबाबील को राजकुमार के लिए गहरी दया महसूस हुई और उसने सदा के लिए उसके साथ रहने का निश्चय कर लिया।

Question 15.
How did the poor Swallow manage to live in so much cold ?
Answer:
The Swallow tried to keep himself warm by flapping his wings. He got some crumbs to eat at the baker’s door. Thus he managed to live in so much cold.

अबाबील अपने पंख फड़फड़ा कर स्वयम् को गर्म रखने की कोशिश करता। उसे नानबाई के दरवाजे पर से कुछ रोटी के टुकड़े खाने को मिल जाते। इस प्रकार उसने इतनी सर्दी में जीने का उपाय
कर लिया।

Question 16.
Why was the statue of the Happy Prince pulled down ?
Answer:
The statue of the Happy Prince had lost all its gold, its ruby and sapphires. :
Now it looked dull and grey. Therefore, it was pulled down.

प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार का बुत अपना सब सोना, अपना माणिक और अपने नीलम खो बैठा था। अब वह भूरा और भद्दा दिखाई देता था। इसलिए इसे नीचे गिरा दिया गया।

Question 17.
What were the two most precious things in the city ?
Answer:
The two most precious things in the city were — the dead Swallow and the broken lead heart of the Happy Prince.

शहर में दो सबसे कीमती वस्तुएं थीं – मृत अबाबील और प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार का टूटा हुआ सीसे का दिल।

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why was the prince called the Happy Prince ?
Answer:
The Prince lived in a palace. No sorrow was allowed to enter there. He never had a taste of sorrow. He did not know what tears were. He always remained happy. Thus he lived, and thus he died. So his courtiers called him the Happy Prince.

राजकुमार एक महल में रहता था। वहां किसी दुःख को प्रवेश करने की इजाजत नहीं थी। उसने कभी किसी दुःख का अनुभव नहीं किया था। वह नहीं जानता था कि आँसू क्या होते हैं। वह सदा प्रसन्न रहता था। वह इसी प्रकार जीवित रहा और ऐसे ही मर गया। इसलिए उसके दरबारी उसे प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार कहते थे।

Question 2.
“I cannot choose but weep.” Why did the Happy Prince say so ?
Answer:
The statue of the Happy Prince had been set up very high. He could thus see all the ugliness of the city and the misery of the poor people. But he could not move from his place. His feet were fastened to the pedestal. Therefore, he could not choose but weep.

हैपी प्रिन्स का बुत बहुत ऊंचा लगा हुआ था। इस प्रकार वह शहर की सारी कुरूपता और ग़रीब लोगों के कष्टों को देख सकता था। परन्तु वह अपने स्थान से हिल नहीं सकता था। उसके पैर चौकी से जकड़े हुए थे। इसलिए, वह रोने के अलावा और कुछ नहीं कर सकता था।

Question 3.
Comment on the remark — “The living beings always think that gold can make them happy.’
Answer:
Living beings are greedy by nature. They are never satisfied. The more they have, the more they want. They think that happiness comes with more and more gold and money. But this is not true. Real happiness lies in sympathy and contentment. A sympathetic and contented heart enjoys heavenly joy.

जीवित प्राणी स्वभाव से लालची होते हैं। वे कभी सन्तुष्ट नहीं होते। उनके पास जितना अधिक होता है, वे उतना ही ज्यादा चाहते हैं। वे समझते हैं कि प्रसन्नता अधिकाधिक सोने और पैसे से प्राप्त होती है। किन्तु यह सत्य नहीं है। वास्तविक प्रसन्नता सन्तोष और सहानुभूति में निहित होती है। एक सहानुभूतिपूर्ण और सन्तुष्ट हृदय दैवी प्रसन्नता का आनन्द उठाता है।

Question 4.
Why did the Mayor dislike the statue so much ?
Answer:
The statue of the Happy Prince had lost all its gold, ruby and sapphires. Now it looked dull and grey. It looked no better than a beggar. That was why the Mayor disliked the statue so much. He gave orders to pull it down and melt it in a furnace.

प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार का बुत अपना सब सोना, माणिक और नीलम खो बैठा था। अब यह भूरा और भद्दा दिखाई देता था। यह एक भिखारी से कोई बेहतर नहीं लगता था। इसी कारण से मेयर को बुत से इतनी घृणा थी। उसने इसे नीचे गिराने और भट्ठी में पिघलाने का आदेश दे दिया।

Question 5.
Write a short note on the sufferings of the poor people in the city.
Answer:
The poor people in the city lived a miserable life. There was a poor seamstress. She had nothing to give her son who was sick. There was a student who had no firewood to keep himself warm. There was a match girl who had no shoes or stockings. There were hungry and homeless children. There was ugliness and misery everywhere.

नगर में निर्धन लोग एक दयनीय जीवन व्यतीत कर रहे थे। वहां एक निर्धन दर्जिन थी। उसके पास अपने बीमार पुत्र को देने के लिए कुछ नहीं था। वहां एक विद्यार्थी था जिसके पास अपने को गर्म रखने के लिए कोई ईंधन नहीं था। वहां एक माचिस बेचने वाली लड़की थी जिसके पास कोई जूते अथवा जुराबें नहीं थीं। वहां भूखे और बेघर बच्चे थे। वहां हर जगह गन्दगी और दरिद्रता थी।

Question 6.
What is the message conveyed by the author ?
Answer:
The author brings out the secret of true happiness. True happiness comes from serving the poor and the needy. God also blesses such persons. It is clear from the examples of the Happy Prince and the Swallow. The Happy Prince gives his all for the sake of the poor. The poor Swallow sacrifices his life for the sake of the Happy Prince. God blesses both of them. He gives them place in His Paradise.

लेखक सच्ची प्रसन्नता के रहस्य को व्यक्त करता है। सच्ची प्रसन्नता गरीबों और जरूरतमन्दों की सेवा करने से प्राप्त होती है। ईश्वर भी ऐसे लोगों को अपना आशीर्वाद देता है। यह बात प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार और अबाबील के उदाहरणों से स्पष्ट हो जाती है। प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार अपना सर्वस्व निर्धनों के लिए दे देता है। बेचारा अबाबील हैपी प्रिन्स के लिए अपना जीवन बलिदान कर देता है। ईश्वर उन दोनों को आशीर्वाद देता है। वह उन्हें अपने स्वर्ग में स्थान प्रदान कर देता है।

Vocabulary and Grammar

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks with words that mean both A and B.
Answer:
(b) bank
(c) sound
(d) draw
(e) swallow
(f) close
(g) grate
(h) court.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks choosing the correct word from the following sets :
Answer:
(a) You have quite drenched me. The patient is sleeping, please keep quiet.
(b) The poet’s heart was filled with joy. Do not hunt the heart. You can be punished for it.
(c) Winter dryness makes her skin coarse. You need good marks to get into this university course.
(d) There is no fire in the grate. She takes great care of her kids.
(e) Do not wander in the rain. The Pyramids are a great wonder.
(f) They pulled down the statue of the Happy Prince. Penalties are laid down in the statute.
(g) Human nature is the same everywhere. All nations believe in the humane treatment of the prisoners of war.
(h) They held their council meeting on Tuesday. I will bear your counsel in mind.
(i) A bird in hand is better than two in the bush. Batter the mixture into a thick paste.
(j) He wrote an official letter. His officious manner made him many enemies.

Question 3.
Match the following words with their antonyms :
Answer:
1. above — below
2. plenty — scarcity
3. bright — dull
4. sorrow — happiness
5. entrance — exit
6. personal — public
7. coarse — smooth
8. delicious — insipid
9. strange — familiar
10. shabby – neat
11. friendly – hostile
12. arrival – departure
13. disease — health
14. angel — devil
15. accept — reject
16. agree — disagree
17. misery — joy
18. appear — vanish
19. create — destroy.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks using of and off :
Answer:
1. Send me a cup of tea.
2. I washed the dirt off my hands.
3. Get off the bus at the next stop.
4. Send me a copy of this story.
5. Did you get a day off this week ?
6. She died of heart failure.
7. It was nice of you to send me flowers.
8. He fell off the bed and broke his leg.
9. He is a member of the Parliament.
10. She is better off without him.

Question 5.
Rewrite the following sentences in their past perfect and past perfect continuous form :
Answer:
1. (a) The town had made all preparations.
(b) The town had been making all preparations.

2. (a) He had passed by the cathedral tower.
(b) He had been passing by the cathedral tower.

3. (a) You had done a good action.
(b) You had been doing a good action.

4. (a) I had come to bid you goodbye.
(b) I had been coming to bid you goodbye.

5. (a) He had slept at the Prince’s feet.
(b) He had been sleeping at the Prince’s feet.

6. (a) The Swallow had flown over the great city.
(b) The Swallow had been flying over the great city.

7. (a) They had pulled down the statue of the Happy Prince.
(b) They had been pulling down the statue of the Happy Prince.

8. (a) He had picked up crumbs outside the baker’s door.
(b) He had been picking up crumbs outside the baker’s door.

9. (a) They had melted the statue in a furnace.
(b) They had been melting the statue in a furnace.

10. (a) The poor little Swallow had grown colder and colder.
(b) The poor little Swallow had been growing colder and colder.

Question 6.
Punctuate the following paragraph :
Answer:
Jack shouted back at his accuser, “You want to massacre 150,000 people for nothing !” Spitting out his words with fury, Roger, the senior officer, in the room shouted, “I have never seen such a gutsless general like you, Jack !”

Question 7.
Make adjectives and use them in sentences :
Answer:
1. Brilliant – He is a brilliant student.
2. Quick – She was quick to point out all the mistakes I’d made.
3. Nervous – Interviews always make me nervous.
4. Bright – Tomorrow’s weather will be cloudy with bright periods.
5. Eager – I as eager to know my exam result.
6. Careful – Be careful while crossing the road.
7. Critical – The patient’s condition is critical.
8. Simple – This machine is quite simple to use.
9. Sudden – Their departure was very sudden.
10. Loving – She is my loving daughter.

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
The drops were coming from the …………….. of the Happy Prince.
Answer:
1. eyes

Question 2.
The son of the seamstress was crying because he wanted to go to Egypt. (True, False)
Answer:
False

Question 3.
The poor seamstress was given the …………….. by the swallow.
(i) gold
(ii) sapphire
(iii) ruby
(iv) oranges.
Answer:
(iii) ruby

Question 4.
Who ordered to pull down the statue of the Happy Prince ?
(i) Mayor
(ii) Swallow
(iii) Seamstress
(iv) Playwright.
Answer:
(i) Mayor

Question 5.
The statue of the Happy Prince was decorated with diamonds. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Who was sent to bring the two most precious things from the city ?
(i) Mayor
(ii) God
(iii) Angel
(iv) Match-girl.
Answer:
(iii) Angel

Question 7.
The man in the garret was writing a …
Answer:
play.

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
What type of palace did the Happy Prince live in ?
Answer:
It was a palace where no sorrow was allowed to enter.

Question 2.
Where did the statue of the Happy Prince stand ?
Answer:
It stood on a tall column high above the city.

Question 3.
Where were the friends of the Swallow waiting ?
Answer:
They were waiting for the Swallow in Egypt.

Question 4.
What was the seamstress doing ?
Answer:
She was embroidering flowers on a satin gown.

Question 5.
What did the Swallow take to the seamstress’s house ?
Answer:
She took the ruby from the sword-hilt of the Happy Prince.

Question 6.
What was used for the eyes of the Happy Prince ?
Answer:
Two bright sapphires were used as the eyes of the Happy Prince.

Question 7.
What was the heart of the Happy Prince made of ?
Answer:
It was made of lead.

Question 8.
Who got a sapphire from the Swallow ?
Answer:
The playwright got a sapphire from the Swallow.

Question 9.
Why did the Swallow feel warm even when it was biting cold outside ?
Answer:
Because he had done a good deed.

Question 10.
Why was the match girl weeping ?
Answer:
She was weeping because her matches had fallen into the gutter.

Question 11.
Who brought God the leaden heart and the dead bird ?
Answer:
One of God’s angels brought them to Him.

Question 12.
What were the two most precious things in the city ?
Answer:
They were the leaden heart of the Happy Prince and the dead bird.

Complete the following :

1. There was no fire in the play wright’s …………..
2. The seamstress was embroidering . ……………… on a satin gown.
3. The Swallow plucked out the …………………. from the Prince’s sword.
4. The Swallow decided to put up between the ……………… of the Happy Prince.
5. The statue of the Happy Prince was gilded all over with …………. of fine gold.
6. The Happy Prince did not know what ………………… were when he lived . in the palace.
7. From above, Happy Prince could see the . ……….. of the city.
8. The Mayor said, “He is little better than a ……………….
Answer:
1. grate
2. flowers
3. ruby
4. feet
5. leaves
6. tears
7. misery
8. beggar.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. God gave a place to the Happy Prince in his city of gold.
2. Swallow’s friends were waiting for him in Egypt.
3. The play wright was a very rich man.
4. The Happy Prince lived a miserable life when he was alive.
5. The statue was set up in a park.
6. The heart of the Happy Prince was made of lead.
7. The Town Councillors praised the statue of Happy Prince. –
Answer:
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. False
6. True
7. False

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
In his palace, the Happy Prince had lived …………..
(a) a happy life
(b) a miserable life
(c) a student life
(d) a sorrowful life.
Answer:
(a) a happy life

Question 2.
The statue of the Happy Prince stood ……
(a) in the palace
(b) inside a park
(c) on a platform
(d) on a tall column.
Answer:
(d) on a tall column.

Question 3.
The seamstress …………. when the Swallow came to her house.
(a) was talking to her son
(b) was playing with her son
(c) was fanning the boy’s head
(d) was asleep.
Answer:
(d) was asleep.

Question 4.
The statue was gilded all over with : ………….
(a) precious jewels
(b) solid gold
(c) thin leaves of gold
(d) artistic paintings.
Answer:
(c) thin leaves of gold

Question 5.
The Swallow’s friends had already gone to …………
(a) West Africa
(b) South Africa
(c) Egypt
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(c) Egypt

Question 6.
The Swallow took shelter ……………….. of the Prince.
(a) between the feet
(b) on the shoulder
(c) on the hand
(d) on the sword.
Answer:
(a) between the feet

The Happy Prince Summary & Translation in English

The Happy Prince Introduction:
The Happy Prince lived a carefree life as long as he was alive. He lived in the palace of happiness. No sorrow was allowed to enter his palace. His courtiers called him the Happy Prince. So he lived and so he died. After his death, a statue of the Happy Prince was set up on a tall column. The statue was made of lead but was covered with gold. The eyes were made of sapphires and the sword-hilt had a ruby on it. The Happy Prince had a very kind heart. When he saw the misery of the poor people, his heart melted with pity. He gave away his ruby, sapphires and all the gold for the poor. He became blind and his body looked ugly. But he was happy at heart because real happiness comes from serving the poor and the needy. Though his heart was made of lead, yet it broke when his beloved Swallow died. God blessed the Happy Prince and was pleased to have him in His city of gold.

The Happy Prince Summary & Translation in English:

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High above the city, on a tall column? stood the statue of the Happy Prince. He was gilded all over with thin leaves of fine gold; for eyes, he had two bright sapphires, and a large red ruby glowed on his sword-hilt?
One night, there flew over the city a little Swallow. His friends had gone away to Egypt six weeks before, but he had stayed behind; then he decided to go to Egypt too.
All day long he flew, and at night time he arrived at the city.
“Where shall I put up ?” he said, “I hope the town has made preparations.”
Then he saw the statue on the tall column.

“I will put up there,” he cried. “It is a fine position with plenty of fresh air.” So he alighted just between the feet of the Happy Prince.
“I have a golden bedroom,” he said softly to himself as he looked round, and he prepared to go to sleep; but just as he was putting his head under his wing a large drop of water fell on him. “What a curious thing !” he cried. “There is not a single cloud in the sky; the stars are quite clear and bright, and yet it is raining.” Then another drop fell.
“What is the use of a statue if it cannot keep the rain off ?” he said. “I must look for a good chimney pot,” and he determined to fly away. But before he had opened his wings, a third drop fell, and he looked up, and saw — Ah ! what did he see ?

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The eyes of the Happy Prince were filled with tears?, and tears were running down his golden cheeks. His face was so beautiful in the moonlight that the little Swallow was filled with pity.
“Who are you ?” he said. “I am the Happy Prince.”

“Why are you weeping then ?” asked the Swallow. “You have quite drenched me.”
“When I was alive and had a human heart,” answered the statue, “I did not know what tears were, for I lived in the palace, where sorrow is not allowed to enter. My courtiers? called me the Happy Prince, and happy indeed I was. So I lived, and so I died. And now that I am dead, they have set me up here so high that I can see the ugliness and all the miseryo of my city, and though my heart is made of lead yet I cannot chooseli but weep.”

“What ! Is he not solid gold ?” said the Swallow to himself. He was too political to make any personal remarks.
“Far away,” continued the statue in a low musical voice, “far away in a little street there is a poor house. One of the windows is open, and through it I can see a woman seated at a table. Her face is thin and worn, and she has coarse, red hands, all pricked by the needle, for she is a seamstress. She is embroidering flowers on a satin gown for the loveliest of the Queen’s maids of honour, to wear at the next Court ball?. In a bed in the corner of the room, her little boy is lying ill. He has fever?, and is asking his mother to give him oranges. His mother has nothing to give him but river water, so he is crying. Swallow, little Swallow, will you not bring her the ruby out of my sword-hilt ? My feet are fastened to this pedestal and I cannot move.”

“I am waited for in Egypt,” said the Swallow. “My friends are flying up and down the Niles, and talking to the lotus flowers. Soon they will go to sleep.”

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The Prince asked the-Swallow to stay with him for one night and be his messenger?. “The boy is so thirsty, and the mother so sad,” he said.
“I don’t think I like boys,” answered the Swallow. “I want to go to Egypt.”
But the Happy Prince looked so sad that the little Swallow was sorry. “It is very cold here,” he said. But he agreed to stay with him for one night and be his messenger.

“Thank you, little Swallow,” said the Prince.
The Swallow picked out the great ruby from the Prince’s sword, and flew away with it in his beak over the roofs of the town.
He passed by the cathedral10 tower, where the white marble angels were sculptured. He passed by the palace and heard the sound of dancing. A beautiful girl came out on the balcony with her lover.

“I hope my dress will be ready in time for the State ball,” she answered. “I have ordered flowers to be embroidered on it, but the seamstresses are so lazy.” He passed over the river, and saw the lanterns hanging on the masts of the ships. At last he came to the poor house and looked in. The boy was tossing feverishly on his bed, and the mother had fallen asleep; she was so tired. In he hopped, and laid the great ruby on the table beside the woman’s thimble. Then he flew gently round the bed, fanning the boy’s forehead with his wings. “How . cool I feel !“ said the boy, “I must be getting better,” and he sank into a delicious slumber.

Then the Swallow flew back to the Happy Prince, and told him what he had done. “It is curious,” he remarked, “but I feel quite warm now, although it is so cold.”

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“That is because you have done a good action,” said the Prince. And the little Swallow began to think and then fell asleep. Thinking always made him sleepy. When the moon rose, he flew back to the Happy Prince. “Have you any commissions for Egypt ?“ he cried. “I am just starting.”

“Swallow, Swallow, little Swallow,”said the Prince, “Will you stay with me one night longer ?“ “I am waited for in Egypt,” answered the Swallow.

“Swallow, Swallow, little Swallow,” said the Prince, “far away across the city I see a young man in a garret?. He is leaning over a desk covered with papers, and in the glass by his side there is a bunch of withered violets. His hair is brown and crisp and his lips are red as pomegranates, and he has large and dreamy eyes. He is trying to finish a play for the Director of the Theatre, but he is too cold to write any more. There is no fire in the grate”, and hunger has made him faint.”

“I will wait with you one night longer,” said the Swallow, who really had a good heart. He asked if he should take another ruby to the young play wrigh to. “Alas ! I have no ruby10 now,” said the Prince. “My eyes are all that I have left. They are made of rarell sapphires, which were brought out of India a thousand years ago.” He ordered the Swallow to pluck out one of them and take it to the playwright. “He will sell it to the jeweller, and buy firewood , and finish his play,” he said.

“Dear Prince,” said the Swallow, “I cannot do that,” and he began to weep.
“Swallow, Swallow, little Swallow,” said the Prince, “do as I command you.”

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So the Swallow plucked out the Prince’s eye, and flew away to the student’s garret. It was easy enough to get in, as there was a hole in the roof. Through this he darted, and came into the room. The young man had his head buried in his hands, so he did not hear the flutter of the bird’s wings, and when he looked up he found the beautiful sapphire lying on the withered violets.

“I am beginning to be appreciated?,” he cried. “This is from some great admirer. Now I can finish my play,” and he looked quite happy.
The next day, the Swallow flew down to the harbour. He sat on the mast of a large vessel and watched the sailors working. “I am going to Egypt,” cried the Swallow, but nobody minded, and when the moon rose he flew back to the Happy Prince.

“I have come to bid you goodbye,” he cried.
“Swallow, Swallow, little Swallow,” said the Prince, “will you not stay with me one night longer ?”
“It is winter,” answered the Swallow, “and the snow will soon be here. In Egypt, the sun is warm on the green palm trees?, and the crocodiles8 lie in the mud and look lazily about them.”

“In the square below,” said the Happy Prince, “there stands a little match girl. She has let her matches fall in the gutterlo, and they are all spoiled. Her father will beat her if she does not bring home some money, and she is crying. She has no shoes or stocking, and her little head is barell. Pluck out my other eye, and give it to her, and her father will not beat her.” “I will stay with you one night longer,” said the Swallow, “but I cannot pluck out your eye. You would be quite blind then.”

“Swallow, Swallow, little Swallow,” said the Prince, “do as I command you.”
So he plucked out the Princess other eye, and darted down with it. He swooped’ past the match girl, and slipped the jewel into the palm of her hand. “What a lovely bit of glass !“ cried the little girl; and she ran home, laughing.
Then the Swallow came back to the Prince. “You are blind now,” he said, “so I will stay with you always”
“No, little Swallow,” said the poor
Prince, “you must go away to Egypt.”
“No, I will stay with you always,” said the Swallow, and he slept at the Prince’s feet.

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All the next day, he sat on the Prince’s shoulder, and told him stories of what he had seen in strange lands.
“Dear little Swallow,” said the Prince, “you tell me of marvellous things, but more marvellous than anything is the suffering of men and of women. There is no Mystery so great as Misery. Fly over my city, little Swallow, and tell me what you see there.”

So the Swallow flew over the great city, and saw the rich making merry in their beautiful houses, while the beggars were sitting at the gates. He flew into dark lanes, and saw the white faces of starving children looking out listlessly at the black streets. Under the archway of a bridge two little boys were lying in each other’s arms to try to keep themselves warm. “How hungry we are !” they said. “You must not lie here,” shouted the watchman, and they wandered out into the rain.

Then he flew back and told the Prince what he had seen.
“I am covered with fine gold,” said the Prince. “You must take it off, leaf by leaf, and give it to the poor; the living always think that gold can make them happy.” Leaf after leaf of the fine gold, the Swallow picked off, till the Happy Prince looked quite dull1 and grey. Leaf after leaf of the fine gold he brought to the poor and the children’s faces grew rosier, and they laughed and played in the street. “We have bread now !” they cried.

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Then the snow came, and after the snow came the frost. The streets looked as if they were made of silver. Everybody went about in furs, and the little boys wore scarlet caps and skated on the ice. The poor little Swallow grew colder and colder, but he would not leave the Prince; he loved him too well. He picked up crumbs outside the baker’s door when the baker was not looking, and tried to keep himself warm by flapping his wings.

But at last he knew that he was going to die. He had just enough strength to fly to the Prince’s shoulder once more. “Goodbye, dear Prince !” he murmured, “will you let me kiss your hand ?”
“I am glad that you are going to Egypt at last, little Swallow,” said the Prince. “You have stayed too long here but you must kiss me on the lips, for I love you.” “It is not to Egypt that I am going,” said the Swallow. “I am going to the House of Death. Death is the brother of Sleep, is he not ?”

And he kissed the Happy Prince on the lips, and fell down dead at his feet.
At the moment, a curious crack sounded inside the statue, as if something had broken. The fact is that the leaden heart had snapped right in two. It certainly was a dreadfully hard frost.

Early the next morning, the Mayor was walking in the sqaure below in company with the Town Councillors . As they passed the column, he looked up at the statue. “Dear me! how shabby the Happy Prince looks !” he said.

Page – 8

“How shabby, indeed !” cried the Town Councillors, who always agreed with the Mayor and they went up to look at it.
“The ruby has fallen out of his sword, his eyes are gone, and he is golden no longer,” said the Mayor. “In fact, he is little better than a beggar !”
“Little better than a beggar,” said the Town Councillors.

“And here is actually a dead bird at his feet!” continued the Mayor. “We must really issue a proclamation that birds are not to be allowed to die here.” And the Town Clerk made a note of the suggestion.
So they pulled down the statue of the Happy Prince. “As he is no longer beautiful he is no longer useful,” said the Art Professor at the University.

Then they melted the statue in a furnace. “What a strange thing !” said the overseer of the workmen at the foundry. “This broken lead heart will not melt in the furnace. We must throw it away.” So they threw it on a dust-heap1 where the dead Swallow was also lying.

“Bring me the two most precious things in the city,” said God to one of His Angels; and the Angel brought Him the leaden heart and the dead bird.
“You have rightly chosen,” said God,
“for in my garden of Paradise, this little bird shall sing for ever more and in my city of gold the Happy Prince shall praise me.”

The Happy Prince Summary & Translation in Hindi

The Happy Prince Introduction:
प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार जब तक जीवित था, उसने एक चिन्ता-मुक्त जीवन व्यतीत किया। वह खुशी के महल में रहता था। किसी भी प्रकार के दुःख को इस महल में घुसने की आज्ञा नहीं थी। उसके दरबारी उसे प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार कहा करते थे। वह इसी तरह खुशी में जिया और खुशी में ही मरा। उसकी मृत्यु के पश्चात् प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार का एक बुत एक ऊँचे स्तम्भ पर लगा दिया गया। बुत सीसे (सिक्के) का बना था लेकिन यह पूरा सोने से ढका हुआ था।

उसकी आंखें नीलम की बनी थीं और उसकी तलवार के मुठे पर एक माणिक लगा था। प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार का हृदय बहुत दयालु था। जब उसने ग़रीब लोगों का दुःख देखा तो उसका दिल दया से पिघल गया। उसने अपना माणिक, नीलम और सारा सोना गरीबों के लिए त्याग दिया। वह अन्धा हो गया और उसका शरीर भद्दा दिखाई देने लगा।

लेकिन उसका मन प्रसन्न था क्योंकि वास्तविक प्रसन्नता ग़रीबों तथा जरूरतमंदों की सहायता करने से मिलती है। यद्यपि उसका दिल सीसे का बना था, यह टूट कर दो टुकड़े हो गया जब उसका प्रिय अबाबील पक्षी मर गया। ईश्वर ने प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार को अपना आशीर्वाद दिया तथा उसे प्रसन्नतापूर्वक अपने सोने के नगर अर्थात् स्वर्ग में स्थान प्रदान कर दिया।

The Happy Prince Summary & Translation in Hindi:

Page -1

नगर में बहुत ऊँचे स्तम्भ पर प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार | का बुत खड़ा था। वह पूरा सोने की बारीक पत्तियों से । ढका था; उसकी आंखों के लिए दो चमकदार नीलम थे, और उसकी तलवार की मूठ पर एक बड़ा लाल माणिक चमक रहा था।
एक रात उस शहर के ऊपर एक छोटा अबाबील | उड़ता हुआ आया। उसके मित्र छ: सप्ताह पूर्व मिस्र चले – गए थे, किन्तु वह पीछे रह गया था; फिर उसने भी मिस्त्र जाने का निश्चय कर लिया।

दिन भर वह उड़ता रहा और रात के समय वह नगर – में आ पहुंचा।
“मैं कहां ठहरूंगा ?” उसने कहा, “मुझे आशा है कि नगर ने (मुझे ठहराने की) तैयारियां कर ली हैं।”
फिर उसने ऊंचे स्तम्भ पर खड़े बुत को देखा।

“मैं वहां ठहरूंगा,” उसने ऊंचे स्वर में कहा। “यह एक अच्छा स्थान है जहां पर्याप्त ताजा हवा आ रही है।” इसलिए वह प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार के पैरों के बिल्कुल मध्य में उतर आया।
“मुझे एक सुनहरा सोने का कमरा मिल गया है,” उसने चारों ओर देखते हुए अपने आप से धीमे स्वर में कहा, और वह सोने के लिए तैयार हो गया; परन्तु जैसे ही वह अपना सिर अपने पंख के नीचे रखने लगा, पानी की एक बड़ी बूंद उस पर आ गिरी। “कितनी अजीब बात है!” वह चिल्लाया। “आकाश में एक भी बादल नहीं है; तारे बिल्कुल साफ़ और चमकदार हैं, और फिर भी वर्षा हो रही है।”
तभी एक और बूंद आ गिरी।

“एक बुत का क्या लाभ है यदि वह वर्षा से बचा नहीं सकता ?” उसने कहा। “मुझे किसी अच्छी चिमनी (धुंआकश) की तलाश करनी चाहिए,” और उसने वहां से उड़ जाने का निश्चय कर लिया।
लेकिन इससे पहले कि वह अपने पंख खोलता, एक तीसरी बूंद आ गिरी, और उसने ऊपर को नज़र उठाई और देखा – आह! उसने क्या देखा ?

Page – 2

प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार की आँखें आँसुओं से भरी थीं,और आँसू उसके सुनहरे गालों से नीचे बह रहे थे। उसका चेहरा चांदनी में इतना सुन्दर लग रहा था कि नन्हा अबाबील करुणा से भर गया।
“तुम कौन हो ?” उसने कहा।
“मैं प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार हूँ।”
“फिर तुम रो क्यों रहे हो ?”
अबाबील ने पूछा। “तुमने मुझे पूरा भिगो दिया है।”

“जब मैं जीवित था और एक मानव जैसा दिल रखता था,” बुत ने उत्तर दिया, “मैं नहीं जानता था कि | आँसू क्या होते हैं, क्योंकि मैं महल में रहा करता था, जहाँ दुःख का प्रवेश वर्जित है। मेरे दरबारी मुझे प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार कहा करते थे और मैं वास्तव में ही प्रसन्न था। इसी तरह मैं प्रसन्नता में जिया और प्रसन्नता में ही मरा। और अब जब कि मैं मर चुका हूँ, उन्होंने मुझे यहां इतनी ऊंचाई पर स्थापित कर दिया है कि मैं अपने शहर की कुरूपता और इसके सारे दुःखों को देख सकता हूँ, और यद्यपि मेरा दिल सीसे का बना है, मैं रोये बिना नहीं रह सकता है।” “क्या ! वह ठोस सोने का नहीं है ?” अबाबील ने अपने मन में कहा। वह इतना विनम्र था कि कोई व्यक्तिगत टिप्पणी नहीं करना चाहता था।

“बहुत दूर,” बुत ने एक हल्की परन्तु सुरीली आवाज़ में कहना जारी रखा, “बहुत दूर एक छोटी-सी गली में एक निर्धन मकान है। उसकी एक खिड़की खुली हुई है और उसमें से मैं देख सकता हूँ कि मेज़ के पास एक स्त्री बैठी हुई है। उसका चेहरा दुबला और थका हुआ है और उसके हाथ खुरदरे और लाल हैं, जोकि सूई से छिदे हुए हैं क्योंकि वह एक दर्जिन है। वह रानी की विशिष्ट सेविकाओं में से सबसे सुन्दर सेविका के लिए साटन के एक गाउन पर फूलों की कढ़ाई कर रही है जिसे उसने अगले दरबारी नृत्य के समय पहनना है। कमरे के एक कोने में चारपाई पर उसका छोटा लड़का बीमार पड़ा है। उसे ज्वर है और वह अपनी मां को संतरे देने के लिए कह रहा है। उसकी माता के पास उसे देने के लिए नदी के जल के अतिरिक्त और कुछ नहीं है, इसलिए वह रो रहा है। ओ अबाबील, नन्हें अबाबील, क्या तुम मेरी तलवार की मूठ में से माणिक निकाल कर उसे नहीं दे आओगे ? मेरे पैर इस चौकी में जकड़े हुए हैं और मैं हिल नहीं सकता हूँ।”
अबाबील ने कहा, “मेरी मिस्त्र में प्रतीक्षा हो रही है। मेरे मित्र नील नदी के ऊपर उड़ रहे हैं और कमल के फूलों से बातें कर रहे हैं। शीघ्र ही वे सो जाएंगे।”

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राजकुमार ने अबाबील से कहा कि वह उसके साथ एक रात ठहर जाए तथा उसका दूत बने। “लड़का बहुत प्यासा है और माता बहुत उदास है,” उसने कहा।
“मैं नहीं समझता कि मुझे लड़के पसन्द हैं,”
अबाबील ने उत्तर दिया। “मैं मिस्र जाना चाहता हूँ।”
परन्तु प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार इतना दुःखी लग रहा था कि छोटे अबाबील को दया महसूस हुई। “यहां बहुत सर्दी है,” उसने कहा। परन्तु वह एक रात के लिए उसके साथ रहने और उसका दूत बनने को तैयार हो गया।

“धन्यवाद, नन्हें अबाबील,” राजकुमार ने कहा।
अबाबील ने राजकुमार की तलवार से कीमती माणिक उखाड़ा और इसे अपनी चोंच में उठाकर नगर की छतों के ऊपर से गुजरता हुआ उड़ गया।
वह गिरजाघर के मीनार के ऊपर से गुज़रा जहां सफेद संगमरमर के देवदूत खुदे हुए थे। वह महल के पास से गुजरा और नाचने की आवाज़ सुनी। एक सुन्दर कन्या छज्जे पर अपने प्रेमी के साथ आई।
“आशा करती हूँ कि मेरी पोशाक दरबारी नृत्य के समय तक तैयार हो जाएगी,” उसने जवाब दिया। “मैंने उस पर फूलों की कढ़ाई करने का आदेश दिया है,

लेकिन दर्जिनें कितनी आलसी होती हैं।” वह नदी के ऊपर से गुजरा और उसने जलपोतों के मस्तूलों से लटकती हुई लालटेने देखीं। आखिर वह उस गरीब घर तक आया और अन्दर को झांका। बुखार की बेचैनी में लड़का बिस्तर पर करवटें बदल रहा था, और | उसकी मां सो चुकी थी; वह बहुत थकी हुई थी। वह (अबाबील) फुदक कर अन्दर गया और उस बड़े | माणिक को उस औरत के अंगुस्ताने के पास मेज के ऊपर n रख दिया। फिर वह लड़के के माथे पर अपने पंखों से हवा करता हुआ उसके बिस्तर के चारों तरफ़ धीरे से – उड़ा। “मैं कितना शीतल अनुभव कर रहा हूँ।”

लड़के ने कहा, “अवश्य ही मेरी तबीयत बेहतर हो रही है,” तथा वह मधुर नींद में डूब गया। तब अबाबील प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार के पास वापस d उड़ कर आया और उसे बतलाया उसने क्या किया था। at “विचित्र बात है,” वह बोला, “लेकिन अब मैं काफ़ी गर्म महसूस कर रहा हूँ, यद्यपि ठण्ड बहुत है।”

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“ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि तुमने एक अच्छा काम | किया है,” राजकुमार ने कहा। और नन्हें अबाबील ने | सोचना शुरू कर दिया, तथा फिर सो गया। सोचने से उसे प्राय: नींद आ जाती थी। जब चांद निकला तो वह उड़ कर प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार | के पास वापस आया। “क्या आपको मिस्र में कोई काम | है ?” उसने ऊँचे स्वर में कहा। “मैं अभी जाने को तैयार हूँ।” | “ओ अबाबील, अबाबील, नन्हें अबाबील,” राजकुमार ने कहा, “क्या तुम मेरे साथ एक रात और ठहरोगे ? “मिस्र में मेरी प्रतीक्षा हो रही है,” अबाबील ने | उत्तर दिया।

“अरे अबाबील, अबाबील, नन्हें अबाबील,” राजकुमार ने कहा, “नगर के पार बहुत दूर मुझे एक घर की अटारी में एक युवक दिखाई दे रहा है। वह कागजों से भरी एक मेज पर झुका हुआ है और उसकी बगल में गिलास में मुरझाये हुए बनफशा के फूलों का गुलदस्ता है। उसके बाल भूरे और धुंघराले हैं और उसके होंठ अनार की तरह लाल हैं और उसकी बड़ी-बड़ी तथा स्वप्नमयी
आँखें हैं। वह थियेटर के निर्देशक के लिए एक नाटक समाप्त करने का प्रयास कर रहा है, परन्तु उसे इतनी ठण्ड लग रही है कि वह और लिख नहीं पा रहा है। उसकी अंगीठी में आग नहीं है और भूख ने उसे मूर्छित-सा कर दिया है।”

“मैं तुम्हारे साथ एक रात और रुकूँगा,” अबाबील ने कहा, जो वास्तव में ही एक अच्छा दिल रखता था। उसने पूछा कि क्या वह उस युवा नाटककार के पास एक दूसरा माणिक ले जाए। “अफसोस ! अब मेरे पास कोई माणिक नहीं है,” राजकुमार ने कहा। “अब मेरे पास केवल मेरी आंखें ही बची हैं। वे दुर्लभ नीलम की बनी हैं जिन्हें भारत से एक हज़ार वर्ष पूर्व लाया गया था।” उसने अबाबील को आदेश दिया कि वह उनमें से एक को निकाल ले और इसे नाटककार के पास ले जाए। “वह इसे जौहरी को बेच कर जलाने की लकड़ी खरीद लेगा और अपना नाटक समाप्त कर लेगा,” उसने कहा।
“प्रिय राजकुमार,” अबाबील ने कहा, “मैं ऐसा नहीं कर सकता,” और वह रोने लग गया।
“अरे अबाबील, अबाबील, छोटे अबाबील,” राजकुमार ने कहा, “जैसा मैं आदेश देता हूं, वैसा ही करो।”

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इसलिए अबाबील ने राजकुमार की आंख निकाल | ली और विद्यार्थी की अटारी की ओर मुड़ गया। अन्दर प्रवेश करना बहुत आसान था क्योंकि छत में एक छेद था। इसमें से अन्दर घुस कर वह बहुत तेजी से कमरे में आ गया। युवक ने अपने सिर को अपने हाथों में लिया हुआ था, इसलिए उसने पक्षी के पंखों की फड़फड़ाहट न सुनी, और जब उसने ऊपर देखा तो उसे बनफ़शा के मुरझाए हुए फूलों पर रखा सुन्दर नीलम दिखाई दिया।
“मेरी सराहना होने लगी है,” वह चिल्ला दिया। “यह किसी बड़े प्रशंसक की तरफ से आया है। अब मैं अपना नाटक पूरा कर सकता हूं,” और वह काफी प्रसन्न दिखने लगा।

अगले दिन अबाबील बन्दरगाह की तरफ उड़ कर गया। वह एक बड़े जहाज़ के मस्तूल पर बैठ गया और नाविकों को काम करते देखता रहा। “मैं मिस्र जा रहा हूं,” अबाबील ने चिल्ला कर कहा, परन्तु किसी ने कोई ध्यान नहीं दिया और जब चांद निकला तो वह उड़ कर वापस प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार के पास आ गया।

“मैं तुम्हें अलविदा कहने आया हूं,” वह चिल्लाया।
राजकुमार ने कहा “अरे अबाबील, अबाबील, छोटे अबाबील,” राजकुमार ने कहा, “क्या तुम मेरे साथ एक रात और नहीं ठहरोगे ?” “सर्दी की ऋतु है,” अबाबील ने उत्तर दिया, “और शीघ्र ही यहां बर्फ पड़ जाएगी। मिस्त्र में हरे-हरे खजूर के पेड़ों के ऊपर सुखद धूप पड़ रही है, और कीचड़ में लेटे हुए मगरमच्छ सुस्ताते हुए चारों तरफ देखते रहते हैं।”

“नीचे चौराहे में,” प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार ने कहा, “एक छोटी-सी, माचिस बेचने वाली लड़की खड़ी है। वह अपनी माचिसें नाली में गिरा बैठी है और वे सब खराब हो गई हैं। यदि वह अपने घर कुछ पैसे ले कर नहीं लौटेगी तो उसका पिता उसे पीटेगा, तथा इसलिए वह रो रही है। उसके पास न जूते हैं और न ही जुराबे और उसका नन्हा-सा सिर नंगा है। तुम मेरी दूसरी आँख निकाल लो और उसे दे दो तथा फिर उसका पिता उसे नहीं पीटेगा।”

“मैं एक और रात आपके पास रुक जाऊंगा.” अबाबील ने कहा, “किन्तु मैं आपकी आँख नहीं निकाल सकता। तब आप बिल्कुल अन्धे हो जाएंगे।”
“अरे अबाबील, अबाबील, छोटे अबाबील,” राजकुमार ने कहा, “तुम वैसा ही करो जैसा मैं आदेश देता हैं।”
इसलिए उसने राजकुमार की दूसरी आँख उखाड़ ली और इसे लेकर तीव्र गति सहित नीचे को आया। वह झपट कर माचिस वाली लड़की के पास से निकला और उसकी हथेली पर नीलम हल्के से सरका दिया।

“काँच का कितना सुन्दर टुकड़ा है!” नन्ही लड़की चिल्ला उठी; और वह हंसती हुई घर भाग गई।
फिर अबाबील राजकुमार के पास वापस आया। “अब तुम अन्धे हो गये हो,” उसने कहा, “इसलिए मैं हमेशा तुम्हारे साथ रहूँगा।”
“नहीं, नन्हें अबाबील,” बेचारा राजकुमार बोला, “तुम्हें अवश्य ही मिस्त्र चले चाना चाहिए।”
“नहीं, मैं हमेशा तुम्हारे साथ रहूँगा,” अबाबील ने कहा, और वह राजकुमार के पैरों में सो गया।

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अगले सारे दिन वह राजकुमार के कंधे पर बैठा रहा और उसने विचित्र देशों में जो कुछ देखा था, उसके बारे में उसे कहानियाँ सुनाईं। “प्रिय नन्हें अबाबील,” राजकुमार ने कहा, “तुम | मुझे अद्भुत बातें सुना रहे हो, परन्तु किसी भी चीज़ से अधिक अद्भुत नर-नारियों की पीड़ा है। कोई भी रहस्य इतना बड़ा नहीं होता जितना कि (दरिद्रता की) पीड़ा का रहस्य। नन्हें अबाबील, मेरे नगर के ऊपर से | उड़ कर जाओ और मुझे बताओ कि तुम्हें वहाँ क्या दिखाई दिया है।” इसलिए छोटा अबाबील विशाल नगर के ऊपर से – उड़ कर गया और उसने अमीर लोगों को अपने सुन्दर । घरों में खुशियाँ मनाते हुए देखा जबकि भिखारी फाटकों पर बैठे थे। वह अंधेरी गलियों में से उड़ कर गया और उसने भूख से मर रहे बच्चों के सफेद चेहरे देखे जो उदासी सहित अंधेरी गलियों की तरफ देख रहे थे। पुल की गोलाईदार छत के नीचे दो छोटे लड़के स्वयं को गर्म रखने का प्रयास करते हुए एक-दूसरे की बांहों में पड़े थे। “हम कितने भूखे हैं!” उन्होंने कहा। “तुम्हें यहाँ बिल्कुल नहीं लेटना है,” चौकीदार चिल्लाया और वे बाहर वर्षा में भटकने लगे।

फिर वह वापस उड़कर राजकुमार के पास गया और उसे वह सब बतलाया जो उसने देखा था। “मैं सोने की बारीक पत्तियों से ढका हुआ हूँ,” राजकुमार ने कहा। “तुम इन्हें एक-एक पत्ती करके उतार लो और ग़रीबों में बाँट दो; जीवित लोग प्रायः यही सोचते हैं कि सोना उन्हें खुश कर सकता है।” एक-एक पत्ती करके अबाबील ने बारीक सोने को उतारा, जब तक कि प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार भद्दा और निस्तेज दिखाई न देने लगा। एक-एक पत्ती करके उसने सोना ग़रीबों को लाकर दिया, और बच्चों के चेहरे अधिक गुलाबी हो गये और वे हँसने लगे तथा गली में खेलने लगे। “अब हमारे पास रोटी है!” वे ऊंचे स्वर में चिल्लाये।

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फिर बर्फ पड़ने लगी और बर्फ के बाद कोहरा पड़ा। गलियाँ ऐसे लग रही थीं मानो चाँदी की बनी हों। सभी लोग खाल के बने वस्त्र पहने फिर रहे थे और छोटे लड़के लाल टोपी पहने बर्फ पर स्केटिंग कर रहे थे।
बेचारा नन्हा अबाबील ठण्डा और ठण्डा होता गया, परन्तु उसने राजकुमार को न छोड़ा; क्योंकि वह उसे बहुत चाहता था। वह नानबाई के दरवाजे के बाहर से रोटी के छोटे-छोटे टुकड़े उठा लेता जब नानबाई देख नहीं रहा होता था, तथा वह अपने पंख फड़फड़ा कर स्वयं को गर्म रखने की कोशिश करता।

परन्तु आखिर वह जान गया कि वह मरने वाला है। उसमें केवल इतनी ही ताक़त थी कि वह एक बार फिर उड़ कर राजकुमार के कंधे तक पहुंच सकता। “अलविदा, प्रिय राजकुमार !” वह धीमे स्वर में बोला, “क्या तुम मुझे अपना हाथ चूमने दोगे ?”
“मुझे खुशी है कि तुम आखिर मिस्र जा रहे हो, नन्हें अबाबील,” राजकुमार ने कहा। “तुम यहाँ बहुत ही देर तक रुके रहे हो परन्तु तुम्हें मेरे होंठों पर चूमना होगा क्योंकि मैं तुम्हें प्यार करता हूँ।”

“मैं मिस्र नहीं जा रहा हूँ,” अबाबील ने कहा। “मैं मृत्यु के घर जा रहा हूँ। मृत्यु नींद का भाई है, क्या ऐसा नहीं है ?”
तथा उसने प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार को होंठों पर चूमा और मर कर उसके पैरों में जा गिरा। उसी क्षण बुत के अन्दर से टूटने की एक विचित्र आवाज सुनाई दी, जैसे कुछ टूट गया था। वास्तव में यह सीसे का बना दिल था जो टूट कर ठीक दो टुकड़े हो गया था। निश्चित ही भयानक ढंग से सख्त कोहरा पड़ रहा था। अगले दिन प्रातः नगरपति नगर-पार्षदों के साथ निचले चौराहे में से गुजर रहा था। जैसे ही वे स्तम्भ के पास से गुज़रे, उसने ऊपर बुत की तरफ देखा। “हे ईश्वर! प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार कितना भद्दा दिखाई दे रहा है!” उसने कहा।

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“सचमुच क्झि तना भद्दा!” नगर-पार्षद चिल्लाए, जो सदा नगरपति से सहमत रहते थे और वे इसे देखने के लिए ऊपर चढ़ गए।
“इसकी तलवार से माणिक गिर चुका है, इसकी आँखें नहीं रही हैं और अब यह सोने का भी नहीं रहा है,” मेयर ने कहा। “वास्तव में यह एक भिखारी से भी कोई बेहतर नहीं लग रहा है!”
“सचमुच एक भिखारी से बेहतर नहीं लगता,” नगर-पार्षदों ने कहा।

“और इधर देखो, उसके पैरों में सचमुच एक मरा हुआ पक्षी पड़ा है !” नगरपति ने कहना जारी रखा। “हमें सचमुच एक घोषणा-पत्र जारी करना चाहिए कि पक्षियों को यहां मरने की इजाजत नहीं है।” तथा नगर के लेखाकार ने इस सुझाव को नोट कर लिया।
इसलिए उन्होंने प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार के बुत को नीचे गिरा दिया। “क्योंकि अब वह सुन्दर नहीं रहा है, इसका कोई लाभ नहीं है,” विश्वविद्यालय के कलाप्राध्यापक ने कहा।

फिर उन्होंने बुत को भट्ठी में पिघलाया। “कितनी विचित्र बात है!” ढलाईघर में काम करने वालों के निरीक्षक ने कहा। “यह टूटा हुआ सीसे का दिल भट्ठी में नहीं पिघलेगा। हमें इसे फेंक देना चाहिए।” इसलिए उन्होंने इसे एक धूल के ढेर पर फेंक दिया जहाँ मृत अबाबील भी पड़ा हुआ था।

“नगर की दो सबसे कीमती वस्तुएँ मुझे लाकर दो,” ईश्वर ने अपने देवदूतों में से एक को कहा और देवदूत ने उसे सीसे का दिल और मरा हुआ पक्षी लाकर दिया।
“तुमने ठीक चुनाव किया है,” ईश्वर ने कहा, “क्योंकि मेरे स्वर्ग वाले बगीचे में यह नन्हा पक्षी भविष्य में सदा के लिए गाया करेगा और प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार मेरे सुनहरे नगर में मेरा गुणगान किया करेगा।”

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals

Long Answer Typt Questions

Question 1.
Show various steps involved in extraction of metal from an ore by a sketch.
Answer:

Steps involved in the extraction of metals from ores.

Question 2.
Give methods of enrichment of ores.
Answer:
Methods of enrichment of ores. Ores or minerals are mined from earth these are usually contaminated with large amount of impurities which are called gangue. It is necessary to remove these impurities before extraction of metals. By removing gangue the ore is enriched and concentration of metal is increased. Therefore ore in enriched prior to other processes. Methods of removing gangue from ore depends on the difference of physical and chemical properties of both of them.

Enrichment of ore using magnetic method.

Physical methods of enrichment :

• Hydraulic Washing: In this method finely powdered ore is washed with jet of water. In this strong flow of water light gangue particles are washed away where as heavy ore particles settle down, Tin and lead ores are enriched by this method.
• Froth Floatation Method: In this method, mixture of powdered ore and water or some appropriate oil is taken in a tank. Ore particles are coated with oil and gangue particles are wet with water. A blast of compressed air is blown through the pipe of a rotating agitation to produce froth, due to this, mineral particles wetted with oil change into foam and float on the surface of water. Froth containing ore particles is easily transferred to another container sulphides of copper, lead and zinc are enriched by this method.

Chemical Methods: The chemical method used for the concentration of the ore is based on the difference in some chemical property of the metal and the impurities. An example of this method is the concentration of bauxite ore of aluminium.

Concentration of aluminium ore by Bayer’s process: In this method, Bauxite is reduced by treating it with hot sodium hydroxide. It gives sodium meta aluminate (NaAlO₂) which is soluble in water. The solution in filtered to remove the gangue present in the ore because it does not dissolve in sodium hydroxide. NaAlO₂ is allowed to react with hydrochloric acid to obtain Aluminium hydroxide. On strong heating aluminium hydroxide pure aluminium oxide is obtained.

Following reactions take place

Question 3.
Explain General methods used in the extraction of metals.
Answer:
Steps involved in the extraction of metals :

• Enrichment (concentration) of ore.
• Converting concentrated ore into oxide.
• Reduction of metal oxide to obtain metal.
• Refining of impure metal.

1. Concentration :
(A) Hydraulic washing: This method is used for concentration of oxide ores Gangue particles are lighter as compared to ore particles. In this method powdered ore is washed with flowing water. Light gangue particles are washed away with water and heavy ore particles are left.

(B) Froth floatation method: In this method powdered ore is taken in a tank containing water pine oil is also added to it. Sulphide ore is wet with oil and gangue is wet with water.

The water is agitated by blowing compressed air violently, a froth is formed on the surface of water. This froth carries the lighter ore particles along with it to the surface. Gangue particles are heavy and settle to the bottom.

(C) Magnetic separation.

Enrichment of ore using magnetic method.

1. Magnetic method: This method is acceptable for magnetic impurities like iron, cobalt, Nickel etc. Minerals which are of magnetic nature got attracted towards magnetic field. Chromite and pyrolusite ores are enriched by this method. In this method ground ore is placed on a conveyer belt. This belt goes around two rollers one of which is magnetic. When ore comes near the magnetic roller then two heaps of magnetic and non magnetic materials are obtained. Iron ore magnetite is enriched by this method.

(D) Chemical separation: This process is based on the difference between chemical – properties of ores and gangue eg. Bauxite Al₂O₃.2H₂O is impure form of aluminium oxide. It contains Iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) and sand (SiO₂) as main impurities. Due to iron (III) oxide its colour is red brown. Bayer’s process is used to obtain pure aluminium from / bauxite. In this methods powdered ore is mixed with heated sodium hydroxide.
Al₂O₃ (S) + 2NaOH (aq) → 2NaAlO₂ (aq) + H₂O (l)
NaAlO₂ (aq) + 2H₂O (l) → Al(OH)₂ (s) + NaOH (aq)

2. Converting concentrated ore into metal oxide
Roasting: In this process ore is heated in the presence of air to obtain metal oxide. Which can easily be reduced to obtain the metal.

Zinc blende contains zinc sulphide when concentrated zinc blende ore (zinc sulphide) is roasted in air then it gets oxidized to give zinc oxide.

Calcination: In this process ore is heated in the absence of air to remove moisture and volatile impurities.
When carbonate ore is heated it dissociates to give metal oxide.

3. Extracting metals from metal oxide.
To obtain metal from metal oxide it is heated with some reducing agent. To obtain metals zinc, iron, tin etc. their oxides ore heated with carbon which acts as reducing agent.
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)

Oxides of metals with medium activity can be reduced by using highly reactive metals like sodium, calcium and aluminium etc.
3MnO₂(s) + 4Al(s) → 3Mn(l) + 2Al₂O₃(s) + heat

4. Electrolytic refining.
In this method impure metal is taken as anode and a thin strip of pure metal is taken in the form of cathode metal salt solution is taken as electrolyte. When electric current is passed through the electrolyte, pure metal from anode dissolves into solution and impurities settle down as anode mud.

Electrolytic refining

Question 4.
(a). How do metals and non-metals react?
Answer:
Metals and non-metals react on the basis of electronic configuration in the valence shell.

Sodium has only one electron in its outer most shell. If it lose its electrons of the M shell then L will become its outermost shell which have complete octet. Nucleus of this atom will have 11 protons but number of electrons is 10, therefore it is positively charged and gives Na+ sodium positive ions. On the other side, there are 7 electrons in the outer most shell of chlorine and it requires one electron to complete its octet. If there is reaction between chlorine and sodium then lost electron of sodium atom is gained by chlorine atom and chlorine atom becomes negatively charged by one unit. Because there are 17 protons in the nucleus of the chlorine atom and there are 18 electrons in K, L and M shells. Therefore, chloride negative ions Cl- is obtained.

Due to opposite charges sodium and chloride ions attract each other and they form strong bonds involving electrostatic forces and form sodium chloride.

Another ionic compound, magnesium chloride is shown in fig.
Formation of NaCl and MgCl₂ by Electron transfer :

Formation of sodium chloride.

Formation of sodium chloride.

Compounds formed by metals and Non-Metals by the transfer of electrons between them are called ionic or electrovalent compounds.

(b) Write four main exceptions from normal properties of metals and Non-Metals.
Answer:

• All the metals are solid at room temperature except mercury. Melting point of metal is usually high but of Gallium and Cesium is low.
• Iodine is a non-metal but still shiny.
• Carbon is a non-metal which can have many forms. Diamond is allotrope of carbon. It is the hardest substance found in nature. Its melting and boiling point are very high. Another allotrope of carbon is graphite which is conductor of electricity.
• Alkali metal (lithium, sodium, Potassium) are so soft that these can be cut by knife. They have low density and low melting point.

Question 5.
How will you differentiate between metals and non-metals?
Answer:
Differences between metals and non-metals on the basis of physical properties :

Metals	Non-metals
1.         All metals are solid at room temperature. But mercury is liquid at room temperature.	1. Non-metals exist in all the three states at room temperature. Phosphorous and sulphur are solid, H2, O2, N2 in gaseous state, and bromine in liquid state.
2. Metals are ductile, malleable and tenacious.	2. These are soft.
3. Metals have lustre i.e. metal shine.	3. They do not have lustre but diamond, graphite and iodine are exceptions.
4. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity but bismuth is exception.	4.All non metals are non conductors except graphite and carbon gas.
5. Metals have high melting and boiling points.	5. Non metals have low melting and boiling points.
6. Metals are hard but sodium and potassium can be cut by knife.	6. These are not very hard but diamond is the hardest substance.
7. Metals have very high relative densities but Na, K are exceptions.	7. Non metals have very low relative densities.
8. Metals are opaque.	8. Gaseous non metals are transparent.

Difference between metals and non-metals on the basis of chemical properties

Metals	Non-metals
1. Metals form alkaline oxides some of them form bases.	1. Non-metals form acidic or neutral oxides.
2. Metals react with acids to displace hydrogen and form salts.	2. Non-metals do not displaces hydrogen from acids.
3. Metals are electropositive in nature.	3. Non-metals are electronegative in nature.
4. Metals combine with chlorine to form chlorides which are electrovalent compounds.	4. Non-metals combine with chlorine to form chlorides which are covalent compounds.
5. Some metals combine with hydrogen to form hydrides which are electrovalent.	5. Non-metals combine with hydrogen to form hydrides which are covalent.
6. Metals are reducing agents.	6. Non-metals are oxidizing agents.
7. Metals form positive ions in aqueous solution.	7. Non-metals form negative ions in aqueous solution.

Question 6.
Discuss about the extraction of metals
Answer:
Some metals are found in free state in nature. Some metals are found in the form of compounds. Metals at the bottom of reactivity series show very low reactivity. These are found in free state. Gold, silver, platinum and copper are found in free state.

Copper and silver are also found in the form of sulphide and oxide ores. Metals (K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al) which are at the top of reactivity series show very high reactivity that they are never found in free state. Metals at the middle of the reactivity series (Zn, Fe, Pb etc.) are moderately reactive. These are found in the form of oxide, sulphide or carbonate. Some metal ores are found in the form of oxides.

Metals are classified into three types:
(a) least reactive metals
(b) Moderately reactive metals
(c) highly reactive metals.

Reactivity series and metallurgy

Question 7.
What is rust? What are the requirements necessary for its completion? Give ways to prevent rusting of iron?
Answer:
Surface of iron aquires a coating of a brown flaky substance called rust. It is a compound of Iron (III) Oxide and iron (III) hydroxide. It weakens the iron surface. Due to this, a great loss occurs to the iron articles.

The presence of moisture and air is necessary for rusting of iron. This can be proved with an experiment. If we take new shining irons nails in three test tubes as shown, then we find that nails which are in contact with water and air, got rusted. If we completely immerse the nails in water and cover the water surface with oil so that there is no air available for the nails, then nails will not get rusted.

Similarly if we use CaCl, in the test tube absorbs all the moisture so that no moisture is available in this case also, nails will not get rusted.

Ways to Prevent Rusting :

1. Using oil or grease on the surface: If iron surface is covered with oil or grease it does not remain in contact with air and thus rusting is prevented. Machine parts are saved by this method.
2. Using enamel: By painting iron surface, rusting can be prevented. Buses, cars, scooter, motor cycle, windows, trains etc. are saved by this method.
3. Covering with plastic: Iron surface is covered with plastic. Iron furniture is saved by this method.
4. Galvanization: A process of coating thin layer of zinc on iron is called galvanization. This method is used to prevent buckets, tubs, drums, iron sheets etc. from rusting.
5. By electroplating: Iron can be electroplated by metals like Nickle, Chromium, aluminium etc. Rims, handles, bumpers etc. of vehicles are prevented from rusting by this method.
6. By tin: Iron is coated with tin. Ghee canisters, boxes used for packing food are tinned.
7. Converting to steel: Iron can be preverted from rusting by converting it into steel.

Question 8.
Explain General properties of ionic compounds.
Answer:
General properties of ionic compounds are given below:

• Physical nature: Due to strong force of attraction between positive ions and negative ions, ionic compounds are solid. They are brittle and break on pressing.
• Melting and boiling point: They have high melting and boiling points. Because a large amount of energy is required to break the strong inter ionic attraction.
• Solubility: Ionic compounds are normally soluble in water but are insoluble in Kerosene, Petrol etc.
• Electric Conductivity: In solid form ionic compounds do not conduct electricity because of strong and firm structure. Movement of ions is not possible. But ionic compounds can conduct electricity in molten state, because electrostatic force of attraction becomes very weak due to heat energy. Therefore ions can move freely and electric current can pass through it. Mobility of charged particles is necessary for conduction of electricity in a solution. Ions are present in aqueous solution of ionic compounds. When electric current is passed through the solution then ions start moving towards the opposite electrodes.

Question 9.
What is an alloy? Magnetic iron oxide explain the objective of their formation?
Answer:
Alloy: An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of a metal with another metal or non-metal, e.g. solder is an alloy of lead and tin (Pb and Sn). Stainless steel, solder, brass, bronze, bell metal etc.

Uses of alloys :

• For increasing hardness: Iron is mixed with carbon to form stainless steel which is harder than iron. Copper is mixed with gold and lead is mixed with silver to make them hard. Duralium is an alloy made from aluminium and is very hard.
• Increasing strength: Steel, Duralium are hard as well as strong.
• Preventing Corrosion: By making stainless steel an alloy of iron, which do not get rusted.
• To produce sound: Bell metal is an alloy of copper and tin used to produce loud sound.
• To lower melting point: An alloy of Bismuth, tin and lead has low melting point.
• Moulding: Bronze and type metal.
• For change in colour: Aluminium bronze is an alloy of copper and aluminium is of golden colour.
• Domestic uses: Alloys are used in homes, factories, offices etc. e.g. utensils, almirahs, fans, refrigerators elements etc. are made up of alloys.

Question 10.
Explain the activity series of metals.
Answer:
All metals have different rates of activity. Some metals like sodium, potassium and calcium etc. are highly reactive. These metals combine with oxygen to form oxide and react with hydrogen to form hydrides. Some metals are compratively less reactive e.g. iron, zinc etc. Some metals are least reactive e.g. gold, silver. Reactivity of metals depends on their ability to lose electrons, Metals are arranged in a list in decreasing rate of their activity.

Metals which are above hydrogen are more reactive and those below hydrogen are lower in reactivity and are found in free state. In this series potassium is the most reactive metal in this series.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name two metals which are good conductors of heat and electricity. Name metals which are highly and least conducting with reference to heat.
Answer:
Copper and aluminium are good conductors of electricity and heat. Silver is very good conductor of heat whereas lead is not a good conductor of heat.

Question 2.
Define ductility with example.
Answer:
Property of drawing thin wires from a metal is called ductility. Gold is the highest ductile metal. We can draw 2 km long wire from 18 carat gold.

Question 3.
What is electrical conductivity? Name the metals which have the highest conductivity, less than this and the lowest conductivity.
Answer:
It is the ease with which electric current can flow through a metal. Those metals which offer very low resistance to the flow of current they have high conductivity. Silver, copper are very good conductors of current then comes gold, aluminium and tungsten. Lead and iron have least conductivity i.e., they offer very high resistance to the flow of current.

Question 4.
Which property of metals give them characteristic chemical properties?
Answer:
Metals form positive ions by loosing electrons. This property of formation of ions by the metals give them characteristics chemical properties, e.g., Mg form Mg ion by loosing two electrons :
Mg → Mg²⁺ + 2e^–

Question 5.
Ionic compounds are found in which state? Comment on the melting and boiling point of ionic compounds.
Answer:
Compounds which are formed by the transfer of electrons from metals to Non¬Metals are called ionic or electrovalent compounds e.g., NaCl, LiCl, CaCl₂, CaO, MgCl₂. Ionic compounds have very high melting and boiling points because a large amount of energy is required to break the strong inter-ionic attractions.

Question 6.
What is difference between minerals and ores?
Answer:

Sr. No. Minerals	Ores
1. Those natural occuring substances, which contain metals in the form of compounds.	1. These are the minerals from which metals can be extracted easily and cheaply.
2. In many of the minerals percent age amount of metals is large and in some it is less.	2. In all the ores, percentage amount of metals is enough.
3. In some minerals there are so many impurities which create difficulty in the extraction of metals.	3. Ores do not have such problematic impurities.
4. All the minerals can not be used for extracting metals. All the minerals are not ores.	4.         All the ores can be used to extract metals.

Question 7.
How are the metals extracted, which are at the top of reactivity series?
Answer:
Metals which are towards the top of reactivity series are sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium. There are very reactive. These metals can not be obtained by heating them with carbon. These have more affinity towards oxygen, therefore these are extracted by electrolytic reduction. Sodium, magnesium and calcium are obtained by the electrolysis of their molten chlorides. Metals got deposited at cathode and chorine is liberated at anode.
At cathode : Na⁺ + e^– → Na
At anode : 2Cl^– → Cl₂ + 2e^–

Aluminium is obtained by the electrolytic reduction of aluminium oxide.
At cathode ; Al³⁺ + 3e^– → Al

Question 8.
How the metals, which are in the middle of the activity series extracted?
Answer:
Metals which are in the middle of the activity series are iron, zinc, lead, copper etc. These are found in the form of sulphides or carbonates. It is easy to obtain metals from their oxides compared to sulphides or carbonates. Therefore before extraction metal sulphide or carbonates are converted into their oxide. Sulphide ores are converted into metal oxides by heating in the presence of air. This is known as roasting. Carbonate ores are heated in limited supply of air to convert them into oxides. This is known as calcination. Following reactions take place during roasting and calcination of zinc.


Then by using carbon as reducing agent, metal is extracted from metal oxide, e.g. when Zinc oxide is heated with carbon it gets reduced to give zinc.

In addition to using carbon for reduction, displacement reaction can be used to extract metals. More reactive metals like sodium, calcium, aluminium etc. can be used as reducing agents because these can displace atoms which are below them in the reactivity series. For example, when mangnese dioxide is heated with aluminium powder then following reaction takes place.

Question 9.
How will you extract metals which are low in the activity series?
Answer:Metals low in the activity series are less reactive and can be obtained from metal oxides simply by heating. Cinnabar (Hgs) an ore of mercury (Hg) when heated change to mercuric oxide (HgO), on heating it further it is reduced to mercury.

Question 10.
Explain the reactions of metals with water.
Answer:
On reacting with water, metals form metal oxide and produce hydrogen. These dissolve in water to form metal hydroxide. But all metals do not react with water.

Metals like sodium and Potassium react with cold water, vigorously. The reaction of sodium and Potassium is very vigorous and exothermic that hydrogen produced starts burning simultaneously.
2K (s) + 2H₂O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H₂(g) + heat
2Na (s) + 2H₂O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + H₂(g) + heat

Reaction of calcium with water is slow. Heat produced in this reaction is not enough to burn the hydrogen produced in the reaction.
Ca (s) + 2H₂O(l) → Ca (OH)₂ + H₂(g)

Metals like iron, aluminium, zinc etc. do not react with cold water and not even with hot water. But they react with steam to form metal oxide and produce, hydrogen.
2Al(s) + 3H₂O(g) → Al₂O₃(S) + 3H₂(g)
3Fe(s) + 4H₂O(g) → Fe₃O₄(s) + 4H₂(g)
Metals like lead, copper, silver and gold etc. do not react with water.

Question 11.
How do metals react with :
1. Oxygen
2. Dilute acids
3. Chlorine
4. Hydrogen.
Answer:
I. Reaction of metals with oxygen: Metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides. Metal atoms lose their loosely bound electrons to form positive ions where as oxygen atoms gain electrons to form negative oxide ions. These metal oxide are basic in nature. Since all metals have different level of reactivity therefore they combine with oxygen at different temperatures.
1. Na and K Combine with oxygen at normal temperature to form oxides which dissolve in water to form hydroxide.
4 Na (s) + O₂(g) → 2Na₂S(s)
Na₂O(s) + H₂O → 2NaOH (or)

2. If magnesium is burned in air it forms magnesium oxide.
Mg → Mg²⁺ + 2e-
O + 2e^– → O^2-
Mg²⁺ + O^2- → MgO

3. Copper and iron combine with oxygen at high temperature in dry air.

II. Reaction of metals with dilute acids. Metals reacts with dilute acids to produce hydrogen gas. Rate of reactivity is different.
1. Na, K, Zn, Mg, Fe etc. are reactive in decreasing order.
2Na + HCl → 2NaCl + H₂ ↑
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂↑
Zn + H2SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂↑

2. Dilute nitric acid reacts with metals like Cu, Ag, Pb, Hg to form NO (nitrogen oxide).
Cu + 8HNO₃ → 3Cu (NO₃)₂ + 2NO + 4H₂O
3Ag + 4HNO₃ → 3AgNO₃ + NO + 2H₂O

3. Dilute nitric acid reacts with Mg and Mn to produce hydrogen gas.
Mg + 2HNO₃ → Mg (NO₃)₂ + H₂ ↑

4. Gold and platinum do not react with dilute acids.

III. Reaction of metals with chlorine. Metals combines with chlorine to form electrovalent chlorides.
Ca + Cl₂ → CaCl₂

IV. Reaction of metals with hydrogen. Reactive metals like Na, K, Ca etc. react with hydrogen to form hydrid.
2Na + H₂ → 2NaH
Ca + H₂ → CaH₂

V. Reaction of metals with water:
1. Water at normal temperature react with Na, K and Ca to liberate hydrogen gas.
2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂ ↑
Ca + 2H₂O → Ca (OH)₂ + H₂ ↑

2. Mg, Zn and Fe react with boiling water to form oxide.
Mg + H₂O → MgO + H₂ ↑
3Fe + 4H₂O → Fe₃O₄ + 4H₂ ↑

Question 12.
What is roasting? When do you use it?
Answer:
Roasting. After enrichment of ore, it is heated in the presence of dir, this process is called roasting sulphides or carbonates of some metals are converted into oxides, because extraction of metal is easy from oxides. Carbonates and sulphides of zinc and lead are converted into oxides by roasting.

Question 13.
If a copper plate remains immersed in silver nitrate solution for some time then what happens? Write the ionic equation for the reaction.
Answer:
Copper is more reactive than silver. Copper will displace silver from the solution and silver gets deposited on copper. Colour of the solution becomes blue.

Question 14.
Copper sulphate solution is stored in an iron container. After some days holes were seen in the container. Write the reaction. Explain the reaction on the basis of activity series.
Answer:
Iron is more reactive than copper and is placed before copper in the activity series. Therefore iron can displace copper from copper sulphate solution, due to this reaction holes were seen in the container.
CuSO₄ + Fe → FeSO₄ + Cu
Cu²⁺ (aq) + Fe(s) → Fe²⁺ (aq) + Cu(s)
Thus iron displaced copper.

Question 15.
Why copper becomes green if left open in air. Why?
Answer:
Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide which is present in air. This makes its surface dull and a green layer is seen on the surface of copper. This green substance is copper carbonate.

Question 16.
What is 24 carat gold?
Answer:
Pure gold is called 24 carat gold. It is very soft. It can be used to make ornaments. Small amount of silver or copper is mixed with it to make it harder. In our country usually 22 carat gold is used to make ornaments. This means 22 pure gold is mixed with 2 parts of copper or silver.

Question 17.
Which process is used for the enrichment of sulphide ore. Explain in brief two steps involved in the extraction of metal from enriched sulphide ore.
Answer:
Sulphide ore is finely grounded to get powder. This is then enriched by using ‘Froth floation process’.

Steps involved in the extraction of metal from enriched sulphide ore :
1. Roasting: Enriched ore is heated in the presence of air to get oxides. This process is called roasting.

2. Reduction. Oxide of the enriched ore is heated with reducing agent to extract the metal.

Question 18.
Give differences :
(i) Hydraulic washing and liquation.
Answer:

Hydraulic Washing	Liquation
1. This process is used for concentration of an ore.	1. The process is used for refining of metals.
2. Ore is washed with washing.	2. This is used for refining metal having low melting points.

(ii) Electrolytic reduction and reduction by carbon.
Answer:

Electrolytic reduction	Reduction by carbon
1. Here cathode acts as reducing agent. It converts metal ions into metals by providing electrons.	Carbon is used as reducing agent.
2. This method is used to reduce the salts of highly reactive metals.	2. This method is used to reduce the oxides of metals which are in the middle of activity series.

Question 19.
An alloy of yellow’ colour is made up of two metals A and B. When this alloy was dipped in dilute sulphuric acid, a layer dissolved in acid and formed colourless solution. B did not dissolve in it and the surface of alloy attained red brown colour. What is A and B?
Answer:
Yellow coloured alloy is brass which is mixture of zinc and copper. In this A is zinc and B is copper.
Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂

Question 20.
Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) gas is produced when a certain ore is heated. Write the method involved in the extraction of metal from this ore.
Answer:
SO₂ gas is produced when copper pyrites an ore of copper is heated.

Following steps are involved in the extraction of metal from this ore :
1. Ore is ground to get powder. It is mixed with water and pine oil. Compressed air is blown to separate impurities. This way ore gets enriched, this method is called froth floatation method.

2. Now the enriched ore is roasted. A part of CuS converts to CuO

Copper is in liquid state and is purified by electric refining.

3. Electrical refining. In this process impure copper rod is taken as anode and pure copper plate is taken as cathode. Electric current is passed through copper sulphate solution in the presence of acid

Question 21.
What is Thermite process? Write its uses.
Answer:
Some displacement reactions are highly exothermic. The quantity of heat produced is so high that metals obtained are in molten state. When Iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) reacts with aluminium then a large amount of heat is produced.
Fe₂O₃(s) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) + heat

This is known as thermite process. This process is used to weld the rails and to join the cracks in machines.

Question 22.
Give five uses of non-metals.
Answer:

• Hydrogen is used in the preparation of vegetable oil.
• Carbon is an important non-metal which is main constituent of vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, enzymes etc. Graphite is used as an electrode in various cells.
• Nitrogen is used in ammonia, Nitric acid and fertilizers. Its presence in air controls the rate of combustion.
• Presence of oxygen is the base of our life. Combustion is also possible in the presence of oxygen.
• Sulphur is used in many medicines and is also used to make explosives.

Question 23.
Differentiate Roasting and Calcination.
Answer:

Roasting	Calcination
1. Roasting is used for sulphide ores.	1. Calcination is used for carbonate and hydrated ores.
2. Ore is heated in the presence of air.	2. Ore is heated in the absence of air.
3. SO2 gas is produced.	3. CO2 gas is produced.

Question 24.
How is ionic compound sodium chloride, forms from sodium and chlorine?
Answer:
Sodium and chloride ions are oppositely charged and thus attract each other
They are bound together by strong electrostatic force of attraction and exist in the form of sodium chloride (NaCl). Sodium chloride does not exist as a molecule but as a set of ions :

Question 25.
Ionic compounds are insulators when in solid state whereas when in aqueous solution they become conductors. Why?
Answer:
There exist a strong force of attraction between positive and negative ions of the ionic compounds, due to which these compounds are solid and hard. Due to their firm and rigid structure ions cannot move. But in molten state or in aqueous solution the force between opposite ions become weak and the ions can move freely. Therefore electricity can pass through ionic compounds when in liquid form.

Question 26.
What is aqua regia? Explain.
Answer:
Aqua regia is a mixutre of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in the ratio of 3 : 1. It can dissolve gold where no single acid can do this. Aqua regia (Latin word for Royal water) is highly corrosive and fuming liquid. It can also dissolve platinum.

Question 27.
Give two main ores of aluminium. Also give two alloys of aluminium.
Answer:
Two ores of aluminium are :

1. Bauxite, Al₂O₃. 2H₂O
2. Cryolite, Na₃ (AlF₆).

Two alloys of aluminium are :

1. Duralium
2. Magnalium.

Question 28.
Give uses of pure metals.
Answer:

• Copper and aluminium wires are used in the transmission of power (electricity).
• Utensils, Machines etc. are made up of iron, aluminium and copper.
• Gold and silver are used to make ornaments, these are also used in sweets in the form of silver foil.
• Metals like cadmium, titanium, zinconium etc. are used in nuclear energy and space science projects.
• Aluminium foil is used to wrap eatables.
• Titanium and its alloys are used in airplane, airplane structure and engine, chemical reactor.
• Metals are used in broken bones and body parts.

Question 29.
Which gas is produced, when reactive metals come in contact with dilute hydrochloric acid? Write the chemical reaction between iron and dil. H₂SO₄.
Answer:
When reactive metals come in contact with dil. hydrochloric acid then (H₂) hydrogen gas is produced.
Hydrogen gas is produced when iron reacts with dil. H₂SO₄.
Fe + H₂SO₄ → FeSO₄ + H₂ ↑

Question 30.
What is the function of cryolite in the electrolytic reduction of alumina?
Answer:
Cryolite has two functions in the extraction of aluminium :

• To reduce the melting point of alumina.
• Alumina is bad conductor of electricity on mixing cryolite (Na₂AlF₃), Al²⁺ ions are produced from alumina.

Question 31.
How do iron and aluminium react with water?
Answer:
Aluminium and iron do not react with cold or hot water. But react with steam to form metal oxide and hydrogen.
2Al(s) + 3H₂O(g) → Al₂O₃(s) + 3H₂(g)
3Fe(s) + 3H₂O(g) → Fe₃O₄(s) + 3H₂(g)

Question 32.
What happen when :
(i) Iron oxide is heated with coke?
Answer:
Iron oxide is readuced to iron.

(ii) Magnesium is treated with dilute sulphuric acid?
Answer:
Hydrogen is produced

(iii) Zinc is added to blue vitriol solution?
Answer:
Blue colour of solution gradually faders away

Question 33.
What is rust? Explain it with the help of a chemical reaction.
Answer:
If iron is left open in moist air, a brown layer is produced on its surface. This brown coloured layer is of Ferric oxide and ferric hydroxide. This is called rust. This makes iron weak.
4Fe + 3O₂ + 3H₂O → Fe₂O₃ + 2Fe(OH)₃

Question 34.
Write names of main alloys and their constituents?
Answer:

Alloys	Constituents	Uses
1. Steel	Iron, carbon	used in airplanes, buildings vehicles etc.
2. Stainless steel	Iron, Carbon, Chromium	utensils, machine parts, knife, blade, food and milk industry, nuts, bolts, taps etc.
3. Brass	Copper, Zinc	utensils, idols, airplanes, medals, steam driven train parts etc.
4. Bronze	Copper, tin	utensils and other apparatus.
5. Solder	Lead, tin	For joining/welding electric wires.
6. German Silver	Copper, Nickel, zinc	Airplane wings, utensils used in kitchen of airplanes and other mate­rials.
7. Bell metal	Copper,tin	For making bells.
8. Duralium	Aluminium, copper magnesium and mangnese in very small amount.	In airplane
9. Magnoleum	Aluminium, magnesium	Light weight tools and cheap utensils.
10. Gun metal	Copper, tin, zinc	For making gears of vehicles and machines.

Question 35.
Write the names of metals found in Bronze and Duralium, give uses of these alloys.
Answer:
Bronze. It is 90% copper and 10% tin. It is used in idols, medals, coins and vessels used for cooking food.
Duralium. It consists of 95% aluminium, 4% copper, 0.5% magnesium and 0.5% manganese. It is used in aeroplanes, space crafts, kitchen vessels.

Question 36.
What is rust? What is its chemical formula?
Answer:
When iron is left open in air, then a layer of iron oxide is formed on the surface of iron. This brown matter is rust. It corrodes the metal. Its chemical formula is Fe₂O₃. xH₂O.

Question 37.
What are metals?
Answer:
The elements which are on the left and in the middle of the periodic table and have metallic lustre are called metals. These are usually ductile, malleable, good conductor of electricity and heat, hard and have high density. They form basic oxides. Examples of metals are gold, iron, silver, copper, platinum etc.

Question 38.
What is ihe reason of catching fire by potassium and sodium on their own?
Answer:
Potassium and sodium reacts with water vigorously and violently. The reaction is very violent and highly exothermic that hydrogen produced in the reaction catches fire on its own.

Question 39.
Observe the figure given below and name the gas produced. Also give the chemical equation.

Answer:
Hydrogen gas is produced

Question 40.
What is indicated by the following figure?
Or
With the help of a labelled diagram prove that both oxygen/air and water are necessary for rusting of iron.

Answer:
Both air and moisture are required for rusting of iron.

Question 41.
Why the substance obtained by mixing small amount of carbon in iron is used largely for various purposes?
Answer:
When small amount of carbon is mixed with iron it changes to steel. This is stronger than iron. It can be used in ships, vehicles, dams.

Question 42.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction taking place in the test tube. How does the colour of solution change? What is change in colour of iron nails?

Answer:

The colour of the solution changes from blue to light green. The colour of Iron nails changes from grey to brown.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give one example of metal which is liquid at room temperature.
Answer:
Mercury.

Question 2.
Name one metal and one non-metal which is liquid at room temperature.
Answer:
Metal-Mercury.
Non-Metal—Bromine

Question 3.
Name one non-metal which has bright lustre.
Answer:
Iodine.

Question 4.
Name one non-metal which does not have bright.
Answer:
Phosphorus.

Question 5.
Which of the following metal are liquid at body temperature (37° C): Gallium, Magnesium, Caesium, Aluminium.
Answer:
Gallium and Caesium.

Question 6.
Name one non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity?
Answer:
Graphite (Carbon).

Question 7.
Arrange the following metals in the decreasing order of reactivity,
Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, Ag.
Answer:
Na > Zn > Fe > Cu > Ag.

Question 8.
Out of Sodium, Calcium, Aluminium, Copper and Magnesium name the metal which reacts with
(i) Boiling water
Answer:
Magnesium

(ii) Steam.
Answer:
Copper.

Question 9.
Sodium metal is kept under kerosene oil, why?
Answer:
This is because sodium reacts with moist air as well as water.

Question 10.
A non-metal X, exists in two forms Y and Z. Y is the hardest substance and Z is a poor conductor of electricity. What are X, Y and Z?
Answer:
Y = Diamond Z = Graphite X = Carbon
Y and Z are allotropic forms of carbon.

Question 11.
An element, A form two oxides AO and AOa. AO is neutral and AO₂ is acidic : Indicate whether A is metal or non-metal.
Answer:
A is non-metal.

Question 12.
Name the reaction to convert metal into its oxide .
Answer:
Oxidation.

Question 13.
Ionic solids have high melting points, why?
Answer:
In ionic solids, there are strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions and a large amount of energy required to overcome these forces.

Question 14.
An element X reacts with oxide to form oxide, X₂O which dissolves in water and turns red litmus solution blue. Give the nature of oxide and indicate X is metal or non-metal.
Answer:
X₂O is basic. X is metal.

Question 15.
What is the nature of metal oxides?
Answer:
Basic.

Question 16.
Name two noble metals.
Answer:
Gold and platinum.

Question 17.
Name an ore of mercury.
Answer:
Mercury sulphide (Hgs).

Question 18.
Name two metalloids.
Answer:
Arsenic, antimony.

Question 19.
Metals lose lustre when placed in air, why?
Answer:
This is because their surfaces are covered with oxides, carbonates or sulphide layer’s .

Question 20.
Name two metals which can be cut with a knife.
Answer:
Sodium and potassium.

Question 21.
Why do metals aquire different shapes?
Answer:
This is due to malleability and ductility of metals.

Question 22.
Name the metal which is poor conductor of heat.
Answer:
Lead.

Question 23.
Name the metal which offers resistance to the flow of electricity.
Answer:
Mercury.

Question 24.
Which of the following metals can be drawn into wires?
Answer:
Cu, Al, Fe, Pb.

Question 25.
Name four non-metals which are solid at room temperature.
Answer:
Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorous, and iodine.

Question 26.
Name the elements which are present in abundance in earth’s crust.
Answer:
Oxygen and silicon.

Question 27.
What are alkalies? Give one example.
Answer:
Alkali. It is a metal hydroxide soluble in water Example : Sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Question 28.
Name two amphoteric oxide.
Answer:

1. Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃)
2. Zinc Oxide (ZnO)

Question 29.
What happens when magnesium is heated to ignition temperature?
Answer:
Magnesium burns with white light producing magnesium oxide.

Question 30.
Name the metal which does not react with dil. HCl.
Answer:
Copper.

Question 31.
Name two metals which react with hydrogen.
Answer:
Sodium and potasium.

Question 32.
Give the reaction when a piece of Calcium reacts with water.
Answer:
Ca + 2H₂O → Ca (OH)₂ + 4H₂.

Question 33.
Give the reactions when red hot iron reacts with steam.
Answer:
Ca + 4H₂O → Fe₃O₄ + H₂.

Question 34.
Why is zinc oxide called amphoteric oxide?
Answer:
This is because zinc oxide reacts with both acid as well as base.

Question 35.
The metals Na, K and Ca react with hydrogen to form hydroxide but other metals don’t, why?
Answer:
This is because Na, K and Ca are highly reactive metals.

Question 36.
Give the reactions which occur when zinc plate is added to copper sulphate solution.
Answer:
Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu.

Question 37.
Out of the metals, Na, Cu, Au, which is
(i) Most reactive and
Answer:
Most reactive metal-Sodium (Na)

(ii) Least reactive?
Answer:
Least reactive metal-Gold (Au).

Question 38.
Arrange the following metals in the decreasing order of reactivity, Zinc, Mercury and Aluminium.
Answer:
Al < Zn < Hg.

Question 39.
Name two metals which occur in free state in nature.
Answer:
Gold and Platinum.

Question 40.
Define corrosion of metals.
Answer:
It is the interaction of surface of metal with air and moisture forming a layer of oxide, halide or carbonate layer on its surface.

Question 41.
Name a metal which undergoes corrosion in air.
Answer:
Iron.

Question 42.
Name two metals which are not corroded easily.
Answer:
Gold and silver.

Question 43.
Why does copper utensils turn green on exposure to air?
Answer:
Copper reacts with oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture to form a green coloured compound (basic copper carlxmate):

Question 44.
Name two metals which are both malleable and ductile.
Answer:

1. Copper
2. Aluminium.

Question 45.
Name the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.
Answer:
Aluminium.

Question 46.
Name the metal that gives a green coating when exposed to moisture.
Answer:
Copper.

Question 47.
Which is the most lightest metal known to us?
Answer:
Lithium.

Question 48.
Name two metals which occur in free state in nature.
Answer:

1. Gold
2. Platinum.

Question 49.
Name one of the most common ore of aluminium.
Answer:
Bauxite (Al₂O₃. 2H₂O).

Question 50.
What is an amalgam?
Answer:
An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with some other metals.

Question 51.
Name two metals which :
(a) readily burn in air an
Answer:
Metals which readily burn in air are :

1. sodium
2. magnesium.

(b) do not burn.
Answer:
metals which do not burn readily in air are :

1. Copper
2. iron.

Question 52.
Name the metal which is best conductor of electricity.
Answer:
Silver.

Question 53.
Name one metal which reacts with cold water.
Answer:
Sodium.

Question 54.
Name one metal
(i) more reactive than hydrogen and
Answer:
Sodium

(ii) less reactive than hydrogen.
Answer:
Silver.

Question 55.
Write the chemical name of any one compound ore of sulphur.
Answer:
Zinc sulphide (ZnS).

Question 56.
Name the metal used in galvanisation of iron.
Answer:
Zinc.

Question 57.
The metal which is found in nature in the free state is
Answer:
Gold and Platinum.

Question 58.
What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide?
Answer:
Reduction process.

Question 59.
Which metals do not corrode easily?
Answer:
The metals which are not attacked by air and moisture don’t corrode easily.

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
The non-metal which is liquid at room temperature is:
(A) Chlorine
(B) Bromine
(C) Fluorine
(D) Iodine.
Answer:
(B) Bromine

Question 2.
Most reactive metal is:
(A) Na
(B) Mg
(C) Au
(D) K
Answer:
(D) K

Question 3.
The property due to which metals can be beaten into sheets is :
(A) Malleability
(B) Ductility
(C) Metallic lustre
(D) Hardness.
Answer:
(A) Malleability

Question 4.
The axnphoteric oxide is:
(A) ZnO
(B) BaO
(C) K2O
(D) Na2O.
Answer:
(A) ZnO

Question 5.
Copper gets covered with green layer when exposed to air due to the formation of:
(A) CuSO₄
(B) CuCO₃. Cu(OH)₂
(C) Cu (NO₃)₂
(D) CuO.
Answer:
(B) CuCO₃. Cu(OH)₂

Question 6.
During galvanisation, the metal whose layer is deposited is:
(A) Gallium
(B) Aluminium
(C) Zinc
(D) Silver.
Answer:
(C) Zinc

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
Brass is an alloy of copper and ____________
Answer:
Zinc.

Question 2.
____________ is the best conductor of electricity.
Answer:
Silver.

Question 3.
All the ores are ____________
Answer:
Minerals.

Question 4.
Copper can be refined by ____________
Answer:
Electrorefining.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Acids, Bases and Salts Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions :
(а) NaCl solution and copper metal
(b) MgCl₂ solution and aluminium metal
(c) FeSO₄ solution and silver metal
(d) AgNO₃ solution and copper metal?
Answer:
(d) AgNO₃ solution and copper metal?

Question 2.
Which of the following methods is suitable for preventing an iron frying pan from rusting :
(a) applying grease
(b) applying paint
(c) applying a coating of zinc
(d) all of the above :
Answer:
(c) applying a coating of zinc

Question 3.
An element reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high melting point. This compound is also soluble in water. The element is likely to be :
(a) calcium
(b) carbon
(c) silicon
(d) iron.
Answer:
(a) calcium

Question 4.
Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because :
(а) zinc is costlier than tin
(b) zinc has a higher melting point than tin
(c) zinc is more reactive than tin
(d) zinc is less reactive than tin.
Answer:
(c) zinc is more reactive than tin

Question 5.
You are given a hammer, a battery, a bulb, wires and a switch.
(i) How could you use them to distinguish between samples of metals and non-metals?
(ii) Assess the usefulness of these tests in distinguishing between metals and non-metals.
Answer:
(i) Set up the electric circuit as shown below :

To distinguish between metals and non-metals on the basis of their electrical conductivity.

Insert the sample to be tested between clips A and B
If the bulbs glows, the sample is metal.
If the bulb does not glow, the sample is non-metal.
Thus metals are good conductors of electricity whereas non-metals are poor conductors of electricity.

(ii) If a substance produces a sound when struck beating with a hammer, it is a metal and if no sound is produced, it is a non-metal.
Metals are sonorous whereas non-metals are non-sonorous.

Question 6.
What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides.
Answer:
Amphoteric oxides. The metal oxide which react both with acids as well as bases to produce salts and water are known as amphoteric oxides.

Examples. Zinc oxide, ZnO Aluminium oxide, Al2O3

Question 7.
Name two metals which will displace hydrogen from dilute acids, and two metals which will not.
Answer:
Zinc and magnesium can displace hydrogen from dilute acids. Copper and silver cannot displace hydrogen from dilute acids.

Question 8.
In the electrolytic refining a metal M, what would you take as the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte?
Answer:
During the electrorefining of metal, the impure metal is made as anode, a thin strip of pure metal M is made as cathode. The electrolyte used a soluble salt of metal M. to be refined.

Question 9.
Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by inverting a test tube over it as shown in figure

Collection of Gas
(a) What will be the action of gas on
(i) dry litmus paper?
Answer:
No action.

(ii) moist litmus paper?
Answer:
It turns moist litmus paper red and then bleaches it.

(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Answer:
S + O₂ → SO₂

Question 10.
State two ways to prevent the rusting of iron.
Answer:
The rusting can be prevented by

1. By painting, oiling, greasing, galvanising, chrome plate or anodising.
2. By forming alloys.

Question 11.
What type of oxides are formed when non-metals combine with oxygen?
Answer:
As they form two types of oxides :
(a) Neutral oxides such as CO, NO etc.
(b) Acidic oxides such as SO₂, CO₂ etc.

Question 12.
Give reasons :
(a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
Answer:
Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery because these are not attacked by air and moisture. They don’t undergo corrosion and retain their lustre for a long time. Also these metals are malleable and ductile.

(b) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil.
Answer:
Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil because in contact with moist air containing carbon dioxide, these are covered with a carbonate layer.
e.g. 4Na + O₂ → 2Na₂O
Na₂O + H₂O → 2NaOH
2NaOH + CO₂ → Na₂CO₃ + H₂O

Also they react with water.
e.g. 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂.
Hence, these metals are stored under oil.

(c) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking.
Answer:
This is due to the reason that a thin sticking oxide layer of aluminium is formed on its surface which prevents further reaction. Also aluminium is a good conductor of heat and the oxide layer (Al₂O₃) is stable even at high temperatures.

(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of extraction.
Answer:
This is because it is easier to obtain a metal from its oxide as compared to its sulphide and carbonate ore.

Question 13.
You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice. Explain why these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels.
Answer:
In tarnished copper vessel there is a layer of basic copper carbonate. This basic layer can be cleaned by using sour substances such as lemon or tamarind juice which are acidic in nature and dissolve the basic coat of copper carbonate

Question 14.
Differentiate betw een metals and non-metals.
Or
Differentiate between metals and non-metals on the basis of their chemical properties.
Answer:
Differences between metals and non-metals :

Metals	Non-Metals
1. They form basic oxides.	1. They form acidic or neutral oxides.
2. They displace hydrogen from dilute acids.	2. They don’t displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
3. Usually they don’t combine with hydrogen. Only a few reactive metals combine with hydrogen to form metal hydroxide which are electrovalent compounds.	3. They react with hydrogen to form hydrides which are covalent compounds.
4. They form chlorides which are electrovalent compounds.	4. They react with chlorine to form chlorides which are covalent compounds.

Question 15.
A man went door to door posing as a goldsmith. He promised to bring back the glitter of old and dull gold ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave a set of gold bangles to him which he dipped in a particular solution. The bangles sparkled like new but their weight was reduced drastically. The lady was upset but after a futile argument the man beat a hasty retreat. Can you play the detective to find out the nature of the solution he had used?
Answer:
The solution used by goldsmith to bring back the glitter of old and dull gold ornaments was aqua regia. It is a freshly prepared mixture of cone. HCl and cone. HNOg in the ratio 3 : 1. It can dissolve gold,

Question 16.
Give the reasons why copper is used to make hot water tanks but steel (an alloy of iron) is not.
Answer:
This is because iron present in steel reacts with steam to form ferrosoferric oxide whereas copper has no action with water. As a result of it, the body of the steel tank becomes weaker and weaker in case of iron and not in case of copper.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Metals and Non-metals InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give an example of a metal which :
(i) is a liquid at room temperature
Answer:
Mercury

(ii) can be easily cut with a knife
Answer:
Sodium

(iii) it is the best conductor of heat
Answer:
Silver

(iv) is a poor conductor of heat.
Answer:
Lead.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning of malleable and ductile.
Answer:
Malleable: A substance is said to be malleable, if it can be beaten into sheets. e.g. metals are malleable.
Ductile: A substance is said to be ductile, if it can be drawn into wires e.g. the metals are ductile.

Question 3.
Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil?
Answer:
This is because in contact with moist air containing carbon dioxide, it is covered with a carbonate layer.
4Na + O₂ → 2Na₂O
Na₂O + H₂O → 2NaOH
2NaOH + CO₂ → Na₂CO₃ + H₂O

Also sodium reacts with water.
2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂
Hence, sodium is kept immersed in kerosene oil.

Question 4.
Write equation for the reactions of
(i) iron with steam
Answer:

(ii) calcium and potassium with water.
Answer:
Ca + 2H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + H₂
2K + 2H₂O → 2KOH + H₂

Question 5.
Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the following solution one by one. The results obtained have been tabulated as follows :

Use the table above to answer the following questions about metals, A, B, C and D.
(i) Which is the most reactive metal?
Answer:
B is the most reactive metal.

(ii) What would you observe if B is added to a solution of copper (II) sulphate?
Answer:
B will displace copper from copper sulphate solution.

(iii) Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the order of decreasing reactivity.
Answer:
The decreasing order of reactivity is B > A > C > D.

Question 6.
Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write the chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H₂SO₄.
Answer:
Hydrogen gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal.

Question 7.
What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate? Write the chemical reaction that takes place.
Answer:
When zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate it will displace iron from it and light green colour of solution gradually fades away.

Question 8.
(i) Write the electron-dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium.
Answer:
Electron-dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium are

(ii) Show the formation of Na₂O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.
Answer:
Formation of Na₂O:

(iii) What are the ions present in the above compounds?
Answer:

Question 9.
Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
Answer:
In ionic compounds there are strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ion and a considerable amount of energy is required to break the strong interionic attraction.

Question 10.
Define the terms :
(a) mineral
Answer:
Mineral. The compounds of elements occurring in earth’s crust which are associated with earthly impurities are called minerals.

(b) ore
Answer:
Ore. An ore is a mineral from which metal can be extracted conveniently and economically.

(c) gangue.
Answer
Gangue. The earthly impurities such as sand, lime stone, rocks etc. associated with minerals and ores are collectively known as gangue or matrix.

Question 11.
Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state.
Answer:
Gold and Platinum.

Question 12.
What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide?
Answer:
Reduction process.

Question 13.
Metallic oxides of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated with the following metals :

Metal	Zinc	Magnesium	Copper
Zinc oxide
Magnesium oxide
Copper oxide

In which cases will you find displacement reactions taking place?
Answer:
Zinc can displace copper from copper oxide

Magnesium can displace zinc from zinc oxide

Also Mg can displace copper from CuO

Question 14.
Which metals do not corrode easily?
Answer:
The metals which are not attacked by air and moisture don’t corrode easily.

Question 15.
What are alloys?
Answer:
Alloys. These are the homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals or metals and non-metals.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Idioms Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary Idioms

I. Use the following idioms in sentences of your own :

1. Off and on
2. In the air
3. To come to light
4. Call it a day
5. In a nutshell
6. Early bird
7. To go to the dogs
8. Cry wolf
9. Down to earth
10. To end in smoke
11. Tooth and nail
12. Hat-trick
Answer:
1. Off and on– Our principal addresses the students off and on
2. In the air — Corruption is in the air all over the country.
3. To come to light – Many strange facts came to light during course of enquiry.
4. Call it a day — It is very late now; we should call it a day.
5. In a nutshell – He explained everything to me in a nutshell.
6. Early bird — He is an early bird. He goes for a morning walk every day.
7. To go to the dogs — Without discipline, any organisation go to the dogs.
8. Cry wolf — Do not trust him. He is in the habit of crying wolf.
9. Down to earth — His down to earth proposal attracted immediate attention.
10. To end in smoke — All my efforts to reform him have ended in smoke
11. Tooth and nail — We shall oppose corruption tooth and nails
12. Hat-trick — Which Indian bowler performed a Hat-trick m the last World Cup?

II. Match the idioms in column A with their meanings in column B :

A — B
1. hard and fast — (a) in detail
2. ill at ease — (b) to happen
3. go up in flames — (c) to bribe
4. to lose face — (d) to blame
5. to foot the bill — (e) rigid
6. to find fault with — (f) uncomfortable
7. to grease the palm — (g) to pay the bill
8. to come to pass — (h) to be destroyed
9. on the cards — to lose prestige
10. at length : — (j) probable
Answer:
1. — (e) 2. — (f) 3. — (h) 4. – (i) 5. — (g) 6. — (d) 7. —(C) 8. — (b) 9. (j) 10. — (a)

शब्दों के ऐसे समूह को idiom या मुहावरा कहा जाता है जिसका अर्थ उसके अलग-अलग शब्दों से स्पष्ट न हो, अपितु पूरे समूह को ही याद करना और उसके अर्थ को जानना होता हो। इस तरह के कुछ शब्द – समूह (idioms) नीचे दिए जा रहे है

1. Above board
This shopkeeper is above board in his dealings.

2. Adam’s ale
Adam’s ale is very necessary for good health.

3. An eyewash
This enquiry is only an eyewash; nothing will come out of it.

4. At par
Death treats the rich and the poor at par.

5. In the air
Terrorism is in the air all over the world.

6. All in all
Our father is all in all in our family.

7. At a discount
They are selling everything at a discount.

8. Apple of one’s eye
The only son was the apple of his parents’ eye.

9. Apple of discord
Kashmir has become an apple of discord between India and Pakistan.

10. All Greek
He spoke in English which was all Greek to the villagers.

11. At a stretch
She can speak for hours at a stretch. At a low
Morality is at a low ebb these days.

13. As easy as ABC
Mathematics for me is not difficult. It is as easy as ABC.

14. Again and again
I have warned him again and again, but he does not care.

15. All of a sudden
He got up all of a sudden and left the room.

16. At large
Her killer is still at large.

17. At length
He talked about his problem at length.

18. Behind one’s back
You should not abuse him behind his back.

19. A bed of roses
Life is not a bed of roses for the poor.

20. Borrowed plums
Borrowed plums don’t make one rich in the real sense.

21. Blue blood
Princess Diana was never proud of her blue blood.

22. A bosom friend
Is he your bosom friend ?

23. To beat about the bush
Do not beat about the bush; come to the point.

24. By virtue of
She got the job by virtue of her greater experience.

25. By leaps and bounds
Our school is progressing by leaps and bounds under the present principal.

26. On the cards
It is on the cards that Indian cricket team will win the World Cup this time.

27. To carry the day
Indian team carried the day against Pakistani team.

28. A cat and dog life
He has been living a cat and dog life with his wife.

29. To call a spade a spade
I have no fear and always call a spade a spade.

30. A clean state
After her divorce she started her life with a clean state.

31. A close shave
They had a close shave in the car accident last night.

32. A cock and bull story
He made up a cock and bull story for being absent.

33. To come to light
During the enquiry, many new facts have come to light.

34. To come to pass
All that you told me has come to pass.

35. Crocodile tears
The wicked wife shed crocodile tears over the death of her husband.

36. Call it a day
After playing for his country for ten years, he decided to call it a day.

37. Call the shots
It is the manager who calls the shots in our company.

38. Charity begins at home
For all politicians these days, charity begins at home.

39. Clear the deck
The Principal asked the students to clear the deck for the welcome of the Chief Guest at the Annual Function of the school.

40. Close-fisted person
He is a close-fisted person and won’t give you any money.

41. Coin money
He is coining money from his new business.

42. Cut one’s coat according to one’s cloth
If you don’t want to get into debt, always cut your coat according to your cloth.

43. Dark horse
The lean and thin boy proved a dark horse when he won the long-distance race.

44. To go to the dogs
His business has gone to the dogs and his family is starving.

45. Down to earth
My approach to life is always down to earth.

46. A dead language
Sanskrit is now a dead language.

47. Die by inches
The poor old man died by inches.

48. Do a good turn
Try to do a good turn every day.

49. To give ear
Give ear to what I am saying.

50. To make both ends meet
It is very difficult for the poor to make both ends meet these days.

51. To end in smoke
All my efforts to reform him have ended in smoke.

52. An eye-opener
You should take your failure as an eye-opener.

53. Now start working hard. Early bird
She is an early bird and goes for a morning walk.

54. To lose face
As a result of his mistakes, he has lost face in his office.

55. To save face
She was dismissed, but she saved face by telling everyone that she had resigned.

56. Face-to-face
I came face-to-face with a burglar when I opened the door of my house.

57. To find fault with
We should not find fault with others.

58. With flying colours
Those who work hard always come off with flying colours in their exams.

59. To foot the bill
Who will foot the bill of this party ?

60. Tooth and nail
We shall oppose the new taxes tooth and nail.

61. To gain ground
Madhuri is gaining ground in her popularity day-by-day.

62. To throw out of gear
Life was thrown out of gear because of the floods.

63. To grind one’s teeth
She grinds her teeth when she is asleep.

64. To grease the palm
In India, you can have anything done by greasing the palm.

65. Go up in flames
The whole house went up in flames with a cracker.

66. A hen-pecked husband
He is a hen-pecked husband; his wife leads him by the nose.

67. A Herculean task
It is a Herculean task to bring up one’s children these days.

68. To lay hands on
No one can dare to lay hands on our soil.

69. To take heart
He took heart, tried again, and was successful.

70. To take to one’s heels
On seeing the policeman, the thief took to his heels.

71. Hard and fast
There are no hard and fast rules of reading a book.

72. To hush up
The minister tried to hush up the bad acts of his son.

73. Ins and outs
He quickly learnt all the ins and outs of his father’s business.

74. Ill at ease
Phatik felt ill at ease at his uncle’s house.

75. To keep an eye on
We requested our neighbours to keep an eye on our house while we were away.

76. To look sharp
Look sharp, or you will miss the train.

77. In a nutshell
Tell me the whole story in a nutshell.

78. To cry over spilt milk
It is no use crying over spilt milk.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Pairs of Words Generally Confused Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary Pairs of Words Generally Confused

Choose the correct word for each blank.

1. He went for a walk in the ………..(wood, woods)
2. She always ……………. good clothes. (wares, wears)
3. Please …………… here for some time. (wait, weight)
4. Bad …………….. of drugs was soon felt. (affect, effect)
5. He was set free on …………….. (bale, bail)
6. Can you ……………… this stick ? (break, brake)
7. ……. off your old shoes. (Caste, Cast)
8. Lata is my ………………. friend.(dear, deer)
9. He does not …… good clothes (wear, ware)
10. The child wanted me to tell a …………(tail, tale)
11. I …………….. whose house is this ! (wander, wonder)
12. He felt .. ……………. after illness. (weak, week)
13. Do not go out in bad ……. (weather, whether)
14. She gave …………….. to a baby girl. (birth, berth)
15. He noted it down in his (diary, dairy)
16. He is opening the garden …………… (gate, gait)
17. If a man is not …………….. he can hardly expect to succeed. (industrious, industrial)
18. He fell a ………………. to disease. (pray, prey)
19. Newton formulated the …………… of gravitation.(principal, principle)
20. He wanted to …………….. an educated girl. (marry, merry)
21. Make a list of all the ……………… members in our staff. (male, mail)
22. She never lost her …………… (tamper, temper)
23. ……………… out the damp clothes. (Ring, Wring)
24. He is in the ……………… of smoking after meals. (custom, habit)
25. Do not ……………… in the class. (doze, dose)
Answer:
1. woods
2. wears
3. wait
4. effect
5. bail
6. break
7. Cast
8. dear
9. wear
10. tale
11. wonder
12. weak
13. weather
14. birth
15. diary
16. gate
17. industrious
18. prey
19. principle
20. marry
21. male
22. temper
23. Wring
24. habit
25. doze.

अंग्रेजी भाषा के कुछ शब्द प्रायः विद्यार्थियों के मन में उलझन पैदा कर देते हैं क्योंकि कई बार वे बोलने में एक जैसे प्रतीत होते हैं, किन्तु उनके अर्थ एक-दूसरे से बहुत भिन्न होते हैं। इस तरह के शब्दों के अर्थ और उनके प्रयोग विद्यार्थियों को अच्छी तरह से समझ लेने चाहिएं। ऐसे कुछ उदाहरण प्रयोग सहित नीचे दिए जा रहे हैं।

1. Accept – He accepted my offer.
Except – All except Mohan were present.

2. Alter – Don’t alter your decision now.
Altar – He bowed his head at the altar.

3. Adapt – You should adapt yourself to new system.
Adopt – Rajni says she will adopt this child.
Adept – She is adept in painting.

4. Access – I have no access to the minister.
Excess – Excess of everything is bad.

5. Advise – He advised me to work hard.
Advice – I shall follow your advice.

6. Angle – Make an angle of 30°.
Angel – Gandhiji was an angel of peace.

7. Incident – It was a sad incident of my life.
Accident – He was killed in a bus accident.

8. Amiable – She has an amiable nature.
Amicable – They reached an amicable settlement.

9. Affect – Overwork affected her health.
Effect – My advice had no effect on him.

10. Artisan – A blacksmith is an artisan.
Artist – A singer is an artist.

11. Bail – He was released on bail.
Bale – I bought two bales of cotton.

12. Bare – Don’t walk around in bare feet.
Bear  – I can’t bear this insult.

13. Battle – Our army won the battle.
War – The world is living in the fear of war.

14. Born – When were you born?
Borne – I have borne many difficulties.

15. Bridal – She has gone for bridal make-up.
Bridle – Can you bridle this horse?

16. Birth – What is your date of birth?
Berth – I got a berth in the train.

17. Break – You shouldn’t break the rules.
Brake – The brakes of my bike don’t work.

18. Canon – It is against the canons of morality.
Cannon – He was killed by a cannon ball.

19. Canvas – He is good at canvas painting.
Canvass – He was canvassing for votes.

20. Carrier – My bicycle has no carrier.
Career – He was successful in his career.

21. Cast – Cast off your old dress.
Caste – He is a Brahmin by caste.

22. Childish – I don’t like her childish ways.
Childlike – Your childlike simplicity is in fact your beauty.

23. Cite – He cited an example to prove his point.
Site – This site is good for a factory.
Sight – The sight of the hills was very lovely.

24. Cord – I want a piece of cord to hang this picture.
Chord – A chord joins two points on a circle.

25. Course – The question paper was out of course.
Coarse – This cloth is very coarse.

26. Custom – The dowry is a bad custom.
Habit – Smoking is a bad habit.

27. Check – The teacher checked my homework:
Cheque – I gave her a cheque for one thousand rupees.

28. Council – He is a member of the students council.
Counsel – Listen to the counsel of your elders.

29. Dear – Arun is my dear friend.
Deer – A deer can run very fast.

30. Dose – Take your dose of medicine.
Doze – He was dozing in the class.

31. Discover – America was discovered by Columbus.
Invent – Who invented telephone?

32. Disease – Is Diabetes not a serious disease?
Decease – After her father’s decease, she joined the family business.

33. Drown – The boy was drowned in the river.
Sink – The boat sank in the flooded river.

34. Due – This loss was due to your carelessness.
Dew – The dew drops looked very beautiful.

35. Dying – The old man was dying.
Dyeing – He has a dyeing factory

36. Diary – Diary writing is a good habit.
Dairy – We buy milk from a dairy.

37. Envelop – He was enveloped blanket.
Envelope – She received a letter with a torn envelope.

38. Fair – Our prices are always fair.
Fare – Children travel half fare.

39. Feet – I have pain in my feet.
Feat – The magician showed us many feats.

40. Farther – I am tired and can’t go any farther.
Further – Have you any further questions?

41. Flour – The bread is made of flour.
Floor – There was a carpet on the floor.

42. Fore – There was fire in the fore part of the ship.
Four – Two and two make four.

43. Foul – Never play a foul game.
Fowl – The goose is a water fowl.

44. Forth – They set forth at dawn.
Fourth – She got the fourth position.

45. Farm – Mr. Gill has a very big farm.
Form – Please help me fill in this form.

46. Gate – This big building has an iron gate.
Gait – She has a lovely gait.

47. Goal – What is your goal in life?
Gaol – The thief was sent to gaol.

48. Hail – He hails from Delhi.
Hale – He looked hale and hearty.

49. Heel – I have pain in my left heel.
Heal – Your wound will take time to heal.

50. Human – To err is human.
Humane – She has a very humane nature.

51. Hair – She has very long hair.
Hare – The hare can run very fast.

52. Idle – Don’t sit idle…
Idol – Sachin is the idol of many cricket lovers.

53. Industrial – Ludhiana is an industrial town.
Industrious – Punjabis are industrious people.

54. Loose – I like loose clothes.
Lose – Be brave and don’t lose heart.

55. Lesson – I have learnt my lesson.
Lessen – This tablet will lessen your pain.

56. Loin – Let us gird up our loins.
Lion – He is as brave as a lion.

57. Liar – He is a liar by nature.
Lawyer – His father is a lawyer.

58. Mail – I received a letter by mail.
Male – She has one male child.

59. Miner – Seven miners were killed in the accident.
Minor – It is not a minor mistake.

60. Merry – Eat, drink and be merry.
Marry – She doesn’t want to marry.

61. Meet – I meet him almost daily.
Meat – I do not eat meat.

62. Pail – The pail is full of water.
Pale – She turned pale at the sight of a thief in the house.

63. Pain – I have pain in my head.
Pane – Who has broken the window-pane ?

64. Pair – I have bought a pair of shoes.
Pare – Pare your nails.

65. Piece – I gave him a piece of bread.
Peace – We want to live in peace.

66. Practice – Practice makes a man perfect.
Practise – You should practise every day.

67. Quite – I am feeling quite well today,
Quiet – Keep quiet, please.

68. Pray – I pray to God daily.
Prey – The lion is a beast of prey.

69. Principal – The principal of our school is a gentle person.
Principle – He is a man of high principles.

70. Right – He is right in saying this.
Rite – Old rites must go now.
Write – She writes to me off and on.

71. Route – We took the shortest route.
Rout – The enemy was put to rout.

72. Role – She played her role nicely.
Roll – The teacher took the roll.

73. Ring – She was wearing a gold ring.
Wring – Wring out the towel, please.

74. Sale – This house is for sale.
Sail – The ship was in full sail.

75. Sore – My eyes are sore.
Sour – These grapes are sour.
Soar – Prices are soaring these days.

76. Soul – The soul is immortal.
Sole – The sole of my shoe needs mending.

77. Stationary – The sun is stationary.
Stationery – He deals in stationery.

78. Steal – Knowledge is a thing that none can steal.
Steel – The knife is made of steel.

79. Story – He told us a false story.
Storey – This house has three storeys.

80. Son – His son is a doctor.
Sun – The sun gives us light and heat.

81. Tail – A monkey has a long tail.
Tale – She related her sad tale.

82. Their – They have finished their work.
There – We waited there for an hour.

83. Throne – The king was sitting on his throne.
Thrown – Rotten eggs were thrown away.

84. Tamper – Someone has tampered with my books.
Temper – Do not lose your temper.

85. Vacation – We went to Shimla during the summer vacation.
Vocation – Nursing is a noble vocation.

86. Waste – Don’t waste your time. e
Waist – I have pain in my waist.

87. Weak – The old man was too weak to walk.
Week – He is coming here next week.

88. Wonder – I wonder what he wants.
Wander – He keeps wandering all day.

89. Whet – Hard work whets the appetite.
Wet – Don’t wear these wet clothes.

90. Weather – The weather was fine on the hills.
Whether – I want to know whether he will come.

91. Weight – What is your weight ?
Wait – I had to wait for a long time.

92. Ware – He goes from street to street selling his wares.
Wear – She loves to wear loose clothes.

93. Wood – This chair is made of wood.
Woods – He left home and went to live in the woods.

94. Which – Which class are you in ?
Witch – I don’t believe in ghosts and witches.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 7 Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Agriculture Chapter 7 Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development

Agriculture Guide for Class 10 PSEB Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one-two words:

Question 1.
How much population of our country lives in villages?
Answer:
More than two-third.

Question 2.
What proportion of labour force in India is dependent directly on agriculture?
Answer:
54%.

Question 3.
What is the contribution of agriculture in gross domestic product in the country?
Answer:
According to 2012-13 data it was 13.7%.

Question 4.
How much food grains were produced in 1950-51 and how much did it increase to in 2013-14?
Answer:
It was 51 million ton in 1950-51, which was 264 million ton in 2013-14.

Question 5.
Which are the three sectors of Indian economy?
Answer:
Agriculture, Industry and service sector.

Question 6.
Where does India stand in foreign trade?
Answer:
Tenth.

Question 7.
Which country has been left behind by India in the field of rice export?
Answer:
Thailand.

Question 8.
Name the major industries dependent for raft material on agriculture.
Answer:
Textile industry, sugar industry, jute industry.

Question 9.
In which year the Food Security Act was passed?
Answer:
In the year 2013.

Question 10.
What is India’s agricultural balance of trade?
Answer:
According to 2013-14, balance of trade was surplus by 25 billion dollar.

(B) Answer in one-two sentences:

Question 1.
How agricultural development is linked with dependence of population on agriculture?
Answer:
Dependence of people on agriculture helps in good growth and development of economy. As the economy of country develops, dependence on agriculture automatically decreases.

Question 2.
What are the main agricultural exports of India?
Answer:
Cotton, pulses, oil, fruits, tea, coffee, vegetables, cashew, spices, rice, wheat etc.

Question 3.
What are the main agricultural imports of India?
Answer:
Pulses, oil seed, dry fruits, edible oil etc.

Question 4.
Name a few agricultural based enterprises. Or Write the name of any four agriculture based enterprises.
Answer:
Dairy farming, poultry farming, fish farming, piggry, animal husbandry, fish farming, agroforestry etc. are some agricultural based enterprises.

Question 5.
Why a buffer stock of food grains in the country is maintained?
Answer:
This is done to control the rise in prices in case of inflation in future under the fear of fall in supply. Needy families are provided with foodgrains every month from this stock under Public Distribution System (PDS).

Question 6.
What are the main provisions of Food Security Act, passed by Govt of India in year 2013?
Answer:
The main provisions of the food security act is to provide 5 kg of grains per kg per month to 75% rural population and to 25% urban population.

Question 7.
How development of railways is linked to the agricultural development?
Answer:
Railways are used to transport agricultural produce from one part of the country to other parts of country and this way department of railways get income and this helps in the expansion and development of railways.

Question 8.
Name the industries which depend upon agriculture for marketing of their products. Or Write name of four agro-based industries.
Answer:
Tractor, agricultural implements, fertilizers, weedicides, insecticides etc. are used in agricultural sector. Those industries which manufacture them or produce them depend on agriculture sector for marketing these products.

Question 9.
What type of unemployment do we find in agriculture?
Answer:
Unemployment found in agriculture sector is seasonal and .hidden or disguised unemployment.

Question 10.
What are the benefits of allied activities of agriculture?
Answer:
Allied activities of agriculture are helpful to farmers in the sense these fulfil their daily needs by providing them with better and nutritious diet and also as source of extra income, e.g. milk, eggs, meat, fish, honey etc. are the products which they obtained from these allied activity, consume market and sell these and this helps in adding to their income also.

(C) Answer in five-six sentences

Question 1.
What is the contribution of agriculture in economic development of India?
Answer:
Nearly two-third population of our country depends on agriculture and 54% of the labour force directly depend on agriculture. GDP of the nation from agriculture was 13.7% in the year 2012-13. Several industries are based on agriculture e.g. sugar, jute and textile industries. Products from many industries are used in agriculture.

Transportation, godowns, warehouses add to the economy of the country. Several agricultural products are exported and country gain in terms of dollars. Due to export of agricultural products central government gain from export duty. State government earns from land taxes and also from irrigation. Marketing fees also adds to the government treasury. Agriculture adds to the economy of the country.

Question 2.
What is the significance of agriculture in India’s foreign trade?
Answer:
Foreign trade of India is very deeply dependent on agriculture. Several agriculture products are imported e.g. tea, coffee, spices, oil, cotton, fruits, vegetables, pulses, cashew and now wheat and rice,also. In 2012, India was at the top in the export of rice by leaving behind-Thailand. India is at 10th place in export of grains in the world. Some materials like cotton fibre, yam, readymade cloth, jute products etc. are also exported. In year 2013-14 gross export of agricultural products was 42 billion dollar and in the same year import was of 17 billion dollar. This way India’s balance of trade was surplus by 25 billion dollar.

Question 3.
What were the main reasons of Green Revolution in the country?
Answer:
After the independence of India, for many decades we remained dependent on other countries for grain. Hard work of farmers of India, researched by scientists, improved seeds, agricultural implements, fertilizers, pesticides etc. helped in bringing green revolution. Grain production became so large that now we export wheat, rice and other agricultural products.

Question 4.
Why the pressure on agriculture should be reduced in India? Give reasons.
Answer:
Large proportion of our population depends on agriculture. Nearly 54% of labour force is directly engaged in agriculture sector. An economy can develop and grow in a better way if we can reduce our dependence on agriculture. Seasonal and hidden unemployment is found in agricultural sector it is necessary to provide some other jobs to such workers. As the economy of the country grows, dependence on agriculture decreases automatically and dependence on industry and services sector increases.

Question 5.
How does agricultural and industrial growth depend on each other?
Answer:
If agriculture develops and grows in a country, then various types I of agriculture produces are available in large quantities. There is need to establish various industries for the processing and consumption of these produces. Some parts of our country where these products are not available, these are transported to such parts of the country. The excess grains are stored in warehouses.

Some of the industries based on agriculture are sugar industry, jute industry, shellar, oil extracting industry etc. This way agriculture development helps in the growth of industry. But for sustained agricultural development, some other products and implements etc. are needed in the agriculture sector. Products from various industries e.g. tractor industry, machinery, fertilizers, pesticide and other chemicals etc. are used in agriculture sector. This way industrial development is related to agriculture development.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Guide Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
During the year 2012-13, share for GDP from agriculture sector was:
(a) 13.7%
(b) 15.9%
(c) 11.5%
(d) None.
Answer:
(a) 13.7%

Question 2.
Grain production in India during 2013-14 was:
(a) 264 million ton
(b) 51 million ton
(c) 100 million ton
(d) None.
Answer:
(a) 264 million ton

Question 3.
Main agricultural exports of India:
(a) tea
(b) cotton
(c) pulses
(d) All.
Answer:
(d) All.

Question 4.
Which country has been left behind by the India in the field of rice export?
(a) Thailand
(b) Bhutan
(c) America
(d) Sri Lanka.
Answer:
(a) Thailand

Question 5.
In 2012 buffer stock of food grain was-
(a) 82 million ton
(b) 25 million ton
(c) 52 million ton
(d) 108 million ton
Answer:
(a) 82 million ton

Question 6.
Under provision of Food Security Act-2013, how much grain to be alloted per person per month?
(a) 5 kg
(b) 10 kg
(c) 15 kg
(d) 20 kg.
Answer:
(a) 5 kg

True or False:

1. Many industries get, their raw material from agriculture.
Answer:
True

2. In the year 2012, India got first position in the export of rice leaving behind Thailand.
Answer:
True

3. There is seasonal and disguised unemployment in the field of agriculture.
Answer:
True

4. India’s gross agricultural exports stood at 42 billion dollar in 2013-14.
Answer:
True

5. The yield of food grains increased to about 2125 kg per hectare.
Answer:
True.

Fill in the blanks:

1 is considered to be back bone of Indian economy.
Answer:
Agriculture

2. India is now placed at number in import of agricultural produce and food grains in the world.
Answer:
Ten

3. In the year 2012, our country had a buffer stock of tones of food grains.
Answer:
82 million

4. About of the households are engaged in dairy farming in India.
Answer:
70 million.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is agriculture for our country?
Answer:
Back bone of our economy.

Question 2.
How much population is involved in the occupation for dairy farming in our country?
Answer:
70 million families.

Question 3.
Which of the sectors come under the service sectors?
Answer:
Banking services, transportation, storage and warehouses, insurance, tourism etc.

Question 4.
What is the place of our country in the world on the basis of population?
Answer:
2nd place.

Question 5.
How much percentage in household consumption is from agriculture?
Answer:
60%.

Question 6.
What is the yield of grains?
Answer:
2125 kg per hectare.

Question 7.
How much was the stock of grains in the country in the year 2012?
Answer:
82 million tons.

Question 8.
How much wheat would be supplied at a subsidized rate to feed to 82 crores of population every year?
Answer:
61 million ton.

Question 9.
In export of which agriculture product India remained at top in year 2012?
Answer:
Rice.

Question 10.
How much was the total agricultural export in the year 2013-14?
Answer:
42 billion dollar.

Question 11.
How many percent of workers in India are directly engaged in agriculture?
Answer:
50% workers.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which are the small scale industries based on agriculture?
Answer:
Small scale industries based on agriculture are-rice shellar, oil extraction etc.

Question 2.
Which is the third sector of economy? Give example.
Answer:
Third sector is service sector in economy, e.g. Banking services, transportation, warehouses, insurance sector, tourism etc.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Country has become self-dependent in the production of grains. Explain by comparison.
Answer:
In the year 1950-51, food grain production was 51 million ton which in the year 2013-14 became 264 million tons. Grain yield has also increased and is approximately 2125 kg per hectare. In the year 2012 country had 82 million ton of food grains in the buffer stock which itself is a record. This shows that country has become self-dependent.

Question 2.
Write any five reasons for the green revolution in the country?
Answer:

• Increased availability and ease of sources of irrigation.
• The use of fertilizers helped in obtaining higher yields.
• Discovery and use of high-yielding varieties.
• Protection of crops against diseases, weeds, and insects became easy.
• Increased use of Agri machinery.

Question 3.
Write any four reasons for the green revolution in India.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 6 Agroforestry Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Agriculture Chapter 6 Agroforestry

Agriculture Guide for Class 10 PSEB Agroforestry Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one-two words:

Question 1.
How much area should under forests in Punjab, as per National Forest Policy 1988?
Answer:
20%.

Question 2.
How much area is under forests and tree cover in Punjab?
Answer:
6.49%.

Question 3.
How many major agro climatic zones are there in Punjab on the basis of climate?
Answer:
Three.

Question 4.
In which season acute shortage of fodder is felt in Kandi region of Punjab?
Answer:
In winter.

Question 5.
What is the spacing for planting of poplar on boundary of a field?
Answer:
3 metres.

Question 6.
What types of .soils are there in Kandi region?
Answer:
Soil is undulating that is not uniformly levelled. It has many ups and down.

Question 7.
Name two trees used for fodder in Kandi region.
Answer:
Dhak, Beri, Chhal, Kachnar etc.

Question 8.
What should be the pH of soil for poplar cultivation?
Answer:
6.5 to 8.0.

Question 9.
Name the trees suitable for commercial agroforestry in Punjab.
Answer:
Poplar, Eucalyptus

Question 10.
How many Poplar plants are planted in per hectare?
Answer:
200 trees per acre.

(B) Answer in one-two sentences:

Question 1.
What is the planting time of Poplar in Punjab?
Answer:
Suitable time for planting poplar in Punjab is January-February.

Question 2.
Define Agroforestry.
Answer:
Agroforestry is a land management system in which cultivation of trees and crops is done together in a field along with rearing of animals on the same piece of land.

Question 3.
What type of soil and irrigation facilities are available in Central plain zone in Punjab?
Answer:
In this zone, soil is fertile and irrigation facilities are available here.

Question 4.
What type of trees are found in S-W region of Punjab?
Answer:
Kikar, Tahli, Mango, Dhrek, Nim, Jamun, Toot etc. trees are planted in south-western zone.

Question 5.
Write down planting and spacing requirements of Eucalyptus.
Answer:
Cuttings are used for the propagation of Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus can be planted on the boundaries of the field or in block plantation. Plant to plant spacing on the boundaries should be 2 metres and if planted in block plantation the spacing should be 4 x 2 m.

Question 6.
Write the clones of poplar planted in Punjab.
Answer:
PL-1, PL-2, PL-3, PL-4, PL-5, L-47/88, L-48/89 are clones of poplar.

Question 7.
What is the planting time of Eucalyptus in Punjab?
Answer:
Eucalyptus can be planted in March-April and July-August.

Question 8.
Write down the names of the industries where poplar wood is used.
Answer:
Wood obtained from poplar can be used in Match box industry, ply manufacturing, packing cases etc.

Question 9.
What is the spacing for poplar planting?
Answer:
If poplar is planted on boundaries then plant spacing should be 3 metre and if it is planted in die whole field then spacing should be 8 x 2.5 m or 5 x4m.

Question 10.
Write the name of trees grown in Kandi region.
Answer:
Toot, Nim, Tahli, khair, Kikkar, Bel, Kachnar, Mango, Subabaul, Aijun, Harar, Behra, Phalis and dhak, Dehrek, Sohanjana etc.

(C) Answer in Jive-six sentences:

Question 1.
Write down the clones planted and spacing for poplar planting in Punjab. .
Answer:
PL-1, PL-2, PL-3, PL-4, PL-5, L-47/88, L^18/89 are some of the clones of poplar. If poplar is planted on boundaries then plant spacing should be 3 metre and if it in planted is the whole field then spacing should be 8 x 2.5 m or 5 x 4 m. 200 plants per acre can be planted in the field.

Question 2.
Write down the source of clonal Eucalyptus plants in Punjab.
Answer:
We should plant Eucalyptus plants prepared from cuttings in Agroforestry. These all grow uniformely. These can be obtained from any nursery of department of forests and wildlife preservation, Punjab, PAU, Ludhiana or any other private registered nursery.

Question 3.
How poplar can be planted?
Answer:
Make a pit which is 3 feet deep and have diameter of 15-20 cm. Use chloropyriphos and Emisan-6 against termies and diseases. Plant poplar trees in the month of January and February. Water the plants immediately after planting the poplar tree. If poplar is planted on boundaries then plants spacing should be 3 metre and if it in planted in the whole field then spacing should be 8 x 2.5 m or 5 x 4 m. 200 plants per acre can be planted in the fields.

Question 4.
Where poplar wood is used?
Answer:
Cultivation of poplar is helpful in creating employment and also in small enterprises in which wood is the raw-material. Poplar is used in various industries e.g. it is used in the manufacturing of match sticks. It is also used in the manufacture of plywood and also in the packaging industry to make boxes. This way one can earn by the cultivation of poplar. It sheds off its leaves in winter thus has no harm for Rabi crops.

Question 5.
Why Poplar and Eucalyptus are suitable for commercial Agroforestry? Or Why are Eucalyptus and poplar cultivated as commercial agro forestry in Punjab?
Answer:
Poplar and Eudalyptus are suitable for commercial agroforestry in Punjab. Wood obtained from these trees can be easily marketed. The income from these trees in more than wheat-rice cropping system.

Safeda:
It grows in less time, stem is straight, its branches shed off regularly. Its wood is used as building material, its pulp is used in paper industry, wooden beams are also obtained from it. Therefore it is suitable for cultivation in agroforestry.

Poplar:
It provides employement. Its wood is used in small scale industry; like, ply, match sticks, packing boxes etc. It also does not affect the Rabi crops.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Guide Agroforestry Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
According to National Forest Policy 1988, forests should occupy of area in plain states.
(a) 5%
(b) 20%
(c) 50%
(d) 29%.
Answer:
(b) 20%

Question 2.
In central plain region trees are grown.
(a) Poplar
(b) Dek
(c) Eucalyptus
(d) All
Answer:
(d) All

Question 3.
………….. is not a variety of poplar:
(a) PL-5
(b) PL-47/88
(c) PL-858
(d) PL-48/89.
Answer:
(b) PL-47/88

Question 4.
Poplar trees become ready in years for harvesting.
(a) 5 to 7
(b) 1 to 2
(c) 10 to 12
(d) 15 to 25.
Answer:
(a) 5 to 7

Question 5.
pH value for soil for poplar cultivation.
(a) 10
(b) 6.5 to 8.0
(c) 3 to 4
(d) 4 to 5.5.
Answer:
(b) 6.5 to 8.0

Question 6.
In which direction the trees are planted on ridges of the farms for agro forestry?
(a) North-South
(b) East-west
(c) South-east
(d) North-east.
Answer:
(a) North-South

Question 7.
For timber production after how many years Eucalyptus can be harvested?
(a) 13 to 15 years
(b) 6 to 8 years
(c) 4 to 6 years
(d) 2 to 4 years.
Answer:
(a) 13 to 15 years

Question 8.
For batten production, after how many years Eucalyptus can be harvested?
(a) 13 to 15 years
(b) 6 to 8 years
(c) 4 to 6 years
(d) 2 to 4 years.
Answer:
(c) 4 to 6 years

Question 9.
For paper pulp production, after how many years Eucalyptus can be harvested?
(a) 13 to 15 years
(b) 6 to 8 years
(c) 4 to 6 years
(d) 2 to 4 years.
Answer:
(b) 6 to 8 years

True False:

1. Poplar is more successful in Bet area.
Answer:
True

2. Poplar tree become ready for harvesting after 5-7 years.
Answer:
True

3. To save orchards from wild life, Jatropha are grown around the orchards.
Answer:
True

4. Poplar cultivation is successful in Kallar and water logged soils.
Answer:
False

5. Eucalyptus clonal plants should be planted in Agroforestry.
Answer:
False

Fill in the blanks:

1. Poplar wood is used in the manufacture of ……………. .
Answer:
Match sticks

2. For boundaries poplar trees are planted at spacing.
Answer:
3 m

3. …………….. erosion is major problem in sub-mountainous zone.
Answer:
Soil

4. Pl-3 is a …………….. clone.
Answer:
poplar

5. In winter the scarcity of ……………. is felt in submountaneous zone.
Answer:
fodder.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is agroforestry suitable for Punjab?
Answer:
It helps in increasing the area under the forests and trees.

Question 2.
Can we take income from agroforestry?
Answer:
Yes, more than the conventional agricultural practices i.e. more than paddy-wheat cropping system.

Question 3.
In which direction, trees should be planted on the boundaries of fields? (PS.E.B. 2017)
Answer:
In North-South direction.

Question 4.
In how many zones is Punjab divided on the basis of climate?
Answer:
Three zones.

Question 5.
On what basis the farmer in Kandi area grow their crops?
Answer:
Agriculture is based on the rainfall.

Question 6.
Which of the trees are planted to save the orchards?
Answer:
Jatroffa, Karonda, Ipomea.

Question 7.
What type of soil is found in south-western zone?
Answer:
Saline and alkaline soil.

Question 8.
Poplar is not harmful for rabi crops, how?
Answer:
Its leaves shed off in winter and it is not harmful for rabi crops.

Question 9.
What type of soil is not suitable for poplar?
Answer:
Kallar and water-logged.

Question 10.
In which area poplar is must successful?
Answer:
In bet area.

Question 11.
How many poplar trees can be planted in the field?
Answer:
200 trees per acre.

Question 12.
In how many years poplar trees are ready?
Answer:
5 to 7 years.

Question 13.
What type of Eucalyptus plants should be planted?
Answer:
Prepared from cuttings.

Question 14.
How many Eucalyptus plants are planted In the whole field?
Answer:
500 trees per acre.

Question 15.
If Eucalyptus cultivation is for long time, what should be row spacing?
Answer:
8 metre.

Question 16.
After how many years can we get wood for buildings (timber) from Eucalyptus?
Answer:
13 to 15 years.

Question 17.
After how many years is Eucalyptus ready for pulp?
Answer:
6 to 8 years.

Question 18.
After how many years Eucalyptus is ready for battens?
Answer:
4 to 6 years.

Question 19.
Write file name of two trees which are mainly grown in Punjab for commercial agroforestry.
Answer:
Poplar, Eucatyplus.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name bf two main models for agroforestry?
Answer:
There are two main models for agroforestry-Boundary plantation and intercropping in block plantation.

Question 2.
Where do farmers plant trees if they use boundary plantation model?
Answer:
They plant trees on the boundaries of fields.

Question 3.
Which of the trees are used for planting on the boundaries?
Answer:
Subabaul, Drek, Toot, Eucalyptus, Poplar, Siris, Lassora, Sohanjana, Nim, Tahli etc. –

Question 4.
Which farmers do the mixed farming of crops and trees?
Answer:
Those farmers who have more agricultural land can do mixed farming.

Question 5.
Which of the trees are suitable for planting in the whole field?
Answer:
Poplar, Eucalyptus, Dhrek and Tun are suitable trees.

Question 6.
In which area is the problem of soil erosion found?
Answer:
Soil found in the Kandi area is not uniform and land has many ups and downs (undulating) therefore problem of soil erosion is also found there.

Question 7.
Which type of soil is suitable for poplar?
Answer:
Well drained, loamy to sandy, fertile soil and which have pH value from 6.5 to 8.0 is suitable for growing popular.

Question 8.
List four uses of wood of Eucalyptus.
Answer:
Batten, pulp, wood used in buildings construction, industry, furniture

Question 9.
Write the name of four trees which are grown in whole field in agroforestry.
Answer:
Poplar, Eucalyptus, Toon, Dhrek.

Question 10.
Why salinity is found in the upper surface of the soil in the South-Western zone?
Answer:
Water under the earth in this zone is saline. This makes upper surface of the soil also saline.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write about trimming and pruning of poplar? Or Write the benefit of correctly pruning poplar plants at the right time.
Answer:
There is no need of trimming in the first year, but in the second year after shedding off the leaves there is a need of pruning of the trees to make it straight and to give it good appearance. If trimming and pruning is done at proper time then the stem remains straight and without nodes.

Question 2.
Which of the qualities of Eucalyptus make it suitable for cultivation in agroforestry? Or For which qualities Eucalyptus is grown in agroforestry?
Answer:
It grows in less time, stem is straight, its branches shed off regularly. Its wood is used as building material, its pulp i§, used in paper industry, wooden beams are also obtained from it. Therefore it is suitable for cultivation in agroforestry.

Question 3.
Define Agroforestry.
Answer:
According to National Forest Policy 1988, to fulfil the needs based on wood and to keep the environment safe, area under the forests should be 20%. But it is not possible to increase the area under the forests therefore this is achieved by agroforestry. Agroforestry is the cultivation of trees and crops together in the same field. The objective behind this, type of cultivation is that farmers can fulfil their needs e.g. cereals, wood, fuel, fodder and also can save the natural resources e.g. soil, water, air etc. There is also an increase in their income.

Question 4.
What do you mean by agroforestry? Explain in detail about the planting trees on farm boundaries in agroforestry.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by neutralization reaction? Explain with an experiment.
Answer:
It is a chemical reaction in which acids reacts with base to form salt and water. It is known as neutralization reaction.

Process of neutralization

Experiment: Take a solution of dilute sodium hydroxide in a beaker. Add few drops of phenolphthalein in this solution. Its colour changes to pink. Take a burette filled with dilute hydrochloric acid. Fix it vertically on a stand as shown in Fig. Place a beaker under it. Add the hydrochloric acid slowly to the beaker with the help of burette and go on swirling the beaker slowly. When the colour of solution disappears then stop adding acid to beaker. Now there is no effect of Red to Blue litmus to the solution. Now there is only salt and water in the beaker which is neutral to litmus. This is known as neutralization reaction.

Example:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
Cu(OH)₂ + H₂SO₄ → CuSO₄ + H₂O
HCl + KOH → KCl + H₂O

Question 2.
Write briefly chemical properties of acids.
Answer:
Acids have several chemical properties :
1. Reaction with metals. Acids reacts with active metals. Zinc, Magnesium, Iron, Mangenese etc. reacts with them to produce hydrogen gas.
Zn(s) + dil. H₂SO₄(aq) → ZnSO₄(aq) + H₂(g)
Mg(s) +dil.2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H₂(g)
Fe(s) + dil. H₂SO₄ (aq) → FeSO4(aq) + H₂(g)
Mn(s) + dil. HNO₃ (aq) → Mn(NO₃)(aq) + H₂ (g)

2. Reaction with metals carbonate and metal bicarbonate. Acids reacts with metal carbonate and metal bicarbonate to produce C02.
Na₂CO₃ + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO4 + H₂O + CO₂
NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + H₂O + CO₂
CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂
K₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2KCl + H₂O + CO₂

3. Reaction with bases. Acids reacts with base to show neutralization. They produce salt.
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
HCl + KOH → KCl + H₂O
Cu(OH)₂ + H₂SO₄ → CuSO₄ + H₂O

4. Reaction with sulphites and bisulphites. Acids react with metal sulphite and bisulphite to produce SO₂ gas.
CaSO₃ + H₂SO₄ → CaSO₄ + H₂O +SO₂ (g)
NaHSO₃ + HCl → NaCl + H₂O + SO₂(g)

5. Reaction with metal sulphides and hydrogen sulphides. Acids react with metal various metal sulphide and hydrogen sulphides to produce H₂S gas.
FeS + H₂SO₄ → FeSO₄ + H₂ S(g)

6. Reaction with metal Chlorides. When metal chloride heated with acids the reaction takes place.
NaCl + H₂SO₄ → NaHSO₄ + HCl (g)
NaCl + NaHSO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + HCl (g)

7. Reaction with metal nitrates. Concentration acid reacts with metal nitrate.
NaNO₃ +H₂SO₄ → NaHSO₄ + HNO₃
NaNO₃ + NaHSO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + HNO₃

8. Reaction with metal oxides. Metal oxides reacts with dilute acids to form salts of
Na₂O + 2HNO₃ → 2NaHO₃ + H₂O
CuO + 2HCl → CuCl₂ + H₂O

Question 3.
Write in brief chemical properties of bases/alkalis.
Answer:
Important chemical properties of bases/alkalis are given below :
1. Reaction with metals, Bases react with some metals to produce hydrogen gas.

2. Reaction with air. Some bases react with CO₂ present in air.
2NaOH + CO₂ → Na₂CO₃
2KOH + CO₂ → K₂CO₃

3. Reaction with acids. Bases react with acids to produce salts.
NaOH+ HCl → NaCl + H₂O
Fe(OH)₂ + 2HCl → FeCl₂ + 2H₂O
Ca(OH)₂ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + 2H₂O

4. Reaction with salts. Salts of copper, iron, Zinc etc. react with bases and produce insoluble metal hydroxides.
ZnSO₄ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₄ + Zn(OH)₂ ↓
CuSO₄ + 2NH₄OH → (NH₄)₂SO₄ + Cu(OH)₂ ↓
FeCl₃ + 3NaOH → 3NaCl + Fe(OH)₃ ↓

Question 4.
What is the importance of pH in everyday life?
Answer:
pH has very important role in our life :
1. In animal world. Many of the processes in our body occur within the pH range of 7-0 to 7-8. We can survive only in this narrow range. pH value of our blood, tears, saliva is nearly 7-4. Survival will become impossible if this value becomes less than 7-0 or more than 7-8. When pH of rain water decreases from 7-0 to 5-6 or less then it is called acid rain. WThen acid rain flows to the rivers then pH value of river water lowers. Survival of aquatic life in such rivers become difficult.

2. For plants. For healthy growth of plants a specific pH range of soil is required. If soil becomes more basic or acidic, produce badly affected.

3. Digestive system. Our stomach produces HCl, which without harming us help in the digestion of food. Duiing indigestion the stomach produces too much of acid. This causes pain and irritation in the stomach. To get rid of this pain, bases are used which are called antacids. For this weak base like milk of magnesia is used.

4. Tooth decay. If pH value of the mouth is lower than 5-5, then tooth decay begins. Our teeth are made up of calcium phosphate which is hardest substance in our body. It is not soluble in water but starts decaying when pH of the mouth is lower than 5-5. Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by .degradation of sugar and food particles. To get rid of this we should use basic tooth paste. This will neutralize the acid and tooth decay can be prevented.

5. Relief from insect stings. When some insects sting us, they leave a special type of acid in our body. Bees, ants etc. leave methanoic acid in our body by their sting. To get relief from pain, mild base like baking soda is rubbed on the stung area.

6. Safety from special plants. Plants like nettle have stingging hair. By touching them we feel pain similar to insect sting. This pain is due to methanoic acid. Conventionally, one can get relief by rubbing leaves of dock plant on the stung area.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are indicators? How do indicators are categorized? Explain.
Answer:
Those substances which change their colour in acidic and basic solutions, are called indicators.
Indicators are categorized into two types on the basis of their special properties and characteristics.

1. Indicators which give colour to acids and basic medium.
2. Indicators which give smell to acids and basic medium.

1. Colour giving indicators :
(A) Litmus solution: Litmus solution is purple dye which is obtained from Lichen plant. This is available as red or blue solution and also in the form of litmus paper. Blue litmus turn to red in the presence of acids and Red litmus turns to blue in the presence of basic media. Litmus is neither acidic nor basic by itself.

(B) Turmeric: Turmeric change to red-brown colour in the presence of bases. That is why vegetable stain on the clothes becomes red brown when washed by applying soap which is alkaline.

(C) Phenolphthalein: This is synthetic indicator. It gives pink colour in the presence of bases.

(D) Methyl orange: This is also synthetic indicator. It gives pink colour in the presence of acidic medium and yellow in the presence of bases.

2. Olfactory indicators: Chopped onion, vanilla essence and clove oil change smell in the presence of acids and bases act as olfactory indicators.

Question 2.
What is dilution?
Answer:
When we mix an acid or base with water, the number of H+/OH~ ions per unit volume decreases, it is called dilution. By dilution, acids and bases are ionized.

Question 3.
Give characteristics of acids.
Answer:

• They are sour to taste.
• They turn blue litmus to red.
• Their solution is not like soap solution.
• They produce hydrogen gas when reacts with metals.
• They react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide.
• Acid react with bases to produce salts and water.

Question 4.
Give four uses of acids in our everyday life.
Answer:

1. Vinegar is used in cooking food and acts as preservative and used in pickles.
2. HCl in our stomach destroys the harmful bacteria, which reach there with our food.
3. Tartaric acid is used to prepare baking soda.
4. Carbonic acid is used in soft drinks.

Question 5.
What are the harmful effects of acids in everyday life?
Answer:

• They can destroy living cells.
• Concentrated acids can badly damage the skin and soft organs.
• These can damage eatables.

Question 6.
Differentiate between strong acids and weak acids.
Answer:

Strong acids	Weak acids
1. These get completely dissolved in water and produce H+ ions and negative ions.	1. These do not completely dissociate into H+ ions and negative ions.
2. Equilibrium is not established.	2. Equilibrium is established between ions and undissociated ions.
3. Example: H2SO4, HNO3.	3. Example: H2CO3, CH3COOH.

Question 7.
Differentiate between strong base and weak base.
Answer:

Strong base	Weak base
1. These get completely dissolved in water to produce OH– ions.	1. These are partially soluble in water.
2. Example: NaOH, KOH	2. Example: Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2.

Question 8.
Categorize the following compounds as strong and weak acids and bases,
(i) HCl
(ii) H₂SO₄
(iii) CH₃CHOOH
(iv) HCN
(v) NH₄OH
(vi) H₃PO₄
(vii) NaOH
(viii) Ca(OH)₂
(ix) KOH
(x) H₂CO₃
Answer:

Question 9.
What is the reason for electric conduction in acids? Explain.
Answer:
Acids produce H+ ions. Due to ions acids can conduct electricity. This conduction takes place in water solution.
HCl + H₂O → H₃O + +Cl^–
HNO₃ +H₂O → H₃O+ +NO₃^–

Question 10.
What happens when a base is dissolved in water? Explain it.
Answer:
Bases when dissolved in water give hydroxide OH^– ion. The water-soluble bases are called alkalis.

Question 11.
Why are bases not touched or tasted?
Answer:
Bases have a bitter taste like soaps and are harmful to skin. They are harmful when touched or tasted.

Question 12.
Write uses of alkalies/bases.
Answer:

• These are used to make soap.
• These are used in basic batteries.
• These are used in making antacids.
• Used in Petrol refining and paper industry.
• To remove stains of grease from cloths.
• To make hard water, soft.

Question 13.
Give normal characteristics of bases.
Answer:

• They are bitter to taste.
• They are soapy to touch and are harmful for skin.
• These turn litmus to blue.
• These turn turmeric to red brown colour.
• These react with acids to produce salts and water.
• They turn phenolphthalein solution to pink.

Question 14.
What is difference between alkali and base?
Answer:
Those alkalies which are soluble in water are called bases. This means all bases are alkalies but all alkalies are not bases, e.g. Ferric hydroxide [Fe(OH)3] and cupric hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] are alkalies but are not bases since these are not soluble in water.

Question 15.
What are the sources to get common salt (NaCl)? Explain.
Answer:
We can get common salt from following sources :

• Sea water: A huge amount of salt is dissolved in sea water. Salt in obtained from sea water through salt shallows. Solar heat and air help in the evaporation of sea water. We get salt.
• Mineral salt: Deposits of solid salt are found in many parts of the world. These beds of rock salts were formed when seas of bygone ages dried up. This salt is mined similar to the mining of coal. These rocks are found in Mandi (Himachal Pradesh), Khewra (Pakistan). Due to impurities this salt is brown in colour.
• From Lakes: Salt is obtained from Sambher lake in Rajasthan, great salt lake in America, Lake Elton in Roose etc. This salt in obtained by evaporation.

Question 16.
Write characteristics of common salt.
Answer:

• Colour and state: It is colourless crystalline substance which melts at 820°C.
• Solubility: Salt is soluble in water.
• Effect of heat: On heating salt a cracking sound is produced due to breaking of ‘ salt crystals.
• Hygroscopic: Salt absorb moisture from the air, This is due to presence of magnesium and calcium chloride.

Reaction with sulphuric acid. Salt reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid to produce HCl gas.

Reaction with silver nitrate. Salt reacts with silver nitrate to form white precipitates of silver chloride.
AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO₃

Question 17.
Give uses of common salt.
Answer:

• Salt is important constituent of our food.
• This is used as preservative in many eatables.
• It is used in soap, pottery industry.
• It is used in making freezing mixture.
• It is used in the preparation of bleaching powder, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, washing soda, Baking powder etc.

Question 18.
What is chlor-alkali process? Give pictorial representation of the products of this reaction. Give their uses.
Answer:

Important products of chior-alkali process.

When current is passed through aqueous solution of salt gets dissociated and sodium hydroxide is produced. This is known as chlor-alkali process because the products in this reaction are chlorine (chlore) and sodium hydroxide (base)
2NaCl(aq)+ 2H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl₂(g) + H₂(g)

All these products are very important and useful in industry medicine, home and cosmetics etc. Chlorine and hydrogen are the by products of this process.

Question 19.
How is bleaching powder prepared? Give its common characteristics and uses.
Answer:
Bleaching powder is obtained by the reaction of chlorine with slaked lime.

To manufacture bleaching powder at large scale, we have a special tower there is a hopper at the top of tower, slaked lime is added through this hopper. At the bottom hot air and chlorine gas are blown. Chlorine moves upwards and is absorbed completely by slaked lime and bleaching powder is produced.

Characteristics :

• Bleaching powder is light yellow coloured powder, It has a sharp smell of chlorine.
• It is soluble in water, but not completely.
• It reacts with CO₂ of air and loose its chlorine.
  CaOCl₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + Cl₂
• It reacts with acids
  CaOCl₂ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + Cl₂
  CaOCl₂ +H₂SO₄ → CaSO₄ + H₂O + Cl₂

Uses

• It is used in paper and textile industry.
• Used to disinfect drinking water to make it free from germs.
• It is used to make unshrinkable work.
• It is used for preparing chloroform.
• It acts as oxidising agent.

Question 20.
Write chemical formula for washing soda. When its crystals are open in air, then what happens?
Answer:
Chemical formula for washing soda is Na₂CO₃. 10H₂O. When its crystals are left open in air then due to efforescence nine molecules of water are lost in the air.
Na₂CO₃.10H₂O → Na₂CO₃ .H₂O + 9H₂O

Question 21.
What happens when solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated? Give chemical reaction for the equation.
Answer:
When sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is heated then carbon dioxide gas is produced and sodium carbonate is produced.

Question 22.
What is common name of the compound CaOCl₂? Name the substance which reacts with chlorine to produce bleaching powder?
Answer:
Common name of compounds CaOCl₂ is bleaching powder. The substance which reacts with chlorine to produce bleaching powder is slaked lime [Ca(OH)₂],

Question 23.
If during the preparation of plaster of Paris the process of heating is not controlled then which substance is formed?
Answer:
Temperature should be maintained at 373 K during the preparation of plaster of Paris. If temperature is not controlled then unhydrated calcium sulphate (CaSO₄) is produced which do not have the properties of plaster of Paris. This is known as dead burnt Plaster.

Question 24.
Explain preparation, properties and uses of baking soda (NaHCO₃).
Answer:
Chemical formula for baking soda is NaHCO₃ and its chemical name is sodium bicarbonate. It is formed when CO₂ is passed through aqueous solution of Na2CO₃.
Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O → 2NaHCO₃

It can also be prepared from sodium chloride.

Properties: When it is heated it swells and becomes light. On heating it produces CO₂. It is soluble in water.

Uses :

• It is used in the preparation of baking powder.
• It acts as antacid in case of acidity in the stomach.
• It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.

Question 25.
Explain the following processes.
(i) Deliquescence
Answer:
Deliquescence: When some compounds absorb moisture from air and change to solution then this process is called deliquescence.
e.g. common salt is deliquescence.

(ii) Bleach.
Answer:
Bleach: When some gas or compound decolourises something, this is known as bleach, e.g. bleaching powder or chlorine is used for this purpose.

Question 26.
What happens when carbon dioxide is passed through fresh lime water?
Answer:
When carbon dioxide is passsed through fresh lime water in small quantity then insoluble calcium carbonate is formed and colour of lime water turns to milky.

If excess of CO₂ is passed through this solution, calcium carbonate change to soluble bicarbonate and milkiness disappears.

If this solution is heated again, milky colour again appears because calcium bicarbonate again change to calcium carbonate.

Question 27.
What is pH scale? How does it respresent acidic and basic nature of a solution? Represent whole range of pH and [H₃O]⁺.
Answer:
A scale which is used to know the concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution is called pH scale. Here ‘p’ stands for ‘potenz’ a German word which means power. We can measure from zero to 14 on this scale. Zero represents strongest acid, and 14 represents strongest base. pH is such a number which represents acidic or basic nature of a solution. More is the concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution less is its pH value. If a solution is neutral its pH value is 7. If pH is lower than 7 then solution is acidic and if pH is more than 7 then solution is basic. Normally pH can be found by using universal pH indicator paper.

Question 28.
Are salt crystals really dry? Explain.
Answer:
Copper sulphate crystals which seems to be dry contains water of crystallization. These seem to be dry hut are not. When we heat the crystals then this water is removed and colour of salt become white. When salt is made wet its colour again change to blue.

Fixed number of molecules of water present in unit formula of salt is called water of crystallization. In unit formula of copper sulphate, there are five molecules of water. Formula for hydrated copper sulphate is CuSO4. 5H2O. In Na₂CO₃.10H₂O there are 10 molecules of water.

Gypsum is another salt which contains water of crystalization. There are two molecules of water in it.
Its formula is CaSO₄.2H₂O.

Question 29.
How is washing soda prepared? Give its uses.
Answer:
Washing soda (Na₂CO₃.10H₂O) is obtained from sodium chloride. By heating soda, we get sodium carbonate. By recrystallization of sodium carbonate, washing soda is obtained. This is a basic salt.

Sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate are useful in several industrial processes.

Uses of washing soda :

• Sodium carbonate is used in glass, soap and paper industry.
• It is used in the manufacturing of sodium compound such as Borax.
• It is used in cleaning agent for domestic purpose.
• It is used to remove permanent hardness of water.

Question 30.
What is efflorescence? Name one compound which shows efflorescence? Explain your answer with an equation.
Answer:
The phenomenon of losing some part of water of cyrstallization into air from a crystal is called efflorescence. This phenomenon takes place on heating or some times spontaneously. Washing soda contain water of crystallization hence its formula is Na₂CO₃. 10H₂O. When it is placed in open then it loose its 9 molecules of water and single hydrate is left.
Na₂CO₃.10H₂O → Na₂CO₃.H₂O + 9H₂O

on heating it looses all of its water.
Na₂CO₃.10H₂O → Na₂CO₃ + 10H₂O

Question 31.
A baker found that a cake prepared by him is small in size and hard. Which constituent, he forgot to add, due to which cake can become soft and big. Give reason.
Answer:
Baker forgot to add baking powder. When baking powder (a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and Tartaric acid) is added to cake and on heating tartaric acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide makes the cake to swell and cake becomes light. Baker, definitely forgot to add baking powder that is why cake is small and hard.

Question 32.
When bleaching powder is left open in air, then what happens?
Answer:
When bleaching powder is left open in air, then its properties change. C02 present in air reacts with it due to which calcium carbonate and chlorine gas are produced. Properties of bleaching are lost.
CaOCl₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + Cl₂

Question 33.
What are the important uses of bleaching powder?
Answer:

• It is used to bleach cotton cloths, linen and wood pulp.
• It is used to disinfect drinking water and to make it free of germs.
• It is used to make chloroform.
• Unshrinkable wool is prepared using bleaching powder.
• It acts as oxidizing agent in Laboratories and in industry.

Question 34.
Name the compounds used in hospitals for supporting fractured bones in the right position. How is it prepared?
Answer:
The compound used in hospitals for supporting fractured bones in the right position is plaster of paris. It is calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO₄. \(\frac{1}{2}\)H₂O). It is prepared at a temperature of 373 K by heating gypsum.

Question 35.
Write important uses of Plaster of Paris.
Answer:

• It is used in making toys, moulds, ceramic, containers etc.
• It is used for making material for decoration and statues.
• In hospitals it is used by doctors to set fractured bones and by dental doctors for creating mould to make dentures.
• Used in buildings, to give plane look to walls and ceiling.
• Material used by fire fighters.
• It is used to stop leakage of gases in Laboratories.

Question 36.
Many people complaint about gas problem in stomach. What is main reason for this? Why do they use ‘milk of magnesia’ to get relief from this?
Or
What are antacids?
Answer:
A juice is secreted in the stomach which contains enzyme pepsine and hydrochloric acid. Enzyme pepsine is active in acidic medium. When hdyrochloric acid is produced in excess quantity, then we get burning and pain in the stomach, which is known as acidity.

Those substances which are used to neutralize this acid are called antacids. Usually people take a mild base like milk of magnesia for this purpose. It neutralizes the excess acid and provide relief.

Question 37.
Idols and utensils made up of copper and brass become shiny when rubbed with lemon? Why?
Answer:
Idols and utensils made up of copper and brass become dull due to coating of copper oxide. Citric acid present in lemon react with it to form salt, which can be easily washed with water. Brass and copper surface becomes shiny.

Question 38.
For the safety of teeth what type of toothpaste should be used. Why?
Or
How does change in pH-value helps in tooth decay?
Answer:
Bacteria present in mouth produce acid by degradation of sugar and food particles. This reduces the pH value of mouth which causes tooth decay. After foods we should used basic tooth pastes to prevent tooth decay. Mild bases present in it neutralizes the excess acid. This reducing the chances of tooth decay.

Question 39.
What is the remedy for sting of Nettle plant? Write.
Answer:
Nettle is a herbaceous plant found in jungles. Its leaves have stinging hair. These hair cause painful sting if touched accidentally. This pain is due to the secretion of methanoic acid by stinging hair in the body. To get rid of this pain leaves of dock plant are rubbed on the area of sting. Leaves of dock plant have base in them. This plant often grows beside the nettle plant. It neutralizes the acidic effect and gives relief from pain.

Question 40.
What is acidic rain? How is the pH of soil can be measured?
Answer:
Some of the gases like SO₂, SO₃, NO₂ etc. present in the atmosphere gets dissolved in rain water and fall on earth in the from of acid is called acid rain. This corrodes some of the metals and marble.

pH value of soil can be measured by using paper soaked in universal indicator. This way we can know the nature of soil as acidic or basic. When pH value of rain water is less < than 5-6 then it is called acid rain. To know the pH value of soil, it is dissolved in water in a test tube and its filter is tested with universal indicator pH paper.

Question 41.
Is human life possible on venus planet?
Answer:
No, human life is not possible on venus plant the atmosphere of venus is covered with thick white and yellow clouds of sulphuric acid. If there is a rain is presence of water, it will be acidic and the existence of human life will be impossible.

Question 42.
Magnesium is treated with dil. H₂SO₄. The gas evolved is collected as shown below. Name the method used for collection of gas and the gas produced.

Answer:
Downward displacement of water. The gas produced is hydrogen.

Question 43.
Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not categorised as acids. Describe an activity to prove it.

Answer:
Fix two nails on a cork and place it in a 100 ml beaker. Connect thses nails to a 6 volt battery through a bulb and switch as shown in the figure.

Pour some aqueous solution of alcohol or aqueous solution of glucose in the beaker so that nails dip in it. Switch on the current. The bulb does not glow indicating that alcohol and glucose don’t dissociate in aqueous solution and hence do not produce H⁺_(aq) ions although they contain hydrogen.

Aqueous solution of alcohol or glucose does not conduct electricity

1 — Cathode
2 — Anode

Question 44.
Observe the figure and answer the following:

(i) What are 1 and 2?
Answer:
1-Soap bubble filled with hydrogen 2-Burning of hydrogen gas with a pop sound

(ii) Write down the reactions taking place in test tube.
Answer:

Question 45.
In the pH paper shown in figure given below, pH of lemon juice is 2.2 and that milk of magnesia is 10. What is its significance?

Answer:

• Lemon justice is acidic because pH is less than 7.
• Milk of magnesia is basic because pH is more than 7.

Question 46.
Which gas is being produced during reaction in the test tube? How does this gas react with Calcium Hydroxide/Lime water?

Answer:
Carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What makes food sour?
Answer:
Presence of acids.

Question 2.
What is the reason of bitterness?
Answer:
Presence of bases.

Question 3.
What is the reason of acidity in stomach?
Answer:
excess of HCl acid.

Question 4.
What is the effect of acid on litmus?
Answer:
Blue litmus changes to red.

Question 5.
What are olfactory indicators?
Answer:
Some substances which change their smell in acidic or basic medium are called . olfactory indicators.

Question 6.
Give three examples of olfactory indicators.
Answer:
Chopped onions, clove coil, vanilla essence.

Question 7.
Which gas is produced when Zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide?
Answer:
Hydrogen gas.

Question 8.
Which gas is produced when metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates react with acid?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide.

Question 9.
What happens when CO₂ is passed through lime water?
Answer:
Lime water turns milky.

Question 10.
Why milkiness of lime water disappear when excess of CO₂ is passed through it?
Answer:
Due to formation of Ca(HCO₃)₂ which is soluble in water.

Question 11.
Write the name and colour of the compound formed when copper oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Answer:
Blue-green copper chloride.

Question 12.
Which name is used for metal oxide?
Answer:
Alkaline oxide.

Question 13.
What is the nature of non-metal oxide?
Answer:
Acidic nature.

Question 14.
Why does current flow in acids?
Answer:
Due to ions.

Question 15.
Which ion is produced in acidic solution?
Answer:
Hydrogen ion (H+).

Question 16.
What is used to dry, moist gas?
Answer:
Calcium chloride.

Question 17.
How do we represent hydrogen ion?
Answer:
H⁺_(aq) or hydronium ion (HgO⁺).

Question 18.
Which ions is produced by bases in water?
Answer:
Hydroxide (OH^–) ion.

Question 19.
What is base?
Answer:
Alkalies which are soluble in base.

Question 20.
What should we do to dilute an acid?
Answer:
We should add acid to water slowly and not vice versa.

Question 21.
What is dilution?
Answer:
When we add acid or base in water, concentration of ions (HgO⁺/OH^–) per unit volume decreases, this is known as dilution.

Question 22.
What is name of mixture of various indicators?
Answer:
Universal indicator.

Question 23.
What is that which show different colour at different concen-tration of hydrogen ion in a solution?
Answer:
Universal indicator.

Question 24.
What is pH scale?
Answer:
To know the strength of H⁺ ion in a solution a scale is used known as pH scale.

Question 25.
What is p in pH?
Answer:
‘p’ means ‘potenz’.

Question 26.
What is the range of pH scale?
Answer:
0 to 14.

Question 27.
What is pH value of neutral solution?
Answer:
pH value is 7.

Question 28.
If pH value of solution is less than 7, then what does it indicate?
Answer:
Acidic solution.

Question 29.
If pH value of a solution is more than 7, then what does it indicate?
Answer:
Solution is basic.

Question 30.
What is the value on pH scale for lemon juice?
Answer:
Nearly 2.2.

Question 31.
What is the value on pH scale for pure water?
Answer:
7

Question 32.
What is the value on pH scale for milk of magnesia?
Answer:
10.

Question 33.
What is the value on pH scale for sodium hydroxide?
Answer:
Nearly 14.

Question 34.
What is pH range in which our body works?
Answer:
Our body works in the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8.

Question 35.
What is pH value of acid rain?
Answer:
It is less than 5.6.

Question 36.
In which type of river survival of aquatic animals is difficult?
Answer:
When acid rain water flows to the river.

Question 37.
What surrounds the venus planet?
Answer:
Thick white and yellow clouds of sulphuric acid.

Question 38.
Which acid is produced in our stomach?
Answer:
Hydrochloric acid.

Question 39.
What is produced in the stomach when there is indigestion.
Answer:
Excess of HCl.

Question 40.
What is used for treating excess of acid in the stomach?
Answer:
Antacids (mild bases).

Question 41.
When does tooth decay begin?
Answer:
When pH value in less than 5.5.

Question 42.
Teeth are made up of which substance?
Answer:
Calcium phosphate.

Question 43.
Why do we feel pain due to bee sting?
Answer:
Due to acid.

Question 44.
Which substance is applied on the stinging area which gives relief from pain?
Answer:
Weak base like baking soda.

Question 45.
What do the stinging hair of nettle plant secret?
Answer:
Methanoic acid.

Question 46.
What is the remedy for sting of herbaceous plant Nettle?
Answer:
Rub leaves of dock plant.

Question 47.
Which acid is there in vinegar?
Answer:
Acetic acid.

Question 48.
Which acid is there in lemon, orange?
Answer:
Citric acid.

Question 49.
Which acid is in curd and milk?
Answer:
Lactic acid.

Question 50.
What is main source of salt?
Answer:
Sea water.

Question 51.
What is exothermic reaction?
Answer:
Those chemical reactions in which heat is produced.

Question 52.
What is endothermic reaction?
Answer:
Those chemical reactions in which heat in absorbed are called endothermic reactions.

Question 53.
Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electric current, why?
Answer:
In sodium chloride, Na+ and Cl- ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction and ions can’t move freely. Hence solid sodium chloride does not conduct electric current.

Question 54.
In which state chemical reactions take place easily.
Answer:
Gaseous or liquid state.

Question 55.
What is solute?
Answer:
It is a compound, which in aqueous solution, dissociate into positive and negative ions.

Question 56.
What is a strong electrolyte?
Answer:
A compound which dissociate in water and its dissociation percentage is 30%, is called strong electrolyte.

Question 57.
What is weak electrolyte?
Answer:
A compound which dissociate in water and its dissociation percentage is less than 30% is called weak electrolyte.

Question 58.
Which acids are obtained from animals?
Answer:
Organic acids.

Question 59.
Who gave pH scale and when?
Answer:
pH scale was given by Danish Chemist Soren Sorensen in 1909.

Question 60.
Concentration of which ion is important in every Biological and many industrial processes?
Answer:
Concentration of hydrogen ion.

Question 61.
What is the reason for burn feeling in stomach and chest? How to get rid of this situation?
Answer:
When excess of hydrochloric acid is produced in stomach, then we feel burn feeling in stomach and chest. We can be relieved by taking baking soda.
NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + H₂O + CO₂

Question 62.
What is baking powder?
Answer:
Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid.

Question 63.
If we do not use tartaric acid in baking powder for making a cake. How will the cake taste?
Answer:
It will be bitter due to sodium carbonate.

Question 64.
Which chemicals are used in fire extinguishers?
Answer:
Sodium hydrogen carbonate and sulphuric acid.

Question 65.
Which gas is produced in soda acid fire extinguisher?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas.

Question 66.
Which compound is used to make water free of germs?
Answer:
Bleaching powder (CaOCl₂).

Question 67.
Name chemical name of quick lime.
Answer:
Calcium oxide (CaO).

Question 68.
Name the deliquescent present in salt.
Answer:
Magnesium chloride (MgCl₂).

Question 69.
What type of smell is given by bleaching powder?
Answer:
Smell of ehlorme gas.

Question 70.
Sometimes eyes become red after swimming in a swimming pool why?
Answer:
Due to excess of bleaching powder in water.

Question 71.
When did Egyptions used plaster of paris?
Answer:
They used it 5000 years ago.

Question 72.
How did the Egyptions prepare plaster of Paris?
Answer:
They heated Gypsum in open air.

Question 73.
What was the use of Plaster of Paris for Egyptions?
Answer:
They used to fix rocks with it as cement for their monuments.

Question 74.
What is the relation of ‘Paris’ in plaster of Paris?
Answer:
In the beginning Gypsum was obtained from Montmarti in Paris, thus paris is related with it.

Question 75.
What is heated to which temperature from preparing plaster of Paris?
Answer:
Plater of Paris is obtained from gypsum (CaSO₄.2H₂O) by heating it to 373 K.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
pH of an acidic solution is:
(A) >7
(B) <7
(C) 7
(D) 14.
Answer:
(B) <7

Question 2.
Neutral solution has pH:
(A) 7
(B) >7
(C) < 7
(D) 14.
Answer:
(A) 7

Question 3.
Common name of NaCO₃. 10H₂O is :
(A) Bleaching powder
(B) Baking powder
(C) Plaster of Paris
(D) Washing soda.
Answer:
(D) Washing soda.

Question 4.
Acid and base react to form salt and water. This reaction is called:
(A) Washing soda.
(B) Chioro-alkali
(C) Reduction
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(D) None of these.

Question 5.
What is used for plastering fractured bones?
(A) Cement
(B) Gypsum
(C) Plaster of Paris
(D) Soda.
Answer:
(C) Plaster of Paris

Question 6.
Toothpaste used for cleaning teeth is :
(A) Acidic
(B) Neutral
(C) Basic
(D) None.
Answer:
(A) Acidic

Question 7.
A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is :
(A) 1
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 10
Answer:
(D) 10.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
The common name of CaOCl₂ is ______
Answer:
Bleaching powder.

Question 2.
The sodium compound used for softening hard water is ______
Answer:
Washing soda.

Question 3.
The common name of Na₂CO₃.10H₂O is ______
Answer:
Washing soda.