Class 9 – Page 14 – PSEB Solutions

PSEB 9th Class English Grammar Narration

May 14, 2024May 10, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Narration Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 9th Class English Grammar Narration

Change the following into Indirect Speech :

1. He says, “My brother likes apples.”
2. He says to me, “I do not live here.”
3. You say to Gagan, “You like English, but I like Hindi.”
4. They say to us, “We are not well today.”
5. Harpreet said, “I shall talk to you tomorrow.
6. Ram will say, “I have done my work.”
7. Mohan will say to her, “You can do this thing tonight.”
8. My sister said to me, “I will visit my friend next week.”
9. Mrs Sharma said, “I am teaching my son English.”
10. The teacher said to us, “Slow and steady wins the race.”
11. My father said, “Your friend met me yesterday.”
12. You said to Asha, “You had already done your work.”
13. My mother said, “I shall go to your school today.”
14. I said to her, “The English defeated the French in India.”
15. Mother said to me, “I shall wait for you here.”
Answer:
1. He says that his brother likes apples.
2. He tells me he does not live there.
3. You tell Gagan that he likes English, but you like Hindi.
4. They tell us that they are not well today.
5. Harpreet said that she would talk to me the next day.
6. Ram will say that he has done his work.
7. Mohan will tell her that she can do this thing tonight.
8. My sister told me that she would visit her friend the coming week.
9. Mrs. Sharma said that she was teaching her son English.
10. The teacher told us that slow and steady wins the race.
11. My father said that my friend had met him the previous day.
12. You told Asha that she had already done her work.
13. My mother said that she would go to my school that day.
14. I told her that the English defeated the French in India.
15. Mother told me that she would wait for me there.

Change the following into Indirect Speech :

1. Father said to me, “Mohan was playing while I was reading my newspaper.”
2. The man said, “I do not know what to do now.”
3. He said, “Two and two make four.”
4. “I may not come tomorrow,” said Mohan to me.
5. Her brother said, “The sun rises in the east.”
6. We said to her, “India won freedom in 1947.”
7. The teacher said to us, “I am doing register work.”
8. I said, “It has been raining since last week.”
9. The teacher said, “If you work hard, you will get a prize.”
10. The thief promised, “I will never steal again.’
Answer:
1. Father told me that Mohan was playing while he was reading his newspaper.
2. The man said that he did not know what to do then.
3. He said that two and two make four.
4. Mohan told me that he might not come the next day.
5. Her brother said that the sun rises in the east.
6. We told her that India won freedom in 1947.
7. The teacher told us that she was doing register work.
8. I said that it had been raining since the previous week.
9. The teacher said that if I worked hard, I would get a prize.
10. The thief promised that he would never steal again.

Change the following into Direct Speech :

1. She told me that she had got a good grade in the examination.
2. Ram promised that he would help me with money.
3. The player said that he was quitting cricket for good.
4. The leader asserted that his party would do anything to uplift the poor.
5. The Principal said that truth wins in the end.
6. My sister said that she could not lift that box.
7. You said that you had not heard the news.
8. They told us that they liked oranges better than bananas.
9. The poor man said that he did not know what to do.
10. The D.C. assured us that he would look into the matter.
Answer:
1. She said to me, “I have got a good grade in the examination.”
2. Ram promised, “I will help you with money.”
3. The player said, “I am quitting cricket for good.”
4. The leader asserted, “My party will do anything to uplift the poor.”
5. The Principal said, “Truth wins in the end.”
6. My sister said, “I cannot lift this box.”
7. You said, “I have not heard the news.”
8. They said to us, “We like oranges better than bananas.”
9. The poor man said, “I do not know what to do.”
10. The D.C. said to us, “I will look into the matter.’

Correct the errors in the following sentences :

1. The man asked me what I want.
2. I told to her that Mohan had eaten his lunch.
3. She was telling that she would not eat rice.
4. Ram suggested that let us go for a picnic.
5. The teacher said that two and two made four.
6. My sister asked when I have arrived.
7. I told her to wait until Mohan comes back.
8. He told me that the earth moved around the sun.
9. She said that she lives in Ludhiana.
10. I said that she looks very ugly in this dress.
Answer:
1. The man asked me what I wanted.
2. I told her that Mohan had eaten his lunch.
3. She was saying that she would not eat rice.
4. Ram suggested that we should go for a picnic.
5. The teacher said that two and two make four.
6. My sister asked when I had arrived.
7. I told her to wait until Mohan came back.
8. He told me that the earth moves around the sun.
9. She said that she lived in Ludhiana.
10. I said that she looked very ugly in that dress.

Fill the empty bubbles in Column C with what was said in Column A as shown in the example :
PSEB 9th Class English Grammar Narration 1

Answers
1. She ordered him to go away.
2. She regretted that she had been so rude to Meena.
3. She warned you not to touch that wire.
4. She persuaded you to go ahead, saying that you could do well in the competition.
5. She refused to go to the picnic.

Change the following into Indirect Speech :

1. He said to the teacher, “Please do not mark me absent.”
2. I said to the driver, “Drive as fast as you can.”
3. The teacher said to the students, “Imitate my pronunciation if you want to speak well.”
4. The doctor said to me, “Take a cold shower before breakfast if you want to keep fit.”
5. She said to me, “Kindly excuse me for coming late this time.”
6. Mother said to me, “Never cheat in the examination.”
7. Ram said to his friends, “Never tell a lie.”
8. The servant said to the master, “Pardon me this time, please.”
9. She said to her mother, “Let me join IAF.”
10. He said to me, “Let Tinkle try ever so hard, she will not reach the goal.”
Answer:
1. He requested the teacher not to mark him absent.
2. I asked the driver to drive as fast as he could.
3. The teacher advised the students to imitate his pronunciation if they wanted to speak well.
4. The doctor advised me to take a cold shower before breakfast if I wanted to keep fit.
5. She requested me to excuse her for coming late that time.
6. Mother advised me never to cheat in the examination.
7. Ram advised his friends never to tell a lie.
8. The servant requested his master to pardon him that time.
9. She asked her mother to let her join IAF.
10. He told me that Tinkle would not reach the goal however hard she tried.

Read the following dialogue and report it by filling up the blanks in the paragraph that follows :

Ram : I have invited three friends to dinner today.
Mohan : It is a very good thing.
Ram : The guests will come at 7 p.m.
Mohan : Then we will have to buy everything before going to office.
Ram : Let’s go to the supermarket to buy the things required.

Ram told Mohan that (a) …………
Mohan replied that (b) ……………..
Ram said further that the guests (c) …….
Mohan replied that then they would (d) …………..
Ram suggested that they should (e) ………..
Answer:
(a) he had invited three friends to dinner that day.
(b) it was a very good thing.
(c) would come at 7 p.m.
(d) have to buy everything before going to office.
(e) go to the supermarket to buy the things required.”

Read the following dialogue and report it by filling up the blanks in the paragraph that follows:

Wife : Our servant has run away.
Husband : Is anything missing?
Wife : Yes, my gold watch.
Husband : Where did you keep it ?
Wife : On the dressing table, as usual.
Husband : I am going to the police to report.

The wife told her husband that (a) ………. The husband asked the wife (b) ………. The wife told him that (c) ……… The husband then asked her where she (d) ……….. She replied that (e) ……… The husband told her that (f) ……….
Answer:
(a) their servant had run away.
(b) if there was anything missing.
(c) her gold watch was missing.
(d) had kept it.
(e) she had kept it on the dressing table as usual.
(f) he was going to the police to report.

Given below, you can see a picture. Complete the following paragraph reporting what happened in the picture :

PSEB 9th Class English Grammar Narration 3
A customer went to a shopkeeper and (a) ……………………. The shopkeeper took out one and told him (b) …………………. . The customer told him (c) ………….. as it was costly. The shopkeeper told him ,(d) ………..
Answer:
(a) asked him to show him a quality hanger
(b) to look at it. It would cost him five rupees
(c) to show him a cheaper one
(d) to take that nail instead.

Change the Narration :

1. Ram told me that the window went to the hospital because it had panes in its sides.
2. My brother said, “The traffic policeman is the strongest man because he can stop a speeding truck with one hand.”
3. She told me that SMILES is the longest word in English because there is a mile between the first S and the last S.
4. The teacher said, “An island and the letter t are alike because they are both in the middle of WATER.”
5. She said, “A bald man has no use of keys because he has lost his locks.”
Answer:
1. Ram said to me, “The window goes to the hospital because it has panes in its sides.”
2. My brother said that the traffic policeman is the strongest man because he can stop a speeding truck with one hand.
3. She said to me, “SMILES is the longest word in English because there is a mile between the first S and the last S.”
4. The teacher said that an island and the letter t are alike because they are both in the middle of WATER.
5. She said that a bald man has no use of keys because he has lost his locks.

Change the Narration :

1. The teacher told me to do up my buttons.
2. She informed us that the film had already started.
3. The teacher said, “The earth pulls everything towards it.”
4. “Shoot the prisoner,” said the chief to his men.
5. Maya said, “India became a Republic on 26th January.”
6. The doctor advised him to remain away from hurry, worry and curry.
7. He requested me to let him use my scooter.
8. My sister said, “I cannot lift this box.”
9. I told my father that I was too young to marry.
10. The police informed us that they had arrested the thief.
Answer:
1. The teacher said to me, “Do up your buttons.”
2. She said to us, “The film has already started.”
3. The teacher said that the earth pulls everything towards it.
4. The chief ordered his men to shoot the prisoner.
5. Maya said that India became a Republic on 26th January.
6. The doctor said to him, “Remain away from hurry, worry and curry.”
7. He said to me, “Let me use your scooter, please.”
8. My sister said that she could not lift that box.
9. I said to my father, “I am too young to marry.”
10. The police said to us, “We have arrested the thief.”.

Change the following sentences into the Indirect form of speech :

1. I said to him, “Will you return tomorrow?”
2. She said to me, “Will you come to the party ?”
3. She said to the fox, “Are the grapes sour ?”
4. He said to me, “Do you like sweets ?”
5. I said to him, “Do you like apples ?”
6. He said to me, “Do you like apples ?”
7. I said to him, “Should I depend on you for help ?”
8. Rama said to Sohani, “Are you angry with me?”
9. Ritu said to Gurvir, “Are you happy with my performance ?”
10. I said to him, “Did you like my new suit ?”
Answer:
1. I asked him if he would return the next day.
2. She asked me if I would come to the party.
3. She asked the fox if the grapes were sour.
4. He asked me if I liked sweets.
5. I asked him if he liked apples.
6. He asked me if I liked apples.
7. I asked him if I should depend on him for help.
8. Rama asked Sohani if she was angry with her.
9. Ritu asked Gurvir if he was happy with her performance.
10. I asked him if he had liked my new suit.

Change the Narration :

1. He said, “May you live long !”
2. He said, “Alas ! I have failed.”
3. He said, “Would that I were rich !”
4. He said, “Goodbye ! My friends !”
5. He said, “O for a glass of water !”
6. The captain said, “Bravo ! A good shot.”
7. He said, “Alas ! I have been ruined.”
8. The old man said, “May God bless you !”
9. “May you prosper in life !” said my mother to me.
10. “Pooh ! Go to hell,” said the old lady to her son.
Answer:
1. He prayed for my long life.
2. He exclaimed with sorrow that he had failed.
3. He wished that he had been rich.
4. He bade goodbye to his friends.
5. He longed for a glass of water.
6. The captain applauded him, saying that it was a good shot.
7. He exclaimed with sorrow that he had been ruined.
8. The old man prayed that God would bless him.
9. My mother prayed for my prosperity in life.
10. The old lady cursed her son, saying that he would go to hell.

Change the Narration :

1. The traveller said, “Can you tell me the way to the nearest inn ?” “Yes,” said the peasant. “Do you want one in which you can spend the night ?” “No,” replied the traveller, “I only want a meal.”
2. He said to me, “Hello, is it you ? Come in, take a seat. I have heard of your distress. But why do you look so forlorn? I shall do all I can to help you.”
Answer:
1. The traveller asked the peasant if he could tell him the way to the nearest inn. The peasant replied in the affirmative. He asked the traveller if he wanted one in which he could spend the night. The traveller replied in the negative. He said that he only wanted a meal.

2. He asked me if it was I and then asked me to come in and take a seat. He told me that he had heard of my distress. He asked me why I looked so forlorn. He assured me that he would do all he could to help me.

Read the following dialogue :

Raghav : I think one of my snakes has escaped.
Sheela : Isn’t it dangerous ? You really must stop collecting snakes, Raghav.
Raghav : But I like snakes – they are unusual pets.
Sheela : But I think it’s a dangerous thing to keep such pets.
Raghav : No, they’re not, they are really….er – quite friendly.
Sheela : Huh ! Snakes require a great deal of careful handling and are still a risk.
Raghav : I don’t mind. What matters is that I like them.
Sheela : Well, quite frankly, I hate them. They are awfully frightening to look at.
Raghav : Look, I am very careful and I handle them very gently. In fact, I don’t have many.
Sheela : Have you ever been bitten ?
Raghav : Well, its true. I’ve been bitten once or twice, but —

You have overheard the conversation between Raghav and Sheela. Write to your sister, Madhu, reporting the whole account in your own words. Give the conversation an interesting, unexpected or humorous ending.

449/2 Civil Lines
Ludhiana
26 January 20- –
Dear Madhu

As I know, you’re very interested in Raghav and his snakes. I thought I’d tell you about a conversation I’ve just heard between him and sheela.
He told her that he thought one of his snakes had escaped and, as usual, she told him to stop collecting them because they were dangerous. (Typical of sheela ! Don’t you think so ?)

she is so scared of snakes that she can’t bear even seeing one. The other day, she saw Raghav playing with a snake. Suddenly, the snake bit Raghav on his face. When sheela saw this, she gave a loud cry and fell down unconscious. She took an hour to come to herself. But then what a wonder for her to see ! The snake had died and no harm had come to Raghav. Can you tell why ? Waiting for your letter.

Your loving brother
Arun.

आरम्भिक ज्ञान की बातें

किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा कहे गये शब्दों को दो ढंगों से व्यक्त किया जा सकता है, जो कि नीचे दिए गए उदाहरणों से स्पष्ट है
1. She said to him, “You are a fool.”
2. She told him that he was a fool.

ऊपर दिए पहले वाक्य में वक्ता के वास्तविक शब्द ज्यों के त्यों दिए गए हैं।
कोई बात कहने के इस ढंग को Direct Speech या Direct Narration कहते हैं।
इसके विपरीत दूसरे वाक्य में वक्ता के शब्दों में परिवर्तन कर दिया गया है अर्थात् उसकी बात को अपने शब्दों में कहा गया है।
कोई बात कहने के इस ढंग को Indirect Speech या Indirect Narration कहते हैं।

A. Rules For Change Of Tenses

Direct Speech को Indirect Speech में बदलते समय Reported Speech की क्रिया (Verb) के tense में आगे लिखे नियमों के अनुसार परिवर्तन होता है|

Rule 1:
यदि Reporting Verb वर्तमान काल (Present Tense) या भविष्यत् काल (Future Tense) में हो, तो Reported Speech की क्रिया का Tense कभी नहीं बदला जाता।

Direct	Indirect
1. Hari says, “Mohan walks very fast.”	Hari says that Mohan walks very fast.
2. Mohan says, “Sohan plays well.”	Mohan says that Sohan plays well.
3. He says, “Renu needs money.”	He says that Renu needs money.
4. The teacher will say, “Gopal was never late.”	The teacher will say that Gopal was never late.
5. Anil will say, “Sham broke Mohan’s slate.”	Anil will say that Sham broke Mohan’s slate.

Rule 2:
यदि Reporting Verb भूत काल (Past Tense) में हो, तो Reported Speech की क्रिया को निम्नलिखित ढंग से बदला जाता है

(i) Present Indefinite Tense को Past Indefinite Tense में बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. Mohan said, “Ramesh works hard.” 2. He said, “The girl sings a song.”	Mohan said that Ramesh worked hard. He said that the girl sang a song.

(ii) Present Continuous Tense को Past Continuous Tense में बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. He said, “The teacher is teaching.” 2. Sohan said, “Ram is singing a song.”	He said that the teacher was teaching. Sohan said that Ram was singing a song.

(iii) Present Perfect Tense को Past Perfect Tense में बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. The teacher said, “Mohan has written a book.” 2. She said, “Sheela has won the race.”	The teacher said that Mohan had written a book. She said that Sheela had won the race.

(iv) Present Perfect Continuous Tense को Past Perfect Continuous Tense में बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. The mother said, “The children have been playing for two hours.” 2. Sant said, “Kishore has been living in this house since 1970.”	The mother said that the children had been playing for two hours. Sant said that Kishore had been living in that house since 1970.

(v) Past Indefinite Tense को Past Perfect Tense में बदला जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. Raju said, “Meena stood first in the test.” 2. They said, “The police did not arrest the thief.”	Raju said that Meena had stood first in the test. They said that the police had not arrested the thief.

(vi) Past Continuous Tense को Past Perfect Continuous Tense में बदला जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. Ashok said, “Manu was telling a lie.” 2. I said, “The girls were not singing.”	Ashok said that Manu had been telling a lie. I said that the girls had not been singing.

(vii) Shall / will, can तथा may को क्रमशः would, could तथा might में बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. The teacher said, “Mohan will read it.” 2. I said, “I shall be writing a letter.” 3. The old man said, “It may rain any time. 4. Sham said, “Mohan will have written a letter.” 5. They said, “She will have been washing the clothes for two hours.”	The teacher said that Mohan would read it. I said that I would be writing a letter. The old man said that it might rain any time.” Sham said that Mohan would have written a letter. They said that she would have been washing the clothes for two hours.

(viii) Must और needn’t को क्रमशः had to और did not have to में बदल दिया जाता है। यदि must और needn’t भविष्य की तरफ़ संकेत कर रहे हों, तो इन्हें क्रमशः would have to और would not have to बदल दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. I said to my father, “I must go at once.” 2. My teacher said to me, “You needn’t go 3. I said to my host, “I must meet your son next week.” 4. I said to my host, “I needn’t meet your son next week.” 5. My father said to me, “You must obey your teachers.”	I told my father that I had to go at once. My teacher told me that I did not have to go. I told my host that I would have to meet his son next week. I told my host that I wouldn’t hats to meet his son next week. My father told me that I must obey my teachers.

Note 1. पहले वाक्य में must वर्तमान में विवशता या आवश्यकता को प्रकट करता है। इसलिए इसे ‘have to’ समझ कर had to में बदला गया है।

Note 2: तीसरे वाक्य में must भविष्य काल में विवशता को प्रकट करता है और इसे ‘shall have to’ के भाव में प्रयोग किया गया है। इसलिए इसे would have to में बदला गया है।

Note 3: पांचवें वाक्य में must का प्रयोग किसी स्थायी बात के लिए किया गया है। इसलिए इसे बदला नहीं गया है।

Change the form of Narration :

1. Geeta said, “Rakesh can swim across the river.”
2. Mohan said, “The girl is singing a song.”
3. Ravi said, “Mohinder has written a poem.”
4. Rohit said, “Rahul told a lie.”
5. Sohan said, “Mona was reading a book.”
6. Prem said, “Sheela may win the race.”
7. Prema said, “Sunita’s nose is running.”
8. Poonam said, “Sham has been running for two hours.”
9. Sumit said, “Preeti was making a noise.”
10. Sarita said, “Kavita will win a scholarship.”

Table of Rules for the Change of Verbs

Direct	Indirect
1. Present Indefinite (sing) 2. Present Continuous (is singing) 3. Present Perfect (has sung) 4. Present Perfect Continuous (has been singing) 5. Past Indefinite (sang) 6. Past Continuous (was singing) 7. Past Perfect (had sung) 8. Past Perfect Continuous (had been singing) 9. 1st form 10. Is, am, are 11. Was, were 12. Has, have 13. Do not, does not 14. Shall, will 15. Can, may	Past Indefinite (sang) Past Continuous (was singing) Past Perfect (had sung) Past Perfect Continuous (had been singing) Past Perfect (had sung) Past Perfect Continuous (had been singing) Unchanged (had sung) Unchanged (had been singing) And form Was, were had been Had Did not Would Could, might

Exception to Rule -2

यदि Reported Speech में किसी स्थायी सत्य (universal truth) या पक्की आदत (habitual fact) का वर्णन हो, तो Reported Speech की क्रिया (Verb) का Tense नहीं बदला जाता, यद्यपि Reporting Verb भूतकाल (Past Tense) में ही क्यों न हो। इस तरह के वाक्य प्राय: Present Indefinite Tense में होते हैं।

Direct	Indirect
1. She said, “Honesty is the best policy.” 2. He said, “The sun rises in the east.” 3. The teacher said, “Unity is strength.” 4. Mohan said, “Two and two make four.” 5. Reena said, “Heavy rains bring floods.”	She said that honesty is the best policy. He said that the sun rises in the east. The teacher said that unity is strength. Mohan said that two and two make four. Reena said that heavy rains bring floods.

Change the form of Narration :

1. He said, “Man has two hands.”
2. He said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
3. The boy said, “All that glitters is not gold.”
4. Ram said, “The Hindus burn their dead.”
5. The teacher said, “God is everywhere.”
6. We said, “Work is worship.” ’
7. My granny said, “Hard work is the key to success.”
8. He said, “My mother gives alms to the poor every morning.”
9. My teacher said, “India became free on 15th August, 1947.”
10. Our science teacher said, “Light travels in a straight line.”

B. Rules For Change Of Pronouns

Rule -1 :
Reported Speech में First Person के Pronouns जैसे – I, my, me, we, our, us को | Reporting Verb के कर्ता (Subject) के अनुसार बदला जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. He said, “I am a teacher.” 2. She said, “I have played a match.” 3. You Said, “I did not receive the letter.” 4. Ram said, “I suffer from fever.”	He said that he was a teacher. She said that she had played a match. You said that you had not received the letter. Ram said that he suffered from fever. ’

Rule 2 :
Reported Speech में Second Person को Pronouns जैसे – you, your के Reporting Verb के कर्म (Object) के अनुसार
बदला जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. I said to him, “You are a nice boy.” 2. Ram said to me, “You cannot do it.” 3. I said to her, “You have been marked absent”. 4. Ram said to me, “You did not return the books.”	I told him that he was a nice boy. Ram told me that I could not do it. I told her that she had been marked absent. Ram told me that I had not returned the books.

Rule 3:
Reported Speech में Third Person के Pronouns जैसे – he, she, it, they और इनके विभिन्न रूप कभी नहीं बदले जाते हैं।

Direct	Indirect
1. Mohan said, “She is a good girl.” 2. I said, “He is not doing his duty.” 3. Raj said, “It is a beautiful sight.” 4. Ram said, “They have broken his leg.”	Mohan said that she was a good girl. I said that he was not doing his duty. Raj said that it was a beautiful sight. Ram said that they had broken his leg.

Change the form of Narration :

1. Sanjiv said, “He has sold his watch.”
2. Mohan said, “I have read all the stories.”
3. She said, “I know the rules of the game.”
4. He said to me, “I am waiting for you.”
5. You said to me, “You can solve all the sums.”
6. I said to him, “You have wasted your time.”
7. Sohan said, “Sheela was running a race.”
8. You said, “I am doing my work.”
9. I said to her, “You did your best for me.”
10. I said to Mohan, “It is a beautiful sight.”

C. Rules For Change Of Words Showing Nearness

जिन शब्दों से समय तथा स्थान की समीपता प्रकट हो, उनके स्थान पर ऐसे शब्दों का प्रयोग किया जाता है जिनसे समय तथा स्थान की दूरी प्रकट हो।

Direct	Indirect	Direct	Indirect ‘
Here	There	Ago	Before
This	That	Tomorrow	The next day
These	Those	Today	That day
Now	Then	Yesterday	The previous day
Thus	So	Last night	The previous night
Hence	Thence	Last week	The previous week
Hither	Thither	The next day	The following day

Examples:

Direct	Indirect
1. He said to me, “I shall meet you tomorrow. 2. Mohan said, “I shall do it now.” 3. I said to him, “I bought this book yesterday.” 4. She said to me, “My uncle visited the Taj Mahal last year.” 5. Hari said, “Mohan would buy these oranges the next day.”	He told me that he would meet me the next day. Mohan said that he would do it then. I told him that I had bought that book the previous day. She told me that her uncle had visited the Taj Mahal the previous year. Hari said that Mohan would buy those oranges the following day.

Change the form of Narration :

1. The teacher said to the boys, “I shall finish this lesson tomorrow.”
2. You said to me, “I shall do it today.”
3. She said to me, “You cannot live here.”
4. The boy said, “I shall tell you the truth now.”
5. I said, “It may rain tomorrow.”
6. They said, “We went to the zoo yesterday.”
7. She said to her father, “I bought this pen last month.”
8. Ram said to you, “I will leave this place tomorrow.”
9. You said to Sheela, “I like these mangoes.”
10. I said to my sister, “You should go to school now.”

D. Rules For Change Of Different Types Of Sentences

Assertive Sentences:

यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य Assertive हो तो Indirect में बदलते समय निम्नलिखित परिवर्तन किये जाते हैं-
1. यदि say, says, will say, said के बाद to का प्रयोग न किया गया हो तो इन्हें ऐसे ही रहने दिया जाता है। इन्हें tell, tells, will tell अथवा told में नहीं बदला जाता है।

say to को tell में बदला जाता है।
says to को tells में बदला जाता है।
will say to को will tell में बदला जाता है।
said to को told में बदला जाता है।

3. Reporting Verb के बाद लगे comma (,) तथा inverted commas (” “) को हटाकर that लगाया जाता है।

4. Reported Speech की क्रिया (Verb) को नियमों के अनुसार बदल दिया जाता है।

5. Reported Speech के Pronouns को भी नियमानुसार बदला जाना चाहिए। वाक्य के अन्त में Full stop (.) लगाया जाना चाहिए।

Direct

Indirect

1. He says, “I need money.”
2. The teacher will say, “Shashi was never late.”
3. Ram said to me, “You did not return my books.”
4. The officer said, “I am busy now.”
5. I said, “Ravi may stand first in the class.”
6. He said to the host, “I must go now.”
7. The teacher said, “Boys, I shall go with you.”
8. The teacher said, “The earth revolves round the sun.”
9. He said, “My mother gives alms to the poor every morning.”
10. You said to Sham, “You are telling a lie now.”

He says that he needs money.
The teacher will say that Shashi was never late.
Ram told me that I had not returned his books.
The officer said that he was busy then.
I said that Ravi might stand first in the class.
He told the host that he had to go then.
The teacher told the boys that he would go with them.
The teacher said that the earth revolves round the sun.
He said that his mother gives alms to the poor every morning.
You told Sham that he was telling a lie then.

Interrogative Sentences

यदि Reported Speech का पहला अक्षर कोई Helping verb अथवा Question word (who, what, when, where, why, how, आदि) हो तो निम्नलिखित परिवर्तन किये जाते हैं
1.

say या say to को ask में बदला जाता है।
says या says to को asks में बदला जाता है।
said या said to को asked में बदला जाता है।

2. Helping verb को Subject के बाद लगा कर वाक्य को साधारण बनाया जाता है।
3. प्रश्न-वाचक चिह्न हटा कर Full Stop (.) लगाया जाता है।
4. Reporing verb के बाद के लगे हुए comma (,) तथा inverted commas (” “) को हटा कर if अथवा whether लगाया जाता है।
5. परन्तु यदि वाक्य (who, whom, what, when, where, how, why आदि) किसी प्रश्न-वाचक शब्द से आरम्भ हो तो if नहीं लंगाया जाता है, अपितु उसी प्रश्न-वाचक शब्द को small letter से आरम्भ करके Reporting Verb के साथ जोड़ दिया जाता है।
6. Verbs तथा Pronouns को नियमों के अनुसार बदला जाता है।
7.

Do, does को हटाकर verb की दूसरी फार्म लगाई जाती है।
Did को हटाकर had + III form लगाई जाती है।

8. यदि Reported Speech में sir शब्द का प्रयोग किया गया हो तो, उसे हटा कर asked से पहले respectfully शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Direct

Indirect

1. They said to me, “Are the grapes sour ?”
2. She said, “Shall I enjoy the party ?”
3. He said, “Shall I open the window ?”
4. He said to me, “Do you need money ?”
5. He said to me, “Did you know the truth ?”
6. He said to the officer, “May I use your telephone, Sir?
7. He said to her, “Where do you live ?”
8. The teacher said to the boys, “Why do you make a noise ?”
9. She said to you, “Who teaches you English ?”
10. I said to Mohan, “Will you company me to Delhi ?”

They asked me if the grapes were sour.
She asked whether she would enjoy the party.
He asked if he should open the window.
He asked me if I needed money.
He asked me if I had known the truth.
He respectfully asked the officer if he might use his telephone.
He asked her where she lived.
The teacher asked the boys why they made a noise.
She asked you who taught you English.
I asked Mohan if he would accompany me to Delhi.

Exercise For Practice

Change the form of Narration :
1. I said to him, “Will you return tomorrow ?”
2. She said to the fox, “Are the grapes sour ?”
3. He said to me, “Do you like sweets ?”
4. I said to him, “Should I depend on you for help ?”
5. Rama said to Sohani, “Are you angry with me ?”
6. I said to him, “Do you like my new suit ?”
7. Ravi said to me, “Do you have a severe headache ?”
8. Neelu said to Ravi, “When can you come ?”
9. Kulwant said to Manjit, “Why ate you so happy today ?”
10. She said to the boy, “What do you want from me ?”

Imperative Sentences

जो वाक्य verb की पहली फार्म अथवा Don’t + V₁ या Never + V₁ या Please + V, से आरम्भ हों, उन्हें Imperative वाक्य कहा जाता है। ऐसे वाक्यों को Indirect में बदलते समय अग्रलिखित परिवर्तन किए जाते हैं
1. Reporting Verb अर्थात् said या said to को Reported Speech के भाव के अनुसार बदला जाता है.
(i) Please अथवा Kindly वाले वाक्यों में said या said to को requested में बदला जाता है।
(ii) उपदेश वाले वाक्यों में advised का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(iii) आदेश वाले वाक्यों में ordered का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(iv) जब कोई साधारण बात पूछी गई हो तो asked का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(v) निषेधवाचक वाक्यों में forbade का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(vi) यदि निषेधवाचक वाक्यों में asked का प्रयोग करना हो तो Don’t को not to में और never को never to में बदल देना चाहिए।

2. Comma तथा inverted commas हटा कर क्रिया से पूर्व to का प्रयोग किया जाता है और क्रिया की फार्म को नहीं बदला जाता है।
3. Pronouns को नियमों के अनुसार बदला जाता है।

Direct

Indirect

1. He said to me, “Do it.”
2. He said to me, “Don’t do it.”
3. He said to the peon, “Open the door.
4. I said to him, “Please sit down.”
5. She said to them, “Respect your elders.”
6. The teacher said to the boys, “Don’t waste your time in idle gossip.”
7. The lawyer said to the witness,“Speak as I tell you.”
8. The Commander said to his men,“Attack the enemy.”
9. The teacher said to students,“Never tell lies.”
10. The General said to the soldiers,“March quickly.”

He asked me to do it.
He asked me not to do it.
He ordered the peon to open the door.”
I requested him to sit down.
She advised them to respect their elders.
The teacher advised the boys not to waste their time in idle gossip.
The lawyer directed the witness to speak as he told him.
The Commander commanded his men to attack the enemy.
The teacher advised the students never to tell lies.
The General ordered the soldiers to march quickly.

Change the form of Narration :

1. Father said to me, “Avoid bad company.”
2. The headmaster said to the peon, “Ring the bell.”
3. I said to Ganesh, “Please lend me fifty rupees.”
4. The beggar said, “Kindly give me food.”
5. The teacher said to the students, “Stop making noise.”
6. The teacher said to me, “Dare to be true.”
7. I said to my servant, “Bring me a glass of water.”
8. The mother said to her daughter, “Do not waste your time.”
9. The teacher said to the boys, “Never come late.”
10. The Principal said to the visitor, “Do not disturb me, please.”

The Use Of Let

Rule 1 :
जो वाक्य Let us से आरम्भ हों, उनमें Let किसी ‘सुझाव’ को व्यक्त करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों में said to को proposed to अथवा suggested to में बदला जाता है; और Let us के स्थान पर should लगाकर इसे साधारण वाक्य बना दिया जाता है।

Rule 2 :
Let me वाले वाक्य किसी ‘प्रार्थना’ का भाव प्रकट करते हैं। ऐसे वाक्यों में said to को told में बदला जाता है; और Let me को I may be allowed या to let में बदल दिया जाता है। ऐसे वाक्यों में said to को requested में भी बदला जा सकता है।

Rule 3:
Let him / her, आदि वाले वाक्य ‘आदेश’ को व्यक्त करते हैं। इनमें said to को ordered में बदल दिया जाता है, और let को to let में बदल दिया जाता है।’

Direct	Indirect
1. He said to his friend, “Let us dine out today.” 2. My father said to me, “Let him revise the lesson.” 3. She said to him, “Let us sit in the sun. 4. Mohan said to his friend, “Let me go home now.” 5. The headmaster said to the peon,“Let the boy come in.”	He proposed to his friend that they should dine out that day. My father ordered me to let him revise the lesson. She proposed to him that they should sit in the sun. Mohan requested his friend to let him go home then. The headmaster ordered the peon to let the boy come in.

Change the form of Narration :

1. Hari said to me, “Let us go out for a walk.”
2. He said to his friend, “Let us sit here.”
3. He said to me, “Let the child play.”
4. He said to his friends, “Let us dine out today.”
5. He said to the waterman, “Let me have a glass of water, please.”
6. The principal said to the peon, “Let the boys see these pictures.”
7. The hare said to the tortoise, “Let us run a race.”
8. I said to my brother, “Let me go to school, please.”
9. The headmaster said to the teacher, “Let the boys play a match.”
10. I said to my brother, “Let us construct a new house.”

Optative Sentences

Optative Sentences को निम्नलिखित ढंग से बदला जाता है

1. said to को wished या prayed में बदला जाता है।
2. wished अथवा prayed के तुरन्त बाद that लगाया जाता है।
3. You के स्थान पर Reporting Verb के object का प्रयोग किया जाता है अथवा You को उसके अनुसार बदल दिया जाता है।
4. May को subject के बाद ले जाकर would में बदल दिया जाता है।
5. Pronouns आदि नियमानुसार बदले जाते हैं।
6. Sign of Exclamation विस्मयबोधक चिन्ह (!) के स्थान पर Full stop (.) लगाया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. She said, “May God bless you with a son !” 2. “May you succeed in life !” said the old lady to her son. 3. “Would that I were rich !” said my friend. 4. He said, “May the king live long !” 5. He said, “O, for a glass of water !”	She prayed that God would bless him with a son. The old lady prayed for her son’s success in life. My friend wished that he had been rich. He prayed that the king would live long. He longed for a glass of water.

Change the form of Narration :

1. He said, “May God be kind to you !”
2. The mother said to her son, “May you prosper in life !”
3. He said, “Would that I were rich !”
4. She said, “O, for a loaf of bread !”
5. She said, “Would that I were the princess !”
6. He said, “May God reward this act of yours !”
7. The mother said, “May you pass in the test, my son !”
8. All said together, “May God grant peace to the departed soul !”
9. They said, “May there be peace and prosperity in this land !”
10. “Would that I were a bird !” said my friend.

Exclamatory Sentences

Exclamatory sentences को indirect में बदलने के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम याद रखिए1. Reporting Verb ‘said’ को Reported Speech के भाव अनुसार बदला जाता है।

Hurrah वाले वाक्य में said को exclaimed with joy में बदला जाता है।
Alas वाले वाक्यों में said को exclaimed with sorrow में बदला जाता है।
What वाले वाक्यों में said को exclaimed with surprise में बदला जाता है।
What a को a very में बदला जाता है।
Bravo वाले वाक्यों में said to को applauded……… saying में बदला जाता है।

2. Comma तथा inverted commas को हटाकर that लगाया जाता है।
3. वाक्य में Hurrah, Alas आदि शब्द समाप्त कर दिए जाते हैं।
4. Verbs तथा Pronouns नियमानुसार बदले जाते हैं।
5. Exclamatory Sentences को Assertive Sentences में, अर्थात् एक साधारण वाक्य में बदल दिया जाता
6. Sign of Exclamation (!) को हटाकर Full Stop (.) लगा दिया जाता है।

Direct	Indirect
1. The boys said, “Hurrah ! We have won the match.”	The boys exclaimed with joy that they Rad won the match.
2. He said, “Alas ! I have failed.”	He exclaimed with sorrow that he had failed.
3. Prem said, “Alas ! How foolish I have been !”	Prem exclaimed with regret that he had been very foolish.
4. The General said to the jawans, “Splendid ! You have won the war.	The General applauded the jawans saying that they had won the war.
5. Ram said, “What a beautiful flower !”	Ram exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful flower.
6. The captain said, “Bravo ! A good shot.”	The captain applauded him saying that it was a good shot.
7. I said, “Welcome, stranger, share what I have !”	I welcomed the stranger and invited him to share what I had.
8. He said, “Hurrah ! My brother has won a scholarship.”	He exclaimed with joy that his brother had won a scholarship.
9. She said, “Alas ! My husband is dead.”	She exclaimed with sorrow that her husband was dead.
10. Neha said, “What a beautiful sight it is !”	Neha exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful sight.

Change the form of Narration :

1. The old man said, “Alas ! My only son is dead. ”
2. He said, “What a beautiful sight !”
3. Mohan said, “Hurrah ! We have won the match.”
4. The old man said, “How weak I have become !”
5. Sohan said, “What a dark night !”
6. The players said, “Hurrah ! We have scored four goals.”
7. Ram said, “Alas ! I have lost my all.”
8. The captain said, “Bravo ! You have done very well.”
9. He said, “Hurrah ! I will join my parents again after five years.”
10. My friend said, “Alas ! My cousin has lost his mother.”

PSEB 9th Class English Grammar Voice

May 7, 2024May 6, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Voice Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 9th Class English Grammar Voice

Change the voice in the following sentences :

1. Sita writes a letter.
2. He killed the lion.
3. They will help you.
4. He was eating an orange.
5. The nurse is looking after the patient.
6. I have completed my work.
7. I had learnt my lesson.
8. His enemies have defeated him.
Answer:
1. A letter is written by Sita.
2. The lion was killed by him.
3. You will be helped by them.
4. An orange was being eaten by him.
5. The patient is being looked after by the nurse.
6. My work has been completed (by me).
7. My lesson had been learnt (by me).
8. He has been defeated by his enemies.

Complete the passage with either the active or passive forms of the verbs given in the box :

block, press, blow, cause, live, sweep, cut, rescue.

Damage worth millions of rupees (a) ……………… by a storm which (b) ……………. across coastal areas of Orissa. The army (c) …………… into service. Many people (d) ……………… from the floods by the army. Winds ………….. (e) at the speed of about 150 kms. an hour in some places. Roads (f) …………… by fallen trees. Electricity lines (g) ……….. and people had to (h) …………. without electricity for several hours.
Answer:
(a) was caused
(b) swept
(c) was pressed
(d) were rescued
(e) were blowing
(f) were blocked
(g) were cut
(h) live.

Change the voice of the following passage :

Raju killed a snake with a stick. He threw it into a pond nearby. He played cricket for some time. Then he plucked some flowers to make garlands. He put the garland on Lord Krishna’s statue.
Answer:
A snake was killed with a stick by Raju. It was thrown by him into a pond nearby. Cricket was played by him for some time. Then some flowers were plucked by him to make garlands. The garland was put on Lord Krishna’s statue by him.

Look at some newspaper headlines given below. Then use the information in the headlines to complete the sentences that follow (select the proper form of the verb to be used) :

(a) Three Passengers Crushed
………………. to death when they fell from the rooftop of a bus.

(b) Fifty Huts Destroyed In Fire
A fire broke out in a resettlement colony in which ………….

(d) Suspect Arrested
London police report that a suspect involved in the Bomb Blast Case …..

(e) Two Stabbed
It is learnt that …………………….. in two separate incidents yesterday.

(f) Indians To Pay More For Pak Citizenship.
Indians applying for Pakistani citizenship will ……………
Answer:
(a) Three passengers were crushed
(b) fifty huts were destroyed.
(c) leopard was beaten to death
(d) has been arrested.
(e) two men were stabbed
(f) have to pay more.

The passive voice can be used in several tenses. Complete the following table, filling up the blanks with suitable form of the verbs :

Tenses Subject	Verb ‘to be’	Past participle
1. (Future Indefinite)	Lunch	………….. taken at 1 p.m here.
2. (Past Continuous)	The house	………….. built.
3. (Present Perfect)	The lost purse	………….. found.
4. (Past Simple)	The culprit	……….. produced in the court.
5. (Past Continuous)	The door	……….. repaired
6. (Past Perfect)	A suitable action	………… taken
7. (Past Indefinite)	My proposal	……… accepted
8. (Past Perfect)	Letters	………. posted

Answer:
1. will be
2. was being
3. has been
4. was
5. was being
6. had been
7. was
8. had been.

Complete the following sentences, using the correct form of the verb in the brackets :

1. This historical monument ………… (build) thousands of years ago.
2. The money …………… (steal) by Mr. Gupta’s servant yesterday.
3. The largest 9-way flyover ………….. (construct) last month in Delhi.
4. Seema’s marriage outfit …………. (design) by the famous designer Ritu Beri. (Present Perfect)
5. A letter ………….. (receive) by Mohan 10 days after it ………….. (post).
Answer:
1. was built
2. was stolen
3. was constructed
4. has been designed
5. was received, had been posted.

In the sentences given below, change the verb into passive form:

1. Robbers raided the bank.
2. The terrorists injured ten people.
3. They took away all the cash.
4. They also shot the security guards.
5. The police have arrested the thieves.
Answer:
1. The bank was raided by robbers.
2. Ten people were injured by the terrorists.
3. All the cash was taken away by them.
4. The security guards were also shot by them.
5. The thieves have been arrested by the police.

Using the outline given in the box, fill in the blanks in the passage below :

New school on the outskirts of Delhi. Is located in Tijara (90 km drive from Delhi). The brain child of legal expert, Vidya Sagar. Uniform syllabus. Yearly boarding and tuition expenses believed to be around 1.25 lacs.

There is a new school (a) …………………….. of Delhi. It (b) …………. in Tijara, 90 kms. from Delhi. It is the brainchild of legal expert Vidya Sagar. (c) ………….. introduced in this school. It (d) …………. that yearly boarding and tuition expenses would be around 1.25 lacs.
Answer:
(a) on the outskirts
(b) is located
(c) Uniform syllabus is
(d) is believed.

Read the following set of instructions and fill in the blanks :

How To Make Tea
(i) Take a kettle.
(ii) Put half a cup of water in it.
(iii) Put it on the gas stove.
(iv) Switch on the stove.
(v) When the water begins to boil, add a teaspoonful of tea-leaves
(vi) Add half a cup of milk and some sugar to it.
(vii) Switch off the stove when the mixture starts boiling.
(viii) Pour the mixture into a cup through a sieve (sifter).

A kettle was taken. Half a cup of water (a) …………. in it. It (b) ………… on the gas stove. The stove (c) ………… When the water began to boil, a teaspoonful of tea leaves (d) ………….. to it. Half a cup of milk and some sugar (e) ………….. to the mixture. The stove (f) ……… when the mixture started boiling. It was (g) ………… a cup through a sieve.
Answer:
(a) was put
(b) was put
(c) was switched on
(d) was added
(e) were added
(f) was switched off
(g) poured into.

Complete the passage with either the active or passive form of the verbs given in the box :

hit , admit, arrest, registed.

A Ludhiana BJP leader, Radhey Shyam (a) ………. by a truck near Patna bus depot last night. Radhey Shyam (b) ……… to a hospital in the city. The truck driver Hari Singh (c) ……… by the police. A case of causing death due to rash and negligent driving (d) ………… against him.
Answer:
(a) was hit
(b) was admitted
(c) was arrested
(d) was registered.

Change the Voice in the following passage :

A truck hit a bus yesterday. The carelessness of the driver caused the accident. The local people took the injured passengers to hospital. The police have arrested the driver.
Answer:
A bus was hit by a truck yesterday. The accident was caused by the carelessness of the driver. The injured passengers were taken to hospital by the local people. The driver has been arrested by the police.

Change the Voice in the following passage :

We saw a magic show yesterday. The magician showed a number of wonderful tricks. First, he took off his hat and put it on the table. He covered the hat with a piece of cloth. Then he moved a stick over the hat. He then took the cloth off. Out of the hat, he pulled out three chickens.
Answer:
A magic show was seen by us yesterday. A number of wonderful tricks were shown by the magician. First his hat was taken off by him and was put on the table. The hat was covered by him with a piece of cloth. Then a stick was moved by him over the hat. The cloth was then taken off by him. Out of the hat three chickens were pulled out by him.

Complete the passage with the Passive form of the verbs given in the box :

dig select prepare lower cover sprinkle

First, a plant (a) ………… Then a hole (b) ……….. where the plant was to be placed into the soil. The soil (c) ……….. by mixing manure in it. The plant (d) ………. into the hole carefully. The roots were (e) ……….. with the prepared soil. Some, water (f) ……… on the plant.
Answer:
(a) was selected
(b) was dug
(c) was prepared
(d) was lowered
(e) covered
(f) was sprinkled.

Complete the following passage, using the verbs in brackets in the Passive voice :

At least four crore worth of imported newsprint (a) ………. (destroy) in yesterday’s fire in one of the godowns outside Cochin port. The fire which broke out in the afternoon (b) ………. (bring) under control only this morning. Firefighting operations (c) ………. (hamper) by the delay and difficulty in removing the huge newsprint rolls from outside the godown. The godown (d) ………. (hire) for the Hindustan Newsprint by a private ‘dearing and forwarding’ agent. The port operations (e) ………. (affect) due to the incident.
Answer:
(a) was destroyed
(b) could be brought
(c) were hampered
(d) had been hired
(e) were affected.

Read the following set of instructions for the servicing of an air conditioner and complete the paragraph that follows, using passive form of the verbs used :

(i) Dismantle the air conditioner.
(ii) Take out the main machine from inside the box.
(iii) Blow off the entire dust from the body with the help of a vacuum cleaner.
(iv) Wash the body with a spray of water from a pipe.
(v) Let it dry in the sun for about an hour.
(vi) Fix it back into place.

The air conditioner is (a) ………. The main machine is (b) ………. out from inside the box. The entire dust from the body (c) ………. with the help of a vacuum cleaner. The body (d) ……………. with a spray of water from a pipe. It (e) ………. then (f) ………. in the sun for about an hour. It is now (g) ………. back into place.
Answer:
(a) dismantled
(b) taken
(c) is blown off
(d) is washed
(e) should
(f) be dried
(g) fixed.

Change the Voice in the following passage :

Sita is singing a song. She sings film songs as well as folk songs. All like her. She helps the poor with the money she earns. God will certainly bless her. The country needs such artists.
Answers
A song is being sung by Sita. Film songs as well as folk songs are sung by her. She is liked by all. The poor are helped by her with the money earned by her. She will certainly be blessed by God. Such artists are needed by the country.

Change the Voice in the following sentences :

1. The gardener is plucking flowers.
2. The boys are flying kites.
3. He is laughing at the beggar.
4. The peon was ringing the bell.
5. The watchman had already opened the gate.
Answers
1. Flowers are being plucked by the gardener.
2. Kites are being flown by the boys.
3. The beggar is being laughed at by him.
4. The bell was being rung by the peon.
5. The gate had already been opened by the watchman.

Rewrite the following sentences in the notice format, using the Passive Voice : (see example 1)

1. We do not allow cameras inside.
2. We do not allow children below 12 in this show.
3. We book seats here.
4. We require a shop assistant immediately.
5. We do not allow vehicles inside the campus.
Answers
1. Cameras are not allowed inside.
2. Children below 12 are not allowed in this show.
3. Seats are booked here.
4. A shop assistant is required immediately.
5. Vehicles are not allowed inside the campus.

Complete the passage with the Passive form of the verbs given in the brackets :

A three year old girl (a) ……….(rescue) by the police last Tuesday. She (b) ………… (kidnap) by a neighbour for ransom. The mother informed the police about the missing girl. The probe (c) ……… (supervise) by the DSP himself. More than 50 residents (d) ……… (interrogate). Ultimately, Danny, one of the residents of the colony, admitted the crime and disclosed where the girl (e) ………… (hide).
Answer:
(a) was rescued
(b) had been kidnapped
(c) was supervised
(d) were interrogated
(e) was hidden.

Read the newspaper headlines given below and complete the sentences that follow :

1. Rain Kills Over Two Dozen
Kathmandu : About ……….. in the remote villages of north-western
Kalikot district in the rains that hit the area.

2. Largest Discovery Of Dinosaur Eggs
Lerida : More than 100 eggs of dinosaur ………………….. in north-eastern Spain.

3. Pak Defeated By A Big Margin
The Pakistani cricket team ……………….. in the first one dayer by a big margin yesterday. The match ……………. at Lahore in the Gaddafi Stadium.

4. Obama Accorded Warm Welcome
President Barack Obama of USA ……… a warm welcome on his arrival in India this year. He ……. by the Prime Minister himself at the Delhi airport.

5. Underground Tunnel Unearthed
A half-dug underground tunnel ………. by the police personnel inside the jail compound yesterday. The digging ………… by two convicts undergoing life terms in the jail.

6. Cold Wave Claims 37 Lives
The cold wave prevailing in the Punjab for more than a week has worsened further. There ……. a fresh snowfall in the Himalayas. Meanwhile 37 lives ……… so far by the cold wave.

7. Rich Homage Paid To Mahatma Gandhi ; Statue Unveiled
Rich homage to the great Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi,
on the occasion of his birth anniversary, yesterday. A bronze statue of the great visionary on the occasion.

8. D.J. Simpson Acquitted
In the judgement given today by an American court, the famous football legend D.J. Simpson ………. of murder charges against him.

9. Idols Immersed In River
The ten-day Dussehra festival comes to an end today when all the idols carried in a procession ……….. in the Ganga by the devotees.

10. Three Militants Killed, Seven Arrested
During the past 24 hours, three militants ………….. and seven have been arrested in the Kashmir Valley. A large number of weapons were also seized from those arrested.

11. Afghan Forces Capture Kabul Airport
After a five-day bloody battle, the Kabul Airport ……….. by the Afghan forces early today. Dozens of people were killed and more than 2500 were injured.

12. Govt. To Take Stern Steps
It has been announced by the government that ……….. to check the black-marketing and adulteration of essential goods.

13. Fire Destroys Goods Worth ₹ 25 Lac ; Cause Unknown
Goods ……… when two houses in Tilak Nagar caught fire yesterday. The cause of fire which rendered four families homeless, could not be known.

14. 193 Kg heroin seized :
In the biggest ever drug haul in the country, a consignment of 193 kg of heroin ………. by the Mumbai police from a luxury apartment, in Central Mumbai.

15. Tourists, Attacked By Shark
Last Monday several Australian tourists while surfing off Pasiraman beach.

16. Suspect Arrested
Shahpur police report that the suspect in the Nasir Khan murder case

17. Woman, Child Killed In Road Mishap — Six Injured
A woman and ……….. on the spot and six persons were injured, two of them seriously, when a tempo in which they were travelling, fell into a khud near Lalpani.

18. Bankmen Give Free Hawai Chappals For Lepers
Lepers, living in the Asha Deep Colony of the city, ……… on Thursday by the employees of State Bank of India. The Bankmen were celebrating the 42nd anniversary of their branch.

19. Shopkeeper Arrested, Fined :
Ashok Kumar, a shopkeeper of Bilaspur …………. by the police on Tuesday for selling adulterated atta. Later he was produced before the Chief Judicial Magistrate by whom he ………….. ₹ 5000.

20. Advani Relieved Of His Post :
The BJP President, L.K. Advani, ……… of his post today after he submitted his resignation in the meeting of the general body of the party.
Answer:
1. two dozen men are killed
2. have been discovered
3. was defeated; was played
4. was accorded; was received
5. was unearthed; had been done.
6. has been ; have been claimed.
7. was paid; was unveiled
8. was acquitted
9. are immersed
10. have been killed
11. was captured
12. stem steps will be taken
13. worth 25 lac were destroyed
14. has been seized
15. were attacked by shark
16. has been arrested
17. a child were killed
18. were given free Hawai chappals
19. was arrested ; was fined
20. was relieved.

Rewrite the following passages after changing the Voice :

Question 1.
The early men thought that every misfortune was caused by angry gods. They saw imaginary gods everywhere. They thought of God as a very irritable person who was always losing his temper. If due to some disaster, a large number of people were killed, they would think they had displeased God.
Answer
It was thought by the early men that angry gods cause every misfortune. Imaginary gods were seen everywhere by them. God was thought of by them as a very irritable person who was always losing his temper. If some disaster killed a large number of people, they would think God had been displeased by them.

Question 2.
Mr. Lai teaches us English. He was awarded Padma Shri by the President. He is one of the most dedicated teachers we have. Social work interests Mr. Lai very much. He loves his students as he loves his own children. We are lucky to be his pupils. May God bless him !
Answer
We are taught English by Mr. Lai. The President awarded him Padma Shri. He is one of the most dedicated teachers we have. Mr. Lai is very much interested in social work. His students are loved by him as his own children. We are lucky to be his pupils. May he be blessed by God !

Question 3.
A dove saw a bee fallen in a water tank. It dropped a large leaf into the water. The bee climbed on to the leaf and thanked the dove. A hunter took aim at the dove. The bee stung him. He missed his aim. Now the dove thanked the bee.
Answer
A bee fallen in a water tank was seen by a dove. A large leaf was dropped into the water by it. The bee climbed on to the leaf and the dove was thanked by the bee. The dove was taken aim at by a hunter. He was stung by the bee. His aim was missed by him. Now the bee was thanked by the dove.

Question 4.
Once a jester offended the king. The king at once condemned him to death. The jester pleaded for his life but the king refused to alter the sentence. One day, the king visited the prison. He asked the jester to choose his manner of death. The clever jester at once said that he would like to die of old age.
Answer
Once the king was offended by a jester. He was at once condemned to death by the king. The jester pleaded for his life but the king refused to alter the sentence. One day, the prison was visited by the king. The jester was asked to choose his manner of death by the king. It was at once said by the clever jester that he would like to die of old age.

Question 5.
I explained my case to the doctor. I was seated on a chair against the table by him. I held my hat in my right hand and explained my symptoms. He then gave his advice and helped me liberally.
Answer
My case was explained by me to the doctor. He seated me on a chair against the table. My hat was held in my right hand and my symptoms were explained. His advice was then given and I was helped liberally.

Question 6.
The emperor was adorned in his royal robes. He was attended by his courtiers. He was escorted to the seashore. There he was seated upon a high chair. The chair had been placed there for his reception.
Answer:
The emperor adorned himself in royal robes. His courtiers attended him. They escorted him to the seashore. There they seated him upon a high chair. They had placed the chair there for his reception.

Question 7.
If we look into practical life, we will find that fortune is usually on the side of the industrious. The winds and waves favour the best navigators. Lord Clive began his career in India as a clerk. When he ended his career, he had founded the British Empire in the East.
Answer
If practical life is looked into by us, it will be found by us that fortune is usually on the side of the industrious. The best navigators are favoured by the winds and waves. Lord Clive’s career was begun by him in India as a clerk. When his career was ended by him, the British Empire in the East had been founded by him.

Question 8.
A poor Arab saw a spring of sweet water. He had never before tasted such water. He filled his leather bottle from the spring. He wanted to present it to the Khalif. The courtiers desired to taste the precious water but the Khalif forbade them. The Khalif was touched by the Arab’s concern for him. He awarded the poor man.
Answer
A spring of sweet water was seen by a poor Arab. Such water had never been before tasted by him. His leather bottle was filled by him from the spring. He wanted it to be presented to the Khalif. It was desired by the courtiers to taste, the precious water, but they were forbidden by the Khalif. The Arab’s concern for the Khalif touched him. The poor man was awarded by him.

Question 9.
We all know that Columbus discovered America. He was provided with ships and men by the king of Spain. He met with many difficulties on the way. All his fellow men wanted to turn back. But he did not stop till he reached his goal.
Answer
It is known to all of us that America was discovered by Columbus. The king of Spain provided him with ships and men. He met with many difficulties on the way. All his fellow men wanted to turn back. But he did not stop till his goal was reached.

Question 10.
It is nice that you are taking your studies seriously. Please don’t do it at the cost of your health. Those who do brain work, need regular physical exercise. So don’t avoid games. They teach you something which books can never teach, i.e. discipline.
Answer
It is nice that your studies are being taken seriously by you. You are requested not to do it at the cost of your health. Regular physical exercise is needed by those who do brain work. So games should not be avoided. You are taught by them something which can never be taught by the books, i.e. discipline.

Complete the passage with the Passive form of the verbs given in the brackets :

A three year old girl (a) …………………………. (rescue) by the police last Tuesday. She (b) …………… (kidnap) by a neighbour for ransom. The mother informed the police about the missing girl. The probe (c) ………….. (supervise) by the DSP himself. More than 50 residents (d) …………… (interrogate). Ultimately, Danny, one of the residents of the colony, admitted the crime and disclosed where the girl (e) …………. (hide).
Answer:
(a) was rescued
(b) had been kidnapped
(c) was supervised
(d) were interrogated
(e) was hidden.

Read the newspaper headlines given below and complete the sentences that follow :

1. Rain Kills Over Two Dozen
Kathmandu : About ….. in the remote villages of north-western Kalikot district in the rains that hit the area.

2. Largest Discovery Of Dinosaur Eggs
Lerida : More than 100 eggs of dinosaur ………………… in north-eastern Spain.

3. Pak defeated by a big margin
The Pakistani cricket team …………………. in the first one dayer by a big margin yesterday. The match ……………… at Lahore in the Gaddafi Stadium.

4. Obama Accorded Warm Welcome President Barack Obama Of Usa …
a warm welcome on his arrival in india this year. He ………………….. by the prime minister himself at the delhi airport.

5. Underground Tunnel Unearthed
A half-dug underground tunnel …………. by the police personnel inside the jail compound yesterday. The digging ………………. by two convicts undergoing life terms in the jail.

6. Cold Wave Claims 37 Lives
The cold wave prevailing in Punjab for more than a week has worsened further. There ………….. a fresh snowfall in the Himalayas. Meanwhile 37 lives ………………….. so far by the cold wave.

7. Rich Homage Paid To Mahatma Gandhi; Statue Unveiled
Rich homage ………. … to the great father of the nation, mahatma gandhi, on the occasion of his birth anniversary, yesterday. a bronze statue of the great visionary …………………… on the occasion.

8. D.J. Simpson Acquitted
In the judgement given today by an american court, the famous football legend D.J simpson ……………………. of murder charges against him.

9. Idols Immersed In River
The ten-day dussehra festival comes to an end today when all the idols carried in a procession ……………………. in the ganga by the devotees.

10. Three Militants Killed, Seven Arrested
During the past 24 hours, three militants………………. and seven have been arrested in the kashmir valley. A large number of weapons were also seized from those arrested.

11. Afghan Forces Capture Kabul Airport
After a five-day bloody battle, the kabul airport ………… by the afghan forces early today. dozens of people were killed and more than 2500 were injured.

12. Govt. To Take Stern Steps:
It Has been announced by the government that ……………………….. to check the black-marketing and adulteration of essential goods.

13. Fire Destroys Goods Worth ₹ 25 Lac ; Cause Unknown
goods ……………… when two houses in tilak nagar caught fire yesterday.The cause of fire which rendered four families homeless, could not be known.

14. 193 Kg Heroin Seized :
in the biggest ever drug haul in the country, a consignment of 193 kg of heroin ……. by the mumbai police from a luxury apartment, in central mumbai.

15. Tourists, Attacked By Shark
last monday several australian tourists …………….. while surfing off pasiraman beach.

16. Suspect Arrested
shahpur police report that the suspect in the nasir khan murder case …………

17. Woman, Child Killed In Road Mishap — Six Injured
A woman and ………………… on the spot and six persons were injured, two of them seriously, when a tempo in which they were travelling, fell into a khud near Lalpani.

18. “Bankmen Give Free Hawai Chappals
For Lepers Lepers, living in the Asha Deep Colony of the city, ………………… on Thursday by the employees of State Bank of India. The Bankmen were celebrating the 42nd anniversary of their branch.

19. Shopkeeper Arrested, Fined :
ashok kumar, a shopkeeper of bilaspur …………………… by the police on tuesday for selling adulterated atta. later he was produced before the chief judicial magistrate by whom he ………………… ₹ 5000.

20. Advani Relieved Of His Post :
The BJP President, L.K. Advani, ………………….. of his post today after he submitted his resignation in the meeting of the general body of the party.
Answer:
1. two dozen men are killed
2. have been discovered
3. was defeated ; was played
4. was accorded ; was received
5. was unearthed ; had been done.
6. has been ; have been claimed.
7. was paid ; was unveiled
8. was acquitted
9. are immersed
10. have been killed
11. was captured
12. stern steps will be taken
13. worth ₹ 25 lac were destroyed
14. has been seized
15. were attacked by shark
16. has been arrested
17. a child were killed
18. were given free Hawai chappals
19. was arrested ; was fined
20. was relieved.

Rewrite the following passages after changing the Voice :

Question 1.
The early men thought that every misfortune was caused by angry gods. They saw imaginary gods everywhere. They thought of God as a very irritable person who was always losing his temper. If due to some disaster, a large number of people were killed, they would think they had displeased God.
Answer:
It was thought by the early men that angry gods cause every misfortune. Imaginary gods were seen everywhere by them. God was thought of by them as a very irritable person who was always losing his temper. If some disaster killed a large number of people, they would think God had been displeased by them.

Question 2.
Mr. Lal teaches us English. He was awarded Padma Shri by the President. He is one of the most dedicated teachers we have. Social work interests Mr. Lal very much. He loves his students as he loves his own children. We are lucky to be his pupils. May God bless him !
Answer:
We are taught English by Mr. Lal. The President awarded him Padma Shri. He is one of the most dedicated teachers we have. Mr. Lal is very much interested in social work. His students are loved by him as his own children. We are lucky to be his pupils. May he be blessed by God!

Question 3.
A dove saw a bee fallen in a water tank. It dropped a large leaf into the water. The bee climbed on to the leaf and thanked the dove. A hunter took aim at the dove. The bee stung him. He missed his aim. Now the dove thanked the bee.
Answer:
A bee fallen in a water tank was seen by a dove. A large leaf was dropped into the water by it. The bee climbed on to the leaf and the dove was thanked by the bee. The dove was taken aim at by a hunter. He was stung by the bee. His aim was missed by him. Now the bee was thanked by the dove.

Question 4.
Once a jester offended the king. The king at once condemned him to death. The jester pleaded for his life but the king refused to alter the sentence. One day, the king visited the prison. He asked the jester to choose his manner of death. The clever jester at once said that he would like to die of old age.
Answer:
Once the king was offended by a jester. He was at once condemned to death by the king. The jester pleaded for his life but the king refused to alter the sentence. One day, the prison was visited by the king. The jester was asked to choose his manner of death by the king. It was at once said by the clever jester that he would like to die of old age.

Question 5.
I explained my case to the doctor. I was seated on a chair against the table by him. I held my hat in my right hand and explained my symptoms. He then gave his advice and helped me liberally.
Answer:
My case was explained by me to the doctor. He seated me on a chair against the table. My hat was held in my right hand and my symptoms were explained. His advice was then given and I was helped liberally.

Question 7.
If we look into practical life, we will find that fortune is usually on the side of the industrious. The winds and waves favour the best navigators. Lord Clive began his career in India as a clerk. When he ended his career, he had founded the British Empire in the East.
Answer:
If practical life is looked into by us, it will be found by us that fortune is usually on the side of the industrious. The best navigators are favoured by the winds and waves. Lord Clive’s career was begun by him in India as a clerk. When his career was ended by him, the British Empire in the East had been founded by him.

Question 8.
A poor Arab saw a spring of sweet water. He had never before tasted such water. He filled his leather bottle from the spring. He wanted to present it to the Khalif. The courtiers desired to taste the precious water but the Khalif forbade them. The Khalif was touched by the Arab’s concern for him. He awarded the poor man.
Answer:
A spring of sweet water was seen by a poor Arab. Such water had never been before tasted by him. His leather bottle was filled by him from the spring. He wanted it to be presented to the Khalif. It was desired by the courtiers to taste, the precious water, but they were forbidden by the Khalif. The Arab’s concern for the Khalif touched him. The poor man was awarded by him.

Question 9.
We all know that Columbus discovered America. He was provided with ships and men by the king of Spain. He met with many difficulties on the way. All his fellow men wanted to turn back. But he did not stop till he reached his goal.
Answer:
It is known to all of us that America was discovered by Columbus. The king of Spain provided him with ships and men. He met with many difficulties on the way. All his fellow men wanted to turn back. But he did not stop till his goal was reached.

Active Voice – जिस वाक्य में Subject का सीधा सम्बन्ध Verb के साथ होता है (अर्थात् कर्ता के अनुसार क्रिया का रूप निर्धारित होता है), उसे Active Voice का वाक्य कहा जाता है।

Passive Voice – जिस वाक्य में कर्म के अनुसार क्रिया का रूप निर्धारित होता है (और कर्ता का क्रिया पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं होता), उसे Passive Voice का वाक्य कहा जाता है।

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखिए :

Active Voice ,	Passive Voice
1. Earn writes a letter, 2. Children like sweets.	1. A letter is written by Ram. 2. Sweets are liked by children

ऊपर के वाक्यों में हमने देखा कि
(1) Active Voice के वाक्य में जो Subject होता है, वह Passive Voice के वाक्य में Object बन जाता है।
(2) Active Voice के वाक्य में जो Object होता है, वह Passive Voice के वाक्य में Subject बन जाता है।
(3) Passive Voice के वाक्य में Object के साथ by अथवा कोई अन्य उपयुक्त Preposition लगाया जाता है।
(4) Subject से Object तथा Object से Subject का स्थान लेते समय Pronouns का रूप बदल जाता है;

Subject	Object	Subject	Object
I	me	He	him
We	us	She	her
You	You	They	them

किसी वाक्य का Voice बदलते समय Verb का रूप बदल जाता है। इसके लिए नीचे दी गई नियम तालिका याद रखिए :

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. Present Indefinite Tense V₁	is / am / are + V₃
2. Past Indefinite Tense V₂	was / were + V₃
3. Future Indefinite Tense will / shall + V₁	will / shall + be + V₃
4. Present Continuous Tense is / am / are + V₁– ing	is/am / are + being + V₃
5. Past Continuous Tense was / were + V-ing	was / were + being + V₃
6. Present Perfect Tense has / have + V₃	has / have + been + V₃
7. Future Perfect Tense will/shall + have + V₃	will/shall + have been + V₃
8. Imperative Sentences V₁ + Object	Object + should be + V₃ (Or) Let + Object. + be + V₃
9. can/could/may/might/must/ ought to / should+ V₁	can/couldlmay/might/must/ ought to / should + be + V₃

Examples of Present Indefinite . Tense
(is/am/are + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. She helps the poor. 2. We expect good news. 3. I know him. 4. Radha does not sing a song. 5. Who teaches you English ? 6. What do you want ?	1. The poor are helped by her. 2. Good news is expected by us. 3. He is known to me. 4. A song is not sung by Radha. 5. By whom are you taught English ? 6. What is wanted by you ?

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. I take tea.
2. He drinks milk.
3. The boys make a noise.
4. They wash their clothes.
5. I do not like this book.
6. What do you do ?
7. Does he respect his elders ?
8. People praise her for her beauty.
9. A story is written by us.
10. The poor are helped by them.
11. She sings a song.
12. I do not like him.
13. Ram does not like him.
14. Do they learn their lessons ?
15. Where does he place his books ?

Examples of Past Indefinite Tense
(was/were + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. She kept us waiting.	1. We were kept waiting by her.
2. I employed two hundred men.	2. Two hundred men were employed by me.
3. The hunter did not aim at the bird.	3. The bird was not aimed at by the hunter.
4. Did he give you anything?	4. Were you given anything by him?
5. Who lent you this book?	5. By whom were you lent this book?
6. Which picture did you see last night?	6. Which picture was seen by you last night?

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. Ram told a lie.
2. We played football.
3. We bought new pens.
4. The baby did not drink milk.
5. She did not open the window.
6. She did. her papers well.
7. Who told you this story?
8. Did you see him today?
9. A match was played by us.
10. America was discovered by Columbus.
11. Usha won a race.
12. The thief stole a number of things.
13. We did not laugh at the beggar.
14. He helped Ram in the hour of need.
15. Who gave you this book ?

Examples of Future Indefinite Tense
(will/shall + be + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. I shall buy this pen. 2. I will not take the test. 3. He will do his duty. 4. Will he not mend his ways ? 5. Which book will you read tomorrow ? 6. Who will answer this question ?	1. This pen will be bought by me. 2. The test shall not be taken by me. 3. His duty will be done by him. 4. Will his ways not be mended by him? 5. Which book will be read by you tomorrow? 6. By whom will this question be answered?

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. She will teach English.
2. He will never tell a lie.
3. The teacher will not punish the boys.
4. When will you take exercise ?
5. We shall draw water from the well.
6. Who will prepare tea ?
7. This letter will be posted by me.
8. My pen will not be stolen by him.
9. They will not help the needy.
10. We shall consult the doctor.
11. How will you pass the examination ?
12. She will not obey you.
13. John will not run a race.
14. When will he return your money ?
15. Will you help me in need ?

Examples of Present Continuous Tense
(is/am/are + being + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. The gardener is plucking flowers. 2. He is driving a motor car. 3. Boys are flying kites. 4. Is she reading a book ? 5. Why are you wasting your time ? 6. Who is laughing at the beggar ?	1. Flowers are being plucked by the gardener. 2. A motor car is being driven by him. 3. Kites are being flown by boys. 4. Is a book being read by her ? 5. Why is your time being wasted by you ? 6. By whom is the beggar being laughed at?

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. I am playing a match.
2. She is speaking the truth.
3. You are helping me.
4. The boys are not flying kites.
5. The teacher is not punishing the boys.
6. Are you insulting him ?
7. Sohan is wasting his time.
8. She is singing a song.
9. They are not wasting their time.
10. Is Mohan flying a kite ?
11. Is she not cooking the food ?
12. Why are you making a noise ?
13. Who is calling you ?
14. When is he finishing his work ?
15. What are you looking for ?

Examples of Past Continuous Tense
(was/were + being + V₃)

Active	Passive ‘
1. The hunter was aiming at the lion. 2. She was milking the cow. 3. The peon was ringing the bell. 4. The farmer was not ploughing the field. 5. Were they learning their lesson ? 6. What was Sohan doing ?	1. The lion was being aimed at by the hunter. 2. The cow was being milked by her. 3. The bell was being rung by the peon. 4. The field was not being ploughed by the farmer. 5. Was their lesson being learnt by them ? 6. What was being done by Sohan ?

Change the voice of the following sentences :
1. Ram was not selling his old car.
2. They were insulting me.
3. She was not helping anybody.
4. He was building a new house.
5. He was opening the box.
6. Leela was washing the dishes.
7. The watchman was informing the police.
8. I was taking my class.
9. They were digging the ground.
10. The shopkeeper was closing his shop.
11. The people were not raising slogans.
12. Were they misleading you ?
13. Who was looking into the matter ?
14. What were they searching for ?
15. Why were the people stoning the bus ?

Examples of Present Perfect Tense
(has/have + been + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. I have done my duty. 2. She has sold her cow. 3. They have not broken the windowpane. 4. Have you ever seen a lion ? 5. Why has Sohan not finished his work ? 6. Who has stolen my pencil ?	1. My duty has been done by me. 2. Her cow has been sold by her. 3. The windowpane has not been broken by them. 4. Has a lion ever been seen by you ? 5. Why has his work not been finished by Sohan ? 6. By whom has my pencil been stolen ?

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. He has forgotten me.
2. The judge has set the prisoner free.
3. He has finished his job.
4. He has obliged me.
5. The bell has been rung by the peon.
6. The letter has been posted by my father.
7. What has he done for you ?
8. Who has helped you ?
9. The principal has given away the prizes.
10. We have played the game.
11. He has given me a book.
12. They have not committed the theft.
13. Have you attended the class ?
14. Has the peon not locked the office ?
15. Why have you insulted your teacher ?

Examples of Past Perfect Tense
(had + been + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. The watchman had already opened the gate. 2. We had never visited Amritsar before. 3. Had you never seen this place before? 4. Who had invited you to the feast? 5. Had he finished his work by 4 p.m.?	1. The gate had already been opened by the watchman. 2. Amritsar had never been visited by us before. 3 . Had this place never been seen by you before ? 4. By whom had you been invited to the feast ? 5. Had his work been finished by him by 4 p.m.?

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. He had killed a snake before.
2. She had already finished her work.
3. Someone had already stolen the box.
4. You had already received the letter.
5. They had not yet built the house.
6. We had already killed the lion.
7. The lock had been opened by the peon.
8. He had bought a new car.
9. She had passed the examination.
10. You had not made the proper use of your time.
11. Had he abused you ?
12. They had not’disturbed us.
13. Who had mentioned your name ?
14. When had you rung him up ?
15. What had he lost ?

Examples of Future Perfect Tense
(will / shall + have been + V₃₎

Active	Passive
1. I shall have planted a tree. 2. He will have read this book. 3. He will not have sold his house. 4. She will have taken the test. 5. Will he have written a letter ?	1. A tree will have been planted by me. 2. This book will have been read by him. 3. His house will not have been sold by him. 4. The test will have been taken by her. 5. Will a letter have been written by him ?

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. The teacher will have taught the lesson.
2. He will have signed the papers.
3. She will have learnt her lesson.
4. He will not have done his homework.
5. He will have changed the clothes before my arrival.
6. They will have whitewashed the home before evening.
7. I shall have paid my fees.
8. You will have seen the lion before.
9. The police will have arrested the culprits before.
10. A letter will have been posted by him.
11. He will not have opened the window.
12. Will you have brought him a gift ?
13. Where will you have spent your holidays ?
14. Who will have helped him ?
15. He will have taught you English.

Examples of Imperative Sentences
(Object + should be + V₃) Or (Let + Object + be + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. Shut the door. 2. Obey your parents. 3. Carry it home. 4. Never tell a lie. 5. Let him play the match. 6. Please bring me a glass of water.	1. The door should be shut. 2. Let your parents be obeyed. 3. Let it be carried home. 4. A lie should never be told. 5. Let the match be played by him. 6. You are requested to bring me a glass of water.

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. Change these clothes.
2. Summon the peon.
3. Kindly call in the doctor.
4. Please help him.
5. Do not waste your time.
6. Always speak the truth.
7. Do not hate the poor.
8. Do not write anything against him.
9. Help the poor.
10. Duty must be done.
11. Send for the doctor at once.
12. Kindly help me.
13. Always get up early in the morning.
14. Write a letter to your father.
15. You are ordered to sit down.

Examples of the Use of can, could, may, etc.
(can, could, may, might, should, would, dare, etc. + be + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. You should write the address neatly. 2. One cannot please everybody. 3. We should always speak the truth. 4. You must listen to his words. 5. One should do one’s duty. 6. Somebody must help this poor woman.	1. The address should be written neatly. 2. Everybody cannot be pleased. 3. The truth should always be spoken by us. 4. His words must be listened to. 5. Duty should be done. 6 This poor woman must be helped.

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. I can open this box.
2. He could tell the truth.
3. We could have learnt our lesson.
4. You must finish this work.
5. She might miss the bus.
6. They might call me.
7. May I see this picture ?
8. You must tell me everything.
9. May God bless you with a son !
10. Why should I do it ?
11. They might have won the match.
12. They might have told the truth.
13. You should have done it by now.
14. Our parents and teachers ought to be respected by us.
15. They could pass the admission test.

The Use of Prepositional Verbs

कुछ Verbs के साथ विशेष Prepositions या Adverb Particles का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Active तथा Passive दोनों तरह के वाक्यों में ये Prepositions या Adverb Particles सम्बन्धित Verbs के साथ ही लगाए जाने चाहिएं। इन्हें Verbs से अलग नहीं किया जा सकता है। जैसे

Active

Passive

1. The people listened to him with respect.
2. I objected to his proposal.
3. The rich often laugh at the poor.
4. We must take care of our health.
5. They switched off the lights.
6. A car ran over an old man.
7. The police charged her with murder.
8. The Principal turned down my request.
9. The thieves cut down the telephone wires.
10. I cannot think of such a thing.

1. He was listened to with respect by the people.
2. His proposal” was objected to by me.
3. The poor are often laughed at by the rich.
4. Health must be taken care of.
5. The lights were switched off.
6. An old man was run over by a car.
7. She was charged with murder by the police.
8. My request was turned down by the Principal.
9. The telephone wires were cut down by the thieves.
10. Such a thing cannot be thought of by me.

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. We are waiting for you.
2. What is contained in this pot ?
3. She is knocking at the door.
4. He enquired into the matter.
5. I do not agree to your plan.
6. What are you searching for ?
7. I don’t care for him.
8. You should not laugh at the old woman.
9. You looked after him.
10. They made fun of the poor man.
11. She laughs at you.
12. She will look into this matter.
13. He agreed to your proposal.
14. He picked up a letter.
15. The boys looked at the picture on the wall.

The Use of Prepositions other than ‘by’

कुछ वाक्यों के Passive voice में ‘by’ के स्थान पर किसी अन्य Preposition का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे

Active	Passive
1. His behaviour disgusts me. 2. The jug contains milk. 3. The news surprised us. 4. Gardening interests my mother. 5. You cannot please her. 6. I know him. 7. His jokes amused us. 8. His conduct amazed us.	1. I am disgusted with his behaviour. 2. Milk is contained in the jug. 3. We were surprised at the news. 4. My mother is interested in gardening. 5. She cannot be pleased with you. 6. He is known to me. 7. We were amused at his jokes. 8. We were amazed at his conduct.

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. You cannot please all.
2. The news of his failure has shocked me.
3. Your success pleases me.
4. Everybody knows him.
5. Many pictures are contained in this book.
6. I was satisfied with her work.
7. This beaker contains water.
8. Your behaviour annoyed me.
9. He was delighted at your brilliant success.
10. My success astonished all.
11. Your behaviour displeased me.
12. The boss is satisfied with his work.
13. What is contained in this purse ?
14. His fathers death shocked all.
15. Do you know the Principal ?

Examples of Interrogative Sentences (Mixed Type) :

नोट : What, why, when, how, which, where, who आदि से शुरू होने वाले निम्नलिखित प्रश्नात्मक वाक्यों का ध्यानपूर्वक अध्ययन कीजिए

Active	Passive
1. What do you want ? 2. Who teaches you English ? 3. Who do you love ? 4. Where will you spend your holidays ? 5. Whence have you bought this pen ? 6. When will you see him ? 7. Why did he abuse you ?	1. What is wanted by you ? 2. By whom are you taught English ? 3. Who is loved by you ? 4. Where will your holidays be spent by you ? 5. Whence has this pen been bought by you ? 6. When will he be seen by you ? 7. Why were you abused by him ?

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. Who stole your pen ?
2. Who will you elect President ?
3. Why has the teacher marked me absent ?
4. Who had visited Delhi ?
5. Who told a lie ?
6. When did you pluck these flowers ?
7. Who did you see ?
8. Why am I cursed by you ?
9. Whose book had been taken by him ?
10. How was the river crossed by them ?
11. By whom will the hockey match be played ?
12. Had the poem been learnt by them before ?
13. By whom had the windowpane been broken before you arrived ?
14. By whom has the picture been painted ?
15. Why has so much been spent by you?

Examples of Sentences with the Double Object

कुछ वाक्यों में दो Objects होते हैं; जैसे
I gave him a book.
पहले Object को Indirect Object और दूसरे को Direct Object कहा जाता है।

Passive Voice बनाते समय प्राय: Indirect Object को ही Subject के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे
He was given a book by me.

किन्तु यदि Direct Object को Subject के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाना हो तो Indirect Object से पूर्व to अथवा for का प्रयोग करना पड़ता है; जैसे
A book was given to him by me.

कुछ अन्य उदाहरण :

Active	Passive
1. I gave him a book.	1. A book was given to him by me. (Or) He was given a book by me.
2. He teaches us English.	2. English is taught to us by him. (Or) We are taught English by him.
3. You have written him a letter.	3. A letter has been written to him by you. (Or) He has been written a letter by you.
4. She handed Ram a letter.	4. A letter was handed to Ram by her. (Or) Ram was handed a letter by her.
5. They gave her a test.	5. She was given a test by them. (Or) A test was given to her by them.
6. He sent me an invitation.	6. I was sent an invitation by him. (Or) An invitation was sent to me by him.
7. Ram offered me a job.	7. I was offered a job by Ram. (Or) A job was offered to me by Ram.
8. Who gave you this book ?	8. By whom were you given this book ? (Or) By whom was this book given to you ?

Change the voice of the following sentences

1. She gave me five rupees.
2. I told him a story.
3. You sent him a letter.
4. Ram gave me good news.
5. We showed him a picture.
6. He lent me some money.
7. The teacher was teaching me English.
8. They were given some money by my father.
9. They were showing her their new books.

10. She was sent a letter by me.
11. She wrote him a letter.
12. Ram lent me some books.
13. I paid him his salary.
14. I shall forgive him his fault.
15. He gives them food and clothes.

Examples of Sentences with an Implied Subject

Passive Voice के कुछ वाक्यों में by + agent नहीं दिया गया होता है किन्तु ऐसे वाक्यों में कर्ता का अनुमान लगाने में कोई कठिनाई नहीं होती है। अत: Passive Voice से Amtive Voice बनाने में उसी कर्ता का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए; जैसे

Passive	Active
1. You are wanted outside. 2. The thief has been arrested. 3. The telephone wires were cut. 4. The matter will be discussed matter tomorrow. 5. He was elected Member of Parliament. 6. The crops can be reaped. 7. The result has been declared. 8. English is spoken all over the world.	1. Someone wants you outside. 2. The police have arrested the thief. 3. The thieves cut the telephone wires. 4. The committee will discuss the tomorrow. 5. People elected him Member of Parliament. 6. The farmers can reap the crops. 7. The Principal has declared the result. 8. People speak English all over the world.

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. Sums are being solved.
2. All the horses were sold.
3. Flowers were being plucked.
4. He is wanted at home.
5. Children are being looked after.
6. People use telephone all over the world.
7. None can defeat him.
8. We grow rice in the rainy season.
9. The committee has made new plans.
10. Neeru was being forced to resign.
11. The culprit was hanged.
12. He has been asked to resign.
13. My brother has never been beaten at tennis.
14. A meeting is being held here.
15. Many persons were thrown out of jobs.

Examples of the Passive of Infinitives

Active	Passive
1. She begged the Principal to forgive her.	1. She begged the Principal to be forgiven.
2. I hope to overcome my difficulties.	2. I hope my difficulties to be overcome.
3. I have to do this work.	3. This work has to be done.
4. I expect you to finish the you.	4. I expect the work to be finished by work.
5. It is time to give the order.	5. It is time for the order to be given.
6. It is time to feed the baby.	6. It is time for the baby to be fed.
7. It is time to ring the bell.	7. It is time for the bell to be rung.
8. It is time to tell stories.	8. It is time for. the stories to be told.

Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. It is time to see the picture.
2. It is time to take the meals.
3. It is time to open the door.
4. It is time to save money.
5. It is time to wash the clothes.
6. It is time to discuss the matter.
7. It is time to open the school.
8. It is time to start the journey.
9. It is time to leave the class.
10. It is time for a song to be sung.
11. It is time to do the job.
12. It is time to run a race.
13. It is time to call in the doctor.
14. It is time to say prayers.
15. It is time to open the shop.

PSEB 9th Class Maths MCQ Chapter 6 Lines and Angles

May 7, 2024May 6, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 6 Lines and Angles MCQ Questions with Answers.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Chapter 6 Lines and Angles MCQ Questions

Multiple Choice Questions and Answer

Answer each question by selecting the proper alternative from those given below each question to make the statement true:

Question 1.
The measure of the complementary angle of an angle with measure 40° is ………………….. .
A. 40°
B. 20°
C. 140°
D. 50°
Answer:
D. 50°

Question 2.
The measure of the supplementary angle of an angle with measure 70° is ………………… .
A. 20°
B. 35°
C. 70°
D. 110°
Answer:
D. 110°

Question 3.
∠ ABC and ∠ ABD form a linear pair. If ∠ ABC = 30°, then ∠ ABD = ………………. .
A. 30°
B. 60°
C. 150°
D. 15°
Answer:
C. 150°

Question 4.
∠P and ∠Q are supplementary angles such that ∠P = 2x – 5 and ∠Q = 3x + 10. Then ∠Q = …………….. .
A. 35°
B. 65°
C. 105°
D. 115°
Answer:
D. 115°

Question 5.
The measure of an angle is four times the measure of its complementary angle. Then, the measure of that angle is ………………… .
A. 18°
B. 72°
C. 40°
D. 10°
Answer:
B. 72°

Question 6.
The measures of two supplementary angles differ by 20°. Then, the measure of the acute angle among them is …………….. .
A. 50°
B. 80°
C. 100°
D. 20°
Answer:
B. 80°

Question 7.
The measure of an angle is twice the measure of its supplementary angle. Then, the measure of that angle is ………………. .
A. 60°
B. 120°
C. 50°
D. 100°
Answer:
B. 120°

Question 8.
∠ ACD is an exterior angle of ∆ ABC. If ∠ ACD = 110° and ∠ A = 60°, then ∠ B = ………………….. .
A. 50°
B. 60°
C. 70°
D. 55°
Answer:
A. 50°

Question 9.
In ∆ ABC, ∠ A = 70° and ∠ B = 60°. Then, the measure of an exterior angle of ∆ ABC can be ……………….. .
A. 50°
B. 110°
C. 100°
D. 70°
Answer:
B. 110°

Question 10.
In ∆ ABC, ∠ B = 55° and ∠ C = 65°. Then the measure of an exterior angle of ∆ ABC cannot be ………………. .
A. 125°
B. 120°
C. 115°
D. 110°
Answer:
D. 110°

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.3

May 7, 2024May 5, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.3

Question 1.
∆ ABC and ∆ DBC are two isosceles triangles on the same base BC and vertices A and D are on the same side of BC (see the given figure). If AD is extended to intersect BC at D show that,
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.3 1
(i) ∆ ABD ≅ ∆ ACD
(ii) ∆ ABP ≅ ∆ ACP
(iii) AP bisects ∠ A as well as ∠ D.
(iv) AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
Answer:
∆ ABC and ∆ DBC are isosceles triangles on the same base BC.
∴ In ∆ ABC, AB = AC and in ∆ DBC, DB = DC.
In ∆ ABD and ∆ ACD,
AB = AC
DB = DC
and AD = AD (Common)
∴ ∆ ABD s ∆ ACD (SSS rule) [Result (i)]
∴ ∠ BAD = ∠ CAD (CPCT)
In ∆ ABP and ∆ ACP
AB = AC
∠ BAP = ∠ CAP (∵ ∠ BAD = ∠ CAD)
and AP = AP (Common)
∴ ∆ ABP ≅ ∆ ACP (SAS rule) [Result (ii)]
∴ BP = CP (CPCT)
In ∆ DBP and ∆ DCR
DB = DC
BP = CP
and DP = DP (Common)
∴ ∆ DBP ≅ ∆ DCP (SSS rule)
From ∆ ABP ≅ ∆ ACR ∠ BAP = ∠ CAP (CPCT)
∴ AP bisects ∠A.
From ∆ DBP ≅ ∆ DCR ∠BDP = ∠ CDP (CPCT)
∴ DP bisects ∠D.
Thus, AP bisects ∠A as well as ∠D. [Result (iii)]
∆ A ABP ≅ ∆ ACP
∴ BP = CP and ∠ APB = ∠ APC (CPCT)
But, ∠ APB + ∠ APC = 180° (Linear pair)
∴ ∠ APB = ∠ APC = \(\) = 90°
Thus, BP = CP and AP ⊥ BC.
∴ AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC. [Result (iv)]

Question 2.
AD is an altitude of an isosceles triangle ABC in which AB = AC. Show that:
(i) AD bisects BC
(ii) AD bisects ∠ A
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.3 2
Answer:
AD is an altitude of A ABC.
∴ ∠ ADB = ∠ ADC = 90°
In ∆ ADB and ∆ ADC,
hypotenuse AB = hypotenuse AC (Given)
∠ ADB = ∠ ADC (Right angles)
AD = AD (Common)
∴ ∆ ADB ≅ ∆ ADC (RHS rule)
∴ BD = CD and ∠ BAD = ∠ CAD (CPCT)
Now, BD = CD means D is the midpoint of BC.
Hence, AD bisects BC. [Result (i)]
Moreover, ∠ BAD = ∠ CAD and
∠ BAD + ∠ CAD = ∠ BAC.
Hence, AD bisects ∠A. [Result (ii)]

Question 3.
Two sides AB and BC and median AM of one triangle ABC are respectively equal to sides PQ and QR and median PN of ∆ PQR (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) ∆ ABM ≅ ∆ PQN
(ii) ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ PQR
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.3 3
Answer:
In ∆ ABC, AM is a median.
∴ BM = CM = \(\frac{1}{2}\) BC
In ∆ PQR, PN is a median.
∴ QN = RN = \(\frac{1}{2}\) QR
Now, BC = QR (Given)
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\) BC = \(\frac{1}{2}\) QR
∴ BM = QN
In ∆ ABM and ∆ PQN,
AB = PQ (Given)
AM = PN (Given)
BM = QN (Proved)
∴ ∆ ABM ≅ ∆ PQN (SSS rule) [Result (i)]
∴ ∠ ABM = ∠ PQN (CPCT)
∴ ∠ ABC = ∠ PQR
Now, in ∆ ABC and ∆ PQR,
AB = PQ
∠ ABC = ∠ PQR
BC = QR .
∴ ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ PQR (SAS rule) [Result (ii)]

Question 4.
BE and CF are two equal altitudes of a triangle ABC. Using RHS congruence rule, prove that the triangle ABC is isosceles.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.3 4
Answer:
In ∆ FBC and ∆ ECB,
CF = BE (Given)
∠ CFB = ∠ BEC = 90° (Given)
BC = CB (Common)
∴ A FBC ≅ A ECB (RHS rule)
∴ ∠ FBC = ∠ ECB (CPCT)
∴ ∠ ABC = ∠ ACB
Now, in ∆ ABC, ∠ ABC = ∠ ACB
∴ AC = AB (Theorem 7.3)
Hence, ∆ ABC is an isosceles triangle.

Question 5.
ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. Draw AP ⊥ BC to show that ∠ B = ∠ C.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.3 5
In ∆ ABC, AP is an altitude.
∴ ∠ APB = ∠ APC = 90°
In ∆ APB and ∆ APC,
∠ APB = ∠ APC = 90°
AB = AC (Given)
AP = AP (Common)
∴ ∆ APB ≅ ∆ APC (RHS rule)
∴ ∠ ABP = ∠ AGP (CPCT)
∴ ∠ ABC = ∠ ACB
Thus, in ∆ ABC, ∠ B = ∠ C.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2

May 7, 2024May 5, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2

Question 1.
In an isosceles triangle ABC, with AB = AC, the bisectors of ∠ B and ∠ C intersect each other at O. Join A to O. Show that:
(i) OB = OC
(ii) AO bisects ∠ A
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2 1
In ∆ ABC, AB = AC
∴ ∠ ABC = ∠ ACB (Theorem 7.2)
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠ ABC = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠ ACB
∴ ∠ OBC = ∠ OCB (BO bisects ∠ ABC and CO bisects ∠ ACB)
Now, in ∆ OBC, ∠ OBC = ∠ OCB
∴ OB = OC (Theorem 7.3)
Similarly, ∠ ABC = ∠ ACB gives
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠ ABC = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠ ACB
∴ ∠ ABO = ∠ ACO
Now, in ∆ ABO and ∆ ACO,
AB = AC (Given)
∠ ABO = ∠ ACO
and OB = OC
∴ ∆ ABO ≅ ∆ ACO (SAS rule)
∴ ∠ BAO = ∠ CAO (CPCT)
But, ∠ BAO + ∠ CAO = ∠ BAC (Adjacent angles)
∴ ∠ BAO = ∠ CAO = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠ BAC
Thus, AO bisects ∠ A.

Question 2.
In ∆ ABC, AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC (see the given figure). Show that ∆ ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2 2
Answer:
In ∆ ABC, AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
∴ BD = CD and ∠ ADB = ∠ ADC = 90°
In ∆ ADB and ∆ ADC,
AD = AD (Common)
∠ ADB = ∠ ADC (Right angles)
and BD = CD
∴ ∆ ADB ≅ ∆ ADC (SAS rule)
∴ AB = AC (CPCT)
Now, in ∆ ABC, AB = AC.
Hence, ∆ ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC.

Question 3.
ABC is an isosceles triangle in which altitudes BE and CF are drawn to equal sides AC and AB respectively (see the given figure). Show that these altitudes are equal.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2 3
Answer:
In ∆ ABC, AC = AB
∴ ∠ ABC = ∠ ACB
∴ ∠ FBC = ∠ ECB
Now, in ∆ FBC and ∆ ECB,
∠ FBC = ∠ ECB
∠ BFC = ∠ CEB (Right angles)
BC = CB (Common)
∴ ∆ FBC ≅ ∆ ECB (AAS rule)
∴ CF = BE (CPCT)
Thus, the altitudes CF and BE on equal sides AB and AC respectively of ∆ ABC are equal.

Question 4.
ABC is a triangle in which altitudes BE and CF to sides AC and AB are equal (see the given figure). Show that
(i) ∆ ABE ≅ ∆ ACF
(ii) AB = AC, i.e., ABC is an isosceles triangle.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2 4
Answer:
In ∆ ABE and ∆ ACF,
∠ AEB = ∠ AFC (Right angles)
∠ A = ∠ A (Common)
BE = CF (Given)
∴ ∆ ABE ≅ ∆ ACF (AAS rule)
∴ AB = AC (CPCT)
Thus, ∆ ABC is an isosceles triangle.

Question 5.
ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles on the same base BC (see the given figure). Show that ∠ ABD = ∠ ACD.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2 5
Answer:
∠ ABC and ∠ DBC are adjacent angles.
∴ ∠ ABC + ∠ DBC = ∠ ABD ………… (1)
∠ ACB and ∠ DCB are adjacent angles.
∴ ∠ ACB + ∠ DCB = ∠ ACD ………….. (2)
In ∆ ABC, AB = AC.
∴ ∠ ABC = ∠ ACB (Theorem 7.2)
In ∆ DBC, DB = DC.
∴ ∠ DBC = ∠ DCB (Theorem 7.2)
∴ ∠ ABC + ∠ DBC = ∠ ACB + ∠ DCB
∴ ∠ ABD = ∠ ACD [From (1) and (2))

Question 6.
∆ ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC. side BA is produced to D such that AD = AB (see the given figure). Show that ∠ BCD is a right angle.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2 6
Answer:
AB = AC and AD = AB
∴ AC = AD
In ∆ ABC, AB = AC
∴ ∠ ACB = ∠ ABC (Theorem 7.2) ……………… (1)
In A ADC, AC = AD
∴ ∠ ACD = ∠ ADC (Theorem 7.2) ……………… (2)
Adding (1) and (2),
∠ ACB + ∠ ACD = ∠ ABC + ∠ ADC
∴ ∠ BCD = ∠ DBC + ∠ BDC
(Adjacent angles and A lies on BD)
In ∆ BCD,
∠ DBC + ∠ BDC + ∠ BCD = 180°
∴ ∠ BCD + ∠ BCD = 180° (from (3)]
∴ 2 ∠ BCD = 180°
∴ ∠ BCD = 90°
Thus, ∠ BCD is a right angle.

Question 7.
ABC is a right angled triangle in which ∠A = 90° and AB = AC. Find ∠ B and ∠ C.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2 7
In ∆ ABC, AB = AC
∴ Z C = Z B (Theorem 7.2)
In ∆ ABC,
∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C = 180°
∴ 90° + ∠ B + ∠ B = 180° (Given and ∠ C = ∠ B)
∴ 2 ∠ B = 90°
∴ ∠ B = 45°
∴ ∠ C = 45°

Question 8.
Show that the angles of an equilateral triangle are 60° each.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.2 8
∆ ABC is an equilateral triangle.
∴ AB = BC = AC
In ∆ ABC, AB = BC
∴ ∠ C = ∠ A (Theorem 7.2)
In ∆ ABC, AB = AC
∴ ∠ C = ∠ B (Theorem 7.2)
Hence, ∠ A = ∠B = ∠ C.
Now, in ∆ ABC, ∠ A + ∠ B + Z C = 180°
∴ ∠ A = ∠ B = ∠ C = \(\frac{180^{\circ}}{3}\) = 60°
Thus, the angles of ah equilateral triangle are 60° each.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.1

May 7, 2024May 5, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.1

Question 1.
In quadrilateral ACBD. AC = AD and AB bisects ∠ A (see the given figure). Show that ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ ABD. What can you say about BC and BD?

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.1 1

Answer:
In ∆ ABC and ∆ ABD,
AC = AD (Given)
∠ BAC = ∠ BAD (AB bisects ∠ A)
AB = AB (Common)
∴ ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ ABD (SAS rule)
∴ BC = BD (CPCT)
Thus, BC and BD are equal.

Question 2.
ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = BC and ∠ DAB = ∠ CBA (see the given figure). Prove that (i) ∆ ABD ≅ ∆ BAC, (ii) BD = AC and (iii) ∠ ABD = ∠ BAC

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.1 2

Answer:
In ∆ ABD and ∆ BAC,
AD = BC (Given)
∠ DAB = ∠ CBA (Given)
AB = BA (Common)
∴ ∆ ABD ≅ ∆ BAC (SAS rule)
∴ BD = AC (CPCT)
∴ ∠ ABD = ∠ BAC (CPCT)

Question 3.
AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to a line segment AB (see the given figure). Show that CD bisects AB.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.1 3

Answer:
AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to line segment AB.
∴ AD = BC and ∠ OAD = ∠ OBC = 90°.
Now, in ∆ ADO and ∆ BCO,
AD = BC
∠ OAD = ∠ OBC
∠ AOD = ∠ BOC (Vertically opposite angles)
∴ ∆ ADO ≅ ∆ BCO (AAS rule)
∴ OA = OB (CPCT)
CD intersects AB at O and OA = OB.
Hence, CD bisects AB.

Question 4.
l and m are two parallel lines intersected by another pair of parallel lines p and q (see the given figure). Show that:
∆ ABC ≅ ∆ CDA.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.1 4

Answer:
l || m and AC is their transversal.
∴ ∠ BCA = ∠ DAC (Alternate angles)
p l| q and AC is their transversal.
∴ ∠ BAC = ∠ DCA (Alternate angles)
Now, in ∆ ABC and ∆ CDA,
∠ BCA = ∠ DAC
∠ BAC = ∠ DCA
AC = CA (Common)
∴ ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ CDA (ASA rule)

Question 5.
Ray l is the bisector of an angle ∠ A and B is any point on l. BP and BQ are perpendiculars from B to the arms of ∠ A (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) ∆ APB ≅ ∆ AQB
(ii) BP = BQ or B is equidistant from the arms of ∠ A.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.1 5

Answer:
l is the bisector of ∠ PAQ and B is any point on l.
∴ ∠ PAB = ∠ QAB
BP and BQ are perpendiculars from B to AP and AQ.
∴ ∠ BPA = ∠ BQA = 90°.
Now, in ∆ APB and ∆ AQB,
∠ PAB = ∠ QAB
∠ BPA = ∠ BQA
AB = AB (Common)
∴ ∆ APB ≅ ∆ AQB (AAS rule)
∴ BP = BQ (CPCT)
BP and BQ are perpendiculars from B to arms AP and AQ of ∠ A.
∴ BP is the distance of B from AP and BQ is the distance of B from AQ.
Thus, B is equidistant from the arms of ∠ A.

Question 6.
In the given figure, AC = AE, AB = AD and ∠ BAD = ∠ EAC. Show that BC = DE

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.1 6
Answer:
∠ BAD = ∠ EAC
∴ ∠ BAD + ∠ DAC = ∠ EAC + ∠ DAC
∴ ∠ BAC = ∠ DAE (Adjacent angles)
Now, in ∆ BAC and ∆ DAE,
AC = AE (Given)
AB = AD (Given)
∠ BAC = ∠ DAE
∴ ∆ BAC ≅ ∆ DAE (SAS rule)
∴ BC = DE (CPCT)

Question 7.
AB is a line segment and P is its midpoint. D and E are points on the same side of AB such that ∠ BAD = ∠ ABE and ∠ EPA = ∠ DPB (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) ∆ DAP ≅ ∆ EBP
(ii) AD = BE

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.1 7
Answer:
∠ BAD = ∠ ABE
∴ ∠ PAD = ∠PBE (∵ P lies on AB.)
∠ EPA = ∠ DPB
∴ ∠ EPA + ∠ EPD = ∠ DPB + ∠ EPD
∴ ∠ APD = ∠ BPE (Adjacent angles)
P is the midpoint of AB.
∴ AP = BP
Now, in ∆ DAP and ∆ EBP
∠ PAD = ∠ PBE
∠ APD = ∠ BPE
AP = BP
∴ ∆ DAP ≅ ∆ EBP (ASA rule)
∴ AD = BE (CPCT)

Question 8.
In right triangle ABC, right angled at C, M is the midpoint of hypotenuse AB. C is joined to M and produced to a point D such that DM = CM. Point D is joined to point B (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) ∆ AMC ≅ ∆ BMD
(ii) ∠ DBC is a right angle
(iii) ∆ DBC ≅ ∆ ACB
(iv) CM = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AB

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Triangles Ex 7.1 8
Answer:
In ∆ AMC and ∆ BMD,
AM = BM (∵ M is the midpoint of AB.)
CM = DM (Given)
∠ AMC = ∠ BMD (Vertically opposite angles)
∴ By SAS rule, ∆ AMC ≅ ∆ BMD [Result (i)]
∴ ∠ MCA = ∠ MDB (CPCT)
∠ MCA and ∠ MDB are alternate angles formed by transversal CD of lines AC and BD and they are equal.
∴ AC || BD
Now, ∠ DBC and ∠ ACB are interior angles on the same side of transversal BC of AC || BD.
∴ ∠ DBC + ∠ ACB = 180°
∴ ∠ DBC + 90° = 180° (Given : ∠ C = 90°)
∴ ∠ DBC = 90°
Thus, ∠ DBC is a right angle. [Result (ii)]
Now, ∆ AMC ≅ ∆ BMD
∴ AC = BD
In ∆ DBC and ∆ ACB,
BD = CA
∠ DBC = ∠ ACB (Right angles)
BC = CB (Common)
∴ ∆ DBC ≅ ∆ ACB [Result (iii)]
∴ DC = AB (CPCT)
DM = CM and M lies on line’ segment CD.
∴ DC = 2 CM
∴ AB = 2CM
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB = CM
∴ CM = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB

PSEB 9th Class English Grammar Simple and Complex Sentences

May 1, 2024April 30, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Simple and Complex Sentences Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 9th Class English Grammar Simple and Complex Sentences

Specify whether the following sentences are simple or complex :

1. God helps those who help themselves.
2. The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
3. The boy standing under the tree works very hard.
4. When it rains, we do not play.
5. The doctor advised the patient to give up drinking.
6. She went to the doctor because she had pain in her stomach.
7. She worked hard so that she should top the list.
8. There are seven days in a week.
9. All the good students in our school talk in English.
10. All the good teachers who teach us talk in Punjabi.
Answers
1. complex 2. complex 3. complex 4. complex 5. simple 6. complex 7. complex 8. simple 9. simple 10. complex.

Pick out the Noun Clause in each of the following sentences :

1. Please tell me where I can find good sweaters.
2. She hopes that she will pass this year.
3. You should understand why you failed last year.
4. He does not know what harm can come to him.
5. We do not know how she completed such a difficult job.
6. When the train will arrive is not certain.
7. I did not reply to what she said.
8. We visited her knowing that she had met with an accident.
9. I was very glad to get what I wanted.
10. The truth is that most people are after money.
Answer:
1. …………. where I can find good sweaters.
2. …….. that she will pass this year.
3. ………….. why you failed last year.
4. ………….. what harm can come to him.
5. ……. how she completed such a difficult job.
6. When the train will arrive …………..
7. …………. what she said.
8. …………….. that she had met with an accident.
9. …………………. what I wanted.
10. ………….. that most people are after money.

Pick out the Adjective Clause in each of the following sentences :

1. The girl whose father is a doctor lives here.
2. God helps those who help themselves.
3. The book I bought yesterday is missing.
4. This is the same story as my sister told me yesterday.
5. I have found the books which you lost yesterday.
6. Papa forgot to tell us the time when he would return.
7. This is the school where Raju got education.
8. Greed for money is a long road that has no end.
9. That was the film that I liked the most.
10. The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
Answer:
1. ………… whose father is a doctor…………..
2. ………………. those who help themselves.
3. …………… I bought yesterday ………………..
4. …………… as my sister told me yesterday.
5. …………… which you lost yesterday.
6. ………….. when he would return.
7. ………….. where Raju got education.
8. ……………. that has no end.
9. ………………… that I liked the most.
10. …………. that rocks the cradle ………

A Pick out the Adverb Clause in each of the following sentences :

1. The tighter the belt, the smarter the person.
2. In case it rains, we shall play indoor games.
3. He woke up early so that he could catch the train.
4. I will join a college even if my parents are against it.
5. Look before you leap.
6. There is no need to worry as long as you are working hard.
7. As time went by, he saved a lot of money.
8. He reached the station after the train had left.
9. I’ll put it where no one will see it.
10. I met him as he was coming from college.
Answers
1. The tighter the belt ………….
2. In case it rains …………..
3…………… so that he could catch the train.
4. …………. even if my parents are against it.
5. …………………….. before you leap.
6. …………… as long as you are working hard.
7. As time went by …………..
8. after the train had left.
9. …………. where no one will see it.
10. ………….. as he was coming from college.

Combine the following sentences, using an Adverb Clause in each case :

1. He injured himself. He was alighting from the bus. (use as’ or ‘while)
2. The platform became quiet. The train had left. (use ‘when’ or ‘after)
3. Arrange these books. I have shown you. (use ‘as)
4. I was very upset. I felt like crying. (use ‘so + adj + that)
5. Your brother is tall. My brother is taller. (use ‘than)
6. You finish the work early. We can play tennis. (use (if)
7. It was raining cats and dogs. They were playing football. (use ‘although)
8. Mohan should start very early. It will be better. (use the earlier, the better)
9. My brother could not do homework. There was no power last night.. (use “because)
10. She dances extremely well. You cannot help clapping. (use so…that)
Answer:
1. He injured himself while he was alighting from the bus.
2. The platform became quiet after the train had left.
3. Arrange these books as I have shown you.
4. I was so upset that I felt like crying.
5. My brother is taller than your brother.
6. If you finish the work early, we can play tennis.
7. Although it was raining cats and dogs, they were playing football.
8. The earlier Mohan starts, the better it will be.
9. My brother could not do homework because there was no power last night.
10. She dances so well that you cannot help clapping.

Transform the following sentences into complex ones without changing the meaning :

1. I don’t know his house. (use ‘where’)
2. She said something and I could not hear it. (use ‘what)
3. Some people help themselves and God helps them. (use ‘who)
4. The boy is very intelligent and his father is a doctor. (use ‘whose)
5. This box is too heavy for me to lift. (use ‘so …. that)
6. I wish to be rich. (use ‘were)
7. My father went to my school to meet my headmaster. (use so that)
8. Taking off his coat, Simran jumped into the canal. (use ,after)
9. Mohan is old but strong. (use ‘although)
10. A parentless child is called an orphan. (use ‘who)
Answer:
1. I don’t know where his house is.
2. I could not hear what she said.
3. God helps those who help themselves.
4. The boy whose father is a doctor is very intelligent.
5. This box is so heavy that I cannot lift it.
6. I wish that I were rich.
7. My father went to my school so that he could meet my headmaster.
8. Simran jumped into the canal after he had taken off his coat.
9. Although Mohan is old, he is strong.
10. A child who is parentless is called an orphan.

Transform the following into simple sentences :

1. He promised that he would return the money soon.
2. That Mohan will win the race is certain.
3. She did not tell us who helped her.
4. What is one man’s meat is another man’s poison.
5. She may accept the suggestion given by Surjeet.
6. The sum was so difficult that nobody was able to do it.
7. We selected this plan because it was easy.
8. This is the reason why he refused to help us.
9. He is studying hard because he wants to become a doctor.
10. A professor earns respect as he has a lot of knowledge.
Answer:
1. He promised to return the money soon.
2. Mohan will certainly win the race.
3. She did not tell us her helper’s name.
4. One man’s meat is another’s poison.
5. She may accept Surjeet’s suggestion.
6. The sum was too difficult for anybody to do.
7. We selected this plan for its being easy.
8. He refused to help us for this reason.
9. He is studying hard to become a doctor.
10. A professor earns respect due to his great knowledge.

Pick out the Noun Clauses from the following sentences :

1. That he is dead is true.
2. None knows where he lives.
3. That he will soon be killed is certain.
4. He promised that he would return the book after use.
5. I do not know when he left the place.
6. This is exactly what I expect of you.
7. He little knows what harm can come to him.
8. Nobody knows who did this mischief.
9. I wonder why there is a strike today.
10. The problem is how the refugees can be helped.
Answer:
1. That he is dead …………………
2…………………. where he lives.
3. That he will soon be killed …………….
4. ………………. that he would return the book after use.
5. ………………. when he left the place.
6. ………………… what I expect of you.
7. ………………. what harm can come to him.
8. ………………. who did this mischief.
9. …………… why there is a strike today.
10. ………. how the refugees can be helped.

Pick out the Adjective Clauses from the following sentences:

1. He killed the snake that bit his wife.
2. We may accept the offer he has made.
3. This is the garden in which we used to play.
4. I know the boy whose books were stolen yesterday.
5. I remember the house where I was born.
6. Youth is the time when seeds of character are sown.
7. Please tell me the story that everybody has liked so much.
8. There was not a man but laughed.
9. The place where he was born is still unknown.
10. The boy who stole the watch was caught.
Answer:
1. …………….. that bit his wife.
2. ………………… he has made.
3. ………………… in which. we used to play.
4. ……………… whose books were stolen yesterday.
5. ………………. where I was born.
6. …………… when seeds of character are sown.
7. ………………… that everybody has liked so much.
8. …………………… but laughed.
9. …………………….. where he was born ………
10. ……………….. who stole the watch ……….

Pick out the Adverbial Clauses from the following sentences :

1. He went home as soon as the school closed.
2. The boys work while the teacher is in the room.
3. You may come whenever you please.
4. She talks as if she were mad.
5. As far as I know, he is quite honest.
6. I could not come yesterday because I was ill.
7. I shall go out for a walk even if it rains.
8. After the play ended, we sang the national anthem.
9. Grapes won’t grow where there is heavy rainfall.
10. She is as pretty as a doll.
Answer:
1. ………………. as soon as the school closed.
2. ………………… while the teacher is in the room.
3. ……………….. whenever you please.
4. …………….. as if she were mad.
5. As far as I know ………..
6. …………….. because I was ill.
7. ………………… even if it rains.
8. After the play ended ………………..
9. ………………… where there is heavy rainfall.
10. ……………….. as pretty as ……….

Sentence :

शब्दों के किसी ऐसे समूह को वाक्य (Sentence) कहा जाता है जो अर्थ को पूर्ण रूप से स्पष्ट करता हो; जैसे :

Boys are going to school.
He went home yesterday.
He is my best friend.
God helps those who help themselves.

ऊपर दिया गया प्रत्येक शब्द-समूह किसी पूर्ण अर्थ को स्पष्ट करता है। इस प्रकार के शब्द-समूह को ही वाक्य (Sentence) कहा जाता है।

Phrase :

शब्दों के किसी ऐसे समूह को वाक्यांश (Phrase) कहा जाता है जिससे कुछ अर्थ तो निकलता हो किन्तु पूर्ण अर्थ न स्पष्ट होता हो; जैसे :

in the morning.
after an hour.
on the table.
with my brother.

Clause : ऐसे शब्द समूह को Clause (उप-वाक्य अथवा पद) कहा जाता है जो किसी पूर्ण वाक्य का अंश हो तथा जिसका अपना अलग Subject और Predicate हो। Clause के विचार से वाक्य तीन प्रकार के होते हैं :
1. Simple Sentence (सरल वाक्य)
2. Compound Sentence (संयुक्त वाक्य)
3. Complex Sentence (मिश्रित वाक्य)

1. Simple Sentence (सरल वाक्य)-जिस वाक्य की केवल एक ही Clause हो उसे Simple Sentence कहा जाता है; जैसे :

The boy broke his leg.
She washed her clothes.
Mohan stood first in his class.
I wrote a letter to my father.

2. Compound Sentence (संयुक्त वाक्य)-जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक अनाश्रित Clauses हों,
उसे Compound Sentence कहा जाता है, उदाहरण के रूप में

Sita saw Rama and she became happy.
You must work hard or you will fail.
Many were called, but few were chosen.
The sun rose and the fog disappeared.

Compound Sentence की प्रत्येक Clause को Co-ordinate clause कहा जाता है।

Complex Sentence (मिश्रित वाक्य)-जिस वाक्य में एक मुख्य-वाक्य (Principal Clause) हो तथा
एक या एक से अधिक आश्रित वाक्य (Subordinate Clauses) हों, उसे Complex Sentence कहा जाता

Principal Clause को Main Clause भी कहा जाता है।
Subordinate Clause को Dependent Clause भी कहा जाता है।

PSEB 9th Class English Grammar Simple and Complex Sentences 1

1. Principal Clause-मिश्रित वाक्य का वह खण्ड जो मुख्य Subject और मुख्य Predicare से बनता है,
उसे Principal Clause कहा जाता है।

2. Subordinate Clause-मिश्रित वाक्य का वह खण्ड है जिसका अर्थ Principal Clause पर आश्रित हो,
उसे Subordinate Clause कहा जाता है।

निम्नलिखित तालिकाओं में दिये गए Complex Sentences का अध्ययन कीजिए :

	Principal Clause	Subordinate Clause
1.	He lost the book	that I had given him.
2.	I like the boys	who work hard.
3.	I went to the place	where I had lost my purse. ,
4.	I want to know	he has passed.

	Subordinate Clause	Principal Clause
1.	When the sunset	they returned home.
2.	Unless you work hard	you can’t pass.
3.	Where there is a will	there is a way.
4.	Since you say so	I must believe it.

Kinds Of Subordinate Clauses

Subordinate Clauses तीन प्रकार की होती है|

Noun Clause
Adjective Clause
Adverb Clause

1. Noun Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद एक संज्ञा (Noun) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे ।
Noun Clause कहा जाता है। निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Noun Clause बनाते हैं :

1. That John was a thief was not known to me.
2. He was told that he must not be late again.
3. Learning that my brother had received serious injuries, I left for Shimla.
4. I was shocked to hear that his only son had died.
5. Listen to what the teacher says.

2. Adjective Clause :
किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी विशेषण (Adjective) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adjective Clause कहा जाता है।
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द समूह
Adjective Clause बनाते हैं :

1. The company that supplied goods has failed.
2. The house where my brother lives has been sold.
3. The complaint which he made against me is false.
4. He is not such a man as can be trusted.
5. There was none but wept.

3. Adverb Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी क्रिया विशेषण (Adverb) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adverb Clause कहा जाता है।

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Adverb Clause बनाते हैं :
1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. You should act as the doctor advises you.
4. He talks as if he were mad.
5. As far as I know, Ram Lal is not to blame.

अब हम Complex Sentence के सम्बन्ध में प्रत्येक प्रकार की Clause का विस्तारपूर्वक अध्ययन करेंगे।

Noun Clause

Noun Clause—जिस उपवाक्य का प्रयोग प्रधान-वाक्य के किसी शब्द के साथ सम्बन्ध रखने वाली संज्ञा के रूप में किया जाये, उसे Noun Clause कहा जाता है। यह संज्ञा निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में हो सकती हैं :

1. Subject to a Verb.

How she reached there is a mystery.
That Vinod was a thief was not known to me.
Whether he did so is doubtful.

2. Object to a Verb.

He was told that he must not be late again.
He asked her how old she was.
I always do whatever is right.

3. Object to a Participle.

He went there thinking that he might be able to help him.
Seeing that the child was drowning, I jumped into the canal.
Fearing that he should be late, he ran all the way to the station.

4. Object to an Infinitive.

I was shocked to hear that his only son had died.
I want to know what you are doing here.
He came to ask if I was going to school.

5. Object to a Preposition.

Listen to what your teacher says.
The horse will sell for what it costs.
They were arguing about who should do it.

6. Complement to a Verb.

The fact is that he knows nothing.
We are what we think.
It seems that he will be a great man one day.

नोट : be (is, am, are, was, were, been), seem, look, appear, become आदि Linking
Verbs के बाद प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द अथवा पद Complement कहलाते हैं।

7. In apposition to a Noun.

They took a vow that they would die for their motherland.
He fufilled his promise that he would help me.
The rumour that war has broken out is not true.

8. In apposition to the Pronoun it.

It is true that he is honest.
See to it that the boy is not hurt.
It is unfortunate that he has failed.

Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause (विशेषण उपवाक्य) – जो उपवाक्य प्रधान-वाक्य के किसी शब्द के सम्बन्ध में विशेषण का काम कर रहा हो, उसे Adjective Clause कहा जाता है।
Adjective Clause दो अवस्थाओं में हो सकती हैः

1. Qualifying a Noun.

The company that supplied the goods has failed.
The house where your brother lived has been sold.
The complaint he made against me is false.

2. Qualifying a Pronoun.

There was none but wept.
He that climbs too high is liable to fall.
All that glitters is not gold.

Adjective Clause

(1) Adjective clause को Principal clause के साथ जोड़ने के लिए प्रायः निम्नलिखित sentence linkers का प्रयोग किया जाता है :
(a) Relative Pronouns : Who, whom, whose (+noun), that, which, as, but.

The boys who are playing there are my students.
He is the man whom I gave my book.
She is the girl whose book was stolen.
You can take the pen which you like.
He has cut down the tree that grew in your field.
Nothing but hard work pays in the long run.

(b) Relative Adverbs : When, where, why.

We saw the house where he was born.
He met me on the day when I was leaving for Mumbai.
I told her the reason why she had failed.

(2) Who, whom तथा whose का प्रयोग मनुष्य जाति के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे : –

He who works hard will succeed.
She is the girl whom I gave my books.
There stands the boy whose purse has been stolen.

(3) Whose का प्रयोग कई बार निर्जीव वस्तुओं के लिए भी कर लिया जाता है; जैसे :

Draw a triangle whose sides are equal.
This is the house whose owner has died.

(4) Which का प्रयोग जानवरों और निर्जीव वस्तुओं के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे :

The dog which bit him has been killed.
This is the watch which I wanted to buy.

(5) That का प्रयोग मनुष्य-जाति के लिए, जानवरों के लिए और निर्जीव वस्तुओं के लिए भी किया जा सकता है; जैसे :

Happy is the man that (=who) is honest.
This is the house that (=which) I wanted to buy.
The man that (whom) we were looking for has arrived.

नोट : किन्तु यह बात ध्यान रखने योग्य है कि that का प्रयोग whose, of which, in which, to whom आदि के स्थान पर नहीं किया जा सकता। यदि Relative Pronoun से पूर्व-स्थित संज्ञा बिना बताए ही स्पष्ट (understood) हो और वह नपुंसक लिंग की हो, तो Relative Pronoun के रूप में which की बजाए what का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे :

I cannot tell you what has happened. [what = the thing which]
I have brought what he wanted. [what = the thing(s) which]

(6) As का प्रयोग Relative Pronoun के रूप में किया जा सकता है लेकिन इससे पूर्व ‘such’, ‘as’ अथवा the same’ अवश्य लगा होना चाहिए।

This is not such a good book as I expected.
You may ask as many questions as you like.
Yours is not the same book as mine.

नोट :
(i) the same’ के बाद as का प्रयोग उस हालत में किया जाता है जब as के बाद लगने वाली क्रिया बिना बताए ही स्पष्ट (understood) हो।
This is not the same book as mine (is).
(ii) the same’ के बाद that का प्रयोग उस हालत में किया जाता है जब that वाले उपवाक्य में अपनी अलग क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाना जरूरी हो।
This is the same book that you saw yesterday.

(7) But का प्रयोग ‘who not’ अथवा ‘which not’ के अर्थ में किया जा सकता है यदि यह उपवाक्य में Subject का काम कर रहा हो।
1. There was none but wept.
(There was none who did not weep).

2. There was no one present but saw the deed.
(There was no one present who did not see the deed).

3. There is no ailment so simple but may become serious in time.
(There is no ailment so simple which may not become serious in time).

(8) Objective case के रूप में प्रयुक्त होने वाले किसी Relative Pronoun को वाक्य में छोड़ा जा सकता है ; जैसे –

I know all (that) you want to say.
This is the same house (that) we lived in.
The boy (whom) you teach is very clever.
Have you seen the girl (whom) I sent to you?
I have given him the book (that/which) he wanted.

किन्तु यह बात ध्यान देने योग्य है कि Relative Pronoun के प्रयोग को केवल तभी छोड़ सकते हैं जब यह Objective case में हो।
यदि यह कर्ता की स्थिति (Nominative case) में हो, तो इसका प्रयोग करना ही पड़ता है।
उदाहरण के रूप में हम कह सकते हैं कि
I employed the man who came yesterday.
किन्तु हम यह नहीं कह सकते कि
I employed the man came yesterday.

(9) यदि किसी Adjective clause के आरम्भ में Relative Pronoun के साथ कोई Preposition लगा हो,
तो उस Preposition का प्रयोग clause के अन्त में किया जा सकता है; जैसे
1. I know the man to whom you were talking.
I know the man (who / that) you were talking to.

कोष्ठकों में दिए गए who / that को छोड़ा जा सकता है क्योंकि ये objective case में हैं।

2. The road by which we passed was very crowded.
The road (that / which) we passed by was very crowded.

Adverb Clause

Adverb Clause (क्रिया-विशेषण उपवाक्य)-जो उपवाक्य प्रधान-वाक्य के किसी शब्द के सम्बन्ध में क्रिया-विशेषण का काम कर रहा हो, उसे Adverb Clause कहा जाता है। यह विशेषता निम्नलिखित सम्बन्धों में हो सकती है

1. Showing Time.

When the cat is away, the mice will play.
Wait here till I return.
As soon as she saw her father, she began to cry.

2. Showing Place.

I went where he led me.
You can go wherever you like.
Where there is a will, there is a way.

3. Showing Purpose.

People work so that they may earn a living.
He died in order that freedom might live.
He ran fast lest he should miss the train.

4. Showing Reason.

He is unable to attend school because he is ill.
I cannot see you as I am not keeping well.
Since you are over fourteen, you will have to pay full fare.

5. Showing Condition.

If you work hard, you will succeed.
I will not go there unless you accompany me.
In case you come to me, I will help you.

6. Showing Result (or Effect).

It was so dark that we could hardly see a foot before us.
He is so weak that he cannot move about.
He is such a dull boy that he cannot understand it.

7. Showing Comparison.

He is as intelligent as his brother.
You are stronger than I am.
I can run faster than you.

8. Showing Contrast.

Although he is poor, he is honest.
The teacher gave him pass marks, though he deserved less.
Weak as he is, he does his duty.

9. Showing Manner.

You should follow me as I follow him.
He ran as if he were mad.
You should act as the doctor advises.

10. Showing Extent.

So far as I know, he had left the place.
The more you have, the more you want.
The higher you go, the cooler it is.

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran मुहावरे तथा लोकोक्तियाँ

May 1, 2024April 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Hindi Grammar muhavare tatha lokoktiyan मुहावरे तथा लोकोक्तियाँ Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Grammar मुहावरे तथा लोकोक्तियाँ

नीचे दी गई लोकोक्तियों के अर्थ समझकर वाक्य बनाइए

1. अशर्फ़ियाँ लुटें और कोयलों पर मोहर (एक ओर लापरवाही से खर्च किया जाए और दूसरी ओर पैसे-पैसे का हिसाब रखा जाए)-वीर सिंह लाटरी पर हज़ारों रुपए खर्च कर देता है पर संतों से घर खर्च का पाई-पाई का हिसाब माँगता है इसी को कहते हैं अशर्फ़ियाँ लुटें और कोयलों पर मोहर’।

2. आगे कुआँ पीछे खाई (दोनों ओर संकट)-चोर पुलिस को अपना भेद बताए तो फंसता था और न बताए तो पुलिस से पिटता था इसलिए उसकी दशा आगे कुआँ पीछे खाई जैसी हो रही थी कि जिधर जाए उधर मुसीबत।

3. उल्टे बाँस बरेली को (विपरीत कार्य करना)-नागपुर के संतरे तो दुनियाँ में प्रसिद्ध हैं और तुम फिरोज़पुर से उन्हें नागपुर संतरे भेज रहे हो, यह तो उल्टे बाँस बरेली को जैसी बात कर रहे हो।

4. एक और एक ग्यारह होते हैं (एकता में बल है)-नेता जी ने कहा देश को आजादी दिलवाने के लिए सब एक हो जाओ क्योंकि एक और एक ग्यारह होते हैं, तभी हम अंग्रेजों को देश से भगा सकेंगे।

5. एक अनार सौ बीमार (वस्तु थोड़ी, माँग ज्यादा )-बिजली विभाग में दस क्लर्कों की नौकरियाँ निकलीं तो दस हज़ार लोगों ने प्रार्थना पत्र दे दिए, इसे ही कहते हैं एक अनार सौ बीमार, दस पदों के लिए दस हज़ार तैयार।

6. ओस चाटे प्यास नहीं बुझती (कम वस्तु से तृप्ति नहीं होती)-पेटू राम को खाने के लिए एक केला देने से उसका काम नहीं बनेगा, उसे तो कम-से-कम एक दर्जन केले चाहिए भला कहीं ओस चाटे प्यास बुझती है जो एक केले से उसका पेट भर जाएगा।

7. कंगाली में आटा गीला (मुसीबत पर मुसीबत)-इधर मनिन्द्र के घर की छत गिरी उधर गाँव से उसके पिता की मृत्यु का समाचार मिला, उसकी दशा तो कंगाली में आटा गीला जैसी हो गई है।

8. कागज़ हो तो हर कोई बाँचे, भाग्य न बाँचा जाए (कागज़ पर लिखा पढ़ सकते हैं, पर भाग्य नहीं पढ़ा जा सकता)-किरपाल सिंह की भैंस मरी, फिर घर में आग लगी, अब पत्नी मर गई तो वह भागा-भागा ज्योतिषी जी के पास गया कि ये सब क्यों हो रहा है ज़रा कुंडली देखकर बताइए तो ज्योतिषी जी ने कहा किरपाले “कागज़ हो तो हर कोई बाँचे, भाग्य न बाँचा जाए” तेरी किस्मत में जो होगा तुझे भुगतना पड़ेगा।

9. खोदा पहाड़ निकली चुहिया (बहुत मेहनत करने पर कम फल की प्राप्ति होना)-हम अध्यापकों के साथ मोरनी हिल देखने गए तो वहाँ हिल के नाम पर एक टीला-सा देखकर हम कह उठे खोदा पहाड़ निकली चुहिया।

10. गंगा गए गंगादास, जमना गए जमनादास (सिद्धांतहीन व्यक्ति)-आजकल के नेता अपने स्वार्थ के लिए कभी ‘क’ दल में तो कभी ‘ख’ दल में चले जाते हैं, उनका हाल तो यह है कि गंगा गए तो गंगादास, जमना गए जमना दास।

11. घमंड का सिर नीचा (अहंकारी को सदा मुँह की खानी पड़ती है)-हरबंस को अपनी ताकत पर बहुत घमंड था पर जब उसे कुश्ती में मेहर ने हरा दिया तो उसका मुँह देखने वाला था सच है घमंड का सिर नीचा ही रहता है।

12. चोर के घर मोर (चालाक का उससे भी अधिक चालाक से सामना होना)-सुनीता अपने को बहुत चतुर और होशियार समझती थी पर जब हेमा उसे बेवकूफ बना कर उसका कीमती हार कम दामों में ले गई तो उसे पता चला कि चोर के घर मोर ने डाका डाल लिया है।

13. जाको राखे साइयाँ मार सके न कोय (जिसे परमात्मा रखे उसे कोई मार नहीं सकता)-भीषण बस दुर्घटना में सभी यात्री मारे गए थे पर एक तीन वर्षीय बच्चा बस के नीचे से जीवित निकाल लिया गया, इसी को कहते हैं जाको राखे साइयाँ मार सके न कोय।।

14. डूबते को तिनके का सहारा (मुसीबत में थोड़ी-सी मदद भी मायने रखती है)-पिंकी को अपने कारोबार में घाटा हो रहा था पर उसी समय उसे सुभाष से मिली कुछ आर्थिक मदद ने बचा लिया तो उसे लगा कि डूबते को तिनके का सहारा भी बहुत होता है।

15. दूर के ढोल सुहावने (दूर से सब अच्छा लगता है)-हमने सुना था कि मुंबई की जुहू बीच बहुत अच्छी होती है परन्तु वहाँ समुद्र के काले तेलीय पानी को देख कर लगा कि सिर्फ दूर के ढोल सुहावने होते हैं।

16. नीम हकीम खतरा जान (अधूरा ज्ञान हानिकारक होता है)-सुंदर कुछ दिन किसी डॉक्टर की दुकान पर सफाई का काम करके लोगों को डॉक्टर बन कर दवा दे रहा है ऐसे नीम हकीम खतरा जान लोगों से सतर्क रहना चाहिए।

17. प्यासा कुएँ के पास जाता है, कुआँ प्यासे के पास नहीं (जिसे सहायता लेनी हो वह स्वयं सहायता देने वाले के पास जाता है)-विनोद को कुछ प्रश्न समझ में नहीं आ रहे तो उसके पिता ने उसे अपने अध्यापक के पास जाकर समझने के लिए कहा क्योंकि प्यासा कुएँ के पास जाता है, कुआँ प्यासे के पास नहीं।

18. मन चंगा तो कठौती में गंगा (मन पवित्र हो तो घर ही तीर्थ समान हो जाता है)-मन में स्थिरता न हो तो मंदिर-मस्जिद जाने से भी कोई लाभ नहीं होता, स्थिर मन से घर में ही परमात्मा का चिंतन करने से भी परमात्मा मिल जाते हैं क्योंकि मन चंगा तो कठौती में गंगा कहा गया है।

19. साँप मरे लाठी न टूटे (हानि न हो पर काम हो जाए)-परीक्षा में नकल करते हुए पकड़े जाने का डर रहता है, इसलिए कुछ ऐसा उपाय करना चाहिए कि साँप भी मरे, लाठी न टूटे; परीक्षा में उत्तीर्ण भी हो जाएँ और नकल भी न करनी पड़े।

20. होनहार बिरवान के होत चीकने पात (महान् व्यक्ति की महानता के लक्षण उसके बचपन में ही दिखाई दे जाते हैं)-मुंशी प्रेमचंद छोटी आयु में ही कहानियाँ लिखने लंग गए थे और आगे चल कर विश्व प्रसिद्ध कथाकार बन गए, इसे कहते हैं होनहार बिरवान के होत चीकने पात।

परीक्षोपयोगी अन्य मुहावरे/लोकोक्तियाँ

(क) मुहावरे

अकल का अन्धा होना (बेवकूफ होना)-उसे समझाने की कोशिश करना व्यर्थ है। वह तो पूरा अकल का अन्धा है।
अंग-अंग ढीला होना (थक जाना)-दिनभर परिश्रम करने से मेरा अंग-अंग ढीला हो गया है।
अन्धे को दीपक दिखाना (नासमझ को उपदेश देना)- भगवान कृष्ण दुर्योधन के धृष्टतापूर्ण व्यवहार से समझ गए थे कि उसे उपदेश देना अन्धे को दीपक दिखाना है।
अपना उल्लू सीधा करना (अपना मतलब निकालना)-स्वार्थी मित्रों से बचकर रहना चाहिए। उन्हें तो अपना उल्लू सीधा करना आता है।
अकल मारी जाना (घबरा जाना)-प्रश्न-पत्र देखते ही शांति की अकल मारी गई।
अकल चरने जाना (सोच-समझकर काम न करना)-बना बनाया मकान तुड़वा रहे हो, इसे बनवाते समय क्या तुम्हारी अकल चरने गई थी।
अपनी खिचड़ी अलग पकाना (सबसे अलग रहना)-अपनी खिचड़ी अलग पकाने से कोई लाभ नहीं होता इसलिए सबसे मिल-जुलकर रहना चाहिए।
आँख उठाना (नुकसान पहुँचाना)–यदि तुमने मेरी ओर आँख उठा कर देखा तो मुझसे बुरा कोई न होगा।
आँखें चार होना (आमने-सामने होना)-पुलिस से आँखें चार होते ही चोर घबरा गया।
आँखें दिखाना (क्रोध करना)-कक्षा में शोर सुनकर जैसे ही अध्यापक ने आँखें दिखाई कि सब चुप हो गए।
आँखें फेरना (प्रतिकूल होना)-मतलबी लोग अपना काम होते ही आँखें फेर लेते हैं।
आँखों का तारा (बहुत प्यारा)-राम दशरथ की आँखों के तारे थे।
आँखों में खटकना (बुरा लगना)-अनुशासनहीन बच्चे सबकी आँखों में खटकते हैं।
आँच न आने देना (नुकसान न होने देना)-माँ अपनी सन्तान पर आँच नहीं आने देती।
कान खा लेना (किसी बात को बार-बार कहना)-सुचित्रा ने सुबह से पिकनिक पर जाने की रट लगाकर
अपनी माता के कान खा लिए।
कान में पड़ना (सुनाई देना)-चिल्ला क्यों रहे हो, तुम्हारी बातें मेरे कान में पड़ रही हैं।
कानों को हाथ लगाना (तौबा करना)-कानों को हाथ लगाकर कहती हूँ कि अब कभी झूठ नहीं बोलूँगी।
गड़े मुर्दे उखाड़ना (बीती हुई बातों को कहना)-रवि वर्तमान की बात नहीं करता, हमेशा गड़े मुर्दे उखाड़ता रहता है।
गागर में सागर भरना (बड़ी बात थोड़े से शब्दों से कहना)-बिहारी ने अपने दोहों में गागर में सागर भर दिया है।
गुदड़ी का लाल (सामान्य परन्तु गुणी)-सतीश एक गरीब रिक्शेवाले का पुत्र था लेकिन उसने भारतीय प्रशासनिक सेवा में प्रथम स्थान प्राप्त कर सिद्ध कर दिया है कि वह तो गुदड़ी का लाल है।
घाव पर नमक छिड़कना (दु:खी को और दु:खी करना)-महँगाई के इस युग में निर्धन कर्मचारियों के भत्ते बन्द करना घाव पर नमक छिड़कना है।
घी के दिये जलाना (बहुत प्रसन्न होना)-अपने सैनिकों की विजय का समाचार सुनकर भारतवासियों ने घी के दिये जलाए।
चूड़ियाँ पहनना (कायर)-जो सैनिक युद्ध में जाने से डरते हैं, उन्हें घर में चूड़ियाँ पहन कर बैठना चाहिए।
चोली-दामन का साथ (सदा साथ रहना)-राम शाम चाहे कितना झगड़ा कर लें फिर भी उनमें चोली दामन का साथ है क्योंकि वे एक-दूसरे के बिना रह नहीं सकते।
छोटा मुँह बड़ी बात (अपनी हैसियत से बढ़कर बात करना)-चींटी ने कहा मैं हाथी को मार दूंगी। उसका ऐसा कहना तो छोटा मुँह बड़ी बात है।
टस से मस न होना (परवाह नहीं करना)-शिव को कितना भी समझाओ कि बुरे लोगों का साथ न करो, परन्तु वह तो टस से मस नहीं होता और उन्हीं लोगों का साथ करता है।
दिन फिरना (भाग्य बदलना)-कभी दुखी नहीं होना चाहिए क्योंकि सबके दिन फिरते हैं।
निन्यानवे के फेर में पड़ना (असमंजस में पड़ना)-निन्यानवे के फेर में पड़कर मनुष्य का जीवन दुःखी हो जाता है।
पाँचों उंगलियाँ घी में होना (बहुत लाभ होना)-वस्तुओं के भाव चढ़ जाने से व्यापारियों की पाँचों उंगलियाँ घी में होती हैं।
श्री गणेश करना (प्रारम्भ करना)-परीक्षाओं के सिर पर आते ही रमन ने पढ़ने का श्रीगणेश कर दिया।

(ख) लोकोक्तियाँ

अन्धा क्या जाने बसंत की बहार (असमर्थ व्यक्ति गुणों को नहीं पहचान सकता)-उस मूर्ख को गीता का उपदेश देना व्यर्थ है। उस पर तो ‘अन्धा क्या जाने बसंत की बहार’ वाली कहावत चरितार्थ होती है।
अन्धी पीसे कुत्ता चाटे (नासमझ अथवा सीधे-सादे व्यक्ति के परिश्रम का लाभ दूसरे व्यक्ति उठाते हैं) दिनेश जो कुछ कमाता है, उसके मित्र उड़ा कर ले जाते हैं। यहाँ तो अन्धी पीसे कुत्ता चाटे वाली बात हो रही है।
अन्धों में काना राजा (मूों में थोड़े ज्ञान वाला भी बड़ा मान लिया जाता है)-हमारे गाँव में किशोरी लाल ही थोड़ा-सा पढ़ा-लिखा व्यक्ति है। सभी उसकी इज्जत करते हैं। इसी को कहते हैं-अन्धों में काना राजा।
अपनी-अपनी डफली अपना-अपना राग. (भिन्न-भिन्न मत होना)-इस सभा में कोई भी निर्णय नहीं हो सकता। सबकी अपनी-अपनी डफली अपना-अपना राग है।
अकेला चना भाड़ नहीं फोड़ सकता (बड़ा काम अकेला व्यक्ति नहीं कर सकता)-देश से भ्रष्टाचार एक व्यक्ति नहीं मिटा सकता। सबको मिलकर प्रयास करना चाहिए क्योंकि अकेला चना भाड़ नहीं फोड़ सकता।
आँख के अन्धे गाँठ के पूरे (मूर्ख परन्तु धनी)-हरजीत के पास कोई डिग्री तो नहीं है परन्तु पैसा तो अच्छा कमा लेता है। वह आँख का अंधा तो है पर गाँठ का पूरा है।
आँख का अंधा, नाम नैन सुख (नाम अच्छा काम बुरा)-करोड़ीमल भीख माँग कर अपना पेट भरता है। यह तो वही बात हुई कि आँख का अन्धा, नाम नैन सुख।
एक और एक ग्यारह होना (एकता में बल)-अकेले की बजाए मिलकर काम करने से बहुत लाभ होता है क्योंकि एक और एक ग्यारह होते हैं।
एक तो चोरी दूसरे सीना ज़ोरी (काम बिगाड़ कर आँख दिखाना)-जतिन ने आयूष को पीटा और फिर जाकर अपनी माता से आयूष की शिकायत की, यह तो वही बात हुई कि एक तो चोरी दूसरे सीना जोरी।
एक पंथ दो काज (एक उद्यम से दो कार्य होना)-प्रकाश कौर अस्पताल अपना चैकअप कराने गई थी और लौटते हुए फल-सब्जी भी ले आई। इस प्रकार एक पंथ दो काज हो गए।
एक मछली सारे तालाब को गंदा करती है (एक की बुराई से सब पर दोष लगता है)-दफ्तर में बड़े बाबू के रिश्वत लेने से सारे दफ़्तर की बदनामी हो रही है। सच है कि एक मछली सारे तालाब को गंदा करती है।
एक म्यान में दो तलवारें नहीं समा सकतीं (दो विरोधी एक स्थान पर एक साथ शासन नहीं कर सकते) शेर सिंह ने गब्बर सिंह को ललकारते हुए कहा कि इस इलाके में तुम रहोगे या मैं क्योंकि एक म्यान में दो तलवारें नहीं समा सकतीं।
ओछे की प्रीत बालू की भीत (नीच की मित्रता)-दुर्योधन से मित्रता सबके विनाश का कारण बनी थी क्योंकि ओछे की प्रीत बालू की भीत होती है।
और बात खोटी, सही दाल रोटी (सब धंधा दाल-रोटी का है)-भीम सिंह सारा दिन मेहनत करता है, उसे और कोई बात अच्छी नहीं लगती। उसका मानना है कि और बात खोटी, सही दाल रोटी।
कहाँ राजा भोज कहाँ गंगू तेली (असम्भव बात)-अमर सिंह जैसे मेधावी छात्र के साथ निकम्मे बोध सिंह की कोई तुलना नहीं है क्योंकि कहाँ राजा भोज, कहाँ गंगू तेली।
कागज़ की नाव नहीं चलती (बेईमानी से काम नहीं होता)-वज़ीर सिंह ज्यादा हेरा-फेरी मत किया करो क्योंकि हमेशा कागज़ की नाव नहीं चलती।
काम प्यारा है चाम नहीं (काम देखा जाता है)-सुरेन्द्र कौर की खूबसूरती का फैक्टरी के मालिक पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ता क्योंकि उसे तो काम प्यारा है चाम नहीं।
का वर्षा जब कृषि सुखानी (मुसीबत टल जाने पर सहायता आना)-करोड़ों की सम्पत्ति जब जल कर राख हो गई तो आग बुझाने वाले आए। यह तो वही हुआ का वर्षा जब कृषि सुखानी।
काला अक्षर भैंस बराबर (निरक्षर)-इन्द्रजीत कौर के बनाव-शृंगार पर मत जाओ, जब वह बोलेगी तो तुम्हें पता चल जाएगा कि वह तो काला अक्षर भैंस बराबर है।
कुत्ते की दुम बारह वर्ष नली में रखी जाए फिर भी टेढ़ी की टेढ़ी (दुष्ट अपनी दुष्टता नहीं छोड़ता) – शराबी लाख कसमें खााकर भी शराब पीना नहीं छोड़ता तभी तो कहा है कि कुत्ते की दुम बारह वर्ष नली में रखी जाए फिर भी टेढ़ी की टेढ़ी।

नीचे लिखे किन्हीं पाँच मुहावरों और लोकोक्तियों का वाक्यों में इस प्रकार प्रयोग करें कि अर्थ स्पष्ट हो जाएँ-
अकल चरने जाना, एक अनार सौ बीमार, अब पछताए होत क्या जब चिड़िया चुग गई खेत, कानों को हाथ लगाना, आँखों में खटकना, आँखें खुलना, कान खाना, अंत भले का भला, अधजल गगरी छलकत जाए, अंधों में काना राजा, एक और एक ग्यारह होते हैं, कान पर जूं न रेंगना, अंगूठा दिखाना, गड़े मुर्दे उखाड़ना, आँखें चुराना, अपना उल्लू सीधा करना, एक पंथ दो काज, उल्टे बांस बरेली को, अंधे की लाठी, आँच न आने देना, एक तो चोरी दूसरे सीना जोरी, अपनी खिचड़ी अलग पकाना, ईश्वर की माया कहीं धूप कहीं छाया, चादर से बाहर पैर पसारना, एक मछली सारे तालाब को गंदा करती है, आम के आम गुठलियों के दाम, आँख उठाना, चूड़ियाँ पहनना, अंग-अंग ढीला होना, अकेला चना भाड़ नहीं फोड़ सकता, अंधी पीसे कुत्ता खाय, ऊँट के मुँह में जीरा, आँख से अंधे नाम नैन सुख, आँखों का तारा, गुदड़ी का लाल, अंधे को दीपक दिखाना, एक पंथ दो काज, अकलमारी जाना, आँखें दिखाना, अपनी-अपनी ढफली अपना-अपना राग, अँधा क्या जाने बसंत बहार, आँखें फेरना, आँखें चुराना, कान में पड़ना, घाव पर नमक छिड़कना, घी के दिए जलाना, आँख के अंधे गांठ के पूरे, गागर में सागर भरना, श्री गणेश करना, बगलें झाकना, लातों के भूत बातों से नहीं मानते, काठ की हांडी बार-बार नहीं चढ़ती, टका सा जवाब देना, मिट्टी का माधो, पगड़ी उछालना, न रहेगा बाँस न बजेगी बाँसुरी, काला अक्षर भैंस बराबर, लोहा लेना, घर की मुर्गी दाल बराबर, घर का भेदी लंका ढाहे, दिन फिरना, खोदा पहाड़ निकली चूहिया।

मुहावरा ऐसे वाक्यांश को कहते हैं जो किसी सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर विशेष अर्थ का बोध कराता है। वाक्य में इसका प्रयोग क्रिया के समान होता है, जैसे-‘आकाश-पाताल एक करना’। इस वाक्यांश का सामान्य अर्थ है ‘पृथ्वी और आकाश को परस्पर मिलाना’ लेकिन ऐसा संभव नहीं हो सकता है। अत: मुहावरे के रूप में इसका विशेष अर्थ होगा-‘बहुत परिश्रम करना’ इसी प्रकार ‘अंगारे बरसना’ का अर्थ होगा-‘बहुत तेज धूप पड़ना’।

मुहावरों का सहज-स्वाभाविक प्रयोग करके अपनी मौखिक या लिखित भाषा को अधिक प्रभावपूर्ण, सशक्त और आकर्षक बनाया जा सकता है। साहित्यकार इनके प्रयोग से भाषा को साहित्यिकता का गुण प्रदान करते हैं, क्योंकि ये कम शब्दों में भावों को गहनता, सरसता और गंभीरता प्रदान करने की विशेषता रखते हैं। मुहावरे वाक्य को लाक्षणिकता का गुण प्रदान करते हैं।

मुहावरों का उचित प्रयोग करते समय निम्नलिखित बातों की ओर विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए-
मुहावरे का अर्थ।
मुहावरे का वाक्य में सटीक प्रयोग।
वाक्य का अनिवार्य अंग।
मुहावरे का सामान्य नहीं अपितु विशेष अर्थ।
क्रिया, लिंग, वचन, कारक आदि के अनुसार मुहावरे में परिवर्तन।

लोकोक्तियाँ

‘लोकोक्ति’ शब्द दो शब्दों ‘लोक’ और ‘उक्ति’ के मेल से बना है जिसे कहावत भी कहा जाता है। भाषा को प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए मुहावरों के समान लोकोक्तियों का प्रयोग किया जाता है। ‘लोक में प्रचलित उक्ति’ को लोकोक्ति कहते हैं। लोकोक्ति ऐसा वाक्य होता है जिसे कथन की पुष्टि के लिए प्रस्तुत किया जाता है। लोकोक्ति के पीछे मानव-समाज का अनुभव अथवा घटना विशेष रहती है। मुहावरे के समान इसका भी विशेष अर्थ ग्रहण किया जाता है, जैसे- “हाथ कंगन को आरसी क्या” इसका अर्थ होगा “प्रत्यक्ष को प्रमाण की आवश्यकता नहीं होती।” यहाँ लोक-जीवन का अनुभव प्रकट हो रहा है-यदि हाथ में कंगन पहना हो तो उसे देखने के लिए शीशे की आवश्यकता नहीं होती।

लोकोक्ति और मुहावरे में अंतर

मुहावरा	लोकोक्ति
1. मुहावरा वाक्य में एक वाक्यांश की तरह प्रयुक्त किया जाता है।	1. लोकोक्ति अपने आप में एक स्वतंत्र वाक्य होती है।
2. मुहावरा स्वतंत्र रूप में अपने अर्थ को ठीक प्रकार से अभिव्यक्त नहीं कर पाता।	2. लोकोक्ति स्वतंत्र रूप में अपना अर्थ प्रयुक्त कर पाती है।
3. मुहावरे में लाक्षणिक अर्थ होता है।	3. लोकोक्ति में शाब्दिक और लाक्षणिक दोनों अर्थ विद्यमान होते हैं।
4. मुहावरे का प्रयोग भाषा को सौंदर्य और साहित्यिकता देने के लिए किया जाता है।	4. लोकोक्ति से किसी विशिष्ट घटना या प्रसंग को प्रकट किया जाता है।

कुछ प्रचलित मुहावरे : अर्थ और वाक्य में प्रयोग

(क) पाठ्य पुस्तक में दिए गए मुहावरे

अंग-अंग मुसकाना (बहुत प्रसन्न होना)-संगीत प्रतियोगिता में प्रथम पुरस्कार प्राप्त कर सिमरन का अंग-अंग मुसकरा उठा।
अंगारे उगलना (कठोर बातें करना)-राम सिंह से प्यार से भी कुछ पूछो तो उसके मुँह से तो सदा अंगारे उगलते रहते हैं।
अंधे की लकड़ी (एकमात्र सहारा)-शहनवाज़ अपने माता-पिता के लिए अंधे की लकड़ी है।
अकल चकराना (कुछ समझ में न आना)-विज्ञान का प्रश्न-पत्र देखते ही राजबीर की अकल चकरा गई।
अकल के घोड़े दौड़ाना (अनेक विचार करना)-अकल के घोड़े दौड़ा कर ही रहीम अपनी मुसीबतों से छुटकारा पा सका।
अपने मुँह मियाँ मिठू बनना (अपनी तारीफ़ खुद करना)-अपनी पार्टी के गुण गिना कर नेता जी अपने मुँह मियाँ मिठू बन रहे थे।
आँखें चुराना (छिपना)-जबसे सुरजीत की चोरी की आदत की पोल खुली है, वह सबसे आँखें चुराता फिर. रहा है।
आँखों पर बिठाना (सम्मान करना)-जब हमारे विद्यालय की फुटबाल टीम ‘पंजाब केसरी’ पुरस्कार जीत कर आई तो सबने उसे आँखों पर बिठा लिया।
आँखें खुलना (होश आना)-हरभजन जब अपनी सारी दौलत जुए में हार गया तो उसकी आँखें खुलीं।
आँसू पी कर रह जाना (कठिनाई में भी न घबराना)-अपने खलियान को जलते देखकर भी रहमान आँसू पी कर रह गया।
आग-बबूला होना (बहुत क्रोधित होना)-कक्षा में शोर सुन कर अध्यापक जी आग-बबूला हो गए।
आग में पानी डालना (गुस्सा दूर करना, लड़ाई मिटाना)-शीला और लीला के आपसी झगड़े में बीच-बचाव कर प्रीतो ने आग में पानी डालने का काम किया।
आसमान टूट पड़ना (भारी मुसीबत पड़ना)-पिता की अचानक मृत्यु होने से मनमोहन सिंह पर तो आसमान टूट पड़ा।
आसमान सिर पर उठाना (बहुत शोर करना)-बच्चों ने आसमान सिर पर उठा कर माँ की नाक में दम कर दिया है।
ईमान बेचना (बेईमानी करना)-राजा हरिश्चंद्र ने किसी भी कीमत पर अपना ईमान बेचा नहीं था।
ईद का चाँद होना (बहुत समय बाद मिलना या दिखाई देना)-सांसद बनते ही ईश्वर सिंह जनता के लिए ईद का चाँद हो गया है।
कलेजा ठंडा होना (संतोष होना)-निर्भया के अपराधियों को फाँसी की सजा मिलने पर उसके माता-पिता का कलेजा ठंडा हुआ।
कलेजे पर साँप लोटना (ईर्ष्या होना)-महेश का नया तिमंजला मकान देख कर रमेश के कलेजे पर साँप लोटने लगा।
कान का कच्चा (सुनकर विश्वास करना)-कान का कच्चा व्यक्ति जीवन में सदा धोखा खाता है।
कान पर जूं तक न रेंगना (कोई असर न होना)-भजन सिंह ने हरपाल को शराब पीने से रोकने के लिए अनेक दुर्घटनाएँ सुनाईं पर उसके तो कान पर तक न रेंगी बल्कि वह और शराब पीने लगा।
खटाई में पड़ना (काम लटक जाना)-बैंक से कर्जा न मिल सकने से गोपाल के मकान का काम खटाई में पड़ गया है।
ख्याली पुलाव पकाना (कल्पना करते रहना)-गुरुदेव कुछ करता तो है नहीं बस अमीर बनने के ख्याली पुलाव पकाता रहता है।
गिरगिट की तरह रंग बदलना (मौकापरस्त होना, सिद्धांतहीन व्यक्ति)-आजकल के नेता अपने स्वार्थ के लिए गिरगिट की तरह रंग बदल कर पार्टियाँ बदलते रहते हैं।
गुड़ गोबर होना (काम बिगाड़ना)-आज हरप्रीत कौर के विवाह का समारोह था परन्तु तेज़ वर्षा ने सब गुड़ गोबर कर टैंट आदि उखाड़ दिए।
घड़ों पानी पड़ना (लज्जित होना)-परीक्षा में नकल करते हुए पकड़े जाने पर रजनीश पर घड़ों पानी पड़ गया।
चादर देख कर पैर पसारना (आय के अनुसार व्यय करना)-दमड़ी लाल एक-एक पैसा संभाल कर रखता है और चादर देखकर पैर पसारता है, इसलिए वह बहुत सुखी है।
चेहरे से हवाइयाँ उड़ना (बहुत घबरा जाना)-जब परीक्षक ने शहनाज़ को परीक्षा में नकल करते हुए पकड़ा तो उसके चेहरे से हवाइयाँ उड़ने लगीं।
छिपा रुस्तम (सामान्य पर गुणी)-लाल बहादुर शास्त्री जी देखने में तो छोटे-से थे, परन्तु प्रधानमंत्री के कार्य कुशलता पूर्वक करने में वे छिपे रुस्तम निकले।
छोटा मुँह बड़ी बात (बढ़-चढ़ कर बातें करना)-यदि कुछ समझ नहीं आए तो किसी पर व्यर्थ ही आरोप लगाना छोटा मुँह बड़ी बात हो जाती है।
ज़मीन आसमान एक करना (बहुत मेहनत/प्रयत्न करना)-परीक्षा में प्रथम स्थान प्राप्त करने के लिए नवजोत ने ज़मीन आसमान एक कर दिया था।
जान पर खेलना (जोखिम उठाना)-सुखबीर ने अपनी जान पर खेलकर तालाब में डूबते हुए रहमान को बचा . लिया।
झख मारना (व्यर्थ में समय बर्बाद करना)-तेजा दिनभर इधर-उधर झख मारता रहता है और फिर कहता है कि उसे कोई काम ही नहीं मिलता।
टेढ़ी उँगली से घी निकालना (बलपूर्वक काम करना)-जब मोहन ने सोहन को उसका उधार नहीं लौटाया तो उसने उसे स्पष्ट कह दिया कि कल तक मेरी रकम लौटा देना नहीं तो मैं टेढ़ी उँगली से घी निकालना भी जानता हूँ।
ठगा-सा रह जाना (हैरान होना)-जादूगर ने जादू देखकर सभी ठगे से रह गए।
डूबती नैया पार लगाना (कठिनाई से बचाना)-परमजीत के मकान की कुर्की होते देखकर प्रकाश सिंह ने उसकी आर्थिक मदद कर उसकी डूबती नैया पार लगा दी।
ढोल की पोल (ऊपरी/बाहरी दिखावा)-आयकर विभाग के छापे से गुजराल की अमीरी की ढोल की पोल खुल गई।
तलवे चाटना (खुशामद करना)-नेताओं के तलवे चाट कर ही महीपाल को सड़क बनाने का ठेका मिला
ताँता बँधना (लगातार होना)-डेंगू की बीमारी से मरने वालों का ताँता बँधा हुआ है।
थाली का बैंगन (सिद्धांतहीन अथवा अस्थिर विचारों वाला व्यक्ति)-थाली का बैंगन व्यक्ति सदा अपने स्वार्थ की सोचता है, वह किसी का सगा नहीं होता।
दाँत काटी रोटी (पक्की मित्रता)-रवि और शशि में दाँत काटी रोटी है।
दालभात में मूसलचंद (दो के बीच दखल देना)-शबाना और हैदर के प्रेम में अशफ़ाक दालभात में मूसलचंद बन कर रोड़े अटका रहा है।
धज्जियाँ उड़ाना (नष्ट करना)-अखिलेश ने रमा के रेत के घरौंदे में लात मारकर उसकी धज्जियाँ उड़ा दीं।
धुन का पक्का (मज़बूत इरादे वाला)-जो व्यक्ति अपनी धुन का पक्का होता है, वह जीवन में अवश्य सफल होता है।
नाक भौं चढ़ाना (नखरे करना)-खाने में मूंग धुली दाल बनी देखकर रश्मि नाक भौं चढ़ाने लगी।
नाक कटना (सम्मान नष्ट होना)-सीमा ने घर से भाग कर अपने परिवार की नाक कटा दी है।
पत्थर पर लकीर (पक्की बात)-राजा हरिश्चन्द्र जो कह देते थे वह पत्थर पर लकीर बन जाती थी।
फूंक-फूंक कर कदम रखना (सोच समझ कर कार्य करना)-कोई भी नया कार्य प्रारंभ करने से पहले फूंकफूंक कर कदम रखना चाहिए तभी सफलता मिलती है।
फूला न समाना (बहुत प्रसन्न होना)-परीक्षा में प्रथम स्थान प्राप्त कर चैतन्य फूला न समाया।
बात का धनी (वायदे का पक्का)-राजा हरिश्चंद्र बात के धनी थे, वे जो कहते थे करके भी दिखाते थे।
बीड़ा उठाना (संकल्प करना)-नल-नील ने सागर पर पुल बनाने का बीड़ा उठाया था।
भरी थाली में लात मारना (लगा-लगाया काम छोड़ना)-जब तक कोई दूसरा अच्छा काम नहीं मिल जाता तब तक वर्तमान काम को छोड़ना भरी थाली में लात मारना होगा।
मिजाज़ ठीक करना (अकड़ दूर करना)-अंगद ने रावण के दरबार में बड़े-बड़े राक्षसों के मिजाज़ ठीक कर दिए थे।
रुपया उड़ाना (फिजूल खर्च करना)-पिता के मरने के बाद दोस्तों पर रुपये उड़ा कर बलकार सिंह आज दाने-दाने को तरस रहा है।
लोहे के चने चबाना (बहुत कठिन कार्य करना)-अकबर को महाराणा प्रताप के साथ युद्ध करते हुए लोहे के चने चबाने पड़े थे।
वीरगति को प्राप्त होना (मृत्यु होना)-कारगिल युद्ध में शत्रुसेना का मुकाबला करते हुए अनेक भारतीय सैनिक वीरगति को प्राप्त हुए थे। .
शेखी बघारना (अपनी प्रशंसा-खुद करना)–नेता जी अपनी पार्टी की खुद ही शेखी बघारने लगे। .
शैतान के कान कतरना (बहुत चालाक होना)-तुम बलबीर से दोस्ती तो कर रहे हो, पर उससे बच कर । रहना क्योंकि वह तो शैतान के कान कतरना भी जानता है।
सिर-धड़ की बाजी लगाना (प्राणों की चिंता न करना)-वीर अपनी मातृभूमि की रक्षा के लिए अपने सिरधड़ की बाजी लगाना भी नहीं भूलते हैं।
हाथ धोकर पीछे पड़ना (काम करने की धुन लगना)-नकुल को जो काम दिया जाए, वह हाथ धोकर उसके पीछे पड़ जाता है और उसे पूरा करके ही दम लेता है।

नीचे दिए गए मुहावरों के अर्थ समझकर वाक्य बनाइए

अगूंठा दिखाना (देने से मना करना)-तृप्ता से जब मुक्ता ने उसकी कलम मांगी तो उसने उसे अगूंठा दिखा दिया।
आड़े हाथों लेना (अच्छी तरह काबू करना)-बिना माँ की आज्ञा के फ़िल्म देख आने पर पवन को माँ ने आड़े हाथों लिया।
ईमान बेचना (बेईमानी करना)-आजकल के नेता अपना ईमान बेचने के लिए सदा तैयार रहते हैं।
उड़ती चिड़िया पहचानना (रहस्य जान लेना)-सुखचैन से बचकर रहना, वह तो उड़ती चिड़िया पहचान लेता
ओखली में सिर देना (जानबूझ कर मुसीबत में फँसना)-लक्खे और सुक्खे को लड़ते देख मुन्ना उन्हें छुड़ाने लगा कि वे दोनों उसे ही धुनने लगे तो उसे लगा कि ओखली में सिर देकर उसने अच्छा नहीं किया।
काया पलट देना (बिल्कुल बदल जाना)-सुरजीत सिंह की विधायक बनते ही काया पलट हो गई है।
कलई खुलना (रहस्य खुलना)-आयकर विभाग के छापे में बंसल के घर से मिले काले धन से उसकी बेईमानी की कमाई की कलई खुल गई है।
गले मढ़ाना (ज़बरदस्ती किसी को कोई काम सौंपना)-सुधा ने घर के कामकाज के साथ बच्चों की देखभाल का काम भी गले मढ़ दिया तो वह काम ही छोड़ कर चली गई।
घास खोदना (फ़जूल समय बिताना)-कोई कमाई का काम करो, जिससे घर चल सके सिर्फ घास खोदने से कुछ नहीं होगा।
टका-सा जवाब देना (कोरा उत्तर देना)-जब ममता ने अनीता से सौ रुपए मांगे तो उसने रुपये देने की बजाय उसे टका-सा जवाब देते हुए कह दिया कि नहीं दूंगी।
दाँत खट्टे करना (बुरी तरह हराना)-भारतीय सैनिकों ने शत्रु सेना के दाँत खट्टे कर दिए।
दाल में काला होना (गड़बड़ होना)-सुजान सिंह के घर सी०बी०आई० का छापा पड़ने से लगता है कि उसके कारोबार में अवश्य ही दाल में काला है।
नाव पार लगाना (प्रयास सफल करना)-व्यापार में कृपाल की मदद करके उस्मान ने उसके डूबते व्यापार की नाव पार लगा दी।
पेट पर लात मारना (रोजी-रोटी छीनना)-केवल सिंह ने रमन सिंह को नौकरी से निकाल कर उसके पेट पर लात मार दी है।
फलना-फूलना (सुखी और संपन्न होना)-सोहन सिंह का व्यापार आज़कल खूब फल-फूल रहा है।
बाजी मारना (सफल होना)-दस बच्चों की दौड़ में हार्दिक बाजी मारकर प्रथम आया है।
भेड़ की खाल में भेड़िया (देखने में सीधा पर खतरनाक)-राहुल की सादगी पर मत जाओ, वह तो भेड़ की खाल में भेड़िया है।
माथा ठनकना (संदेह होना)-इंदर सिंह की दो सालों में ही कमाई में हुई बेहद वृद्धि से पड़ौसियों का माथा ठनकने लगा कि कहीं वह कोई ग़लत काम तो नहीं कर रहा।
रुपया ठीकरी कर देना (व्यर्थ में पैसा खर्च करना)-महेंद्र कौर ने बेटे को नया कारोबार करने के लिए दस लाख रुपए दिए पर उसने नशे में सारा रुपया ठीकरी कर दिया।
हाथों के तोते उड़ना (दुःख से हैरान होना)-बेटे की दुर्घटना का समाचार सुनते ही माँ-बाप के हाथों के तोते उड़ गए।

कुछ प्रचलित लोकोक्तियाँ:

1. अंत भले का भला (भलाई करने वाले का भला होता है)-जसवंत सिंह सदा सबकी सेवा करता रहा जब उस पर मुसीबत आई तो सबने मिलकर उसकी जी जान से मदद की क्योंकि अंत भले का भला ही होता है।

2. अधजल गगरी छलकत जाए (कम गुणी दिखावा बहुत करता है)-सुमन को सुर-ताल का तो ज्ञान नहीं पर स्वयं को बड़ी संगीत विशारद कहती है, उसका तो वही हाल है कि अधजल गगरी छलकत जाए।

3. अब पछताए होत क्या, जब चिड़ियाँ चुग गई खेत (समय बीत जाने पर पछताने से क्या लाभ)-सरबजीत ने पहले तो ठीक से पढ़ाई नहीं की और अब फेल हो जाने पर रो रही है परन्तु अब पछताए होत क्या, जब चिड़ियाँ चुग गईं खेत।

4. आँखों देखी मक्खी नहीं निगलते (जानबूझ कर बुरा या हानिकारक काम नहीं करते)- अमर को कई बार नशा न करने के लिए कहा पर वह अन्य नशेड़ियों की दुर्दशा देखकर भी नहीं संभला जबकि आँखों देखी मक्खी नहीं निगलते पर वह देख कर भी अनदेखा कर गया।

5. आँवले का खाया और बड़े का कहा बाद में सीख देता है (आँवला खाने में कसैला तथा बड़ों की शिक्षा सनने में कड़वी लगती है पर बाद में लाभ होता है)-माँ-बाप के समझाने पर भी भीम की समझ में कुछ नहीं आया वह उनकी सीख की अनदेखी कर व्यापार में घाटा खाकर पछता रहा है और सोचता है कि उनका कहा मान लेता क्योंकि आँवले का खाया और बड़े का कहा बाद में सीख देता है।

6. आम के आम गुठलियों के दाम (दुगुना लाभ)-अखबार पढ़ कर फेंकना मत क्योंकि इन दिनों अखबार की रद्दी अच्छे भाव पर बिक जाती है इसलिए इसे पढ़ कर संभाल कर रखो और बाद में बेच देना इस प्रकार आम के आम गुठलियों के दाम की बात हो जाएगी।

7. आग लगने पर कुआँ खोदना (मुसीबत पड़ने पर उससे छुटकारे का प्रयत्न करना)-जब परीक्षा सिर पर आ पड़ी तो प्रीतम को लगा कि उसने कुछ पढ़ा ही नहीं और वह टयूशन रखने के लिए इधर-उधर भटकता रहा पर उसे कहीं कोई अध्यापक नहीं मिला, सच है आग लगने पर कुआँ खोदने से आग नहीं बुझती।

8. ईश्वर की माया कहीं धूप कहीं छाया (सभी एक समान नहीं होते)-रामलाल का एक बेटा डॉक्टर बन गया है जबकि दूसरा पढ़ लिख कर भी भटक रहा है, सच है ईश्वर की माया कहीं धूप कहीं छाया।

9. ऊँची दुकान फीका पकवान (केवल ऊपरी दिखावा करना)-टैगोर इंटरनेशनल स्कूल नाम का ही इंटरनेशनल है क्योंकि उसमें सभी अध्यापक अप्रशिक्षित हैं, इसी को कहते हैं ऊँची दुकान फीका पकवान।

10. एक हाथ से ताली नहीं बजती (अकेला व्यक्ति झगड़े का कारण नहीं होता)-ऐसा कैसे हो सकता है कि भजनो ने कुछ किया ही न हो और माँ ने उसकी पिटाई कर दी हो क्योंकि एक हाथ से ताली नहीं बजती।.

11. एक बार भूले से भूला कहाये, बार-बार भूले सो मूर्खानंद कहाये (एक बार ग़लती हो तो सावधान हो जाना चाहिए किंतु फिर वही गलती हो तो मूर्खता कहलाती है)– सुन्दर को कितना समझाओ, वह कुछ नहीं समझता और बार-बार एक ही भूल कर बैठता है। इसलिए सभी उसे मूर्खानंद कहते हैं क्योंकि एक बार भूले से भूला कहाये, बारबार भूले सो मूर्खानंद कहाये।

12. कमली ओढ़ने से फ़कीर नहीं होता (ऊपरी दिखावे/ढोंग से वास्तविकता नहीं आती)-इन्द्रजीत कौर की मक्कारी को सब जानते हैं इसलिए जब वह किसी से मीठी बातें करती है तो भी लोग उस पर विश्वास नहीं करते क्योंकि कमली ओढ़ने से कोई फ़कीर नहीं होता।

13. करे कोई भरे कोई (अपराध की सज़ा अपराधी के स्थान पर दूसरे को मिलना)-कक्षा में शोर रमेश कर रहा ‘था परन्तु सज़ा सुरेश को मिली इसी को कहते हैं करे कोई भरे कोई।

14. खिसियानी बिल्ली खंभा नोचे (अपमान का बदला दूसरे से लेना)-कमला को जब परीक्षा में अच्छे अंक नहीं मिले तो वह अपनी माँ पर ही बरसने लगी कि वे उसे पढ़ने नहीं देती जबकि वह खुद ही नहीं पढ़ती थी, इसी को कहते हैं खिसियानी बिल्ली खंभा नोचे।

15. घर की मुर्गी दाल बराबर (सरलता से उपलब्ध वस्तु का आदर नहीं होता)-जोगेंद्र के पिता की जूतों की दुकान है, इसलिए वह रोज़ नए से नए जूते पहन कर अपनी शान दिखाता है उसके लिए नित नया जूता पहनना घर की मुर्गी दाल बराबर के समान है।

16. जान है तो जहान है (जीवन रहने पर ही संसार है)-इतना अधिक काम मत करो कि बीमार पड़ जाओ, कुछ आराम भी कर लिया करो क्योंकि जान है तो जहान है।

17. जैसी करनी वैसी भरनी (जो जैसा करता है, वैसा ही फल पाता है)-जमाखोरी करने के कारण पुलिस ने समय सिंह को गिरफ्तार कर लिया है सच है जैसी करनी वैसी भरनी।

18. जाये की पीर माँ को होती है (जो जिसे पैदा करता है, उसके नुकसान की चिंता भी उसे ही होती है)-ओले पड़ने से बलकार की सारी फ़सल बर्बाद हो गई तो बेचारे का रो-रो कर बुरा हाल हो गया क्योंकि जाये की पीर माँ को ही होती है।

19. जिस के घर में माई उसकी राम बनाई (जिसकी माँ जीवित हो उसे कोई चिंता नहीं होती)-जब से रक्खे को व्यापार में घाटा हुआ है तब से सभी ने उससे किनारा कर लिया है, सच ही तो है जिसके घर में माई उसकी राम बनाई नहीं तो उसका कोई भी नहीं।

20. दूध का दूध, पानी का पानी (सच झूठ का सही फैसला)-अदले जहाँगीर को न्याय करने में निपुण माना जाता था क्योंकि वह दोषी को दंड देकर दूध का दूध, पानी का पानी कर देता था।

21. न रहेगा बाँस, न बजेगी बाँसुरी (कारण के नष्ट होने पर कार्य का न होना)-परेशान मरीज़ को डॉक्टर ने कहा-‘तुम्हारी बीमारी का कारण कब्ज़ है, इसे दूर करो सब कुछ ठीक हो जाएगा क्योंकि इस प्रकार न रहेगा बाँस न बजेगी बाँसुरी।

22. नाच न जाने आँगन टेढ़ा (काम करना न आने पर बहाने बनाना)-स्वर्णा को खाना बनाना तो आता नहीं जब . भी उसे कुछ बनाने के लिए कहो तो टाल-मटोल करने लगती है, सच ही तो है कि नाच-न जाने आँगन टेढ़ा।

23. पाँचों उँगलियाँ बराबर नहीं होती (सब एक जैसे नहीं होते)-सभी अधिकारियों को भ्रष्ट कहना उचित नहीं है क्योंकि पाँचों उँगलियाँ बराबर नहीं होती हैं।

24. बगल में छुरी मुँह में राम-राम (भीतर से शत्रुता और ऊपर से मीठी बातें)-तुम शकुंतला की बातों में मत आना क्योंकि उसकी तो बगल में छुरी और मुँह में राम-राम रहता है, वह ऊपर से जितनी मीठी है अंदर से उतनी ही खोटी है।

25. बार-बार चोर की, एक बार शाह की (चालाकी कभी-न-कभी पकड़ी जाती है)-हरभजन हर बार नकल करके पास हो जाता था. पर इस बार नकल करते हुए पकड़ा गया तथा परीक्षा देने से निकाल दिया गया, इसी को कहते हैं बार-बार चोर की, एक बार शाह की।

26. बिन माँगे मोती मिलें, माँगे मिले न भीख (माँगे बिना अच्छी वस्तु मिल जाती है और माँगने से साधारण भी नहीं मिलती)-प्रदीप से पिता ने पूछा कि जन्मदिन पर क्या लेना है, उसने कहा सिर्फ आपका आशीर्वाद और शाम को उसके पिता ने उसे नए स्कूटर की चाबी जन्मदिन के उपहार में दी तो उसके मुँह से निकल पड़ा बिना माँगे मोती मिलें माँगे मिले न भीख।

27. मन न मिले तो मिलना कैसा, मन मिल जाए तो तजना कैसा (जिससे मन न मिले उससे मिलने का क्या लाभ और जिससे मन मिल जाए उसे छोड़ना क्यों?)-राम की श्याम से खूब बनती है पर उसकी देवेश से बिल्कुल नहीं बनती क्योंकि कहा जाता है कि मन न मिले तो मिलना कैसा, मन मिल जाए तो तजना कैसा।

28. मान न मान मैं तेरा मेहमान (ज़बरदस्ती किसी का मेहमान बनना)-मेहरसिंह ने बिना बुलाए ही काहन सिंह के घर में डेरा जमा लिया है और वहाँ से जाता ही नहीं, इसी को कहते हैं मान न मान मैं तेरा मेहमान ।।

29. संभाल अपनी घोड़ी, मैंने नौकरी छोड़ी (स्वाभिमानी अपना अपमान नहीं सहता)-मिल मालिक ने जब नवीन को बुरी-बुरी गालियाँ दी तो उसका आत्म-सम्मान यह सहन न कर सका और वह उसे संभाल अपनी घोड़ी, मैंने नौकरी छोड़ी कह कर अपना त्याग पत्र देकर आ गया।

30. हाथों से नाखून कहाँ दूर हो सकते हैं (बहुत नज़दीकी रिश्ता नहीं जा सकता)-दो बहनों सुधा और मीना में बनती नहीं थी पर जब सुधा ने मीना की गंभीर बीमारी की बात सुनी तो उसकी देखभाल के लिए उसके पास जा पहुँची क्योंकि कभी हाथों से नाखून कहाँ दूर रह सकते हैं ?

31. हाथी को गन्ने ही सूझते हैं (स्वार्थी सदा अपना स्वार्थ सिद्ध करता है)-राम दयाल को जब उसके दल ने उसकी स्वार्थी मनोवृत्ति के कारण दल से निकाल दिया तो अपनी स्वार्थ पूर्ति के लिए वह दूसरे दल में शामिल हो गया क्योंकि हाथी को सदा गन्ने ही सूझते हैं।

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry Ex 5.2

May 1, 2024April 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 5 Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry Ex 5.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 5 Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry Ex 5.2

Question 1.
How would you rewrite Euclid’s fifth postulate so that it would be easier to understand?
Answer:
‘When a straight line l falls on two other straight lines m and n, it makes four interior angles. If the sum of two interior angles on the same side of line l is 180°, then lines m and n will never intersect each other, i.e., lines m and n are parallel line.

Question 2.
Does Euclid’s fifth postulate imply the existence of parallel lines? Explain.
Answer:
Yes. Euclid’s fifth postulate implies the existence of parallel lines. If a straight line l falls on two straight lines m and n such that the sum of the interior angles on one side of l is two right angles (180°), then by Euclid’s fifth postulate the lines m and n will not meet on this side of l. At the same time, the sum of the Interior angles on the other side of l will also be two right angles (180°). Hence, lines m and n will not meet on that side of l also. Thus, m and n will never meet if the sum of the interior angles on one side is two right angles (180°). This states that lines m and n are parallel.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry Ex 5.1

May 1, 2024April 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 5 Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry Ex 5.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 5 Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry Ex 5.1

Question 1.
Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Give reasons for your answers:
(i) Only one line can pass through a single point.
Answer:
lines or perpendicular lines where two lines pass through their point of intersection which is always unique.

(ii) There are an infinite number of lines which pass through two distinct points.
Answer:
The given statement is false because if it is so. the distance between two points can never be defined. Also, it contradicts postulate 1.

(iii) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides.
Answer:
The given statement is true according to postulate 2.

(iv) If two circles are equal, then their radii are equal.
Answer:
The given statement is true. if two circles are equal. their circumferences as well as their centres will coincide when placed on each other. Now, radius is the distance between centre of a circle and any point on the circle. Hence, their radii are also equal.

(v) In the given figure, if AB = PQ and PQ = XY, then AB = XY.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Introduction to Euclid's Geometry Ex 5.1 1
Answer:
The given statement is true according to axiom 1. Here. AB and XY are equal to the same thing PQ. Hence, AB and XY are equal, i.e., AB = XY.

Question 2.
Give a definition for each of the following terms. Are there other terms that need to be defined first? What are they, and how might you define them?
(i) Parallel lines
Answer:
Parallel lines: Two lines which lie in the same plane and do not intersect anywhere are called parallel lines.

(ii) Perpendicular lines
Answer:
Perpendicular lines: Two lines intersecting each other at right angles are called perpendicular lines.

(iii) Line segment
Answer:
Line segment: Line segment is a part of a line and having two end-points. In other words, line segment is a terminated line.

(iv) Radius of a circle
Answer:
Radius of a circle: Any line segment joining the centre of a circle to any point on its circumference is called a radius of a circle.
Note : The length of the radius of a circle is also referred as radius of the circle.

(v) Square
Answer:
Square: A quadrilateral with all the four sides equal and all the four angles equal (90° each) is called a square.
There are many other terms like line, plane, right angle, centre of a circle, circumference and quadrilateral that need to be defined first. Among them, line and plane cannot be defined so they are taken as undefined terms. Other four terms can be defined as below:

Right angle: An angle of 90° is called a right angle.
Centre of a circle: A point in the plane of a circle which is equidistant from all the points of the circle is called the centre of the circle.
Circumference: The length of the boundary of a circle is called its circumference.
Quadrilateral: A closed plane figure having four sides and four angles is called a quadrilateral.

Question 3.
Consider two ‘postulates’ given below:
(i) Given any two distinc’t points A and B, there exists a third point C which is in between A and B.
(ii) There exist at least three points that are not on the same line.
Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates consistent? Do they follow from Euclid’s postulates? Explain.
Answer:
Yes. These postulates contain undefined terms like point and line.
Yes. These postulates are consistent.
Postulate (i) states that given two distinct points A and B, there is a point C on line AB which lies between A and B.
Postulate (ii) states that given two distinct points A and B. we have atleast one point C which does not lie on line AB.
These postulates do not follow from Euclid’s postulates. They follow from axiom 5.1.

Question 4.
If a point C lies between two points A and B such that AC = BC. then prove that AC = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB. Explain by drawing the figure.
Answer:
AC = BC
∴ AC + AC = BC + AC
[Equals are added to equals and axiom 2]
∴ 2AC = AB [BC + AC coincides with AB and axiom 4]
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\)(2AC) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB lAxiom 7]
∴ AC = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Introduction to Euclid's Geometry Ex 5.1 2

Question 5.
In Q. 4, point C is called a midpoint of line segment AB. Prove that every line segment has one and only one midpoint.
Answer:
From question 4, we get two properties of the midpoint C of line segment AB. (i) C is a point lying on line segment AB between A and 8. (ii) C is equidistant from A and B.

If possible, suppose point D other than point C is also a midpoint of line segment AB. Then, according to question 4, we have AD = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AB.
Moreover. AC = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AB is proved in Q. 4.
∴ AD = AC [Axiom 1]
Now, D and C both lie on line segment AB between A and B and at the same distance from A. This proves that D and C are the same points. Hence, every line segment has one and only one midpoint.

Question 6.
In the given figure, if AC = BD, then prove that AB = CD.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Introduction to Euclid's Geometry Ex 5.1 3
Answer:
AC = BD (Given)
∴ AB + BC = BC + CD (AB + BC coincides with AC and BC + CD coincides with BD]
∴ AB + BC – BC = BC + CD – BC
[Subtracting equals from equals and axiom 3]
∴ AB = CD

Question 7.
Why is axiom 5, in the list of Euclid’s axioms, considered a ‘universal truth’? (Note that the question is not about the fifth postulate.)
Answer:
Euclid’s axiom 5 states that the whole is greater than a part. The word part itself is meant for something which is less than the whole. This is true for anything in any part of the world. So, it is considered as a ‘universal truth’.