Class 8

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Colonialism and Tribal Society Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
In which states majority of the people belonging the tribal society lives?
Answer:
Tribal people live more in number in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa.

Question 2.
What are the main occupations of tribal people?
Answer:
Main occupations of tribal people are animal rearing, hunting, catching fish, collection of food items and agriculture.

Question 3.
In which states the tribal people revolted against the Britishers?
Answer:
People of tribal society revolted against the British in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Meghalaya, Bengal, etc.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 4.
Who was the leader of Khasi tribe?
Answer:
Tirut Singh was the leader of Khasi tribe.

Question 5.
When and which tribe in Chhota Nagpur area revolted against the Britishers?
Answer:
Kol tribe of Chhota Nagpur area revolted firstly against the British in 1820 A.D.

Question 6.
Who was made the leader of Kharodh tribe by the Britishers?
Answer:
One person of Kharodh tribe was thrown out of society. He was called back by the British and was made the head of tribe.

Question 7.
Write a note on Tribal society.
Answer:
Tribal society or tribal people are one of the important part of Indian population. Their population was around 160 millions according to the Census of 1991. A very large population of tribal people live in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. 23.22% part of total population of Madhya Pradesh belongs to tribes. Some tribes also live in small states and union territories like Sikkim, Goa, Mizoram, Dadra-Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep. Most of the tribal people belong to Gond, Bhil, Santhal, Mizo and other tribes.

Question 8.
Write a note on Birsa Munda.
Or
What do you know about Birsa Munda?
Answer:
Birsa Munda was a leader of the revolt of the Munda tribe in Bihar (Chhota Nagpur area). He was a very powerful person. He was considered as the messenger of God. He protested motion against such non-tribal people who took away the land of Munda people. Munda people also hate moneylenders and Zamindars because they treated them badly. Birsa Munda told the Munda people to not to pay the taxes to Zamindars. Munda people in Chhota Nagpur region attacked the British officers, missionaries and police stations. But Birsa Munda was arrested by the British and the revolt was crushed.

Question 9.
Write down the effects of the revolt of Birsa Munda.
Answer:
Munda revolt was a powerful tribal revolt. So government started to care about the problems of tribal people after the suppressing of revolt.

All in all impacts of revolt of Munda tribe are given below :

  • The British Government passed ‘Chhota Nagpur Act’ in 1908. According to this act marginal farmers were given the rights of land.
  • Social and religious consciousness came among the people of Chhota Nagpur region. Many people started to worship Birsa Munda.
  • Many new socio-religious movements were started.
  • Tribal people started to struggle for their rights.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 10.
Explain the revolts by tribal society in northern-eastern regions.
Answer:
Khasi revolt. First revolt in North-Eastern region was started by Khasi tribe. They had complete control from Jaintia mountains in East and upto Garo mountains in the west. Tiruth Singh was the founder of this tribe. Khasi people wanted to throw foreigners out of their region. On 5th May, 1829, Khasi people, with the help of Garo people, killed many Europeans and Bengalis. They put European colonies on fire. Tiruth Singh also wanted to remove foreign rule from Bhots and Singphose and some other mountaineous tribes. So he revolted against the British rule with the help of his 10,000 men. On the other side Khasis villages were put on fire one by one by the British. Later on in 1833 A.D., Tiruth Singh surrendered in front of the British army.

Singphos Revolt. When the British soldiers were busy in suppressing the revolt of Khasi tribe, at that time Singphos tribe also revolted against the British. Both of these tribes also invited the other tribes like Khapti, Garo, Naga, to join the revolt. All of them collectively attacked the British army in Assam and killed many Britishers. But they had to surrender because they were unable to face the modern weapons of the British.

Other Revolts,

  • Khasi tribe again revolted in 1839 A.D. They also killed the political messenger of the Britishers Colonal White and many other Britishers.
  • Another tribe of North-east Naga also revolted. This revolt lasted for 2-3 years.
  • Revolt of Kukis in mountainous region of Manipur also lasted for a long time. They were 7,000 in number. They revolted against the British in 1826, 1844 and 1849 A.D. They also killed many British officers. But later on all of these revolts were suppressed by the British government. arrested Kukis were tortured in a number of ways.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Tribal society is an _______ part of the Indian population.
Answer:
important

Question 2.
Tribal people lived in _______ or _______ rooms huts.
Answer:
one, two

Question 3.
From Jaintiya hills to Garo hills territories in East were under the control of the _______ tribe.
Answer:
Khasi

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 4.
When the British soldiers were facing the revolt of Khasi, another tribe _______ revolted.
Answer:
Singphos.

III. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Gonds are in minority among the tribes.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The basic unit among tribal people is family.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The Britishers occupied the tribal land for the opium and indigo farming.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Birsa Munda called upon the farmers of Munda tribe to pay the taxes to the Zamindars.
Answer:
False.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Colonialism and Tribal Society Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Who was Birsa?
(a) Leader of Munda tribe
(b) Leader of Oraon tribe
(c) Leader of Ho tribe
(d) Leader of Khasi tribe.
Answer:
(o) Leader of Munda tribe.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 2.
Tribal Society is a Society which lives away from our civilization in , valleys and mountains.
(a) Villages
(b) Forests
(c) Towns
(d) Cities.
Answer:
(6) Forests.

Question 3.
_______ made some laws and started to interfere in the internal matters of tribals.
(a) Indian Government
(b) Local Governments
(c) The British
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) The British.

Question 4.
Who used to do Jhum Cultivation?
(a) Villagers
(b) Urban people
(c) Forest dwellers
(d) Jribals.
Answer:
(d) Tribals.

Question 5.
Large number of tribals recruited to work in tea plantations of
(a) Assam
(b) Jharkhand,
(c) Manipur
(d) West Bengal.
Answer:
(a) Assam.

Question 6.
Birsa Munda was arrested in _______
(a) 1890 A.D.
(b) 1895 A.D.
(c) 1888 A.D.
(d) 1898 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1895 A.D.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 7.
Birsa Munda was released in _______
(a) 1896A.D.
(b) 1898 AD.
(c) 1897 A.D.
(d) 1899 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1897 A.D.

Question 8.
When did Birsa Munda die?
(a) 1898A.D.
(b) 1899A.D.
(e) 1897A.D.
(d) 1900A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1900 A.D.

Question 9.
Birsa Munda was died due to _______ disease.
(a) Cholera
(b) Plague
(c) T.B.
(d) Fever.
Answer:
(a) Cholera.

Question 10.
What is Sal?
(a) A type of cloth
(b) A type of tree
(c) A type of honey
(d) A type of herb.
Answer:
(b) A type of tree.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 11.
Tell the name of the person shown in the picture.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society 1
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Birsa Munda
(c) Mangal Pandey
(d) Teerath Singh.
Answer:
(b) Birsa Munda.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Tribal society is one of the _______ part of Indian population.
Answer:
important

Question 2.
Tribals live in huts with _______ or _______ rooms.
Answer:
one, two

Question 3.
From Jainia hills in the east till Garo hills in the west the area was under the occupation of ______________ tribe.
Answer:
Khasi

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 4.
When the British soldiers were facing the Khasi revolt, another tribe of _______ also revolted.
Answer:
Singfosa.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer:

Question 1.
Gonds are in minority among the tribes.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
The first basic unit of tribal social system is family.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 3.
The British occupied tribal land only to produce opium and indigo.
Answer:
(✓)

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 4.
Birsa Munda asked the people to not to pay taxes to Zamindars.
Answer:
(✗).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A B
1. Revolt of Kharodh Tribe (i) 1855 A.D.
2. Revolt of Santhal Tribe (ii) 1846 A.D.
3. Munda Revolt (iii) 1899-1900 A.D.
4. Kol Revolt (iv) 1820 A.D.

Answer:

A B
1. Revolt of Kharodh Tribe (ii) 1846 A.D.
2. Revolt of Santhal Tribe (iv) 1820 A.D.
3. Munda Revolt (iii) 1899-1900 A.D.
4. Kol Revolt (i) 1855 A.D.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by tribal society?
Answer:
Society of tribal people is known as tribal society.

Question 2.
With which tribes Indian tribal people are associated? Name them.
Answer:
Gond, Bhil, Santhal, Mizo, etc.

Question 3.
Tell in brief the regional distribution of the tribal people.
Answer:
Around 63% tribal people live in the mountainous region, 2.2% in islands and 1.6% in cold regions. Other people are scattered in different urban and rural regions.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 4.
What was the basic reason of revolts of tribal people against British rule in 19th century?
Answer:
The main reason of revolts of tribal people against British rule in 19th century was wrong policies of the British government. Their land was snatched and their means of livelihood were destroyed.

Question 5.
When Naga revolt of North Eastern region took place? How much it lasts long?
Answer:
Naga revolt of North Eastern region took place in 1844 A.D. It lasted for 2-3 years.

Question 6.
Why was land of tribal people snatched by the British Government?
Answer:
The British wanted to grow opium and indigo due to the commercialization of crops. That’s why their land was snatched by the British government.

Question 7.
Name any four leaders of different tribal revolts.
Answer:
Tirut Singh (Khasi), Sidhu and Kanhu (Santhal) and Birsa Munda (Munda tribe).

Question 8.
Why did the British government start the commercialization of agriculture?
Answer:
The British government started the commercialization of agriculture for their own selfish economic-interests.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 9.
Why were tribals against the British rule?
Answer:
The tribals were completely against the new arrangements of the British rule because they did not approve the social and economic changes brought by the British.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give a brief description of houses and occupations of tribal people.
Answer:
Tribal people live in the huts of barely one-two rooms which are made without any planning. These huts are made in 2-4 lines in front of each other. These huts are surrounded by large trees. These people generally rear tamed animals, sheeps and goats. They depend upon local natural and material means. Except these, their occupations include hunting, catching fish, gathering of food and ploughing the field with the help of bulls.

Question 2.
Write a note on family of tribal society.
Answer:
Family is the first social unit of tribal society. Women play a very important role in household works of the family. Main functions of women are making food, collecting wood, cleaning and washing the clothes. They help males in their agricultural work. This work includes levelling the land, sowing the seeds, cutting the crops, etc. Main functions of males are cutting the jungles, levelling of the land, ploughing the field etc. Because females help in a great deal to men in their works, that’s why the custom of polygamy exists in tribal society.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 3.
Write a note on revolt of Khasi tribe in the North-Eastern region of the country.
Answer:
First revolt in the North-Eastern region was started by Khasis tribe. They had complete control from Jaintia mountains in East and upto Garo mountains in the west.

Tirut Singh was the founder of this tribe. Khasi people wanted to throw foreigners out of their region. On 5th May, 1829, Khasis people, with the help of Garo people, killed many Europeans and Bengalis. They put European colonies on fire. Tirut Singh also wanted to remove foreign rule from other mountainous tribes as well. So he revolted against the British rule with the help of his 10,000 people. On the other [side Khasi villages were put on fire one on one by the British. Later on in 1833 A.D. Tirut Singh surrendered before the British army.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the changes that occurred in the tribal society and their economic condition. ‘ (P.S.E.B. 2009)
Answer:
Tribal society. Tribal society or tribal people are one of the most important parts of Indian population. Their population was around 160 millions according to the census of 1991. Large population of tribal society live in the states’of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. 23.22% of total population of Madhya Pradesh belong to tribal society. Some tribes also live in small states like Sikkim, Goa, Mizoram, Dadra-Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep. Most of the tribal people belong to tribes like Gond, Bhil, Santhal, Mizo, etc.

Out of these tribal people, 63% live in mountainous region, 2.2% five in islands and 1.6% live in colder regions. Others are scattered in different urban and rural regions. These people live in the huts of one or two rooms. These huts are made in line with each other. These huts are surrounded by large trees. These people rear animals like sheep, goat, etc. They depends upon the local natural and physical means. Main occupations of these people are hunting, catching fish, collecting food and agriculture.

Family: Family is the first social unit of tribal society. Women play very important role in household works of the family. Main functions of females are making food, collecting wood, cleaning and washing the clothes. They help th’e males in agricultural works. This work includes levelling the land, sowing the seeds, cutting the crops, etc. Main functions of males are cutting the jungle, levelling the land, ploughing the field, etc. Because females help in a great deal to men in their works, that’s why the custom of polygamy exist in tribal society.

Changes in Economic Condition of Tribal society : Tribal people were very poor in 19th century under the British rule. Their living style was greatly affected by the British rule. Their ancient social and economic structures were completely changed by the British. It led to adverse impact on tribal society and their economy. Commercialization of crops was done by the British government to protect their economic interests. The government captured the land of tribal people for the agriculture of opium and indigo. As a result, tribal people were forced to do labour work. But they were given very less wages for their work. They were forced to take loans for their livelihood. It’s result came in adverse impact on their economic condition.

Tribal people were totally against these social and economic changes. That’s *.vhy resentment came among them against the British.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 2.
Explain the revolts by tribal society in Chhota Nagpur area.
Answer:
Revolts of Chhota Nagpur region against the British rule were very important. Out of these, revolt of Munda tribe was of great importance. A brief description of these revolts is given below :
1. Revolt of Kol tribe. First of all people of Kol tribe revolted against the British rule of Chhota Nagpur region in 1820 A.D. They didn’t tolerate the expansion of the British rule in their region. They put many villages on fire. Koli rebels were killed in great number that’s why they were forced to surrender in front of the British in 1827 A.D.

2. Revolt of Munda tribe. Munda tribe of Chhota Nagpur region also revolted against the British in 1830-31. People of Kol tribe also took part in it. Very quickly, this revolt spread till Ranchi, Hazari Bagh, Palamu and Anmum. Around 1,000 rebels were killed by the British. Even then it was unable to suppress the revolt completely. In the end, this revolt was suppressed in 1832 A.D. after army’s intervention. Even then activities of Munda and Kol people against the government hardly came to an end.

3. Revolt of Kharodh tribe. Kharodh tribe of Chhota Nagpur region also revolted against the British in 1846 A.D. They attacked the camp of British captain Macfferson and forced him to surrender with his 170 officials. People of other neighbouring tribes also joined the Kharodh tribe. But this revolt was crushed by the British in that same year. They called back Kharodh leader from outside and made him the head of Kharodh people.

4. Santhal Revolt. The Santhals also revolted against the British in 1855 A.D. They were 10,000 in number. They were lead by two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu. Santhal’s blocked the railway line between Bhagalpur and mountaineous region of Rajmahal. They attacked the British bunglows with swords and poisonous arrows. Many British officers of Railway and police were killed by them. The British army followed them.

But they went over to jungles. Later on in 1856, they faced the British soldiers. In the end their leaders were arrested and were tortured to a great deal.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society 2
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society 3
5. Second Revolt of Munda tribe. Munda tribe has been a very famous tribe of Bihar. During British rule, many non-tribal people settled in the tribal regions. They snatched land from the tribal people. That’s why tribal people were forced to do labour work for non-tribal people. When they got frustrated, then they revolted under the leadership of Birsa Munda. The main revolt was started in the southern region of Ranchi in 1899-1900. The main objective of this revolt was to replace the British rule with Munda rule.

Birsa Munda stood against those non-tribal people who took away the land from the Munda people. Munda people also hate the moneylenders and Zamindars because they used to treat them badly. Birsa Munda told the Munda people not to pay the rent to Zamindars. Munda people in the Chhota Nagpur region attacked the British officers, missionaries, and police stations. But Birsa Munda was arrested by the British and revolt was crushed by them.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Who has written ‘Anand Math?
Answer:
Anand Math Novel was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

Question 2.
Write down the names of the writers of short stories.
Answer:
Famous writers of short stories were Ravindra Nath Tagore, Premchand, Jaspal, Tejendra Kumar, Krishna Chand, etc.

Question 3.
Who established the printing press in India and when?
Answer:
First printing press of India was started by Portuguese in 1557 A.D.

Question 4.
Which two newspapers Bal Gangadhar Tilak started publishing?
Answer:
Newspapers called ‘Kesari’ in Marathi language and ‘Maratha’ in English language.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 5.
Write down the famous painters of Art School of Baroda University.
Answer:
G.R. Santosh, Ghulam Sheikh, Shanti Dev, etc.

Question 6.
Write down the famous artists of Madras School of Art.
Answer:
D.R. Choudhary, K.C.S. Pannikar, Satish Gujral, Ram Kumar and K.G. Subramaniyam.

Question 7.
Write down a note on the literature of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
Answer:
Every section of literature developed in 19th and at the beginning of 20th century whose description is given below :
1. Novels, Stories, etc. Katha literature.

  • Famous writers of the Bengali literature were Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Sharat Chandra Chatterjee etc. ‘Anand Math’ novel of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee is known as ‘Bible of modern Bengali Patriotism’.
  • Munshi Premchand throws light on the exploitation of peasants by the British government through his novels ‘Godan’ and ‘Rangbhumi’. He wrote many other novels in Hindi and in Urdu language.
  • Writers like Hemchandra Benarjee, Dinbandhu Mitra, Rabindra Nath Tagore etc. wrote a lot about patriotism.

2. Poetry. Romanticism in Indian poetry started when it came in contact with European literature. But more stress is given on nationalism and national movement in Indian poetry. Famous poets, who prospered Indian poetry, were Rabindra Nath Tagore (Bengali), Iqbal (Urdu), Keshav Sut (Marathi), Subramaniyam Bharti (Tamil) etc.

3. Dramas and Cinema. Indian Dramatists and artists tried to write Eastern and Western style of drama. Famous dramatists of this age were Girish Karnands (Kannada), Vijay Tendulkar (Marathi), Mulakhraj Anand and R.K. Narayan (English). Rabindra Nath Tagore gave stress on National consciousness and International Humanism through his writings.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 8.
Write down a note on the painting of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
Answer:
A new form to painting was given by different art schools and art groups in 19th and at the start of 20th century.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture 1

It’s description is given below :

  • Raja Ravi Verma painted European Naturalism by mixing it with Indian myths legends.
  • Painters of Bengal Art School, Rabindra Nath Tagore, Havell Kumarswami made paintings based on traditional stories, epics and ancient literature.
  • Paintings of Amrita Shergill and George Keyt were very much influenced by modern European art, modern spirit and symbols. Colour-scheme used by George Keyt was very impressive.
  • Rabindra Nath Tagore made beautiful paintings through watercolours and coloured chalks. Rabindra Nath Tagore
  • Paintings of flowers and women made by famous artists of Bombay were very beautiful because of their colours. Names of Francis Newton Souza, K.H. Ara, S.K. Banner can be taken in this regard. Except this, there is a great contribution of Baroda University of Art, Madras Art School and National Gallery of Modern Art in making painting popular.

Question 9.
What do you mean by the changes in Performing Arts?
Answer:
Mainly music, painting, dances and dramas are included in the fine-art. Indian heritage was very prosperous in these fields before the advent of Britishers. Classical music, Indian and Carnatic music school of our country are some of the examples of this prosperous heritage of India.

  • Folk music and folk dance of our country fills encouragement among the people. Names of Indian classical dances, Kathakali, Kuchipudi and Kathak are included in this.
  • Dramas played on the stage and puppet shows are important aspects of our cultural tradition.
  • Different types of musical instruments, like Sitar, Tumbi, Drum (Harp), (Sarangi), Tabla (Tabor) etc. are famous in India. Flute, Shehnai (clarionet) are musical instruments that run with air.
  • Great artists of India like Kumar Gandharva, Ravi Shankar, Rukmani Devi, Ragini Devi, Uday Shankar, and Rabindra Nath Tagore became very famous in the fields of Indian music and dance.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Much literature was written in _______ language during the 19th century.
Answer:
Bengali

Question 2.
Bande Matram the national song was written by _______
Answer:
Bankim Chandra Chatterji

Question 3.
Munshi Prem Chand wrote many novels in _______ and _______ language.
Answer:
Urdu, Hindi

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 4.
Amrita Sher Gill and _______ were the great Indian painters.
Answer:
George Keyt.

III. Write True or False in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Prince of Wales Museum is known as ‘Chhatterpati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalya’.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Marina Coastal is 10 Kilometer long.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
War Memorial is made in the memory of martyrdoms of the First World War.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
The Legislature and Secretariat Offices of Tamil Nadu are located in the Fort St. George building.
Answer:
True.

IV. Things To Do :

Question 1.
Write ‘Bande Matram’ national anthem on chart and sing it.
Answer:
Do it yourself

Question 2.
Make a chart of “Jan Gan, Man’ the National Anthem.
Answer:
Do it yourself

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 3.
To know about famous folk dances – Bhangra and Gidha etc. of Punjab.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
An accepted norm or style is called
(a) Convention
(b) Commission
(c) Engraving
(d) Mural.
Answer:
(a) Convention.

Question 2.
The art form which observed carefully and tried to capture what the eye saw is called
(a) Realism
(b) Picturesque
(c) Portrait
(d) History painting.
Answer:
(a) Realism.

Question 3.
The Style of painting which showed Indian landscape as a quaint, unexplored land is known as
(a) Portrait
(b) Picturesque
(c) Realism
(d) History painting.
Answer:
(b) Picturesque.

Question 4.
Paintings which showed the social lives of Europeans in India are called
(a) Realism
(b) History painting
(c) Portrait
(d) Picturesque.
Answer:
(c) Portrait.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 5.
_______ are the paintings which depicted scenes from British imperial history and their victories.
(a) Picturesque
(b) Realism
(c) Portrait
(d) History painting.
Answer:
(d) History painting.

Question 6.
Which of these was brought in India with British art?
(a) Oil painting
(b) Miniatures
(c) Use of perspective
(d) Mural art.
Answer:
(a) Oil painting.

Question 7.
Painting made by Francis Hayman in _______depicts the British victory in the Battle of Plassey.
(a) 1770 A.D.
(b) 1762 A.D.
(c) 1766 A.D.
(d) 1768 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1762 A.D.

Question 8.
Who wanted to develop a national style of art?
(a) Raja Ravi Verma
(b) Ravindranath Tagore
(c) Aabindranath Tagore
(d) Francis Hayman.
Answer:
(c) Aabindranath Tagore.

Question 9.
Who decided to set up a picture production team and printing press in Bombay?
(a) Raja Ravi Verma
(b) Ravindranath Tagore
(c) Aabindranath Tagore
(d) Francis Hayman.
Answer:
(a) Raja Ravi Verma.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 10.
Which of these new things was introduced by colonial rule in India?
(a) New art forms
(b) New Styles
(c) New materials
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 11.
European artists came to India along with British
(a) Sailors
(b) Traders
(c) Warriors
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Traders.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
During _______ century, much of the Bengali literature was written.
Answer:
19th century

Question 2.
Vande Matram was written by _______
Answer:
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Question 3.
Munshi Prem Chand wrote many novels in _______ and _______ languages.
Answer:
Urdu, Hindi

Question 4.
_______ is famous beach in Chennai.
Answer:
Marina beach

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 5.
Vande Matram, the national song was written by _______
Answer:
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
Prince of Wales Museum is presently known as ‘Chatrapati Shivaji Museum’.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
Marina beach is 10 kilometer long.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
War Memorial was made in the memory of the soldiers martyred during First World War.
Answer:
(✓)

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 4.
Vande Matram was included in a book Anand Marriage.
Answer:
(✗).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A B
1. Fort St. George (i) Beach
2. V.G.B. Golden Beach (ii) Madras
3. Anand Math (iii) Munshi Prem Chand
4. Godan (iv) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Answer:

A B
1. Fort St. George (ii) Madras
2. V.G.B. Golden Beach (i) Beach
3. Anand Math (iv) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
4. Godan (iii) Munshi Prem Chand

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
From which novel National Song of Wande Matram’ was taken?
Answer:
From the novel ‘Anand Math’.

Question 2.
Which novel of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee is known as ‘Bible of Bengali Patriotism’ and why?
Answer:
Bengali novel ‘Anand Math’, because many patriotic songs are there in it.

Question 3.
Name any two famous novels of Munshi Premchand.
Answer:
Godan and Rangbhoomi.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 4.
Name two newspapers published by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Answer:
Samvad Kaumudi and Mirat-ul-Akhbar.

Question 5.
Who was Raja Ravi Verma?
Answer:
Raja Ravi Verma was a famous painter and sculpture of modern India. His pictures and paintings were associated with Indian epics and Sanskrit literature.

Question 6.
Where was Kala Bhavan established by Rabindra Nath Tagore?
Answer:
At Shanti Niketan.

Question 7.
Name two famous painters of Madras Art School.
Answer:
D.R. Chaudhary and K.C.S. Panikar.

Question 8.
Name three musical instruments which run with air.
Answer:

  1. Flute
  2. Shehnai (clarionet)
  3. Algoza.

Question 9.
What is the modern name of Prince of Wales Museum of Mumbai? With which building it is situated?
Answer:
Modern name of Prince of Wales Museum of Mumbai is ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahqlaya’. It is situated near to Gateway of India.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 10.
By which two architects, Gateway of India was built?
Answer:
John Wiltet and his friend John Beigh.

Question 11.
Name two famous Sea Beaches of Chennai.
Answer:
Merina Beach and V.G.B. Golden Beach.

Question 12.
In whose memory, War Memorial of Chennai was built?
Answer:
It was built in the memory of soldiers died in the First World War.

Question 13.
Raja Ravi Verma was a great artist. Which field of art was he associated with?
Answer:
He was a painter.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the development in the field of novels from 19th century till the beginning of 20th century.
Answer:
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Michael Madhu Sudan Dutt and Sharat Chandra Chatterjee were famous scholars of Bengali literature in modern age. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wrote famous novel ‘Anand Math’ in Bengali language. Many national songs were there in it. Our national song Vande Matram’ is also one of them. Presently it is known as ‘Bible of Bengali Patriotism’.

Munshi Prem Chand also wrote many novels in Urdu and Hindi language. He threw light on the exploitation of peasants by British in his novels ‘Godan’ and ‘Rangbhoomi’. Writings of scholars like Hemchandra Benerjee, Dinbandhu Mitra, Rang Lai, Keshav Chandra Sen, Rabindra Nath Tagore became very popular and they filled sense of patriotism among the people.

Question 2.
Describe the development of poetry from 19th century till the beginning of 20th century.
Answer:
Romanceism started in Indian poetry when it came in contact with European literature. But Indian poetry gave more stress on Nationalism and National movement.

Famous poets of India are Rabindra Nath Tagore (Bengali), Iqbal (Urdu), Qazi Nazrool Islam (Bengali), Keshav Sat (Marathi), Subramaniyam Bharti (Tamil) etc. But poetry after 1936 A.D. tells the story of daily life and misery of the people. Faiz and Mezaz (Urdu), Jivan Nand Dass (Bengali), Agya and Mukti Bodh (Hindi) were some of the poets who gave new poetry. After independence, poetry was composed by poets like Raghuvir Sahai, Kedarnath Singh (Hindi), Shakti Chattopadhyaya (Bengali) etc.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 3.
Which developments took place in the Helds of dramas and cinema from 19th century till the beginning of 20th century A.D.?
Answer:
Indian artists and dramatists tried to mix western and eastern styles of dramas from 19th century till the beginning of 20th century. Cinema organization gave a great contribution is arosing interests of the people in dramas and cinema. Girish Karnad (Kannada), Vijay Tendulkar (Marathi) etc. were famous dramatists of this age. Mulakh Raj Anand, Raja Rao, R.K. Narayan wrote dramas in English language.

Rabindra Nath Tagore was also a famous dramatist of this age. We can find a beautiful mixture of ancient Indian traditions and European culture in his writings. He tried to develop National Consciousness and International Humanism through his writings.

Question 4.
Write down a note on Fort St. George.
Answer:
Fort St. George situated at Chennai was the first British fort in India. It was made in 1639 A.D. It’s name was kept on the name of St. George. This fort became the centre of commercial activities of the British. This fort gave a great contribution in establishing the British supremacy in the Karnatic region. In present age, Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu state and offices of the Secretariate are situated in this building. Pictures of Tipu Sultan are still there on the walls of this fort which increases its glory.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the development in the field of Painting in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
Answer:
Many changes came in the field of Indian painting during 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century. These changes were brought by art schools and art groups.

Their brief description is given below :
1. Raja Ravi Verma. Raja Ravi Verma was a great artist in the field of painting. He was not only good at painting but he was also famous for the making of sculptures. He made pictures by mixing European naturism with Indian myths legends. Pictures made by him are associated with Indian epics and Sanskrit literature. He expressed Indian glorious past through the medium of paintings.

2. Art School of Bengal. A number of steps were taken by Rabindra Nath Tagore and Havell Kumarswami to popularise Bengali Art school. Famous painters of this school made paintings based on Indian historical stories, epics and ancient literature. They made small pictures with water colours. Rabindra Nath Tagore used water colours in Japanese technique. He even established Kala-Bhavan in Shanti-Niketan.

3. Amrita Shergil and George Keyt. Amrita Shergil and George Keyt were also quite famous Indian painters. They had the knowledge of modern European art, modem animism and symbols. Disserent Paintings of Amrita Shergil were different from each other but she made pictures of Indian females. Colour-style used by George Keyt in his paintings was quite impressive.

4. Rabindra Nath Tagore. Paintings of Rabindra Nath Tagore were based on his own experiences. He made many pictures outlined by coloured chalks and filled with water colours.

5. Famous Artists of Bombay. Francis Newton Souza was one of the most famous artists of this school. He made pictures of different models with impressive colours. Paintings of flowers and women made by K.H. Ara were famous for their colours and specificness. S.K. Bakre, H.A. Gade and M.F. Hussain are other famous painters of Bombay.

6. Art School of Baroda (Vadodhra) University. G.R. Santosh, Ghulam Sheikh, Shanti Dev are famous painters of this school. Every artist of this school has its own style of painting but modernity can be seen in every work of every artist.

7. Art School of Madras. This school was prospered after independence under the guidance of D.R. Chaudhary and K.C.S. Pannikar. Other famous artists of this school were Satish Gujral, Ram Kumar and K.G. Subramaniyam.

Except these art schools, models of modern art can be seen in National Gallery of Modern Art. Lalit Kala Academy has encouraged the artists by giving them scholarships, grants, etc.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 2.
Explain the progress of press in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
Answer:
There was no printing press in India before the British rule. Newspapers in Mughal rule were hand written which were prepared by Mughal emperor and rich businessmen for their own use. First printing press in India was established by Portuguese in 1557 A.D. But their objective was to print Christian literature and to propagate Christianity.

Development of Press till 1857 A.D.:

  1. Newspapers started to be printed at Calcutta and other cities due to press related liberal policy of Lord Hastings. One famous journalist J.S. started to print newspaper, called ‘Calcutta Journal’, in 1818 A.D. At the same time G.C. Marshman star ted, to print newspapers ‘Darpan’ and ‘Digdarshan’ in Sarumpur.
  2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started to publish ‘Samvad Kaumudi’ in Bengali language in 1821 A.D. and ‘Mirat-ul-Akhbar’ in Persian language in 1822 A.D. At the same time Furdoonji Murzbaan started to publish a newspaper ‘Bombay Samachar’ in Gujarati language.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture 2
Development of Press After 1857 A.D:
A number of newspapers started to publish after 1857-58 A.D. in different parts of the country. Later on, the Press developed to a great deal during 1881-1907 A.D. For example, Bal Gangadhar Tilak started to publish ‘Kesari’ in Marathi language and ‘Maratha’ in English language. Due to efforts of Ghosh brothers, newspapers of ‘Yugantar’ and “Vande Matram’ started to be published in Bengal and they started to raise their voice against the British rule. Monthly papers also started to be published in this age. ‘The Hindustan Review’ from 1899 A.D., ‘The Indian Review’ from 1900 A.D. and ‘The Modern Review’ from 1907 gaj Gangadhar Tilak A.D. were some of the famous monthly papers.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 3.
Explain the case study of: Mumbai and Chennai.
Answer:
Bombay is known as Mumbai these days and Madras is known as Chennai. Both of these cities became the main presidencies during British rule. Very quickly these cities became centres of political, commercial and cultural activities. Both of these cities developed to a great deal in music and dance as well.
1. Mumbai. Instead of political and commercial activities, Bombay became the centre of cultural activities under the East India Company in 1668 A.D. This city got royal protection and that’s why, many new schools and colleges were opened over here. All round development of music, dance and dramas took place over here. Field of literature also developed very quickly due to the development of new style of writing. Except this new styles of literature, painting and architecture were also developed.

Buildings of Mumbai. Different models of architecture of Mumbai still remind us about Colonial rulers and their style. All these building are made in Indo-European style.

Their brief description is given below :
(а) Prince of Wales Museum. Prince of Wales Museum is known as the ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalya’ these days. It is situated in south Mumbai near to Gateway of India. It was made in the beginning of 20th century in the memory of Indian Journey of Prince of Wales and Ruler of Britain Edward VII. The work of building was given to a famous architect George Wiltet in 1909 A.D. It was completed in 1915 A.D. It is a beautiful mixture of many elements of architectural technique. This building has three floors and on the top, dome is there. This dome looks alike the dome of Taj Mahal. Its windows and floor match with the palaces of Mughals. Symbols of monuments of ancient India and architecture of Indus Valley Civilization can be seen over here.

(b) Gate Way of India. Gate Way of India is situated near to the Prince of Wales Museum on the coast of Arabic Sea. It was made by George Wiltet and his friend John Beigh. It was made in the memory of Delhi Durbar Journey of George V and Queen Mary in India.

(c) Victoria Terminas. Victoria Terminas was prepared in 1888 A.D. Now it is known as the ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminas’. It’s earlier name was kept on the name of the Ruler of Britain Queen Victoria. Its model was prepared by the famous British architect F.W. Starus (Stievans). It took around 10 years to built this terminas. It was given the name of ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminas’ in March 1996. It was included in the world heritage of UNESCO on the 2nd July 2004.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture 3

(d) Other Buildings of Mumbai. There are many other important buildings in Mumbai except the previously mentioned buildings and these are General Post Office, Municipal Corporation, Raja Bhai Tower, Bombay University. All these buildings were built in 19th and 20th centuries.

2. Chennai. Chennai (Madras) was built in 1639 A.D. by taking land from the local leaders. It was developed into a metropolitan city in 1658 A.D. and it became a presidency. Every type of art of Southern India, like dance and music, was developed over here. Many buildings were built over here in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Following are the famous places of Chennai:

  • Sea Beaches of Chennai. Sea beaches of Chennai are very famous all over India. Merina Beach is quite famous out of these beaches. It is around 6 km long. Many famous buildings are situated in front of it. V.G.B. Golden beach is one of the other famous beaches of Chennai. It is generally overcrowded by children due to the availability of toy trains over here.
  • War Memorial. War memorial is also a beautiful building that was built in Chennai. It was built in the memory of the soldiers who had died during the First World War.
  • High Court. Building of High Court of Chennai completed in 1892 A.D. It is the second famous Judicial complex in the world. Its dome and galleries are fine examples of Indo-European architectural techniques.
  • Other Famous Buildings. Other famous buildings of Chennai which were made during British rule are George Tower, Saint Thomas Cathedral Basilika, Presidency College, Rippen Building, Chennai Central Station, Southern Railway Headquarters, etc.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB BeeKeeping Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one to two words:

Question 1.
Name two hive-bee species.
Answer:
Indian bees, Italian bees.

Question 2.
How many legs a honey bee has?
Answer:
Three pairs.

Question 3.
Name two wild species of honey bees.
Answer:
Rock bee, little bee.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Question 4.
Which is the most suitable period to start beekeeping in Punjab?
Answer:
February-March and November.

Question 5.
How many days a drone bee takes to complete its life cycle?
Answer:
24 days.

Question 6.
Do you have to pay fee for getting beekeeping training?
Answer:
No.

Question 7.
How many bee frames should be used to start a new colony for higher profit?
Answer:
Eight bee frames.

Question 8.
What material is used by honey bees to seal ripe honey?
Answer:
Bees wax.

Question 9.
After how much period, queen bee in a colony should be replaced?
Answer:
After every year.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Question 10.
Are the worker bees male or female?
Answer:
Female.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
Where do rock bees construct their comb?
Answer:
Rock bees construct their comb on projections of water tanks, buildings, rocks, tree branches, etc.

Question 2.
How will you differentiate new and old queen bee?
Answer:
New queen has long firm abdomen and is golden brown in colour. Old queen has dark brown or black adbomen and is sluggish in movement.

Question 3.
From where training on beekeeping may be obtained?
Answer:
Training on beekeeping may be obtained from PAU, Ludhiana, Krishi Vigyan Kendras or Department of agriculture.

Question 4.
How will you shift honey bee colonies to shady place during summer season?
Answer:
To protect bees from heat in summer, colonies should be shifted to the thick shade by 2-3 feet daily. Ventilation should be proper for the hives. There should be a sources of water near the apiary.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Question 5.
What should be hive to hive and row to row distance of colonies in an apiary?
Answer:
Hive to hive distance should be 6-8 feet and row to row distance should be 10 feet.

Question 6.
What hive products other than honey can be obtained from honey bee colonies?
Answer:
Hive products obtained from colonies other than honey are bees wax, propolis bee venom, royal jelly etc.

Question 7.
Why should not unripe honey be extracted?
Answer:
We should not extract unripe honey because its shelf life is low.

Question 8.
How can honey be filtered?
Answer:
After extracting honey we should remove wax and floating impurities from the extracted-honey for this use double layer muslin cloth for filtering the honey.

Question 9.
What are the equipment’s required for starting beekeeping?
Answer:
Equipment’s required for starting beekeeping are-hive tool, bee veil, smoker and comb foundation etc.

Question 10.
Write a note on honey marketing.
Answer:
There are traders and exporters who procure honey. Several self help groups (SHG) are also involved in the marketing of honey. Bottling of honey in attractive bottles having proper information labels fixed on them add to the profit from honey trading.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

(C) Answer in five to six sentences: 

Question 1.
What care should be taken while purchasing honey bee colonies?
Answer:

  • Start beekeeping at suitable time, in Punjab suitable time for starting bee keeping is February to March and November.
  • For higher productivity starts new colony with eight bee frames.
  • Purchase new colony which have mated new queen, open and sealed brood, pollen and brood but have minimum number of drone brood and drone bees.
  • Shift colonies during late night or early morning with closed gates of the hives.

Question 2.
Explain the process of honey extraction.
Answer:
Honey is ready for extraction, it is indicated from the holes in the frame if 75% of holes are sealed, we can extract honey. Honey should not be extracted unripe, because its shelf life is low and it becomes sour in short duration. Remove bees from the frames by shaking and with the help of bees brush. We can use machines for extracting honey or it can be done manually. Remove wax layer from honey combs by using uncapping knife. After extraction, empty combs should be returned to the colonies. Remove the impurities and filter the honey using double muslin cloth.

Question 3.
How can bees wax be extracted?
Answer:
While extracting honey, wax layer is removed from the comb using uncapping knife. Put this wax, very old, broken or damaged combs or wild bee combs in hot water and filter it using thick cloth. Discard the impurities which remained on the top of the cloth. Allow the molten wax in hot water to settle for a night. Wax floats on the water surface as a harden block. This can be collected easily.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Question 4.
What are the. subsidy facilities being provided by the Government in Punjab?
Answer:
For encouraging the beekeeping occupation, government is providing subsidy on bee hive and honey bee colonies through National Horticulture Mission. Government also provides subsidy on honey extracting machine, uncapping knife, drip tray, food grade plastic container for honey.

Question 5.
Explain importance of beekeeping.
Answer:
Beekeeping is an important and beneficial agricultural based subsidiary occupation. One can earn good income from this occupation. This can be adopted by women, farmers, students etc. as subsidiary occupation. Italian Honey bees can yield 20 kg of honey per colony per year under stationary beekeeping and 60 kg honey per colony per year can be obtained under migratory beekeeping conditions. Other than honey, we can get bee wax, propolis, pollen, bee venom and royal jelly. These are also source of income, one can earn by selling queen bees and colonies etc. Honey bees also help in increasing the crop yield by pollination of field, crops, fruit and vegetable crops.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide BeeKeeping Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Which species of the bee was reared earlier, in India?
Answer:
Only Indian bees.

Question 2.
Which states were involved in beekeeping in earlier times?
Answer:
Hilly and southern areas.

Question 3.
How much honey can be obtained per colony per year from Italian bees under stationary conditions?
Answer:
20 kg.

Question 4.
How much honey can be obtained per colony per year from Italian bees under migratory conditions?
Answer:
60 kg.

Question 5.
How many body parts are there in bee body?
Answer:
Three parts-head, thorax, abdomen.

Question 6.
Which are male bees? Do they sting?
Answer:
Drone bee, No they do not have sting.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Question 7.
Does queen bee has sting?
Answer:
Yes, it has.

Question 8.
When does a queen bee use its sting?
Answer:
Against rival queen bee.

Question 9.
Which state is leader in honey production?
Answer:
Punjab.

Question 10.
How many worker bees can be there in a colony of bees?
Answer:
8000 to 80,000 and sometimes more.

Question 11.
Which species of bee is more aggressive?
Answer:
Rock bee.

Question 12.
What is the size of Indian bee?
Answer:
Medium size.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Question 13.
Which bees are produced from unfertilized eggs?
Answer:
Male bees.

Question 14.
What can be the maximum age of worker bees?
Answer:
One to one and half month i.e. six weeks.

Question 15.
Which season is suitable for starting beekeeping?
Answer:
Spring (February to April).

Question 16.
Name species of bees found in India.
Answer:
Little bee, rock bees, Indian bee, Italian bee.

Question 17.
What is common name of Apis Florea?
Answer:
Little bee.

Question 18.
What is common name of Apis Mellifera?
Answer:
Italian bee.

Question 19.
Which bee species is reared in Punjab?
Answer:
Italian bee.

Question 20.
What is life period for a queen bee?
Answer:
2-4 years.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Question 21.
What is the function of drones in the colony?
Answer:
They mate with queen bee.

Question 22.
Which bees are produced from fertilized eggs?
Answer:
Worker bees.

Question 23.
In which direction should bee hives face?
Answer:
Facing the sun.

Question 24.
What is the position of Punjab in the production of honey?
Answer:
It is a leading state.

Question 25.
How do bees help us?
Answer:
They help by pollinating crops in the fields, flowers, vegetables etc. and help in increasing the yield.

Question 26.
Name the wild species of bee.
Answer:
Rock bee and Little bee.

Question 27.
Where does the rock bee construct its comb?
Answer:
Projection of water tanks, buildings, rocks and thick branches of trees.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Question 28.
Where does the little bee construct its comb?
Answer:
In bushes, stacked sticks or thin twigs of trees.

Question 29.
Which species of the bees are reared?
Answer:
Indian and Italian bees.

Question 30.
How many castes of Honey bees are there in a colony?
Answer:
Three-queen, worker, drones.

Question 31.
Describe queen bee.
Answer:
It is long, light brown and shining.

Question 32.
What is difference between abdomen of worker and drone bee?
Answer:
Worker bees have conical abdomen and drones have roundish and hairy adbomen.

Question 33.
Write name of crops which are used by bees for getting nectar and pollen?
Answer:
Sheesham, khair, litchi, ber, cucurbits, peach etc.

Question 34.
Which is the second best season for bee keeping?
Answer:
October-November (Autumn Season).

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Question 35.
In which season bee activities are slow?
Answer:
Winter season (December to January).

Question 36.
Why should there be water source near the bee live?
Answer:
Bees use water to cool their comb.

Question 37.
What should be distance between boxes?
Answer:
10 feet.

Question 38.
What is Propolis?
Answer:
It is honey gum.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about queen bee?
Answer:
Queen plays the role of laying eggs and maintains the colony. It can lay 1500 to 2000 eggs in a day. It can live for many years but its capacity to lay eggs starts reducing after one year. It have long firm abdomen, light brown in colour, wings of queen bee does not cover its abdoment completely.

Question 2.
How is Italian bee better than other species of bees?
Answer:
Quantity of honey obtained from Italian bee is more than the quantity of honey obtained from other species and it is not aggressive.

Question 3.
What arrangement should be done at bee farm for sunlight and shade?
Answer:
There should be arrangement of sunlight in winter and of shade in summer, plant autumn trees near it.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Question 4.
What are the four stages of honey bee?
Answer:
Egg, larva, pupa, adult.

Question 5.
Write a note on life span of queen and its replacement?
Answer:
Queen honey bee has a life span of 2-4 years. Queen bee is replaced every year with new queen bee.

Question 6.
Write note on life span of worker bee.
Answer:
Worker bee has life span of one to one and half month, but in winter it can live for six months.

Question 7.
Write a note on the body structure male bees?
Answer:
Drones (male bees) are black and big in size than worker bees. They have large compound eyes which unite at top of their head. Tip of abdomen is round and hairy.

Question 8.
Which equipment is required for starting bee keeping?
Answer:
Hive, gloves, hive tool, bee veil, smoker, comb foundation, honey extractor, queen cage, uncapping knife, bee brush, containers etc.

Question 9.
What is the importance of honey in human diet?
Answer:
Honey is a good food. One should take 50 gram honey daily. It contains carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. It contains many antibiotics. It can be used in case of cough. It is also beneficial for eyes and brain.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many species of honey are there? Write about their size and nature.
Answer:
There are four species of honey bees. Little bee, rock bee, Indian bee. Italian bee. Rock bee is larger of all and is very aggressive. Little bee is smallest among them. Rock bee and little bee are wild species. Indian bees and Italian bees can be reared and medium sized. Italian bee is calm in nature.

Question 2.
What do you know about life cycle of honey bee and write about management of colony?
Answer:
Honey bee has four stages in life cycle-egg, larva, pupa, adult. Life cycle of queen bee completes in 16 days, worker bee and drone bee complete their life cycle in 21 days and in 24 days respectively.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping 1
There are three castes of honey bees. Queen, worker, and drone (male) bees. There is one queen in a colony. There are thousands of worker bees and drones are a few hundred in number. Worker bees construct the comb, collect pollen and nectar, and can sacrifice their life for the betterment of their hive.

Question 3.
How many worker bees are there is a colony? What are the tasks they do?
Answer:
There can be 8000-80,000 worker bees in a colony depending upon in size. These do not lay eggs but perform all other duties. They keep the hive clean, take care of the brood, make a hive, collect nectar and pollen and fill in the comb, take care of the live, temperature regulation and guard the live, feeding young ones and queen.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Mushroom Cultivation Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one to two words:

Question 1.
Name two important commercially grown mushrooms.
Answer:
Button mushroom, Paddy straw mushroom, shiitake mushroom.

Question 2.
Name the health benefits of mushrooms.
Answer:
Mushrooms are rich in proteins, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium etc. These are also suitable for patients having Sugar and blood pressure.

Question 3.
How many crops of button mushroom can be obtained in the winter season in Punjab?
Answer:
Two crops can be obtained from September to March.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Question 4.
What is the maximum height of the compost stack during compost preparation for button mushroom?
Answer:
Five feet.

Question 5.
What is the ratio of farm yard manure and sandy soil for preparation of casing soil?
Answer:
FYM and garden soil should be in the ratio of 4:1.

Question 6.
Which insecticide is used for control of insect pests of mushrooms?
Answer:
Nuvan (Dichlorovos).

Question 7.
What is the gap period between spray of insecticide for control of flies and next harvest of mushrooms?
Answer:
48 hours.

Question 8.
What is the amount of spawn required for 3 quintals of straw?
Answer:
300 grams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Question 9.
What is the total mushroom production in Punjab presently?
Answer:
Nearly 45000-48000 tones per annum.

Question 10.
How many turnings are given during preparation of compost?
Answer:
Seven turning.

Question 11.
What is the pH of good quality ready compost?
Answer:
7.0 to 8.0 pH.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
What are the important nutritional attributes of mushrooms?
Answer:
Calcium, phosphorus, iron, potash, minerals and vitamin C etc. are present in mushrooms in ample quantity.

Question 2.
What are the requirements for growing mushrooms?
Answer:
Fresh paddy straw (not older than one year), bamboo sticks and mushroom seed (spawn), Kisan Khad, urea, murate of potash, gypsum,
gamma, B.C. 20E, Furadan, Molasses etc. are required.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Question 3.
Why is it important to turn the compost stack during compost preparation?
Answer:
By turning the compost stack the original outer portion goes inside and central portion becomes the outer part. This helps in increase in microbial activity.

Question 4.
How is the compost prepared for mushroom growing treated?
Answer:
Before sowing the mushroom seeds, prepared compost is treated with Bavistin 50% soluble 20 mg per litre. 20 gram dust of Bavistin is required for one quintal compost which is enough for four boxes.

Question 5.
What is the significance of casing? How is casing soil prepared?
Answer:
Casing provides proper environment for growth of mushrooms. Casing mixture is obtained by mixing FYM and garden soil in the ratio 4: 1 or spent compost and FYM in the ratio of 1:1.

Question 6.
What are the recommended varieties of mushrooms for cultivation in Punjab and give their technical names?
Answer:
According to environment of Punjab, there are five varieties of mushrooms-Button mushrooms, shiitake mushroom, Chinese mushrooms, Milky, oyster mushrooms.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation 1
Question 7.
Give the turning schedule for preparation of compost and the details of what all is required for compost production.
Answer:
Turning schedule for preparation of compost:

Turning After how many days turning is done after preparing the stack Things to add
First 4 Molasses
Second 8 –
Third 12 gypsum
Fourth 15 –
Fifth 18 Furadan
Sixth 21 –
Seventh 24 Lindane.

Thus seven turnings are done. Initial three turning after even’ four days and the remaining turnings after every three days.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Question 8.
How is casing soil mixture disinfected before use?
Answer:
Disinfecting soil:
Wet the mix of compost and garden soil. Spray 4-5% of Formalin on it. In addition 20 g Furadan per quintal of casing soil is also added. Treated soil is covered with tarpaulin sheet or Polythene sheets for at least 48 hours. Then it is opened and turned again and again, so that formalin evaporates completely from it.

Question 9.
What are the quality attributed of well prepared compost?
Answer:
Attributes of well prepared compost are its colour, smell and moisture content. When colour of compost is dark brown and there is no smell of ammonia and moisture is 65-72% then the compost is ready for spawning and pH value should be 7.0 to 8.0.

Question 10.
What is the production of mushrooms from one square meter bed area?
Answer:
Production of mushrooms from one square metre bed area is 8-12 kg. mushrooms.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

(C) Answer in five to six sentences:

Question 1.
What is the importance of mushrooms in our diet?
Answer:
Mushrooms are used as food in whole of the world. It contains many nutrients and thus help in keeping the body fit. Mushrooms contain protein in large quantity, which is easily digestible. Mushrooms also contain potassium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, minerals and vitamin C in large amount. Carbohydrates and fats are present in small amounts. Therefore, mushrooms are beneficial for blood pressure and sugar patients.

Question 2.
Give the procedure for preparation of stack for composting in button mushroom?
Answer:
Spread wheat straw on “pucca” floor and wet it with clean water. Keep this straw as such for 48 hours. Mix bran and fertilizers separately and wet it with water. After 24 hours bran fertilizer mixture is broadcasted on the wetted wheat straw. Prepare stacks of the size 5 feet high, 5 feet broad and 5 feet long on the wooden boards. Height and breadth of the stack should not be more than 5 feet each.

Question 3.
What do you know about the marketing of mushrooms?
Answer:
Do not cut or pull the Mushrooms rather pick them by gentle twisting of the buttons. The mature unopened mushrooms are harvested once a day. This way no harm is done to the small button mushroom. After picking, clean off the straw pieces sticking to the mushrooms. Pack them in perforated polythene bags in 200 g lots. These packed mushrooms are sent for marketing. Mushrooms can be dried in sun or in shade and can be used in off season marketing.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Question 4.
What is mushroom spawn? How is spawning done in trays for button mushroom?
Answer:
See next questions.

Question 5.
What are the different steps in button mushroom production and briefly discuss each one?
Answer:
Steps in button mushroom production-
1. Ingredient, for compost preparing:
Wheat straw 300 kg., wheat bran 15kg, CAN 9 kg; urea, super phosphate and murate of potash 3 kg each of the three; gypsum 30 kg, gamma BHC (20% E.C.) 60 ml, molasses 5 kg, Furadan (3G) 150 gram.

2. Stack preparation:
Spread the wheat straw on a pucca floor and wet properly with water, leave it open for at least 48 hours. Mix wheat bran/husk powder with fertilizers (separately) mentioned in step 1 and moisten with water. Broadcast wheat bran mixture on the wet wheat straw after 24 hours. Mix using pitchforks. Prepare a stack of 5 x 5 x 5 foot high with the help of 3 wooden boards. Stack should not be higher than 5 feet.

3. Turning the compost stack:
Layer of stack is removed from top and all sides, it is thoroughly mixed and wetted. This way the inner part of the stack forms outer part of the new stack and outer part of the original stack goes inside the new stack. Repeat the same process when needed. Turning is necessary to increase the microbial activity which helps in decomposition. Turn the stack every fourth day and add to it. molasses, gypsum, furadan, lindane dust respectively at first, third, fifth, sixth and seventh turning.

The compost prepared from 300 kg wheat straw is used to fill 20-25 crates of the size 100 x 150 x 18 cm. When color of compost is dark brown and there is no smell of ammonia and moisture content is 65-72% then the compost is ready for spawning and pH should be 7.0 to 8.0.

4. Disinfecting the compost:
Before spawning, prepared compost is mixed with Bavistin 50% soluble 20 mg per litre. 20 gram Bavistin dust is required for one quintal compost which can be filled in four crates or boxes.

5. Filling crates and spawning:
Dismantle the compost stack and let it attain the room temperature. Take out spawn from the bottles and by using two layer growing method, broad cast spawn on the compost and fill in the boxes. Cover it with thick layer of compost. Broadcast the remaining part of spawn on this layer. Cover the boxes with wet newspaper or other papers.

6. Covering crates with soil:
Crates covered with 80-100% mycelium are covered uniformly with FYM and garden soil in the ratio 4:1 or covered with well rotten rice bran- and gobar gas slurry in the ratio 1:1. Before covering, treat it with 4-5% formalin.

7. Disinfecting soil:
Wet the mix of compost and garden soil. Spray 4-5% of Formalin on it..In addition 20g Furadan per quintal of casing soil is also added. Treated soil is covered with tarpaulin sheet or polythene sheets for at least 48 hours. Then it is opened and turned again and again so that formalin evaporates completely from it.

8. Covering of trays:
After 2-3 weeks of spawning remove the news paper and cover the compost covered with mycelium with a l’to 15 inch thick layer of disinfected soil.

9. Arranging containers:
Trays can be stacked and the area under cultivation can be increased. The trays are arranged one above the other in lines and the lines are 2 to 2.5 feet apart up and below. This way adequate working area is available and no harm is done to small pinheads of mushroom. After picking, the lower most part of the stalk of the mushroom is cut off with the help of a knife and clean mushrooms are collected.

10. Packing: Fresh Mushrooms are packed in perforated polythene bags in a lot of 200 grams.

11. Yield: 12 kg Mushrooms are available in one square metre area in one season.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Mushroom Cultivation Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many trays are covered with Mycelium in 2-3 weeks?
Answer:
80-100 percent.

Question 2.
How many grams of Mushrooms are filled in poly bags for marketing?
Answer:
200 grams.

Question 3.
What is name of Mushroom seed?
Answer:
Spawn.

Question 4.
Which nutrients are found in less quantity in Mushrooms?
Answer:
Carbohydrates and fats.

Question 5.
Which variety of Mushroom is grown in summer and how many crops can be obtained?
Answer:
It is paddy straw mushroom. We can obtain four crops from this.

Question 6.
For how many boxes the compost prepared from 300 kg of wheat straw is enough?
Answer:
20-25 boxes of. the size 100 x 150 x 18 cm.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Question 7.
How will you identify the prepared compost?
Answer:
When color of the compost becomes dark brown and there is no ammonical smell, compost is ready.

Question 8.
Name any disease, which can be cured by taking mushrooms.
Answer:
Blood pressure.

Question 9.
How many crops of mushrooms are obtained in winter?
Answer:
White button mushrooms give two crops in winter.

Question 10.
When the winter mushrooms sown?
Answer:
From October to April.

Question 11.
Which materials are required for Mushroom compost?
Answer:
Molasses, Gypsum, furadan, gamma B.H.C. etc. are required.

Question 12.
How much seed is required for one square metre?
Answer:
300 gram seed is required for one square metre.

Question 13.
What is the yield of Mushrooms obtained from one square metre?
Answer:
In one season 8-12 kg of fresh Mushrooms can be obtained from one metre square.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Question 14.
How many crops are taken from summer season Mushroom?
Answer:
From milky mushroom three crops can be taken.

Question 15.
How many mushroom growers are there in Punjab?
Answer:
400.

Question 16.
What is the time when we can take crop of button mushroom?
Answer:
September to March two crops.

Question 17.
What is the time when we can take crop of oyster.
Answer:
October to March, one crop.

Question 18.
What is time of taking shiitake Mushroom?
Answer:
One crop September to March.

Question 19.
Which variety of Mushroom is cultivated more in Punjab?
Answer:
Button mushroom.

Question 20.
From where can we get seed of mushroom?
Answer:
Punjab Agricultural University, Department of Micro Biology.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How is spawning done in boxes or crates?
Answer:
Dismantle the compost pile and let it attain the room temperature. Take out spawn from the bottles and by using two layer growing method, broad cast spawn on the compost and fill in the boxes. Cover it with thick layer of compost. Broadcast the remaining part of spawn on this layer. Cover the boxes with wet newspaper or other papers.

Question 2.
How will you fill the bags for cultivation of Dhingri (Oyster Mushroom)?
Answer:
Polythene bags are filled up-to 3 level with wheat straw and bits of spawn are broadcast on it. Fill the bag again up-to 2 level with wheat straw and broadcast spawn. Fill the bag with alternate layers of straw and spawn to its full capacity. The upper end of the bag is tied with gunny thread and bottom comers of the bag are given cut to drain off the excess of water. Place these bags in a room with proper facility of light. After 3¬4 weeks of spawning small mushroom primordia appear and at this stage bags are cut open. Water the straw only to keep them moist.

Question 3.
What should be taken care of while picking mushrooms (harvesting)?
Answer:
Do not cut or pull the Mushroom they are picked by gentle twisting of the buttons. The mature unopened mushrooms and harvested once a day.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Question 4.
Which insect is harmful for Mushrooms? How can we control it?
Answer:
Mushroom flies are harmful for Mushrooms, When these are seen in the beds, on the window panes, walls or ceiling then spray 30 millilitre Nuvan 100 EC (WP) per 100 cubic metre. After spray close the doors and windows for at least 2 hours and do not pick the mushrooms for at least 48 hours. Do not spray directly on the beds.

Question 5.
What is done to increase the crop area?
Answer:
Boxes are placed on each other to increase the crop area and the Distance between boxes placed in sines is 2 to 2.5 feet and the distance between trays placed over each other is one foot.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
How are paddy straw mushrooms cultivated?
Answer:
1. Material required: Fresh paddy straw (not older than one year) bamboo stick, spawn.

2. Method or procedure:
Make bundles weighing 1-1.5 kg from dry paddy straw. Tie both ends and cut the protruded ends on both sides to make them equal-sized. Soak these bundles in clean water for 16 to 20 hours. Place these bundles on a sloping surface to drain the excess water. Place five bundles on two bamboo sticks which are kept one foot apart. Spawn is broadcasted on these bundles. This way a bed of 22 bundles per square metre is prepared. To get more area under the cultivation, beds are laid on one another. For one bed 300 grams of seed is required.

3. Seed Broadcast (Spawning): 300 grams of seed is required for a bed. Keep uniformity for each layer.

4. Watering: Water after 2-3 days of spawning. Ventilation is not required initially but later on proper ventilation is required.

5. Crop appearance:
After 7-9 days of spawning small plant heads start appearing. Fruit bodies of mushrooms become worth harvesting on the tenth day. Mushroom continues to appear for 15-20 days in 4 flushes. One crop of this mushroom is over in one month. This way four crops from April to August can be obtained.

6. Packing: Mushrooms are packed in perforated polythene bags in a lot of 200 grams.

7. Yield and cost: 22 kg of dry paddy straw can give a yield of 2.5 to 3 kg of fresh mushrooms.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 4 Solar Energy

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Solar Energy Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer In one to two words:

Question 1.
What is the major benefit of solar water heater?
Answer:
It is used to heat water for temperatures less than 100°C.

Question 2.
Give two examples of renewable sources of energy.
Answer:
Solar energy, Bio-gas.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy

Question 3.
Give two examples of non-renewable sources of energy.
Answer:
Coal, Petroleum products etc.

Question 4.
How many types of solar dryers are?
Answer:
There are two types of solar dryer on the basis of their use domestic solar dryer and multi product solar dryer.

Question 5.
Name any two vegetables which are dried in the solar dryer.
Answer:
Spinach, Fenugreek, Chilli etc.

Question 6.
What is the capacity of multiple solar dryer for drying agricultural product?
Answer:
20 to 30 kg agricultural product.

Question 7.
What is the major benefit of solar cooker?
Answer:
It is used to cook food.

Question 8.
What percentage of conventional fuel can be saved by the use of solar cooker?
Answer:
It saves 20% to 50% conventional fuel.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy

Question 9.
For how many hours solar lantern can be used?
Answer:
For 3-4 hours.

Question 10.
How many types of solar cooker are there?
Answer:
These are of two types storage cum collector solar water heater and thermosiphon solar water heater.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
What are the types of energy sources? Give examples.
Answer:
There are two types of energy sources:

  • Renewable
  • Non-renewable.
  • Renewable energy sources: Biogas, solar energy, chemical energy etc. These sources are plenty and less costly.
  • Non-renewable energy sources: Electricity, coal, petrol etc. These are limited in nature.

Question 2.
Name the products which are dried with solar dryer.
Answer:
Spinach, tomato, fenugreek, mustard leaves, potato, turmeric, chilli, plums, peach, grapes etc.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy

Question 3.
What is meant by solar cooker?
Answer:
It is a device used to cook food using solar energy. It can save 20% to 50% of non-renewable fuel.

Question 4.
Briefly discuss solar street light.
Answer:
This light is used after the sun sets to light the street, roads etc. A battery is charged using solar energy which is used to give power to these solar lights. These are automatic lights which are operated automatically when sun sets.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 1

Question 5.
What are the points kept in mind when the cooking is done in solar cooker?
Answer:

  • Pre heat the solar cooker by setting up it in the sun.
  • Add just sufficient water to the container having food ingredients to be cooked in the solar cooker.
  • Vegetables, eggs etc. do not need water for cooking in solar cooker. Cut potatoes and vegetables into small pieces before placing these into the solar cooker for cooking.
  • The container containing ingredients and water should not be filled more than half of its level.

Question 6.
Briefly discuss the solar home lighting system.
Answer:
In this system sunlight is used to charge the inverter battery system. It can be used to light 2 tube lights and two fans up to 5 to 6 hours in case of power cuts.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 2

Question 7.
What is solar water pump?
Answer:
This pump is used to lift water from a level of 35 to 40 feet. It consists of a motor which runs by electricity produced by solar panels.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 3

Question 8.
Briefly discuss solar lantern.
Answer:
This is an emergency light system. It is charged in the sun light and it can be used for 3-4 hours for lighting.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 4

Question 9.
Briefly explain the working of domestic solar dryer.
Answer:
It is a small-sized solar dryer. It can be used to dry 2 to 3 kg fresh products in 2 to 3 days. Products which are dried in this dryer are normally used in powder form in the kitchen e.g. red chillies, onion, garlic, mango powder, ginger, spinach leaves etc.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 5

Question 10.
Briefly discuss the multi-product solar drier.
Answer:
Agricultural products should be dried at low air temperature than the maximum allowed temperature. High temperature may destroy the quality of the food items. This solar drier can be used for drying 20-30 kg of agricultural products per day.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 6

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy

(C) Answer in five to six sentences:

Question 1.
Explain the method of cooking in solar cooker.
Answer:

  • Pre heat the’solar cooker by setting up it in the sun.
  • Add just sufficient water to the container having food ingredients to be cooked in the solar cooker.
  • Vegetables, eggs etc. do not need water for cooking in solar cooker. Cut potatoes and vegetables into small pieces before placing-these into the solar cooker for cooking.
  • The container containing ingredients and water should not be filled more than half of its level.
  • Keep the top of solar cooker towards the sun.
  • Do not open the solar cooker again and again. This will delay in cooking.
  • Open the lid carefully after cooking the food, so that steam cannot hurt our body.
    PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 7

Question 2.
Explain the solar water heater in details.
Answer:
Solar water heater is a device used for heating water using solar energy. It consists of tubes, storage tank, tube and fix assembly, glass sheet etc.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 8
Collector tubes are joined to the header of the bottom and top storage tank is insulated and is mounted in such a way that its bottom is above the top of collector by at least 60-70 cm. Front of the tube and fin assembly is covered by a glass sheet and all other sides and back are insulated. The sun rays fall on the tube and fin assembly, as a result water gets heated up, as hot water is lighter than cold water, hot water moves to the upper part of the storage tank.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy

Question 3.
Explain two solar dryer in detail.
Answer:
Solar dryer is used to dry vegetables and fruits. These are of two types.
Cabinet dryer:
This is a wooden box which is black from inside. It is covered with a glass sheet. Inside the box. there are perforated trays arranged at different levels, one above the other. Product to be dried is placed in these trays. There are two holes in this dryer, lower hole allows the air to enter and the hole at upper side allows the air to leave, this way air circulation takes place.

Multi product solar dryer:
This device is made up of sheets of wood and iron or of fiber glass. There are many holes at lower part and upper part for circulation of air. An arrangement has been done on the sides for placing and removing the products. There are shining rods for absorbing sunlight. Single glass sheet is fitted on the top of the box. Those trays which are used for drying the products have many holes in them. Trays are 3-4 cm in height. Cut pieces of vegetables and fruits can be dried in these trays. To protect the products from getting direct sunlight shining black plates are fixed. Since this is a solar device and uses sun rays it is placed in sunlight. Its glass top should be towards south.

Question 4.
Briefly discuss the different gadgets of solar energy.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 5.
How the solar energy can be used in different ways?
Answer:
Sun is the ultimate source of energy in the world. Plants make their own food in sunlight and living beings take their food from the plants. Sun is responsible for air – water cycle, but all these things are happening automatically in nature. We can use solar energy in different ways by using different techniques, e.g.

  • We can heat water using solar energy, cook food, produce electricity. We can dry fruits and vegetables using solar energy.
  • Electricity can be produced using solar cells.
  • We can save non-renewable sources of energy by using solar energy.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Solar Energy Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many types of natural energy source are there?
Answer:
Two types.

Question 2.
What type of energy is electricity obtained from burning of coal?
Answer:
Conventional (Non-renewable) energy source.

Question 3.
Which type of energy sources are limited?
Answer:
Non-renewable.

Question 4.
Which type of energy sources are in plenty?
Answer:
Renewable (Non-conventional).

Question 5.
How much fresh product can be dried in domestic level solar dryer and in how many days?
Answer:
2-3 kg fresh products in 2-3 days.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy

Question 6.
Can we prepare chapati in solar cooker?
Answer:
No.

Question 7.
In which direction solar water should face?
Answer:
Towards south.

Question 8.
How many fans and lights can be operated using solar home lighting system?
Answer:
2 tubes, 2 fans for 5 to 6 hours.

Question 9.
What is the name of solar water heater.
Answer:
Thermosyphen solar water heater and storage-cum-collector solar water heater.

Question 10.
Name any one conventional source of energy.
Answer:
Coal.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy

Question 11.
How much percent of conventional fuel is saved by using solar cooker?
Answer:
20% to 50%.

Question 12.
Frame of trays is made up of which material?
Answer:
G.I. sheets.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the uses of solar energy?
Answer:
Solar energy is used to heat water, for drying fruits and vegetables, for cooking food etc.

Question 2.
What is the disadvantage of drying bruits and vegetables in direct sun light?
Answer:
Insects, birds and dust can harm the fruits and vegetables and their color may change.

Question 3.
What is solar heater?
Answer:
This is a device which absorb solar energy and convert it in heat energy.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy

Question 4.
Why is it necessary to clean the glass of solar water heater?
Answer:
Dust collects on the glass which hinders the path of sun light and therefore efficiency of the water heater is reduced. It becomes necessary to clean the glass top.

Question 5.
How can solar energy be concentrated?
Answer:
By using various types of lenses and mirrors.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
How much conventional fuel is saved by using solar cookers? What are the types of solar cookers? What are the limitations of solar cookers?
Answer:
By using a solar cookers we can save 20% to 50% of conventional fuel which is used to cook food. Solar energy can be concentrated by using various types of lenses, normally these are of two types:

  1. Box type solar cooker
  2. Double reflector solar cooker.

Limitations:
We have to Place the solar cooker in such a way that it is always facing The sunlight and it has to be set again and again. The solar cooker can not be used to prepare chapatis.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Book Solutions  Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Physical Education Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Physical Education Guide for Class 8 PSEB Nutritious and Balanced Diet Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by food?
Answer:
Food is very important for our body because it helps in the growth and development of our body. It repairs old cells and forms the new cells. Food prevents us from diseases. We consider such things as food which becomes part of our body after taking it and develops the body.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 2.
What do you mean by nutritious food?
Answer:
The following are the constituents of nutritious food:

  • Proteins
  • Vitamins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
  • Mineral Salts
  • Water.

Question 3.
What do you mean by balanced diet?
Answer:
Balanced Diet. Balanced diet is the diet which has all the nutrients in right proportion and which is capable of fulfilling all the needs of the body. It should have all nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, salts and water in proper proportion. Such a diet needs to be taken for the proper development of body, protection from diseases and good health. No single item of food is balanced diet in itself. Only milk is an exception, as it has got almost all nutrients.

Question 4.
What do you understand by protein? How many types of proteins are there?
Answer:
Proteins:
Protein is a complex compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen. It is of two kinds vegetable protein and animal protein.

Sources:
1. Vegetable Protein: It is available in soyabeans, groundnuts, cashew-nuts, pistachio, walnuts, wheat, millet, maize, etc.
2. Animal Protein: It is available in meat, fish, egg, cheese, etc.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet 1
Advantages of Protein:

  • It ensures physical growth and development
  • It repairs broken tissues
  • It keeps the body temperature normal
  • It produces energy in case there is lack-of the quantity of carbohydrates or fats in the body.

Harms due to lack of Proteins:
The body catches the following diseases due to lack of proteins-
1. Kwashiorkor:
This disease is common in children in the age group of 1-3 years in case there is lack of proteins. At first, the child’s legs are affected. Then this disease causes swelling on the face and then the whole body. The skin of the child becomes rough and red. The child becomes irritated.

2. Rickets or Rachitis:
As a result of the lack of proteins children suffer from rachitis. A child affected with this disease looks very thin and weak. Bones are visible through his flesh.

3. Hunger Oedema:
Because of prolonged hunger and lack of protein, the body does not get nourishment, and water gets accumulated in cells, and body appears to be swelled up.

4. Pellagra: As a result of this disease, one’s skin appears to be rough and dry.

5. Defect in the Liver. Liver gets damaged due to the lack of protein in food.

Harms due to excess of Proteins:
One may suffer from kidney ailments in case of excessive intake of proteins. Blood vessels too get affected and one begins to have joint pains.

Proper quantity:
Children in the age group of 1-6 years are in dire need of proteins in large amount. A normal person should consume 70 to 100 gms. of proteins every day.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 5.
What are carbohydrates? What are the harmful effects of its deficiency and excess.
Answer:
Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body. Indians, in general, compensate 70-80% of their food with this element.

Sources: Carbohydrates are available in wheat, rice, barley, maize, millet, jaggery, sugar, potatoes, etc.

Advantages of Carbohydrates:

  • Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body.
  • They help in digesting fat.
  • They cleanse intestines and liver.

Harms due to lack of Carbohydrates:

  • As a result of the lack of carbohydrates, blood loses its alkaline nature, and becomes more acidic. In such a condition, a person may become unconscious. In such a condition due to hunger one may get diabetes.
  • Intestines are not cleaned properly.
  • As a result of lack of carbohydrates, fats remain undigested in the body.
  • As a result of lack of carbohydrates acidic elements in the liver get cleansed, and it is harmful to the body
  • A person becomes very weak and may die in case there is excess of lack of carbohydrates in his food.
    PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet 2

Harms due to excess of Carbohydrates:
The excess of carbohydrates causes-

  • fatness
  • high blood pressure
  • joint pains and
  • diabetes.

Proper Quantity:
Our food has 50-80% of carbohydrates. 50-60% part of balanced diet consists of carbohydrates. A normal person should have 400 to 700 gms. of carbohydrates in his daily food.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 6.
What do you mean by fats? What are its types.
Answer:
Fats are of two types-
(i) vegetable fats
(ii) animal fats.

Sources.
1. Vegetable Fats. These are available in almonds, walnuts, soyabeans, groundnuts, coconut oil, mustard, etc.
2. Animal Fats. These are available in ghee, butter, milk, meat, fish, egg, etc.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet 3

Advantages:

  • It provides energy to the body.
  • It keeps the body temperature stable.
  • It protects all parts of the body against external injuries.
  • It keeps in reserve vitamins A, D and K according to the needs of the body.

Harms due to the lack of Fats:
The body suffers in the following ways in case there is lack of fats-

  • Skin becomes dry.
  • The deficiency of vitamins A, D and K follows.
  • The skin goes dry because of the lack of acids of fat.

Harms due to excess of Fats:
The excess of fats in one’s food also proves to be harmful in the following ways-

  • One suffers from obesity.
  • Heart diseases are caused.
  • Digestion weakens.
  • One suffers from diabetes.
  • Stones may form in the abdomen.

Proper Quantity: A normal person should have 50 to 75 gms. of fats in his daily food.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 7.
Milk is a complete food. Explain it?
Answer:
Milk:
Milk is an ideal and whole food. It has got all the essential nutrients. It has 3.6% fat, 3.4% protein, 4.8% carbohydrates, 0.7% salts and 7.5% water. Milk is given to growing children because it is a complete food. At home, patient is also given milk which acts as complete food.
For good health, milk serves as a balanced diet.

All the essential nutrients as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, salts, water, vitamins are available in milk in right proportion. All these nutrients have different functions to perform in our body. Milk is considered to be an ideal food as it has all the essential nutrients including vitamins, though it does not have iron.

Question 8.
What are the principles of cooking food?
Answer:
Cooking Food:
Properly cooked food is useful for health. Food must be cooked properly, if food is over cooked, it does loses some essential nutrients like vitamins C and D. Food must be cooked properly for the following reasons:

  • Properly cooked food becomes easily digestible.
  • By cooking food disease causing germs get killed.
  • Cooked food is tasty. One feels like eating it.
  • We can preserve the cooked food for long.

Methods of Cooking food:
The following methods for cooking food are generally followed-

  1. Boiling
  2. Cooking with steam
  3. Roasting
  4. Frying

These methods are explained in brief below:
1. Boiling:
In this method, food articles are cooked by boiling in water. But essential vitamins and mineral salts dissolve in water and are lost in this method of cooking. A little quantity of water should be used in boiling eatables. If water used in boiling is excessive, it should not be thrown. Rice, pulses, meat and vegetables are cooked by boiling.

2. Cooking with Steam:
Food is also cooked with steam. Essential nutrients do not get lost in cooking by this method. The food cooked in a steam cooker is nutritious and beneficial to health. So this method is considered to be better than other methods.

3. Roasting:
In this method, food is directly roasted on the fire. Excessive roasting also destroys essential nutrients. The roasted meat is tasty and easily digestible.

4. Frying:
There are many food items such as ‘pakora’, ‘samosa’ and “purian” which are fried. Food is cooked very soon by frying. But essential nutrients also get lost in this method. Moreover, fried food is not easily digestible, and is often harmful to one’s health. Best Method. Of all the methods of cooking, cooking with steam is the best. The food cooked in this way does not lose essential nutrients and it is very beneficial to one’s health.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 9.
Explain the rules of taking food.
Answer:

  • Always have your food at a fixed time. Untimely eaten food causes indigestion.
  • Wash your hands with soap before taking meals and always wear clean clothes. Nails should be cut and cleaned.
  • We should not eat too hot or too cold food. Hot food causes blisters or boils and cold food cannot be chewed properly.
  • Food should be taken in an adequate quantity, over-eating may cause indigestion.
  • Food should be chewed slowly and properly so that it can be digested easily.
  • Food should be nutritious and easily digestible.
  • Never take stale food because it causes food poisoning.
  • We should be happy while taking food. Never talk or watch T.V. while taking food.
  • Take dinner at least two hours before sleeping because it is dangerous to sleep immediately after taking a meal.
  • Rest a while after meals.

Question 10.
Right notes on the following:
(a) Roughage
(b) Water
(c) Minerals
(d) Cooking food.
Answer:
(a) Roughage:
Wheat, pulses, vegetables, fruits, dry fruits, milk, meat, fish are the main food products. The advantages of these are as under:
(i) Cereals:
Wheat, rice, grams, maize, barley are generally taken as food.

Advantages of Cereals:

  • These are helpful for the formation of our body.
  • Food provides energy to body.
  • They contain too much carbohydrates.
  • The outer parts of these food material provide iron, lime, vitamins and proteins.
  • They are very useful to remove constipation.

(ii) Pulses:
Soyabean, peas, turnip, almonds are counted in pulses. These pulses provide us vitamins A, B, and C. They also supply us with proteins, minerals, salt, iron and phosphorus.

Advantages of Pulses:

  • These provide energy.
  • Increase appetite.
  • Improve digestion.

(iii) Vegetables:
Cauliflower, palak, sarson ka saag, methi, carrots, walnut, turnip, tomatoes, potatoes, peas, cabbage and onion are the main vegetables.

Advantages of Vegetables:

  • Vegetables protect our body.
  • Vegetables maintain the health of a person.
  • They purify the blood.
  • They prevent constipation.

(b) Water:
Our body is composed of 2/3rd of water. It is formed of the combination of oxygen and hydrogen. It is as important as air for our body.
Sources. It is available in pure form in many nutrients also such as milk, fruit and vegetables.

Uses of Water:

  • Water helps in the formation of cells.
  • It carries nourishment to cells. It helps in the excretion of waste products from the body.
  • It helps in digestion of food.
  • It regulates the heat in our body.
  • It helps in mixing nutrients with blood.
  • It keeps the parts and joints of body soft.
  • It ensures blood circulation in the body.

Harms due to lack of Water:
There are many harms of drinking less water-

  • The food does not digest properly in case one drinks less water.
  • Liver remains heavy.
  • Constipation is caused.
  • One feels physical fatigue all the time.
  • The body gets weakened.
  • The face turns pale.
  • Waste products in the body do not get excreted properly.
  • One is afflicted with joint pains.
  • Stones are formed in kidneys.

Harms due to excess of Water:
Water should always be taken in right proportion. Liver remains filled by taking water in excess and one does not feel appetite. If one continues taking water with food, food does not digest properly.

Proper Quantity:
The quantity of water intake varies with season, exercise and food. Normally, 5-6 glasses of water a day are enough for a normal person.

(c) Minerals:
Our body has 4% of minerals and salts. Phosphorus, calcium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iodine and zinc are some prominent minerals.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet 4
Sources:
Minerals and salts are available in green vegetables, fruits, meat, milk. Milk has less amount of iron, but it has all other minerals.

Advantages of Minerals:
1. They help in the development of muscular tissues.
2. They make the blood red.
3. Calcium helps in blood clotting.
4. Iron is very important for the formation of blood.
5. Minerals help in the Topper functioning of all parts of the body.

Harms due to lack of Minerals:

  • The lack of calcium causes the weakening of teeth and bones.
  • Body loses its power of resistance to diseases.
  • The lack of iodine is the cause of goitre in the body.

(d) Cooking Food:
Properly cooked food is useful for health. Food must be cooked properly, if food is over cooked, it does loses some essential nutrients like vitamins C and D. Food must be cooked properly for the following reasons:

  • Properly cooked food becomes easily digestible.
  • By cooking food disease causing germs get killed.
  • Cooked food is tasty. One feels like eating it.
  • We can preserve the cooked food for long.

Methods of Cooking food:
The following methods for cooking food are generally followed-

1. Boiling
2. Cooking with steam
3. Roasting
4. Frying

These methods are explained in brief below:
1. Boiling:
In this method, food articles are cooked by boiling in water. But essential vitamins and mineral salts dissolve in water and are lost in this method of cooking. A little quantity of water should be used in boiling eatables. If water used in boiling is excessive, it should not be thrown. Rice, pulses, meat and vegetables are cooked by boiling.

2. Cooking with Steam:
Food is also cooked with steam. Essential nutrients do not get lost in cooking by this method. The food cooked in a steam cooker is nutritious and beneficial to health. So this method is considered to be better than other methods.

3. Roasting:
In this method, food is directly roasted on the fire. Excessive roasting also destroys essential nutrients. The roasted meat is tasty and easily digestible.

4. Frying:
There are many food items such as ‘pakora’, ‘samosa’ and “purian” which are fried. Food is cooked very soon by frying. But essential nutrients also get lost in this method. Moreover, fried food is not easily digestible, and is often harmful to one’s health. Best Method. Of all the methods of cooking, cooking with steam is the best. The food cooked in this way does not lose essential nutrients and it is very beneficial to one’s health.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Guide Nutritious and Balanced Diet Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Balanced diet contains:
(A) Protein
(B) Carbohydrates
(C) Fats and Mineral Salts
(D) Above all.
Answers:
(D) Above all.

Question 2.
How the protein is made?
(A) Carbon
(B) Oxygen
(C) Hydrogen
(D) None of them.
Answers:
(A) Carbon
(B) Oxygen
(C) Hydrogen

Question 3.
How many types of Protein?
(A) Two
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Five.
Answers:
(A) Two

Question 4
Write the sources of Fat:
(A) Fruits .
(B) Soyabeans
(C) Groundnuts
(D) All above.
Answers:
(A) Fruits .
(B) Soyabeans
(C) Groundnuts

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 5.
Mention the types of carbohydrates
(A) Two
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Five.
Answers:
(A) Two

Question 6.
Important food is:
(A) Butter
(B) Fruits
(C) Almond or Milk
(D) None of these.
Answers:
(C) Almond or Milk

Question 7.
The rules of eating food:
(A) Always have your food at fix time.
(B) Wash your hands with soap before taking meal.
(C) Food should be chewed slowly.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(A) Always have your food at fix time.
(B) Wash your hands with soap before taking meal.
(C) Food should be chewed slowly.
(D) All above.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of food?
Answer:
Those eatable things which satisfy our hunger and develop our body are called food.

Question 2.
Write down the salts, which are found in our food?
Answer:
Calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, magnesium, potassium, iodine, chlorine, and sulphur are salts found in our body.

Question 3.
Why the food cooked on steam is considered well?
Answer:
Because the food cooked by steam does not destroy the nutritious elements.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 4.
What is the percentage of water in our body?
Answer:
There is 60% of water in the body of a human being.

Question 5.
How many types of proteins are there? Write their names.
Answer:
Proteins are of two types:

  • Animal proteins
  • Vegetable proteins.

Question 6.
Mention sources of Animal Proteins
Answer:
It is available in meat, fish and milk.

Question 7.
Mention the three sources of Vegetable Proteins.
Answer:
It is available in soyabeans, groundnuts and cashew-nuts.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 8.
What are Carbohydrates?
Answer:
Carbohydrates contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

Question 9.
Mention the types of vitamins.
Answer:
Vitamins are of six types-A, B, C, D, E and K.

Question 10.
Lack of which vitamin causes night blindness?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin A.

Question 11.
Lack of which vitamin causes Berry-Berry disease?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin B.

Question 12.
Lack of which vitamin causes Scurvy disease?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin B.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 13.
What is the cause of Pyoria?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin C.

Question 14.
Lack of which vitamin causes infertility in women?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin E.

Question 15.
Mention the vitamins which are not soluble in water?
Answer:
Vitamins C, D and K.

Question 16.
Which milk is useful for a child?
Answer:
Mother feed.

Question 17.
What are the various methods of cooking food? Name them.
Answer:

  • Boiling
  • Roasting
  • Frying
  • Cooking with steam.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 18.
How much quantity of proteins should we take in our daily meals?
Answer:
70 to 100 grams.

Question 19.
Describe the main constituents of carbohydrates.
Answer:
Starch and sugar.

Question 20.
Name the constituents of proteins.
Answer:
Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Sulphur.

Question 21.
To whom do we call life giving?
Answer:
Vitamins.

Question 22.
Which vitamins are soluble?
Answer:
Vitamins B and C.

Question 23.
How much Fat do we require in our meals?
Answer:
50 to 70 gms.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 24.
Which disease is caused by lack of iron?
Answer:
Lack of Haemoglobin.

Question 25.
What should be kind of Dinning site?
Answer:
Clean and airy.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of food?
Answer:
Food is very important for our body because it helps in growth and development of our body. It repairs olcfcells and forms the new cells.
Food prevents us from diseases. We consider such thing as food which becomes part of our body after taking it and develops the body.

Question 2.
Why it is necessary for our body?
Answer:
Everybody needs food for living. Daily we take part in many activities or perform so many types of work. To perform these activities we need energy. This energy is derived from food.

Question 3.
What are the advantages of food?
Answer:

  • Food provides energy to the body.
  • Food helps growth and development of the body.
  • Food helps in the formation of new cells.
  • Food helps in repairing the broken cells.
  • Food helps in preventing diseases.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 4.
Name the main nutrients of food.
Answer:
The following are the constituents of food:

  • Proteins
  • Vitamins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
  • Mineral Salts
  • Water.

Question 5.
How is water useful for our body?
Answer:
Our body needs water to live. We cannot live without water. Advantages of Water.

  • It carries nourishment to cells. It helps in the excretion of waste products from the body.
  • It regulates the heat in our body.
  • It helps digestion of food.
  • It helps in mixing nutrients with blood.
  • It keeps the parts and joints of the body soft.
  • It ensures blood circulation in the body.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Question 6.
Why it is compulsory to cook food?
Answer:
Need for cooking food. Properly cooked food is useful for health. Food must he cooked properly. If food is overcooked, it loses some essential nutrients like vitamins C and D. Food should be cooked for the following reasons:

  • Properly cooked food becomes easily digestible.
  • By cooking food disease-causing germs get killed.
  • Cooked food is tasty, one feels like eating it.
  • We can preserve the cooked food for long.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Colonialism and Urban Change Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What do you mean by colonialism?
Answer:
The meaning of colonialism is control of one country over the other from a political, economic, and social point of view.

Question 2.
Which new towns came into existence with the establishment of East India Company?
Answer:
Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.

Question 3.
Name the worth seeing places of Madras.
Answer:
Churches, Buildings, Monuments, Beautiful temples and Beaches.

Question 4.
Write down the names of the worth seeing places in Bombay.
Answer:
Juhu Beach, Chaupati, Kolaba, Malabar Hill, Jahangiri Art Gallery, Museum, Bombay University, Mahalaxmi Temple, Victoria Garden, Kamla Nehru Garden, etc.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

Question 5.
Where and when the Britishers established their first trading factory in India?
Answer:
The British established their first trading factory at Calcutta in 1695 A.D.

Question 6.
In which three cities the municipalities were established in India during the British rule?
Answer:
During the British rule, first of all municipalities were established at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta in India.

Question 7.
Which British officer established Public Works Department in India?
Answer:
Public Works Department was established Jjy Lord Dalhousie in India.

Question 8.
Which Governor-General started the department of police in India?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis started department of police in India during the British rule.

Question 9.
When and by whom the first railway line was made in India? What was its route?
Answer:
First railway line in India was made by Lord Dalhousie in 1853 A.D. It was made from Bombay to Thane city.

Question 10.
Write a note on the Madras city.
Answer:
Madras city is situated on the Eastern coast of India. Its present name is Chennai and it is the capital of Tamilnadu state. This city was one of three centres established by the British East India Company i.e. Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. It was also a Centre of Presidency of the East India Company. This centre of the Company was established by Francis De in 1639 A.D. This city was snatched by the French from the British after the first Carnatic war. But this city was taken back by the British at the end of the war. Madras became one of the important and prosperous cities due to last win of the British in the Carnatic wars.

This city was developed into a Port city and industrial Centre very rapidly. Many beautiful places are there in Madras. Churches, buildings, monuments, beautiful temples and beaches are included in these beautiful places.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

Question 11.
Write a note on police System.
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis established police department to maintain law and order in the country. Police duties of Zamindars were taken away by the government. He divided all the districts of Bengal in Divisions (Thanas) in 1792 A.D. The head of every division was a police officer called Daroga (inspector). He worked under District Magistrate. In 1860

A. D., the British Government appointed a police commission to establish the same police administration in all the provinces of the country. On its recommendation, civil police, Inspector General of police, Police Superintendent and Deputy Suprintendent of police were appointed in each district. Police inspector, Head constable and other police officials worked under them. Generally the British officials were appointed on these posts. This structure of police is still going on with very few changes.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
In ancient period __________ and Mohanjodaro were two developed towns.
Answer:
Harappa

Question 2.
__________ was the capital of the emperor of Akbar.
Answer:
Fatehpur Sikri

Question 3.
__________ is the present name of Chennai.
Answer:
Chennai

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

Question 4.
Lord set up police department for the maintenance of law and order.
Answer:
Cornwallis.

III. Match the words :

Question 1.

A B
1. During the reign of Shahjahan Delhi (i) Inderprastha
2. Engineering College (ii) Kolkatta
3.  of West Bengal (iii) Rurki
4. Delhi in epic (iv) Shahjahanabad

Answer:

A B
1. During the reign of Shahjahan Delhi (iv) Shahjahanabad
2. Engineering College (iii) Rurki
3.  of West Bengal (ii) Kolkatta
4. Delhi in epic (i) Inderprastha

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Colonialism and Urban Change Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Political, economic and social control of a country over the other is known
(a) Colonialism
(b) Urbanism
(c) Communism
(d) Socialism.
Answer:
(a) Colonialism.

Question 2.
Once, Fatehpur Sikri was the capital of
(a) Humanyun
(b) Akbar
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Jehangir.
Answer:
(b) Akbar.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

Question 3.
Which presidency cities were developed by the British?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Bombay
(c) Madras
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 4.
Which of the following cities did not develop under the British East India Company in India?
(a) Madras
(b) Mumbai
(c) Chandigarh
(d) Calcutta.
Answer:
(c) Chandigarh.

Question 5.
Madras is situated on the coast of India.
(a) East
(b) West
(c) South
(d) North.
Answer:
(a) East.

Question 6.
Madras (Chennai) is the capital of
(a) Kerala
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Andhra Pradesh
(d) Telangana.
Answer:
(b) Tamil Nadu.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

Question 7.
In the first Carnatic war the French Commander La-Bourdnnais took the possession of
(a) Bombay
(b) Calcutta
(c) Madras
(d) Delhi.
Answer:
(c) Madras.

Question 8.
Which City was given in dowry to Charles II King of England by the Portuguese King?
(a) Delhi
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Madras.
Answer:
(b) Bombay.

Question 9.
Which of these is a famous place of Bombay?
(a) Juhu Beach
(b) Chaupati
(c) Malabar Hills
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 10.
In 1687-88, the British East India campnay for the first time set up Municipal Corporation in
(a) Delhi
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 11.
Delhi became capital of India in
(a) 1911 A.D.
(b) 1912 A.D.
(c) 1913 A.D.
(d) 1914 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1911 A.D.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
During ancient, times __________ and Mohenjodaro were famous cities.
Answer:
Harappa

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

Question 2
__________ was the capital of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.
Answer:
Fatehpur Sikri

Question 3.
The present name of __________ is Chennai.
Answer:
Madras

Question 4.
Lord __________ establish Police system in India.
Answer:
Cornwallis.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
The British made Calcutta as their capital in 1911 A.D.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 2.
During medieval tiiftes, Akbar made Delhi as his capital.
Answer:
(✗)

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

Question 3.
The first railway line in India was laid in 1853 A.D.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A B
1. During the reign of Shahjahan Delhi (i) Inderprastha
2. Engineering College (ii) Kolkatta
3.  of West Bengal (iii) Rurki
4. Delhi in epic (iv) Shahjahanabad

Answer:

A B
1. During the reign of Shahjahan Delhi (iv) Shahjahanabad
2. Engineering College (iii) Rurki
3.  of West Bengal (ii) Kolkatta
4. Delhi in epic (i) Inderprastha

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Urban Change?
Answer:
When political condition of any country changes, the position and importance of towns and cities of that country, also changes. This is known as Urban Change.

Question 2.
Name two developed cities of Ancient Age which are now completely destroyed.
Answer:
Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

Question 3.
Why was the importance of Surat as a commercial centre declined?
Answer:
Importance of Surat in the form of commercial centre was declined because Bombay became the port and centre of political power of the East India Company. Most of the Traders of Surat were migrated to Bombay.

Question 4.
Where city of Madras is situated and what is its present name?
Answer:
City of Madras is situated on Eastern Coast of India. Its present name is Chennai.

Question 5.
What is the present name of Calcutta?
Answer:
Present name of Calcutta is Kolkata.

Question 6.
Write the names of capitals of states of Tamil Nadu, Maharasthra and West Bengal.
Answer:

  • Tamil Nadu – Chennai
  • Maharashtra – Mumbai
  • West Bengal – Kolkata.

Question 7.
Where is city of Bombay situated and what is its present name?
Answer:
City of Bombay is situated in the state of Maharashtra at Eastern Coast of Arabian Sea. Its present name is Mumbai.

Question 8.
When was Delhi made the capital of the British India by Britishers?
Answer:
The British made Delhi as capital of the British India in 1911 A.D. Their earlier capital was Calcutta.

Question 9.
Where and when was first Municipal Corporation established by the British Government?
Answer:
At city of Madras in 1687-88 A.D.

Question 10.
When was water released in River Ganga?
Answer:
On 8th April, 1853 A.D.

Question 11.
Write three facilities given to cities under Urban Planning by the British Government. –
Answer:

  1. Supply of Water through pipes
  2. Light in Streets
  3. Parks and Playgrounds.

Question 12.
When railway line was laid from Calcutta (Kolkata) to Raniganj?
Answer:
In 1854 A.D.

Question 13.
How did the East India Company get Bombay (Mumbai)?
Answer:
In 1661 A.D. Portuguese Princess Catherine got married to the king Charles II and the city of Bombay was given to England in Dowry. It was farther given to East India Company on rent.

Question 14.
Name few famous places of Bombay (Mumbai).
Answer:
Juhu Beach, Kolaba, Chaupati, Jahangir Art Gallery, Malabar Hills, Museum, Mahalaxmi Temple, Bombay University, Kamla Nehru Park, Victoria Garden etc.

Question 15.
Name the worth seeing places of Calcutta (Kolkata).
Answer:
Victoria Memorial, Hawrah Bridge, Botanical Garden, Alipur Zoo, Indian Museum, National Library, Velloor Math, Eden Garden stadium etc.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Public Works Department during the British Rule.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie established Public Works Department in India during the British rule for doing welfare works of the people.

This department made roads, canals and bridges.

  • This department prepared G.T. road from Calcutta to Peshawar.
  • Ganga river was built by it on 8th April, 1853 A.D. and released the water in Ganga river.
  • It established an engineering college in Roorkee.
  • Many other welfare works were also done by this department.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

Question 2.
Write a note on the work of laying down Railway lines during the British rule. Also tell that why Railway lines were laid?
Answer:
First railway line iri India was laid during the reign of Lord Dalhousie in 1853 A.D. from Bombay to Thane city. In 1854 A.D. railway line was laid from Calcutta to Raniganj. There were many reasons of laying down railway lines in India by the British rulers.

Some of these reasons are given below :

  • The British wanted to secure their empire in India and wanted to lay down railway lines for the easy transport of army from one place to another.
  • Goods prepared in mills of England could be easily transported from one place to another.
  • The British companies and the British capitalists wanted to earn more profit by using their surplus wealth in laying down railway lines.
  • It was easy to collect raw materials from different parts of the country for the factories of England.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down Colonized organisations and policies which helped in the development of cities.
Answer:
The British government founded many local organizations, to organise their empire, which helped a great deal in the development of cities. Municipal committees, the Public works department, laying down net of railway lines etc. are included in it.

Their brief description is given below :
1. Municipalities. First Municipal Corporation was established by the British East India Company at Madras in 1687-88 A.D. Its members were nominated. After some time, Municipal Corporations were also established at Bombay and Calcutta. Slowly and slowly district boards and municipal committees were established for village and cities of different provinces. Many primary, middle and high schools were, opened through these organizations. Municipal committees used to arrange cleaning of City and light in the streets at night. People were given facility of supplying drinkirig water through pipes. Dispensaries were opened in cities in which arrangements of free medicines and injections were made so that the spreading of diseases could be prevented.

2. Public Works Department. During the British rule, Public Works Department was established by Lord Dalhousie for the welfare of the people. This department prepared many roads, canals, and bridges. G.T. Road from Calcutta to Peshawar was made by this department. This department also prepared Ganga-river on 8th April, 1853 and released water in it. It also established an engineering college in Roorkee. This department also done many other works for the welfare of people.

3. Planning. Many urban facilities were spread in different cities of India during the British rule. Arrangement of supply of drinking water through pipes and proper sanitation was made in most of the cities of India. Except this modern markets, parks and playgrounds were prepared in major cities of country.

4. Railway Lines. First railway line of India was made during the tenure of Lord Dalhousie in 1853 A.D. from Bombay to Thane city. Railway line between Calcutta and Raniganj was also laid in 1854 A.D.

Britishers wanted to start railway in India due to given ahead reasons :

  • The British wanted to secure their empire in India and wanted to lay down railway lines for the easy transport of army from one place to another.
  • Goods prepared in mills of England could be easily transported from one place to another.
  • The British companies and the British capitalists wanted to earn more profit by using their surplus wealth in laying down railway lines.
  • It was easy to collect raw material, from different parts of the country, for the factories of England.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

Question 2.
Write down the importance of Calcutta city during the British rule.
Answer:
Calcutta is the capital of West Bengal. Its present name is Kolkata. It was a famous commercial centre of India during the British rule. The British established their first factory over here in 1695 A.D. and fortified it from all sides. Till 1757 A.D., the British East India Company spent most of its time in commercial activities. When war started between Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daula and the East India Company, the Britishers won the war. Later on their different commercial centres (Bastis), like Bombay, Madras and Calcutta, were developed into cities. Most of Indian traders started to live in these cities because every type of trading facility was available over here. In the battle of Plassey and battle of Buxar respectively in 1757 A.D. and 1764 A.D., Nawabs of Bengal were defeated and the British emerged victorious. That’s why, the importance of city of Calcutta was increased.

These days many beautiful places are there in Calcutta. Howrah Bridge, Victoria Memorial, Botanical Garden, Indian Museum, Alipur Zoo, Vailoor Math, National Library etc. are some of them which increase the importance of Calcutta.

Question 3.
Write down in detail about Delhi city.
Answer:
Delhi is one of the famous cities of India. It is the capital of India. It is situated on the banks of Jamuna river. Delhi was known as ‘Indraprastha’ in the Mahabharat age. Later on, Mughal emperor Shahjahan gave it the name of Shahjahanabad. The British made it the capital of the British India in 1911 A.D. and the name of New Delhi was given to it.

Importance of Delhi. Right from the early age, Delhi was a centre of political, commercial and cultural activities of India. This city became more famous in medieval age because Iltutmish made it his capital. After this, Delhi remained the capital of almost all the kings. During the age of great Mughal King Akbar, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri remained capital of Mughals for quite some time. But all the other Mughal rulers
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change 1
kept Delhi as their capital. That’s why, the importance of city of Delhi was increased to a great extent.

Famous places of Delhi: Old fort, Zoo, India gate, Fort Rai Pithar, Fatehpuri Mosque, Tomb of Nizamuddin Aulia, Jantar-Mantar, Tombs of Bahlol Lodhi and Sikandar Lodhi, Parliament House, President’s House, Museum, Raj ghat, Tin Murti Bhawan, Shakti Sthal, Shantivan, Delhi University, Jawahar Lai Nehru University, Birla Mandir, Gurudwara Sis Ghanj, Gurudwara Bangla Sahib etc. are some of the famous places of Delhi.

Question 4.
During urban changes which new cities emerged? Explain them.
Answer:
Three new cities came into existence due to urban change in the British age. These cities were—Madras, Bombay and Calcutta.

A brief description of these cities is given below :
1. Madras. The city of Madras is situated on Eastern coast of India. It’s present name is Chennai and it is the capital of State of Tamil Nadu. Madras was one of the three main centres which were-Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. It was also centre of of Presidency of the East India Company. French General La-Bourdnnais snatched it from the British in first Carnatic War (1746-1748). But it was given back to the British at the end of this war (1748 A.D.)

Madras became one of the important and prosperous cities after the British win in three Carnatic wars.
Madras was developed into a port city and a famous industrial city very rapidly. It has many beautiful places to see. Churches, Buildings, Monuments, Attractive Temples and Beaches are some of the beautiful places of Madras.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change 2
2. Bombay. The City of Bombay (Mumbai) is situated in Maharashtra on Eastern coast of Arabian Sea. It’s present name is Mumbai. It is not only a famous commercial centre but it is also a centre of industrial and cultural activities. In 1661 A.D., Portuguese princess Catherine was married to the British King Charles II. Then this city was given in the form of dowry by Portuguese to the British. He gave this city on rent to the East India Company. Gradually Bombay became the Presidency of Britishers. Some of the famous places of this city are Juhu Beach, Chaupati, Kolaba, Malabar Hill, Jahangiri Art Gallery, Museum, Bombay University, Mahalaxmi Temple, Victoria Garden, Kamla Nehru
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change 3

3. Calcutta. Calcutta is the Capital of West Bengal. It’s present name is Kolkata. It was a famous commercial centre of India during the British rule. Britishers established their first factory over here in 1695 A.D. and fortified it from all sides. Till 1757 A.D., the British East India Company spent most of its time in Commercial activities. When war started between Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daula and the East India Company, the British won that war. Later on their different Commercial centres (Bastis), like Bombay, Madras and Calcutta, were developed into cities. Most of Indian traders started living in these cities because every type of trading facility was available over here. In the battle of Plassey and battle of Buxar respectively in 1757 A.D. and 1764 A.D., Nawabs of Bengal were defeated and the Britishers emerged victorious. That’s why, the importance of the city of Calcutta was increased.

These days many beautiful places are there in Calcutta. Howrah Bridge, Victoria Memorial, Botanical Garden, Indian Museum, Alipur Zoo, Vailoor Math, National Library, etc. are some of them which increase the importance of Calcutta.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Rural Life and Society Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Who, when and where, started permanent system?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis introduced Permanent Settlement of land in Bengal in 1793 A.D.

Question 2.
Who, when and where introduced Ryatwari system?
Answer:
Ryatwari system was started by a British officer Thomas Munro in 1820 A.D. in Madras and Bombay.

Question 3.
In which three areas Mahalwari system implemented?
Answer:
Mahalwari system was introduced in Uttar Pradesh. Punjab and some states of Central India. In this system, revenue was collected from whole of the community.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 4.
How the commercialization of agriculture started?
Answer:
Agriculture fulfilled the needs of people of villages before the advent of the British. But the British introduced new land settlements because of which farmers started to produce things to sell in the markets so that more and more money could be earned. In this way commercialization of agriculture took place.

Question 5.
Which were the commercial crops?
Answer:
The main commercial crops were wheat, cotton, oilseeds, sugarcane, jute, etc.

Question 6.
Mention two benefits of the commercialization of agriculture.
Answer:

  1. People started growing different crops due to the commercialization of crops. It lead to increase in production.
  2. Means of transport were developed so that crops could be taken to the market.

Question 7.
Mention two losses of commercialization of agriculture.
Answer:

  1. Indian farmers did agriculture with ancient methods. That’s why their crops were unable to compete with those crops which were grown with the help of machines. That’s why farmers were unable to take maximum advantage out of it.
  2. A farmer had to sell his crop in market through middlemen and middlemen took their share as well. It led to less profit for farmer.

Question 8.
What was permanent Settlement? What were the economic effects of this system? (P.S.E.B. 2004)
Answer:
Permanent Settlement was a type of land settlement. It was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793 A.D. Later on it was also introduced in Bihar, Orissa, Benaras and Northern India. According to this system, zamindars were made the owners of the land. Government fixed the land revenue given by them. They deposited the fixed amount in government treasury. But they collected tax from the farmers according to their wish. If any zamindar was unable to pay the land revenue then government sold some part of his land to complete the amount of fixed revenue.

Economic Impact. Income of government was fixed with this system but it left a very bad impact on farmers. Zamindars started to exploit them. Zamindars were not paying any attention on land reforms. That’s why production of farmers started to reduce day by day.

Question 9.
Write a short note on commercialization of agriculture.
Answer:
Villages, before the British empire in India, were self-dependent. People used to do agriculture whose main aim was to fulfil the needs of the village. Crops were not sold. Other workers of village like blacksmith, carpenter, barber, etc. collectively used to fulfil the needs of the village. But the self-dependency of the villages come to an end after the establishment of the British empire in India. According to new land revenue systems, farmers had to pay the fixed amount to government as land revenue and at a particular time as well. Now the main aim of agriculture was just to earn money. It was known as the commercialization of agriculture. This process of commercialization of agriculture became more complex with the advent of the industrial revolution in England. The farmers were forced to produce those crops which could be used as the raw material in factories of England.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 10.
Write a note on Indigo-revolt.
Or
What do you know about Indigo Revolt?
Answer:
Indigo revolt was started by the Indigo-producing farmers against imposing more tax on the production of Indigo. Indigo revolt took place between 1858 to 1860 A.D. in a large part of Bengal and Bihar. Farmers of this area refused to produce Indigo. Government threatened them but they remained stick to their demand. When government took some hard steps then they attacked the factories of the British. All the efforts to stop them gone in vain.

One revolt also took place in Champaran district in 1866-68 A.D. against the cultivation of Indigo. This revolt remained continued till the beginning of 20th century. Then Gandhiji came in their favour and then their problem was solved.

Question 11.
Write a short note on mahalwari system.
Answer:
Mahalwari system was introduced to remove the shortcomings of Ryatwari system. It was introduced in U.P., Punjab and various parts of central India. Main feature of this system was the land was neither associated with any zamindar and nor with any farmer. This system was actually took place with whole community of the village. Whole of the community was responsible to pay land revenue. It was fixed in community that what a farmer has to pay. If any farmer was unable to give his share then it was taken from the community of the village.

This system was known as the best system because features of both the earlier systems were there in it. The only drawback which was there in it was that people had to pay a lot of tax.

Question 12.
Write down the benefits of ryatwari system.
Or
Write a note on Ryatwari system.
Answer:
Thomas Munro was appointed as the Governor of Madras in 1820 A.D. He made a new system of land which was known as Ryatwari system. It was introduced in Madras and Bombay. Government decided to take land revenue from those people who themselves tilled the land. So all the middlemen between government and farmers were removed. This system was much better than the Permanent Settlement. Farmers were made owners of their land. Their revenue was fixed which was 40% to 55% of the total produce. It led to increase in income of the government.

Some defects were also there in this system. This system reduced the community feeling among the people of the village. Importance of Panchayats was reduced. Except this government started to exploit the farmers. Farmers were forced to take loans from moneylenders by mortgaging their lands to them.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The contractors _______ the farmers.
Answer:
exploited

Question 2.
The _______ became land owners due to permanent settlement.
Answer:
Zamindars

Question 3.
Zamindars committed _______with the farmers.
Answer:
atrocities

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 4.
_______ was the main occupation of the Indians before the British rule.
Answer:
Agriculture

III. Match the words :

Question 1.

A B
1. Warren Hastings (i) Permanent Settlement
2. Lord Cornwallis (ii) Ryatwari System
3. Thomas Munro (iii) Permanent Settlement

Answer:

A B
1. Warren Hastings (iii) Permanent Settlement
2. Lord Cornwallis (i) Permanent Settlement
3. Thomas Munro (ii) Ryatwari System

IV. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Due to British rule self sufficiency of the vtllage economy got much benefit in India.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Mahalwari system was made with whole community of the village.
Answer:
True

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 3.
The Britishers implemented sale rule according to Permanent settlement ift Bengal.
Answer:
True.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Rural Life and Society Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
The British came to India as
(a) Conquerer
(b) Sellers of goods
(c) Winner
(d) Traders.
Answer:
(d) Traders.

Question 2.
_______ were known as ryots.
(a) Cultivators
(b) Zamindars
(c) Landlords
(d) Labourers.
Answer:
(a) Cultivators.

Question 3.
The Champaran Movement was against
(a) The British
(b) The Indigo planters
(c) Landlords
(d) Revenue officials.
Answer:
(b) The Indigo planters.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 4.
Who were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay fixed revenue to the company in Permanent Settlement?
(a) Headman of village
(b) Revenue officials
(c) Cultivators
(d) Zamindars.
Answer:
(d) Zamindars.

Question 5.
Who was given the charge to collect and to pay revenue to the company in Mahalwari system?
(a) Headman of village
(b) Cultivators
(c) Zamindar
(d) Revenue officials.
Answer:
(a) Headman of village.

Question 6.
What was done by thousands of Indigo ryots of Bengal in 1859?
(a) Refused to pay rents
(b) Attacked indigo factories
(c) Agents of planters were beaten up
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 7.
_______ introduced Mahalwari System.
(a) Holt Mackenzie
(b) Lord Carnwallis
(c) Lord Hastings
(d) Alexander Read
Answer:
(a) Holt Mackenzie.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 8.
Who introduced Ryotwari System?
(a) Holt Mackenzie
(b) Lord Hasting
(c) Captain Alexander Read
(d) Lord Carnwallis
Answer:
(c) Captain Alexander Read.

Question 9.
Which of these crops were encouraged by the British?
(a) Opium
(b) Tea
(c) Indigo
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 10.
When did a terrible femine occur in Bengal?
(a) 1760
(b) 1770
(c) 1765
(d) 1775.
Answer:
(b) 1770.

Question 11.
Which of these was the demerit of Permanent Settlement?
(a) A new class of landlords loyal to the British came in front
(b) Landlords had to sell their lands to pay the tax
(c) It hardly paid any attention to rights of farmers
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 12.
Between 1866 A.D. and 1868 A.D. Champaran in Bihar witnessed a revolt. The revolt was against which of the following :
(a) Against the Indigo planting
(b) Against the wheat planting
(c) Against the Cotton planting
(d) Against the Sugarcane planting.
Answer:
(a) Against the Indigo planting.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Contractors _______ the farmers.
Answer:
exploited

Question 2.
Due to Permanent Settlement, _______ became owners of land.
Answer:
Zamindars

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 3.
Zamindars committed _______ on farmers.
Answer:
atrocities

Question 4.
Before the establishment of the British rule, main occupation of the Indian people was _______
Answer:
Agriculture.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
The self-sufficient -system of Indian villages got geat advantage of the British administration.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 2.
Mahalwari arrangement was done with the whole village.
Answer:
(✓)

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 3.
According to Bengal’s permanent settlement, the British made sales Law.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A B
1. Warren Hastings (i) Permanent Settlement
2. Lord Cornwallis (ii) Ryatwari System
3. Thomas Munro (iii) Contractual System

Answer:

A B
1. Warren Hastings (iii) Contractual System
2. Lord Cornwallis (i) Permanent Settlement
3. Thomas Munro (ii) Ryatwari System

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why were Indian industries destroyed by economic policies adopted by the Britishers?
Answer:
Some new industries were established by the British. Their main aim was to fulfill the British interests. As a result, Indian industries were destroyed.

Question 2.
Which three new systems were introduced by the British in India to collect land revenue?
Answer:

  1. Permanent Settlement
  2. Ryotwari system and
  3. Mahalwari system.

Question 3.
What was the main aim of the British regarding land policies?
Answer:
To collect more and more money from India.

Question 4.
When did the British get Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa? To whom the work of collecting revenue was given?
Answer:
The British got Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1765 A.D. The work of collection of revenue was given to Aamils.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 5.
Who introduced contract system? What is meant by it?
Answer:
Contract system was introduced by Lord Warren Hastings. Its meaning was the system of giving land on contract.

Question 6.
After how many years, the land revenue in Ryatwari system was supported to be increased?
Answer:
After 20 to 30 years.

Question 7.
What was the main defect of Mahalwari system?
Answer:
Farmers had to pay a lot of land revenue.

Question 8.
Which 5 areas were greatly affected by commer-cialization agriculture?
Answer:
Punjab, Bengal, Gujarat, Khandesh and Barar.

Question 9.
What was sales law according the Permanent Settlement of Bengal?
Answer:
According to the sales law, whichever zamindar was unable to pay his land revenue till 31 March, his land was supposed to sell to other zamindars to collect the remaining revenue.

Question 10.
What was the main reason of revolt of farmers?
Answer:
The main reason of farmers revolt was more taxes on land. It led to deteriorating condition of farmers. That’s why they revolted against the Britishers.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 11.
Give one merit of Permanent Settlement.
Answer:
The zamindars became rich and they invested money for the development of the industry and trade.

Question 12.
Give one demerit of Permanent Settlement.
Answer:
The income of the company was fixed but the expenditure started to increase. Gradually the company was in loss.

Question 13.
What was the main purpose of the British land revenue policies?
Answer:
The main purpose of the land revenue policies of the British was to get maximum profit and to serve their self interests.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on contract system introduced by Lord Warren Hastings.
Answer:
Meaning of the contract system is the system of giving land on contract. This system was introduced by Warren Hastings. According to this system, land was given for contract of 5 years. Higher bidder was given the contract of land for collection of land revenue for 5 years. Later on in 1777 A.D., this term of 5 years was reduced to 1 year. But this system was very defective. Zamindars or contractors used to collect lot of tax from the farmers. It lead to deterioration of economic condition of farmers.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 2.
How were zamindars more benefitted by the Permanent Settlement as compared to the farmers?
Answer:
Zamindars were benefitted by the Permanent Settlement. They became the permanent owners of their lands. They got the right to sell or to change the land. They paid definite land revenue to company but they used to collect more land revenue from the farmers. If any farmer was unable to pay tax they captured his land. Most of the zamindars used to live a leisure life in cities but farmers were forced to live a hell like life. In the end we can say that zamindars were greatly benefitted by the Permanent Settlement as compared to the farmers.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the consequences of land revenue systems introduced by the British?
Answer:
There were some of the evil consequences of the land revenue systems introduced by the British and these are given below :

  1. Zamindars used to exploit the farmers. Even they committed atrocities on farmers while collecting land revenue. The government did not take care of them.
  2. Zamindars became owners of the land by paying definite land revenue to the government. Now zamindars were free to collect land revenue from the farmers according to their own wish. It led to richness of zamindars. Farmers became poorer with this.
  3. The government itself exploited the farmers of those areas where Ryatwari and Mahalwari systems were introduced. One third or half portion of the total produce was collected as the land revenue. Rate, of land revenue was increased each year.
  4. When land became private property then it started to be divided among the members of family. It fed to division of land into small pieces.
  5. Farmers had to pay their land revenue till a particular date. They were forced to pay the land revenue even in the case of femine, flood, etc. That’s why they had to mortgage their land to moneylenders so that they could get money to pay their land revenue. In this way their debt increased day-by-day and they left with no option except by leaving their right over the land.

Actually the main aim of agriculture related policies of the British government was to get more and more money and to fulfil their administration interests. In the end farmers became poor and they came under the clutches of moneylenders.

Question 2.
Explain in brief the permanent settlement, ryatwari system and mahalwari system introduced under the British rule.
Answer:
Permanent Settlement, Ryatwari and Mahalwari system were the new revenue systems introduced by the British. Their brief description is given below :
1. Permanent Settlement: It was a type of land settlement. It was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in!793 A.D. Later on it was also introduced in Bihar, Orissa, Benaras and Northern India. According to this system, zamindars were made the owners of the land. Government fixed the land revenue given by them. They deposited the fixed amount in government treasury. But they collected tax from the farmers according to their wish. If any zamindar was unable to pay the land revenue then government used to sell some part of his land to compensate the amount of fixed revenue.

2. Ryatwari System: Thomas Munro was appointed as the Governor of Madras in 1820 A.D. He made a new system of land which was known as the Ryatwari system. It was introduced in Madras and Bombay. Government decided to take land revenue from those people who themselves used to till the land. So all the middlemen between government and farmers were removed. This system was much better than the Permanent Settlement. Farmers were made owners of their land. Their revenue was fixed which was 40% to 55% of the total produce. It lead t* increase in income of the government.

Some defects were also there in this system. This system reduced the community feeling among the people of the village. Importance of Pancbayats was reduced. Except this government started to exploit the farmers. Farmers were forced to take loans from moneylenders by mortgaging their lands to them.

3. Mahalwari System: It was introduced to remove the shortcomings of the Ryatwari system. It was introduced in U.P., Punjab and some parts of Central India. The main feature of this system was that land was neither associated with any zamindar and nor with any farmer. This system was actually taking place with whole community of the village. Whole of the community was responsible to pay land revenue. It was determined in community that what a farmer has to pay. If any farmer was unable to give his share then it was taken from the community of village.

This system was known as the best system because features of both the earlier systems were there in it. The only drawback which was there in it was that people had to pay a lot of tax.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 3.
What was permanent system? Mention its benefits and losses.
Answer:
During the time of Lord Clive, the British East India Company got the Diwani Rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa from the Mughal Emperor. The Company had no means to collect the taxes. Therefore, the work regarding the collection of land revenue was given to the local officers. The method of collecting revenue by these officers was very faulty. Warren Hastings, therefore, made some reforms in this system. But neither the landlords were happy nor the income of the Company was increasing. Cornwallis, therefore, introduced what is called the ‘Permanent ^Settlement’ of land. This system was started in 1793 A.D.

Benefits of Permanent Settlement. The following were the advantages of the Permanent Settlement:

  • Income of the Company became certain. Now it was easy for the Company to prepare its budget.
  • Landlords were now made permanent owners of the land. They, therefore, started making improvements in agriculture and to make their lands fertile.
  • Now the Company had not to assess the land revenue time and again.
  • As the landlords were made the permanent owners of land, they were pleased with the British and sided with the government in times of internal revolts.

Losses:

  1. Landlords became the permanent owners of the land as a result of this settlement. It gave birth to a new class of landlords loyal to the British.
  2. Landlords who lived away from their lands were adversely affected. They could not collect revenue from the farmers and were unable to deposit it with the government in time. As a result, they had to sell their lands to pay the tax.
  3. Due to lack of proper measurement of land, less revenue was fixed. As a result thereof, income of the landlords increased. But the income of the government remained stagnant.
  4. Most of the landlords did not pay attention to the improvement of their lands. They gave their lands on contract and themselves stayed in big cities like Calcutta (Kolkata) and enjoyed a luxurious life there.
  5. The Permanent Settlement did not give due attention to the rights of farmers. They were left at the mercy of the landlords. The landlords collected revenue from them mercilessly and did not behave well with them. As a result, the condition of the farmers worsened.

In brief, we may say that the objective of Lord Cornwallis was to improve the condition of the farmers through Permanent Settlement. But it did not benefit them. Only landlords were benefited. .The condition of the farmers became more miserable.

Question 4.
What were the causes of farmers’ revolt? Explain any one farmer’s revolt.
Answer:
The following were the reasons of revolts of farmers :
1. More taxes: The British introduced new systems of land revenue in their conquered states of India. Farmers were forced to pay high land revenue. That’s why they came in the debt of moneylenders with which their economic condition deteriorated.

2. Sales law: Government introduced sales law according to Permanent Settlement of Bengal. According to this law, if any zamindar was unable to pay his land revenue till March then government was free to sell his land to other zamindar for the recovery of its arear. That’s why zamindars and farmers were very angry with the government.

3. Capturing the Land: Zagirdars were given large pieces of land by the Mughal Emperor as gift. These lands were free of taxes. But these large pieces of land were captured by the British and they again imposed taxes on them. Not only this, taxes were raised. The British took harsh steps to collect taxes.

Farmers’ Revolts:

  1. One revolt took place exactly after the establishment of British rule in Bengal. Farmers, Sanyasi’s and Faqir’s took part in it. They made their groups and even used arms. The British regiments were irritated by these groups. It took 30 long years for the government to suppress this revolt?
  2. Farmers of Chittore and Satara revolted in 1822 A.D. against too much land tax. This revolt was suppressed by the government with the help of military and with politics. Some of the rebels were recruited in police and others were given land to till in die form of grant.
  3. Farmers of the Sendove district revolted against the British government in 1829 A.D. They attacked the British police under the leadership of their leader and they killed a number of Britishers.
  4. Farmers of Ganjam district revolted in 1835 A.D. under the leadership of Dhananjay. This revolt lasted till Feb. 1937. Later on this revolt was also suppressed by government with the help of large number of military forces.
  5. Another farmers’ revolt took place in Sagar in 1842. Its leader was Madhuker, a Bundela Zamindar. A number of police officers were killed by farmers and they plundered many towns.
    A number of farmers’ revolts also broke out against more taxes and the capturing of land by the British. Some of other important farmers’ revolts were revolt of Patiala and Rawalpindi (Modern Pakistan).

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

Question 5.
Write down about the commercialization of agriculture during the British rule.
Answer:
Villages, before the British empire in India, were self dependent. People used to do agriculture whose main aim was to fulfil the needs of the village. Crops were not being sold. Other workers of village like blacksmith, carpenter, barber, etc. collectively fulfilled the needs of the village. But the self-dependency of the villages come to an end after the establishment of the British empire in India.

According to the new land revenue system, farmers had to pay the fixed amount to the government as land revenue and at a particular time as well. Now the main aim of agriculture was just to earn money. It is known as the commercialization of agriculture. This process of commercialization of agriculture became more complex with the advent of the Industrial Revolution in England- Now farmers were forced to produce those crops which could be used as the raw material in factories of England.

Impact of Commercialization
Merits:

  • Production of different types of crops was increased.
  • Means of transport were developed to take crops to markets of cities.
  • Things became very cheap due to more production.
  • Farmers came in contact with urban areas because of which their point of view was changed. As a result, national consciousness aroused among them.

Demerits:

  1. Indian farmers used to do agriculture with ancient methods. That’s why their crops were unable to compete with those crops which were grown with the help of machines. That’s why farmers were unable to take maximum advantage out of it.
  2. Farmers had to sell their crops in the market through middlemen and middlemen took their share as well. It led to less profit for farmers.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

PSEB 8th Class Science Guide Reaching the Age of Adolescence Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises

Question 1.
What is the term used for secretions of endocrine glands responsible for changes taking place in the body?
Answer:
Hormones.

Question 2.
Define adolescence.
Answer:
Adolescence.
The period of life, when the body undergoes changes, leading to reproductive maturity is called adolescence. Adolescence begins around the age of 11 and lasts upto 18 or 19 years of age. The adolescents are also called “teenagers”. Adolescence in girls may begin a year or two earlier than in boys. Also the period of adolescence varies from person to person.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Question 3.
WTaat is Menstruation ? Explain.
Answer:
Menstruation.
The rhythmic changes in the uterus which occur about every 28 days throughout the reproductive cycle of women except the pregnancy is called menstrual cycle. The female sex hormones initiate the thickening of the uterine wall for the implantation of a fertilized ovum. If the ovum is not fertilized, the lining wall is broken down the discharge from the body. This is called menstruation. Normally the menstrual cycle starts at the age of 10-14 years and stops at the age of 45-50 when menopause is reached.

Question 4.
List changes in the body that takes place at puberty.
Answer:
Puberty. Puberty is period between the age of 11 to 19 years. Following changes take place at the onset of puberty.

1. Changes taking place at puberty in boys.

  1. Height increase suddenly. The bones of legs and arms become long and make a boy tall.
  2. Boy’s shoulders become broader and chest also become wider.
  3. Muscles of the body grow more prominently.
  4. The voice becomes hoarse. Adam’s apple, a protruding part of throat is seen. They have a deep voice.
  5. They get acne and pimples on the face at this time due to the increased activities
    of sweat and subaceous glands.
  6. Male sex organs like testes and penis develop completely.
  7. Boys develop hair on their chest, under the arms and on the pubic region.

2. Changes taking place at puberty in girls.

  1. Height also increases in girls but comparatively less.
  2. The region below the waist becomes wider.
  3. In girls the larynx is hardly visible from the outside. Girls have a high pitched voice.
  4. Like boys girls also get pimples on the face.
  5. The ovaries enlarge and eggs begin to mature.
  6. Breasts begin to develop.
  7. Hair grow under the arms and also on the pubic region.

Question 5.
Prepare a table having two columns depicting names of endocrine glands and hormones secreted by them.
Answer:
The table given ahead indicates the endocrine glands and their hormones:

Endocrine gland Hormones
(i) Pituitary gland (i) Growth Hormones
(ii) Thyroid (ii) Thyroxine
(iii) Adrenal (iii) Adrenalin
(iv) Pancreas (iv) Insulin
(v) Testis (v) Androgen (Testosterone)
(vi) Ovaries (vi) Estrogen

Question 6.
What are sex hormones ? Why are they named so ? State their function.
Answer:
Sex hormones.
There are the hormones secreted by testes in males and ovaries in females. They are named so because they are secreted by male and female sexes separately.

Male Sex hormone (Testosterone).
It is secreted by testes. It causes changes in boys like growth of facial hair. It also stimulates spermatogenesis.

Female sex hormone (Estrogen).
It is secreted by ovaries. It controls the development of secondary sexual characters in females, appearance of mammary glands etc. It maintains pregnancy.

Question 7.
Choose the correct option.
[a] Adolescents should be careful about what they eat, because
(i) proper diet develops their brains.
(ii) proper diet is needed for the rapid growth taking place in their body.
(iii) adolescents feel hungry all the time.
(iv) taste buds are well developed in teenagers.
Answer:
(ii) proper diet is needed for the rapid growth taking place in their body.

[b] Reproductive age in women starts when their
(i) menstruation starts.
(ii) breasts start developing.
(iii) body weight increases.
(iv) height increases.
Answer:
(i) menstruation starts.

[c] The right meal for adolescents consists of
(i) Chips, noodles, coke.
(ii) Chapati, dal, vegetables.
(iii) Rice, noodles and burger.
(iv) Vegetable cutlets, chips and lemon drink.
Answer:
(ii) chapati, dal, vegetables.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Question 8.
Write notes on:
(а) Adam’s apple.
(b) Secondary sexual characters.
(c) Sex determination in the unborn baby.
Answer:
(a) Adam’s apple.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 1
At puberty boys develop larger voice box or larynx. This box in boys is seen as a protruding part of the throat called Adam’s apple.

(b) Secondary sexual characters.
We know testis and ovaries are the reproductive organs. They produce the gametes i.e. sperms and ova. In girls, breasts begin to develop at puberty and boys begin to grow facial hair, i.e. moustaches and beard. As these features help to distinguish the male from the female they are called secondary sexual characters. Boys also develop hair on their chest. In both boys and girls hairs grow under the arms and in the region above the thighs or the pubic region.

(c) Sex determination in the unborn baby.
Determination of the sex of child. Sex chromosomes determine sex in human beings. In males, there are 44 + XY chromosomes, whereas, in females there are 44 + XX chromosomes. Here X and Y chromosomes determine sex in human beings.

Two types of gametes are formed in male, one type is having 50% X-chromosome, whereas, other type is having Y-chromosome. In female, gametes are of one type and contain X-chromosome.

Thus females are homogametic. If male gamete having Y-chromosome undergoes fusion with female gamete having X-chromosome the zygote will have XY chromosome and this gives rise to male child.

If male gamete having X-chromosome undergoes fusion with female gamete having X-chromosome, the zygote will be having XX-chromosome and this gives rise to female child.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 2

Question 9.
Word game : Use the clues to work out the words.
Across
3. Protruding voice box in boys
4. Glands without ducts
7. Endocrine gland attached to brain
8. Secretion of endocrine glands
9. Pancreatic hormone
10. Female hormone

Down
1. Male hormone
2. Secretes thyroxine
3. Another term for teenage
5. Hormone reaches here through blood stream
6. Voice box
7. Terms for changes at adolescence
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 3
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 4

Question 10.
The table below shows the data on likely heights of boys and girls as they grow in age. Draw graphs showing height and age for both boys and girls on the same graph paper. What conclusions can be drawn from these graphs?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 5
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 6
The above graph shows that the increase in the growth in heights of boys and girls is same. The increase in growth is less in girls upto first eight years and after that it remains the same upto twenty years.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Reaching the Age of Adolescence Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Adolescent period normally start from …………………. of age.
(a) 9
(b) 11
(c) 13
(d) 15.
Answer:
(b) 11.

Question 2.
Adolescence period ends in the ……………….. year of age.
(a) 19
(b) 22
(c) 25
(d) 27.
Answer:
(a) 19.

Question 3.
Menstrual period of human female is of how many days ?
(a) 20 days
(b) 22 days
(c) 18 days
(d) 28 days.
Answer:
(d) 28 days.

Question 4.
The stoppage of menstrual cycle is called:
(a) Menopause
(b) Menstruation
(c) Metaphorsis
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Menopause.

Question 5.
Female sex harmone is called:
(a) Estrogen
(6) Testosterone
(c) Adrenalin
(d) Thyroxin.
Answer:
(a) Estrogen.

Question 6.
The male sex harmon is:
(a) Estrogen
(b) Adrenalin
(c) Testosterone
(d) Thyroxin.
Answer:
(c) Testosterone.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name two endocrine glands in humans.
Answer:

  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid.

Question 2.
Which of the endocrine gland secretes growth hormone ?
Answer:
Growth hormone is secreted by pituitary gland.

Question 3.
What are female sex cells called ?
Answer:
Ova.

Question 4.
When do human stop growing ?
Answer:
Human stops growing after about 20-25 years of age.

Question 5.
What is the main element of thyroxine hormone ?
Answer:
Iodine.

Question 6.
In which part adrenaline is produced ?
Answer:
Adrenal gland.

Question 7.
Name the male and female sex hormones.
Answer:
Testosterone, Estrogen.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Question 8.
Name the following:
(i) The types of glands that secrete hormones.
(ii) The other name of hormones.
(iii) The gland which is called ‘Master gland’.
(iv) The hormone secreted by thyroid gland.
(v) The disease caused by the deficiency of iodine.
(vi) The hormones that control blood glucose level.
(vii) The gland which produces the so called ‘emergency hormone’.
Answer:
(i) Endocrine glands or ductless glands
(ii) Chemical coordinators
(iii) Pituitary gland
(iv) Thyroxine
(v) Goitre
(vi) Insulin and glucagon
(vii) Adrenalin.

Question 9.
Define sex chromosomes.
Answer:
Sex chromosomes.
The chromosomes associated with sex determination are called sex chromosomes. XX in female and XY chromosomes in male are called sex chromosomes.

Question 10.
How many chromosomes are found in human cells ?
Answer:
46 (44 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes).

Question 11.
When do adolescence begins and ends ?
Answer:
Adolescence begins at the age of 11 years and lasts upto the 18 or 19 years of age.

Question 12.
The glands which pour their secretions directly into the blood stream is called ……………. ?
Answer:
Endocrine glands.

Question 13.
What is target site ?
Answer:
Target Site. Target site is a body part where the hormones act.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Question 14.
What is the period of reproductive phase in females ?
Answer:
The reproductive phase begins at puberty (10-12 years) and lasts till the age of 45-50 years.

Question 15.
Define menarch.
Answer:
Menarch. The first menstrual flow in females begins at puberty which is called menarch.

Question 16.
Define Menopause.
Answer:
Menopause. Stoppage of menstruation is called menopause.

Question 17.
What are the sex chromosomes in males and females ?
Answer:
Females have two X-chromosomes (XX), Males have one X and one Y-chromosome (XY).

Question 18.
To which body part pituitary gland is attached ?
Answer:
Pituitary gland is attached to brain.

Question 19.
Name the hormones which control metamorphosis in insects and frog.
Answer:
In insects-Insect hormone In frog-Thyroxine.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Question 20.
Expand AIDS.
Answer:
AIDS. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.

Question 21.
What is the legal age of marriage in India ?
Answer:
The legal minimum age for marriage is 18 years for girls and 21 years for boys.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does hormone affect a girl’s body between the age of 10-15 years ?
Answer:
Hormones affect girl’s body by making the breast to become bigger and hips becoming more rounded.

Question 2.
How does hormone affect a boy’s body between the age of 11-16 years ?
Answer:
In boy’s body, the following changes are caused by hormones:

  1. his voice becomes hoarse (deeper)
  2. hairs start to grow on his face and body.
  3. his body muscles develop.
  4. his testis start producing sperms.

Question 3.
Write short notes on :
(i) Menstruation
(ii) Menopause.
Answer:
(i) Menstruation.
Destruction of the mucous membrane of foetus and consequent bleeding which occur periodically in human and other mammals.

(ii) Menopause.
Stoppage of menstrual flow and other events is called menopause. It occurs between 45 to 55 years.

Question 4.
Explain sexual cycle in human female.
Answer:
Sexual cycle.
The rhythmic changes in the uterus which occur about every 28 days throughout the reproductive cycle of woman except the pregnancy period is called menstrual cycle. The female sex hormones initiate the thickening of the uterine wall for the implantation of a fertilized ovum.

If the ovum is not fertilized, the lining wall is broken down and discharged from the body. This is called menstruation. Normally the menstrual cycle starts at the age of 10-14 years and stops at the age of 45-50 when menopause is reached.

If the ovum is fertilized by sperm, the zygote develops in the wall of uterus and developing embryo called foetus is nourished by placenta. During the period, ovulation or ‘menstruation does not occur. However these activities are restored after child birth.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Question 5.
What is meant by reproductive health ?
Answer:
Reproductive health.
Reproductive organs are important organs of the body. Proper knowledge and hygiene of these organs is important otherwise persons may get some sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhoea.

Question 6.
Write modes of transmission of AIDS.
Answer:
Modes of transmission of AIDS. It is transmitted during transfusion of infected blood, use of contaminated needles, artificial insemination and several intercourse with an infected partner without a condom.

Question 7.
Differentiate between menarch and menopause.
Answer:
Differences between Menarch and Menopause

Menarch Menopause
1. Commencement of menstruation at puberty is called menarch. 1. Stoppage of menstrual flow and other events is called menopause.
2. It starts at the age of 11 to 12 years. 2. It stops around the age of 50 years.

Question 8.
Write whether True (T) or False (F):
(i) Fertilization is process of fusion of sperm and ovum.
Answer:
True

(ii) Duration of menstrual cycle in human female is 20 days.
Answer:
False

(iii) Onset of menstruation is termed as menopause.
Answer:
False

(iv) In human beings, males attain puberty little later than females.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Why the endocrine glands are called ductless glands ?
Answer:
The transport of hormones from one place to another takes place through body fluids, rather than through the ducts. Therefore, the endocrine glands are also called ductless glands.

Question 10.
Which gland secretion reduces pituitary secretion ?
Answer:
Increased secretion of thyroxin from the thyroid gland reduces the production of hormones by the pituitary gland.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Question 11.
Adrenalin secretion increases during a frightening situation. What is the response ?
Answer:
Frightening experience (scene) is the stimulus which causes the increase of adrenalin secretion. Therefore, increased adrenalin secretion acts as response to the stimulus.

Question 12.
Draw a diagram showing various endocrine glands.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 7

Question 13.
List some of the functions of pituitary gland.
Answer:
Functions of pituitary gland.

  1. Regulates growth.
  2. Influences the thyroid gland, the adrenals and gonads.
  3. Can produce changes in the skin colour of many amphibians and fishes.
  4. Influences migration and nest building in birds.

Question 14.
Why should an adolescent eat right kind of food ?
Answer:
Adolescents are in growing years. It is very important to eat right kind of food. It helps in the better nourishment of growing bones, muscles and other parts of body.

Question 15.
Why do adolescents become independent than before ?
Answer:
Adolescents are more independent than before and are also self conscious. It is a period of change in a person’s way of thinking. Intellectual development takes place and they tend to spend more time in thinking. In fact, it is often the time in one’s life when the brain has the greatest capacity for learning. Sometimes, however, an adolescent may feel insecure while trying to adjust to the changes in the body and mind.

Question 16.
How will you explain that sex hormones are under the control of pituitary glands ?
Answer:
The sex hormones are controlled by pituitary gland. The gland secretes many hormones, one of which is FSH or Follicle Stimulating Hormone. It makes ova and sperms mature in the ovaries and testis respectively. It can be shown as follows:
Hormones from pituitary stimulates gonads to release Testosterone (in male) and Estrogen (in female)
Released in the blood stream and reach parts of the body (Target site)
Stimulate changes in the body and onset of puberty.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Question 17.
Adolescent should say ‘No’ to the drugs. Why ?
Answer:
Adolescence is a period of much activity in the body and mind. So, do not feel confused or insecure. If anybody suggests that you will get relief if you take some drugs, just say ‘No’ unless prescribed by doctor. We know that drugs are addictive, if you take them once, you feel like taking them again and again. They harm the , body in the long run. They ruin health and happiness.

Question 18.
Give some myths about adolescents.
Answer:
One comes across many myths and taboos. We should discard them. These myths are as follows-

  1. A girl becomes pregnant if she looks at boys during menstruation,
  2. A drop of semen lost means loss of 10 drops of blood which will make the boy weak.
  3. The mother is responsible for the sex of her child.
  4. A girl should not be allowed to work in the kitchen during menstruation.

Question 19.
What changes occur in voice at the time of puberty ?
Answer:
At puberty, the boys develop larger voice box and it can be seen as a protruding part. The voice of boys becomes hoarse and cracked due to increase in larynx. Such kind of difference is not visible in the voice box or larynx of girls. The girls have a high pitched and sweet voice due to smallness of larynx.

Question 20.
Write the main characteristics of hormones.
Answer:
Main characteristics of hormones are following:

  1. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands. They have specific functions.
  2. Hormones are required in very little quantity,
  3. These effect only specific organs.

Question 21.
Why is pituitary gland called master gland ?
Answer:
This gland is located in the lower portion of the brain. The hormone secreted . by it controls the growth of bones and tissues. This gland secretes a hormone which controls the function of other glands, therefore, it is called master gland.

Question 22.
What is reason behind this fact that boys and girls should not be married in young age ?
Answer:
In young age, the body of adolescents, especially reproductive organs, are not ready for motherhood. If marriage takes place in such a situation, then such couples may face many health problems which can cause stress. In our country, the legal age for marriage is 18 years for girls and 21 years for boys when adolescents are allowed to get married. The adolescents below this age are not allowed to marry under the law of marriage and it is legally wrong doing so.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Question 23.
Why there is great possibility of disease HIV-AIDS in adolescents ?
Answer:
Many adolescents start taking drugs to make themselves stress free. By taking drugs from HIV contaminated needle of injection, this dangerous virus spreads in other adolesqents. The other reason of spreading this virus is unsafe sexual relationship. In many cases, this virus may enter in infants through the milk of mother.
So,it is very necessary for adolescents to remain aware to save their precious life from HIV.

Question 24.
List any two changes in the body that take place at puberty.
Answer:
Changes taking place in boys at puberty.

  1. Height increase suddenly. The bones of legs and arms become long and make a boy tall.
  2. Boy’s shoulders become broader and chest also become wider.

Changes taking place at puberty in girls.

  1. Height also increases in girls but comparatively less.
  2. The region below the waist becomes wider.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give a chart showing the average rate of growth in height with age.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 8

Calculation for full height (cm)
Present height (cm)
= \(\frac{\text { Present height }(\mathrm{cm})}{\% \text { of full height at this age }}\) × 100
(as given in the chart)
For example, A boy is 8 years old and 108 cm tall. At the end of the growth period, he is likely to be
\(\frac{108}{72}\) × 100 cm = 150 cm tall.

Question 2.
Describe the various conditions or factors needed for keeping the body healthy during adolescence.
Answer:
During adolescence following conditions are essential for a healthy body:
1. Nutritional needs.
Adolescence is a stage of rapid growth and development, hence the diet for an adolescent has to be carefully planned. A balanced diet means that the meals should include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals in the requisite proportion. Our Indian meal of roti/rice, dal (pulses) and vegetables, milk, fruits is a balanced meal.

Chips and packed or tinned snacks, though very tasty should never replace regular meals as they do not have adequate nutritional value.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 9
2. Personal hygiene.
Having a bath at least once every day is more necessary for teenagers because the increased activity of sweat glands sometimes makes the body smelly. All parts of the body should be washed and cleaned every day. If cleanliness is not maintained, there are chances of catching a bacterial infection. Girls should keep track of their menstrual cycle and be prepared for the onset of menstruation. Undergarments should be changed every day. Cotton undergarments should be preferred.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Challenge to Caste System Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Questions 1.
Write down in brief the work done by the Jyotiba Phule for the welfare of the lower caste people.
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule was a great social reformer of Maharashtra. He did many important works for the welfare of people of Scheduled Castes :

  1. First of all, he opened three schools in Poone for education of the girls of Scheduled Castes. Jyotiba Phule and his wife Savitri Bai themselves taught in these schools.
  2. He criticised the economic exploitation of people of Scheduled Castes by brahmins and purohits through his speeches and his two books.
  3. He advised the people of Scheduled Castes to perform religious sacrament of marriage without Brahmins and Purohits.
  4. Jyotiba Phule established an institution called Satyashodhak Samaj on 24th September, 1873 A.D. This institution criticised the social slavery of people of lower castes and demanded social justice for them.
  5. He also appealed government not to take much land revenue from poor farmers and peasants so that their condition could be improved. Jyotiba Phule spent whole of his life in improving the condition of women of Scheduled Castes. He was given the title of ‘Mahatma’ for the works done by him for the welfare of the people of Scheduled Castes.

Question 2.
Write in brief why caste system was targeted by the social reformers? Write in brief. (P.S.E.B. 2009)
Answer:
Brahmins were greatly respected in the caste based society but the condition of lower castes was very pitiable. They were misbehaved by every one. They were not allowed to keep social relations with the people of upper castes. They were not allowed to use public wells or ponds. They were neither allowed to enter the temples nor they had the permission to read religious books or Vedas. They were considered untouchables. If even shadow of any one of lower caste was coming in the way of any higher caste person, then the person was severely punished. They were forced to adopt the occupation of cleaning, picking up dead animals, taking out their skin, making shoes and leather etc. So, to save these people from the atrocities of society, caste system was victimised by the social reformers.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

Question 3.
What Mahatma Gandhi did to end untouchability from society?
Answer:
The meaning of untouchability is to consider touching any person as a .sin. One of the major group of society, was considered as untouchable. The condition of these people was very pitiable.

Mahatma Gandhi took the following steps to eradicate untouchability from society :

  • Gandhiji said that untouchables were the children of God and said that they should be equally treated by society.
  • Gandhiji started his journey from Vardha for the welfare of untouchables. Wherever he had gone, he asked the people to open the doors of schools and temples for backward classes.
  • He also stressed that untouchables should not be stopped from using roads, wells and other public places.
  • He also collected funds during his journeys for the welfare of backward classes.

Question 4.
Write down why Veeresalingam is called the “Prophet” of modern Andhra Pradesh. Write down in brief.
Answer:
Kandukari Veeresalingam was a great social reformer of Andhra Pradesh. He was not only a social reformer but also a great scholar. While taking education in primary school, he criticized the prevailing hollow customs and religious beliefs of society. When he became the teacher in school, then he started raising his voice for equal rights for women. He was in favour of inter-caste marriages. He criticised caste system and propagated for the eradication of untouchability.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System 1
Veeresalingam was also a famous writer. He propagated to eradicate caste system through his essays and dramas.
He always helped the people of poor class and backward class. lie strongly criticized the custom of marriage of boys and girls in very small age. He also raised his voice for¬giving legal sanction to widow remarriage.
Veeresalingam spent whole of his life for social service, social welfare and for the welfare of Scheduled Caste people, that is why he was known as prophet of Andhra Pradesh.

Question 5.
What contribution was made by Sri Narayan Guru for the welfare of the lower caste people?
Answer:
Sri Narayan Guru was a great social reformer of Kerala state. He was born in Kerala in 1856 A.D. He struggled for whole of his life for the welfare of scheduled castes, especially people of Ijhevej castes. People of this caste were known as untouchables. It was not possible for Sri Narayan Guru to tolerate this injustice. So, he struggled for a long time for the welfare of people of Ijhevej caste and other scheduled castes. He established ‘Sri Narayan Dharam Pripaian Yogum’ in 1903 A.D. for social welfare. He strongly opposed discrimination on the basis of caste and religion. He has also done a lot to give better place to people of scheduled castes in society. Sri Narayan Guru
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System 2

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

Question 6.
Which word was used by Mahatma Gandhi for the lower caste people and what is its meaning?
Answer:
Harijan. Meaning of the word ‘Harijan’ is ‘Children of God’.

Question 7.
Explain the work done by Mahatma Gandhiji for the low er caste people,
Answer:
1. According to Mahatma Gandhi, untouchability is a sin. In 1920 A.D., Non¬Cooperation Movement was started, against the British government, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Elimination of untouchability from the society was also included in the guidelining programme of this movement. One Sammelan of people of scheduled castes was held at Nagpur in 1920 A.D. Mahatma Gandhi criticised untouchability in this Sammelan. He was of the view at that concept of untouchability among Hindus is the largest sin of India. But Mahatma Gandhi was hurt by the fact that not enough steps were taken by the Congress in Non-Cooperation Movement for the elimination of untouchability from society. That’s why, Non-Coopera cion Movement was not supported by the people of scheduled castes. According to them, the British rule was much better than Hindu-Swaraj.

2. When Non-Cooperation Movement was stopped in its half way, then Mahatma Gandhi ordered the Congress organization that they should organize people of scheduled castes for their interests and they should take some steps to improve social, mental and moral condition of these people. They should be provided all such facilities which are already available for other people.

3. The Congress kept 49.5 lakh rupees for the welfare programmes of scheduled castes from 1921 to 1923 A.D. but only 43,881 rupees were spent on them. Yet people of scheduled castes didn’t participate in the Non-Cooperation movement started by Mahatma Gandhi but still Mahatma Gandhi did a lot for the welfare of these people.

Some important works done by Mahatma Gandhi. Some of the important works done by Mahatma Gandhi for the welfare of untouchables, are given below :

  • Gandhiji said that untouchables were the children of God and said that they should be equally treated by society.
  • Gandhiji started his journey from Vardha for the welfare of untouchables. Wherever he had gone, he asked the people to open the doors of schools and temples for the backward classes.
  • He also stressed that untouchables should not be stopped from using roads, wells and other public places.
  • He also collected funds during his journeys for the welfare of backward classes. Speeches of Mahatma Gandhi were opposed at some places by the conservative Hindus. Even efforts were made to throw bomb on him at Pune. But the conservatives did not get any success.

Question 8.
Explain the effects of the work done by the Indian social reformers for the improvement of lower caste people.
Answer:
Many social evils prevailed in the Indian society from 19th century till the start of 20th century. Sati system, Female infanticide, Caste System, Dowry System, Child Marriage, restriction on marriage of widow were some of the main social evils. Indian social reformers took various steps to remove these social and religious evils from Indian society. Actually it is very difficult to remove prevailing social evils without the efforts of reformers efforts.

Following were the impacts of efforts of social reformers to fremove social evils from society :
1. Reform Movements. Many reform movements were started by social reformers to remove social evils. Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Namdhari Movement, Singh Sabha, Rama Krishna Mission, Aligarh Movement etc. gave a great contribution in it. Just because of the efforts of these movements, many social evils weakened to a great extent such as Sati system, Polygamy, Child marriage, Purdah system, Caste system, etc.

2. Legal Efforts. Indian social reformers stressed a lot and that’s why, the British government passed many laws to eradicate socio-religious movements :
(a) Lord William Bentick passed an Act in 1829 A.D. called ‘Sati Prohibition Act’ and declared the Sati Pratha illegal. He also passed laws against child infanticide and human sacrifice during his tenure.
(b) In 1856 A.D., ‘Widow Remarriage Act’ was passed and Widow remarriage was declared legal.
(c) Child marriage was also declared illegal in 1891 A.D.

3. Advent of Sense of Nationalism. Sense of nationalism was arosed among general masses, just because of the efforts of Indian social reformers. With this it became possible to form a new India.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Society was divided into four classes Brahman, Kshatriyas, _______ and Sudras.
Answer:
Vaishyas

Question 2.
Jyotiba Phule was honored with the title of _______
Answer:
Mahatma

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

Question 3.
Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar established ‘Independent Labour Party of India’ in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1936

Question 4.
Mahatma Gandhi used the word ‘Harijan’ for the lower caste people, which means
Answer:
Children of God.

III. Match the Words :

Question 1.

A B
1. Jyotiba Phule (i) Shri Narayan Dharam Pripalan Yogam
2. Periyar Rama Swami (ii) Prophet of Andhra Pradesh state
3. Veeresalingam (iii) a great social reformer of Tamil Nadu
4. Sri Narayan Guru (iv) association named Satya Shodak Society.

Answer:

A B
1. Jyotiba Phule (iv) association named Satya Shodak Society.
2. Periyar Rama Swami (iii) a great social reformer of Tamil Nadu
3. Veeresalingam (ii) Prophet of Andhra Pradesh state
4. Sri Narayan Guru (i) Shri Narayan Dharam Pripalan Yogam

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Challenge to Caste System Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which reform Association was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy?
(a) Arya Samaj
(b) Brahmo Samaj
(c) Satya Shodhak Samaj
(d) Prarthna Samaj.
Answer:
(b) Brahmo Samaj.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

Question 2.
In which language Ram Mohan Roy was well versed?
(a) Sanskrit
(b) English
(c) Persian
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 3.
In which year Sati pratha was banned?
(a) 1825
(b) 1827
(c) 1828
(d) 1829.
Answer:
(d) 1829.

Question 4.
Arya Samaj was founded by _______ in 1875.
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Swami Vivekananda.
Answer:
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati.

Question 5.
Who worked for the people of low caste Ijhevej in Kerala?
(a) Swami Dayanand
(b) Periyar Swami
(c) Shri Narayan Guru
(d) Haridas Thakur.
Answer:
(c) Shri Narayan Guru.

Question 6.
The book Gulamgiri was written by
(a) Shri Narayan Guru
(b) Jyoti Rao Phuley
(c) Haridas Thakur
(d) Periyar Swami.
Answer:
(b) Jyoti Rao Phuley.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

Question 7.
Satya Shodhak Samaj was founded by
(a) Jyoti Rao Phuley
(b) Swami Dayanand
(c) Periyar Swami
(d) Shri Narayan Guru.
Answer:
(a) Jyoti Rao Phuley.

Question 8.
Dr. Ambedkar got a fellowship to go to the for higher studies.
(a) Britain
(b) Germany
(c) U.S.A.
(d) France.
Answer:
(c) U.S.A.

Question 9.
When did Dr. Ambedkar start a temple entry movement in which his Mahar caste followers participated?
(a) 1917
(b) 1925
(c) 1922
(d) 1927.
Answer:
(d) 1927.

Question 10.
Periyar Swami was an outspoken critic of
(a) All social evils
(b) Sati System
(c) Hindu Scriptures
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Hindu Scriptures.

Question 11.
When was Prarthana Samaj established?
(a) 1877
(b) 1867
(c) 1872
(d) 1862.
Answer:
(b) 1867.

Question 12.
When was Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College founded by Sayyad Ahmed Khan?
(a) 1875
(b) 1880
(c) 1870
(d) 1885.
Answer:
(a) 1875.

Question 13.
When was Khalsa College established at Amritsar by the leaders of the Singh Sabha Movement?
(a) 1890
(b) 1894
(c) 1892
(d) 1896.
Answer:
(c) 1892.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

Question 14.
When was Singh Sabha formed at Amritsar?
(a) 1870
(b) 1873
(c) 1871
(d) 1872.
Answer:
(b) 1873.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Society was divided into four groups : Brahmins, Kshatriyas, _______ and _______ Shudras.
Answer:
Vaishyas

Question 2.
Jyotiba Phule was honoured with the title of _______
Answer:
Mahatma

Question 3.
Dr, Bhim Rao Ambedkar founded ‘Independent Labour Party of India’ in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1936

Question 4.
Mahatma Gandhi used the word _______ for lower castes.
Answer:
Harijan.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi considered untouchability as Sin.
Answer:
(✓).

Question 2.
Virselingam was in favour of inter-caste marriage.
Answer:
(✓).

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

Question 3.
Jyotiba Phule was a social reformer of Maharashtra.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A B
1. Sri Narayan Dharam Pratipalan Yogum (i) Jyotiba Phule
2. Reformer in Andhra Pradesh (ii) Periyar Rama Swami
3. Reformer of Tamil Nadu (iii) Virselinganl
4. Satya Shodhak Samaj (iv) Sri Narayan Guru

Answer:

A B
1. Sri Narayan Dharam Pratipalan Yogum (iv) Sri Narayan Guru
2. Reformer in Andhra Pradesh (iii) Virselinganl
3. Reformer of Tamil Nadu (ii) Periyar Rama Swami
4. Satya Shodhak Samaj (i) Jyotiba Phule

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which four classes, Ancient Indian Society was divided? What was the base of this division?
Answer:
Ancient Indian Society was divided in four classes namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and lower castes. Base of this division was occupation of a particular person.

Question 2.
In which age caste system became more rigid and why?
Answer:
Caste system became more rigid in Rajput age because many other castes and sub-castes were originated in this age except main castes.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

Question 3.
Name any four social reformers of 19th and 20th centuries.
Answer:

  1. Jyotiba Phule
  2. Veeresalingam
  3. Sri Narayan Guru
  4. Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 4.
Name any four prevailing evils in Indian society during 19th and 20th centuries.
Answer:

  1. Sati system
  2. Child Marriage
  3. Girl infanticide
  4. Restriction on Widow remarriage.

Question 5.
Name any Socio-religious reform movements of 19th and 20th centuries.
Answer:

  1. Brahmo Samaj
  2. Arya Samaj
  3. Ramakrishna Mission
  4. Namdhari Movement.

Question 6.
Who declared Sati system illegal and when?
Answer:
Sati system was declared illegal in 1829 A.D. by Lord William Bentick through an Act called ‘Sati Prohibition Act, 1829’.

Question 7.
When was custom of Child Marriage declared as illegal?
Answer:
Child marriage was declared as illegal in 1891 A.D.

Question 8.
Why people of Scheduled Castes didn’t participate in the Non¬Cooperation Movement of Gandhiji?
Answer:
People of Scheduled Castes didn’t participate in the Non-Cooperation Movement because Congress didn’t take any concrete steps till that time to eradicate untouchability from society.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

Question 9.
Who founded Independent Labour Party of India and when?
Answer:
Independent Labour Party of India was founded by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar in 1936 A.D.

Question 10.
Name two political parties organized by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar.
Answer:

  1. Labour Party
  2. Scheduled Caste Federation.

Question 11.
Who was Jyotiba Phule? Which was the first work done by him for the welfare of the lower caste people?
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule was a great social reformer of Maharashtra. He did lot of work for the upliftment of Scheduled Castes. For this objective, he opened three schools in Poona where girls of lower castes were given education.

Question 12.
When did Jyotiba Phule establish Satyashodhak Samaj? Who was its first president and secretary?
Answer:
Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Jyotiba Phule op 24 September 1873 A.D. Jyotiba Phule himself was its first President and its secretaries were Narayan Rao and Govind Rao.

Question 13.
When, where and in which caste Sri Naryan Guru was born.
Answer:
Sri Narayan Guru was born in 1856 A.D. in Ijhevej caste of Kerala State.

Question 14.
Which Satyagraha was started by Periyar Ramswamy to eradicate untouchability and which national leaders participated in it?
Answer:
Pariyar Ramaswami started various satyagraha to eradicate untouchability from the society. Other national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, C. Rajgopal Acharya, Vinoba Bhave, etc. participated in this satyagraha.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

Question 15.
Which two organisations were started by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar for the welfare of lower caste people and which two newspapers were published by him?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar established ‘Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha’ and ‘Samaj Samat Sangha for the welfare of people of scheduled castes. He published newspapers like ‘Mook Nayak’, ‘Bahishkrit Bharat’ and Janata.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Pariyar Ramaswami? What he has done for the security of interests of the people of Scheduled Castes?
Answer:
Pariyar Ramaswami was a great social reformer of Tamilnadu. He was born on 17th September, 1879 A.D. at Madras (Chennai). He felt that the people of scheduled castes were considered untouchables in society. Except this, they were not allowed to take part in social customs, keeping social relations with other castes and even to take education. So, he founded an organization called ‘Dravid Kazgas’ for the security of interests of these people.

This organization tried a lot in getting reservation in government services for the people of Scheduled Castes. As a result, for these castes, which were discriminated, first amendment of the Constitution took place for the security of their rights. Pariyar Ramaswami started satyagraha called ‘Vaikos’ for the eradication of untouchability. In this way Pariyar Ramaswami protected the interests of scheduled castes in Tamilnadu.

Question 2.
Write four works done by modern reformers to improve the condition of Indian Women. .
Answer:
1. End of Sati system. Sati system was one of the largest obstacle in the way of upliftment of women. This inhuman practice came to an end due to great efforts of modern social-reformers.
2. Permission of Widow Re-marriage. Condition of widows was very pitiable in the
society. They were not allowed to remarry. But they were given legal permission to remarry due to efforts of modern social reformers.
3. Opposition of Purdah System. Modern reformers were of the view that women cannot progress while remain behind the purdah, that’s why, they motivated the women not to use this custom of purdah.
4. Stress on Women Education. Social reformers gave a great stress on women education to uplift their social status. Many schools were opened for the education of women.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Explain the contribution made by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar for the improvement of lower caste people.
Answer:
Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as Messiha of scheduled castes. He demanded justice for the people of Scheduled Castes from government and society. He did Satyagraha and demonstrated for equal rights of scheduled castes.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System 3
His contribution in this direction is given below :
1. In 1918 A.D., Dr. Ambedkar demanded from ‘Southberrow Reforms Committee’ that seats in all the state Legislative Councils and in Central Legislature Council should be kept reserved for the people of scheduled castes according to their population. Except this, he also demanded to fix definite constituencies for these people but his demands were not met.

2. Dr. Ambedkar recommended to give political rights to the people of scheduled castes in the ‘Round Table Conference’ of 1931 A.D. This recommendation was included to a great extent in the ‘Communal Award’ prepared by the British Prime Minister on 16th August, 1932 A.D.

3. Sammelans were held at Nagpur, Kolhapur etc. for the social and political rights of the people of scheduled castes. Dr. Ambedkar participated in these conferences.

4. He established ‘Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha’ and ‘Samaj Samat Sangh’ to propagate the welfare of people of these castes. He also started to publish newspaper like ‘Mook Nayak’, ‘Bahishkrit Bharat’, ‘Janata’ etc. for this objective.

5. He also started Satyagraha for the equal rights of people of scheduled castes like other castes about entry in temples and taking water from public wells.

6. As a member of Bombay (Mumbai) Legislative Assembly, he introduced many bills for the welfare of farmers, labourers and other poor people from 1926 A.D. upto 1934 A.D. but these bills were not passed due to opposition of conservative members.

7. He founded ‘Independent Labour Party of India’ on October, 1936 A.D. which won reserved seats of scheduled castes in the elections of ‘Presidency Legislative Assembly’ in 1937 A.D.

8. Dr. Ambedkar also organized political parties called ‘Labour Party’ and ‘Scheduled Caste Federation’. Due to his deep requests, special provisions were kept in the Indian Constitution for the people of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.

9. The Government of India declared untouchability illegal due to Dr. Ambedkar’s efforts.