Class 9

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Nature of Words Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 9th Class English Vocabulary Nature of Words

Read the words and phrases that convey different meanings of the word ‘set given below :

Fixed, started, a group of same things, arranged, written or done, a piece of equipment, put. Now write the word / group of words that give the meaning of ‘set’ against each sentence.

1. My mother gifted a set of handkerchiefs to my younger sister.
2. The jewels were set beautifully in gold.
3. Raghu is well set in his new job.
4. Several TV sets have been stolen from his shop.
5. Let’s start wearing woollen clothes; the winter has set in.
6. The date of the test has not been set yet.
7. She has set the alarm for 5 o’clock, so that she is not late.
8. The surgeon who set my uncle’s hip bone is very popular.
9. Old people have set views about everything.
10. The table has been set for the tea party.
Answer:
1. a group of same things
2. fixed
3. settled
4. a piece of equipment
5. started
6. fixed
7. put fixed
9. fixed
10. arranged.

किसी एक शब्द के विभिन्न प्रयोगों के विभिन्न अर्थ हो सकते हैं। उदाहरण के रूप में नीचे दिए वाक्यों में run शब्द के आथों को देखिए

1. He can run very fast and win the prize. (race)
2. Don’t you think that the film will run at least for 6 weeks? (continue)
3. Suman runs from one table to another to finish her work in time. (hurries)
4. It is strange that Mr. Sahay is able to run two businesses effortlessly. (manages)
5. Our school will run Spoken English classes during the summer vacation. (provide)
6. Trains often run late in winter. (travel)
7. I can’t run on my small salary. (afford)
8. When she peels onions, tears run down her cheeks. (flow)

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Tenses (Concord and Sequence) Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 9th Class English Grammar Tenses (Concord and Sequence)

Correct the tense in the following sentences :

(a)
1. They have come yesterday.
2. I have bought this house last year.
3. I am the person who have saved your life.
4. I shall call you when the lunch will be ready.
5. Dinesh will come if you will invite him.
6. I had been to Delhi recently.
7. She is one of those persons who never tells a lie.
8. She is working in the office for two years.
9. I had gone to the club last night.
10. I have written to him yesterday.
Answer:
1. They came yesterday.
2. I bought this house last year.
3. I am the person who has saved your life.
4. I shall call you when the lunch is ready.
5. Dinesh will come if you invite him.
6. I have been to Delhi recently.
7. She is one of those persons who never tell a lie.
8. She has been working in the office for two years.
9. I went to the club last night.
10. I wrote to him yesterday.

(b) 1. I hoped that my friend will help me
2. Take care that you will not be cheated.
3. I know them for the last four years.
4. The patient died before the doctor arrived.
5. Newton has discovered the Law of Gravitation.
6. I am studying hard for the last three weeks.
7. He is suffering from fever since Monday.
8. I had visited Shimla last summer.
9. I am sorry I did not write that letter yet.
10. His younger sister is died.
Answer:
1. I hoped that my friend would help me.
2. Take care that you are not cheated.
3. I have been knowing them for the last four years.
4. The patent had died before the doctor arrived.
5. Newton discovered the Law of Gravitation.
6. I have been studying hard for the last three weeks.
7. He has been suffering from fever since Monday.
8. I visited Shimla last summer.
9. I am sorry I have not written that letter yet.
10. His younger sister is dead.

Put the correct Verbs in the blanks :

1. The tallest of these boys ……….. next door to me. (live, lives)
2. Slow and steady ……….. the race. (win, wins)
3. Neither Ashok nor Prem ………. any right to the property. (has, have)
4. Neither the captain nor the soldiers ……….. been arrested. (has, have)
5. Neither he nor I ……….. money to spare for this. (has, have)
6. You, as well as he, ……….. innocent. (is, are)
7. None but the brave ……….. the fair. (deserve, deserves)
8. The United States ……… a prosperous country. (is, are)
9. The committee ………. divided in their opinion. (was, were)
10. I, who ……….. your friend, will stand by you. (is, am, are)
Answer:
1. lives
2. wins
3. has
4. have
5. have
6. are
7. deserves
8. is
9. were
10. am.

Put the correct Verbs in the blanks :

1. All the players in my team ………. done well. (has, have)
2. Bread and butter ……… what they want. (is, are)
3. Either Sushil or Rakesh ……….. done this mischief…….. (has, have)
4. Neither he nor his servants ……….. honest. (was, were)
5. Neither you nor Sham ……….. to be capable of doing this. (appear, appears)
6. Not only the workman but the supervisor also ………. been dismissed. (has, have)
7. Each day and each hour ……….. its own importance. (has, have)
8. The news of the flood ……….. caused great anxiety. (has, have)
9. The jury ……….. divided in their opinion. (was, were)
10. This is one of the best novels that ………… been published this year. (has, have)
Answer:
1. have
2. is
3. has
4. were
5. appears
6. has
7. has
8. has
9. were
10. have.

Put the correct Verbs in the blanks :

1. The cost of all types of pens ………. gone up. (has, have)
2. Time and tide ……….. for none ……….. (wait, waits)
3. Either you or he ……….. mistaken. (is, are)
4. Either Rajinder or his parents ……… responsible for this. (was, were)
5. Neither you nor I ……… lucky. (am, are)
6. He, as well as you, ……….. to blame. (is, are)
7. None of the ships ……….. rescued from the storm. (was, were)
8. The Arabian Nights ……….. interesting stories. (contain, contains)
9. The crew did ……….. best to save the ship. (its, their)
10. This is one of the most difficult lessons that ……… been taught. (has, have)
Answer:
1. has
2. wait
3. is
4. were
5. am
6. is
7. was
8. contains
9. their
10. have.

Put the correct Verbs in the blanks :

1. The toys that were bought by my son……….. really useful. (is, are)
2. Oil and water ……….. mix. (does not, do not)
3. Neither the judge nor the witnesses ……… him. (believe, believes)
4. Neither the Principal nor the lecturers ……….. present at the meeting. (was, were)
5. Either he or I ……….. wrong. (am, are)
6. The workmen, with their leaders ………. been arrested. (have, has)
7. One of my friends ………. the owner of this factory. (is, are)
8. Good crockery ……….. expensive. (is, are)
9. The jury ……….. divided on the issue. (was, were)
10. I am the one who ………. always stood for justice. (has, have)
Answer:
1. are
2. do not
3. believe
4. were
5. am
6. have
7. is
8. is
9. were
10. has.

Put the correct Verb in the blanks :

1. He ……….. regularly. (work, works)
2. Tobacco and alcohol ………. injurious to health. (is, are)
3. Either the officer or the assistants ………. responsible for this error. (is, are)
4. Me or his friends ………. to blame. (was, were)
5. Neither my brother nor I ……….. ever been to Mumbai. (has, have)
6. The gallery, with its beautiful pictures, ………. a great attraction. (is, are)
7. Either of these two proposals ……….. acceptable to me. (is, are)
8. The West Indies ……….. a land of great cricketers. (is, are)
9. The Assembly ……….. in session.
10. He is one of those leaders who …………. always ready to do or die.
Answer:
1. works
2. are
3. are
4. were
5. have
6. is
7. is
8. are
9. is
10. are.

Use Of Tenses

Tense (काल)-Verb के जिस रूप से यह पता चले कि क्रिया कब हुई है, उसे Tense कहा जाता है। Tense तीन प्रकार के होते हैं

1. Present Tense (वर्तमान काल)
2. Past Tense (भूत काल)
3. Future Tense (भविष्य काल)
प्रत्येक Tense के चार भिन्न-भिन्न रूप होते हैं

1. (i) Present Indefinite Tense (or) Simple Present
(ii) Present Continuous Tense
(iii) Present Perfect Tense
(iv) Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

2. (i) Past Indefinite Tense (or) Simple Past
(ii) Past Continuous Tense
(iii) Past Perfect Tense
(iv) Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

3. (i) Future Indefinite (or) Simple Future
(ii) Future Continuous Tense
(iii) Future Perfect Tense
(iv) Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

(A) Present Tense

1. Present Indefinite Tense प्रयोग – इस Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है
1. सदा सत्य बातों के लिए:
(The sun shines by day, and the moon by night.)

2. चरित्र-सम्बन्धी स्थायी आदतों के लिए –
(He never tells a lie.)

3. वास्तविक Present और निकट भविष्य के लिए –
1. I understand what you say.
2. He leaves for Mumbai tomorrow.

नियम-

• इस Tense में Verb की पहली फार्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• यदि subject एकवचन हो, तो verb की पहली फार्म के साथ या का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• Negative तथा Interrogative वाक्यों में Helping Verb के रूप में do / does का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• बहुवचन subject के लिए do का, एकवचन subject के लिए does का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Does के साथ प्रयोग की जाने वाली Verb की पहली फार्म के साथ s या es नहीं लगाया जाता है।
• I तथा you के लिए प्रयोग की जाने वाली Verb की पहली फार्म के साथ s या es नहीं लगाया जाता है। इनके लिए बहुवचन subject की भान्ति केवल Verb की पहली फार्म का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है।

2. Present Continuous Tense प्रयोग-इस Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है

1. बोलने या लिखने के समय चल रही किसी घटना का वर्णन करने के लिए; जैसे (He is writing a letter:)
2. किसी आदत अथवा व्यवहार का वर्णन करने के लिए भी कभी-कभी इस Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे
(She is working regularly these days.) नियम- इस Tense के वाक्यों में is / am / are लगा कर Verb के ing. वाले रूप का वर्णन किया जाता है।
Subject + is / am / are + Verb का ing वाला रूप + ………….

Note : Present Continuous Tense तथा Present Indefinite Tense के अन्तर को अच्छी प्रकार समझ लेना चाहिए। निम्नलिखित नियम याद रखिए
Present Indefinite Tense — for habitual actions; for universal truths; for actions going to take place in near future.
Present Continuous Tense — for actions in progress at the time of speaking.

3. Present Perfect Tense प्रयोग-इस Tense का प्रयोग अभी-अभी (वर्तमान में) पूरी हुई किसी घटना का वर्णन करने के लिए
किया जाता है। नियम- इस Tense के वाक्यों में has / have लगा कर Verb की तीसरी फार्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे
1. She has just finished her work.
2. I have spent all my money on books.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense प्रयोग- इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भूत काल में आरम्भ हुई हो और अब भी चल रही हो; जैसे
1. He has been reading English for two years.
2. They have been reading this book since morning.

नियम-
(1) इस Tense के वाक्यों में has / have + been + V₁-ing + since / for का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(2) For का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब क्रिया के जारी रहने की अवधि (period of time) दी हुई हो; जैसे for fifteen minutes; for half an hour; for a month; for three years ; for a long time.
(3) Since का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब क्रिया के आरम्भ होने का निश्चित समय (point of time) दिया हुआ हो; जैसे
since Sunday; since breakfast; since yesterday ; since Diwali; since January 1998; since the first of May.

(B) Past Tense

1. Past Indefinite Tense प्रयोग- इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई घटना भूत काल में आरम्भ होकर भूत काल में ही समाप्त हो गई हो। (We learnt English at school.)

नियम-
(1) इस Tense के affirmative वाक्यों में Verb की दूसरी फार्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(2) Negative वाक्यों में did not + Verb की पहली फार्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(3) Interrogative वाक्यों में Did + subject + Verb की पहली फार्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(4) Did का प्रयोग करने के बाद सदा Verb की पहली फार्म का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है।

2. Past Continuous Tense प्रयोग – इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय पर चल रही हो। (He was writing a letter when I saw him.)
नियम – इस Tense के वाक्यों में was / were लगा कर Verb के ing वाले रूप का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Note : Past Continuous Tense तथा Past Indefinite Tense के अन्तर को अच्छी प्रकार से समझ लेना चाहिए। निम्नलिखित नियम याद रखिए
Past Indefinite Tense – for completed activity.
Past Continuous Tense – for continuity in past.

3. Past Perfect Tense प्रयोग – इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है यदि कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय (moment) से पहले या किसी निश्चित समय तक पूरी हो चुकी हो।
1. The patient had died before the doctor came.
2. I had finished my work by evening.

नियम – इस Tense में had लगा कर Verb की तीसरी फार्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Note : यदि किसी वाक्य में भूत काल में घटी हुई दो घटनाओं का वर्णन हो, तो उनमें से जो घटना पहले घटी हो उसके लिए Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है, और जो घटना अपेक्षाकृत बाद में घटी हो उसके लिए Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense प्रयोग – इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है यदि कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में आरम्भ होकर भूतकाल में ही किसी निश्चित समय पर चल रही हो; जैसे(When I reached there at 2 p.m., he had been waiting for me since 1:30 p.m.) नियम – इस Tense के वाक्यों में had + been + V₁-ing + since / for का प्रयोग किया जाता

(C) Future Tense

Future Indefinite Tense

प्रयोग- इस Tense का प्रयोग साधारण रूप में भविष्य में होने वाली किसी घटना का वर्णन करने के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे–
(The post will arrive late. We shall start early.)
नियम – इस Tense के वाक्यों में will / shall लगा कर Verb की पहली फार्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Note : Will और Shall सम्बन्धी प्रयोग के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम ध्यान में रखिए

(1) Assertive वाक्यों में
1. यदि किसी भविष्य की घटना का केवल साधारण रूप से ही वर्णन हो, तो-
First Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Second और Third Persons के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

2. यदि वाक्य में किसी भविष्य-सम्बन्धी आदेश (command), प्रण (promise), निश्चय (determination), धमकी (threat) आदि का वर्णन हो, तो First Person के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

3. यदि वक्ता अपने किसी भविष्य-सम्बन्धी उद्देश्य (intention) को प्रकट करना
चाहता हो तो वह अपने लिए Will का प्रयोग करेगा। अर्थात् ऐसे वाक्यों में First person के साथ will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

(2) Interrogative वाक्यों में
1. प्रश्न-वाचक वाक्यों में प्राय: Will I और Shall you का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
2. Third Person के लिए will अथवा shall किसी का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
Shall he – भविष्य सम्बन्धी आदेश आदि के लिए।
Will he – भविष्य सम्बन्धी साधारण क्रिया के लिए।

Future Continuous Tense –

प्रयोग-इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब भविष्य में किसी विशेष समय का वर्णन हो, और कोई क्रिया उस विशेष समय से पहले आरम्भ होकर उसके बाद में पूरी होनी हो; जैसे
(We shall be waiting for you when you get back tomorrow).
नियम – इस Tense के वाक्यों में will / shall के साथ be लगा कर Verb के ing वाले रूप का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Note :
Future Continuous Tense तथा Future Indefinite Tense के अन्तर को अच्छी तरह से समझ लेना चाहिए। निम्नलिखित नियम याद रखिए
Future Indefinite Tense – for an action which begins at a certain future moment.
Future Continuous Tense – for an action which begins before and finishes after a certain future moment.

3. Future Perfect Tense –
प्रयोग – इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भविष्य में किसी समय से पहले पूरी होनी हो; जैसे
(I will have finished my homework by evening.)
नियम – इस Tense में will / shall + have लगा कर Verb की तीसरी फार्म का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense प्रयोग – इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है यदि क्रिया भविष्य में किसी निश्चित समय (point of time) तक अथवा किसी निश्चित अवधिः (period of time) के लिए जारी रहनी हो; जैसे (By six o’clock I will have been sitting here for ten hours.)
नियम – इस Tense में will / shall + have been लगा कर Verb के ing वाले रूप का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
PRESENT PAST FUTURE	write (s) wrote will/shall write	I am/are writing was/were writing I will/shall be writing	has/have written had written will/shall have written	has/have been written had been written will/shall have been written

Miscellaneous Sentences For Practice

Fill in the blanks with the Present Indefinite form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. He for a walk every day. (go)
2. She …………………….. up early in the morning. (get)
3. The peon ……………… the bell at 9 o’clock. (ring)
4. I ………………. my parents. (obey)
5. We ……………… our teachers. (respect)
6. We ……………………. our prayers in the morning.
7. She …………………….. sweetly. (sing
8. I do not …………………….. sweets. (like)

Fill in the blanks with the Present Continuous form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. …………… it …………………… today? (rain)
2. ……….. the peon ……. the bell ? (ring)
3. ………… the boys …………..football ? (play)
4. He ……….. a picture. (paint)
5. We ………… our lesson. (learn)
6. She ……………………. not ……………. food. (cook)
7. I ……………………. a letter. (write)
8. You ………. (run)

Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. I ….. my homework. (finish)
2. He …………………… first in the class. (stand)
3. …………you …………. your scooter ? (Sell)
4. ………….. she ……. a car? (buy)
5. They ……………………. their enemy. (murder)
6. We ……………………… the match. (win)
7. The peon ………………….. the bell. (ring)
8. We …….. our duty. (do)

Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect Continuous form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. It …………….. since morning. (rain)
2. She ………………….. from fever for a week. (suffer)
3. I ………………….. for you for half an hour. (wait)
4. He ……. his brother with money for five years. (help)
5. We ……………………. for a long time. (fight)
6. She ………………… for a job for several months. (look)
7. ……………………. he books from you since 2011? (borrow)
8. she ………………. in this office since 2013? (work)

Fill in the blanks with the Past Indefinite form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. India ………………….. independence in 1947. (get)
2. He ………………….. government service in 2012. (join)
3. It …………………… heavily last night. (rain)
4. …………………… he …………… you money? (lend)
5. She ……………………. not ……………………. to my proposal. (agree)
6. Why ……………………. he ……………………. angry with you? (become)
7. The teacher ………………….. the student. (punish)
8. He …………………. to go for a walk daily. (use)

Fill in the blanks with the Past Continuous form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. It ……………. in the morning. (rain)
2. The peon …… ……………. the bell. (ring)
3. Why …………….. she (weep)
4. She ……………………. clothes. (wash)
5. …………………. she …………………… food ? (eat)
6. …………………. the hunter ……………… birds ? (kill)
7. He a novel ………… (read)
8. My grandmother …………………… a story. (tell)

Fill in the blanks with the Past Perfect form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. He ………………….. a tiger before I reached the forest. (kill)
2. She …………………… a sweater before I bought a new one. (knit)
3. I ……………….. money from my friend before I received my salary. (borrow)
4. The river ………………….. its banks before the dam was built. (overflow)
5. …………….. she …………… a new dress before his father came ? (buy)
6. Why …………………… he …………….. you before you offended him ? (abuse)
7. My uncle …………………… a new house before he retired from service. (build)
8. ……. you in the race before you defeated him in boxing ? (beat)

Fill in the blanks with the Past Perfect Continuous form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. We in Delhi for ten years. (live)
2. He ……………….. in this office since 2011. (work)
3. She ……………… in this school for ten years. (teach)
4. ……………. your brother for five years ? (look after)
5. Who …………………. you with money all these years ? (help)
6. The farmer …….. the fields for many days. (plough)
7. The teacher …………………… the students for a long time. (guide)
8. They …….. their country for thirty years. (serve)

Fill in the blanks with Future Indefinite form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. I ………………… to Delhi. (go)
2. We ……………………. you with money. (help)
3. The peon ………. the bell at 9 o’clock. (ring)
4. ………… she……………….. in time ? (come)
5. …………………… he …………………… you his book ? (lend)
6. She ……………………. a rich man. (marry)
7. The train ………………….. in time. (arrive)
8. They …………………… a match tomorrow. (play)

Fill in the blanks with the Future Continuous form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. She ……………………. a picture. (paint)
2. I ………………….. a new car. (buy)
3. He ……………………. to Delhi tomorrow.
4. They ………………….. their friends. (help)
5. People ………………….. their work. (do)
6. ……………….. she ………………….. food ? (cook)
7. …………………… they …………………. in the river ? (bathe)
8. He ……………………. not ……………………. his friends. (cheat)

Fill in the blanks with the Future Perfect form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. She …………………… her work in time. (finish)
2. He ………………….. you with money. (help)
3. They ………………… their clothes. (wash)
4. I ………………….. the situation. (handle)
5. She …………………… her promise. (break)
6. He ……………………. you money. (lend)
7. ……….. you English ? (teach)
8. ………………….. they ……………. bravely ? (fight)

Fill in the blanks with the Future Perfect Continuous form of the verbs given in the brackets :

1. It ………………… for two hours. (rain)
2. They …………….. here for many years. (live)
3. She …………………… English since 2008 (learn)
4. He …………………. Mathematics for many years. (teach)
5. …………………. she ………. in this office since 1985 ? (work)
6. He ……………………. you for a long time. (cheat)
7. They ………………….. the poor since 1982. (help)
8. …… she ……………….. food for the whole family for several (cook)

Concord : Subject-Verb Agreement

1. क्रिया का प्रयोग अवश्य ही इसके कर्ता के अनुसार होना चाहिए।
2. एकवचन कर्ता के साथ एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है और बहुवचन कर्ता के साथ बहुवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Singular Subject – Singular Verb	Plural Subject – Plural Verb
This child is very clever. That book was interesting. He has many storybooks. He does not work regularly.	These children are very clever. Those books were interesting. They have many storybooks. They do not work regularly.

याद रखें – I के साथ am, was, have तथा you के साथ are, were, have का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

I am / was angry with him.
I have a good English dictionary.
You are / were late for school.
You have a good house.

3. निम्नलिखित क्रियाओं को negative और question form में बदलने के लिए have का प्रयोग किया जाता है, न कि has का –

do, does, did,
will, would, shall, should,
can, could, may, might,
must, need, dare,
ought to, used to
Examples :

• Does she have a new frock ?
• We do not have a high school in our village.
• Did he have his share ?
• I shall have a lot of money next week.
• He used to have a car.
• Mohan must have finished his work.

कुछ वाक्यों में ‘There’ कर्ता का स्थान ले लेता है। वास्तविक कर्ता क्रिया के बाद आता है।

• There is a table in this room.
• There are ten desks in this room.
• There was a clock on the wall.
• There were pictures on the wall.
• There has been a mistake.
• There have been many mistakes.

याद रखिए कि ऐसे वाक्यों में क्रिया वास्तविक कर्ता के अनुसार होती है। यदि वास्तविक कर्ता एकवचन (a table, a clock, a mistake) हो तो क्रिया भी एकवचन (is, was, has) होती है। यदि वास्तविक कर्ता बहुवचन (ten desks, pictures, many mistakes) हो तो क्रिया भी बहुवचन (are, were, have) होती है। परन्तु ‘There’ के विपरीत It’ के साथ सदा एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

• It is hot today.
• It was 7:30 at that time.
• It has been a mistake.

प्रायः हम एक भूल कर जाते हैं, जिसे “Error of Proximity” कहा जाता है, हम क्रिया को इसके साथ लगती संज्ञा की मात्रा के अनुसार कर देते हैं। निम्नलिखित उदाहरणों में दिखाए अनुसार हमें इनसे बचना चाहिए।

• The quality of the mangoes was (not ‘were) not good.
• His knowledge of Indian vernaculars is (not are) very sound.
• The state of his affairs was (not ‘were) such as to cause anxiety to his parents.
• The results of the new policy are (not is) very encouraging.

4. and’ द्वारा जोड़े गए दो या दो से अधिक एकवचन संज्ञाओं या सर्वनामों के साथ बहुवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे –

• Gold and silver are precious metals.
• Fire and water do not agree.
• Are your father and mother at home ?
• He and I were playing.

परन्तु यदि संज्ञाएं हमारे दिमाग को एक विचार देती हैं, अथवा किसी एक ही व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु की ओर संकेत करती हैं, तो एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे –

• The horse and carriage is at the door.
• Bread and butter is his only food.
• Honour and glory is his reward.
• The novelist and poet is dead.

5. एकवचन के साथ with, as well as, आदि द्वारा जोड़े गए शब्द उपवाक्य सम्बन्धी होते हैं। इसलिए एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए; जैसे –

• The house, with its contents, was insured.
• The Chairman, with the directors, is to be present.
• The ship, with its crew, was lost.
• Silver, as well as cotton, has fallen in price.
• Sanskrit, as well as Arabic, was taught there.
• Justice, as well as mercy, allows it.

6. or अथवा nor द्वारा जोड़े गए दो या दो से अधिक कर्ताओं के साथ एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे –

• No nook or corner was left unexplored.
• Our happiness or our sorrow is largely due to our own actions.
• Either the cat or the dog has been here.
• Neither food nor water was to be found there.
• Neither praise nor blame seems to affect him.

7. जब or अथवा nor द्वारा जोड़े गए कर्ताओं में से एक बहुवचन हो, तब क्रिया भी बहुवचन होनी चाहिए, और बहुवचन कर्ता को क्रिया के समीपतम् रखना चाहिए; जैसे –
Neither the chairman nor the directors are present. जब or अथवा nor द्वारा जोड़े गए कर्ता अलग-अलग सर्वनामों से सम्बन्धित हों तो क्रिया समीपतम् सर्वनाम के अनुसार होनी चाहिए; जैसे –

• Either he or I am mistaken
• Either you or he is mistaken.
• Neither you nor he is to blame.
• Neither my friend nor I am to blame.

Either, neither, each, everyone, many a के साथ एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए; जैसे

• He asked me whether either of the applicants was suitable.
• Neither of the two men was very strong.
• Each of these minerals is found in India.
• Everyone of the boys loves to ride.
• Many a man has done so.

ऐसी दो संज्ञाएं जिनसे पूर्व each अथवा every लगा हो और वे and द्वारा जुड़ी हुई हों, तो ऐसी स्थिति में उनके साथ एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है जैसे –

• Each boy and each girl was present in the class.
• Every table and every chair has been dusted.

8. कुछ संज्ञाएं जिनका रूप बहुवचन में होता है, परन्तु जिनका अर्थ एकवचन में होता है, ऐसी संज्ञाओं के साथ एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे –

• The news is true.
• Politics was with him the business of his life.
• The wages of sin is death.
• Mathematics is a branch of study in every school.

कुछ संज्ञाएं जिनका रूप एकवचन में होता है, परन्तु जिनका अर्थ बहुवचन में होता है, ऐसी संज्ञाओं के साथ बहुवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे – Twelve dozen cost one hundred rupees.

9. किसी समूह-वाचक संज्ञा के साथ एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग होता है जब उस समूह को समूचे पूर्णांक के रूप में ले लिया जाए; और बहुवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग तब होता है जब उसी समूह को उसकी विभिन्न इकाइयों के रूप में लिया जाए; जैसे –
1. The committee has issued its report.
2. The committee are divided on one minor point.
परन्तु हमें समरूप होना चाहिए। इस प्रकार, हमें कहना चाहिए :
The committee has appended a note to its (not their) report.

10. जब कोई बहुवचन संज्ञा किसी एक वस्तु अथवा किसी सामूहिक इकाई का एक विशेष नाम हो, तब इसके साथ एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए; जैसे –

• The Arabian Nights is still a great favourite.
• The United States has a big navy.
• Plutarch’s Lives is an interesting book.
• Gulliver’s Travels was written by Swift.

11. जब कोई बहुवचन संज्ञा किसी ऐसी विशेष संख्या अथवा मात्रा की ओर संकेत करती है जिसे एक समूचा पूर्णांक माना गया हो, तब क्रिया प्रायः एकवचन होती है; जैसे –

• One hundred paise is equal to one rupee.
• Six miles is a long distance.
• Fifty thousand rupees is a large sum.
• Three parts of the business is left for me to do.

Complete these sentences with one of the two verbs given in brackets :

1. They ……….. going to report the matter to the Principal. (is / are)
2. She ………… not have any chance of winning the election. (do / does)
3. The teacher does not ……….. much work to do. (has / have)
4. ……….. you have any money with you ? (Do / Does)
5. Doesn’t Chennai ……….. a severe winter ? (has / have)
6. ………… the men shouting loudly ? (Was / Were)
7. Can we ………… coffee instead of tea ? (has / have)
8. Don’t the students ……………. their books with them ? (has / have)
9. ……………. your friend visit you daily ? (Do / Does)
10. They needn’t …………… gone there so early. (has / have)
Answer:
1. are
2. does
3. have
4. Do
5. have
6. Were
7. have
8. have
9. Does
10. have.

Choose the correct verb out of the two given in brackets and rewrite the sentences :

1. The cause of both the accidents (was, were) the same.
2. Each of the boys (has, have) done his homework.
3. All my friends (has, have) joined this college.
4. (Have, has) either of you any money?
5. Everyone of us (is, are) going to the film.
6. Both the rooms (was, were) whitewashed…
7. One of the debators (was, were) very interesting.
8. The furniture (is, are) to be sold today.
9. A few sheep (was, were) running about in the field.
10. Neither Manu nor Misha (was, were) with us today.
Answer:
1. was
2. has
3. have
4. Has
5. is
6. were
7. was
8. is
9. were
10. was.

Sequence Of Tenses

यदि मुख्य-वाक्य की क्रिया Present Tense में हो, तो उपवाक्य की क्रिया किसी भी Tense में हो सकती है; जैसे

1. He assures me that the train has arrived.
2. He says she will come at 4 p.m.
3. The Principal declares that latecomers will be fined.
4. Subhash says that they had been sitting there for two hours.
5. The witness affirms that the accused is not guilty.

2. यदि मुख्य वाक्य की क्रिया Future Tense में हो, तो उप-वाक्य की क्रिया किसी भी Tense में हो सकती है; जैसे
1. He will assure me that the train has arrived.
2. He will assure me that the train had arrived.
3. He will say that Ramesh is late.
4. He will say that Ramesh was late.
5. He will tell us that Radha is waiting for us at the bus stop.

3. यदि मुख्य-वाक्य की क्रिया Past Tense में हो, तो उप-वाक्य की क्रिया भी Past Tense में ही होनी चाहिए। (किन्तु यदि उप-वाक्य में किसी Habit या Universal truth का वर्णन हो, तो इसकी क्रिया Present Tense में ही रहती है।)
1. He assured me that the train had arrived.
2. She said that she would come at 4 p.m.
3. The Principal declared that latecomers would be fined.
4. He told me that he never tells a lie.
5. The teacher said that honesty is the best policy.

If Patterns

(If से आरम्भ होने वाले उप-वाक्य) नीचे दिए गए चार्ट को सदा ध्यान में रखिए- ‘.

If Clause	Main Clause
I   Form II   Form Had + III Form	will + I Form would + I Form would have + III Form

नोट : Until और unless से आरम्भ होने वाले उप-वाक्यों में भी यही नियम लागू होते हैं।
Examples :
1. If you play the piano, I will sing.
If you played the piano, I would sing.
If you had played the piano, I would have sung.

2. He will beat the thief if he catches him.
He would beat the thief if he caught him.
He would have beaten the thief if he had caught him.

3. The horse will kick you if you go near it.
The horse would kick you if you went near it.
The horse would have kicked you if you had gone near it.

4. He will not play tennis if you do not give him a racket.
He would not play tennis if you did not give him a racket.
He would not have played tennis if you had not given him a racket.

5. He will walk to the station if he is well.
He would walk to the station if he was well.
He would have walked to the station if he had been well.

6. My servant can paint your boat if you give him a brush.
My servant could paint your boat if you gave him a brush.
My servant could have painted your boat if you had given him a brush.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.1

Question 1.
Which of the following figures lie on the same base and between the same parallels. In such a case, write the common base and the two parallels.

(i)

Answer:
In figure (i), trapezium ABCD and ∆ PDC lie on the same base and between the same parallels.
Here, DC is the common base and DC and AB are two parallels.

(ii)

Answer:
In figure (ii), no two figures lie on the same base and between the same parallels.

(iii)

Answer:
In figure (iii), parallelogram PQRS and ∆ TQR lie on the same base and between the same parallels.
Here, QR is the common base and QR and PS are two parallels.

(iv)

Answer:
In figure (iv), no two figures lie on the same base and between the same parallels.

(v)

Answer:
In figure (v), parallelograms ABCD and APQD as well as trapeziums ABQD and APCD, all the four figures, lie on the same base and between the same parallels.
Here, AD is the common base and AD and BQ are two parallels.

(vi)

Answer:
In figure (vi), no two figure lie on the same base and between the same parallels.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals MCQ Questions with Answers.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals MCQ Questions

Multiple Choice Questions and Answer

Answer each question by selecting the proper alternative from those given below each question to make the statement true:

Question 1.
The ratio of four angles in order of a quadrilateral is 2 : 4 : 5 : 4. Then, the measure of the smallest angle of the quadrilateral is
A. 120°
B. 96°
C. 48°
D. 60°
Answer:
C. 48°

Question 2.
In quadrilateral PQRS, ∠P = 5x, ∠Q = 3x, ∠R = 4x and ∠S = 6x. Then, the measure of the greatest angle of quadrilateral PQRS is …………… .
A. 100°
B. 60°
C. 80°
D. 120°
Answer:
D. 120°

Question 3.
In quadrilateral ABCD, ∠A + ∠B = 150°.
Then ∠C + ∠D =
A. 105°
B. 210°
C. 150°
D. 300°
Answer:
B. 210°

Question 4.
In trapezium PQRS, PQ || RS. If ∠P = 150°, then ∠S = …………. .
A. 75°
B. 150°
C. 60°
D. 30°
Answer:
D. 30°

Question 5.
The perimeter of parallelogram ABCD is 22 cm.
If AB = 4 cm, then BC = ……………. cm.
A. 7
B. 6
C. 5.5
D. 4
Answer:
A. 7

Question 6.
In parallelogram ABCD, ∠A – ∠B = 30°. Then, ∠C = ……………… .
A. 105°
B. 75°
C. 150°
D. 60°
Answer:
A. 105°

Question 7.
In parallelogram ABCD, the bisectors of ∠A and ∠B intersect at M. If ∠A = 80°, then ∠AMB = ……………. .
A. 40°
B. 50°
C. 80°
D. 90°
Answer:
D. 90°

Question 8.
In parallelogram ABCD, the ratio ∠A : ∠B : ∠C : ∠D can be
A. 3 : 4 : 5 : 6
B. 2 : 3 : 3 : 2
C. 2 : 3 : 2 : 3
D. 2 : 3 : 5 : 8
Answer:
C. 2 : 3 : 2 : 3

Question 9.
In parallelogram ABCD, 3 ∠ A = 2 ∠ B. Then, ∠ D = ………………. .
A. 120°
B. 108°
C. 72°
D. 60°
Answer:
B. 108°

Question 10.
In ∆ ABC, E and F are the midpoints of AB and AC respectively. If EF = 4 cm, then BC = …………… cm.
A. 8
B. 2
C. 4
D. 12
Answer:
A. 8

Question 11.
In ∆ ABC, P is the midpoint of AB and Q is the midpoint of AC. Then, PQCB is a ………….. .
A. trapezium
B. parallelogram
C. rectangle
D. rhombus
Answer:
A. trapezium

Question 12.
In ∆ ABC, D, E and F are the midpoints of AB, BC and CA respectively. If the perimeter of ∆ DEF is 30 cm, then the perimeter of ∆ ABC is ……………. cm.
A. 15
B. 30
C. 45
D. 60
Answer:
D. 60

Question 13.
∆ ABC is an equilateral triangle. D, E and F are the midpoints of AB, BC and CA respectively. If AB = 8 cm, the perimeter of ∆ DEF is …………… cm.
A. 24
B. 12
C. 6
D. 48
Answer:
B. 12

Question 14.
ABCD is a rectangle. If AB = 5 cm and BC = 12
cm, then BD = ………………. cm
A. 17
B. 13
C. 8.5
D. 1
Answer:
B. 13

Question 15.
ABCD is a rhombus. If AC = 10 cm and BD = 24 cm, the perimeter of ABCD is …………………. cm.
A. 13
B. 26
C. 52
D. 48
Answer:
C. 52

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2

Question 1.
ABCD is a quadrilateral in which F Q, R and S are midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively (see the given figure 1). AC is a diagonal. Show that:
(i) SR || AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AC
(ii) PQ = SR
(iii) PQRS is a parallelogram.

Answer:
In ∆ DAC, S and R are the midpoints of DA and DC respectively.
Through C draw a line parallel to AD which intersects line SR at T.
In ∆ DRS and ∆ CRT
∠ DRS = ∠ CRT (Vertically opposite angles)
∠ RSD = ∠ RTC (Alternate angles formed by transversal ST of DS || TC)
DR = CR (R is the midpoint of DC.)
∴ ∆ DRS ≅ ∆ CRT (AAS rule)
∴ DS = CT and SR = RT (CPCT)
As S is the midpoint of DA, we have DS = SA.
∴ SA = CT
And, by construction, SA || CT.
∴ Quadrilateral SACT is a parallelogram.
∴ ST || AC
∴ SR || AC ………… (1)
Now, SR = RT gives SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ST
In parallelogram SACT, ST = AC.
∴ SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC ……………. (2)
Taking (1) and (2) together,
SR || AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC ….. Result (1)
Similarly, in ∆ ABC, P and Q are the midpoints of AB and BC respectively. ,
∴ PQ || AC and PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC
Now, SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC and PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC
∴ PQ = SR …… Result (ii)
Similarly, SR || AC and PQ || AC.
∴ PQ || SR
Thus, in quadrilateral PQRS, PQ = SR and PQ || SR.
Hence, by theorem 8.8, PQRS is a parallelogram. … Result (iii)

Question 2.
ABCD is a rhombus and F Q, R and S are the midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rectangle.
Answer:

ABCD is a rhombus and F Q, R and S are the midpoints of sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.
∴ In ∆ ABC, PQ || AC and PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC.
∴ In ∆ ADC, SR || AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC.
Hence, in quadrilateral PQRS, PQ || SR and PQ = SR.
∴ Quadrilateral PQRS is a parallelogram.
Now, since ABCD is a rhombus, AC and BD bisect each other at right angles at M.
∴ ∠ AMB = 90°
Now, AC || PQ and MN is their transversal.
∴ ∠ AMN + ∠ MNP = 180° (Interior angles on the same side of transversal)
∴ ∠ AMB + ∠MNP = 180°
∴ 90° + ∠ MNP = 180°
∴ ∠ MNP = 90°
In ∆ ABD, P and S are the midpoints of AB and AD respectively.
∴ PS || BD and NP is their transversal.
∴ ∠ DNP + ∠ NPS = 180°
∴ ∠ MNP + ∠ NPS =180°
∴ 90° + ∠ NPS = 180°
∴ ∠ NPS = 90°
∴ ∠ SPQ = 90°
Thus, in parallelogram PQRS, one angle ∠P is a right angle.
Hence, quadrilateral PQRS is a rectangle.

Question 3.
ABCD is a rectangle and P, Q, R and S are midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rhombus.
Answer:

Since ABCD is a rectangle, its diagonals are equal.
∴ AC = BD
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC = \(\frac{1}{2}\)BD
In ∆ ABC, P and Q are the midpoints of AB and BC respectively.
∴ PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC
Similarly, in ∆ ADC, SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC; in ∆ ABD, SP = \(\frac{1}{2}\) BD and in ∆ BCD, QR = \(\frac{1}{2}\) BD.
Now, PQ = SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC, SP = QR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)BD and \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC = \(\frac{1}{2}\)BD
Hence, in quadrilateral PQRS,
PQ = QR = RS = SP
Thus, all the sides of quadrilateral PQRS are equal.
Hence, quadrilateral PQRS is a rhombus.

Question 4.
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC, BD is a diagonal and E is the midpoint of AD. A line is drawn through E parallel to AB intersecting BC at F (see the given figure). Show that F is the midpoint of BC.

Answer:
Suppose line EF drawn through E and parallel to AB intersects BD at M.
EF || AB and AB || DC
∴ EF || DC
Trapezium ABCD is divided into two triangles, ∆ ABD and ∆ BCD, by diagonal BD.
In ∆ ABD, E is the midpoint of AD and a line through E and parallel to AB intersects BD at M.
Hence, by theorem 8.10, M is the midpoint of BD.
Now, in ∆ BCD, M is the midpoint of BD and a line through M and parallel to CD intersects BC at F.
Hence, by theorem 8.10, F is the midpoint of BC.
Note: The following result about the length of EF can also be derived:
EF = \(\frac{1}{2}\)(AB + CD)
Moreover, if X and Y are the midpoints of the diagonals of above trapezium ABCD, then XY = \(\frac{1}{2}\)|AB – CD|.

Question 5.
In a parallelogram ABCD, E and F are the midpoints of sides AB and CD respectively (see the given figure). Show that the line segments AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD.

Answer:
E and F are the midpoints of AB and CD respectively.
∴ AE = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB and CF = \(\frac{1}{2}\)CD
In parallelogram ABCD, AB = CD and AB || CD.
∴ AE = CF and AE || CF
Hence, quadrilateral AECF is a parallelogram.
∴ AF || EC
∴ AP || EQ
In ∆ ABP E is the midpoint of AB and EQ || AR
∴ Q is the midpoint of PB. (Theorem 8.10)
∴PQ = QB …………… (1)
Similarly, in ∆ DQC, F is the midpoint of DC and FP || CQ.
∴ P is the midpoint of DQ. (Theorem 8.10)
∴ DP = PQ …………….. (2)
From (1) and (2), DP = PQ = QB.
Moreover, DP + PQ + QB = BD.
Thus, AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD.

Question 6.
Show that the line segments joining the midpoints of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other.
Answer:

In quadrilateral ABCD, P Q, R and S are the midpoints of sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.
In ∆ ABC, P and Q are the midpoints of AB and BC respectively.
∴ PQ || AC and PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC …………….. (1)
In ∆ ADC, S and R are the midpoints of DA and DC respectively.
∴ SR || AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC ……………… (2)
From (1) and (2),
PQ = SR and PQ || SR.
Thus, in quadrilateral PQRS, sides in one pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel. Hence, quadrilateral PQRS is a parallelogram. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. [Theorem 8.6]
∴ PR and SQ bisect each other.
Thus, the line segments joining the midpoints of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other.

Question 7.
ABC is a triangle right angled at C. A line through the midpoint M of hypotenuse AB and parallel to BC intersects AC at D. Show that:
(i) D is the midpoint of AC.
(ii) MD ⊥ AC
(iii) CM = MA = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB
Answer:

In ∆ ABC, ∠ C is a right angle and M is the midpoint of hypotenuse AB. A line through M and parallel to BC intersects AC at D.
Hence, by theorem 8.10, DM bisects AC.
∴ D is the midpoint of AC. ….. Result (i)
In ∆ ABC, ∠ C is a right angle.
∴ ∠ C = 90°
Now, BC || DM and DC is their transversal.
∴ ∠ MDC + ∠ DCB = 180° (Interior angles on the same side of transversal)
∴ ∠ MDC + 90° = 180°
∴ ∠ MDC = 90°
Thus, MD is perpendicular to AC.
∴ MD ⊥ AC …… Result (ii)
Now, in ∆ ADM and ∆ CDM,
AD = CD (D is the midpoint of AC)
∠ ADM = ∠ CDM (Right angles)
DM = DM (Common)
∴ ∆ ADM ≅ ∆ CDM (SAS rule)
∴ AM = CM (CPCT) ……………. (1)
Now, M is the midpoint of AB.
∴ AM = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB …… (2)
< Prom (1) and (2),
CM = MA = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB …… Result (iii)

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 1.
The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 3: 5 : 9: 13. Find all the angles of the quadrilateral.
Answer:
Let, ABCD be a given quadrilateral.
∴ ∠A : ∠B : ∠C : ∠D = 3 : 5 : 9 : 13
Sum of ratios = 3 + 5 + 9 + 13 = 30
In quadrilateral ABCD, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°
∴ ∠A = \(\frac{3}{30}\) × 360° = 3 × 12 = 36°
∴ ∠B = \(\frac{5}{30}\) × 360° = 5 × 12 = 60°
∴ ∠C = \(\frac{9}{30}\) × 360° = 9 × 12 = 108°
∴ ∠D = \(\frac{13}{30}\) × 360° = 13 × 12 = 156°
Thus the angles of the given quadrilateral are 36°, 60°, 108° and 156°.

Question 2.
If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, then show that it is a rectangle.

Answer:
In parallelogram ABCD, diagonals are equal.
∴ AC = BD.
In ∆ DAB and ∆ CBA.
DA = CB (Theorem 8.2)
AB = BA (Common)
DB = CA (Given)
∴ ∆ DAB ≅ ∆ CBA sss rule)
∴ ∠ DAB = ∠CBA (CPCT)
In parallelogram ABCD, AD || BC and AB is their transversal.
∴ ∠ DAB + ∠ CBA = 180°
(Interior angles on the same side of transversal)
Thus, in parallelogram ABCD, two angles ∠A and∠B are right angles. Hence, all the angles are right angle.
Hence, the parallelogram ABCD having equal diagonals is a rectangle.

Question 3.
Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other at right angles, then it is a rhombus.

Answer:
In quadrilater ABCD. diagonals AC and BD bisect each other at M at right angles.
∴ AM = CM, BM = DM and
∠AMB = ∠CMB = ∠CMD = ∠AMD = 90°.
In ∆ AMB and ∆ CMB,
AM = CM
∠ AMB = ∠CMB
BM = BM (Common)
∴ ∆ AMB ≅ ∆ CMB (SAS rule)
∴ AB = CB (CPCT)
Similarly, proving ∆ BMC ≅ ∆ DMC and ∆ DMA ≅ ∆ BMA, we get BC = DC and DA = BA.
Thus, in quadrilateral. ABCD.
AB = BC CD = DA.
Therefore, quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus.
Thus, if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other at right angles, then it is a rhombus.

Question 4.
Show that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.

Answer:
ABCD is a square in which diagonals AC and BD intersect at M.
Every square is a parallelogram.
∴ AC and BD bisect each other. …………… (1)
In ∆ DAB and ∆ CBA,
DA = CB (Sides of a square)
∠ DAB = ∠ CBA (Right angles in a square)
AB = BA (Common)
∴ ∆ DAB ≅ ∆ CBA (SAS rule)
∴ BD = AC (CPCT) ……………….. (2)
Now, in ∆ AMB and ∆ CMB,
AM = CM (BD bisects AC at M).
BM = BM (Common)
AB = CB (Sides of a square)
∴ ∆ AMB ≅ ∆ CMB (SSS rule)
∴ ∠ AMB = ∠CMB (CPCT)
But, ∠ AMB and ∠ CMB form a linear pair.
∴ ∠ AMB + ∠ CMB = 180°
Hence, ∠AMB = ∠ CMB = 90° (3)
(1), (2) and (3) taken together proves that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.

Question 5.
Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral are equal and bisect each other at right angles, then it is a square.

Answer:
In quadrilateral ABCD, diagonals AC and BD are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
∴ AC = BD,
MA = MC = MB = MD = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC = \(\frac{1}{2}\)BD and
∠AMB = ∠CMB= ∠DMC = ∠DMA= 90°.
In ∆ AMB and ∆ CMB,
AM = CM
∠ AMB = ∠ CMB (Right angles)
BM = BM (Common)
∴ ∆ AMB ≅ ∆ CMB (SAS rule)
∴ AB = CB (CPCT)
Similarly, we can prove that BC = DC and
DA = BA.
Thus, in quadrilateral ABCD,
AB = BC = CD = DA …………… (1)
Now, in ∆ DAB and ∆ CBA,
DA = C B
BD = AC (Given)
AB = BA (Common)
∴ ∆ DAB ≅ ∆ CBA (SSS rule)
∴ ∠DAB = ∠CBA (CPCT)
Thus, in quadrilateral ABCD, ∠A = ∠B.
Similarly, we can prove that ∠B = ∠C and ∠C = ∠D.
Thus, in quadrilateral ABCD,
∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D.
Moreover. In quadrilateral ABCD,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°
∴ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{4}\) = 90° ……………… (2)
Thus, (1) and (2) taken together proves that in quadrilateral ABCD, all the sides are equal and all the angles are equal.
Therefore, quadrilateral ABCD is a square.
Thus, if the diagonals of a quadrilateral are equal and bisect each other at right angles, then it is a square.

Question 6.
Diagonal AC of a parallelogram ABCD bisects ∠A (see the given figure). Show that (i) it bisects ∠C also, (ii) ABCD is a rhombus.

Answer:
Diagonal AC of parallelogram ABCD bisects ∠A.
∴ ∠DAC = ∠BAC …………… (1)
Now, ∠BAC and ∠DCA are alternate angles formed by transversal AC of AB || CD.
∴ ∠BAC = ∠DCA …………… (2)
Similarly, ∠DAC and ∠BCA are alternate angles formed by transversal AC of AD || BC.
∴ ∠DAC = ∠BCA ……………… (3)
From (1), (2) and (3),
∠DCA = ∠BCA.
But, ∠DCA + ∠BCA = ∠BCD (Adjacent angles)
∴ AC bisects ∠C also.
In parallelogram ABCD,
∠A = ∠C (Theorem 8.4)
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠A = \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠C
∴ ∠ DAC = ∠ DCA
∴ In ∆ DAC, DA = DC (Sides opposite to equal angles)
Moreover, in parallelogram ABCD,
AB = CD and BC = DA (Theorem 8.2)
∴ AB = BC = CD = DA
Thus. In parallelogram ABCD, all the sides are equal.
Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.

Question 7.
ABCD is a rhombus. Show that diagonal AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C and diagonal BD bisects ∠B as well as ∠D.
Answer:

ABCD is a rhombus
∴ AB || DC, BC || AD and AB = BC = CD = DA.
AB || DC and AC is their transversal.
∴ ∠CAB = ∠ACD (Alternate angles)
In, ∆ DAC, CD = DA
∴ ∠ACD = ∠CAD
Then, ∠CAB = ∠CAD
But, ∠CAB + ∠CAD = ∠ DAB (Adjacent angles)
∴ ∠ CAB = ∠CAD = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠DAB
This shows that AC bisects ∠A.
Again, BC || AD and AC is their transversal.
∴ ∠ BCA = ∠ DAC (Alternate angles)
In, ∆ DAC, DA = DC
∴ ∠ DAC = ∠ DCA
Then, ∠BCA = ∠DCA
But, ∠ BCA + ∠ DCA = ∠ DCB (Adjacent angles)
∴ ∠ BCA = ∠ DCA = \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠ DCB
This shows that AC bisects ∠C.
Thus, AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C.
Similarly, taking BD as transversal of AB || DC, and BC || AD, it can be proved that BD bisects ∠B as well as ∠D.

Question 8.
ABCD is a rectangle in which diagonal AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C. Show that: (i) ABCD is a square. (ii) Diagonal BD bisects ∠B as well as ∠D.
Answer:

In rectangle ABCD, AB = CD, BC = AD, AB || CD and BC || AD.
AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C.
∴ ∠DAC = ∠BAC = \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠A and
∠ DCA = ∠ BCA = \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠C
Now, AB || CD and AC is their transversal.
∴ ∠ BAC = ∠ DCA (Alternate angles)
∴ ∠ DAC = ∠ DCA
Thus, in ∆ DAC, ∠DAC = ∠DCA
∴ AD = CD (Sides opposite to equal angles)
From this, we get AB = BC = CD = DA.
Also, in rectangle ABCD,
∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90°
Hence, ABCD is a square. …..Result (i)
In ∆ BCD, BC = CD
∴ ∠ CBD = ∠ CDB
Moreover, AB || CD and BD is their transversal.
∴ ∠ CDB = ∠ ABD (Alternate angles)
∴ ∠ CBD = ∠ ABD
Now, ∠ CBD + ∠ ABD = ∠ ABC
∴ ∠ CBD = ∠ ABD = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠ ABC
Thus, BD bisects ∠B.
Similarly, diagonal BD bisects ∠ D.
Hence, diagonal BD bisects ∠B as well as ∠D …….. Result (ii)

Question 9.
In parallelogram ABCD, two points P and Q are taken on diagonal BD such that DP = BQ (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) ∆ APD ≅ ∆ CQB
(ii) AP = CQ
(iii) ∆ AQB ≅ ∆ CPD
(iv) AQ = CP
(v) APCQ is a parallelogram.
Answer:

ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ AD || BC and BD is their transversal.
∴ ∠ADB = ∠CBD (Alternate angles)
∴ ∠ADP = ∠CBQ …………… (1)
Similarly, CD || BA and BD is their transversal.
∴ ∠ ABD = ∠ CDB (Alternate angles)
∴ ∠ABQ = ∠CDP ……………… (2)
In ∆ APD and ∆ CQB,
AD = CB (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)
∠ ADP = ∠ CBQ [by (1)]
DP = BQ (Given)
∴ ∆ APD ≅ ∆ CQB (SAS rule) ……. Result (i)
∴ AP = CQ (CPCT) …… Result (ii)
In ∆ AQB and ∆ CPD,
AB = CD (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)
∠ ABQ = ∠ CDP [by (2)]
BQ = DP (Given)
∴ ∆ AQB ≅ ∆ CPD (SAS rule) …….. Result (iii)
∴ AQ = CP (CPCT) ………….. Result (iv)
Now, in quadrilateral APCQ, AP = CQ and AQ = CP
Hence, by theorem 8.3, APCQ is a parallelogram. ………. Result (v)

Question 10.
ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and Cg are perpendiculars from vertices A and C on diagonal BD (see the given figure). Show that
(i) ∆ APB ≅ ∆ CQD
(ii) AP = CQ

Answer:
In parallelogram ABCD, AB || CD and BD is their transversal.
∴ ∠ ABD = ∠ CDB (Alternate angles)
∴ ∠ABP = ∠CDQ ……………. (1)
Now, in ∆ APB and ∆ CQD,
AB = CD (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)
∠ ABP = ∠ CDQ [by (1)]
∠ APB = ∠ CQD (Right angles)
∆ APB ≅ ∆ CQD (AAS rule) ………… Result (i)
∴ AP = CQ (CPCT) ……….. Result (ii)

Question 11.
In ∆ ABC and ∆ DBF, AB = DE, AB || DE, j BC = EF and BC || EF. Vertices A, B and C are joined to vertices D, E and F respectively (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) Quadrilateral ABED is a parallelogram
(ii) Quadrilateral BEFC is a parallelogram
(iii) AD || CF and AD = CF
(iv) Quadrilateral ACFD is a parallelogram
(v ) AC = DF
(vi) ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DEF.

Answer:
In quadrilateral ∆ BED, AB = DE and AB || DE. Thus, in quadrilateral ABED, sides in one s pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel. Hence, by theorem 8.8, quadrilateral ABED is a parallelogram. …… Result (i)
Similarly, in quadrilateral BEFC, BC = EF and BC || EF.
Hence, by theorem 8.8, quadrilateral BEFC is a parallelogram. …………. Result (ii)
In parallelogram ABED, AD || BE and in parallelogram BEFC, BE || CE Thus, AD and CF both are parallel to BE.
∴ AD || CF ……….(1)
In parallelogram ABED, AD = BE and in parallelogram BEFC, BE = CF.
∴ AD = CF ……… (2)
Taking (1) and (2) together, we get
AD || CF and AD = CF ………. Result (iii)
In quadrilateral ACFD, AD || CF and AD = CF. Hence, by theorem 8.8, quadrilateral ACFD is a parallelogram. ………. Result (iv)
AC and DF are opposite sides of parallelogram ACFD.
∴ AC = DF ………….. Result (v)
Now, in ∆ ABC and ∆ DEF,
AB = DE (Given)
BC = EF (Given)
AC = DF [by result (v)l
∴ ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DEF (SSS rule) …… Result (vi)

Question 12.
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || CD and AD = BC (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) ∠A = ∠B
(ii) ∠C = ∠D
(iii) ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ BAD
(iv) diagonal AC = diagonal BD
[Hint: Extend AB and draw a line through C parallel to DA intersecting AB produced at E.)

Answer:
AB is extended to E, and AB || CD.
∴ AE || CD
In quadrilateral ADCE, AE || CD and by consturction CE || DA.
∴ Quadrilateral ADCE is a parallelogram.
∴ AD = CE
Moreover, AD = BC (Given)
∴ BC = CE
In ∆ BCE, BC = CE
∴ ∠CBE = ∠CEB
∴ ∠CBE = ∠CEA ………….. (1)
In parallelogram ADCE, AD || CE and AE is their transversal.
∴ ∠ DAE + ∠ CEA = 180° (Interior angles on the same side of transversal)
∴ ∠ DAE + ∠ CBE = 180° [by (1)]
∴ ∠ DAE = 180° – ∠ CBE …………… (2)
Moreover, ∠ ABC + ∠ CBE = 180° (Linear pair)
∴ ∠ ABC = 180° – ∠ CBE …………. (3)
From (2) and (3),
∠ DAE = ∠ ABC
∴ ∠A = ∠B ……… Result (i)
AB || CD and AD is their transversal.
∴ ∠A + ∠D = 180°
∴ ∠D = 180°- ∠A ………….. (4)
AB || CD and BC is their transversal.
∴ ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∴ ∠C = 180°- ∠B
∴ ∠C = 180° – ∠ A [by result (i)] ……… (5)
From (4) and (5),
∠C = ∠D …….. Result (ii)
Draw diagonals AC and BD.
In ∆ ABC and ∆ BAD,
BC = AD (Given)
∠ ABC = ∠ BAD [by result (i)]
AB = BA (Common)
∴ ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ BAD (SAS rule) ………. Result (iii)
∴ AC = BD (CPCT)
Thus, diagonal AC = diagonal BD … Result (iv)
Note: A trapezium in which non-parallel sides are equal is called an isosceles trapezium. As proved above, in an isosceles trapezium, the diagonals are equal and the angles on each parallel side are equal.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.5 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.5

Question 1.
ABC is a triangle. Locate a point in the interior of ∆ ABC which is equidistant from all the vertices of ∆ ABC.
Answer:

In ∆ ABC, draw l, the perpendicular bisector of side AB and m, the perpendicular bisector of side BC. Name the point of intersection of l and m as P.
P is a point on the perpendicular bisector of AB. Hence, P is equidistant from A and B.
∴ PA = PB
P is a point on the perpendicular bisector of BC. Hence, P is equidistant from B and C.
∴ PB = PC
Thus, PA = PB = PC
Hence, P is the required point which is equidistant from all the vertices of ∆ ABC.
Note: Since ∆ ABC given here is an acute angled triangle, point P lies in the interior of ∆ ABC. If ∆ ABC is a right angled Mangle, point P lies on the hypotenuse. Actually, in that case, point P will be the midpoint of the hypotenuse. Lastly, if ∆ ABC is an obtuse angled triangle, point P lies in the exterior of ∆ ABC. This point P is called the circumcentre of ∆ ABC.

Question 2.
In a triangle locate a point in its interior which is equidistant from all the sides of the triangle.

Answer:
In ∆ ABC, draw the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C to intersect each other at point I.
I is a point on the bisector of ∠ B. Hence, I is equidistant from sides BA and BC. Similarly, I is a point on the bisector of ZC. Hence, I is equidistant from sides BC and CA.
Thus, point I is the required point which is equidistant from all the three sides AB, BC and CA of ∆ ABC.
This point I is called the incentre of ∆ ABC. It always lies in the interior of ∆ ABC irrespective of the type of ∆ ABC.

Question 3.
In a huge park, people are concentrated at three points (see the given figure):

A: where there are different slides and swings for children.
B: near which a man-made lake is situated.
C: which is near to a large parking and exit.
Where should an ice cream parlour be set up so that maximum number of persons can approach it ?
(Hint: The parlour should be equidistant from A, B and C.)
Answer:
First of all, construct ∆ ABC with the given points A, B and C as vertices. Then, as shown in example 1, draw the perpendicular s bisectors of any two sides of ∆ ABC and name their point of intersection as P.

Now, the ice cream parlour should be set up at the location given by point P as it is equidistant from all the three places (points) A, B and C.

Question 4.
Complete the hexagonal and star shaped < Rangolies [see figure (1) and (2)] by filling them with as many equilateral triangles of > side 1 cm as you can. Count the number < of triangles in each case. Which has more triangles?

Answer:
In figure (1), if we join the opposite vertices, we get three longest diagonals of hexagon ABCDEE By the intersection of these diagonals we get point O and six equilateral triangles – ∆ OAB, ∆ OBC, ∆ OCD, ∆ ODE, ∆ OEF and ∆ OFA. Each side of all these equilateral triangles will measure 5 cm. In each of these six triangles, we can fill 25 (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9) equilateral triangles with side 1 cm each. Hence in the hexagonal Rangoli ABCDEF, we can fill 25 × 6 = 150 triangles.

Similarly, in figure (2), we can fill 150 triangles in the inner hexagon and 150 triangles in the six triangles on the boundary of the hexagon. Thus, in figure (2), 150 + 150 = 300 triangles can be filled.
Hence, more triangles can be filled in figure (2).

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.4 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.4

Question 1.
Show that in a right angled triangle, the hypotenuse is the longest side.
Answer:

In ∆ ABC, ∠ B is a right angle.
∴ ∠ B = 90° and AC is the hypotenuse.
In ∆ ABC,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∴ ∠ A + 90° + ∠ C = 180°
∴ ∠ A + ∠ C = 90°
Now, ∠ A and ∠ C are both positive (in degrees) and their sum is 90°.
∴ ∠ A < 90° and ∠ C < 90°
∴ ∠ A < Z B and ∠ C < ∠ B
∴ BC < AC and AB < AC (Theorem 7.7)
Hence, hypotenuse AC is greater than each of the other two sides BC and AB. Thus, the hypotenuse is the longest side in a right angled triangle.

Question 2.
In the given figure, sides AB and AC of ∆ ABC are extended to points P and Q respectively. Also, ∠PBC < ∠ QCB. Show that AC > AB.

Answer:
∠ PBC < ∠ QCB (Given)
∴ – ∠ PBC > – ∠ QCB (Multiplying an inequality by (-1), it reverses)
∴ 180° – ∠ PBC > 180° – ∠ QCB (Adding 180° on both the sides) …………. (1)
Now, ∠ ABC and ∠ PBC as well as ∠ ACB and ∠ QCB from a linear pair.
∴ ∠ ABC = 180° – ∠ PBC and
∠ ACB = 180° – ∠ QCB
Substituting these values in (1), we get
∠ ABC > ∠ ACB
Now, in ∆ ABC, ∠ ABC > ∠ ACB A
∴ AC > AB (Theorem 7.7)

Question 3.
In the given figure, ∠ B < ∠ A and ∠ C < ∠ D. Show that AD < BC.

Answer:
In ∆ OAB, ∠ B < ∠ A
∴ OA < OB (Theorem 7.7) …………….. (1)
In ∆ OCD, ∠ C < ∠ D
∴ OD < OC (Theorem 7.7) ……………… (2)
Adding (1) and (2),
OA + OD < OB + OC
∴ AD < BC (As O is the point of intersection of AD and BC, it lies on both the line segments.)

Question 4.
AB and CD are respectively the smallest and longest sides of a quadrilateral ABCD ,(see the given figure). Show that ∠A > ∠C and ∠B > ∠D.

Answer:

Construction: In quadrilateral ABCD, draw diagonal AC.
AB is the smallest side of ABCD and CD is the longest side of ABCD.
∴ AB < BC and AD < CD.
In ∆ ABC, AB < BC
∴ ∠ ACB < ∠ BAC …… (1)
In ∆ CDA, AD < CD
∴ ∠ DCA < ∠ DAC ……… (2)
Adding (1) and (2),
∠ ACB + ∠ DCA < ∠ BAC + ∠ DAC
∴ ∠ BCD < ∠ BAD
∴ ∠ BAD > ∠ BCD
Thus, in quadrilateral ABCD, ∠ A > ∠ C. Similarly, after constructing diagonal BD and using the inequalities in A ABD and A CBD, it can be proved that ∠ B > ∠ D.

Question 5.
In the given figure, PR > PQ and PS bisects ∠ QPR. Prove that ∠ PSR > ∠ PSQ.

Answer:
PS is the bisector of ∠QPR.
∴ ∠QPS = ∠RPS = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠QPR ……………. (1)
∠ PSR is an exterior angle of A PQS and ∠ PSQ is an exterior angle of A PRS.
∴ PSR = ∠ Q + ∠QPS and
∠PSQ = ∠R + ∠RPS …………….. (2)
Now, in A PQR, PR > PQ
∴ ∠ Q > ∠ R
∴ ∠Q + \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠ QPR > ∠R + \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠ QPR
∴ ∠Q + ∠QPS > ∠R + ∠RPS [from (1)]
∴ ∠PSR > ∠PSQ

Question 6.
Show that of all line segments drawn from a given point not on a given line, the perpendicular line segment is the shortest.
Answer:

AB is a line and P is a point not on AB.
PM is the perpendicular line segment drawn from P to line AB.
N is any point on AB, other than M.
In ∆ PMN, ∠ M = 90°
∴ ∠ N < 90°
Thus, in ∆ PMN, ZN < ZM.
∴ PM < PN
This is true for any location of point N.
Hence, of all the line segments drawn from a point not on a given line, the, perpendicular line segment is the shortest.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles MCQ Questions with Answers.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Chapter 7 Triangles MCQ Questions

Multiple Choice Questions and Answer

Answer each question by selecting the proper alternative from those given below each question to make the statement true:

Question 1.
In ∆ ABC, ∠A = ∠C, AC = 5 and BC = 4. Then, the perimeter of ∆ ABC is ……………. .
A. 9
B. 14
C. 13
D. 15
Answer:
C. 13

Question 2.
In ∆ PQR, PQ = PR, QR is extended to S and ∠PRS = 110°. Then, ∠PQR = ……………… .
A. 30°
B. 50°
C. 80°
D. 70°
Answer:
D. 70°

Question 3.
In ∆ ABC and ∆ DEF, AB = DE, BC = EF and ∠B = ∠E. If the perimeter of ∆ ABC is 20, then the perimeter of ∆ DEF is ……………. .
A. 10
B. 20
C. 15
D. 40
Answer:
B. 20

Question 4.
In ∆ ABC and ∆ PQR, AB = PQ, ∠A = ∠P and ∠B = ∠Q. If ∠A + ∠C = 130°, then ∠Q = …………….. .
A. 65°
B. 130°
C. 50°
D. 100°
Answer:
C. 50°

Question 5.
In ∆ PQR, ∠P = ∠Q = ∠R. If PQ = 6, then the perimeter of ∆ PQR is ………………. .
A. 12
B. 9
C. 18
D. 24
Answer:
C. 18

Question 6.
In ∆ ABC, AB < AC. Then …………… holds good.
A. ∠A < ∠B
B. ∠B < ∠C
C. ∠C < ∠A
D. ∠C < ∠B
Answer:
D. ∠C < ∠B

Question 7.
In ∆ PQR, ∠R > ∠Q. Then, ………………. holds good.
A. PQ > PR
B. QR > PQ
C. PR > PQ
D. PQ > QR
Answer:
A. PQ > PR

Question 8.
In ∆ ABC, AB > BC and BC > AC. Then, the smallest angle of ∆ ABC is …………………. .
A. ∠A
B. ∠C
C. ∠B
D. ∠A or ∠C
Answer:
C. ∠B

Question 9
………………….. cannot be the measures of the sides of a triangle.
A. 10, 12, 14
B. 2, 3, 4
C. 8, 9, 10
D. 2, 4, 10
Answer:
D. 2, 4, 10

Question 10.
In ∆ PQR, PQ = 4, QR = 6 and PR = 5. Then, …………….. is the angle with greatest measure in ∆ PQR.
A. ∠P
B. ∠Q
C. ∠R
D. ∠QRP
Answer:
A. ∠P

Question 11.
In ∆ XYZ, ∠X = 45° and ∠Z = 60°. Then, …………….. is the longest side of ∆ XYZ.
A. XY
B. YZ
C. XZ
D. XY or YZ
Answer:
C. XZ

Question 12.
In ∆ ABC, ∠B = 30° and BC is extended to D. If ∠ACD = 110°, then the longest side of ∆ ABC is ………………. .
A. AB
B. BC
C. CA
D. AB or AC
Answer:
B. BC

Question 13.
In ∆ ABC, AB = 4 and BC = 7, Then, ……………… holds good.
A. AC < 7
B. AC > 4
C. 4 < AC < 7
D. 3 < AC < 11
Answer:
D. 3 < AC < 11

Question 14.
In ∆ PQR, PQ = 3 and QR = 7. Then, …………….. holds good.
A. PR = 4
B. PR = 10
C. 10 > PR > 4
D. 7 > PR > 3
Answer:
C. 10 > PR > 4

Question 15.
In ∆ ABC, the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C intersect at I. If ∠A = 70°, then ∠BIC = ………………… .
A. 35°
B. 75°
C. 100°
D. 125°
Answer:
D. 125°

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Narration Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 9th Class English Grammar Narration

Change the following into Indirect Speech :

1. He says, “My brother likes apples.”
2. He says to me, “I do not live here.”
3. You say to Gagan, “You like English, but I like Hindi.”
4. They say to us, “We are not well today.”
5. Harpreet said, “I shall talk to you tomorrow.
6. Ram will say, “I have done my work.”
7. Mohan will say to her, “You can do this thing tonight.”
8. My sister said to me, “I will visit my friend next week.”
9. Mrs Sharma said, “I am teaching my son English.”
10. The teacher said to us, “Slow and steady wins the race.”
11. My father said, “Your friend met me yesterday.”
12. You said to Asha, “You had already done your work.”
13. My mother said, “I shall go to your school today.”
14. I said to her, “The English defeated the French in India.”
15. Mother said to me, “I shall wait for you here.”
Answer:
1. He says that his brother likes apples.
2. He tells me he does not live there.
3. You tell Gagan that he likes English, but you like Hindi.
4. They tell us that they are not well today.
5. Harpreet said that she would talk to me the next day.
6. Ram will say that he has done his work.
7. Mohan will tell her that she can do this thing tonight.
8. My sister told me that she would visit her friend the coming week.
9. Mrs. Sharma said that she was teaching her son English.
10. The teacher told us that slow and steady wins the race.
11. My father said that my friend had met him the previous day.
12. You told Asha that she had already done her work.
13. My mother said that she would go to my school that day.
14. I told her that the English defeated the French in India.
15. Mother told me that she would wait for me there.

Change the following into Indirect Speech :

1. Father said to me, “Mohan was playing while I was reading my newspaper.”
2. The man said, “I do not know what to do now.”
3. He said, “Two and two make four.”
4. “I may not come tomorrow,” said Mohan to me.
5. Her brother said, “The sun rises in the east.”
6. We said to her, “India won freedom in 1947.”
7. The teacher said to us, “I am doing register work.”
8. I said, “It has been raining since last week.”
9. The teacher said, “If you work hard, you will get a prize.”
10. The thief promised, “I will never steal again.’
Answer:
1. Father told me that Mohan was playing while he was reading his newspaper.
2. The man said that he did not know what to do then.
3. He said that two and two make four.
4. Mohan told me that he might not come the next day.
5. Her brother said that the sun rises in the east.
6. We told her that India won freedom in 1947.
7. The teacher told us that she was doing register work.
8. I said that it had been raining since the previous week.
9. The teacher said that if I worked hard, I would get a prize.
10. The thief promised that he would never steal again.

Change the following into Direct Speech :

1. She told me that she had got a good grade in the examination.
2. Ram promised that he would help me with money.
3. The player said that he was quitting cricket for good.
4. The leader asserted that his party would do anything to uplift the poor.
5. The Principal said that truth wins in the end.
6. My sister said that she could not lift that box.
7. You said that you had not heard the news.
8. They told us that they liked oranges better than bananas.
9. The poor man said that he did not know what to do.
10. The D.C. assured us that he would look into the matter.
Answer:
1. She said to me, “I have got a good grade in the examination.”
2. Ram promised, “I will help you with money.”
3. The player said, “I am quitting cricket for good.”
4. The leader asserted, “My party will do anything to uplift the poor.”
5. The Principal said, “Truth wins in the end.”
6. My sister said, “I cannot lift this box.”
7. You said, “I have not heard the news.”
8. They said to us, “We like oranges better than bananas.”
9. The poor man said, “I do not know what to do.”
10. The D.C. said to us, “I will look into the matter.’

Correct the errors in the following sentences :

1. The man asked me what I want.
2. I told to her that Mohan had eaten his lunch.
3. She was telling that she would not eat rice.
4. Ram suggested that let us go for a picnic.
5. The teacher said that two and two made four.
6. My sister asked when I have arrived.
7. I told her to wait until Mohan comes back.
8. He told me that the earth moved around the sun.
9. She said that she lives in Ludhiana.
10. I said that she looks very ugly in this dress.
Answer:
1. The man asked me what I wanted.
2. I told her that Mohan had eaten his lunch.
3. She was saying that she would not eat rice.
4. Ram suggested that we should go for a picnic.
5. The teacher said that two and two make four.
6. My sister asked when I had arrived.
7. I told her to wait until Mohan came back.
8. He told me that the earth moves around the sun.
9. She said that she lived in Ludhiana.
10. I said that she looked very ugly in that dress.

Fill the empty bubbles in Column C with what was said in Column A as shown in the example :

Answers
1. She ordered him to go away.
2. She regretted that she had been so rude to Meena.
3. She warned you not to touch that wire.
4. She persuaded you to go ahead, saying that you could do well in the competition.
5. She refused to go to the picnic.

Change the following into Indirect Speech :

1. He said to the teacher, “Please do not mark me absent.”
2. I said to the driver, “Drive as fast as you can.”
3. The teacher said to the students, “Imitate my pronunciation if you want to speak well.”
4. The doctor said to me, “Take a cold shower before breakfast if you want to keep fit.”
5. She said to me, “Kindly excuse me for coming late this time.”
6. Mother said to me, “Never cheat in the examination.”
7. Ram said to his friends, “Never tell a lie.”
8. The servant said to the master, “Pardon me this time, please.”
9. She said to her mother, “Let me join IAF.”
10. He said to me, “Let Tinkle try ever so hard, she will not reach the goal.”
Answer:
1. He requested the teacher not to mark him absent.
2. I asked the driver to drive as fast as he could.
3. The teacher advised the students to imitate his pronunciation if they wanted to speak well.
4. The doctor advised me to take a cold shower before breakfast if I wanted to keep fit.
5. She requested me to excuse her for coming late that time.
6. Mother advised me never to cheat in the examination.
7. Ram advised his friends never to tell a lie.
8. The servant requested his master to pardon him that time.
9. She asked her mother to let her join IAF.
10. He told me that Tinkle would not reach the goal however hard she tried.

Read the following dialogue and report it by filling up the blanks in the paragraph that follows :

Ram : I have invited three friends to dinner today.
Mohan : It is a very good thing.
Ram : The guests will come at 7 p.m.
Mohan : Then we will have to buy everything before going to office.
Ram : Let’s go to the supermarket to buy the things required.

Ram told Mohan that (a) …………
Mohan replied that (b) ……………..
Ram said further that the guests (c) …….
Mohan replied that then they would (d) …………..
Ram suggested that they should (e) ………..
Answer:
(a) he had invited three friends to dinner that day.
(b) it was a very good thing.
(c) would come at 7 p.m.
(d) have to buy everything before going to office.
(e) go to the supermarket to buy the things required.”

Read the following dialogue and report it by filling up the blanks in the paragraph that follows:

Wife : Our servant has run away.
Husband : Is anything missing?
Wife : Yes, my gold watch.
Husband : Where did you keep it ?
Wife : On the dressing table, as usual.
Husband : I am going to the police to report.

The wife told her husband that (a) ………. The husband asked the wife (b) ………. The wife told him that (c) ……… The husband then asked her where she (d) ……….. She replied that (e) ……… The husband told her that (f) ……….
Answer:
(a) their servant had run away.
(b) if there was anything missing.
(c) her gold watch was missing.
(d) had kept it.
(e) she had kept it on the dressing table as usual.
(f) he was going to the police to report.

Given below, you can see a picture. Complete the following paragraph reporting what happened in the picture :

A customer went to a shopkeeper and (a) ……………………. The shopkeeper took out one and told him (b) …………………. . The customer told him (c) ………….. as it was costly. The shopkeeper told him ,(d) ………..
Answer:
(a) asked him to show him a quality hanger
(b) to look at it. It would cost him five rupees
(c) to show him a cheaper one
(d) to take that nail instead.

Change the Narration :

1. Ram told me that the window went to the hospital because it had panes in its sides.
2. My brother said, “The traffic policeman is the strongest man because he can stop a speeding truck with one hand.”
3. She told me that SMILES is the longest word in English because there is a mile between the first S and the last S.
4. The teacher said, “An island and the letter t are alike because they are both in the middle of WATER.”
5. She said, “A bald man has no use of keys because he has lost his locks.”
Answer:
1. Ram said to me, “The window goes to the hospital because it has panes in its sides.”
2. My brother said that the traffic policeman is the strongest man because he can stop a speeding truck with one hand.
3. She said to me, “SMILES is the longest word in English because there is a mile between the first S and the last S.”
4. The teacher said that an island and the letter t are alike because they are both in the middle of WATER.
5. She said that a bald man has no use of keys because he has lost his locks.

Change the Narration :

1. The teacher told me to do up my buttons.
2. She informed us that the film had already started.
3. The teacher said, “The earth pulls everything towards it.”
4. “Shoot the prisoner,” said the chief to his men.
5. Maya said, “India became a Republic on 26th January.”
6. The doctor advised him to remain away from hurry, worry and curry.
7. He requested me to let him use my scooter.
8. My sister said, “I cannot lift this box.”
9. I told my father that I was too young to marry.
10. The police informed us that they had arrested the thief.
Answer:
1. The teacher said to me, “Do up your buttons.”
2. She said to us, “The film has already started.”
3. The teacher said that the earth pulls everything towards it.
4. The chief ordered his men to shoot the prisoner.
5. Maya said that India became a Republic on 26th January.
6. The doctor said to him, “Remain away from hurry, worry and curry.”
7. He said to me, “Let me use your scooter, please.”
8. My sister said that she could not lift that box.
9. I said to my father, “I am too young to marry.”
10. The police said to us, “We have arrested the thief.”.

Change the following sentences into the Indirect form of speech :

1. I said to him, “Will you return tomorrow?”
2. She said to me, “Will you come to the party ?”
3. She said to the fox, “Are the grapes sour ?”
4. He said to me, “Do you like sweets ?”
5. I said to him, “Do you like apples ?”
6. He said to me, “Do you like apples ?”
7. I said to him, “Should I depend on you for help ?”
8. Rama said to Sohani, “Are you angry with me?”
9. Ritu said to Gurvir, “Are you happy with my performance ?”
10. I said to him, “Did you like my new suit ?”
Answer:
1. I asked him if he would return the next day.
2. She asked me if I would come to the party.
3. She asked the fox if the grapes were sour.
4. He asked me if I liked sweets.
5. I asked him if he liked apples.
6. He asked me if I liked apples.
7. I asked him if I should depend on him for help.
8. Rama asked Sohani if she was angry with her.
9. Ritu asked Gurvir if he was happy with her performance.
10. I asked him if he had liked my new suit.

Change the Narration :

1. He said, “May you live long !”
2. He said, “Alas ! I have failed.”
3. He said, “Would that I were rich !”
4. He said, “Goodbye ! My friends !”
5. He said, “O for a glass of water !”
6. The captain said, “Bravo ! A good shot.”
7. He said, “Alas ! I have been ruined.”
8. The old man said, “May God bless you !”
9. “May you prosper in life !” said my mother to me.
10. “Pooh ! Go to hell,” said the old lady to her son.
Answer:
1. He prayed for my long life.
2. He exclaimed with sorrow that he had failed.
3. He wished that he had been rich.
4. He bade goodbye to his friends.
5. He longed for a glass of water.
6. The captain applauded him, saying that it was a good shot.
7. He exclaimed with sorrow that he had been ruined.
8. The old man prayed that God would bless him.
9. My mother prayed for my prosperity in life.
10. The old lady cursed her son, saying that he would go to hell.

Change the Narration :

1. The traveller said, “Can you tell me the way to the nearest inn ?” “Yes,” said the peasant. “Do you want one in which you can spend the night ?” “No,” replied the traveller, “I only want a meal.”
2. He said to me, “Hello, is it you ? Come in, take a seat. I have heard of your distress. But why do you look so forlorn? I shall do all I can to help you.”
Answer:
1. The traveller asked the peasant if he could tell him the way to the nearest inn. The peasant replied in the affirmative. He asked the traveller if he wanted one in which he could spend the night. The traveller replied in the negative. He said that he only wanted a meal.

2. He asked me if it was I and then asked me to come in and take a seat. He told me that he had heard of my distress. He asked me why I looked so forlorn. He assured me that he would do all he could to help me.

Read the following dialogue :

Raghav : I think one of my snakes has escaped.
Sheela : Isn’t it dangerous ? You really must stop collecting snakes, Raghav.
Raghav : But I like snakes – they are unusual pets.
Sheela : But I think it’s a dangerous thing to keep such pets.
Raghav : No, they’re not, they are really….er – quite friendly.
Sheela : Huh ! Snakes require a great deal of careful handling and are still a risk.
Raghav : I don’t mind. What matters is that I like them.
Sheela : Well, quite frankly, I hate them. They are awfully frightening to look at.
Raghav : Look, I am very careful and I handle them very gently. In fact, I don’t have many.
Sheela : Have you ever been bitten ?
Raghav : Well, its true. I’ve been bitten once or twice, but —

You have overheard the conversation between Raghav and Sheela. Write to your sister, Madhu, reporting the whole account in your own words. Give the conversation an interesting, unexpected or humorous ending.

449/2 Civil Lines
Ludhiana
26 January 20- –
Dear Madhu

As I know, you’re very interested in Raghav and his snakes. I thought I’d tell you about a conversation I’ve just heard between him and sheela.
He told her that he thought one of his snakes had escaped and, as usual, she told him to stop collecting them because they were dangerous. (Typical of sheela ! Don’t you think so ?)

she is so scared of snakes that she can’t bear even seeing one. The other day, she saw Raghav playing with a snake. Suddenly, the snake bit Raghav on his face. When sheela saw this, she gave a loud cry and fell down unconscious. She took an hour to come to herself. But then what a wonder for her to see ! The snake had died and no harm had come to Raghav. Can you tell why ? Waiting for your letter.

Your loving brother
Arun.

आरम्भिक ज्ञान की बातें

किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा कहे गये शब्दों को दो ढंगों से व्यक्त किया जा सकता है, जो कि नीचे दिए गए उदाहरणों से स्पष्ट है
1. She said to him, “You are a fool.”
2. She told him that he was a fool.

ऊपर दिए पहले वाक्य में वक्ता के वास्तविक शब्द ज्यों के त्यों दिए गए हैं।
कोई बात कहने के इस ढंग को Direct Speech या Direct Narration कहते हैं।
इसके विपरीत दूसरे वाक्य में वक्ता के शब्दों में परिवर्तन कर दिया गया है अर्थात् उसकी बात को अपने शब्दों में कहा गया है।
कोई बात कहने के इस ढंग को Indirect Speech या Indirect Narration कहते हैं।

A. Rules For Change Of Tenses

Direct Speech को Indirect Speech में बदलते समय Reported Speech की क्रिया (Verb) के tense में आगे लिखे नियमों के अनुसार परिवर्तन होता है|

Rule 1:
यदि Reporting Verb वर्तमान काल (Present Tense) या भविष्यत् काल (Future Tense) में हो, तो Reported Speech की क्रिया का Tense कभी नहीं बदला जाता।

Direct	Indirect
1. Hari says, “Mohan walks very fast.”	Hari says that Mohan walks very fast.
2. Mohan says, “Sohan plays well.”	Mohan says that Sohan plays well.
3. He says, “Renu needs money.”	He says that Renu needs money.
4. The teacher will say, “Gopal was never late.”	The teacher will say that Gopal was never late.
5. Anil will say, “Sham broke Mohan’s slate.”	Anil will say that Sham broke Mohan’s slate.

Rule 2:
यदि Reporting Verb भूत काल (Past Tense) में हो, तो Reported Speech की क्रिया को निम्नलिखित ढंग से बदला जाता है

(i) Present Indefinite Tense को Past Indefinite Tense में बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. Mohan said, “Ramesh works hard.” 2. He said, “The girl sings a song.”	Mohan said that Ramesh worked hard. He said that the girl sang a song.

(ii) Present Continuous Tense को Past Continuous Tense में बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. He said, “The teacher is teaching.” 2. Sohan said, “Ram is singing a song.”	He said that the teacher was teaching. Sohan said that Ram was singing a song.

(iii) Present Perfect Tense को Past Perfect Tense में बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. The teacher said, “Mohan has written a book.” 2. She said, “Sheela has won the race.”	The teacher said that Mohan had written a book. She said that Sheela had won the race.

(iv) Present Perfect Continuous Tense को Past Perfect Continuous Tense में बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. The mother said, “The children have been playing for two hours.” 2. Sant said, “Kishore has been living in this house since 1970.”	The mother said that the children had been playing for two hours. Sant said that Kishore had been living in that house since 1970.

(v) Past Indefinite Tense को Past Perfect Tense में बदला जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. Raju said, “Meena stood first in the test.” 2. They said, “The police did not arrest the thief.”	Raju said that Meena had stood first in the test. They said that the police had not arrested the thief.

(vi) Past Continuous Tense को Past Perfect Continuous Tense में बदला जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. Ashok said, “Manu was telling a lie.” 2. I said, “The girls were not singing.”	Ashok said that Manu had been telling a lie. I said that the girls had not been singing.

(vii) Shall / will, can तथा may को क्रमशः would, could तथा might में बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. The teacher said, “Mohan will read it.” 2. I said, “I shall be writing a letter.” 3. The old man said, “It may rain any time. 4. Sham said, “Mohan will have written a letter.” 5. They said, “She will have been washing the clothes for two hours.”	The teacher said that Mohan would read it. I said that I would be writing a letter. The old man said that it might rain any time.” Sham said that Mohan would have written a letter. They said that she would have been washing the clothes for two hours.

(viii) Must और needn’t को क्रमशः had to और did not have to में बदल दिया जाता है। यदि must और needn’t भविष्य की तरफ़ संकेत कर रहे हों, तो इन्हें क्रमशः would have to और would not have to बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. I said to my father, “I must go at once.” 2. My teacher said to me, “You needn’t go 3. I said to my host, “I must meet your son next week.” 4. I said to my host, “I needn’t meet your son next week.” 5. My father said to me, “You must obey your teachers.”	I told my father that I had to go at once. My teacher told me that I did not have to go. I told my host that I would have to meet his son next week. I told my host that I wouldn’t hats to meet his son next week. My father told me that I must obey my teachers.

Note 1. पहले वाक्य में must वर्तमान में विवशता या आवश्यकता को प्रकट करता है। इसलिए इसे ‘have to’ समझ कर had to में बदला गया है।

Note 2: तीसरे वाक्य में must भविष्य काल में विवशता को प्रकट करता है और इसे ‘shall have to’ के भाव में प्रयोग किया गया है। इसलिए इसे would have to में बदला गया है।

Note 3: पांचवें वाक्य में must का प्रयोग किसी स्थायी बात के लिए किया गया है। इसलिए इसे बदला नहीं गया है।

Change the form of Narration :

1. Geeta said, “Rakesh can swim across the river.”
2. Mohan said, “The girl is singing a song.”
3. Ravi said, “Mohinder has written a poem.”
4. Rohit said, “Rahul told a lie.”
5. Sohan said, “Mona was reading a book.”
6. Prem said, “Sheela may win the race.”
7. Prema said, “Sunita’s nose is running.”
8. Poonam said, “Sham has been running for two hours.”
9. Sumit said, “Preeti was making a noise.”
10. Sarita said, “Kavita will win a scholarship.”

Table of Rules for the Change of Verbs

Direct	Indirect
1. Present Indefinite    (sing) 2. Present Continuous   (is singing) 3. Present Perfect   (has sung) 4. Present Perfect Continuous    (has been singing) 5. Past Indefinite   (sang) 6. Past Continuous   (was singing) 7. Past Perfect    (had sung) 8. Past Perfect Continuous   (had been singing) 9. 1st form 10. Is, am, are 11. Was, were 12. Has, have 13. Do not, does not 14. Shall, will 15. Can, may	Past Indefinite (sang) Past Continuous (was singing) Past Perfect (had sung) Past Perfect Continuous (had been singing) Past Perfect (had sung) Past Perfect Continuous (had been singing) Unchanged (had sung) Unchanged  (had been singing) And form Was, were had been Had Did not Would Could, might

Exception to Rule -2

यदि Reported Speech में किसी स्थायी सत्य (universal truth) या पक्की आदत (habitual fact) का वर्णन हो, तो Reported Speech की क्रिया (Verb) का Tense नहीं बदला जाता, यद्यपि Reporting Verb भूतकाल (Past Tense) में ही क्यों न हो। इस तरह के वाक्य प्राय: Present Indefinite Tense में होते हैं।

Direct	Indirect
1. She said, “Honesty is the best policy.” 2. He said, “The sun rises in the east.” 3. The teacher said, “Unity is strength.” 4. Mohan said, “Two and two make four.” 5. Reena said, “Heavy rains bring floods.”	She said that honesty is the best policy. He said that the sun rises in the east. The teacher said that unity is strength. Mohan said that two and two make four. Reena said that heavy rains bring floods.

Change the form of Narration :

1. He said, “Man has two hands.”
2. He said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
3. The boy said, “All that glitters is not gold.”
4. Ram said, “The Hindus burn their dead.”
5. The teacher said, “God is everywhere.”
6. We said, “Work is worship.” ’
7. My granny said, “Hard work is the key to success.”
8. He said, “My mother gives alms to the poor every morning.”
9. My teacher said, “India became free on 15th August, 1947.”
10. Our science teacher said, “Light travels in a straight line.”

B. Rules For Change Of Pronouns

Rule -1 :
Reported Speech में First Person के Pronouns जैसे – I, my, me, we, our, us को | Reporting Verb के कर्ता (Subject) के अनुसार बदला जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. He said, “I am a teacher.” 2. She said, “I have played a match.” 3. You Said, “I did not receive the letter.” 4. Ram said, “I suffer from fever.”	He said that he was a teacher. She said that she had played a match. You said that you had not received the letter. Ram said that he suffered from fever.                      ’

Rule 2 :
Reported Speech में Second Person को Pronouns जैसे – you, your के Reporting Verb के कर्म (Object) के अनुसार
बदला जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. I said to him, “You are a nice boy.” 2. Ram said to me, “You cannot do it.” 3. I said to her, “You have been marked absent”. 4. Ram said to me, “You did not return the books.”	I told him that he was a nice boy. Ram told me that I could not do it. I told her that she had been marked absent. Ram told me that I had not returned the books.

Rule 3:
Reported Speech में Third Person के Pronouns जैसे – he, she, it, they और इनके विभिन्न रूप कभी नहीं बदले जाते हैं।

Direct	Indirect
1. Mohan said, “She is a good girl.” 2. I said, “He is not doing his duty.” 3. Raj said, “It is a beautiful sight.” 4. Ram said, “They have broken his leg.”	Mohan said that she was a good girl. I said that he was not doing his duty. Raj said that it was a beautiful sight. Ram said that they had broken his leg.

Change the form of Narration :

1. Sanjiv said, “He has sold his watch.”
2. Mohan said, “I have read all the stories.”
3. She said, “I know the rules of the game.”
4. He said to me, “I am waiting for you.”
5. You said to me, “You can solve all the sums.”
6. I said to him, “You have wasted your time.”
7. Sohan said, “Sheela was running a race.”
8. You said, “I am doing my work.”
9. I said to her, “You did your best for me.”
10. I said to Mohan, “It is a beautiful sight.”

C. Rules For Change Of Words Showing Nearness

जिन शब्दों से समय तथा स्थान की समीपता प्रकट हो, उनके स्थान पर ऐसे शब्दों का प्रयोग किया जाता है जिनसे समय तथा स्थान की दूरी प्रकट हो।

Direct	Indirect	Direct	Indirect       ‘
Here	There	Ago	Before
This	That	Tomorrow	The next day
These	Those	Today	That day
Now	Then	Yesterday	The previous day
Thus	So	Last night	The previous night
Hence	Thence	Last week	The previous week
Hither	Thither	The next day	The following day

Examples:

Direct	Indirect
1. He said to me, “I shall meet you tomorrow. 2. Mohan said, “I shall do it now.” 3. I said to him, “I bought this book yesterday.” 4. She said to me, “My uncle visited the Taj Mahal last year.” 5. Hari said, “Mohan would buy these oranges the next day.”	He told me that he would meet me the next day. Mohan said that he would do it then. I told him that I had bought that book the previous day. She told me that her uncle had visited the Taj Mahal the previous year. Hari said that Mohan would buy those oranges the following day.

Change the form of Narration :

1. The teacher said to the boys, “I shall finish this lesson tomorrow.”
2. You said to me, “I shall do it today.”
3. She said to me, “You cannot live here.”
4. The boy said, “I shall tell you the truth now.”
5. I said, “It may rain tomorrow.”
6. They said, “We went to the zoo yesterday.”
7. She said to her father, “I bought this pen last month.”
8. Ram said to you, “I will leave this place tomorrow.”
9. You said to Sheela, “I like these mangoes.”
10. I said to my sister, “You should go to school now.”

D. Rules For Change Of Different Types Of Sentences

Assertive Sentences:

यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य Assertive हो तो Indirect में बदलते समय निम्नलिखित परिवर्तन किये जाते हैं-
1. यदि say, says, will say, said के बाद to का प्रयोग न किया गया हो तो इन्हें ऐसे ही रहने दिया जाता है। इन्हें tell, tells, will tell अथवा told में नहीं बदला जाता है।

2.

• say to को tell में बदला जाता है।
• says to को tells में बदला जाता है।
• will say to को will tell में बदला जाता है।
• said to को told में बदला जाता है।

3. Reporting Verb के बाद लगे comma (,) तथा inverted commas (” “) को हटाकर that लगाया जाता है।

4. Reported Speech की क्रिया (Verb) को नियमों के अनुसार बदल दिया जाता है।

5. Reported Speech के Pronouns को भी नियमानुसार बदला जाना चाहिए। वाक्य के अन्त में Full stop (.) लगाया जाना चाहिए।

Direct

Indirect

1. He says, “I need money.” 2. The teacher will say, “Shashi was never late.” 3. Ram said to me, “You did not return my books.” 4. The officer said, “I am busy now.” 5. I said, “Ravi may stand first in the class.” 6. He said to the host, “I must go now.” 7. The teacher said, “Boys, I shall go with you.” 8. The teacher said, “The earth revolves round the sun.” 9. He said, “My mother gives alms to the poor every morning.” 10. You said to Sham, “You are telling a lie now.”

He says that he needs money. The teacher will say that Shashi was never late. Ram told me that I had not returned his books. The officer said that he was busy then. I said that Ravi might stand first in the class. He told the host that he had to go then. The teacher told the boys that he would go with them. The teacher said that the earth revolves round the sun. He said that his mother gives alms to the poor every morning. You told Sham that he was telling a lie then.

Interrogative Sentences

यदि Reported Speech का पहला अक्षर कोई Helping verb अथवा Question word (who, what, when, where, why, how, आदि) हो तो निम्नलिखित परिवर्तन किये जाते हैं
1.

• say या say to को ask में बदला जाता है।
• says या says to को asks में बदला जाता है।
• said या said to को asked में बदला जाता है।

2. Helping verb को Subject के बाद लगा कर वाक्य को साधारण बनाया जाता है।
3. प्रश्न-वाचक चिह्न हटा कर Full Stop (.) लगाया जाता है।
4. Reporing verb के बाद के लगे हुए comma (,) तथा inverted commas (” “) को हटा कर if अथवा whether लगाया जाता है।
5. परन्तु यदि वाक्य (who, whom, what, when, where, how, why आदि) किसी प्रश्न-वाचक शब्द से आरम्भ हो तो if नहीं लंगाया जाता है, अपितु उसी प्रश्न-वाचक शब्द को small letter से आरम्भ करके Reporting Verb के साथ जोड़ दिया जाता है।
6. Verbs तथा Pronouns को नियमों के अनुसार बदला जाता है।
7.

• Do, does को हटाकर verb की दूसरी फार्म लगाई जाती है।
• Did को हटाकर had + III form लगाई जाती है।

8. यदि Reported Speech में sir शब्द का प्रयोग किया गया हो तो, उसे हटा कर asked से पहले respectfully शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Direct

Indirect

1. They said to me, “Are the grapes sour ?” 2. She said, “Shall I enjoy the party ?” 3. He said, “Shall I open the window ?” 4. He said to me, “Do you need money ?” 5. He said to me, “Did you know the truth ?” 6. He said to the officer, “May I use your telephone, Sir? 7. He said to her, “Where do you live ?” 8. The teacher said to the boys, “Why do you make a noise ?” 9. She said to you, “Who teaches you English ?” 10. I said to Mohan, “Will you company me to Delhi ?”

They asked me if the grapes were sour. She asked whether she would enjoy the party. He asked if he should open the window. He asked me if I needed money. He asked me if I had known the truth. He respectfully asked the officer if he might use his telephone. He asked her where she lived. The teacher asked the boys why they made a noise. She asked you who taught you English. I asked Mohan if he would accompany me to Delhi.

Exercise For Practice

Change the form of Narration :
1. I said to him, “Will you return tomorrow ?”
2. She said to the fox, “Are the grapes sour ?”
3. He said to me, “Do you like sweets ?”
4. I said to him, “Should I depend on you for help ?”
5. Rama said to Sohani, “Are you angry with me ?”
6. I said to him, “Do you like my new suit ?”
7. Ravi said to me, “Do you have a severe headache ?”
8. Neelu said to Ravi, “When can you come ?”
9. Kulwant said to Manjit, “Why ate you so happy today ?”
10. She said to the boy, “What do you want from me ?”

Imperative Sentences

जो वाक्य verb की पहली फार्म अथवा Don’t + V₁ या Never + V₁ या Please + V, से आरम्भ हों, उन्हें Imperative वाक्य कहा जाता है। ऐसे वाक्यों को Indirect में बदलते समय अग्रलिखित परिवर्तन किए जाते हैं
1. Reporting Verb अर्थात् said या said to को Reported Speech के भाव के अनुसार बदला जाता है.
(i) Please अथवा Kindly वाले वाक्यों में said या said to को requested में बदला जाता है।
(ii) उपदेश वाले वाक्यों में advised का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(iii) आदेश वाले वाक्यों में ordered का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(iv) जब कोई साधारण बात पूछी गई हो तो asked का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(v) निषेधवाचक वाक्यों में forbade का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(vi) यदि निषेधवाचक वाक्यों में asked का प्रयोग करना हो तो Don’t को not to में और never को never to में बदल देना चाहिए।

2. Comma तथा inverted commas हटा कर क्रिया से पूर्व to का प्रयोग किया जाता है और क्रिया की फार्म को नहीं बदला जाता है।
3. Pronouns को नियमों के अनुसार बदला जाता है।

Direct

Indirect

1. He said to me, “Do it.” 2. He said to me, “Don’t do it.” 3. He said to the peon, “Open the door. 4. I said to him, “Please sit down.” 5. She said to them, “Respect your elders.” 6. The teacher said to the boys, “Don’t waste your time in idle gossip.” 7. The lawyer said to the witness,“Speak as I tell you.” 8. The Commander said to his men,“Attack the enemy.” 9. The teacher said to students,“Never tell lies.” 10. The General said to the soldiers,“March quickly.”

He asked me to do it. He asked me not to do it. He ordered the peon to open the door.” I requested him to sit down. She advised them to respect their elders. The teacher advised the boys not to waste their time in idle gossip. The lawyer directed the witness to speak as he told him. The Commander commanded his men to attack the enemy. The teacher advised the students never to tell lies. The General ordered the soldiers to march quickly.

Change the form of Narration :

1. Father said to me, “Avoid bad company.”
2. The headmaster said to the peon, “Ring the bell.”
3. I said to Ganesh, “Please lend me fifty rupees.”
4. The beggar said, “Kindly give me food.”
5. The teacher said to the students, “Stop making noise.”
6. The teacher said to me, “Dare to be true.”
7. I said to my servant, “Bring me a glass of water.”
8. The mother said to her daughter, “Do not waste your time.”
9. The teacher said to the boys, “Never come late.”
10. The Principal said to the visitor, “Do not disturb me, please.”

The Use Of Let

Rule 1 :
जो वाक्य Let us से आरम्भ हों, उनमें Let किसी ‘सुझाव’ को व्यक्त करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों में said to को proposed to अथवा suggested to में बदला जाता है; और Let us के स्थान पर should लगाकर इसे साधारण वाक्य बना दिया जाता है।

Rule 2 :
Let me वाले वाक्य किसी ‘प्रार्थना’ का भाव प्रकट करते हैं। ऐसे वाक्यों में said to को told में बदला जाता है; और Let me को I may be allowed या to let में बदल दिया जाता है। ऐसे वाक्यों में said to को requested में भी बदला जा सकता है।

Rule 3:
Let him / her, आदि वाले वाक्य ‘आदेश’ को व्यक्त करते हैं। इनमें said to को ordered में बदल दिया जाता है, और let को to let में बदल दिया जाता है।’

Direct	Indirect
1. He said to his friend, “Let us dine out today.” 2. My father said to me, “Let him revise the lesson.” 3. She said to him, “Let us sit in the sun. 4. Mohan said to his friend, “Let me go home now.” 5. The headmaster said to the peon,“Let the boy come in.”	He proposed to his friend that they should dine out that day. My father ordered me to let him revise the lesson. She proposed to him that they should sit in the sun. Mohan requested his friend to let him go home then. The headmaster ordered the peon to let the boy come in.

Change the form of Narration :

1. Hari said to me, “Let us go out for a walk.”
2. He said to his friend, “Let us sit here.”
3. He said to me, “Let the child play.”
4. He said to his friends, “Let us dine out today.”
5. He said to the waterman, “Let me have a glass of water, please.”
6. The principal said to the peon, “Let the boys see these pictures.”
7. The hare said to the tortoise, “Let us run a race.”
8. I said to my brother, “Let me go to school, please.”
9. The headmaster said to the teacher, “Let the boys play a match.”
10. I said to my brother, “Let us construct a new house.”

Optative Sentences

Optative Sentences को निम्नलिखित ढंग से बदला जाता है

1. said to को wished या prayed में बदला जाता है।
2. wished अथवा prayed के तुरन्त बाद that लगाया जाता है।
3. You के स्थान पर Reporting Verb के object का प्रयोग किया जाता है अथवा You को उसके अनुसार बदल दिया जाता है।
4. May को subject के बाद ले जाकर would में बदल दिया जाता है।
5. Pronouns आदि नियमानुसार बदले जाते हैं।
6. Sign of Exclamation विस्मयबोधक चिन्ह (!) के स्थान पर Full stop (.) लगाया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. She said, “May God bless you with a son !” 2. “May you succeed in life !” said the old lady to her son. 3. “Would that I were rich !” said my friend. 4. He said, “May the king live long !” 5. He said, “O, for a glass of water !”	She prayed that God would bless him with a son. The old lady prayed for her son’s success in life. My friend wished that he had been rich. He prayed that the king would live long. He longed for a glass of water.

Change the form of Narration :

1. He said, “May God be kind to you !”
2. The mother said to her son, “May you prosper in life !”
3. He said, “Would that I were rich !”
4. She said, “O, for a loaf of bread !”
5. She said, “Would that I were the princess !”
6. He said, “May God reward this act of yours !”
7. The mother said, “May you pass in the test, my son !”
8. All said together, “May God grant peace to the departed soul !”
9. They said, “May there be peace and prosperity in this land !”
10. “Would that I were a bird !” said my friend.

Exclamatory Sentences

Exclamatory sentences को indirect में बदलने के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम याद रखिए1. Reporting Verb ‘said’ को Reported Speech के भाव अनुसार बदला जाता है।

• Hurrah वाले वाक्य में said को exclaimed with joy में बदला जाता है।
• Alas वाले वाक्यों में said को exclaimed with sorrow में बदला जाता है।
• What वाले वाक्यों में said को exclaimed with surprise में बदला जाता है।
• What a को a very में बदला जाता है।
• Bravo वाले वाक्यों में said to को applauded……… saying में बदला जाता है।

2. Comma तथा inverted commas को हटाकर that लगाया जाता है।
3. वाक्य में Hurrah, Alas आदि शब्द समाप्त कर दिए जाते हैं।
4. Verbs तथा Pronouns नियमानुसार बदले जाते हैं।
5. Exclamatory Sentences को Assertive Sentences में, अर्थात् एक साधारण वाक्य में बदल दिया जाता
6. Sign of Exclamation (!) को हटाकर Full Stop (.) लगा दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. The boys said, “Hurrah ! We have won the match.”	The boys exclaimed with joy that they Rad won the match.
2. He said, “Alas ! I have failed.”	He exclaimed with sorrow that he had failed.
3. Prem said, “Alas ! How foolish I have been !”	Prem exclaimed with regret that he had been very foolish.
4. The General said to the jawans, “Splendid ! You have won the war.	The General applauded the jawans saying that they had won the war.
5. Ram said, “What a beautiful flower !”	Ram exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful flower.
6. The captain said, “Bravo ! A good shot.”	The captain applauded him saying that it was a good shot.
7. I said, “Welcome, stranger, share what I have !”	I welcomed the stranger and invited him to share what I had.
8. He said, “Hurrah ! My brother has won a scholarship.”	He exclaimed with joy that his brother had won a scholarship.
9. She said, “Alas ! My husband is dead.”	She exclaimed with sorrow that her husband was dead.
10. Neha said, “What a beautiful sight it is !”	Neha exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful sight.

Change the form of Narration :

1. The old man said, “Alas ! My only son is dead. ”
2. He said, “What a beautiful sight !”
3. Mohan said, “Hurrah ! We have won the match.”
4. The old man said, “How weak I have become !”
5. Sohan said, “What a dark night !”
6. The players said, “Hurrah ! We have scored four goals.”
7. Ram said, “Alas ! I have lost my all.”
8. The captain said, “Bravo ! You have done very well.”
9. He said, “Hurrah ! I will join my parents again after five years.”
10. My friend said, “Alas ! My cousin has lost his mother.”