Class 9

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 7 The Death of Abhimanyu Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 7 The Death of Abhimanyu

Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Why did Karna decline to be the Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army?
(कर्ण ने कौरव सेना का मुख्य सेनापति बनने से इन्कार क्यों कर दिया ?)
Answer:
Drona was older and more experienced than Karna. That was why Karna refused to be the Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army.
द्रोण कर्ण की अपेक्षा आयु में अधिक बड़ा था तथा अधिक अनुभवी था। इसी कारण से कर्ण ने कौरव सेना का मुख्य सेनापति बनने से इन्कार कर दिया।

Question 2.
What request did Duryodhana make to Drona ?
(दुर्योधन ने द्रोण से क्या प्रार्थना की ?)
Answer:
He requested Drona to make the plan of war in such a way that Yudhishthira could
be arrested. उसने द्रोण से प्रार्थना की कि वह युद्ध की योजना इस तरह बनाए कि युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बनाया जा सके।

Question 3.
What happened on the eleventh day of the war?
(युद्ध के ग्यारहवें दिन क्या हुआ ?)
Answer:
Drona had planned to capture Yudhishthira. Arjuna wanted to keep near his brother and help him. But Susharma’s sons made it impossible for Arjuna to help Yudhishthira. Drona made his greatest attempt to capture Yudhishthira. But just then Bhima came to the help of his elder brother. Thus this day was saved by the Pandavas.

द्रोण ने युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बनाने की योजना बनाई हुई थी। अर्जुन अपने भाई के पास ही बने रहना चाहता था और उसकी मदद करना चाहता था। किन्तु सुशर्मा के पुत्रों ने युधिष्ठिर की सहायता करना अर्जुन के लिए असम्भव बना दिया। द्रोण ने युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बनाने के लिए अपना सबसे बड़ा यत्न किया। किन्तु तभी भीम अपने बड़े भाई की सहायता के लिए आ गया। इस प्रकार यह दिन पाँडवों ने बचा लिया।

Question 4.
Who came to the rescue of Yudhishthira when Drona tried to capture him ?
(युधिष्ठिर के बचाव के लिए कौन आ गया जब द्रोण ने उसे बन्दी बनाने की कोशिश की ?)
Answer:
It was Bhima who came there.
यह भीम था जो वहां आ गया।

Question 5.
What is a Chakravyuh ?
(चक्रव्यूह क्या होता है ?)
Answer:
It is a form of arranging an army during the war. The arrangement is in the shape of a wheel. That is why it is called Chakravyuh.
यह वह व्यवस्था होती है जो युद्ध के दौरान सेना को दी जाती है। यह व्यवस्था एक पहिए के आकार में होती है। इसी कारण से इसे चक्रव्यूह कहा जाता है।

Question 6.
Who knew how to pierce through Chakravyuh ?
(चक्रव्यूह को भेद कर अंदर जाना कौन जानता था ?)
Answer:
Only Arjuna, Krishna, Pradyumna and Abhimanyu knew this.
केवल अर्जुन, कृष्ण, प्रद्युम्न और अभिमन्यु इसे जानते थे।

Question 7.
What was Arjina’s vow ?
(अर्जुन की शपथ क्या थी ?)
Answer:
His vow was to kill Jayadrati by sunset the next day or die himself.
उसकी शपथ थी कि वह अगले दिन सूर्यास्त होने तक जयद्रथ को मार देगा अथवा स्वयं मर जाएगा।

Question 8.
Who killed Jayadratha and how ?
(जयद्रथ को किसने मारा तथा कैसे ?)
Answer:
It was Arjuna who killed Jayadratha. He shot his arrows at Jayadratha with a terrific speed. Thus he slashed Jayadratha’s head from his body.
यह अर्जुन था जिसने जयद्रथ को मारा। उसने अपने तीर जयद्रथ पर भयानक गति से छोड़े। इस तरह उसने जयद्रथ का सिर उसके शरीर से काट कर अलग कर दिया।

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
Who was Abhimanyu ? How did he pierce through the Chakravyuh ? Who killed him and how?
(अभिमन्यु कौन था ? वह चक्रव्यूह को बींध कर कैसे प्रवेश कर गया ? उसे किसने मारा तथा कैसे ?)
Answer:
Abhimanyu was Arjuna’s son. Drona formed a Chakravyuh in order to capture Yudhishthira. Abhimanyu pierced through the Chakravyuh. The Kauravas surrounded him on all sides. The brave boy kept fighting all alone. But at last the Kauravas disarmed him, and killed him. Jayadratha was the most cruel of them. He cut off Abhimanyu’s limbs from his trunk.

अभिमन्य अर्जन का पुत्र था। द्रोण ने युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बनाने के लिए एक चक्रव्यूह की रचना की। अभिमन्यु चक्रव्यूह को बींधता हुआ प्रवेश कर गया। कौरवों ने उसे सभी तरफ से घेर लिया। वीर बालक बिल्कुल अकेला लड़ता रहा। किन्तु अन्त में कौरवों ने उसे निहत्था कर दिया और उसे मार दिया। जयद्रथ उनमें सबसे निर्दय था। उसने अभिमन्यु के धड़ से उसके अंग काट कर अलग कर दिए।

Question 2.
How did Arjuna avenge his son’s death ?
(अर्जुन ने अपने पुत्र की मृत्यु का बदला कैसे लिया ?)
Answer:
Jayadratha had killed Abhimanyu in a very cruel manner. Arjuna vowed to kill Jayadratha by sunset the next day or die himself. Jayadratha tried to hide himself among the Kauravas. But Arjuna pierced through the heart of the enemy. His arrows slashed Jayadratha’s head from his body. Thus Arjuna avenged the death of his beloved son.

जयद्रथ ने अभिमन्यु को बहुत निर्दयतापूर्वक मार दिया था। अर्जुन ने शपथ ली कि वह अगले दिन सूर्यास्त होने तक जयद्रथ को मार देगा अथवा स्वयं मर जाएगा। जयद्रथ ने स्वयं को कौरवों के मध्य छिपाने की कोशिश की। किन्तु अर्जुन शत्रु को बींध कर मध्य तक पहुंच गया। उसके तीरों ने जयद्रथ का सिर उसके धड़ से अलग कर दिया। इस प्रकार अर्जुन ने अपने प्रिय पुत्र की मृत्यु का बदला ले लिया।

Tick (✓) the correct choice :

Question 1.
Abhimanyu was ………….
a. a coward
b. an ignorant young boy
c. a brave warrior
d. a leader.
Answer:
c. a brave warrior

Question 2.
Jayadratha was ………….
a. an honest man
b. a divine power
c. cruel and unprincipled
d. a true soldier.
Answer:
c. cruel and unprincipled

Question 3.
…………. played the most unscrupulous and mischievous role in the death of Abhimanyu.
a. Arjuna
b. Duryodhana
c. Jayadratha
d. Yudhishthira
Answer:
c. Jayadratha

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Match the words in column A with their antonyms in column B :

1. declined → accepted
2 older → younger
3. attack → defend
4. difficult → easy
5. disadvantage → advantage
6. careful → careless
7. standing → sitting
8. war → peace.

Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B :

1. avenge = to take revenge for a wrong or harmful act
2. unscrupulous = not based on principles or honesty
3. pierced = penetrated
4. armour = a protective shield or covering
5. fray = a fight or battle
6. arrested = taken into custody
7. severed = cut off or separated
8. incredible = which cannot be believed.

Fill in the following blanks with the words given in the box :

bubbling, crucial, appreciated, incredible, chosen, brave, enthusiasm , saved
Answer:
John was a brave boy. He was always bubbling with enthusiasm. He was chosen as the leader by his friends. He helped them in their crucial times. One day, he saved a boy from drowning in the river. His incredible courage was appreciated by all.

Change the following sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech :

1. She says “I have done my duty.”
2. He said, “I know her.”
3. You said, “I have got a prize.”
4. The teacher said, “Two and two make four.”
5. Seema said, “I am all right.”
6. You said to me, “She knows me very well.”
7. She said to me, “Is your brother intelligent ?”
8. The teacher said to the student, “Do not waste time.”
Answer:
1. She says that she has done her duty.
2. He said that he knew her.
3. You said that you had got a prize.
4. The teacher said that two and two make four.
5. Seema said that she was all right.
6. You told me that she knew you very well.
7. She asked me if my brother was intelligent.
8. The teacher advised the student not to waste time.

Correct the following sentences :

1. The class has less boys today.
2. I prefer milk than tea.
3. Do you have a five rupees note ?
4. Please lay down.
5. He has no informations.
6. He is angry at me.
7. I have written a poetry.
8. What is the time in your watch ?
Answer:
1. The class has fewer boys today.
2. I prefer milk to tea.
3. Do you have a five-rupee note ?
4. Please lie down.
5. He has no information.
6. He is angry with me.
7. I have written a poem.
8. What is the time by your watch?

Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns :

1. Seema tried to save ………….. younger sister.
2. ……….. were sitting in the garden.
3. We shall always do …………. duty.
4. She lost ………….. purse in the fair.
5. This book is not
6. Only ………… students who work hard will get through.
7. You must behave ………… in the class.
8. They did not learn ………….. lessons.
Answer.
1. her
2. They
3. our
4. her
5. mine
6. those
7. yourself
8. their.

Write comparative and superlative degrees of the following adjectives :

Answer:

Pronunciation Practice

Note the silent letter in the words given below. Say each word aloud.

Creative Writing and Extended Reading

1. Abhimanyu was an intelligent, brave and fearless young boy. What inspiration do you derive from such
a character ? Write in 8-10 lines.
2. Some girls are very bold and determined. Read the book The Diary of a Young Girl (Anne Frank), Bantam Books, USA.
3. Relate the story of Anne’s life to your class- fellows.

Use Of Textual Words / Phrases

1. Declined – She declined my invitation.
2. Strategy – Let us work out a new strategy to achieve success.
3. Intention – He is humble and honest; his intentions are not bad.
4. Rescue — Nobody rescued the drowning boy.
5. Crucial — It is very crucial to decide what you want to be in your life.
6. Chariot – Chariots were used in ancient times by royal families.
7. Charioteer – Sri Krishna was Arjuna’s charioteer in the war of Mahabharata.
8. Entrap – He got entrapped into his cunningness.
9. Bubbling with enthusiasm — The students were going on a trip; they were bubbling with enthusiasm.
10. Pounce – The cat pounced upon the rat.
11. Incredible – I can’t believe this incredible story.
12. Subdue – All efforts were made to subdue the rebels.
13. Sever – His leg was severed into two pieces in the accident.
14. Unscrupulous.- He is using unscrupulous methods to succeed in his business.
15. Pierced – The arrow pierced his chest and he died on the spot.
16. Resistance – Our forces didn’t have to face any resistance from the enemy.
17. Impregnable – The country’s defence should be made impregnable.
18. Duel – The youth challenged his opponent to a duel.
19. Truce – Pakistan has signed a truce with the extremists.

objective type questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the chapter, ‘The Death of Abhimanyu’ ?
Answer:
S.B. Srivastava.

Question 2.
Who was Abhimanyu ?
Answer:
Arjuna’s son.

Question 3.
Who was Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army?
Answer:
Guru Drona.

Question 4.
What did Duryodhana request Drona to do ?
Answer:
To make the plan of war in such a way that Yudhishthira could be captured.

Question 5.
What did Drona do to capture Yudhishthira?
Answer:
He formed a Chakravyuh.

Question 6.
Who pierced through the ‘Chakravyuh’ ?
Answer:
It was Abhimanyu.

Question 7.
What did the Kauravas do when Abhimanyu entered the ‘Chakravyuh’ ?
Answer:
They surrounded him from all sides.

Question 8.
What did cruel Jayadratha do to Abhimanyu ?
Answer:
He cut off Abhimanyu’s limbs from his trunk.

Question 9.
What did Arjuna vow to avenge his son’s death?
Answer:
He vowed to kill Jayadratha by sunset the next day or die himself.

Question 10.
Who was Jayadratha ?
Answer:
The king of the Sindhus.

Complete the following:

1. ……………….. is a form of arranging an army during the war.
2. It was ……………… who killed Jayadratha.
3. ……………… made it impossible for Arjuna to help Yudhishthira.
4. ………….. came to the rescue of Yudhishthira.
5. Arjuna vowed to avenge.
6. ………………. and ……………… knew about the vow of Arjuna.
Answer:
1. Chakravyuh
2. Arjuna
3. Susharma’s sons
4. Bhima
5. his son’s death
6. Jayadratha,Kauravas.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Jayadratha was given all care and protection by the Kauravas.
2. The Kauravas captured Yudhishthira in the Chakravyuh.
3. Arjuna pierced through the Kaurava army to kill Karna.
4. Arjuna was not aware of the time of the truce.
5. On the thirteenth day of the battle, Arjuna decided to bring the attack of his enemies to an end.
6. Arjuna was Abhimanyu’s father.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
…… declined to be the Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army.
(a) Duryodhana
(b) Drona
(c) Karna
(d) Dushashna.
Answer:
(c) Karna

Question 2.
Drona formed a ‘Chakravyuh’ to capture ………..
(a) Arjuna
(b) Bhima
(c) Yudhishthira
(d) Krishna.
Answer:
(c) Yudhishthira

Question 3.
Jayadratha was the King of ………………
(a) Pandavas
(b) Sindhus
(c) Kauravas
(d) Yadavas.
Answer:
(b) Sindhus

Question 4.
The most cruel, unprincipled and decisive blow to Abhimanyu was given by ……………….
(a) Karna
(b) Duryodhana
(c) Drona
(d) Jayadratha.
Answer:
(d) Jayadratha.

The Death of Abhimanyu Summary in English

The Death of Abhimanyu Introduction:

This chapter gives an account of Abhimanyu’s death in the war of Mahabharata. Abhimanyu was a brave young boy. He was Arjuna’s son. Drona was the commander of the Kaurava forces. In order to trap Yudhishthira, he arranged his army in the form of a wheel. This formation was known as Chakravyuh. Yudhishthira did not know how to pierce through it. So he called Abhimanyu for help. Abhimanyu at once pierced through the rings of the Chakravyuh. There he was surrounded by the Kauravas. He was disarmed. Then he was killed mercilessly by Jayadratha who was the husband of Duryodhana’s sister. When Arjuna came to know of this, he was filled with deep, grief. He swore to kill Jayadratha by sunset the next day. He was able to do this with the help of Shri Krishna. Thus the death of Abhimanyu was avenged.

The Death of Abhimanyu Summary in English:

After the fall of Bhishma, Drona was made the Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army. It was the eleventh day of the war. Duryodhana asked Drona to have Yudhishthira arrested in some way. In order to keep Arjuna away from Yudhishthira, Susharma’s sons were sent to make a powerful attack on Arjuna. Now Drona made a great attempt to capture Yudhishthira. But just then Bhima came to the help of his elder brother. Thus the day was saved for the Pandavas.

On the thirteenth day of the battle, Arjuna decided to put an end to the attack of his enemies. He asked Krishna to drive his chariot to the place where Susharma’s sons had assembled. Seeing this, Drona arranged his army in the shape of a wheel. This arrangement was known as Chakravyuh. Drona wanted to trap Yudhishthira in his Chakravyuh and have him arrested. Now Yudhishthira did not know how to pierce through a Chakravyuh.

So he called Arjuna’s son, Abhimanyu for help. The brave boy at once pierced through the rings of the Chakravyuh. Now the Kauravas surrounded him from all sides. The brave boy kept fighting all alone. At last, the Kauravas disarmed him. He was killed mercilessly by Jayadratha who was the husband of Duryodhana’s sister. Now the sun had set, and all the warriors returned to their camps.

When Arjuna came to know of his son’s cruel death, he was in deep grief. He took a vow to kill Jayadratha by sunset the next day or die himself. When Jayadratha came to know of Arjuna’s vow, he was filled with terror. He wanted to run away but Duryodhana assured him of all protection. Duryodhana was certain that they would be able to protect Jayadratha the next day, and then Arjuna would end his life as he had vowed. And without Arjuna, there would be a sure victory for the Kauravas.

The next day came. The Kauravas surrounded Jayadratha from all sides so that Arjuna could never reach him. Arjuna made a fierce attack on the Kauravas. With great difficulty, he advanced step by step. At last, he pierced through the heart of the army. He was very close to the place where Jayadratha was. But suddenly Duryodhana sprang up before him and challenged him to a duel.

Arjuna directed his arrows towards Duryodhana. But his arrows seemed to have no effect on Duryodhana. It was because Duryodhana was wearing a magic armour. Now Arjuna started aiming his arrows at the unprotected limbs of Duryodhana. Duryodhana was soon tired. But by now the sun was going to set and then it would be the time of truce. Krishna knew this. With the help of his divine power, he covered the sun with mist. Thus none could know when the sun set that day.

With fresh courage, Arjuna continued to fight. At last, he was able to reach the place where Jayadratha was hiding in terror. Arjuna shot his arrows with terrific speed. His arrows slashed Jayadratha’s head from his body. Thus Arjuna avenged Abhimanyu’s death and fulfilled his vow.

The Death of Abhimanyu Summary in Hindi

The Death of Abhimanyu Introduction:

पाठ का संक्षिप्त परिचय यह पाठ महाभारत के युद्ध में अभिमन्यु की मृत्यु का वर्णन करता है। अभिमन्यु एक वीर बालक था। वह अर्जुन का पुत्र था। द्रोण कौरव सेनाओं का कमांडर था। युधिष्ठिर को घेरने के लिए उसने अपनी सेना को एक पहिए के आकार में व्यवस्थित कर लिया। इस व्यवस्था को चक्रव्यूह कहा जाता था। युधिष्ठिर इसमें से बींध कर निकलना नहीं जानता था। इसलिए उसने अभिमन्यु को सहायता के लिए बुलाया। अभिमन्यु तुरन्त चक्रव्यूह के घेरों को बींधता हुआ निकल गया। वहां उसे कौरवों ने घेर लिया। उसे निहत्था कर दिया गया। फिर उसका जयद्रथ जो दुर्योधन की बहन का पति था के द्वारा बेरहमी से वध कर दिया गया। जब अर्जुन को इसका पता चला तो वह गहरे दुःख से भर गया। उसने शपथ ली कि वह अगले दिन सूर्यास्त होने तक जयद्रथ को मार देगा। वह श्री कृष्ण की मदद से ऐसा करने के योग्य हो गया। इस प्रकार अभिमन्यु की मृत्यु का बदला ले लिया गया।

The Death of Abhimanyu Summary in Hindi:

पाठ का विस्तृत सार भीष्म के घायल हो जाने के बाद द्रोण को कौरव सेना का मुख्य सेनापति बना दिया गया। युद्ध का यह ग्यारहवां दिन था। दुर्योधन ने द्रोण से कहा कि वह किसी-न-किसी तरह युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बना ले। अर्जुन को युधिष्ठिर से दूर किए रखने के लिए सुशर्मा के पुत्रों को अर्जुन पर एक शक्तिशाली आक्रमण करने के लिए भेजा गया। अब द्रोण ने युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बनाने का एक भारी यत्न किया। किन्तु तभी भीम अपने बड़े भाई की सहायता के लिए आ गया। इस प्रकार पांडवों के लिए वह दिन सुरक्षा से निकल गया। युद्ध के तेरहवें दिन अर्जुन ने अपने शत्रुओं के आक्रमण का अन्त करने का निश्चय कर लिया। उसने कृष्ण

से कहा कि वह उसका रथ उस स्थान पर ले चले जहां सुशर्मा के पुत्र एकत्र हुए थे। यह देखकर द्रोण ने अपनी सेना को एक चक्र के रूप में व्यवस्थित कर लिया। इस व्यवस्था को चक्रव्यूह के नाम से जाना जाता था। द्रोण युधिष्ठिर को अपने चक्रव्यूह में फांसना चाहता था और उसे बन्दी बनाना चाहता था। अब युधिष्ठिर नहीं जानता था कि चक्रव्यूह को कैसे भेदा जाता है। इसलिए उसने अर्जुन के पुत्र अभिमन्यु को सहायता के लिए बुलाया। वीर पुत्र उसी क्षण चक्रव्यूह के घेरों को भेदता हुआ इसके अन्दर पहुंच गया। अब कौरवों ने उसे चारों ओर से घेर लिया। वीर पुत्र अकेला युद्ध करता रहा। अन्त में कौरवों ने उसे निहत्था कर दिया। उसे जयद्रथ ने निर्दयतापूर्वक मार गिराया जो दुर्योधन की बहन का पति था। सूर्य डूब चुका था और सभी योद्धा अपने-अपने शिविरों को वापस लौट गए।

जब अर्जुन को अपने पुत्र की निर्मम हत्या का पता चला तो वह अत्यन्त दुःखी हुआ। उसने शपथ ली कि अगले दिन सूर्यास्त से पहले वह जयद्रथ को मार डालेगा अन्यथा वह आत्महत्या कर लेगा। जब जयद्रथ को अर्जुन की शपथ का पता चला तो वह भय से भर गया। वह वहां से भाग जाना चाहता था परन्तु दुर्योधन ने उसे पूर्ण सुरक्षा का आश्वासन दिया। दुर्योधन निश्चित था कि वे अगले दिन जयद्रथ को बचाने में सफल रहेंगे और फिर अर्जुन अपनी जीवन-लीला समाप्त कर लेगा जैसी कि उसने शपथ ली थी। और अर्जुन के बिना कौरवों की जीत निश्चित होगी।

अगला दिन आया। कौरवों ने जयद्रथ को चारों ओर से घेर लिया ताकि अर्जुन उस तक कभी न पहुंच सके। अर्जुन ने कौरवों पर भयंकर आक्रमण कर दिया। बड़ी मुश्किल से वह कदम दर कदम आगे बढ़ा। अन्त में वह सेना को भेदता हुआ इसके अन्दर तक पहुंच गया। वह उस स्थान के बहुत निकट था जहां जयद्रथ छुपा बैठा था। परन्तु अचानक ही दुर्योधन उछल कर उसके सामने आ खड़ा हुआ और उसे द्वन्द्व युद्ध के लिए चुनौती देने लगा।

अर्जन ने अपने तीरों का रुख दुर्योधन की ओर मोड़ लिया। परन्तु उसके तीर दुर्योधन पर कोई प्रभाव डालते दिखाई नहीं दे रहे थे। ऐसा इसलिए था क्योंकि दुर्योधन एक जादुई कवच पहने हुए था। अब अर्जुन ने दुर्योधन के अरक्षित अंग अपने तीरों का निशाना बनाने शुरू कर दिए। दुर्योधन जल्दी ही थक गया। परन्तु इस समय सूर्य अस्त होने जा रहा था और फिर यह अस्थायी युद्ध विश्राम का समय होता। कृष्ण इस बात को जानते थे। अपनी दिव्य शक्ति की सहायता से उन्होंने सूर्य को धुंध से ढक दिया। इसलिए कोई न जान सका कि उस दिन सूर्य कब अस्त हुआ।

नये जोश के साथ अर्जुन ने युद्ध जारी रखा। अन्त में वह उस स्थान पर पहुंच गया जहां जयद्रथ डर कर छुपा बैठा था। अर्जुन ने अत्यन्त तीव्र गति से अपने तीर चलाए। उन्होंने जयद्रथ के सिर को उसके धड़ से अलग कर दिया। इस प्रकार अर्जुन ने अभिमन्यु की मौत का बदला ले लिया और अपनी शपथ पूरी की।

The Death of Abhimanyu Translation in Hindi

(Page 136-137) when Bhishma fell ………………. Duryodhana’s sister.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. declined—अस्वीकार कर दिया; 2. offer-पेशकश, प्रस्ताव; 3. war strategy-युद्ध की योजना; 4. capture-बंदी बनाना; 5. launched—छोड़ दिया; 6. reckless-अन्धाधुंध; 7. desperateभयंकर; 8. crucial-अति महत्त्वपूर्ण; 9. rescue-बचाव; 10. chariot-रथ; 11. pierce-(चक्रव्यूह) भेद कर अन्दर घुसना; 12. bubbling with-से भरपूर; 13. enthusiasm-उत्साह, जोश; 14. charioteerसारथी; 15. pounced upon-टूट पड़ा; धावा बोल दिया; 16. fury-क्रोध; 17. eminent—निपुण; 18. incredible-अविश्वसनीय; 19. subdue-हराना, वश में करना; 20. disarming-निहत्था करना; 21. decisive–निर्णयकारी; 22. blow-प्रहार।

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When Bhishma fell, Kama was chosen to take his place as the Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army. But he declined the offer in favour of Drona, who was older and more experienced. Duryodhana requested Drona to plan the war strategy in such a way that Yudhishthira might be arrested. On the eleventh day of the war, Drona went to the battlefield, determined to capture Yudhishthira.

Arjuna was informed about the intentions of Drona, and he was fully cautious. In order to engage Arjuna away from Yudhishthira,’Susharma’s sons launched a mighty and reckless attack on Arjuna. Arjuna that day fought on two fronts. His attention and energy Were divided. The enemy made a desperate attack on Arjuna to keep him engaged. Arjuna found it difficult to divert his attention from the daring attack. Drona took advantage of this situation and made a most determined attempt to capture , Yudhishthira. At this crucial time Bhima came to the rescue of his elder brother. Somehow, the day was saved by the Pandavas.

On the thirteenth day of the battle, Arjuna decided to bring the attack of his enemies to an end. Arjuna, therefore, requested Krishna to drive his chariot to the place where Susharma’s sons had assembled. While Arjuna went to fight them, Drona arranged his army in the shape of a wheel. This was known as Chakravyuh. Only Arjuna, Krishna, Pradyumna and Abhimanyu knew how to pierce through it. Since, Arjuna and Pradyumna were fighting far away and Krishna would not fight, Drona tried to entrap Yudhishthira.

Yudhishthira called Abhimanyu and asked him if he would be of any help at this moment. A brave young boy, bubbling with enthusiasm, Abhimanyu immediately agreed to lead the army and pierce through the Chakravyuh. Abhimanyu knew only the art of entering the Chakravyuh but he knew nothing about carving his way out of it. Abhimanyu immediately asked his charioteer to drive towards the Chakravyuh at the gate of which Drona was standing.

Yudhishthira sent others to help Abhimanyu. The young lad pounced upon the enemies with great fury and broke the rings of the Chakravyuh. He pierced through the rings one after another. No sooner had he entered the Chakravyuh than the Kauravas surrounded him and stopped the other warriors of the Pandava army from reaching the place where Abhimanyu was fighting alone. Surrounded from all sides by such eminent warriors as Drona, Kama, Duryodhana, Dushahsana and Jaydratha, Abhimanyu, without the least sign of nervousness, fought with incredible courage and skill. The Kaurava warriors found it difficult – to subdue the lonely Abhimanyu.

At last they thought of disarming him first. His bow was cut into pieces, his sword was broken and his club was shattered. Now left with no weapon, he fought with the wheel of his chariot. At last, the wheel was also torn into pieces. Unarmed as he was, the Kaurava warriors killed him. The most cruel, unprincipled and decisive blow was given by Jayadratha, the king of the Sindhus and the husband of Duryodhana’s sister.

अनुवाद

जब भीष्म युद्ध में धराशायी हो गया तो कौरव सेना के सेनाधिपति के रूप में उसकी जगह लेने के लिए कर्ण को चुना गया। परन्तु उसने द्रोण के पक्ष में इस प्रस्ताव को अस्वीकार कर दिया जो उम्र में बड़ा और ज़्यादा अनुभवी था। दुर्योधन ने द्रोण से प्रार्थना की कि वह युद्ध नीति की योजना कुछ इस प्रकार से बनाए कि युधिष्ठिर को बंदी बना लिया जाए। युद्ध के ग्यारहवें दिन द्रोण युधिष्ठिर को बंदी बना लेने के दृढनिश्चय के साथ युद्ध के मैदान में गया। अर्जुन को द्रोण के इरादों की जानकारी मिल गई थी और वह परी तरह से सतर्क था।

अर्जन को यधिष्ठिर से दर यद्ध में व्यस्त रखने के लिए सशर्मा के पुत्रों ने अर्जुन पर एक शक्तिशाली और अन्धाधुंध आक्रमण कर दिया। अर्जुन उस दिन दो मोर्चों पर युद्ध करता रहा। उसका ध्यान और उसकी शक्ति बंट गए थे।शत्रु ने अर्जुन को व्यस्त रखने के लिए उस पर भयंकर आक्रमण कर दिया।

इस दुस्साहसी आक्रमण से अपना ध्यान हटा पाना अर्जुन को बहुत कठिन लगा। द्रोण ने इस स्थिति का लाभ उठाया और उसने युधिष्ठिर को बंदी बनाने का एक अत्यन्त दृढ़निश्चयी यत्न किया। इस नाजुक समय में अपने बड़े भाई को बचाने के लिए भीम आगे आया। किसी तरह पांडवों ने इस दिन को बचा लिया। युद्ध के तेरहवें दिन अर्जुन ने अपने शत्रुओं के आक्रमण का अन्त करने का निश्चय कर लिया। इसलिए अर्जुन ने कृष्ण से प्रार्थना की कि वह उसका रथ उस जगह ले चले जहां सुशर्मा के पुत्र एकत्रित हुए थे। जब अर्जुन उनसे युद्ध करने के लिए गया तो द्रोण ने अपनी सेना को एक चक्र के रूप में व्यवस्थित कर लिया।

इसे चक्रव्यूह कहा जाता था। केवल अर्जुन, कृष्ण, प्रद्युम्न और अभिमन्यु इसे भेदना जानते थे। क्योंकि अर्जुन और प्रद्युम्न बहुत दूर कहीं युद्ध कर रहे थे और कृष्ण ने युद्ध में भाग नहीं लेना था, द्रोण ने युधिष्ठिर को फंसाने का यत्न किया। युधिष्ठिर ने अभिमन्यु को बुलाया और उससे पूछा कि क्या वह इस समय कोई सहायता कर सकता था।

एक वीर नौजवान लड़का, अभिमन्यु जो जोश से भरपूर था, तुरन्त ही सेना का नेतृत्व करने और चक्रव्यूह को भेदने के लिए तैयार हो गया। अभिमन्यु केवल चक्रव्यूह में घुसने की कला जानता था परन्तु उसे इससे बाहर निकलने के लिए अपना रास्ता बनाना नहीं आता था। अभिमन्यु ने तुरन्त ही अपने सारथी से उस चक्रव्यूह की ओर रथ ले जाने के लिए कहा जिसके द्वार पर द्रोण खड़ा था। युधिष्ठिर ने अन्यों को अभिमन्यु की सहायता करने के लिए भेजा। वह नौजवान लड़का बहुत क्रोध के साथ शत्रुओं पर टूट पड़ा और उसने चक्रव्यूह के घेरे तोड़ दिए। वह एक के बाद एक घेरे को तोड़ता हुआ अंदर घुस गया।

अभी उसने चक्रव्यूह में प्रवेश किया ही था कि कौरवों ने उसे चारों ओर से घेर लिया और पांडवों की सेना के अन्य योद्धाओं को उस जगह पर पहुँचने से रोक दिया जहां अभिमन्यु अकेला युद्ध कर रहा था। चारों ओर से द्रोण, कर्ण, दुर्योधन, दुशासन और जयद्रथ जैसे निपुण योद्धाओं से घिरा अभिमन्य, घबराहट का तनिक भी चिन्ह प्रकट किए बिना, अविश्वसनीय साहस और निपुणता के साथ युद्ध करता रहा। कौरव योद्धाओं को एक अकेले अभिमन्यु को वश में करना मुश्किल लग रहा था। अन्त में उन्होंने पहले उसे निहत्था करने की योजना बनाई।

उसके धनुष को टुकड़ों में काट दिया गया, उसकी तलवार को तोड़ दिया गया और उसकी गदा को छिन्न भिन्न कर दिया गया। अब जब उसके पास कोई शस्त्र नहीं बचा था, वह अपने रथ के पहिए के साथ युद्ध करने लगा। अन्ततः पहिया भी टुकड़े टुकड़े कर दिया गया। क्योंकि वह निहत्था था, कौरव योद्धाओं ने उसे मार गिराया। सबसे अधिक क्रूर, सिद्धान्तहीन और निर्णयकारी प्रहार जयद्रथ द्वारा किया गया जो दुर्योधन की बहन का पति था और सिन्ध प्रदेश का राजा था।

(Page 137-138) The sun set………….. could not be saved.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. truce – अस्थायी युद्धविराम; 2. trunk – धड़; 3. severed – कट कर अलग हुए; 4. heart-piercing – हृदय-विदारक; 5. unscrupulous – अनैतिक; 6. mischievous – शरारतपूर्ण; 7. vow – शपथ, सौगन्ध; 8. panic – भगदड़ मचना; 9. terror-stricken – आतंकित; 10. assured – विश्वास दिलाया; 11. victory – विजय; 12. fiercely – भयंकर रूप से; 13. pierced. – चीरता हुआ; 14. impregnable – अभेद्य; 15. sprang up – उछला; 16. duel – द्वन्द्व युद्ध, दो योद्धाओं के बीच लड़ा जाने वाला युद्ध; 17. mist – धुन्ध, कोहरा; 18. fray – युद्ध; 19. slashed – काट कर अलग कर दिया।

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The sun set. Truce was announced. All the warriors returned to their camps. Arjuna also came back after destroying Susharma’s sons. When the dead body of Abhimanyu, with limbs severed from the trunk, was brought, there were heart-piercing cries in the Pandava camp. Arjuna wept bitterly, so did other Pandavas and Krishna. Arjuna came to know that in the death of his son, the most unscrupulous and mischievous role was played by Jayadratha. He took a vow to kill Jayadratha next day by sunset or die himself.

When Jayadratha and the Kauravas knew about the vow of Arjuna, there was panic in the Kaurava camp. Jayadratha was so terror- stricken that he wanted to run away. Duryodhana assured him all protection. He made it clear that the entire. forces of the Kauravas would be dedicated to protect Jayadratha that day. If they succeeded in protecting Jayadratha that day, Arjuna would commit suicide.

This would mean a sure victory for the Kauravas in the war. Consequently, Jayadratha was so surrounded and protected by the Kauravas that Arjuna could never reach him. Arjuna fiercely attacked the Kauravas that day. He pierced through the Kaurava army through the lines of their elephants. Warriors of the Kauravas ran to and fro in great confusion. With whole-hearted devotion to the cause of finding out Jayadratha, Arjuna advanced ahead. He met with tough resistance at every step.

opposition of the Kauravas. With very great difficulty, he managed to pierce through the heart of the army. But suddenly Duryodhana sprang up and challenged him to a duel. Arjuna made repeated attacks on Duryodhana, but it appeared to him that his arrows had lost effectiveness. The fact was that Duryodhana was fighting with a magic armour on his body. He then started aiming his arrows at the unprotected limbs of Duryodhana. Duryodhana was soon exhausted. It was the time when the shades of evening started spreading over the battlefield.

Arjuna was aware of the time of truce. Krishna was watching everything carefully. He knew that the sun was to set soon. But before the hour of sunset drew near, Krishna, with the help of his power, covered the sun with a mist so thick that none could know when the sun set that day. The fighting continued. With fresh courage and strength, he jumped into the fray, and at last managed to reach the centre of the army formation where Jayadratha hid in great terror. Sighting Jayadratha there, Arjuna shot his arrows with terrific speed. They slashed the head of Jayadratha from his body. Thus the death of Abhimanyu was avenged, and Arjuna fulfilled

अनुवाद

सूर्य अस्त हो गया। अस्थायी युद्धविराम की घोषणा कर दी गई। सभी योद्धा अपने-अपने शिविर में लौट गए। अर्जुन भी सुशर्मा के पुत्रों का नाश करके लौट आया। जब अभिमन्यु का मृत शरीर उसके धड़ से कट कर अलग हुए अंगों के साथ लाया गया तो पांडवों के शिविर में हृदय-विदारक चीखो-पुकार मच गई। अर्जुन फूट-फूट कर रोने लगा। अन्य पांडवों और कृष्ण ने भी ऐसा ही किया। अर्जुन को पता चला कि उसके पुत्र की मृत्यु में सबसे अधिक अनैतिक और शरारतपूर्ण भूमिका जयद्रथ ने निभाई थी। उसने अगले दिन सूर्यास्त से पहले जयद्रथ को मार डालने या फिर स्वयं आत्महत्या कर लेने की शपथ ली।

जब जयद्रथ और कौरवों को अर्जुन की शपथ का पताचला तो कौरवों के शिविर में भगदड़ मच गई। जयद्रथ इतना ज्यादा आतंकित हो गया कि वह वहां से भाग जाना चाहता था। दुर्योधन ने उसे पूर्ण सुरक्षा का आश्वासन दिया। उसने यह बात स्पष्ट कर दी कि उस दिन कौरवों की सम्पूर्ण सेना जयद्रथ की रक्षा करने में जुटी रहेगी। यदि वे उस दिन जयद्रथ को बचा लेंगे तो अर्जुन आत्महत्या कर लेगा। इसका अर्थ होगा-युद्ध में कौरवों की निश्चित विजय। परिणामस्वरूप जयद्रथ कौरवों से इस प्रकार घिरा था और ऐसी उसकी रक्षा की जा रही थी कि अर्जुन उस तक कभी पहुंच ही नहीं सकता था। अर्जुन ने उस दिन कौरवों पर भयंकर आक्रमण किया।

वह कौरवों की सेना में उनके हाथियों की पंक्तियों को चीरता हुआ घुस गया। कौरवों के योद्धा भारी उलझन में इधर-उधर भागने लगे। जयद्रथ को ढूंढ निकालने के अपने उद्देश्य के लिए पूरे दिल से समर्पित अर्जुन आगे बढ़ता गया। हर कदम पर उसे कठोर विरोध का सामना करना पड़ा। कौरवों के अभेद्य विरोध के कारण वह बहुत परेशान था। बहुत कठिनाई के साथ वह कौरवों की सेना को भेदता हुआ उनके मध्य तक पहुँच गया। परन्तु

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 6 Three Great Indians Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 6 Three Great Indians

Question 1.
What is the name given to the national uprising of 1857 ?
(1857 के राष्ट्रीय विद्रोह को क्या नाम दिया गया है ?)
Answer:
It is called the First War of Independence.
इसे स्वतन्त्रता की पहली लड़ाई कहा जाता है।

Question 2.
When and where was Laxmi Bai born ?
(लक्ष्मीबाई का जन्म कब और कहां हुआ ?)
Answer:
She was born on 16 November, 1834 in Varanasi.
उसका जन्म 16 नवम्बर, 1834 को वाराणसी में हुआ था।

Question 3.
What was her childhood name ?
(उसका बचपन का नाम क्या था ?)
Answer:
Manikarnika or Manu. (मणिकर्णिका या मनु।)

Question 4.
Who was she married to ?
(उसका विवाह किस से हुआ ?)
Answer:
She was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao.
उसका विवाह राजा गंगाधर राव से हुआ।

Question 5.
What happened to her son and husband ?
(उसके पुत्र तथा पति को क्या हुआ ?)
Answer:
Both of them had died by 1853.
सन् 1853 तक उन दोनों की मृत्यु हो गई थी।

Question 6.
Where did she join her forces with Tantya Tope ?
(तात्या टोपे के साथ उसकी सेनाएँ कहां शामिल हुईं ?)
Answer:
At Kalpi.
(कल्पी में।)

Question 7.
How is Udham Singh’s name linked with Jallianwala Bagh?
(उधम सिंह का नाम जलियांवाला बाग़ से कैसे जुड़ा है ?)
Answer:
He was the man who took revenge for the killings of Jallianwala Bagh. He killed General O’Dwyer who had ordered the firing and killed thousands of innocent men, women and children.

वह वही आदमी था जिसने जलियांवाला बाग़ की हत्याओं का बदला लिया। उसने जनरल ओ’डायर को मार दिया जिसने गोली चलाने का आदेश दिया था और हज़ारों मासूम पुरुषों, स्त्रियों और बच्चों को मार दिया था।

Question 8.
What was his pledge?
(उसकी शपथ क्या थी ?)
Answer:
His pledge was to avenge the massacre of Jallianwala Bagh.
उसकी शपथ थी – जलियांवाला बाग़ के नरसंहार का बदला लेना।

Question 9.
How did he take his revenge ?
(उसने अपना बदला कैसे लिया ?)
Answer:
He waited for 21 years. Then he went to England. There he shot General O’Dwyer dead in full view of a large gathering.
उसने 21 वर्ष तक प्रतीक्षा की। फिर वह इंग्लैंड गया। वहां उसने लोगों की एक भारी भीड़ के बिल्कुल सामने जनरल ओ’डायर को गोली मार कर मार दिया।

Write a short note on the each of the following:

Question 1.
Write a short note on the death of Rani Jhansi.
(रानी झांसी की मृत्यु पर एक संक्षिप्त नोट लिखिए।)
Answer:
The British forces had laid a siege on Jhansi. The Rani of Jhansi continued to fight from inside the fort. But, at last; she was forced to leave Jhansi. The British forces pursued her. She was defeated and surrounded from all sides. She was badly wounded. She died on the battlefield. It was 18 June 1858 when she died.

अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने झांसी पर घेरा डाल रखा था। झांसी की रानी किले के अन्दर से लड़ती रही। किन्तु अन्त में वह झांसी छोड़ने को मजबूर हो गई। अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने उसका पीछा किया। वह हार चुकी थी और चारों तरफ से घिरी हुई थी। वह बुरी तरह से घायल हो गई। वह युद्ध-क्षेत्र में मारी गई। यह 18 जून 1858 था जब उसकी मृत्यु हुई।

Question 2.
Write a short note on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
(जलियांवाला बाग़ के नरसंहार पर एक संक्षिप्त नोट लिखिए।)
Answer:
It was the day of Baisakhi in 1919. A large number of people had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh. They were holding a peaceful meeting. The British General O’Dwyer ordered firing on them. Thousands of men, women and children were killed. Many jumped into a well to escape. They were suffocated to death. 1919

में बैसाखी का दिन था। भारी संख्या में लोग जलियांवाला बाग में एकत्रित हो रखे थे। वे एक शान्तिपूर्ण सभा कर रहे थे। अंग्रेज़ी जनरल ओ’डायर ने उन पर गोली चलाने का आदेश दे दिया। हज़ारों पुरुष, स्त्रियां तथा बच्चे मारे गए। बच पाने के लिए अनेकों ने एक कुएं में छलांग लगा दी। उनकी दम घुटने से मृत्यु हो गई।

Question 3.
Write a short note on the First War of Independence.
(स्वतन्त्रता के प्रथम संग्राम पर एक संक्षिप्त नोट लिखिए।)
Answer:
The First War of Independence was fought in 1857. The rulers of many Indian states rose up against the British. Tantya Tope and Laxmi Bai were the two most famous of them. Laxmi Bai was the Rani of Jhansi. The British forces had laid a siege on Jhansi. She was forced to leave Jhansi. The British forces surrounded her from all sides. She died on the battlefield. The other rulers were also defeated one by one. Thus, the First War of Independence was lost.

स्वतन्त्रता की पहली लड़ाई 1857 में लड़ी गई। अनेक भारतीय राज्यों के शासक अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध खड़े हो गए। उनमें दो सबसे अधिक प्रसिद्ध थे – तात्या टोपे और लक्ष्मी बाई। लक्ष्मी बाई झांसी की रानी थी। अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने झांसी को घेर रखा था। उसे झांसी छोड़ने पर मजबूर होना पड़ा। अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने उसे सभी तरफ से घेर लिया। उसकी युद्ध-क्षेत्र में मृत्यु हो गई। अन्य शासक भी एक-एक करके हार गए। इस प्रकार स्वतन्त्रता का पहला संग्राम हारा गया।

Question 4.
Write a short note on the teachings of Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji.
(श्री सतगुरू रामसिंह जी के उपदेशों पर एक संक्षिप्त नोट लिखिए।)
Answer:
Satguru Sri Ram Singh Ji preached his followers.
1. to believe in one God.
2. to lead a simple and honest life.
3. to be free from any kind of evil.
4. to help the poor and the needy.
5. to work for the freedom of the country.
6. to live like brothers.
7. to fight against such evils as child marriage, the dowry system, cow slaughter, non-vegetarianism, casteism and religious fanaticism.

श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी ने अपने अनुयायियों को उपदेश दिया कि वे
1. एक ईश्वर में विश्वास रखें।
2. सादा और ईमानदारी का जीवन बिताएं।
3. सभी तरह की बुराइयों से मुक्त रहें।
4. ग़रीबों और जरूरतमंदों की मदद करें।
5. देश की स्वतन्त्रता के लिए काम करें।
6. भाइयों की भान्ति रहें।
7. बाल-विवाह, दहेज प्रथा, गाय-वध, मांसाहारी होने, फिरकापरस्ती और धार्मिक कट्टरता के विरुद्ध लड़ें।

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Question 1.
Match the words in box A with their opposites given in box B :
Answer:
1. fresh → stale
2. entrance → exit
3. loyal → disloyal
4. bravery cowardice
5. barbarous → civilized
6. punish → reward
7. benevolence → malevolence
8. virtue → vice
9. refined → crude
10. optimist → pessimist
11. mortal → immortal.

Rewrite the following sentences by using one word for the underlined part of the sentence :

1. Your television set cannot be repaired.
2. The speaker addressed the assembly of listeners.
3. Holika had a device that could not be seen.
4. ‘My Experiments with Truth’ by Mahatma Gandhi is his life-story written by himself.
5. Satan said that he had a will that could not be conquered.
6. These windowpanes are such that will not allow the passage of light.
7. Usha is quite fond of entertaining guests.
Answer:
1. Your television set is irreparable.
2. The speaker addressed the audience.
3. Holika had an invisible device.
4. “My Experiments with Truth’ by Mahatma Gandhi is his autobiography.
5. Satan said that he had an inconquerable will.
6. These windowpanes are opaque.
7. Usha is quite hospitable.

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions in the following sentences :

1. She was distressed at the break ……………… of her marriage.
2. The war broke …………….. at Kalpi.
3. The two countries broke …………….. their diplomatic relations.
4. We have been working since long; let us break ……………….. lunch.
5. The population growth has fallen ………………. five per cent.
6. Anju fell flat ……………….. her face …..
7. Romeo fell ………………. love with Juliet at first sight.
8. Write an essay on ‘The Rise and Fall …………….. the Mughal Empire’
9. Jhansi fell ……………….. the British.
10. He fell ……………… and wounded his leg.
Answer:
1. off 2. out 3. up 4. for 5. by 6. on 7. in 8. of 9. to 10. down.

Fill in the blanks with the articles a, an, the :

Rabindranath Tagore is the most famous man of letters. His literary production is vast and varied. He is a novelist as well as a playwright. He is an educationist as well as a freedom fighter. But above all, he is a poet. He is a great religious poet, one of the greatest that the world has ever produced. In 1913, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his collection of poems entitled ‘Gitanjali.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate comparaties or superlatives of the adjectives given in the brackets :

1. Prevention is ……………. than cure. (good) :
2. Pen is …………… than the sword. (mighty).
3. Honour is …………….. to all than life. (dear).
4. Wordsworth was the …………… nature poet. (great)
5. Bill Gates is the …………….. man of the world today. (rich)
6. It is …………….. to preach than to practise. (easy)
7. Gold is …………. than any other metal. (costly)
8. The condition of some of the roads is much …………….. than it was five years ago. (good)
Answer:
1. better
2. mightier
3. dearer
4. greatest
5. richest
6. easier
7. costlier
8. better.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the chapter, ‘Three Great Indians ?
Answer:
The author iş anonymous.

Question 2.
Give the names of the three great Indians who have been described in this chapter.
Answer:
They are :
(i) Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji
(ii) Rani Laxmi Bai and
(iii) Sardar Udham Singh.

Question 3.
Who was Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji ?
Answer:
A great patriot and a social reformer.

Question 4.
What did he ask his followers to do?
Answer:
He asked his followers to fight for the freedom of the country.

Question 5.
Who was Laxmi Bai ?
Answer:
The brave Rani of Jhansi.

Question 6.
What did Laxmi Bai sacrifice for the country?
Answer:
She died fighting against the British forces and thus sacrificed her life for the country.

Question 7.
Who was Udham Singh ?
Answer:
One of the greatest martyrs of Mother India.

Question 8.
Who had ordered firing on the people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh on the day of Baisakhi ?
Answer:
It was the British General O’Dwyer.

Question 9.
Why did Udham Singh go to England ?
Answer:
To kill the British General O’Dwyer, the villain of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

Question 10.
When was Udham Singh hanged ?
Answer:
On 30 July 1940.

Complete the following:

1. …………… declared Ram Singh a ‘guru’, a religious guide, in his childhood.
2. Satguru Ram Singh Ji’s first sermon was delivered ……..
3. ……………… became the most popular leader of the First War of Freedom (1857).
4. The Rani of Jhansi adopted ……………….. under the ‘Policy of Lapse’.
5. Rani joined her forces with …………………. at Kalpi.
6. Udham Singh was born at ………………… in
Answer:
1. Guru Balak Singh Ji
2. on the Baisakhi day in 1857
3. The Rani of Jhansi.
4. a son
5. Tantya Tope
6. Sunam, Sangrur district.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Rani Lakshmi Bai was born in Varanasi.
2. Udham Singh killed General O’Dwyer in America.
3. The British forces under the leadership of O’Dwyer besieged Jhansi.
4. Rani Lakshmi Bai’s heroic battle against the British has become the subject of many folk songs and ballads.
5. The Punjabi word ‘Kuka’ stands for a “roar.
6. It was Udham Singh who introduced the concept of ‘Be Indian, buy Indian’.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
Sri Bhaini Sahib is situated in ……….
(a) Ropar
(b) Chandigarh
(c) Amritsar
(d) Ludhiana.
Answer:
(d) Ludhiana.

Question 2.
Against the British policy of ‘Divide and Rule’, …………………. gave the slogan ‘Unite and Fighť.
(a) Sardar Udham Singh
(b) Satguru Ram Singh Ji
(c) Rani Laxmi Bai
(d) none of these three.
Answer:
(b) Satguru Ram Singh Ji

Question 3.
Rani Lakshmi Bai’s childhood name was ……
(a) Manikarnika
(b) Manikumari
(c) Maniratnam
(d) Maniratnika.
Answer:
(a) Manikarnika

Question 4.
Udham Singh waited for …………… to average the national insult of Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
(a) 21 years
(b) 27 years
(c) 29 years
(d) 23 years.
Answer:
(a) 21 years

Pronunciation Practice

Note the silent letters in the words listed below. Say these words aloud.

Creative Writing and Extended Reading

Read the stories of any two of the following great Indians and write 10-12 lines on each.

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak
• Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
• Lala Lajpat Rai
• Manga! Pandey
• Veer Savarkar

2. Would you like to become a great man ? How can you achieve that aim? Discuss the subject in your class with the help of your teacher.

Use Of Textual Words / Phrases

1. Witnessed – I witnessed the whole incident from a distance.
2. Valiant – The valiant fighter fought to the last breath.
3. Shot in prominence – A young actor, who has recently risen, shot in prominence.
4. Exhort – He exhorted his followers to speak the truth.
5. Foeticide – The government has banned female foeticide.
6. Send to the gallows – Many freedom-fighters were sent to the gallows by the British rulers.
7. To be cowed down -Our freedom-fighters were not cowed down by the cruelties of the British.
8. Warrior – India has given birth to many valiant warriors.
9. Impact – Her speech made a great impact on everyone.
10. Ballad – He wrote several ballads in his lifetime.
11. Indomitable – He showed an indomitable courage in the battle field.
12. Appreciate – They appreciated my views.
13. Martial art – He is an expert in martial arts.
14. Annex – Kalinga was formally annexed to Ashoka’s territory after his victory.
15. Regiment – The Gorkha regiment took control of the town.
16. Rebel – He finally rebelled against his cruel father.
17. Representative – He is the sole representative of the company.
18. Pursue – The robbers were hotly pursued by the police.
19. Inflicted – The hunter inflicted many injuries on the tiger.
20. Inseparably – He is inseparably joined with this institute.
21. Revenge – His opponent was thirsting for revenge.
22. Massacre – The bloody massacre of innocent people was condemned by one and all.
23. Suffocate – Many passengers were suffocated inside the burning train.
24. Villain – The police have caught the villains.
25. Sentenced – The thief was sentenced to six months imprisonment.
26. Revolutionary – The revolutionary leaders were arrested by the forces.
27. Associated – Tea is traditionally associated with Darjeeling.
28. Pledged – He pledged to seek a revenge on the enemy.
29. Avenge – He avenged his father’s murder.
30. Point-blank range – He fired at him from a point-blank range.
31. Solidarity – The international solidarity should not be undermined at any cost.

Three Great Indians Summary in English

Three Great Indians Introduction:

This chapter gives brief sketches of three great Indians. They are :

• Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji,
• Rani Laxmi Bai and
• Udham Singh.

Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji was a great patriot and a social reformer. He fought against many social evils. He asked his followers to fight for the freedom of the country. Laxmi Bai was the brave Rani of Jhansi. She opposed the British rule. She died fighting against the British forces. Udham Singh was one of the greatest martyrs of Mother India. He went to England and killed the villain of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. He was arrested and sentenced to death. But his name will live for ever.

Three Great Indians Summary in English:

Mother India gave birth to many great men and women in the 19th and 20th centuries. They fought not only against the prevailing social evils but also against the British rule. They included such great souls as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Tantya Tope, Rani Laxmi Bai, Dadabhai Naoroji, Khudi Ram Bose, Sri Aurobindo, Lala Lajpat Rai, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi and Bhagat Singh.

Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji of Punjab was also a great social reformer and supporter of complete independence. He was born on 3 February, 1816 in a village in Ludhiana district. He was a guru of the Namdhari Sikhs. He gave his first sermon on the day of Baisakhi in 1857. He asked his followers to lead a simple and honest life. He wanted them to help the poor and to be free from all evils. He also wanted them to work for the country’s freedom: He was strongly opposed to such social evils as child marriage, drinking, casteism, nonvegetarianism, cow-slaughter and religious fanaticism.

He was against the British policy of ‘Divide and Rule’. He gave his followers the slogan of ‘Unite and Fight’. He started a movement of non-cooperation against the British rulers. It was he who introduced the concept of ‘Be Indian, buy Indian’. The followers of Satguru Ram Singh Ji raised a loud voice against the British. That was why they came to be known as ‘Kukas? They vowed to follow the teachings of their guru. So they were named Namdharis.

The Namdharis became a great force. The British rulers could not tolerate this. They let loose a reign of terror against the Kukas. A large number of them were put to death. Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji was arrested. He was sent to jail in an unknown foreign land. But his spirit continues to guide his followers even today.

Rani Laxmi Bai was another great Indian. She was the Rani of Jhansi. She fought bravely against the British rule. She became the most popular leader in the First War of Independence (1857). Even her enemies appreciated her courage and her love of freedom.

Laxmi Bai was born on 16th December 1834 in Varanasi. Her childhood name was Manikarnika or Manu. She was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi. In 1851, she gave birth to a son.

Unfortunately both her son and her husband died by 1853. She adopted a son to be the king’s heir. But the British refused to accept him as the king of Jhansi, and took over the control of Jhansi. On 4 June, 1857, the soldiers stationed in Jhansi revolted against the British control. The Rani took the command in her own hands. The British forces laid a siege on Jhansi. The Rani continued to command her forces from inside the fort. But, at last, she had to leave Jhansi. She joined the forces of Tantya Tope at Kalpi. The British forces surrounded her from all sides. The Rani tried to escape but she was badly wounded. She breathed her last on the battlefield, on 18 June, 1858.

Udham Singh was one of the greatest martyrs of Mother India. He was the man who took revenge on General O’Dwyer who was the villain of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

On the day of Baisakhi in 1919, a large number of people had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh. They were holding a peaceful meeting. The British General O’Dwyer ordered firing on them. Thousands of men, women and children were killed. Many jumped into a well in order to save themselves. They were suffocated to death.

Udham Singh waited for 21 years to avenge this national insult. He went to England in 1940. There he shot O’Dwyer dead in full view of large gathering. Udham Singh was arrested and sentenced to death. He was hanged to death on 30 July the same year.

Three Great Indians Summary in Hindi

Three Great Indians Introduction:

परिचय यह पाठ तीन महान् भारतीयों के संक्षिप्त चित्र प्रस्तुत करता है, वे हैं-

• श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी;
• रानी लक्ष्मी बाई तथा
• उधम सिंह।

श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी एक महान समाज सुधारक और देशभक्त थे। वे अनेकों सामाजिक बुराइयों के विरुद्ध लड़े। उन्होंने अपने अनुयायियों से कहा कि वे देश की आजादी के लिए लड़ें। लक्ष्मी बाई झांसी की वीर रानी थी। उसने अंग्रेज़ी राज्य का विरोध किया। वह अंग्रेज़ी सेनाओं के विरुद्ध लड़ती हुई मारी गई। उधम सिंह भारत माता के सब से महान् शहीदों में से एक था। उसने इंग्लैण्ड जा कर जलियांवाले बाग़ के खलनायक को मौत के घाट उतार दिया। उसे बन्दी बना लिया गया और मृत्यु-दण्ड दे दिया गया। किन्तु उसका नाम अमर रहेगा।

Three Great Indians Summary in Hindi:

भारत माता ने उन्नीसवीं एवं बीसवीं शताब्दी में अनेक महान् पुरुषों और स्त्रियों को जन्म दिया। उन्होंने न केवल समाज में व्याप्त बुराइयों के विरुद्ध लड़ाई लड़ी बल्कि उन्होंने अंग्रेज़ी शासन के विरुद्ध भी संघर्ष किया। इन लोगों में बाल गंगाधर तिलक, तात्या टोपे, रानी लक्ष्मी बाई, दादाभाई नॉरोजी, खुदीराम बोस, श्री अरविन्द घोष, लाला लाजपत राय, पंडित जवाहर लाल नेहरू, महात्मा गांधी और भगत सिंह जैसे महान् लोग शामिल थे।

पंजाब के श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी भी एक महान समाज सुधारक और पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता के समर्थक थे। उनका जन्म 3 फरवरी, सन् 1816 में लुधियाना जिले के एक गांव में हुआ। वह नामधारी सिखों के गुरू थे। उन्होंने अपना पहला प्रवचन सन् 1857 में बैसाखी वाले दिन दिया। उन्होंने अपने अनुयायियों से एक सादा और ईमानदार जीवन जीने के लिए कहा। वह चाहते थे कि उनके अनुयायी निर्धनों की सहायता करें और स्वयं को सब बुराइयों से मुक्त कर लें। वह चाहते थे कि उनके अनुयायी देश की स्वतन्त्रता के लिए भी संघर्ष करें। वह बाल विवाह, मदिरापान, जातिवाद, मांसाहार, गौ-हत्या और धार्मिक अन्धविश्वास जैसी सामाजिक बुराईयों के सख्त विरुद्ध थे।

वह अंग्रेजों की नीति-‘फूट डालो और राज करो’ के सख्त विरुद्ध थे। उन्होंने अपने अनुयायियों को ‘एक बनो और युद्ध करो’ का नारा दिया। उन्होंने अंग्रेज शासकों के विरुद्ध असहयोग आन्दोलन छेड़ दिया। यह श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी ही थे जिन्होंने ‘भारतीय बनो और भारत का माल खरीदो’ जैसे विचार का परिचय कराया। उनके अनुयायियों ने अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध ऊंची आवाज़ उठाई। यही कारण था कि उन्हें ‘कूकों’ के नाम से जाना जाने लगा। उन्होंने अपने गुरू की शिक्षाओं का अनुसरण करने की शपथ ली। इसलिए उनका नाम नामधारी पड़ गया।

नामधारियों की एक बहुत विशाल सेना बन गई। अंग्रेज़ी शासक इसे बर्दाश्त नहीं कर पाए। उन्होंने कूकों के विरुद्ध एक आतंक पैदा करने वाला शासन शुरू कर दिया। उनमें से कई नामधारियों को मौत के घाट उतार दिया गया। श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी को गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया। उन्हें किसी अज्ञात विदेशी जगह पर जेल भेज दिया गया। परन्तु उनकी आत्मा आज भी उनके अनुयायियों का मार्गदर्शन करती है।

रानी लक्ष्मी बाई एक अन्य महान् भारतीय थी। वह झांसी की रानी थी। उसने अंग्रेज़ी शासन के विरुद्ध बहुत वीरतापूर्वक लड़ाई लड़ी। वह स्वतन्त्रता के प्रथम युद्ध (1857) में सबसे अधिक लोकप्रिय नेता बनी। यहां तक कि उसके शत्रुओं ने भी उसके साहस और स्वतन्त्रता के लिए उसके प्रेम की प्रशंसा की। लक्ष्मी बाई का जन्म 16 दिसम्बर 1834 को वाराणसी में हुआ था। उसका बचपन का नाम मणिकर्णिका अथवा मनु था। उसका विवाह झांसी के राजा गंगाधर राव के साथ हुआ। सन् 1851 में उसने एक पुत्र को जन्म दिया। परन्तु दुर्भाग्यवश सन् 1853 तक उसके पुत्र तथा उसके पति दोनों की मृत्यु हो गई। उसने राजा के उत्तराधिकारी के रूप में एक पुत्र को गोद ले लिया।

परन्तु अंग्रेजों ने उसे झांसी का राजा मानने से इन्कार कर दिया, तथा झांसी को अपने अधिकार में ले लिया। 4 जून सन् 1857 को झांसी में नियुक्त सैनिकों ने अंग्रेज़ी शासन के विरुद्ध विद्रोह कर दिया। रानी ने प्रशासन की बागडोर अपने हाथ में ले ली। अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने झांसी पर कब्जा कर लिया। रानी ने किले के अन्दर से अपनी सेनाओं को निर्देश देना जारी रखा। परन्तु अन्त में उसे झांसी छोड़कर जाना पड़ा। कल्पी में वह तांत्या टोपे की सेना में शामिल हो गई। अंग्रेज़ी सेनाओं ने उसे चारों ओर से घेर लिया। रानी ने बच निकलने का यत्न किया। परन्तु वह बहुत बुरी तरह से घायल थी। 18 जून सन् 1858 में उसने युद्ध के मैदान में अपनी आखिरी सांस ली। उधम सिंह भारत माता के महान् शहीदों में से एक था। यही वह आदमी था जिसने उस जनरल ओ’ डायर से बदला लिया जो जलियांवाला बाग़ के नरसंहार का खलनायक था।

सन् 1919 में बैसाखी वाले दिन जलियांवाला बाग़ अमृतसर में बहुत बड़ी संख्या में लोग एकत्रित हुए। वे एक शान्तिपूर्ण सम्मेलन का आयोजन कर रहे थे। अंग्रेजी जनरल ओ’ डायर ने उन पर गोली चलाने का आदेश दे दिया। हजारों स्त्री, पुरुष, बच्चे और बूढ़े मारे गए। कई लोग स्वयं को बचाने के लिए कुएं में कूद पड़े। परन्तु वहां भी दम घुटने से उनकी मौत हो गई।

उधम सिंह ने इस राष्ट्रीय अपमान का बदला लेने के लिए 21 वर्ष तक प्रतीक्षा की। सन् 1940 में वह इंग्लैंड गया। वहां उसने विशाल जनसमूह के सामने ओ’ डायर को गोली मार दी। उधम सिंह को गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया और उसे मौत की सजा सुना दी गई। उसी वर्ष 30 जुलाई को उसे फांसी पर लटका दिया गया।

Three Great Indians Translation in Hindi

Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji

(Page 125-126) The historic period of …. …….. the British rule

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. witnessed—देखा; 2. campaign-युद्ध; 3. prevailing-फैली हुई; 4. bannerझंडा; 5. revolt-विद्रोह; 6. valiant-बहादुर; 7. eradication—उन्मूलन, जड़ से उखाड़ फेंकना; 8. shot into prominence-एकदम से प्रसिद्ध होना; 9. sermon-धर्मोपदेश; 10. exhorted—बल दिया, 11. flocked—झुण्ड बना कर आना, एकत्रित हो कर आना; 12. foeticide-भ्रूण हत्या; 13. fanaticismउन्माद, 14. slaughter-हत्या। .

Text

The historic period of, 19th and 20th centuries witnessed the rise of many a great man in India who not only started a campaign against the social evils prevailing in the country but also raised a banner of revolt against the British Empire. “Freedom is our birthright,” declared Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Valiant fighters from all over the country—Tantya Tope, Rani Laxmi Bai, Dadabhai Naoroji, Khudi Ram Bose, Sri Aurobindo, Lala Lajpat Rai, Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh to name just a few came to join the national struggle for freedom and the eradication of social ills.

An important name amongst them was that of Satguru Ram Singh of Punjab who gave birth to the great Kuka Movement that stood for social reforms and complete independence. Born on February 3, 1816 in the village Raiyan in district Ludhiana, this child shot into prominence when Guru Balak Singh Ji declared him a ‘gum’, a religious guide. From

his headquarters at Shri Bhaini Sahib in Ludhiana, the guru started preaching his divine message. His first sermon was delivered on the Baisakhi day in 1857. In his teachings, he exhorted the people to believe in one God, lead a simple, honest life free from any kind of evil, to help the poor and the needy and to work for the freedom of the country. Thousands became his followers and flocked to his discourses every day.

He strongly opposed child marriage, female foeticide, (The proper word should have been ‘infanticide‘ here.) taking of alcoholic drinks and non-vegetarian foods, dowry system, religious fanaticism, cow slaughter and casteism. He encouraged people to live like brothers and fight for the freedom of their country from the British rule.

अनुवाद

उन्नीसवीं और बीसवीं शताब्दी के ऐतिहासिक युग ने भारत में ऐसे कई महान व्यक्तियों का उदय देखा है जिन्होंने न केवल देश में व्याप्त सामाजिक बुराइयों के विरुद्ध युद्ध छेड़ा बल्कि अंग्रेजी साम्राज्य के विरुद्ध भी विद्रोह का झण्डा उठा लिया। “स्वतन्त्रता हमारा जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार है,” बाल गंगाधर तिलक ने घोषणा कर दी। समूचे देश भर से बहादुर योद्धा – कुछ एक का नाम लिया जाए तो – तांत्या टोपे, रानी लक्ष्मी बाई, दादाभाई नॉरोजी, खुदीराम बोस, श्री अरविन्द, लाला लाजपत राय, पण्डित जवाहर लाल नेहरू, महात्मा गांधी, भगत सिंह स्वतन्त्रता के लिए राष्ट्रीय संघर्ष में शामिल होने तथा सामाजिक बुराइयों को जड़ से उखाड़ फेंकने के लिए आगे आए।

उनमें से एक महत्त्वपूर्ण नाम था पंजाब के सतगुरू राम सिंह जी का, जिन्होंने महान् कूका आन्दोलन को शुरू किया जिसने सामाजिक सुधारों और पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता के लिए अनेक कार्य किए। 1816 3 फरवरी, 1816 को लुधियाना जिले के गांव राईयां में जन्मा यह बालक एकदम से प्रसिद्ध हो गया जब गुरू बालक सिंह जी ने इसे ‘गुरू’, (अर्थात्) एक धार्मिक मार्गदर्शक, घोषित कर दिया। लुधियाना में अपने मुख्य

स्थल श्री भैणी साहिब में गुरू जी ने अपने अलौकिक संदेश का प्रचार करना शुरू किया। उनका पहला धर्मोपदेश (व्याख्यान) सन् 1857 में बैसाखी वाले दिन दिया गया। अपने उपदेश में उन्होंने लोगों पर एक ही ईश्वर पर विश्वास करने, सभी प्रकार की बुराइयों से मुक्त एक सादा और ईमानदार जीवन व्यतीत करने, निर्धनों और जरूरतमंदों की सहायता करने और देश की आज़ादी के लिए काम करने पर बल दिया। हजारों लोग उनके अनुयायी बन गए और उनके उपदेश सुनने के लिए प्रतिदिन झुण्ड के झुण्ड उमड़ पड़ते।

उन्होंने बाल विवाह, कन्या भ्रूण हत्या, (यहां उचित शब्द ‘शिशु हत्या’ होना चाहिए था।) नशीले पेयपदार्थों और मांसाहारी भोजन का सेवन, दहेज प्रथा, धार्मिक उन्माद, गौ हत्या और जातिवाद का विरोध किया। उन्होंने लोगों को भाइयों की तरह रहने और अंग्रेजी शासन से अपने देश की स्वतन्त्रता के लिए लड़ने को प्रेरित किया।

(Page 126-127) Against the British …………. and high thinking.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. slogan-नारा; 2. called upon-आह्वान किया; 3. came down-दबा दिया; 4. reckoned – पहचान स्थापित होना; 5. inspired-प्रेरित; 6. patriotic-देशभक्ति से भरपूर; 7. let loose a reign of terror-आतंक का राज्य शुरू करना; 8. sent to the gallows-जेल भेज दिया गया; 9. allegiance-भक्ति ; 10. severed-काट कर अलग कर दिए; 11. liberty:-स्वतन्त्रता; 12. repressionदबाव; 13. enthusiasm —जोश, उत्साह; 14. flourish -फ्लना-फूलना; 15. stewardship—नेतृत्व।।

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The British rulers could not tolerate the rise of such an inspired patriotic force against them. They let loose a reign of terror against the Kukas. Nine Namdhari sikhs were sent to the gallows in 1871 while another 65 were blown up by cannon fire in an open field in 1872 at Malerkotla (Punjab). Amongst these martyrs was a twelve year old boy named Bishan Singh.

He was offered pardon on the condition that he should deny his allegiance to the Kuka cause. He angrily pounced upon the British officer (Mr. C6wen) and pulled out his beard. The enraged officer got both his hands severed and then beheaded him. The lovers of liberty refused to be cowed down by this repression but continued to fight with greater enthusiasm. Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji was arrested and sent to jail in an unknown foreign land. His spirit continues to guide his followers even today.

The followers of Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji continue to flourish today under the able stewardship of their holy gurus (presently Satguru Sri Jagjit Singh Ji Maharaj) and spread the message of universal brotherhood, national unity, secularism, simple living and high thinking.

अनुवाद

उन्होंने अग्रेज़ी नीति ‘फूट डालो और राज करो’ के विरुद्ध भारत के लोगों को ‘एक बनो, और संघर्ष करो’ का नारा दिया। उन्होंने अंग्रेज़ी शासकों के विरुद्ध एक असहयोग आन्दोलन चलाया और लोगों का आह्वान किया कि वे अग्रेजों का बॉयकाट कर दें। यह वो ही थे जिन्होंने देश में भारतीय बनो और भारतीय माल खरीदो’ के विचार का प्रचार किया। अंग्रेज़ी शासकों ने उनके गर्जते अनुयायियों को बुरी तरह से कुचल दिया। पंजाबी शब्द ‘कूका’ का अर्थ है एक ‘गर्जना’। श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी के अनुयायी जिन्होंने अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध जोरदार आवाज़ उठाई, वे ‘कूका’ के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हो गए। इस आन्दोलन

के अनुयायियों को नामधारी नाम दिया गया। नामधारी सिखों की शीघ्र ही एक वीर सेना के रूप में पहचान स्थापित हो गई। अंग्रेज़ी शासक अपने विरुद्ध ऐसी एक प्रेरित देशभक्त सेना के उदय को सहन नहीं कर सके। उन्होंने ककों के विरुद्ध आंतक का राज्य शुरू कर दिया। सन् 1871 में 9 नामधारी सिखों को फांसी पर लटका दिया गया जबकि 65 अन्यों को सन् 1872 में मलेरकोटला (पंजाब) में एक खुले खेत में तोपों से उड़ा दिया गया। इन शहीदों में बिशन 1872 सिंह नामक एक बारह वर्षीय बालक भी था। उसे एक शर्त पर माफ़ी की पेशकश की गई कि वह कूका लहर के प्रति अपनी भक्ति से इन्कार करे। उसने क्रोधपूर्वकअंग्रेज़ी अफसर (मिस्टर कोवन) पर आक्रमण कर दिया और उसकी दाढ़ी खींच ली।

गुस्से से उबलते अफसर ने उसके दोनों हाथों को कटवा दिया और फिर उसका सिर धड़ से अलग कर दिया। आजादी के प्रेमियों ने इस दबाव के आगे झुकने से मना कर दिया बल्कि उन्होंने और अधिक उत्साह के साथ संघर्ष करना जारी रखा। श्री | सतगुरू राम सिंह जी को गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया और उन्हें किसी अज्ञात विदेशी जगह पर जेल भेज दिया गया। उनकी आत्मा आज भी अपने अनुयायियों का मार्गदर्शन करती है। श्री सतगुरू रामसिंह जी के अनुयायी आज भी अपने सतगुरुओं (जो आज कल सतगुरू श्री जगजीत सिंह जी महाराज) के योग्य नेतृत्व में फल-फूल रहे हैं और सम्पूर्ण भाईचारे, राष्ट्रीय एकता, धर्मनिरपेक्षता, सादा जीवन और उच्च विचार का संदेश फैला रहे हैं।

Rani Laxmi Bai

(Page 127-128) No other woman ……….. on the battlefield.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. warrior-योद्धा; 2. impact-प्रभाव; 3. indomitable-अजेय, दृढ़; 4. adopted-गोद लिया; 5. recognize—प्रमाणित करना; 6. annexed-अपने में मिला लेना; 7. sepoy regiment-सैन्य दल; 8. representative-प्रतिनिधि; 9. besieged-घेर लिया; 10. inflicted defeat-हरा दिया; 11. retreat-जगह छोड़ कर कहीं और जाना।

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No other woman warrior in the history of India has made such a powerful impact on the minds of the Indian people as the Rani of Jhansi, Laxmi Bai. Her heroic battle against the British has become the subject of many folk songs and ballads all over the country. Her indomitable spirit as a fighter for the independence of her country was appreciated even by her enemies. Rani Laxmi Bai died fighting bravely for the sake of her country. The Rani of Jhansi became the most popular leader of the First War of Independence (1857).

Laxmi Bai was born on 16th November 1834, in Varanasi (U.P.). Her childhood name was Manikarnika or Manu. After the death of her mother she came to Bithur with her father. In Bithur, she learnt horse-riding and martial arts. When she was eight, she was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi and so she was called the ‘Rani of Jhansi’. In 1851, she gave birth to a son but by 1853, both her son and husband had died. The Rani of Jhansi adopted a son under the ‘Policy of Lapse’, but the British Government did not recognize the adopted son and annexed Jhansi in 1853. On 4th June 1857, the sepoy regiment stationed at Jhansi rebelled. The British control broke down in Jhansi, and the British representative himself asked the people to obey the Rani.

The British forces under the leadership of Sir Hugh Rose later besieged Jhansi. The Rani continued to command her forces from inside the fort but ultimately she was forced to leave Jhansi. She then managed to reach Kalpi where she merged her forces with those of the Nawab of Banda, Tantya Tope. The British forces pursued her at Kalpi also and inflicted defeat on Kalpi. The Rani was surrounded from all sides, and so, she now tried to organize a retreat. While doing so, she was fatally wounded on 18th June 1858. She breathed her last on the battlefield.

अनुवाद

भारत के इतिहास में किसी अन्य वीरांगना ने भारतीय लोगों के दिलों पर ऐसा शक्तिशाली प्रभाव नहीं छोड़ा है जितना कि झांसी की रानी लक्ष्मी बाई ने। अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध उसका वीरतापूर्ण युद्ध देश भर में अनेकों लोकगीतों और लोक गाथाओं का विषय बन गया है। अपने देश की स्वतन्त्रता के लिए एक योद्धा के रूप में उसकी अजेय आत्मशक्ति की प्रशंसा यहां तक कि उसके शत्रुओं ने भी की। रानी लक्ष्मीबाई अपने देश की खातिर वीरतापूर्वक युद्ध करते हुए मृत्यु को प्राप्त हुई। स्वतन्त्रता के लिए हुए प्रथम युद्ध (1857) में झांसी की रानी सबसे अधिक लोकप्रिय नेता बनी।

लक्ष्मी बाई का जन्म 16 नवम्बर, सन् 1834 में 1834, वाराणसी (उत्तर प्रदेश) में हुआ। उसका बचपन का नाम था-मणिकर्णिका अथवा मनु। अपनी माता की मृत्यु के पश्चात् वह अपने पिता के साथ बिठुर आ गई। बिठुर में उसने घुड़सवारी और युद्ध कलाएं सीखीं। जब वह आठ वर्ष की थी तो उसका विवाह झांसी के राजा गंगाधर राव से कर दिया गया और इसीलिए उसे झांसी की रानी कहा जाता था। सन् 1851 में उसने एक पुत्र को जन्म दिया। परन्तु सन् 1853 तक उसके पति और पुत्र दोनों की मृत्यु हो चुकी थी।

झांसी की रानी ने ‘अवधि समाप्त होने की नीति’ के अन्तर्गत एक पुत्र को गोद लिया, परन्तु अंग्रेजी सरकार ने गोद लिए पुत्र को मान्यता नहीं दी और सन्1853 में झांसी को अपने साथ मिला लिया। 4 जून सन् 1857 को झांसी में स्थापित एक सैन्य दल ने विद्रोह कर दिया। झांसी में अंग्रेज़ों का नियन्त्रण टूट गया और अग्रेजों के प्रतिनिधि ने स्वयं लोगों से कहा कि वे रानी की आज्ञा का पालन करें। बाद में सर हग रोज़ के नेतृत्व में अंग्रेजी सेना ने झांसी को घेर लिया। रानी किले के भीतर से अपनी सेना का नेतृत्व करती रही परन्तु अन्त में उसे झांसी छोड़ने पर विवश कर दिया गया।

फिर वह किसी तरह कल्पी पहुंच गई और वहां उसने बन्द के नवाब, तात्या टोपे की सेनाओं के साथ अपनी सेनाएं मिला लीं। अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने कल्पी तक उसका पीछा किया और कल्पी के मैदान में उसे हरा दिया। रानी चारों ओर से घिर चुकी थी और इसलिए उसने अब उस जगह से बच निकलने की कोशिश की। परन्तु ऐसा करते हुए 18 जून, 1858 को वह बुरी तरह घायल हो गई। उसने युद्ध क्षेत्र में अपनी आखिरी सांस ली।

Udham Singh

(Page 128-129) Udham Singh’s name …………….. of religion

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. inseparably-अटूट रूप से; 2. revenge-बदला; 3. gathering-सम्मेलन, सभा; 4. massacre-नरसंहार; 5. suffocated-दम घुटना; 6. fiery-उग्र; 7. associated-जुड़ा होना; 8. outrage-अपमान, कलंक; 9. at a point blank range-अति निकट से; 10. solidarity–अखण्डता; 11. propagating-बढ़ावा देना, प्रचार करना; 12. divisive-विघटनकारी।।

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Udham Singhs name is linked inseparably with Jallianwala Bagh. Tiewas the man who took his revenge on General O’Dwyer, the British officer who had ordered firing on a peaceful gathering at Amritsar on the Baisakhi Day in the year 1919. Thousands of men, women, children and old men died in the massacre. Many tried to escape by jumping into a nearby well but were suffocated to death. Udham Singh waited for 21 years to avenge this national insult. He killed the villain of the show in England on 13 March 1940. Udham Singh was arrested and sentenced to death on 30 July the same year.

This fiery revolutionary was born on 18 December 1899 at Sunam in Sangrur district of the Punjab. He was already associated with the struggle for freedom. Before sailing for England, he had been sentenced to jail as many as five times during the freedom struggle for various anti-government activities.

For Udham Singh, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a national outrage and ought to have been avenged; so he pledged to take his revenge. In 1937, he reached England after travelling through Europe. In London, he shot General O’Dwyer at a point-blank range in full view of a large gathering. Udham Singh was all for the unity and solidarity of the country. His life bears a lesson for all those who are propagating divisive ideas in the name of religion.

अनुवाद

उधम सिंह का नाम जलियांवाला बाग से अट्रट रूप से जुड़ा हुआ है। यह वही व्यक्ति था जिसने जनरल ओ’ डायर से अपना बदल लिया था, वो अंग्रेज़ अफसर जिसने सन् 1919 में अमृतसर में बैसाखी वाले दिन हो रहे एक शान्तिपूर्वक सम्मेलन पर गोली चलाने का आदेश दिया था। इस ननसंहार में हजारों की संख्या में पुरुष स्त्रियां, बच्चे और बूढ़े मारे गए। कई लोगों ने निकट के एक कुएं में कूद कर जान बचाने की कोशिश की परन्तु वे दम घुटने से मर गए। उधम सिंह ने इस राष्ट्रीय अपमान का बदला लेने के लिए 21 वर्ष तक प्रतीक्षा की। उसने इस कहानी के खलनायक को 13 मार्च, 1940 में इंग्लैंड में मार गिराया। उधम सिंह को गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया और उसी वर्ष 30 जुलाई को उसे फांसी पर लटका दिया गया।

इस उग्र आन्दोलनकारी का जन्म 18 दिसम्बर, सन् 1899 में पंजाब के संगरूर जिले में सुनाम में हुआ। वह स्वतन्त्रता संघर्ष के साथ पहले से ही जुड़ा हुआ था। इंग्लैंड जाने से पहले, उसे स्वतन्त्रता संघर्ष के लिए विभिन्न सरकार-विरोधी गतिविधियों के कारण पांच बार तक जेल जाना पड़ा। उधम सिंह के अनुसार जलियांवाला बाग़ में हुआ नरसंहार राष्ट्रीय अपमान की बात थी और जिसका बदला अवश्य लिया जाना चाहिए था; इसलिए उसने अपना बदला लेने की दृढ़ प्रतिज्ञा की। सन् 1937 में वह यूरोप से होता हुआ इंग्लैंड जा पहुंचा। लंदन में, उसने एक विशाल जनसमूह के बिल्कुल सामने बहुत निकट से जनरल ओ’ डायर पर गोली चला दी। उधम सिंह पूर्ण रूप से देश की एकता और अखण्डता के पक्ष में था। उसका जीवन उन सब के लिए एक सबक है जो धर्म के नाम पर विघटनकारी विचारों को बढ़ावा दे रहे हैं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill

PSEB 9th Class Science Guide Why Do we Fall Ill Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How many times were you ill in the last one year? What were the illnesses?
(a) Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any of / most of the above illnesses.
(b) Think of one change you would wish for in your surroundings in order to avoid any of / most of the above illnesses.
Answer:
(a) Change inhabit. Twice-Influenza and diarrhoea

1. Avoid contact with infected person.
2. Drinking clean water.
3. Consume healthy nourishing food.

(b) Change in surroundings. Cleanliness, proper disposal of household wastes.

Question 2.
A doctor/nurse/health worker is exposed to more sick people than others in the community. Find out how she avoids getting sick herself.
Answer:
To reduce incidence of infectious diseases following steps are taken:

1. Prevention of infection by avoiding exposure.
2. Immunisation.
3. Wear gloves and masks.
4. Take prophylactic medicines.

Question 3.
Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common diseases are. Suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to bring down the incidence of these diseases.
Answer:
The common diseases are:

1. Loose motions
2. Cough and cold
3. Malarial fever

Preventive measures:

1. Reduce the effects of infectious disease.
2. Public cleanliness is important for individual health. Kill the cause of disease by using medicine that kill microbes.
3. Providing immunisation to all the people.
4. Use of clean drinking water.

Question 4.
A baby is not able to tell her/his caretakers that she /he is sick. What would help us to find out:
(a) that the baby is sick?
(b) what is the sickness?
Answer:
(a) Signs of disease.

1. Baby keeps crying.
2. Body of baby feels hot.
3. Eyes start watering.
4. Cough.
5. Loose motions.
6. Vomiting.

(b) Sickness: The manifestation of disease results in sickness.
Doctor conducts some tests and from the symptoms he establishes the sickness.

Question 5.
Under which of the following conditions is a person most likely to fall sick?
(a) when she is recovering from malaria.
(b) whe she has recovered from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chickenpox.
(c) when she is on a four-day fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chickenpox. Why?
Answer:
When a person is on four days fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chickenpox is likely to fall sick because of lack of food. Organ systems such as liver have not recovered properly. A person will get infected with chickenpox as the defence system is also affected during malaria.

Question 6.
Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to fall sick?
(a) when you are taking examinations.
(b) when you have travelled by bus and train for two days.
(c) when your friend is suffering from measles. Why?
Answer:
A person is likely to fall sick when his friend is suffering from measles. It is an infectious and contagious disease. The infection is through droplets.

Science Guide for Class 9 PSEB Why Do we Fall Ill InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State any two conditions essential for good health.
Answer:
The conditions essential for good health
1. Proper nutrition or balanced diet and one should be disease free.
2. Social equality and harmony are necessary for individual good heaLh.

Question 2.
State any two conditions essential for being free of disease.
Answer:
Disease means uncomfortable. The discomfort may be due to a particular cause. Disease is any condition which interferes with the normal functioning of bod) and impairs the health. The conditions essential for being free of disease are:
1. Proper diet.
2. Good habits such as avoiding habit-forming substances and adopting dean and healthy sexual life.

Question 3.
Are the answers to the above questions same or different? Why?
Answer:
Different. It is possible to be in poor health without actually suffering from a particular disease. This is particularly true of social and mental health, where we can be in poor health without there being a cause in the form of an actual disease. This is the reason why, when we think about health, we think about societies and communities. On the other hand, when we think about disease, we think about individual sufferers.

But otherwise, there is one similarity. If the conditions which are essential for good health are maintained then there are no chances of getting a disease.

Question 4.
List any three reasons why would you think that you are sick and ought to see a doctor. If only one of these symptoms were present, would you still go to the doctor? Why or why not?
Answer:
In case there is a disease, either tire functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body will change or get worse. These changes give rise to symptoms or signs of disease.

Symptoms of disease:
1. Fever
2. Loss of appetite with feeling of nausea and vomiting.
3. Loose motions.
Doctors will look for signs of disease on the basis of symptoms. Sign will provide definite indication of the presence of a particular disease.

Question 5.
In which of the following case do you think the long-term effects on your health are likely to be most unpleasant?
(a) if you get jaundice.
(b) If you get lice.
(c) if you get acne
Answer:
(a) Jaundice is a chronic disease; it will have very drastic long term effect on people’s health as compared to getting affected by lice or appearance of acne. Jaundice may have fatal effect on body.

Question 6.
Why are we normally advised to take balanced and nourishing food when we are sick?
Answer:
(a) Nourishing food is good for health and simple food is easy to digest.
(b) Such a diet contains adequate nutrients for speedy recovery.

Question 7.
What are the different means by which infectious diseases are spread?
Answer:
Communicable diseases are spread by microbial disease causing agents. The different agents are air, water, food droplets, sexual act, casual physical contacts or through vectors.

Question 8.
What precautions could you take in your school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases?
Answer:
A. General methods
(a) The general ways of preventing infections mostly relate to preventing exposures.
(b) Availability of proper or sufficient food for everyone.
(c) Drinking soft potable water.

B. Specific ways
Immunisation.

Question 9.
What is immunisation?
Answer:
Immunisation: Process or procedure of making a person immune to a disease by artificial method.

Question 10.
What are the immunisation programmes available at the nearest health centre in your locality? Which of these are the major health problems in your area?
Answer:
(a) The vaccines against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, polio are available at primary health centre. These form public health programme of childhood immunisation.
(b) Diphtheria and whooping cough are major health problems.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 5 The Discovery of Moon Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 5 The Discovery of Moon

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
Name the two astronauts who landed on the moon.
(उन दो अंतरिक्ष यात्रियों के नाम बताओ जो चांद पर उतरे थे।)
Answer:
Armstrong and Edwin.
(आर्मस्ट्रांग तथा एडविन।)

Question 2.
What was the name of their spacecraft?
(उनके अन्तरिक्षयान का क्या नाम था?)
Answer:
Apollo-11. (अपोलो-11)

Question 3.
Which two countries had worked out programmes for the exploration of the moon ?
(चांद की खोज के लिए किन-किन देशों ने योजनाएँ तैयार की थी ?)
Answer:
The USA and the USSR.
(संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और सोवियत संघ ने।)

Question 4.
How did the Soviet Union feel about carrying on this exploration ?
(सोवियत संघ इस अभियान को जारी रखने के सम्बन्ध में क्या महसूस करता था ?)
Answer:
The Soviet Union did not feel it necessary to land man on the moon. It believed that scientific instruments were enough to carry on the exploration.
सोवियत संघ मनुष्य को चांद पर भेजना ज़रूरी नहीं मानता था। इसका विश्वास था कि खोज को जारी रखने के लिए वैज्ञानिक यन्त्र पर्याप्त थे।

Question 5.
Why have the scientists declared moon unfit for human habitation ?
(वैज्ञानिकों ने ऐसी घोषणा क्यों कर दी है कि चांद मानव के निवास के लिए उपयुक्त नहीं है ?)
Answer:
There is no air or water on the moon. There is no atmosphere. Cosmic dust keeps falling on it all the time. That is why scientists think it unfit for man’s living.

चांद पर कोई हवा या पानी नहीं है। वहां कोई वातावरण नहीं है। वहां पर हर समय अन्तरिक्षी धूल गिरती रहती है। इसी कारण वैज्ञानिक लोग समझते हैं कि यह मनुष्य के रहने के लिए उपयुक्त नहीं

Question 6.
According to the scientists, how can moon be made habitable for men ?
(वैज्ञानिकों के अनुसार चांद को मनुष्यों के लिए रहने योग्य कैसे बनाया जा सकता है?)
Answer:
The moon has some elements that contain oxygen. Scientists think that this oxygen should be separated from the elements. Then the moon can be made fit for man’s living.

चांद पर कुछ ऐसे तत्त्व हैं जिनमें ऑक्सीजन है। वैज्ञानिक समझते हैं कि इस ऑक्सीजन को तत्त्वों से अलग कर दिया जाना चाहिए। फिर चांद को मनुष्य के रहने के लिए उपयुक्त बनाया जा सकता है।

Question 7.
Name the metals found on the moon.
(चांद पर मिलने वाली धातुओं के नाम लिखिए।)
Answer:
Aluminium, titanium and iron.
ऐल्युमिनियम, टायटेनियम तथा लोहा।

Question 8.
Have the traditional beliefs about moon proved true ?
(क्या चांद के बारे में पारम्परिक विचार सच्चे साबित हुए हैं?).
Answer:
The traditional beliefs have proved to be untrue. The information gathered about the moon has proved them wrong.
पारम्परिक विचार ग़लत साबित हुए हैं। चांद के बारे में इकट्ठी की गई जानकारी ने उन्हें ग़लत साबित कर दिया है।

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.

1. Astronaut-a person who travels and works in spacecraft.
2. Spacecraft-a vehicle that travels in space.
3. Misconception—a belief not based on correct information.
4. Shatter—to destroy completely.
5. Desolate—a place that is empty or without people.
6. Traditional-older methods and ideas.
7. Element-chemical substance made of atoms.
8. Tempted—to get attracted.
9. Resources-something that can be used to help in achieving an aim.

Fill in the blanks with words given in the box.

planet; satellite; orbit; man-made; constant; face; rotate; phenomenon; heavenly

Answer:
The word ‘satellite’ comes from the Latin word ‘satellitis’ meaning attendant. The moon is Earth’s satellite. It is our planet’s constant companion in space. The moon takes exactly the same time to rotate round its axis once as the earth takes to rotate on its axis once. That is why we see the same face of the moon on earth. Scientists took an idea from this phenomenon and developed artificial satellites. Satellites are heavenly bodies that revolve round a planet. They are also called the moons of the planet. Artificial satellites are man-made objects which are put into orbit with the help of rockets.

Rewrite the following paragraph in the past tense.

There is a function at our school. The whole school is decorated with balloons, strips of coloured paper, flowers and blinking lights. All the students are excited. They do their best. The performers wait for their turn at the backstage.
Answer:
There was a function at our school. The whole school was decorated with balloons, strips of coloured paper, flowers and blinking lights. All the students were excited. They did their best. The performers waited for their turn at the backstage.

Fill in the blanks with the correct tense form of the verbs given in brackets :

1. Two U.S. astronauts …………. (land) on the moon on July 20, 1969.
2. The astronauts ………….. (bring) back samples of lunar rocks to earth.
3. These samples ………… (analyse) by the scientists. (passive)
4. The astronauts ………… (find) no evidence of life on the moon.
5. Some useful metals like aluminium and iron ………….. (find) on the moon. (passive)
Answer:
1. landed
2. brought
3. were analysed
4. found
5. were found.

Pronunciation Practice

Say the following words aloud. Take care that you pronounce the cluster of consonants correctly.

Creative Writing and Extended Reading

1. Read the chapter on Solar System in your General Science book. Write a brief note on it.
2. What do you know about India’s progress in the field of space travel ? Name the satellites put into the orbit by India.
3. Read the story of Kalpana Chawla, the space heroine who lost her life during a space exploration mission in the USA. Write 10-12 lines on her achievements.

Use Of Textual Words / Phrases

1. Astronaut – An astronaut has to go through tough training.
2. Avenues – Several avenues are open to us.
3. Exploration – We need to carry out a full exploration of all the alternatives.
4. Expedition – The Indian expedition to Mount Everest is leaving next month.
5. Misconception – Let me first deal with some common misconceptions.
6. Heavenly – The heavenly bodies are worshipped in certain countries.
7. Appropriate – Your dress is not appropriate for this function.
8. Robot – In some factories robots are used to assemble machinery.
9. Endangered – The giant panda is an endangered species.
10. Decade – I have been in this job for the last two decades.
11. Shattered – The vase hit the floor and shattered.
12. Desolate – He felt desolate when his only brother died in an accident.
13. Inhabitable – These islands are not inhabitable.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the chapter, ‘The Discovery of Moon’ ?
Answer:
The author is anonymous.

Question 2.
What does this chapter tell us ?
Answer:
It tells us about the various attempts that have been made to reach the moon and gain knowledge about it.

Question 3.
Name the first two men who landed on the moon ?
Answer:
Armstrong and Edwin.

Question 4.
What did Armstrong and Edwin do on the moon ?
Answer:
They collected samples of the lunar soil.

Question 5.
Which countries had made programmes for the exploration of the moon ?
Answer:
The USA and the USSR.

Question 6.
Who was sitting in Eagle–2 waiting for the return of Armstrong and Edwin ?
Answer:
It was Michael Collins.

Question 7.
How, according to some scientists, can moon be made suitable for man’s living?
Answer:
By separating oxygen from the elements which contain oxygen.

Question 8.
Which is the only natural satellite of the earth ?
Answer:
Moon.

Question 9.
What is the age of the moon ?
Answer:
About 4600 million years.

Question 10.
What keeps falling on the moon all the time ?
Answer:
Solar dust.

Complete the following :

1. Two ……………… astronauts landed on the moon on July 20, 1969.
2. The ……………….. sent its astronauts and the ………………… sent its spaceships for the exploration of the moon.
3. The ……………… felt it unnecessary to land a man on the moon.
4. There is no ………………. on the moon.
5. The information gathered about the moon has proved the traditional beliefs
6. In the glare of the sun, lunar rocks reach a temperature of ………….
Answer:
1. American
2. USA, USSR
3. Soviet Union
4. air or water
5. wrong
6. 110 °C.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. The atmosphere at the moon is fit for man’s living.
2. The Soviet scientists sent a spacecraft called Apollo–11.
3. Moon is not a self-luminous body.
4. A robot was found to be as good as a man to carry out experiments on moon’s surface.
5. Mars is the Earth’s only natural satellite.
6. Poets and lovers compare the faces of their beloveds to the moon.
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
As Apoll-11 remained on the surface of the moon, ………………. revolved round the moon.
(a) Lunar Orbit
(b) Pioneer-1
(c) Luna-16
(d) Eagle-2.
Answer:
(d) Eagle-2.

Question 2.
The moon is ………… by the sun only.
(a) revolved
(b) lighted
(c) rotated
(d) glared.
Answer:
(b) lighted

Question 3.
The surface of the moon is pitted with craters caused by …
(a) planets
(b) satellites
(c) meteorites
(d) orbits.
Answer:
(c) meteorites

Question 4.
The metals found on the moon are
(a) aluminium
(b) iron
(c) titanium
(d) all of these three.
Answer:
(d) all of these three.

The Discovery of Moon Summary in English

The Discovery of Moon Introduction:

This chapter tells about the various attempts that have been made to reach the moon and gain knowledge about it. The USA and the USSR were the two countries that made these attempts. The first men to land on the moon were two Americans Armstrong and Edwin. They landed there on July 20, 1969. The Russians didn’t send any man. They sent a robot in September 1970. A lot of information has been gathered about the moon. This information has shattered many traditional beliefs about the moon. It is now known that the moon is a dead world. It has no air, water or atmosphere. Yet poets and lovers continue to compare the faces of their beloveds with the beauty of the moon.

The Discovery of Moon Summary in English:

Two American astronauts, Armstrong and Edwin, landed on the moon on July 20, 1969. They were the first men to set foot on the moon. They collected samples of the lunar soil. Then they came back with their spacecraft Apollo-11. They left on the moon some machines and instruments. These machines and instruments kept sending their observations about the moon. This great event opened new avenues in the field of space exploration.

After the successful expedition of Apollo-11, a number of other space flights were made to the moon. Thus very useful and wonderful information about the moon was collected. This new information removed all kinds of wrong beliefs about the moon. The USA and the USSR were two countries that made programmes for the exploration of the moon. The USA sent its astronauts. The USSR sent its spaceships. The Soviet Union thought it more appropriate to carry on exploration with the help of scientific instruments only. In September 1970, the Soviet scientists sent a spacecraft called Luna-16. It carried a robot that was placed on the surface of the moon. It was found that a robot was as good as a man to carry out experiments on the moon’s surface.

Moreover, it was less expensive. Above all, human life was not endangered. Researches on the moon have shown that the moon is an absolutely desolate place. There is no atmosphere. There is no air or water. So it is not fit for man’s living. Of course, it has some useful metals like aluminium, titanium and iron. But men has not been tempted to use them so far. Some scientists feel that moon can be made suitable for man’s living by separating oxygen from the elements which contain oxygen.

Space flights have been made to other planets also. But moon is the only heavenly body where man has landed. Since the moon has been found to be a dead world, no programmes have been made for its further exploration. Today we know all the important facts about the moon. It is the only natural satellite of the earth. It is about one-fourth of the earth in its diameter. Its distance from the earth is 384,405 km. It orbits the earth once a month. It always keeps the same face turned towards the earth. The moon is the same age as the earth about 4600 million years. It is not a self-luminous body. It is lighted by the sun only. In the glare of the sun, it becomes as hot as 110°C. In the shadows it is as cold as -100°C.

Thus there are no attractive facts about the moon. It is a dead, dry and desolate world. Yet poets and lovers continue to compare the faces of their beloveds with the beauty of the moon.

The Discovery of Moon Summary in Hindi

The Discovery of Moon Introduction:

यह लेख उन विभिन्न यत्नों के बारे में बताता है जो चांद पर पहुंचने के लिए और इसके सम्बन्ध में ज्ञान प्राप्त करने के लिए किए गए हैं। अमरीका तथा रूस दो देश थे जिन्होंने ये यत्न किए। चांद पर पांव रखने वाले पहले दो आदमी थे-अमरीका के आर्मस्ट्रांग और एडविन। वे वहां 20 जुलाई 1969 को पहुंचे। रूसियों ने कोई आदमी न भेजा। उन्होंने सितम्बर 1970 में एक रोबोट भेजा। चांद के बारे में बहुत जानकारी प्राप्त कर ली गई है। इस जानकारी ने चांद के बारे में अनेकों पारम्परिक धारणाओं को छिन्न-भिन्न कर दिया है। अब पता चल गया है कि चांद एक मृत संसार है। वहां कोई पानी, हवा या वातावरण नहीं है। फिर भी कवि और प्रेमी लोग अपनी प्रेमिकाओं के चेहरों की तुलना चांद की सुन्दरता से करते रहते हैं।

The Discovery of Moon Summary in Hindi:

दो अमरीकी अन्तरिक्ष यात्री 20 जुलाई 1969 को चांद पर उतरे। चांद पर पांव रखने वाले वे पहले व्यक्ति थे। उन्होंने चांद की मिट्टी के नमूने एकत्रित किए। फिर वे अपने अन्तरिक्षयान अपोलो-11 के साथ वापस आ गए। वे चांद के ऊपर कुछ मशीनें और यन्त्र छोड़ आए। ये यन्त्र और मशीनें चांद के बारे में अपने अवलोकन भेजते रहे।

इस महान घटना ने अन्तरिक्ष खोज के क्षेत्र में नए मार्ग खोल दिए। अपोलो-11 के सफल अभियान के बाद अनेकों अन्य अन्तरिक्ष उड़ानें चांद तक की गईं। इस प्रकार चांद के बारे में बहुत लाभदायक और अद्भुत जानकारी इकट्ठी कर ली गई। इस नई जानकारी ने चांद के बारे में सभी ग़लत धारणाएं समाप्त कर दी। अमरीका और रूस दो देश थे जिन्होंने चांद की खोज-सम्बन्धी कार्यक्रम बनाए।

अमरीका ने अपने अन्तरिक्ष यात्री भेजे। रूस ने अपने अन्तरिक्षयान भेजे। सोवियत संघ ने इस बात को अधिक उपयुक्त माना कि खोज का काम वैज्ञानिक यन्त्र के द्वारा जारी रखा जाए। सितम्बर 1970 में सोवियत वैज्ञानिकों ने लूना-16 नामक एक अन्तरिक्षयान भेजा। इसमें एक रोबेट था जिसे चांद के तल पर छोड़ दिया गया। ऐसा देखा गया कि चांद के तल पर प्रयोग करने के लिए एक रोबोट उतना ही ठीक था जितना कि कोई आदमी। इसके अतिरिक्त इसका खर्च कम पड़ता था। सब से बड़ी बात, मानव जीवन ख़तरे में नहीं पड़ता था।

चांद के ऊपर होने वाली खोजों ने यह बता दिया है कि चांद एक बिल्कुल वीरान जगह है। वहां कोई वातावरण नहीं है। वहां कोई पानी या हवा नहीं है। इसलिए यह मनुष्य के रहने के लिए उपयुक्त नहीं है। निस्सन्देह इस पर ऐल्युमिनियम, टायटेनियम और लोहे जैसी कुछ लाभदायक धातुएं हैं। किन्तु अभी तक मनुष्य उन्हें इस्तेमाल करने को आकर्षित नहीं हुआ है।

कुछ वैज्ञानिक ऐसा महसूस करते हैं कि चांद को आदमी के रहने के लिए उपयुक्त बनाया जा सकता है, यदि ऑक्सीजन को वहां पाए जाने वाले ऐसे तत्त्वों से अलग कर दिया जाए जिनमें ऑक्सीजन विद्यमान है। अन्य ग्रहों को भी अन्तरिक्ष उड़ानें की गई हैं। किन्तु केवल चांद ही ऐसा आकाशीय पिण्ड है जहां आदमी उतरा है। क्योंकि चांद एक मृत संसार पाया गया है, इसकी और अधिक खोज करने के लिए कोई आगे की योजनाएं नहीं बनाई गई हैं।

आज हम चांद के विषय में सभी महत्त्वपूर्ण तथ्यों को जानते हैं। यह धरती का एकमात्र प्राकृतिक उपग्रह है। अपने व्यास में यह धरती का लगभग एक-चौथाई है। इसकी धरती से दूरी 384,405 किलोमीटर है। यह महीने में एक बार धरती का चक्कर काटता है। यह सदा अपना वही पक्ष धरती की तरफ़ झुकाए रखता है। चांद की आयु उतनी ही है जितनी कि धरती की-लगभग 4,600 मिलीयन वर्ष।

यह आत्म-दीप्त पिण्ड नहीं है। इसे केवल सूर्य का प्रकाश ही मिलता है। सूर्य की तेज़ चमक में यह 110°C तक गर्म हो जाता है। छाया वाली जगहों में यह –100°C तक ठण्डा हो जाता है। इस प्रकार चांद के सम्बन्ध में कोई आकर्षक विशेषताएँ नहीं है। यह एक मृत, सूखा और वीरान संसार है। फिर भी कवि और प्रेमी लोग अपनी प्रेमिकाओं के चेहरों की तुलना चांद की सुन्दरता के साथ करते हैं।

The Discovery of Moon Translation in Hindi

(Page 115-116) On July 20, 1969 ……… his two companions.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. astronauts – अन्तरिक्ष यात्री ; 2. emerging – बाहर निकलते हुए ; 3. spacecraft – अन्तरिक्षयान ; 4. avenues – मार्ग 5. exploration. – खोज ; 6. lunar – चांद सम्बन्धी ; 7. observations – अवलोकन ; 8. observatories – वेधशालाएँ।

Text

On July 20, 1969, two American astronauts, Armstrong and Edwin, emerging from the spacecraft Apollo-11, became the first men to set foot on the moon. This great event opened new avenues in the field of space and moon exploration. After collecting samples of the lunar soil, these two astronauts returned to their spacecraft Apollo-11. However, they left such 11 instruments and machines on the moon which continued to send their observations about the moon to the observatories on the earth. Apollo 11 was locked with another space craft Eagle. As Apollo-ll remained on the surface of the moon, Eagle-2 revolved round the moon. Aboard the Eagle-2 was a third astronaut Michael Collins, who waited for the return of his two companions.

अनुवाद

20 जुलाई 1969 को दो अमरीकी अन्तरिक्षयात्री, आर्मस्ट्रांग और एडविन, अपोलो-11 नामक अन्तरिक्षयान में से बाहर निकलने पर ऐसे पहले व्यक्ति बन गए जिन्होंने चांद पर पांव रखा। इस महत्त्वपूर्ण घटना ने अन्तरिक्ष और चांद सम्बन्धी खोज के क्षेत्र में नए मार्ग खोल दिए। चांद की मिट्टी के नमूने एकत्रित करने के बाद, ये दोनों अन्तरिक्ष यात्री अपने अन्तरिक्षयान अपोलो को लौट आए। किन्तु वे चांद पर ऐसे यन्त्र और मशीनें छोड़ आए जो चांद के बारे में अपने अवलोकन धरती पर की वेधशालाओं को भेजते रहे। अपोलो-11 ईगल-2 नाम के एक अन्य अन्तरिक्षयान से जुड़ा हुआ था। जिस दौरान अपोलो-11 चांद की धरती पर रहा, ईगल-2 चांद के चक्कर काटता रहा। ईगल-2 में एक तीसरा अन्तरिक्ष यात्री माइकल कॉलिन्ज सवार था, जो अपने दो साथियों के लौटने की प्रतीक्षा करता रहा।

(Page 116)

After this successful ………… which contain oxygen.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. expedition – अभियान ; 2. series – श्रृंखला ; 3. manned – मानव-संचालित ; 4. misconceptions – ग़लत धारणाएं ; 5. glimpse – नज़ारा ; 6. spaceship — अन्तरिक्षयान ; 7. planets – ग्रह ; 8. robot – यन्त्रमानव ; 9. decades – दशक ; 10. shattered – छिन्न-भिन्न कर दिए ; 11. absolutely – पूरी तरह से ; 12. desolate – निर्जन ; 13. inhabitation – निवास ; 14. tempted – आकर्षित ; 15. exploit – लाभ उठाना, काम में लाना ; 16. elements – तत्त्व।

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After this successful expedition, a series of Apollo spacecraft for making more manned space flights to moon was started. These flights made available extremely useful and wonderful information about the moon. This new information removed all kinds of mis-conceptions about the moon from the minds of the people the world over.

The discovery of moon formed an important part of the space programme. Besides earth, it was the only heavenly mass where man landed and had a glimpse of it. Spacecraft have been landed on other planets too, but man has yet to set his foot on any of these heavenly bodies. The USSR and the USA had worked out programmes for the exploration of moon. The USSR sent there its spaceships, whereas the USA sent its astronauts. The exploration of planets is still going on but there is no more any programme for further exploration of moon.

The Soviet Union did not feel it necessary to land man on the moon. It thought it more appropriate to send spaceships and to carry on exploration with the help of scientific instruments only. The Soviet scientists sent a spacecraft called Luna-16 on the moon in September, 1970. It carried a robot that was placed on the surface of the moon. A robot was found to be as good as a man to carry out experiments on moon’s surface. Moreover, it was also less expensive and above all, human life was not endangered.

Researches on moon for over three decades have shattered many traditional beliefs about it. The moon is an absolutely desolate place where there is no water and air. The Soviet scientists have declared it unfit for human inhabitation. Of course some useful metals like aluminium, titanium and iron have been found on moon but man has not been tempted to exploit these metal resources of moon. However, some scientists still feel that moon can be made inhabitable for men by separating oxygen from elements which contain oxygen.

अनुवाद

इस सफल अभियान के बाद मानव-चालित अन्तरिक्ष उड़ानें करने के लिए अपोलो अन्तरिक्षयानों की एक श्रृंखला शुरू कर दी गई। इन उड़ानों ने चांद के बारे में अत्यन्त लाभदायक तथा अद्भुत जानकारी उपलब्ध करा दी। इस नई जानकारी ने पूरे संसार भर में लोगों के मनों से चांद के बारे में सभी तरह की ग़लत धारणाओं को दूर कर दिया।

चांद-सम्बन्धी खोज अन्तरिक्ष कार्यक्रम का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण हिस्सा थी। धरती के अतिरिक्त केवल यही एक आकाशीय पुंज था जहां मानव ने पांव रखा. हो और इसका नज़ारा लिया हो। अन्य ग्रहों पर भी अन्तरिक्षयान उतारे गए हैं।किन्तु इन आकाशीय पुंजों में से किसी के भी ऊपर मनुष्य ने अभी अपना कदम रखना है। सोवियत संघ तथा संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका ने चांद सम्बन्धी खोज करने के लिए योजनाएँ बनाई थीं।

सोवियत संघ ने अपने अन्तरक्षि यान भेजे, जबकि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका ने अपने अन्तरिक्ष यात्री भेजे। ग्रहों की खोज अब भी जारी है किन्तु चांद सम्बन्धी और अधिक खोज करने के लिए अब और कोई कार्यक्रम नहीं है।

सोवियत संघ ने मनुष्य को चांद पर भेजना ज़रूरी न समझा। इसने इस बात को अधिक उपयुक्त माना कि अन्तरिक्षयान भेजे जाएँ तथा केवल वैज्ञानिक यन्त्रों की सहायता से ही खोज का काम चलाया जाए। सोवियत वैज्ञानिकों ने लूना-16 नामक एक अन्तरिक्षयान सितम्बर 1970 को चांद पर भेजा। इसमें एक रोबोट था जिसे चांद के तल पर रख दिया गया।

चांद के तल पर प्रयोग करने के लिए एक रोबोट को उतना ही ठीक पाया गया जितना कि एक आदमी को। इसके अतिरिक्त यह कम खर्चीला भी था, और सब से बड़ी बात यह है कि मानव जीवन को ख़तरे में न डाला गया।तीन दशक से अधिक समय की खोजों ने इसके सम्बन्ध में अनेकों पारम्परिक विश्वासों को छिन्न-भिन्न कर दिया है। चांद एक पूरी तरह से बंजर जगह है जहां कोई पानी तथा हवा नहीं है। सोवियत वैज्ञानिकों ने इसे मानव के निवास के लिए अनुपयुक्त घोषित कर दिया है।

निस्सन्देह ऐल्युमिनियम, टायटेनियम, और लोहेजैसी कुछ लाभदायक धातुएं चांद पर पाई गई हैं किन्तु चांद के इन साधनों को इस्तेमाल में लाने के लिए मनुष्य लालायित नहीं हुआ है। तो भी कुछ वैज्ञानिक अब भी ऐसा महसूस करते हैं कि चांद को मनुष्यों के लिए रहने योग्य बनाया जा सकता है, ऐसे तत्त्वों से ऑक्सीजन को अलग करके जिनमें ऑक्सीजन विद्यमान है।

(Page 117) Today we know ………………….. this lovely satellite.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. satellite – उपग्रह ; 2. parent – मूल ; 3. orbits – के गिर्द घूमता है ; 4. pitted – गड्ढे बने होना ; 5. meteorites – उल्का -पिण्ड ; 6. self-luminous – आत्म-दीप्त ; 7. phases – कलाएँ ; 8. delay – देरी ; 9. cosmic – अन्तरिक्ष ; 10. glare – तेज़ चमक ; 11. dull – नीरस।

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Today we know all the important facts about the moon. It ¡s the Earth’s only natural satellite. Compared to satellites of other planets, it is very large in relation to its parent planet. It is a quarter of the earth’s diameter measuring 3476 km. Its distance from the earth is 384,405 km. It orbits the earth once a month, keeping the same face turned towards earth as it does so. Its surface is pitted with craters caused by meteorites.

The moon is the same age as the earth, about 4,600 million years. The moon is not a self-luminous body. The earth and the moon travel around a common centre of gravity in space. As the moon orbits the earth, different amounts of its sunlit surface are visible from the earth. This produces the cycle known as Phases of the moon. We can see the full-moon and no-moon once in a month, and for rest of the days it appears in its phases. The average daily delay in moon-rise and moon-set is about 50 minutes. The moon is lacking water and it

has no atmosphere. A very light ‘rain’ of cosmic dust continually falls here. In the glare of the sun, lunar rocks reach a temperature of 110°C more than the boiling point of water. But in shadows the temperature goes down to less than —100°C. In spite of the knowledge of these ‘dull’ facts about the moon, poets and lovers continue to sing of the beauties of this heavenly body and compare the faces of their beloveds to this lovely satellite.

अनुवाद

आज हम चांद के बारे में सभी महत्त्वपूर्ण बातों को जानते हैं। यह धरती का एक-मात्र प्राकृतिक उपग्रह है। अन्य ग्रहों के उपग्रहों की तुलना में, यह अपने मुख्य ग्रह के हिसाब से बहुत बड़ा है। यह धरती के व्यास का एक चौथाई है जो 3476 किलोमीटर है। इसकी 3476 km. धरती से दूरी 384,405 किलोमीटर है। यह महीने में एक बार धरती का चक्कर काटता है, तथा ऐसा करते समय यह धरती की तरफ़ अपना वही तल घुमाए रखता है। इसका तल बड़े-बड़े गड्ढों से भरा हुआ है जो उल्का-पिण्डों के द्वारा बने हैं।

चांद की आयु धरती की आयु जितनी ही है, लगभग 460 करोड़ वर्ष चांद एक आत्म-दीप्त पुंज नहीं है। धरती तथा चांद अन्तरिक्ष में एक सांझे गुरुत्व आकर्षण केन्द्र के गिर्द घूमते हैं। जब चांद धरती का चक्कर लगाता है, तो सूर्य के प्रकाश से रोशन हुए इसके तल की विभिन्न मात्राएं धरतीपर से दिखाई देती हैं। इससे एक चक्र पैदा हो जाता है जिसे चांद की कलाएँ कहा जाता है।

हम पूर्ण चांद तथा शून्य (अमावस का) चांद महीने में एक बार देख सकते हैं, तथा अन्य दिनों में यह अपने विभिन्न आकारों में दिखाई देता है। चांद के उदय और अस्त होने में 50 minutes. प्रतिदिन की औसतन देरी लगभग 50 मिनट की होती है। चांद पर कोई पानी नहीं है तथा वहां कोई वातावरण नहीं है। यहां अन्तरिक्षी धूल की बहुत हल्की वर्षा निरन्तर होती रहती है। सूर्य की तेज़ चमक में चांद पर की चट्टानें 110°C के तापमान पर पहुंच जाती हैं, जो पानी के उबाल बिन्दु से ज्यादा है।

किन्तु छाया वाली जगहों में तापमान -100°C से कम हो जाता है। चांद के सम्बन्ध में इन रुचिहीन तथ्यों की जानकारी के बावजूद कवि और प्रेमी इस आकाशीय पुंज की सुन्दरता के बारे में गाते रहते हैं तथा अपनी प्रेमिकाओं के चेहरों की तुलना इस सुन्दर उपग्रह से करते रहते हैं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 4 Journey by Night Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 4 Journey by Night

Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Who was Sher Singh Bahadur ?
(शेर सिंह बहादुर कौन था ?)
Answer:
He was a famous hunter. He lived in Laldwani village. His name was Sher Singh. The word ‘Bahadur’ was added to his name like a medal.

वह एक प्रसिद्ध शिकारी था। वह लालदवानी गांव में रहता था। उसका नाम शेर सिंह था। ‘बहादुर’ शब्द उसके नाम के साथ एक तमगे की भांति जुड़ गया था।

Question 2.
Where did he get the big scar from?
(उसे घाव का बड़ा निशान कहां से प्राप्त हुआ ?)
Answer:
Once Sher Singh Bahadur tried to save a comrade from a tiger. The tiger attacked Sher Singh Bahadur also, and tore his flesh to the bone. Thus Sher Singh Bahadur got

एक बार शेर सिंह बहादुर ने एक साथी को एक बाघ से बचाने का यत्न किया। बाघ ने शेर सिंह बहादुर पर भी आक्रमण कर दिया और उसकी चमड़ी को हड्डी तक फाड़ दिया। इस प्रकार शेर सिंह बहादुर की खोपड़ी, उसकी पीठ और कन्धे पर घाव का एक बड़ा निशान बन गया।

Question 3.
Why were there no men in the village?
(गांव में कोई आदमी क्यों नहीं था ?)
Answer:
All men of the village had gone to the jungle with a hunting party. That was why there were no men in the village.
गांव के सभी आदमी एक शिकारी-टोली के साथ जंगल गए हुए थे। इसी कारण से गांव में कोई आदमी नहीं था।

Question 4.
What had happened to the other children ?
(अन्य बच्चों को क्या हुआ था ?)
Answer:
They all had died. It was cholera and influenza that had taken their lives.
वे सभी मर गए थे। यह हैज़ा और फ़्लू था जिसने उनकी जाने ले ली थीं।

Question 5.
Why could Sher Singh’s mother not take her son to the hospital ?
(शेर सिंह की मां अपने बेटे को अस्पताल क्यों नहीं ले जा सकती थी ?)
Answer:
Sher Singh’s father had gone to the jungle with a hunting party. His mother could not leave home. She had to look after the cattle and attend to the field. So she could not take her son to the hospital.

शेर सिंह का पिता शिकार करने वाली एक टोली के साथ जंगल गया हुआ था। उसकी माता घर छोड़कर नहीं जा सकती थी। उसे पशुओं की देखभाल करनी थी और खेत का भी ध्यान रखना था। इसलिए वह अपने बेटे को अस्पताल नहीं ले जा सकती थी।

Question 6.
How did Sher Singh carry his brother ?
(शेर सिंह अपने भाई को कैसे उठा कर ले गया ?)
Answer:
Sher Singh’s mother took one of her two saris. She made a sling with it. Sher Singh put it round his forehead and down his back. It was in this sling that he carried his brother.

शेर सिंह की मां ने अपनी दो साड़ियों में से एक साड़ी ली। उसने इसके साथ एक गलपट्टी बनाई। शेर सिंह ने इसे अपने माथे के साथ टिका कर अपनी पीठ की तरफ लटका लिया। इसी झूले में वह अपने भाई को उठा कर ले गया।

Question 7.
What happened at the first river ?
(पहली नदी पर क्या हुआ ?)
Answer:
The first river was very shallow. Sher Singh was able to cross it without much difficulty. He had to go very slowly because the stones were slimy.

पहली नदी बहुत कम गहरी थी। शेर सिंह इसे अधिक कठिनाई के बिना ही पार करने में सफल हो गया। उसे बहुत धीरे-धीरे जाना पड़ा क्योंकि पत्थर बहुत फिसलन वाले थे।

Question 8.
What was the condition of the second river ? What had happened to the bridge ?
(दूसरी नदी की क्या दशा थी ? पुल को क्या हुआ था ?)
Answer:
The second river was in flood. It had a bamboo bridge. But now the bridge was gone. It lay broken in the flooded river.
दूसरी नदी में बाढ़ आई हुई थी। इस पर बांस का बना एक पुल था। किन्तु अब पुल जा चुका था। यह बाढ़ आई नदी में टूटा पड़ा था।

Question 9.
How did Sher Singh cross the second river ?
(शेर सिंह ने दूसरी नदी कैसे पार की ?)
Answer:
Sher Singh made a rope from grass. He tied it round himself and his brother. Then he moved forward inch by inch through the flooded river. It was only his courage that helped him to cross the river.

शेर सिंह ने घास से एक रस्सा बनाया। उसने इसे अपने तथा अपने भाई के गिर्द बांध लिया। फिर वह बाढ़ वाली नदी में एक-एक इंच करके आगे बढ़ने लगा। यह केवल उसका साहस ही था जिसने नदी को पार करने में उसकी सहायता की।

Question 10.
How did they reach the hospital after crossing the rivers ?
(नदियों को पार करने के बाद वे अस्पताल कैसे पहुंचे ?)
Answer:
Sher Singh was too tired to walk. He went crawling some distance. Then he did not know what happened. After that, he only knew he and his brother were in a bullock cart and then a truck. Thus they reached the hospital.

शेर सिंह इतना थक गया था कि चल नहीं सकता था। वह कुछ दूरी तक रेंगते हुए चलता गया। फिर उसे पता न रहा कि क्या हुआ। उसके बाद केवल उसे इतना ही पता चला कि वह और उसका भाई एक बैलगाड़ी में थे और फिर एक ट्रक में। इस तरह वे अस्पताल पहुंच गए।

Question 11.
What did the doctor say?
(डाक्टर ने क्या कहा ?)
Answer:
The doctor called Sher Singh a brave boy. He called him Sher Singh Bahadur. He said, “Your brother will live. Come and see.”
डाक्टर ने शेर सिंह को एक वीर लड़का कहा। उसने उसे शेर सिंह बहादुर कह कर बुलाया। उसने कहा, “तुम्हारा भाई जीवित रहेगा। आओ और देखो।”

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
Explain the circumstances in which Kunwar was carried to the hospital.
(उन परिस्थितियों का वर्णन कीजिए जिनमें कंवर को अस्पताल ले जाया गया था।)
Answer:
Kunwar had severe pain in his stomach. The pain was getting worse and worse. So the boy had to be taken to hospital. Sher Singh’s father was not at home. There was no other man also in the village. His mother, too, could not leave home. Thus there was none but Sher Singh to carry Kunwar to the hospital. And he did it like a hero.

कंवर के पेट में सख्त दर्द था। पीड़ा अति भयंकर होती जा रही थी। इसलिए लड़के को अस्पताल ले जाना पड़ना था। शेर सिंह का पिता घर पर नहीं था। गांव में कोई दूसरा पुरुष भी नहीं था। उसकी मां भी घर छोड़ कर नहीं जा सकती थी। इस प्रकार कंवर को अस्पताल ले जाने के लिए वहां शेर सिंह के अतिरिक्त और कोई नहीं था। तथा उसने यह काम एक योद्धा की भांति किया।

Question 2.
Write a few lines about the character-sketch of Sher Singh.
(शेर सिंह के चरित्र-चित्रण के बारे में कुछ पंक्तियां लिखें।)
Answer:
Sher Singh was only twelve but had the courage of a lion. He carried his sick brother to the Kalaghat hospital. It was eighty kilometres from the village. Sher Singh had to face many dangers on the way. But he did not lose courage. At last, he was able to reach the Kalaghat hospital. He saved the life of his brother.

शेर सिंह केवल बारह वर्ष का था किन्तु उसमें एक शेर जैसा हौसला था। वह अपने बीमार भाई को कालाघाट अस्पताल तक उठा कर ले गया। यह गांव से अस्सी किलोमीटर की दूरी पर था। शेर सिंह को रास्ते में बहुत से खतरों का सामना करना पड़ा। किन्तु उसने हौसला न छोड़ा। अन्त में वह कालाघाट अस्पताल पहुंचने में सफल हो गया। उसने अपने भाई का जीवन बचा लिया।

Question 3.
Describe Sher Singh’s father.
Answer:
Sher Singh’s father was a famous hunter. He was very brave and fearless. He was known far and wide. The word ‘Bahadur’ was added to his name like a medal. Once he tried to save a comrade from a tiger. The tiger gave him a big scar on his skull, back and shoulder.

शेर सिंह का पिता एक प्रसिद्ध शिकारी था। वह बहुत वीर तथा निडर था। वह दूर-दूर तक प्रसिद्ध था। उसके नाम के साथ ‘बहादुर’ शब्द एक तमगे की भांति जुड़ गया था। एक बार उसने एक साथी को एक बाघ से बचाने की कोशिश की। बाघ ने उसे उसकी खोपड़ी, पीठ और कन्धे पर एक बड़ा घाव का निशानं दे दिया।

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Identify and match the sounds made by the animals under column A to the sounds in column B :

1. bees — buzz
2. birds — chirp
3 cats — mew
4. cocks — crow
5. cows — low or moo
6. dogs — bark
7. donkeys — bray
8. frogs — croak
9. horses — neigh
10. lions — roar
11. owls — hoot
12. snakes — hiss
13. wolves — howl

Add the correct suffixes to the words given in the brackets, choosing from the list given below :

-dom ; -ness ; -hood.

1. We salute the (wise) and (martyr) of those who fought for the (free) of our country.
2. His journey from (child) to (man) was full of struggle.
3. (Good) and (sweet) of behaviour are of no avail if one lacks in (bold) of character.
4. (Parent) brings responsibilities.
5. He lost his (king) to the enemy.
6. (Happy) is a state of mind.
Answer:
1. wisdom, martyrdom, freedom
2. childhood, manhood
3. Goodness, sweetness, boldness
4. Parenthood
5. kingdom
6. Happiness.

Fill in the following blanks with the words given in the box :

cursed; passed by; written; remove; middle; stone; lazy; attempted; lesson; road ; stumbled

Once upon a time there lived a king who believed in hard work. But he was distressed because his people had become lazy. One day, to teach them a lesson, he put a big stone in the middle of the road. One of his ministers passed by in his carriage. He did not even ask his servants to remove the stone. Then some merchants came. They saw the stone and cursed the government for this and went away. Many people came and went, but no one attempted to remove it. A child was going to school. He stumbled and fell down. He got up and pushed the stone away from the road. There lay a box full of gold under it, on which was written : “This gold is meant for the one who removes the stone.”

Fill in the blanks with the correct verb forms of the italicized words :

1. It is an old belief; you may …………….. it or not. (belief)
2. Why don’t you …………….. your dog properly ? (food)
3. Researches have shown that plants also ……………. . (breath)
4. Don’t let the liquid ……………… (drop)
5. The cattle …….. ……. on these fields. (grass)
6. Pray to God to …………….. all. (bliss)
7. You can ……………… your dress. (choice)
8. …. and let live. (life) .
9. The lawyer tried his best to ……………. him guilty. (proof)
10. On every festival day, he went to the village to ……………… the poor. (cloth)
Answer:
1. believe
2. feed
3. breathe
4. drip
5. graze
6. bless
7. choose
8. Live
9. prove
10. clothe.

Correct the following sentences :

1. The football match ended to a draw.
2. Our Principal is a honest lady.
3. He is senior than me.
4. She is a M.A., B.Ed.
5. Mr. Sharma is a honourable man.
6. He is an European.
7. He is an one-eyed man.
8. I read Tribune every day.
9. This is an useful article.
10. A lion is the king of forest.
Answer:
1. The football match ended in a draw.
2. Our Principal is an honest lady.
3. He is senior to me.
4. She is an M.A., B.Ed.
5. Mr. Sharma is an honourable man.
6. He is a European.
7. He is a one-eyed man.
8. I read The Tribune every day.
9. This is a useful article.
10. The lion is the king of the forest.

Fill in the blanks with correct Prepositions :

1. All mothers look …………….. their children.
2. Do not look ……………. upon the poor.
3. My teacher asked me to look ……… the word in the dictionary.
4. The officer promised to look …. the matter.
5. Shiela looks ………………. him as her son.
6. Prices are looking …………
Answer:
1. after
2. down
3. up
4. into
5. upon
6. up.

Pronunciation Practice

Say the following words aloud:

Creative Writing and Extended Reading

1. Read sorne books on the stories of brave children who received awards for bravery on the Republic Day. Discuss these with your friends.
2. Imagine that you are Sher Singh. What would you do in a similar situation?
3. Write a paragraph on : A Village without a Hospital.
4. Have you ever performed any great act of social service in your life? Describe it in a few lines.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Where did Sher Singh live ?
Answer:
He lived in a hilly village.

Question 2.
Who is the writer of the story, ‘Journey by Night ?
Answer:
Norah Burke.

Question 3.
How old was Sher Singh ?
Answer:
He was about 12 years old.

Question 4.
What was Sher Singh’s father known as ?
Answer:
He was known as ‘Sher Singh Bahadur’.

Question 5.
What was Sher Singh’s father an expert in ?
Answer:
In hunting wild animals.

Question 6.
What seemed trophies to Sher Singh’s father?
Answer:
The wound marks on his body.

Question 7.
Who was Kunwar ?
Answer:
The younger brother of Sher Singh.

Question 8.
How far was the hospital where Kunwar was to be taken?
Answer:
About 80 kilometres away.

Question 9.
Who was to take Kunwar to the hospital ?
Answer:
Sher Singh, his elder brother.

Question 10.
Did Sher Singh’s efforts bear fruit ?
Answer:
Yes, his brother’s life was saved.

Complete the following :

1. Kunwar was Sher Singh’s ………..
2. Sher Singh’s father was an …………………. in hunting ……….
3. Sher Singh’s father went on a ………….. expedition.
4. Sher Singh carried Kunwar on his back to the
5. Sher Singh had to save himself from ……………… on the way.
6. Kunwar would ……………… but for the efforts made by Sher Singh.
Answer:
1. younger brother
2. expert, wild animals
3. hunting
4. hospital
5. wild beasts
6. have died.

Write True or False, against each statement :

1. Kunwar was the elder brother of Sher Singh.
2. Sher Singh was an expert Shikari.
3. Sher Singh carried his younger brother all the way to the hospital.
4. The hospital was in the nearest town.
5. The entire distance to the hospital was frequented by wild beasts.
6. In spite of his efforts, Sher Singh could not save his younger brother.
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. False.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
Sher Singh lived in ………………….
(a) a jungle
(b) a big town
(c) an ashrama
(d) a hilly village.
Answer:
(d) a hilly village.

Question 2.
Sher Singh and Kunwar were …………..
(a) cousins
(b) classmates
(c) real brothers
(d) fast, friends.
Answer:
(c) real brothers

Question 3.
Kunwar had been struck with ………………..
(a) a severe headache
(b) flu
(c) a severe pain in the stomach pain in the stomach
(d) malaria.
Answer:
(c) a severe pain in the stomach pain in the stomach

Question 4.
Sher Singh proved himself a …….
(a) brave boy
(b) responsible person
(c) loving brother
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(d) all the above.

Use Of Textual Words / Phrases

1. Several – There are several places of worship on the banks of the Holy Ganges.
2. Resort – Gandhiji took to fasting as a last resort.
3. Doomed – He is doomed to die if he does not give up drinking.
4. Expedition – Army men went on the Himalayan expedition.
5. Scar – Even the scar on her face did not spoil her beauty.
6. Trodden – The child got trodden under the feet of the huge animal.
7. Glazed – The school compound had a border of glazed tiles.
8. Decimated – The hurricane decimated the national property.
9. Mauled – The mountain bear mauled her face.
10. Cliff – We went on a picnic by the side of a cliff.
11. Jostle – The rowdy boys jostled in the crowd of ladies.
12. Squeal – The children in the train got afraid of the squeal of the engine.
13. Snort – We snorted with laughter on hearing his joke.
14. Plod – The old man plodded along the hilly path.
15. Delirious – The drunkard ran into a delirious state of mind.
16. Maelstrom- All the fishermen along with their boats were caught in the maelstrom.
17. Deluge – People are still talking about the Mumbai deluge.
18. Stumble – He stumbled over a stone and fell down.
19. Poach – Poaching of animals is banned in this state.

Journey by Night Summary in English

Journey by Night Introduction:

It is a story of rare courage shown by a 12-year-old boy. His name was Sher Singh. His younger brother had fallen ill. His father was not at home. His mother was not in a position to leave home. The city hospital was many miles away. So, Sher Singh carried his little brother on his back and set out for the city. He had to pass through a hilly area that was full of many dangers. A thick forest and two hilly rivers fell on the way. But Sher Singh braved all these dangers with great courage. The only thought in his mind was to reach the city hospital as soon as possible. At last, Sher Singh was able to reach the hospital with his brother. Everybody was surprised to hear the story of his great courage. The doctor at once gave first aid to Sher Singh’s brother. The doctor said that the boy was out of danger. Sher Singh was really a Sher, a lion. He had saved the life of his brother at a great risk to his own life.

Journey by Night Summary in English:

Sher Singh lived in a hilly village. He was about twelve years old. His father was known far and wide as Sher Singh Bahadur since he was a very brave and famous shikari. The father was an experienced hunter. He usually went out to help the hunting expeditions into the jungle and remained away from home for many days together. He was an expert in hunting wild animals. His body bore a number of wound-marks, which he took as the trophies of his various fights with several dangerous jungle beasts.

Sher Singh had a little brother named Kunwar. He was several years younger to Sher Singh. The two brothers lived with their parents in Laldwani village near a jungle. One day, Sher Singh Bahadur had gone with a hunting expedition. All the men of Laldwani village had also gone as beaters (men employed to drive animals towards those waiting to shoot or photograph them). In his father’s absence, the little boy, Kunwar, fell seriously ill. He had a severe pain in the stomach. His condition was getting from bad to worse.

The child did not respond to home remedies. The helpless mother said that Kunwar must be taken to hospital at Kalaghat, which was 80 kilometres away. Seeing the fear of death in Kunwar’s eyes, Sher Singh at once decided to do the job of taking his brother to the Kalaghat hospital. His mother made a sling with one of her two saris. She put it around Sher Singh’s forehead and down his back. She then put the sick Kunwar into the sling.

It was evening when Sher Singh set off on his difficult and dangerous journey to Kalaghat. Soon it was night and the moon appeared in the sky. Sher Singh continued to walk on and on. He saw the marks of a bear’s paw in the dust. It made him quicken his steps. Presently, he climbed on to a cliff above a river bed. He felt tired, and put his sick brother down. All of a sudden, he heard the squeal of elephants. Luckily, the elephants moved on and disappeared into the forest. Relieved of this fresh fear, Sher Singh got ready to restart his journey. However, his difficulties were not yet over.

Sher Singh was to cross two rivers on the way. The first river was a shallow one. There was not much water in it. He crossed it easily. But the second river was in flood. It was midnight and the flooded river was making a roaring sound as it flowed. Sher Singh hoped to cross this river by the bridge over it. But when he came closer, he found that the bamboo bridge over this river had broken and was submerged into water.

Sher Singh was disappointed but he kept up his courage. Making a rope of grass, he tied it round his brother and himself. He then entered the river. At first he found it impossible to move. But his firm determination and his courage enabled him to cross the river. He went on slowly but determinedly. He was thoroughly drenched in the ice-cold water.

At last, Sher Singh reached the metalled road that led to Kalaghat. He got a lift first in a bullock cart, then in a truck. Soon the brave boy was dropped at the hospital of Kalaghat. He put his sick brother under the treatment of the doctor there. After some time, the doctor came out in the verandah. He told Sher Singh that his brother was out of danger. He said that Sher Singh was a brave boy. He took him in so that he could see his sick brother.

Journey by Night Summary in Hindi

Journey by Night Introduction:

यह कहानी एक 12-वर्षीय शेर सिंह नामक लड़के के अद्वितीय साहस की कहानी है। उसका छोटा भाई अति बीमार पड़ गया और उसका पिता घर पर नहीं था। उसकी मां बच्चे को उठा कर अनेक मील दूर शहर के अस्पताल में नहीं ले जा सकती थी। इसलिए शेर सिंह अपने छोटे भाई को अपनी पीठ पर उठा कर शहर के लिए चल दिया। दुर्गम पहाड़ी रास्ते में उसे अनेक खतरों का सामना करना पड़ा। रास्ते में एक जंगल और दो नदियां भी पड़ती थीं। नदियों में बाढ़ आई हुई थी और उन्हें बिना किसी नाव के पार करना असम्भव बात थी।

किन्तु शेर सिंह ने किसी भी खतरे की परवाह न की। उसके मन में एक ही लक्ष्य था कि वह अपने भाई को जल्दी से जल्दी शहर के अस्पताल में पहुंचा सके। जब घोर कष्ट झेलने के बाद शेर सिंह अपने भाई सहित अस्पताल पहुंचा तो उसके साहस को देख कर सभी लोग चकित रह गए। डॉक्टर ने प्राथमिक उपचार के बाद शेर सिंह से कहा कि उसका भाई अब खतरे से बाहर था। शेर सिंह वास्तव में ही एक शेर (अथवा सिंह) की भांति बहादुर था। उसने अपने भाई के जीवन को बचा लिया। यदि वह साहस न दिखलाता तो उसके भाई की अवश्य ही मृत्यु हो जानी थी।

Journey by Night Summary in Hindi:

कहानी का विस्तृत सार बारह-वर्षीय शेर सिंह एक पहाड़ी गांव में रहता था। उसका पिता शेर सिंह बहादुर के नाम से दूर-दूर तक प्रसिद्ध था। वह एक तजुरबेकार साहसी शिकारी था। अनेक शिकारी टोलियां उसकी सहायता लिया करती थीं। इसलिए शेर सिंह बहादुर कई-कई दिनों तक घर से बाहर रहा करता था। उसके शरीर पर अनेक घावों के निशान थे जो एक प्रकार से जंगली जानवरों के साथ उसकी लड़ाई के पदक थे।

शेर सिंह का एक छोटा भाई था जिसका नाम कंवर था। वह शेर सिंह से कई वर्ष छोटा था। दोनों भाई अपने माता-पिता के साथ एक जंगल के समीप लालदवानी नामक गांव में रहते थे। एक दिन शेर सिंह बहादुर एक शिकारी टोली के साथ गया हुआ था। लालदवानी गांव के अन्य पुरुष भी इस टोली की सहायता के लिए उनके साथ गए हुए थे। पिता की अनुपस्थिति में कंवर सख्त बीमार हो गया। उसके पेट में बहुत ज़ोर का दर्द था। घर में कई देसी ढंगों का उस पर प्रयोग किया गया किन्तु उसकी हालत बिगड़ती ही गई।

बेबस होकर मां ने शेर सिंह से कहा कि वह कंवर को कालाघाट के अस्पताल में ले जाए। कालाघाट का यह अस्पताल लालदवानी से अस्सी किलोमीटर की दूरी पर था। शेर सिंह ने जब पीड़ा से भरी हुई अपने भाई की आंखों को देखा तो उसे ऐसा लगा मानो कंवर मर रहा हो। शेर सिंह ने तुरन्त निश्चय कर लिया कि वह कंवर को ले कर कालाघाट के अस्पताल में अवश्य जायेगा। उसकी मां ने अपनी दो साड़ियों में से एक साड़ी ली और इससे एक झूला-सा बना दिया जिसे शेर सिंह ने अपने माथे के साथ टिका कर अपनी पीठ की तरफ लटका लिया। फिर उसकी मां ने इस लटकते हुए कपड़े में बीमार कंवर को डाल दिया।

जब शेर सिंह ने कालाघाट के लिए अपनी कठिन यात्रा आरम्भ की तो सांझ हो चुकी थी। शीघ्र ही रात हो गई और चांद निकल आया। शेर सिंह चलता गया। उसने धूल में रीछ के पैरों के निशान देखे। शेर सिंह ने अपनी गति कुछ तेज कर दी क्योंकि वह जानता था कि वह रीछ कहीं समीप ही इधर-उधर होगा। शीघ्र ही, वह नदी के तल के ऊपर की ओर स्थित चट्टान पर पहुंच गया।

चट्टान की चढ़ाई में वह बहुत थक गया। इसलिए थोड़ा आराम करने के लिए वह नीचे बैठ गया। उसने अपने बीमार भाई को नीचे ज़मीन पर लिटा दिया। अचानक उसे हाथियों की आवाजें सुनाई दीं। वे एक-दूसरे को धक्के लगाते हुए और चिंघाड़ते हुए चले जा रहे थे। भाग्यवश, वे दूसरी चट्टान पर थे और शेर सिंह से कुछ दूरी पर थे। वे उसी चट्टान पर चलते गए और शीघ्र ही नज़र से ओझल हो गए। जब हाथियों का भय समाप्त हो गया तो शेर सिंह फिर से चलने के लिए तैयार हो गया। और अगले ही पल वह अपनी पीठ पर कंवर को उठाए हुए चलने लगा।

शेर सिंह ने अभी दो नदियां पार करनी थीं। पहली नदी छोटी थी जिसमें अधिक पानी नहीं था। यह उसने आसानी से पार कर ली। किन्तु दूसरी नदी में बाढ़ आई हुई थी। शेर सिंह को आशा थी कि वह इस नदी को पुल द्वारा पार कर लेगा किन्तु उसकी आशा निराशा में बदल गई जब उसने देखा कि नदी पर बना हुआ बांस का वह पुल पानी में डूबा हुआ था। शेर सिंह बहुत निराश हुआ किन्तु उसने साहस न छोड़ा। उसने घास की एक रस्सी बनाई और यह अपने भाई के चारों और इस तरह बांध ली कि वह उसकी पीठ से न गिर सके। फिर वह पानी में घुस गया। आरम्भ में पानी के तेज़ वेग के कारण उसे अपने पांव उखड़ते हुए प्रतीत होते थे, किन्तु धीरे-धीरे अद्वितीय साहस के द्वारा उसने नदी को पार कर लिया। नदी के बर्फीले पानी में वह पूरी तरह भीग गया था और सर्दी से कांपने लगा था।

धीरे-धीरे चलता हआ शेर सिंह कालाघाट को जाने वाली सडक तक पहुंच गया। पहले एक बैलगाडी वाले ने तथा फिर एक ट्रक चालक ने उसे अपने वाहन में बिठा लिया। शीघ्र ही इस वीर बालक को उसके भाई सहित कालाघाट अस्पताल में पहुंचा दिया गया। शेर सिंह के भाई का डॉक्टर ने तुरन्त इलाज शुरू कर दिया। कुछ समय के बाद डॉक्टर ने बाहर आकर ‘शेर सिंह-बहादुर’ पुकारते हुए आवाज़ लगाई। उसने शेर सिंह को बतलाया कि अब उसका भाई खतरे से बाहर था। फिर वह शेर सिंह को अन्दर ले गया ताकि वह वहां अपने छोटे भाई को देख सके।

Journey by Night Translation in Hindi

(Page 39) Sher Singh’s little brother …….. you find him.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. cheerful-प्रसन्नचित्त ; 2. carried off-(मृत्यु द्वारा) ले जाया गया ; 3. wring outनिचोड़ना ; 4. rags-~-चीथड़े ; 5. resort-आश्रय, ठिकाना ; 6. doomed—दुर्भाग्य को प्राप्त।

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Sher Singh’s little brother, Kunwar, lay in the hut with a pain in his stomach that was getting worse. Sher Singh himself was only 12 years old, small and cheerful, a child of the jungle, and his brother was several years younger. There had been other children of course, but they were dead, carried off by cholera and influenza. “I will wring out rags in boiling water and lay them on his stomach,” said mother.

She did not weep. She had lived through everything. The steaming clothes did nothing. After a while, Sher Singh’s mother said, “He must be carried to the hospital at Kalaghat.” Then Sher Singh knew that his brother was dying, for all jungle people know that the hospital is the last resort of the doomed. “I will run for my father,” he cried. “It may be days before you find him.”

अनुवाद

शेर सिंह का छोटा भाई कंवर झोंपड़ी में अपने पेट में पीड़ा की वजह से पड़ा हुआ था जो अधिकाधिक भयंकर होती जा रही थी। शेर सिंह स्वयं केवल बारह वर्ष का था, छोटे से शरीर वाला प्रसन्नचित्त, जंगल में रहने वाला बच्चा, और उसका भाई उससे कई वर्ष छोटा था। वहां निस्सन्देह अन्य बच्चे भी हुए थे, किन्तु वे मर चुके थे, हैजा और इन्फ्लु एंजा ने उनकी जाने ले ली थीं।। “मैं उबलते हुए पानी में चीथड़ों को निचोड़ कर निकालूंगी और उसके पेट के ऊपर रखूगी,” मां ने कहा वह रोई नहीं थी। वह हर चीज़ भोग चुकी थी।

भाप निकलते हुए कपड़ों का कोई असर न हुआ। कुछ देर के बाद शेर सिंह की मां ने कहा, “उसे कालाघाट के अस्पताल ले जाना होगा।” तब शेर सिंह समझ गया कि उसका भाई मर रहा था, क्योंकि जंगल में रहने वाले सभी लोग जानते है कि दुर्भाग्यग्रस्त लोगों का अन्तिम सहारा अस्पताल होता “मैं भाग कर बापू को बुला लाता हूँ,” उसने ऊंचे स्वर में कहा। “इस से पहले कि तुम उसे ढूंढ पाओ, कई दिन लग सकते हैं।”

(Page 39-41) sher singh’s father ………….. eyes shut, recovering.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. cultivating-खेती करते हुए; 2. expedition-किसी विशेष उद्देश्य के लिए साहसपूर्ण यात्रा; 3. game-शिकार किए जाने वाले जानवर; 4. skull-खोपड़ी; 5. scar-घाव का निशान; 6. comradeसाथी; 7. beater-ढोल आदि पीट-पीट कर जंगली जानवरों को उनके छिपने के स्थान से बाहर भगाने वाला व्यक्ति; 8. glazed-शीशे जैसे चमकते हुए आवरण वाला; 9. starve-भूखे मरना; 10. sling-गलपट्टी; 11. immediately-तुरन्त; 12. whispered-धीमी आवाज़ में बोली; 13. despair-निराशा; 14. get there-वहां पहुंचना; 15. set off-रवाना हुआ; 16. track-तंग रास्ता; 17. poached-चोरी से शिकार करते; 18. decimated-दसवां भाग नष्ट करना; 19. beasts of prey-शिकार किए जाने वाले जानवर; 20. domestic-घरेलू: 21. blazed-चमक रहा था ; 22. shaggy-खुरदरा; 23. glance round-इधरउधर नज़र घुमाना; 24. uneasily-बेचैनी से; 25. mauled-बुरी तरह से घायल; 26. cliff-खड़ी ढलान वाली चट्टान; 27. thrilled-फड़कने लगीं।

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Sher Singh’s father was known far and wide as Sher Singh Bahadur-the Brave-a famous hunter, with the title ‘Bahadur’ added to his name like a medal because of all he had done. He lived his life here in Laldwani village, grazing his animals, cultivating his bit of land. But whenever an expedition entered the jungle in search of big game, they sent for Bahadur, the Brave. All along his skull and back and shoulder went a scar where claws had opened his flesh to the bone when he was pulling a comrade away from a tiger.

Now he was away in the jungle with an expedition. All the men of Laldwani village too were away, as beaters. In this mud and grass hut, upon the floor of trodden earth, Kunwar lay crying sometimes,but mostly glazed and silent. Sher Singh saw death in his young brother’s eyes.

“There are no men in the village,” he said. “I will take him.” His mother must stay behind to mind the cattle and work on the land without which they would all starve; and he and she both understood this without saying so. She took one of her two saris and, making a sling for Sher Singh, lifted up Kunwar, and put him into it. Sher Singh could feel immediately the heat of the boy’s body burning through the cotton cloth on his back. He felt the weight, too, and wondered how he was going to manage.

“He is too big for you,” his mother whispered in despair. “You will never get there.Sher Singh said nothing. He set off into the jungle in the orange glow of evening. Kalaghat was 80 kilometres away, but Sher Singh hoped that if he could get through the jungle and cross the two rivers in between, he might get a lift in a bullock cart or perhaps even a broken-down truck, for the last part of his journey.

He was alone on the track that wound into the forest, into night. Not quite alone, though. Around him lay the forest in which the struggle of life continued as it had done since the beginning of the world. The deer were now so poached and decimated that the beasts of prey had to kill domestic animals for food. Sometimes even men.

Night fell. The sky blazed with stars. Presently, the moon rose. The sight of bear tracks in the dust – the square front paw and long back one, with the shaggy claws – made him glance round uneasily. He had once seen a man who had been mauled by a bear, all his face torn away. He quickened his steps. Soon, on a cliff above a river-bed, Sher Singh knew he could go no further without rest. He set Kunwar down gently. Suddenly all Sher Singh’s muscles, shrinking back to their natural positions, thrilled with piercing pain. He layagainst a tree with his eyes shut, recovering.

अनुवाद

शेर सिंह का पिता दूर-दूर तक शेर सिंह बहादुर के नाम से प्रसिद्ध था – बहादुर अर्थात् वीर – एक मशहूर शिकारी, जिसके नाम के साथ बहादुर का खिताब एक तमगे की भांति जुड़ गया था, उन सब कामों की वजह से जो वह कर चुका था। उसने अपना जीवन यहां लालदवानी गांव में बिताया था, अपने जानवरों को चराते हुए, अपनी थोड़ी-सी ज़मीन पर खेती करते हुए। किन्तु जब कभी कोई दल जंगल में किसी बड़े शिकार की खोज में प्रवेश करता, तो वे बहादुर अर्थात् उस वीर को बुलवा भेजते।

उसकी पूरी खोपड़ी तथा पीठ और कन्धे के ऊपर घाव का एक निशान बना हुआ था जहां पंजों ने उसकी चमड़ी को हड्डियों तक फाड़ दिया था जब वह एक साथी को एक बाघ से बचा कर खींचने की कोशिश कर रहा था। अब वह एक दल के साथ जंगल में गया हुआ था। लालदवानी गांव के सभी पुरुष भी ढोल पीटने वालों के रूप में गए हुए थे। गीली मिट्टी और घास की बनी इस झोंपड़ी में, पैरों से कुचली मिट्टी के फर्श के ऊपर कंवर लेटा हुआ था, कभी-कभी चिल्ला उठता, किन्तु अधिकतर समय सफेद पड़ा हुआ तथा शान्त।

शेर सिंह को अपने छोटे भाई की ‘आंखों में मौत दिखलाई पड़ गई। “गांव में कोई आदमी नहीं है,” उसने कहा। “मैं उसे ले जाऊंगा।” उसकी मां को पशुओं की देखभाल करने के लिए पीछे रहना पड़ना था और ज़मीन का काम करना था, अन्यथा जिसके बिना वे सभी भूखों मर जाते; तथा वह और उसकी मां दोनों इस बात को बिना कहे समझते थे। उसने अपनी दो साड़ियों में से एक ली, शेर सिंह के लिए एक गलपट्टी बना दी, कंवर को उठाया, और उसे इसमें डाल दिया। शेर सिंह तुरन्त लड़के के शरीर की गर्मी को महसूस कर सकता था, जो सूती कपड़े में से उसकी गर्दन के ऊपर तपता हुआ लग रहा था। उसे बोझ भी महसूस हुआ और हैरानी में सोचने लगा कि इसको कैसे संभाल पायेगा। “वह तुम्हारे लिए ज्यादा ही बड़ा है,”

उसकी मां निराशा में फुसफुसा दी। “तुम वहां कभी पहुंच नहीं पाओगे।” शेर सिंह ने कुछ न कहा। वह सांझ की संतरई चमक में जंगल के अन्दर को चल दिया। कालाघाट वहां से 80 किलोमीटर दूर था, किन्तु शेर सिंह को आशा थी कि यदि वह जंगल में से निकल गया और बीच की दो नदियों को पार कर गया, तो हो सकता है उसे अपनी यात्रा के अन्तिम भाग के लिए किसी बैलगाड़ी में सवारी मिल जाए, अथवा रास्ते में बिगड़ा हुआ कोई ट्रक मिल जाए। वह उस रास्ते पर अकेला था जो घूमता हुआ जंगल के अन्दर को जा रहा था, और रात के जैसा अन्धेरा होता जा रहा था। तो भी वह बिल्कुल अकेला नहीं था। उसके गिर्द वह जंगल था जिसमें जीवन का संघर्ष वैसे ही जारी था जैसे यह संसार के आरम्भ से चलता आ रहा था।

मृगों का अब चोरी-चोरी इतना शिकार होने लगा था और उनकी गिनती इतनी कम हो गई थी कि शिकारी जानवरों को अब अपने भोजन के लिए घरेलू जानवरों को मारना पड़ रहा था। कई बार आदमियों को भी। रात हो गई। आकाश तारों से चमक उठा। थोड़े ही समय में चांद चढ़ आया। धूल में किसी रीछ के पैरों के निशान – आगे वाले वर्गाकार पंजे और पीछे वाले लम्बे-लम्बे, खुरदरे पंजों सहित इन्हें देखकर वह बेचैनी सहित चारों तरफ नज़र दौड़ाने लगा।

एक बार उसने एक आदमी देखा था जिसे एक रीछ ने बुरी तरहघायल कर दिया था, उसका पूरा चेहरा चिरा पड़ा था। शेर सिंह ने अपने कदम तेज़ कर लिए। शीघ्र ही एक नदी-तल के ऊपर की तरफ एक खड़ी ढलान वाली चट्टान पर पहुंचने के बाद शेर सिंह जान गया कि वह आराम किए बिना और आगे नहीं जा सकता था। उसने कंवर को धीरे से नीचे डाल दिया। अचानक शेर सिंह की सभी मांसपेशियां सिकुड़ कर अपनी पहले वाली स्वाभाविक स्थिति में आ गईं और तीखी पीडाकरती हुईं फड़कने लगीं। वह एक पेड़ से टेक लगाकर अपनी आंखें बन्द करके पड़ा रहा, अपनी शक्ति फिर से प्राप्त करता हुआ।

(Page 41) It was then ………….. in his hands.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. jostle-धक्के लगाना; 2. squeal-तीखी चीख; 3. trunk-हाथी की सूंड; 4. chilled-अति ठण्डा पड़ गया; 5. fright-भय; 6. snorted—नाक से कर्कश शब्द निकाला; 7. trumpetedचिंघाड़ा; 8. scrambled—संघर्ष किया; 9. slime—कीचड़; 10. thanks goodness-ईश्वर का शुक्र है; 11. impermanent-अस्थाई; 12. swashed up–कोलाहलपूर्ण गति की; 13. twinkled-टिमटिमाया; 14. glitter-चमक; 15. plodded—भारी कदमों के साथ कठिनाईपूर्वक चला; 16. panted—हांफने लगा; 17. fierce भयानक; 18, crest-चोटी; 19. submerged-पानी में डूबा हुआ; 20. churning-ज़ोर-ज़ोर से घूमता हुआ; 21. crashed-ज़ोर से टकराते हुए।

Text

It was then he heard the jostle and squeal of elephants. Below him on each side of the shallow river-bed, the elephants travelled. He could see the cows and the babies, and one great old tusker. He was playing his trunk to and fro to learn whatever the breeze could tell him; and suddenly he hesitated. The trunk came round towards the boys.

Sher Singh chilled with fright. With Kunwar to carry, he could neither climb nor run. Prayer after prayer fled up from his frightened spirit. The tusker snorted, trumpeted, shook his head. Suddenly he hurried on angrily up the river-bed, and all the herd with him. They disappeared. Sher Singh breathed another prayer, of thanks this time, and made ready to move with Kunwar on his back once again.

He scrambled down into the river-bed. Though the water was only waist-deep, he had to go slowly because of slime on the stones. Thanks goodness there was a bridge at the second river, he thought. That bridge was an impermanent thing made of bamboo poles, stones and thick grass. But it was at least a bridge As Sher Singh swashed up on to the shore, water twinkled in his footprints before sinking into the sand. Coming up out of the river were another set of prints – a tiger’s, and there was glitter in them too. Even as he looked, they dried. He plodded steadily on, and his body panted and sobbed.

Towards midnight, he heard the second river from far away, a steady roar of flood. When he came out on the shore, he saw it. A big head of snow must have melted yesterday, because from bank to bank, the river foamed. He looked for the bridge. It was not there. Only a fierce crest of water showed where it lay, submerged .

He could hear the river grinding its teeth. Then a tree, churning over and over, crashed against the drowned bridge, which heeled and broke, throwing up its bamboo ribs like a fan. Sher Singh set Kunwar down and brought him water from the river in his hands.

अनुवाद

तभी उसे हाथियों की चीखों और एक-दूसरे को धक्के लगाने की आवाज़ सुनाई दी। उसके नीचे की तरफ कम गहराई वाले नदी-तल के दोनों तरफ हाथी चलते हुए जा रहे थे। वह हथिनियों, उनके बच्चों और एक बहुत बड़े बूढ़े हाथी को देख सकता था। वह अपनी सूंड को इधर-उधर घुमा रहा था, जानने के लिए, जो भी मन्द पवन उसे बता सकती थी, और अचानक वह रुक गया। उसकी सूंड घूम कर लड़कों की तरफ आई। शेर सिंह भय से अति ठण्डा पड़ गया। जबकि उसके पास उठाने को कंवर था, वह न तो ऊपर को चढ़ सकता था और न ही भाग सकता था। उसकी भयभीत आत्मा

में से एक-के-बाद एक करके प्रार्थनाएं निकलने लगीं। हाथी ने आवाज़ करते हुए नाक में से फुफकारा लगाया, चिंघाड़ लगाई, और अपना सिर झटकाया। अचानक वह नदी-तल के ऊपर की तरफ को क्रोधपूर्वक भाग लिया, तथा उसके साथ-साथ पूरा झुंड भाग लिया। वे ओझल हो गए। शेर सिंह ने अपने श्वासों में एक अन्य प्रार्थना पढ़ी, इस बार धन्यवाद के रूप में, और अपनी पीठ पर कंवर

को फिर से उठाए हुए तैयार हो गया। वह ज़ोर लगाता हुआ नीचे की तरफ नदी-तल के अन्दर की तरफ़ चल दिया। यद्यपि पानी केवल कमर तक ही गहरा था, उसे |,धीरे-धीरे जाना पड़ा, क्योंकि पत्थरों के ऊपर कीचड़ जमा हुआ था। ईश्वर का शुक्र है कि वहां दूसरी नदी के ऊपर एक पुल था, उसने ऐसा अपने मन में सोचा। वह पुल एक अस्थाई चीज़ था जो बांस के खम्भों, पत्थरों और घनी घास का बना हुआ था। किन्तु कम से कम यह एक पुल तो था। जब शेर सिंह कठिनाईपूर्वक तट पर चढ़ कर गया, तो पानी उसके पांवों से बने निशानों में टिमटिमा रहा था, रेत में सोखे जाने से पूर्व। नदी से बाहर आने के बाद पैरों के निशानों का वहां एक अन्य जोड़ा था एक बाघ के पांव, और वहां उनमें भी चमक थी। जब वह अभी उन्हें देख ही रहा था कि वे सूख गए। वह भारी कदमों के साथ धीरे-धीरे चलता गया, तथा उसका शरीर हांफ रहा था और सिसक रहा था।

को फिर से उठाए हुए तैयार हो गया। वह ज़ोर लगाता हुआ नीचे की तरफ नदी-तल के अन्दर की तरफ़ चल दिया। यद्यपि पानी केवल कमर तक ही गहरा था, उसे ,धीरे-धीरे जाना पड़ा, क्योंकि पत्थरों के ऊपर कीचड़ जमा हुआ था। ईश्वर का शुक्र है कि वहां दूसरी नदी के ऊपर एक पुल था, उसने ऐसा अपने मन में सोचा। वह पुल एक अस्थाई चीज़ था जो बांस के खम्भों, पत्थरों और घनी घास का बना हुआ था।

किन्तु कम से कम यह एक पुल तो था। जब शेर सिंह कठिनाईपूर्वक तट पर चढ़ कर गया, तो पानी उसके पांवों से बने निशानों में टिमटिमा रहा था, रेत में सोखे जाने से पूर्व। नदी से बाहर आने के बाद पैरों के निशानों का वहां एक अन्य जोड़ा था एक बाघ के पांव, और वहां उनमें भी चमक थी। जब वह अभी उन्हें देख ही रहा था कि वे सूख गए। वह भारी कदमों के साथ धीरे-धीरे चलता गया, तथा उसका शरीर हांफ रहा था और सिसक रहा था।

आधी रात के लगभग उसे दूसरी नदी की आवाज़ दूर से ही सुनाई दी, बाढ़ के पानी की निरन्तर आती हुई आवाज़। जब वह जंगल से बाहर इसके किनारे पर पहुंचा तो उसे यह दिखाई पड़ गई। बर्फ का एक विशाल स्रोत अवश्य ही कल के दिन पिघल आया होगा, क्योंकि एक किनारे से दूसरे किनारे तक नदी झाग से भरी हुई थी। उसने पुल को ढूंढने की कोशिश की।

यह वहां नहीं था। केवल पानी की एक भयानक चोटी से पता चल रहा था कि यह कहां पर था, पानी में डूबा हुआ। अपने दान्त पीसती हुई नदी की आवाज़ को वह सुन सकता था। फिर एक पेड़ जो ज़ोर-ज़ोर से घूमता हुआ आ रहा था, डूबे हुए पुल के साथ आकर टकराया, जो एक तरफ को झुक गया और टूट गया, इसके बांस की बनी कमानियां एक पंखे की भांति ऊपर को उठ आईं। शेर सिंह ने कंवर को नीचे डाला और उसके लिए नदी में से पानी अपने हाथ में लेकर आया।

(Page 42-43) “My brother ……… Come and see.”

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. delirious-बेसुध, तेज़ बुखार में बड़बड़ाता हुआ; 2. whispered—धीमी आवाज़ में बोला; 3. plaiting-गूंथना; 4. flattened-चपटा किया; 5. maelstrom-भंवर; 6. split-टूटा हुआ; 7. deluge-बड़ी बाढ़; 8. deafened—बहरा कर दिया; 9. banged—चोट लगाई; 10. bruised—खरोंच आ गई; 11. spray-बौछार; 12. gasping-हांफते हुए; 13. stumbled—ठोकर खा गया; 14. tremblingकांपते हुए; 15. crawling-रेंगते हुए; 16. heralding-पूर्व-सूचना देते हुए; 17. bullock cart-बैलगाड़ी।

Text

“My brother -” the delirious little boy whispered, and drank.Sher Singh gathered grass and, plaiting it into a rope, tied it round his brother and himself so they would keep together. Then he entered the water just above the bridge. The river seized them and flattened them against the wreck. Unable to move at first, he edged forward into the maelstrom, feeling for the split ends of bamboo.

The deluge deafened him, timber banged and bruised him. It was so cold he could hardly keep his hold. He could not get his breath in the spray, and he did not know if his brother lived or died. But he kept the child’s head above water, and moved slowly. Gasping in mortal struggle, he was deaf, blinded, frozen, drowned.

Gradually, the river seemed to lose power.They were through. After that, Sher Singh did not know what happened. He was wet and ice-cold but he stumbled on, his knees bent and trembling. They gave way. He was crawling. Then there was a road and the barking of the dogs, heralding a village.

Suddenly, somehow — people.After that, the next he knew they were in a bullock cart, then a truck.

“Where have you come from, boy?” “Laldwani.”“You carried him alone ? Across the river in flood ?”
They were at the hospital.
Sher Singh felt shy of the big building. He did not go in. Much later, the doctor came out on the verandah.
“Sher Singh Bahadur, are you there ?” he called out. . …
“My father is not here,” replied the boy, going up to the verandah. “But I am Sher Singh.”
“You are the boy who brought the child Kunwar in from Laldwani ?”
“Yes.”
Then a smile broke all over the doctor’s great gentle face.
“Then you are Sher Singh Bahadur – the Brave !” he said. “Your brother will live. Come and see.”

अनुवाद

‘मेरे भाई-‘ तेज़ बुखार में बड़बड़ाते हुए नन्हें लड़के ने कहा, और इसे पी गया।शेर सिंह ने घास इकट्ठी की और गूंथ कर एक रस्से के रूप में बनाते हुए इसे अपने भाई के गिर्द और स्वयंअपने गिर्द इस तरह बांध लिया जिससे वे साथ-साथ रह सकें। फिर वह पुल के बिल्कुल ऊपर वाली तरफ से पानी में प्रवेश कर गया। नदी ने उन्हें पकड़ कर टूटे हुए पुल के साथ दे मारा। पहले तो वह हिलने में असमर्थ हो गया, किन्तु फिर वह धीरे-धीरे आगे भंवर के अन्दर की तरफ बढ़ने लगा, बांस के टूटे हुए सिरों को महसूस करने की कोशिश करता हुआ। प्रलयकारी बाढ के शोर से वह बहरा हो रहा था, लकड़ियां उसके साथ टकरा रही थीं और उसे खरोंच रही थीं।

बाढ़ का पानी इतना ठण्डा था कि वह अपनी पकड़ मुश्किल से ही बना पा रहा था। पानी की बौछार में वह मुश्किल से ही सांस ले पा रहा था, तथा उसे इस बात का कोई पता नहीं था कि उसका भाई जीवित था या मर गया था। किन्तु उसने बच्चे का सिर पानी के ऊपर किए रखा, और धीरे-धीरे चलता गया। इस घातक संघर्ष में हांफता हुआ, ‘वह बहरा हो रहा था, अन्धा हो रहा था, बर्फ की भांति जम रहा था और डूब रहा था। धीरे-धीरे नदी की शक्ति कम होती हुई प्रतीत हुई। वे इसे पार कर चुके थे। इसके बाद शेर सिंह को पता न चला कि क्या हुआ था।

वह गीला हुआ पड़ा था और बर्फ की तरह ठण्डा किन्तु वह लड़खड़ाता हुआ चलता गया, उसके घुटने झुकने लगे थे और कांप रहे थे। वे जवाब दे गए। वह घुटनों के बल रेंगने लगा। फिर वहां एक सड़क आ गई, और कुत्तों का भौंकना सुनाई दिया, यह सूचित करते हुए कि वहां कोई गांव था। अचानक, किसी तरह-आदमी दिखाई दिए। इसके बाद, अगली बात जो वह जान पाया यह थी कि वे एक बैलगाड़ी में सवार थे, और फिर एक ट्रक में।

“अरे लड़के, तुम कहां से आए हो ?” “लालदवानी से।” “तुम उसे अकेले ही उठा कर लाए हो ? उस बाढ़ वाली नदी के पार से ?” वे अस्पताल में पहुंच चुके थे। शेर सिंह उस बड़ी इमारत को देखकर झिझक गया। वह अन्दर न गया। इसके बहुत देर बाद डाक्टर बाहर बरामदे में आया। “शेर सिंह बहादुर, क्या तुम वहां हो ?” उसने पुकारते हुए कहा। “मेरा बापू यहां नहीं है,” लड़के ने उत्तर दिया,ऊपर बरामदे तक जाते हुए। “किन्तु मैं शेर सिंह यहां “क्या तुम वही लड़के हो जो बच्चे कंवर को लालदवानी से यहां लेकर आए हो ?” “जी।” फिर डाक्टर के विशाल कोमल चेहरे पर एक मुस्कान खिल आई। “तब तुम ही शेर सिंह बहादुर हो – वीर शेर कहा। “तुम्हारा भाई खतरे से बाहर है। आओ और देख लो।”

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 12 Sound Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Sound

PSEB 9th Class Science Guide Sound Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is sound and how is it produced?
Answer:
Sound: Sound is a form of energy which produces in our ears the sensation of hearing. It is produced due to vibration of a body about its mean position.

How to produce sound? We can produce sound in different bodies by plucking, by rubbing, by blowing or by giving jolt. In other words, by producing vibration in bodies sound can be produced. By vibration we mean moving a body rapidly to and fro about its mean position.

Question 2.
Describe with the help of diagram, how compressions and rarefactions are produced in air near a source of sound?
Answer:
Sound in air gets propagated in the form of longitudinal wave motion consisting of regions of compressions and rarefactions. Consider, for example, a tuning, fork in a state of vibrations. [Fig.(a)] As prong moves towards right, it compresses the layer of air in contact with it. As air has elasticity, the compressed air tends to relieve itself of its strain and moves forward to right to compress the next layer and so on.

Thus, a wave of compression moves towards the right. At the point of compression, there is an increase of pressure and is shown in form of crest C. At the point of rarefaction of concentration of particles is least and has been shown as trough R.

When the prong moves towards left, a region of reduced pressure or rarefaction is produced towards right [Fig. (b)].

Thus, a wave of rarefaction starts moving towards right. This way a series of compressions arid rarefactions move in forward direction.

Question 3.
Cite an experiment to show that sound needs a material medium for its propagation.
Or
Describe an experiment to show that sound needs a material medium for its propagation.
Or
Describe an activity to show that sound is a mechanical wave and needs a material medium for its propagation.
Answer:
Sound needs material medium for propagation: Sound is a mechanical wave which needs a material medium to travel, (propagate) It can travel through air, water, steel, etc but cannot travel through vacuum. This can be demonstrated by the following experiment.

Experiment: Take an electric bell and a glass bell-jar. Suspend the electric bell in a bell jar with the help of a cork fitted in the mouth of the jar. Connect the bell jar to a vacuum pump as shown in Fig. Press the switch of electric bell when sound is heard.

Now work the exhaust pump and remove air from the jar slowly. As air is removed the sound becomes fainter and fainter. After sometime when most of the air is removed, a feeble sound will be heard. If the whole of the air from the jar is removed no sound of electric bell will be heard. This proves that material medium is needed for the propagation of sound.

Question 4.
Why is sound wave called longitudinal wave?
Answer:
Sound waves when travel through a medium, the particles of the medium move to and fro in the same direction in which the disturbance (wave) travels. That is why, the sound waves are called longitudinal waves.

Question 5.
Which characteristic of the sound helps you to identify your friend by his voice while sitting with others in a dark room.
Answer:
On the basis of quality or timbre of sound, we can identify our friend’s voice.

Question 6.
Flash and thunder are produced simultaneously. But thunder is heard a few seconds after the flash is seen. Why?
Answer:
The speed of sound (344 m s^-1) is much smaller than the speed of light (3 × 10⁸ m s^-1). So thunder is heard a few seconds after the flash is seen although these are produced at the same time.

Question 7.
A person has a hearing range from 20 Hz to 20 KHz. What is the typical wavelength of sound waves in air corresponding to these frequencies? Take the speed of sound in air as 344 ms^-1.
Solution:
Given speed of sound (υ) = 344 m s^-1
Lower limit of frequency (ν₁) = 20 Hz
Upper limit of audible frequency (ν₂) = 20 KHz
= 20 × 1000 Hz.
= 20000 Hz

Question 8.
Two children are at opposite er Is of an aluminium rod. One strikes the end of the rod with a stone. Find the ratio of times taken by the sound wave in air and in aluminium to reach the second child.
Solution:

Question 9.
The frequency of source of sound is 100 Hz. How many times does it vibrate in a minute?
Solution:
Frequency of source sound = 100 Hz
i.e, Number of vibrations produced in 1 second = 100
Number of vibrations produced in 1 min = 60 s = 100 × 60 = 6000

Question 10.
Does sound follow the same laws of reflection as light does? Explain.
Answer:

Yes, sound follows the same laws of reflection as light does. Like light sound is reflected from solid or liquid surface.
These laws are:

• First Law: The directions of incident sound and reflected sound make equal angles with the normal to the surface at the point of incidence.
  i.e. \(\angle i=\angle r\)
• Second Law: The incident sound wave, the reflected sound wave and normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.

Question 11.
When a sound is reflected from a distant object, an echo is produced. Let the distance between the reflecting surface and the source of sound production remains the same. Do you hear echo sound on a hotter day?
Answer:
On a hotter day the speed of sound increases with the increase of temperature. So on that day reflected sound returns tq source earlier than 0.1 s. Hence a clear echo sound can not be heard.

Question 12.
Give two practical applications of reflection of sound waves.
Answer:

Stethoscope is doctor’s device which is used to hear the sound produced inside heart or lungs. The speed of sound of a patient’s heart beat is guided along the tube to the doctor’s ears by multiple reflection of sound.

2. The front part of musical instruments like megaphone or loudspeaker, horn, shehnai is made open and conical so that the sound waves produced may be reflected repeatedly and may be reflected repeatedly and may be sent forward towards the listeners.

Question 13.
A stone is dropped from the top of a tower 500 m high into a pond of water at the base of the tower. When is the splash heard at the top? Given, g = 10 m s^-2 and speed of sound = 340 m s^-2.
Solution:
Here, initial velocity of sound (u) = 0
Height of the lower (i.e. distance covered) (S) = 500 m
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 ms^-2

Question 14.
A sound wave travels at a speed of 339 m s^-1. If its wavelength is 1.5 cm, what is the frequency of the wave? Will it be audible?
Solution:
Speed of sound (υ) = 339 ms^-1
Wavelength of sound (λ) = 1.5 cm
= \(\frac {1.5}{100}\)
= 0.015 m
Frequency of wave (ν) =?
We know, frequency (ν) = \(\frac{υ}{\lambda}\)
= \(\frac {339}{0.015}\)
= 22600 Hz
Yes, sound waves are inaudible because these have frequency 22600 Hz which is not within the audible range 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

Question 15.
What is reverberation? How can it be reduced?
Answer:
Reverberation: The persistance of sound due to repeated reflection of sound is called reverberation. If sound after its production is allowed to suffer repeated reflection from walls and ceiling of big halls of concert so that it persists is called reverberation. It is unwanted sound because of which sound is not distinctly heard. To reduce reverberation effect of sound, walls and ceiling should be covered with sound absorbing materials like compressed fiber or heavy curtains having folds etc.

Question 16.
What is loudness of sound? What factors does it depend on?
Answer:
Loudness of sound is the measure of sensitivity of human ears. Like intensity it is not sound energy passing through unit area in 1 second. Two sounds can have same frequencies but still these may be heard having different loudness.

Question 17.
Explain how bats use ultrasounds to catch a prey?
Answer:

In darkness bats while flying in search of their prey emit ultrasound waves and then detect these waves after reflection. Very high-frequency ultrasonic squeaks of bat are reflected from prey and returned to bat’s ear. Amount and time delay of reflected wave helps bat in estimating the position and distance of prey.

Question 18.
How is ultrasound used for cleaning?
Answer:
Ultrasounds are used to clean parts located in hard-to-reach places e.g., complicated electronic components, watches, spiral or odd shaped parts. Appliances to be cleaned are placed in cleaning solutions and ultrasonic waves are sent through cleaning solution. Due to high frequency of ultrasounds, the dust, oil, grease and dirt get detached.

Question 19.
Explain the working and applications of SONAR.
Or
Write the full name of SONAR. How will you determine the depth of a sea using echo ranging?
Or
Write full form of SONAR. List any two purposes for which, it is used and explain its working for any one such purpose.
Answer:
SONAR: The acronym Sonar stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging. Sonar is a device that uses ultrasonic waves to measure the distance, direction and speed of underwater objects.
Principle: It uses the phenomenon of echoes in determining the sea-depth and locating the presence of underwater objects.

Working: Sonar consists of a transmitter T, and a detector D, installed below a ship as shown in Fig. The wave produced by transmitter travel through water and are reflected by sea-bed of obstacle. Reflected waves are sensed by the detector. Detector converts ultrasonic waves into electric signal. These signals are interpreted by detector.

If time interval between transmission and reception is t and speed of sound in sea-water is v, then 2d = υ × t or d = υt/2, where d is the depth of the sea. This method is also called echo sounding.
Practical Applications: It is used to locate underwater submarines, icebergs, sunken ships and underwater hills etc.

Question 20.
A sonar device on a submarine sends out a signal and receives an echo 5 s later. Calculate the speed of sound in water if the distance of the object from submarine is 3,625 m.
Solution:
Time between emission of sound and its collection (t) = 5 s
Depth of sea (2d) = 2 × 3625 m = 7250 m
We know, 2d = Speed of sound × Time
7250 = Speed of sound × 5
∴ Speed of sound (υ) = \(\frac {7250}{5}\)
= 1450 m s^-1

Question 21.
Explain how defects in a metal block can be detected using ultrasound?
Answer:
In industries metallic components are used in the construction of big structures like buildings, bridges, machines, scientific equipments, etc. ultrasounds (ultrasonic waves) are used to detect the internal defects or cracks in big metallic blocks which are not visible from outside.

Ultrasonic waves are allowed to pass through the metal block and detectors are used to detect the transmitted waves. If there is even a small defect, the ultrasound gets reflected back and does not reach the detector, as shown in figure. This indicates the presence of a defect.

Question 22.
Explain how the human ear works.
Answer:
Ear is very sensitive device used to hear sound. It converts compressions and rarefactions of frequency range 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz into electric signals that travel to brain via auditory nerve.

The ear consists of three sections:

1. the outer ear,
2. the middle ear and
3. the inner ear.

The outer ear consists of Pinna and Auditory Canal. Pinna is a cup-shaped fleshy part of the outer ear. Pinna collects and amplifies sound waves which then pass on the auditory canal. At the end of auditory canal, there is a thin membrane called tympanic membrane or eardrum. When compression reaches the eardrum, the pressure on membrane increases and the ear drum is forced inwards. When rarefaction reaches the eardrum, it moves outwards.

The vibrations are amplified by lever action of three bones called hammer, anvil and stirrup in the middle ear. In turn, the middle ear transmits the amplified pressure variations to the inner ear. The amplified pressure variations are converted into electric signals by cochlea in the inner ear. The electric signals generated are conveyed to the brain

via the auditory nerve. The brain interprets them as sound. In fact we do not hear with ear. We hear with brain through ears.

Science Guide for Class 9 PSEB Sound InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How does the sound produced by the vibrating object in a medium reach your ear?
Answer:
When the vibrating object (such as tuning fork or school bell) moves forward then it compresses the air particles lying just ahead of it which results in production of high pressure region. This region is called compression. This pressure moves forward in the direction in which the object is vibrating, when this vibrat ing object moves backward then a region of low pressure is produced which is known as rarefaction.

When the vibrating object rapidly moves to and fro then a series of compression and rarefaction pulses are formed i.e. sound wave is produced.
In this way the transmission of sound is caused in the form of transmission of change in density which reaches our ear and forces the tympanic membrane to vibrate. This produces the sensation of hearing in us.

Question 2.
Explain how sound is produced by your school bell?
Answer:
When the school bell is hit with a hammer, it begins to vibrate which produces sound waves. If we gently touch the bell, we feel vibrations. Wave is a disturbance which produces motion in the neighbouring particles of the medium. These particles handover the disturbance in the next particles lying close to the vibrating particles so that sound waves reach us. The particles of the medium do not move from one place to another, it is only the disturbance that travels forward.

Question 3.
Why are sound waves called mechanical waves?
Answer:
Sound is a kind of energy which cannot be produced by itself. To produce it some mechanical enery is required which may be by clapping or by striking bell with a hammer. This sound energy is transmitted in the form of waves by producing disturbance of the particles of the medium. Therefore, sound waves are called mechanical waves.

Question 4.
Suppose you and your friend are on the moon. Will you be able to hear any sound produced by your friend?
Answer:
For propagation of sound, air or some other material medium is required. On the surface of moon there is no such medium present as a result of which sound can not be propagated from one place to another place. So you can neither talk to your friend nor the sound produced by your friend can be heard by you.

Question 5.
Which wave property determines
(a) loudness
(b) pitch?
Answer:
(a) Loudness: The loudness of a sound wave is determined by its amplitude. The amplitude of sound wave depends upon magnitude of force. The more the force, the loud is sound produced. Loud sound traverses more distance because it has more energy in it. The more the sound is away from the source, the less is its loudness. Hence, loudness depends upon square of the amplitude.

(b) Pitch: The frequency of sound produced is called pitch. Frequency determines the aitch of a sound. The more is the vibration of the source, the higher will be its pitch.

So more the frequency, higher the pitch of sound.
In sound of high pitch the number of compressions passing through a fixed point in a unit time will be more.

Question 6.
Guess, which sound has a higher pitch: guitar or a car horn?
Answer:
Though sound of car horn is louder than that of guitar but guitar has higher pitch than car horn.

Question 7.
What are wavelength, frequency, time period and amplitude of a sound wave?
Answer:
1. Wavelength of wave: The distance travelled by the wave during the time, the particle of the medium completes 1 vibration is called wavelength.
Or
The distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions in a longitudinal wave or the distance between the consecutive crests or two consecutive troughs is called wavelength. It is denoted by a greek letter ‘λ’ (lambda). SI unit of wavelength is meter (m).

2. Frequency: In any medium when wave propagates the number of vibrations made by a particle of the medium is called frequency. It is denoted by ‘ν’. S.I. unit of frequency is Hertz (Hz). It is determined by the number of compressions or rarefactions passing through a fixed point.

3. Time Period: It is the time taken by a particle to complete one vibration during the propagation of wave. It is denoted by “T”. S.I. unit of time period is second.
Or
Time taken by two nearest compressions or rarefactions of sound waves to cross a point is called time period.

4. Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a particle of the medium on either side of mean position is called amplitude, of wave. It is denoted by letter ‘A’. For sound wave its unit is same as that of pressure or density. The loudness of sound depends on its amplitude.

Question 8.
How are the wavelength and frequency of a sound wave related to its speed?
Answer:
Velocity of sound wave (υ) = Wavelength (λ) × Frequency (ν).

Question 9.
Calculate the wavelength of a sound wave whose frequency is 220 Hz and speed is 440 m s^-1 in a given medium.
Solution:
Velocity of sound wave (υ) = 440 ms^-1
Frequency of sound (ν) = 220 Hz
Wavelength of sound wave (λ) = ?
We know, υ = ν × λ
440 = 220 × λ
or λ = \(\frac {440}{220}\)
or wavelength (λ) = 2 m

Question 10.
A person is listening to a tone of 500 Hz sitting at a distance of 450 m from the source of sound. What is the time interval between successive compressions from the source?
Solution:
Given frequency of sound (ν) = 500 Hz
Time taken between two successive compressions (T) = ?
We know, time period (T) = \(\frac{1}{\text { Frequency }(ν)}\)
= \(\frac {1}{500}\)
= 0.002 s

Question 11.
Distinguish between loudness and intensity of sound.
Answer:
Difference between Loudness and Intensity:

Loudness	Intensity
1. The loudness of sound is the measure of senstivity of ears.	It is the sound energy passing through a unit area in 1 second.
2. The loudness of sound can not be measured.	The intensity of sound can be measured.
3. For different observers the loudness of sound is different.	The intensity of sound is same for different persons.
4. The loudness of ultrasonic and infrasonic waves is zero because they are inaudible.	There is a possibility of intensity in ultrasonic and infrasonic sound in ultrasonic and infrasonic sound waves.

Question 12.
In which of the three media, air, water or iron sound travels the fastest at a particular temperature?
Answer:
Sound travels fastest in iron as compared to air and water. The velocity of sound in iron is 5950 m s^-1, followed by water [1500 m s^-1], air [350 m s^-1],

Question 13.
An echo returned in 3 s. What is the distance of reflecting surface from the source? Given that the speed of sound is 342 m s^-1.
Solution:
Velocity of sound (v) = 342 ms^-1
Time taken for echo to be heard (t) = 3s
Distance travelled by sound (S) = υ × t
= 342 × 3
= 1026 m
i.e. sound takes 3 s to travel from source to reflecting surface and then back to source and during this time the distance travelled is 1026 m.
Distance between source and reflecting surface = \(\frac {1026}{2}\) m
= 513 m

Question 14.
Why are the ceilings of concert halls curved?
Answer:

Ceilings of concert halls are made curved as is shown in Fig so that sound after reflection from all surfaces of hall may spread evenly to all parts and heard equally clear.

Question 15.
What is audible range of average human ear?
Answer:
For average human ear the audible range of sound is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

Question 16.
What is the range of frequencies associated with
(a) infrasound
(b) ultrasound?
Answer:
(a) For infrasound the frequency range is less than 20 Hz.
(b) For ultrasound the frequency range is more than 20 KHz (i.e. 20,000 Hz)

Question 17.
A submarine emits a sonar pulse, which returns from an underwater cliff in 1.02 s. If the speed of sound in salt water is 1531 m s^-1, how far away is the cliff?
Solution:
Time is taken by the sound to travel from submarine to cliff and back to the submarine
= 1.02 s
Speed of sound in saltwater = 1531 ms^-1
Distance travelled by sound (2d) = Speed of sound × Time taken
= 1531 × 1.02 [∵ d is the distance between submarine and cliff]
= 1561.62 m
or d = \(\frac {1561.62}{2}\) m
i.e. Distance between submarine and cliff (d) = 780.81 m

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 3 Budgeting Your Time Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 3 Budgeting Your Time

Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Why is money considered so important ?
(पैसे को इतना महत्त्वपूर्ण क्यों माना जाता है ?)
Answer:
It is said that money makes the mare go. That is why money is considered important.
ऐसा कहा जाता है कि दाम बनाए काम। यही कारण है कि पैसा महत्त्वपूर्ण माना जाता है।

Question 2.
What do people believe about the power of money ?
(लोग पैसे की शक्ति के बारे में क्या विश्वास रखते हैं ?)
Answer:
They believe that the power of money is great.
उनका विश्वास है कि पैसे की शक्ति महान् होती है।

Question 3.
Does time wait for anyone ?
(क्या समय किसी की प्रतीक्षा करता है ?)
Answer:
No, time doesn’t wait for anyone.
नहीं, समय किसी की प्रतीक्षा नहीं करता।

Question 4.
What type of precious moment should not be lost ?
(किस तरह का कीमती पल नष्ट नहीं किया जाना चाहिए ?)
Answer:
There is sometimes a moment that can make or mar person’s whole future. Such a moment is precious. It should not be lost.
कई बार ऐसा पल आता है जो किसी व्यक्ति के पूरे भविष्य को बना या मिटा सकता है। ऐसा पल कीमती होता है। इसे खोया नहीं जाना चाहिए।

Question 5.
What do we mean by saying : Art is long and time is fleeting?
(इस कहावत का क्या अर्थ होता है- कला लम्बी है और समय तेज़ी से भाग रहा है ?)
Answer:
Art here means the work that one has to do in one’s life. Man has a lot of work to do in his life. But the time with him is running out fast.
कला का यहां अर्थ है वह काम जो व्यक्ति को अपने जीवन में करना होता है। व्यक्ति को अपने जीवन में ढेरों काम करने होते हैं। किन्तु उसके पास जो समय है, वह तेज़ी से समाप्त होता जा रहा है।

Question 6.
Which is the most important time for doing something?
(कोई काम करने के लिए सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण समय कौन सा होता है ?)
Answer:
The present is the most important time to do anything.
कोई भी काम करने के लिए वर्तमान सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण समय होता है।

Question 7.
Why must one be punctual ?
(आदमी को समय का पाबन्द क्यों होना चाहिए ?)
Answer:
An opportunity once missed is lost for ever. Time once lost can never be regained. Therefore, one must be punctual.
एक बार हाथ से निकला अवसर सदा के लिए खो जाता है। एक बार खो गए समय को दबारा प्राप्त नहीं किया जा सकता। इसलिए व्यक्ति को समय का पाबन्द अवश्य होना चाहिए।

Question 8.
Is it useful to cry over the spilt milk or blame our stars for our failures ?
(क्या बह गए दूध पर रोना अथवा अपनी असफलताओं के लिए अपने ग्रहों को दोषी ठहराना कोई लाभदायक होता है ?)
Answer:
No, it is useless to do so if we are ourselves responsible for our failure.
नहीं, ऐसा करना बेकार होता है यदि हम स्वयं ही अपनी असफलता के लिए जिम्मेदार हों।

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
What should be the guiding principle of our life, and why?
(हमारे जीवन का मुख्य सिद्धान्त क्या होना चाहिए और क्यों ?)
Answer:
“Now or never’ should be the guiding principle of our life. Time is always fleeting. Time once lost can never be regained. Therefore, we should always act in the present. We should never put off till tomorrow what we can do today.

अभी या कभी नहीं’ यही हमारे जीवन का मुख्य सिद्धान्त होना चाहिए। समय सदा भागता चला जाता है। एक बार खोया समय दोबारा कभी हाथ नहीं आता है। इसलिए हमें सदा वर्तमान में ही क्रिया करनी चाहिए। हमें आज का काम कल पर कभी नहीं छोड़ना चाहिए।

Question 2.
Why is the budgeting of time important ?
(समय-रूपी आय-व्यय का हिसाब रखना क्यों ज़रूरी होता है ?)
Answer:
We have very limited time at our disposal. But the work we have to do is very long.Life today has become very fast. Every moment has become precious. Therefore, the budgeting of time is important.

हमारे पास समय बहुत सीमित है। किन्तु जो काम हमें करना है वह बहुत लम्बा है। आज का जीवन बहुत तेज़ हो गया है। प्रत्येक पल कीमती हो गया है। इसलिए समय का बजट बनाना महत्त्वपूर्ण हो
गया है।

Question 3.
Reproduce, in your own words, the dialogue between the Yaksha and Yudhishthira.
(यक्ष तथा युधिष्ठिर के मध्य हुए वार्तालाप को अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।)
Answer:
Yaksha was a god. He asked Yudhishthira what the best time for doing a thing was. Yudhishthira replied that Now or the Present was the most important time to do a thing.

यक्ष एक देवता था। उसने युधिष्ठिर से पूछा कि कोई काम करने के लिए सर्वोत्तम समय क्या होता है। युधिष्ठिर ने उत्तर दिया कि अब अथवा वर्तमान कोई भी काम करने के लिए सर्वोत्तम समय
होता है।

Tick (✓) the correct choice :

Question 1.
The power of ‘Time’ is :
(a) little.
(b) nil.
(c) great.
(d) dangerous.
Answer:
(c) great.

Question 2.
Every moment is :
(a) useless.
(b) good.
(c) precious.
(d) long.
Answer:
(c) precious.

Question 3.
To get success :
(a) time should be wasted.
(b) we need not be punctual.
(c) we should budget time.
(d) we should postpone things.
Answer:
(c) we should budget time.

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Question 1.
Match the words in column A with their synonyms in column B :
Answer.
1. wealth = money
2. significant = important
3. wasted = squandered
4. tough = hard
5. valuable = precious
6. detrimental = harmful
7. single = lonely

Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B :

1. believe = to have faith
2. whole = complete
3. trickle = to flow in drops
4. lag = to remain behind
5. crucial = very important
6. principle = law or rule
7. pine = to feel sad or distressed
8. put off = to postpone

Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box :

mare; power; regained; tough; journey; mar; future; admission; repent; excellent

1. The patient ……………. consciousness after a few hours.
2. Success is a …………… not a destination.
3. His …………… is not secure.
4. No …………… without permission.
5. He showed an ……………. result.
6. The question paper was very …………
7. He has only one …………….. in his stable.
8. You are not aware of his ……………
9. Your bad habits will …………….. your life.
10. You should ……….. of what you have done.
Answer:
1. regained
2. journey
3. future
4. admission
5. excellent
6. tough
7. mare
8. power
9. mar
10. repent.

Change the voice in the following sentences :

1. The boy ate the mango.
2. I do not know him.
3. Your conduct surprises me.
4. This pot contains milk.
5. Your action annoyed him.
6. We should help the poor.
7. The police have arrested the thief.
8. He has finished his work.
Answer.
1. The mango was eaten by the boy.
2. He is not known to me.
3. I am surprised at your conduct.
4. Milk is contained in this pot.
5. He was annoyed at your action.
6. The poor should be helped.
7. The thief has been arrested.
8. His work has been finished by him.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable Articles:

1. She has …………… beautiful look.
2. ……………. sun rises in ……………. east.
3. I read …………….. Tribune daily.
4. He is …………… honest person.
5. I need ………….. new uniform.
6. Haridwar is …………….. holy place.
7. Iron is …………….. useful metal.
8. It is raining; I need ……………. umbrella.
Answer:
1. a
2. The, the
3. The
4. an
5. a
6. a
7. a
8. an.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable Prepositions :

1. It is no use crying ……………. spilt milk.
2. He died …………….. cholera.
3. He looks ……………. the child in the absence of his mother.
4. They went deep …. …. the jungle.
5. John was made ……………. steel.
6. He congratulated me ………….. my success.
7. He is not aware . ……………. his shortcomings.
8. I have no faith …………….. you.
9. It is very kind ………….. you to help me.
10. Please remember me …………….. your parents.
Answer:
1. over
2. of
3. after
4. into
5. of
6. on
7. of
8. in
9. of
10 to.

Give one word for each of the following:

1. One who never dies — immortal
2. One who believes in God — theist
3. One who is present everywhere — omnipresent
4. Government by the people — democracy
5. One who makes gold ornaments — goldsmith

Pronunciation Practice

Say the following words aloud:

Creative Writing and Extended Reading

1. Make a list of various virtues. Think and write how they are important for us.
2. How do you spend your leisure? Write in ten lines.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Name the author of the chapter, ‘Budgeting Your Time’.
Answer:
D.V. Jindal.

Question 2.
What is generally considered the most important thing in life ?
Answer:
It is money.

Question 3.
Whose power is greater than that of money ?
Answer:
Time is definitely more powerful.

Question 4.
What cannot be regained once it is lost ?
Answer:
It is time.

Question 5.
How can we make the best use of time ?
Answer:
By saving every second of our life.

Question 6.
Where is every passing moment taking us to ?
Answer:
To our grave.

Question 7.
What happens to those who are behind time?
Answer:
They are left behind others.

Question 8.
Should we blame the stars when we fail ?
Answer:
No, we ourselves are responsible for our actions.

Question 9.
What importance should we give to ‘Now or never’ ?
Answer:
We should make it our guiding principle.

Question 10.
What must we do with the time at our disposal ?
Answer:
We must budget it carefully.

Complete the following

1. ………………. makes the mare go.
2. Power of …………………. is greater than that of …………..
3. Time can ……………… or ………………. our whole future.
4. Every ……………….. in our life is important.
5. An opportunity ………………. is an ……………….. lost for ever.
6. In the chapter, ………………. put in a question to Yudhishthira.
Answer:
1. Money
2. time, money
3. make, mar
4. second
5. missed, opportunity
6. Yaksha.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. The famous proverb is ‘Time makes the mare go’.
2. Time is more powerful than money.
3. Lost time can be regained with a little effort.
4. A second, a very small unit of time, should be ignored.
5. The habit of punctuality helps us a lot.
6. Crying over the spilt milk is a sign of intelligence.
Answer:
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. False.

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
Money makes the ……………. go.
(a) horse
(b) world
(c) mare
(d) universe.
Answer:
(c) mare

Question 2.
……… is not as important as time.
(a) Money
(b) Punctuality
(c) A mare
(d) A man.
Answer:
(a) Money

Question 3.
We should ……………… our time very carefully.
(a) budget
(b) while away
(c) waste
(d) fritter.
Answer:
(a) budget

Question 4.
……………… should be the guiding principle of our life.
(a) Budget-making
(b) Money
(c) Our possessions
(d) Punctuality.
Answer:
(d) Punctuality.

Use Of Textual Words /Phrases

1. Money makes the mare go —Saving money is very important as it makes the mare go.
2. Take time by the forelock — You must take time by the forelock if you want to reach the top.
3. Doyen — William Shakespeare is called as the doyen of English literature.
4. Tide — You must make use of this title, otherwise, you’ll repent.
5. Pine — It is no use pining now; you did not action time.
6. Make or mar — Some decisions are really important; they can make or mar our lives.
7. Squandered — John has squandered all the money left by his other.
8. Crucial — You must take your doctor’s advice seriously; it is crucial.
9. Prosperous —  She is the daughter of a prosperous bank officer.
10. Detrimental — Smoking is detrimental to health.

Budgeting Your Time Summary in English

Budgeting Your Time Introduction:

In this chapter, the writer brings out the importance of budgeting our time. We have to budget a thing if its availability is limited in relation to its expenditure. The time at our disposal is also very limited. But the work we have to do in our life is very long. Therefore, we must budget our time. We have to take notice of every moment that is passing. Present is the most important time to do a thing. Time once lost can never be regained. Therefore, we must be punctual in our life. Every moment is precious. Those who forget it, have to repent later when no remedy is possible.

Budgeting Your Time Summary in English:

Money is said to be the most important thing in life. Money makes the mare go. The power of money is great, but the power of time is still greater. Money once lost can be regained. But time once lost is lost for ever. If you do not make the best use of time, you are sure to be doomed. There come some moments in life that can make or mar a person’s whole future. We must take notice of such moments.

They are very precious. One must act in time before it is too late. Those who take no notice of time, have to repent later when there is no remedy. Every second in life is important. Therefore, we must save every second and thus make the best use of time. Man’s life is very short. But he has a lot to do. Every moment is taking us nearer to the grave. Therefore, we must make the best use of our time.

We must be punctual in all our activities. Those who are behind time, are left behind in their life also. An opportunity missed once is missed for ever. It is no use crying over spilt milk. We should not blame the stars when we are ourselves responsible for our failure. Once Yaksha, a god, asked Yudhishthira, “What is the best time for doing a thing ?” Yudhishthira replied, “Now !” The work in hand is the most important work to do. And the present is the most important time to do it. “Now or Never must be the guiding principle in our life. We should never put off till tomorrow what we can do today.

Life in the present age has become very fast. A slip of even a second can result in doom for us.. Therefore, every single second has its importance. Every moment of life is precious. Any carelessness towards the importance of time can prove very harmful to any society. Therefore, we must learn to budget our time. We can hope for a good tomorrow only if we know the value of today. Therefore we should never forget the value of NOW in our life.

Budgeting Your Time Summary in Hindi

Budgeting Your Time Introduction:

पाठ का संक्षिप्त परिचय इस लेख में लेखक अपने समय का हिसाब रखने के महत्त्व को दिखाता है। हमें ऐसी चीज़ का हिसाब रखना पड़ता है जिसकी उपलब्धि इसके खर्च के मुकाबले में सीमित हो। हमारे पास समय की उपलब्धि भी बहुत सीमित है। किन्तु वह काम जो हमें अपने जीवन में करना है बहुत लम्बा है। इसलिए हमें अपने समय का हिसाब अवश्य रखना चाहिए। हमें प्रत्येक पल को ध्यान में रखना होता है जो गुज़र रहा है। किसी काम को करने के लिए वर्तमान सब से महत्त्वपूर्ण समय होता है। एक बार खोए हुए समय को दोबारा कभी प्राप्त नहीं किया जा सकता है। इसलिए हमें अपने जीवन में समय का पाबन्द होना चाहिए। प्रत्येक पल कीमती होता है। वे जो इसे भूल जाते हैं, उन्हें बाद में पछताना पड़ता है जब कोई इलाज सम्भव नहीं होता।

Budgeting Your Time Summary in Hindi:

पैसे को जीवन में सब से महत्त्वपूर्ण चीज़ कहा जाता है। दाम बनाए काम। पैसे की ताकत बहुत होती है, किन्तु समय की ताकत उससे भी बड़ी होती है। पैसा एक बार खो जाए तो उसे दोबारा प्राप्त किया जा सकता है। किन्तु एक बार खोया हुआ समय सदा के लिए खो जाता है। यदि आप समय का सर्वोत्तम इस्तेमाल नहीं करेंगे, तो आपका निश्चित ही विनाश हो जाएगा। जीवन में कुछ ऐसे अवसर आते हैं जो किसी व्यक्ति के सम्पूर्ण भविष्य को बना या बिगाड़ सकते हैं। हमें ऐसे अवसरों का ज़रूर ध्यान रखना चाहिए।

वे बहुत कीमती होते हैं। व्यक्ति को समय रहते क्रिया करनी चाहिए इससे पहले कि बहुत देर हो जाए। वे लोग जो समय की तरफ कोई ध्यान नहीं देते, उन्हें बाद में पछताना पड़ता है जब वहां कोई इलाज नहीं रहता है। जीवन का हर पल महत्त्वपूर्ण होता है। इसलिए हमें प्रत्येक पल बचाना चाहिए और इस तरह समय का सर्वोत्तम प्रयोग करना चाहिए। मनुष्य का जीवन बहुत छोटा है। किन्तु उसे बहुत काम करना होता है। हर पल हमें हमारी कब्र के नजदीक ले जा रहा होता है। इसलिए हमें अवश्य ही अपने समय का सर्वोत्तम इस्तेमाल करना चाहिए।

हमें अपनी सभी क्रियाओं में समय का पाबन्द होना चाहिए। वे लोग जो समय के पीछे रह जाते हैं, वे अपने जीवन में भी पीछे रह जाते हैं। ऐसा अवसर जो एक बार हाथ से निकल जाता है, वह सदा के लिए निकल जाता है। दूध गिर जाने पर रोने का कोई लाभ नहीं होता। हमें अपने ग्रहों को दोष नहीं देना चाहिए जब हम स्वयं ही अपनी असफलता के लिए जिम्मेदार हों। .. एक बार यक्ष जो एक देवता था, उसने युधिष्ठिर से पूछा, “कोई काम करने के लिए सर्वोत्तम समय क्या होता है..?”

युधिष्ठिर ने कहा, “अब का समय!” हाथ में लिया काम करने को सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण काम होता है, तथा इसे करने का सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण समय वर्तमान का होता है। ‘अभी या कभी नहीं’-यह हमारे जीवन का मुख्य सिद्धान्त होना चाहिए। हमें आज का काम कल पर कभी नहीं छोड़ना चाहिए।

वर्तमान युग में जीवन बहुत तेज़ गति वाला हो गया है। एक पल की भी चूक हमारे लिए प्रलयकारी हो सकती है। इसलिए प्रत्येक पल का अपना ही महत्त्व होता है। जीवन का प्रत्येक पल कीमती होता है। समय के महत्त्व के प्रति कोई भी लापरवाही किसी भी समाज के लिए बहुत हानिकारक हो सकती है। हम एक प्रसन्नतापूर्ण भविष्य की केवल तब आशा कर सकते हैं यदि हम आज के महत्त्व को जानते होंगे। इसलिए हमें अपने जीवन में ‘अब’ के महत्त्व को कभी नहीं भूलना चाहिए।

Budgeting Your Time Translation in Hindi

(Page 31) Money, they say ……………. is no remedy.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. age old – बहुत पुरानी ; 2. regained – दोबारा प्राप्त किया जाना ; 3. Time and tide wait for none – समय और भाग्य किसी की प्रतीक्षा नहीं करते ; 4. forelock – माथे के ऊपर के बाल ; 5. take time by the forelock – समय को हाथ से निकलने न देना ; 6. destined – भाग्य में लिखा होना ; 7. doomed – सत्यानाश होना ; 8. doyen – पितामह ; 9. tide at the flood – ज्वार, उठती हुई लहर ; 10. shallows – तट के समीप कम गहरा पानी ; 11. mar – नष्ट करना ; 12. rarely – विरले ही ; 13. pine – दुःखी होना।

Text

Money, they say, is the most important thing in life. Money makes the mare go, is an age old saying. The power of money, people believe, is great. But greater still is the power of TIME. Money once lost can be regained time once lost is lost for ever. Time and tide wait for none. If you do not make the best use of time and do not take time by the forelock, you are destined to be doomed. Shakespeare, the doyen of English literature, wrote : There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life

Is bound in shallows and in miseries. (Shakespeare : Julius Caesar) During the tough course of the journey of life, rarely comes the time which can make or mar a person’s whole future. Such a precious moment must not be allowed to go unnoticed. One must act in time before it is too late. This can be possible only if we are alive and alert to the importance of every single second in our lives. Those who waste time and let it pass unnoticed, have to repent and pine, only बिना when there is no remedy.

अनुवाद

कहते हैं कि पैसा जीवन में सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण चीज़ होता है। दाम बनाए काम, यह एक बहुत पुरानी कहावत है। लोग ऐसा विश्वास करते हैं कि पैसे की शक्ति बहुत होती है। किन्तु उससे भी बड़ी शक्ति समय की होती है। पैसा एक बार खो जाए तो इसे फिर से प्राप्त किया जा सकता है; समय एक बार खो जाए, तो सदा के लिए खो जाता है। समय और भाग्य किसी की प्रतीक्षा नहीं करते। यदि आप समय का सर्वोत्तम इस्तेमाल नहीं करते और समय को पूरा काबू नहीं करते, तो आपका अन्तिम भाग्य में सत्यानाश ही होगा। अंग्रेजी साहित्य के पितामह शेक्सपियर ने लिखा था मनुष्यों के जीवन में एक ज्वार-भाटा आता है। जिसे यदि इसकी चरम सीमा पर पकड़ लिया जाए तो तकदीर बन जाती है। निकल जाने दिया जाए, तो उनके जीवन-रूपी पूरी यात्रा बन्ध जाती है दलदल और दुःखों में।

(शेक्सपियर के ‘जूलियस सीज़र’ से) जीवन की यात्रा के कठिन मार्ग के दौरान विरले ही कोई ऐसा अवसर होता है जो किसी व्यक्ति के पूरे भविष्य को बना सकता है या बिगाड़ सकता है। ऐसे कीमती पल को बिना ध्यान दिए निकलने नहीं देना चाहिए। व्यक्ति को अवश्य ही समय पर क्रिया करनी चाहिए, इससे पहले कि बहुत देरी हो जाए। ऐसा केवल तभी सम्भव है यदि

हम अपने जीवन में एक-एक पल के महत्त्व के प्रति सजग और सचेत हों। ऐसे लोग जो समय को नष्ट करते हैं और इसे बिना ध्यान दिए निकल जाने देते हैं, उन्हें पछताना और दुःखी होना पड़ता है, केवल जब वहां इस का कोई इलाज नहीं रहता है।

(Page 32) ‘Every second in life ….. lives today.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. add up to – जमा हो कर बन जाते हैं ; 2. trickle – बूंद ; 3. mickle – एक भारी मात्रा ; 4. squandered – गंवाया जाना ; 5. drain – नाली ; 6. for nothing – व्यर्थ ही ; 7. fleeting – जल्दी से भागती हुई ; 8. traverse — पार करना, तय करना ; 9. at our disposal – हमारे अधिकार में ; 10. imperative – अत्यावश्यक ; 11. available – उपलब्ध ; 12. punctual – समय का पाबन्द ; 13. crucial — निर्णायक ; 14. globalisation – वैश्वीकरण ; 15. space travel – अन्तरिक्ष यात्रा ; 16. fraction – छोटा अंश ; 17. spell – परिणाम निकलना ; 18. disaster – घोर विपत्ति ; 19. budgeting – के प्रयोग में सावधान, बचत करना ; 20. apathy – उदासीनता ; 21. detrimental – हानिकारक ; 22. bequeathe – वसीयत में देना।

Text
Every second in life is important. Seconds add up to minutes, hours, days and months.Many a trickle makes a mickle. Why not then save every second to make the best use of time ? If you do not do that, a lot of time is squandered down the drain for nothing. Life is short and uncertain.

‘Art is long and time is fleeting,’ said a poet. We’ve a lot to do, a long road to traverse but time at our disposal is very short. Who knows when God Almighty may send a call ? In fact, every beat of our heart is taking us a step nearer to the grave. Therefore, it is imperative that one should make the best use of the time available.

One must learn to be punctual in all one’s activities. Those who are behind time, lag behind in their life too. An opportunity missed is an opportunity lost for ever. By being late, you may miss an important train, a crucial flight, a career-making job or an admission to an excellent course. It is no use crying over spilt milk or blaming the stars when you are yourself responsible for your failure.Yaksha, a god, asked Yudhishthira :

“What is the best time for doing a thing?” The wise son of Kunti said, “Now !” The work in hand is the most important work and the PRESENT is the most important time to do it. ‘Now or Never’ must be our guiding principle in life. Never put off till tomorrow, they say, what you can do today.

In this age of globalisation, super-computers and space travel, life is moving so fast that a slip of even a fraction of a second can spell doom and disaster. Every single second has, therefore, its own importance. That is why the concept of budgeting one’s time is fast catching up. Every moment of life is precious and any careless attitude or apathy towards the importance of time can prove highly detrimental to any society. We can hope for a good tomorrow only if we know the value of today. We are duty-bound to bequea the a happy and prosperous future to the coming generations. This is possible only if we know the value of NOW in our lives today.

अनुवाद

हमारे जीवन में प्रत्येक पल महत्त्वपूर्ण होता है। सैकण्ड जुड़ कर मिनट, घण्टे, दिन और महीने बन जाते हैं। बूंद बूंद से घड़ा भर जाता है। तो फिर समय का सर्वोत्तम इस्तेमाल करने के लिए प्रत्येक पल को क्यों न बचाया जाए? यदि तुम ऐसा नहीं करोगे, तो बहुत-सा समय व्यर्थ ही नाली में बह जाएगा। जीवन छोटा है और अनिश्चित ‘काम बहुत है और समय तेज़ी से भाग रहा है,’ एक कवि ने कहा था। हमें करने को बहुत काम है, एक लम्बी सड़क पार करनी है, किन्तु हमारे पास समय बहुत कम है।

कौन जानता है कि कब सर्वशक्तिमान ईश्वर बुलावा भेज दे? वास्तव में हमारे दिल की प्रत्येक धड़कन हमें एक कदम हमारी कब्र के और नज़दीक ले जा रही है। इसलिए यह अत्यावश्यक है कि व्यक्ति उपलब्ध समय का सर्वोत्तम इस्तेमाल करे। व्यक्ति को अपनी सभी क्रियाओं में समय का पाबन्द होना सीखना चाहिए। वे लोग जो समय से पीछे रह जाते | हैं, वे अपने जीवन में भी पीछे रह जाते हैं। एक बार खोया हुआ अवसर सदा के लिए खोया जाता है। देरी हो जाने से आप किसी महत्त्वपूर्ण गाड़ी, किसी निर्णायक उड़ान, किसी जीवन बना देने वाली नौकरी अथवा किसी शानदार

कोर्स में दाखिले के अवसर से चूक सकते हैं। चिड़ियों द्वारा खेत चुग लिए जाने पर रोने का अथवा ग्रहों को दोष देने का कोई लाभ नहीं होता यदि आप अपनी असफलता के लिए स्वयं ही ज़िम्मेदार हैं। यक्ष जो एक देवता था, उसने युधिष्ठिर से पूछा, “कोई काम करने के लिए सर्वोत्तम समय कौन-सा होता है?” कुन्ती के बुद्धिमान पुत्र ने कहा, “अब का समय!” जो काम हाथ में हो, वह सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण काम होता है, तथा वर्तमान का समय इसे करने के लिए सब से महत्त्वपूर्ण समय होता है।

अभी या कभी नहीं’-हमारे जीवन का मुख्य सिद्धान्त होना चाहिए। कहते हैं कि आज का काम कल पर कभी नहीं छोड़ना चाहिए। वैश्वीकरण, सुपर-कम्प्यूटरों और अन्तरिक्ष-यात्रा के इस युग में जीवन इतनी तेज़ गति से चल रहा है कि एक सैकण्ड का कुछ अंश भी हाथ से निकल जाने पर सर्वनाश अथवा महा-विपत्ति आ सकती है। इसलिए एक-एक सैकण्ड का अपना ही महत्त्व होता है। इसी कारण अपने समय का बजट बनाने सम्बन्धी विचार ज़ोर पकड़ता जा रहा है।

जीवन का प्रत्येक पल कीमती है तथा समय के महत्त्व के प्रति कोई भी लापरवाही वाला व्यवहार अथवा उदासीनता किसी भी समाज के लिए बहुत हानिकारक ह सकता है। हम एक अच्छे कल की केवल तब आशा कर सकते हैं यदि हमें आज के मूल्य का ज्ञान हो। हम कर्तव्य बद्ध हैं कि आने वाली पीढ़ियों के लिए एक प्रसन्नतापूर्ण और प्रगतिशील भविष्य छोड़ कर जाएं। ऐसा केवल तब सम्भव है यदि हम आज के अपने जीवनों में वर्तमान के महत्त्व को पहचानें।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 1 Number Systems Ex 1.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 1 Number Systems Ex 1.1

Question 1.
Is zero a rational number? Can you write it in the form \(\frac{p}{q}\), where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0?
Answer:
Yes. Zero is a rational number. Zero is a whole number as well as an Integer. As we know, all integers are rational numbers, zero is also a rational number.

Zero can be expressed in the \(\frac{p}{q}\) form in infinitely many ways like \(\frac{0}{5}\), \(\frac{0}{11}\), \(\frac{0}{-3}\), …….

In short, \(\frac{0}{q}\), where q is an integer other than zero, is the \(\frac{p}{q}\) form of 0.

Question 2.
Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4.
Answer:
Since six rational numbers are to be found. between rationals 3 and 4, we express both of them with denominator 7(6 + 1).
Now, 3 = \(\frac{3 \times 7}{1 \times 7}\) = \(\frac{21}{7}\) and 4 = \(\frac{4 \times 7}{1 \times 7}=\frac{28}{7}\)

Then, \(\frac{21}{7}\) < \(\frac{22}{7}\) < \(\frac{23}{7}\) < \(\frac{24}{7}\) < \(\frac{25}{7}\) < \(\frac{26}{7}\) < \(\frac{27}{7}\) < \(\frac{28}{7}\) so, \(\frac{22}{7}, \frac{23}{7}, \frac{24}{7}, \frac{25}{7}, \frac{26}{7}, \frac{27}{7}\) are required six rational numbers between 3 and 4.

By other methods, takIng 3 = 3.0 and 4 = 4.0, we can state that 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 are six rationals between 3 and 4. Still, by the method of averages, we can state \(\frac{7}{2}\), \(\frac{13}{4}, \frac{15}{4}, \frac{25}{8}, \frac{27}{8}, \frac{29}{8}\) are six rationals between 3 and 4. As there lies infinitely many rationals between any two rationals, we can give many different answers.

Question 3.
Find five rational numbers between \(\) and \(\).
Answer:
\(\frac{3}{5}=\frac{3 \times 6}{5 \times 6}=\frac{18}{30}\) and \(\frac{4}{5}=\frac{4 \times 6}{5 \times 6}=\frac{24}{30}\)
Now, \(\frac{18}{30}\) < \(\frac{19}{30}\) < \(\frac{20}{30}\) < \(\frac{21}{30}\) < \(\frac{22}{30}\) < \(\frac{23}{30}\) < \(\frac{24}{30}\)
i.e., \(\frac{3}{5}\) < \(\frac{19}{30}\) < \(\frac{2}{3}\) < \(\frac{7}{10}\) < \(\frac{11}{5}\) < \(\frac{23}{30}\) < \(\frac{4}{5}\).
Hence, \(\frac{19}{30}, \frac{2}{3}, \frac{7}{10}, \frac{11}{15}\) and \(\frac{23}{30}\) are five of the many rational numbers lying between \(\frac{3}{5}\) and \(\frac{4}{5}\).

Question 4.
State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answers :
(i) Every natural number is a whole number.
Answer:
The given statement is true as the collection of whole numbers contain all the natural numbers.

(ii) Every integer is a whole number.
Answer:
The given statement is false as any negative integer like – 2, – 3, – 5, etc. Is not a whole number. The collection of whole numbers contains 0 and all natural numbers, but not the opposites of the natural numbers.

(iii) Every rational number is a whole number.
Answer:
The given statement is false as any rational number lying between two consecutive whole numbers is not a whole number.

e.g., \(\frac{5}{2}\) is a rational number lying between whole numbers 2 and 3, but it is not a whole number.
Skill Testing Exercise

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 2 Plants also Breathe and Feel Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 2 Plants also Breathe and Feel

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
What was the event that surprised the world ?
(वह कौन-सी घटना थी जिसने सारे संसार को चकित कर दिया था ?)
Answer.
J.C. Bose had invented an instrument that could measure the growth of plants. He also proved that plants have hearts and can feel. He proved that plants can see. They can sense that a stranger is coming towards them. It was this discovery that surprised the world.

जे० सी० बोस ने एक ऐसे यन्त्र का आविष्कार किया था जो पौधों की वृद्धि को माप सकता था। उसने यह भी सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधों का दिल होता है और वे महसूस कर सकते हैं। उसने सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधे देख सकते हैं। वे भांप जाते हैं कि कोई अजनबी उनकी तरफ़ आ रहा है। यही खोज थी जिसने संसार को चकित कर दिया।

Question 2.
Name the instrument made by Jagdish Chandra Bose.
(जगदीश चन्द्र बोस द्वारा बनाए गए उपकरण का नाम बताएं।)
Answer.
Crescograph.
(क्रेस्कोग्राफ।)

Question 3.
What could the instrument measure ?
(यह उपकरण क्या माप सकता था ?)
Answer.
It could measure the growth of plants.
यह पौधों की वृद्धि को माप सकता था।

Question 4.
What was India known for in the nineteenth century ?
(उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी में भारत किस बात के लिए प्रसिद्ध था ?)
Answer.
India was known for its achievements in arts, literature and philosophy.
भारत कला, साहित्य और दर्शन-शास्त्र में अपनी प्राप्तियों के लिए प्रसिद्ध था।

Question 5.
Where did Bose go for higher studies ?
(उच्च शिक्षा प्राप्त करने के लिए बोस कहाँ गया ?)
Answer.
He went to England.
(वह इंग्लैंड गया।)

Question 6.
What did he have to struggle for ?
(उसे किस बात के लिए संघर्ष करना पड़ा ?)
Answer.
Bose worked as a Professor of Physics in Kolkata. But he was given only half of what was paid to a European Professor. Bose protested against it. In the end, he was given his due.

बोस कोलकाता में भौतिक विज्ञान के एक प्राध्यापक के रूप में काम करता था। परन्तु उसे उससे आधा वेतन मिलता था जितना एक यूरोपियन प्रोफेसर को दिया जाता था। बोस ने इसका विरोध किया। अन्त में उसे उसका अधिकार दे दिया गया।

Question 7.
What can plants feel ?
(पौधे क्या अनुभव कर सकते हैं ?)
Answer.
Plants can feel like human beings. They can feel tired, sad or happy.
पौधे मनुष्यों की तरह महसूस कर सकते हैं। वे थकान, उदासी या प्रसन्नता महसूस कर सकते हैं।

Question 8.
How can one be glorious ?
(व्यक्ति किस तरह यशस्वी बन सकता है ?)
Answer.
One can be glorious through one’s noble actions and hard work. Glory comes through action, not idleness.
व्यक्ति अपने अच्छे कामों और कठिन परिश्रम के द्वारा यशस्वी बन सकता है। यश क्रिया से प्राप्त होता है, निकम्मेपन से नहीं।

Write short notes on the following:

(निम्नलिखित पर नोट लिखिए)
1. Uses of crescograph
2. Jagdish Chandra Bose’s contribution to science
3. Jagdish Chandra Bose’s love for his country.
Answer.
1. Crescograph is a wonderful instrument. It can record the growth of plants. It shows how plants react to such things as light, noise and manures. It can show that plants feel like human beings. A crescograph can show that plants have a keen sight.

क्रेस्कोग्राफ एक अद्भुत यन्त्र है। यह पौधों की वृद्धि को माप सकता है। यह दिखाता है कि पौधे प्रकाश, शोर और खादों जैसी चीजों के प्रति कैसी प्रतिक्रिया करते हैं। यह दिखा सकता है कि पौधे मानव-जीवों की भांति महसूस करते हैं। एक क्रेस्कोग्राफ दिखा सकता है कि पौधों की नज़र तेज़ होती है।

2. J. C. Bose was a great scientist. He was interested in animal and plant life. He proved that all living things and lifeless objects behaved in the same way. He invented a wonderful instrument. It was called crescograph. With this instrument, he proved that plants can feel like human beings.

जे० सी० बोस एक महान वैज्ञानिक था। वह पशु और वनस्पति जीवन में रुचि रखता था। उसने सिद्ध कर दिया कि सभी जीव और निर्जीव चीजें एक ही तरह से व्यवहार करती हैं। उसने एक अद्भुत यन्त्र का आविष्कार किया। इसका नाम क्रेस्कोग्राफ था। इस यन्त्र के साथ उसने सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधे मनुष्यों की भांति महसूस कर सकते हैं।

3. J. C. Bose was a great patriot. He was proud of his country. He was proud of India’s great past. And he had faith in the present generation also. He had faith in the intelligence of his countrymen. He was certain that they could do great things as their ancestors had done in the past.

जे० सी० बोस एक महान् देशभक्त था। उसे अपने देश पर गर्व था। उसे भारत के महान् अतीत पर गर्व था। तथा उसे वर्तमान पीढ़ी पर भी विश्वास था। उसे अपने देशवासियों की बुद्धिमानी पर विश्वास था। उसे विश्वास था कि वे महान् काम कर सकते थे जैसा कि उनके पूर्वज अतीत में किया करते थे।

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Question 1.
Match the persons listed in column A with their professions in column B :
Answer:
1. inventor — a person who makes things that did not exist before.
2. professor — a person who teaches in a college or a university.
3. artist — a person who makes things of art.
4. philosopher — a person who has a particular set of beliefs and ideas and is a lover of knowledge.
5. scientist — a person who does research in the field of science.
6. discoverer — a person who finds things that existed before.
7. follower — a person who supports someone else’s ideas and beliefs.
8. rebel — a person who fights against law.
9. writer — a person who writes books on various subjects.

Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box :

battle; cave; struggle; succeeded; reach; despair; defeated

Robert Bruce fought bravely but was ……….. He was hiding in a ………… and was lying in ………… He had been defeated many times. He was thinking of giving up the ………. On one of the walls of the cave, he noticed a spider trying to ………… its web. Eight times it fell down but ………. in the ninth attempt. On seeing this, Bruce also took heart again. He fought another …………. with his enemy and freed his country.
Answer:
defeated, cave, despair, struggle, reach, succeeded, battle.

Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box :

pleased; job; lying; threw; attention; disappointed; vacancy; seek; visited.

Once a smart-looking young man ………….. a business firm to …………. employment. The manager, though pleased, said, “There is no …………. in the firm right now.” As the man was ………….., he turned to leave. At the doorway, he saw a pin ………….. on the floor. He picked it up and …………. it into the dustbin. The manager was ……… with his habit of paying …………. to such small matters. He at once called him back and gave him a ………….
Answer:
visited, seek, vacancy, disappointed, lying, threw, pleased, attention, job.

State whether the words in italics are ‘adjectives’ or ‘nouns’:

1. She possesses a sound health. adjective
I hear a low sound coming from this side. noun

2. This ball is round in shape. adjective
I finished my fourth round only half a minute ago. noun

3. This colour is fast. adjective
I observe a fast every Monday. noun

4. She is wearing a very light dress. adjective
Please switch on the light. noun

5. He is a poor judge of people. adjective
Do not laugh at the poor and the needy. noun

Fill in the blanks by using the following conjunctions :

unless, while, although, when

1. We cannot get off the bus ………….. it slows down.
2. Make hay …………. the sun shines.
3. Mice will play …………… the cat is away.
4. He didn’t come to the party …………… we invited him.
5. ………….. he worked hard, he couldn’t succeed.
6. You cannot succeed ……………. you work hard.
7. Strike …………… the iron is hot.
8. The boat will sink …………… we bailout.
9. …………… the sun was shining, it wasn’t very warm.
10. The kidnappers told him that he would be killed …………… he cooperated.
Answer:
1. unless
2. while
3. when
4. although
5. Although
6. unless
7. while
8. when
9. Although
10. unless.

Fill in the blanks with the following determiners :

few, a few, the few, little, a little, the little

1. Asha said, “There is ………….. milk at home, so I cannot make tea for you.” Shiela said that she had ……………. milk in her kitchen with which they could make tea for both of them. When she went to her kitchen, she saw that her son had drunk ……………. milk she had.
Answer:
little, a little, the little.

2. The teacher noticed ………….. mistakes in Arjun’s assignment. He was surprised because Arjun usually made ……………. mistakes. The teacher corrected …. mistakes he had made.
Answer:
a few, few, the few.

Pronunciation Practice

Note the mismatch between sounds and spellings in the following words and say them aloud:

Extended Reading and Creative Writing

1. Make a list of the qualities of a gentleman. Discuss these with your classmate
2. How, according to you, should a teacher develop the personality of a child? Write your answer in 8-10 lines.

Use of textual words / phrases

1. Unique — Our Principal has a unique way of dealing with naughty students.
2. Approaching (adj) — Beware of the approaching danger.
3. Approaching (v) — The time is approaching when we will have to leave.
4. Amazed — I was amazed to see the jewellery she wore.
5. Victorious — The nation welcomed the victorious team home.
6. Temporary — She moved into some temporary accommodation.
7. Rebel — The rebels were dismissed from service.
8. Give up — You ought to give up smoking.
9. Stimulus — Praise always acts as a stimulus for little children.
10. Capable — Only human beings are capable of reason.
11. Glory — The glory of great men lasts for ever.
12. Undying — We have undying faith in God.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word/phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Name the writer of the chapter.
Answer.
It is written by an anonymous writer.

Question 2.
What does the chapter talk about ?
Answer.
About plants.

Question 3.
According to the writer, what do the plants do like humans ?
Answer.
They also breathe and feel like them.

Question 4.
Who was Jagdish Chandra Bose ?
Answer.
He was a famous Indian scientist.

Question 5.
Where did Bose go for higher studies ?
Answer.
To England.

Question 6.
How was Bose as a man ?
Answer.
He was a man of principles.

Question 7.
Can plants feel tiredness, happiness, etc. ?
Answer.
Yes, they do have feelings like humans.

Question 8.
What machine did Bose build to prove his theory?
Answer.
It was Crescograph.

Question 9.
Where did he display his machine ?
Answer:
At the Paris Science Congress.

Question 10.
What confidence did he have about Indians ?
Answer:
He said that they were capable of great discoveries.

Complete the following :

1. Bose studied ……………….. at Calcutta University.
2. He went to …. for further studies.
3. Bose showed that the plants could also ……………. and
4. Bose found similarities between ………………. and non-living things.
5. People …………………. him when he first came out with his theory…….. was the name of the machine he had built.
Answer:
1. physics
2. England
3. breathe, feel
4. living
5. laughed at
6. Crescograph.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose was born in England.
2. He received a salary equal to what a European got.
3. Bose was successful in proving his theory to the world.
4. Bose was interested in the plant life right from his boyhood.
5. He displayed his Crescograph at the English Convention.
6. He had a deep faith in the capability of all Indians.
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
Bose graduated from ……………… university.
(a) Cambridge
(b) Oxford
(c) Paris
(d) Calcutta.
Answer:
(a) Cambridge

Question 2.
Bose was appointed as a professor of …………….
(a) Chemisty
(b) Physics
(c) General Science
(d) Higher Sciences.
Answer:
(b) Physics

Question 3.
Bose was interested in the plant life since …..
(a) his college
(b) his childhood.
(c) his boyhood
(d) his graduation.
Answer:
(c) his boyhood

Question 4.
According to Bose, plants could feel
(a) tiredness
(b) depression
(c) happiness
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(d) all the above.

Plants also Breathe and Feel Summary in English

Plants also Breathe and Feel Introduction:

Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose was a well-known Indian scientist. He studied animal and plant life. He proved that plants could feel and hear like human beings. To prove this, he designed and built a machine called ‘crescograph’. Scientists at the Paris Science Congress of 1900 were amazed to see this wonderful machine. Jagdish Chandra Bose made a name for himself and his country in the scientific world.

Plants also Breathe and Feel Summary in English:

Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose was a well-known Indian scientist. He was born in 1858 in a village in Bengal. He studied Physics at Calcutta (Kolkata) University. Then he went to England for further studies. He graduated from Cambridge and returned to India. He was appointed Professor of Physics in Presidency College, Calcutta (Kolkata).

In those days of British rule, an Indian usually received two-thirds of the salary paid to a European Professor. Jagdish Chandra Bose was given only half of a European Professor’s salary as his appointment was a temporary one. Sir J.C. Bose was a man of principles. He could not bear this injustice. He refused to touch any part of his salary for three years. In the three-year struggle between Bose and the government, Bose was victorious.

J. C. Bose now began his experiments. His work made him famous all over the world. He had been interested in animal and plant life since boyhood. He noticed that his wireless receiver showed signs of ‘tiredness’ after it had been in use for some time. But it regained its power after “rest”.

Jagdish Chandra Bose realised that there was a similarity in the behaviour of living and non-living things. He said that plants and animals had a life of their own and could become ‘tired’, ‘depressed or ‘happy’. People laughed at him. They did not take him seriously.

In order to prove that he was right, Jagdish Chandra Bose built a machine called ‘crescograph’. This machine proved that plants had hearts and were capable of feeling. It also indicated that plants had a keen sight. They reacted to rays of light and wireless waves. When J. C. Bose displayed this machine at the Paris Science Congress of 1900, the scientists were greatly amazed. Thus, through his invention, Bose made a name for himself and his country in the scientific world.

Plants also Breathe and Feel Summary in Hindi

Plants also Breathe and Feel Introduction:

सर जगदीश चन्द्र बोस एक प्रसिद्ध भारतीय वैज्ञानिक था। उसने पशु तथा वनस्पति जीवन का अध्ययन किया। उसने सिद्ध किया कि मनुष्यों की भान्ति पौधे भी अनुभव कर सकते हैं तथा सुन सकते हैं। इसे सिद्ध करने के लिए उसने ‘ऊस्कोग्राफ’ नामक मशीन का निर्माण किया। वर्ष 1900 के पैरिस विज्ञान सम्मेलन में शामिल हुए वैज्ञानिक इस शानदार मशीन को देखकर चकित रह गए। जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने अपने आविष्कार के द्वारा विज्ञान जगत में अपना तथा अपने देश का नाम उज्जवल किया।

Plants also Breathe and Feel Summary in Hindi:

पाठ का विस्तृत सार सर जगदीश चन्द्र बोस एक महान् और प्रसिद्ध भारतीय वैज्ञानिक था। उसका जन्म 1858 ई० में बंगाल के एक गांव में हुआ था। उसने कलकत्ता (कोलकाता) विश्वविद्यालय में भौतिकी का अध्ययन किया। फिर वह उच्च शिक्षा के लिए इंग्लैण्ड चला गया। उसने कैम्ब्रिज से स्नातक की डिग्री प्राप्त की और भारत लौट आया। उसे कलकत्ता (कोलकाता) के प्रेसिडेन्सी कॉलेज में भौतिकी का प्राध्यापक नियुक्त किया गया। अंग्रेजी शासन के उन दिनों में एक भारतीय व्यक्ति को एक यूरोपियन प्राध्यापक के वेतन की अपेक्षा दोतिहाई वेतन मिलता था। जगदीश चन्द्र बोस को एक यूरोपियन प्राध्यापक के वेतन की अपेक्षा केवल आधा वेतन दिया गया था क्योंकि उसकी नियुक्ति अस्थायी तौर पर थी। सर जगदीश चन्द्र बोस एक सिद्धान्तवादी व्यक्ति था। वह इस अन्याय को सहन नहीं कर सकता था। उसने तीन वर्ष तक अपने वेतन को छुआ तक नहीं। आखिर सरकार तथा बोस के मध्य इस तीन-वर्षीय संघर्ष में बोस की विजय हुई।

जे० सी० बोस ने अब वह कार्य करना प्रारम्भ किया जिसके कारण उसकी ख्याति सारे विश्व में फैल गई। अपने लड़कपन से ही उसे पशुओं और पौधों के जीवन में रुचि थी। उसने देखा कि उसका वायरलेस रिसीवर कुछ समय चलने के पश्चात् ‘थकावट’ के लक्षण दर्शाता था, लेकिन थोड़े ‘विश्राम’ के बाद वह पुनः अपनी शक्ति प्राप्त कर लेता था। इससे बोस के विचारों को प्रेरणा मिली जिससे अनेक आविष्कारों का जन्म हुआ।

जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने अनुभव किया कि निर्जीव तथा सजीव चीज़ों के व्यवहार में समानता होती है। उसने कहा कि पौधों और पशुओं का अपना जीवन होता है तथा वे ‘थक’ सकते हैं, ‘निराश’ हो सकते हैं या ‘प्रसन्न’ हो सकते हैं। लोगों ने बोस की इन बातों का मजाक उड़ाया और उसे गम्भीरता से न लिया।

स्वयं को सही सिद्ध करने के लिए जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने ‘क्रेस्कोग्राफ’ नामक एक मशीन बनाई। इस मशीन ने सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधों का हृदय होता है और वे अनुभव कर सकते हैं। इसने यह भी दिखलाया कि पौधों की दृष्टि और उनकी चेतना-शक्ति बहुत तेज़ होती है और वे प्रकाश की किरणों और वायरलैस तरंगों के प्रति सचेत होते हैं। जब जे० सी० बोस ने इस मशीन का प्रदर्शन 1900 में पैरिस के विज्ञान सम्मेलन में किया, तो वैज्ञानिक आश्चर्यचकित रह गए। इस तरह अपने आविष्कार के द्वारा बोस ने वैज्ञानिक संसार में अपना और अपने देश का नाम उज्जवल किया।

जगदीश चन्द्र बोस को भारतीयों की बुद्धिमता पर गहरा विश्वास था। उसका दृढ़ विश्वास था कि भारतीय लोग अपने पूर्वजों की भान्ति महान् आविष्कार कर सकते हैं। उसका यह विश्वास भी था कि एक अकेले व्यक्ति के लिए कोई प्रसन्नता नहीं हो सकती जब तक वह प्रसन्नता सब के लिए न हो।

Plants also Breathe and Feel Translation in Hindi

(Page 8) All of us know …………… the scientific world.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. event-घटना ; 2. surprised-चकित कर दिया ; 3. scientificवैज्ञानिक ; 4. unique-अनोखा ; 5. instrument-उपकरण ; 6. measure-नापना ; 7. sight-दृष्टि ; 8. sense-चेतना-शक्ति ; 9. stranger-अजनबी ; 10. inventor-आविष्कारक ; 11. literature-साहित्य ; 12. philosophy-दर्शन-शास्त्र ; 13. science-विज्ञान ; 14. progressed—प्रगति की ; 15. inventionआविष्कार।

Text

[All of us know that plants have life, but how many of us know that they have hearts, can fell and see ? This extract tells us something about the scientist who made this dramatic discovery.] It was an event that surprised the scientific world. It was an undreamt of thing. Here was a man who had built a unique instrument an instrument that could measure the growth of plants. Here was a man who had proved with this wonderful machine that plants have hearts and can feel. The machine showed that plants have sight and a sense which tells them that a stranger is approaching.

“Your instrument is a wonderful thing,”said the great men who had come to the Paris Congress of Science, 1900. They were amazed as the inventor showed them how to use the machine. “What do you call this instrument ?“ they asked. “A crescograph,” replied Jagdish Chancira Bose, the great scientist, who had built this wonderful machine.

अनुवाद

[हम सभी जानते हैं कि पौधों में जीवन होता है, परन्तु हम में से कितने लोग जानते हैं कि पौधों में दिल भी होता है, वे भी महसूस कर सकते हैं और देख सकते हैं ? यह अंश हमें उस वैज्ञानिक के बारे में कुछ बताता है जिसने यह नाटकीय खोज की।] यह एक ऐसी घटना थी जिसने वैज्ञानिक जगत को आश्चर्यचकित कर दिया। यह एक ऐसी बात थी जिसे स्वप्न में भी सोचा नहीं जा सकता था। यहां एक ऐसा व्यक्ति था जिसने एक अद्वितीय उपकरण का निर्माण किया एक ऐसा उपकरण जो पौधों की वृद्धि को माप सकता था। यहाँ एक ऐसा व्यक्ति था जिसने अपनी अद्भुत मशीन के द्वारा यह सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधों के भी दिल होते हैं और वे अनुभव कर सकते हैं।

इस मशीन ने यह दिखा दिया कि पौधों की दृष्टि होती है और उनके पास ऐसी चेतना-शक्ति होती है जो उन्हें बता देती है कि कोई अजनबी नज़दीक आ रहा है।”आपका उपकरण एक शानदार चीज़ है,” उन महान् पुरुषों ने कहा जो 1900 के विज्ञान-सम्बन्धी पैरिस सम्मेलन में शामिल हुए थे। उन्हें आश्चर्य हुआ जब आविष्कारक ने उन्हें बताया कि मशीन को कैसे प्रयोग किया जाता है। “आप इस उपकरण को क्या कहते हैं ?” उन्होंने पूछा। “एक क्रेस्कोग्राफ,” जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने उत्तर दिया, वह महान् वैज्ञानिक जिसने इस शानदार मशीन का निर्माण किया था। “और इसका निर्माण कहां हुआ था ? ने पूछा।

उत्तर प्राप्त हुआ-“भारत में।” इस उत्तर ने और ज्यादा हैरानी पैदा कर दी। कला, साहित्य तथा दर्शन के क्षेत्र में अपनी महानता के लिए प्रसिद्ध था। परन्तु विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में इसने कोई विशेष प्रगति नहीं की थी। सर जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने अपने आविष्कार से वैज्ञानिक जगत में अपना और अपने ेश का नाम ऊंचा किया।

(Page 9) Bose was born …….. of science

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. appointed—नियुक्त किया ; 2. struggle-संघर्ष ; 3. governmentसरकार ; 4. victorious—विजयी ; 5. usually-साधारणतया ; 6. received—प्राप्त किया ; 7. salaryवेतन ; 8. race—जाति ; 9. discoveries-आविष्कार, खोजें ; 10. faithful-वफ़ादार ; 11. followersशिष्य ; 12. rebel-विद्रोही, बाग़ी ; 13. refused—इन्कार किया ; 14. self-respect—आत्म-सम्मान ;19. interested-रुचि होना ; 20. tiredness-थकान ; 21. purpose-उद्देश्य ; 22. branch-शाखा ; 23. separately-अलग से ; 24. detail-विस्तार।

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Bose was born in 1858 in a village in Bengal. After studying physics at Calcutta University, he went to England for further studies. He graduated from Cambridge, then returned to India and was appointed Professor of Physics at Presidency College in Calcutta.

A three-year struggle began between Bose and the government, in which he was victorious. An Indian, in those days of British rule, usually received two-thirds of the salary paid to a European professor. Bose’s appointment was a temporary one, so he was given only half therate for a European. Bose was not the man to take this quietly.

He felt that people who did the same amount and same kind of work should be paid the same salary whatever race or nation they belonged to. It is worth remembering that discoveries do not come from the faithful followers and the yes-men of science; they come from the doubters and the rebels. Bose was, by nature, a rebel.

He refused to touch any part of his salary for three years. It was a question of his self-respect and he was not ready to give up his principles. In the end, victory was his. Bose now began the work which has made him famous all over the world. He had, from boyhood, been interested in animal and plant life, and now his work in physics led him back to his old love. He had noticed that his wireless receiver showed signs of ‘tiredness’ after it had been in use for some time, but, in some strange way, got back its power after being ‘rested’. Here was food for thought, the kind of thought from which great discoveries come.

Until the end of the Middle Ages, the world was looked on as one beautiful unit, created by God. Man believed that everything in the world, from man to rocks and stones, had its place and purpose. The discoveries of Galileo and Newton changed the world picture. Man began to study each branch of science separately with greater detail and there developed several different kinds of sciences. Bose, however, recognised a unity among all these different branches of science.

अनुवाद

बोस का जन्म 1858 में बंगाल के एक गांव में हुआ। कलकत्ता (कोलकाता) विश्वविद्यालय में भौतिकी के अध्ययन के पश्चात् वह आगे की पढ़ाई के लिए इंग्लैण्ड चला गया। उसने कैम्ब्रिज से स्नातक की परीक्षा पास की, फिर भारत लौट आया और कलकत्ता (कोलकाता) के प्रेसिडेन्सी कॉलेज में भौतिकी का प्राध्यापक नियुक्त हो गया। सरकार तथा बोस के मध्य एक तीन-वर्षीय संघर्ष शुरू हो गया जिसमें वह विजयी हुआ। अंग्रेज़ी शासन के उन दिनों में एक भारतीय को यूरोपियन प्राध्यापक के वेतन का दो-तिहाई प्राप्त होता था। बोस की नियुक्ति अस्थायी थी, इसलिए उसे यूरोपियन दर का केवल आधा दिया गया। बोस इसे चुपचाप सहन करने वाला व्यक्ति नहीं था। उसने महसूस किया कि जो लोग एक समान मात्रा में काम करते हैं और एक ही प्रकार का काम करते हैं, उन्हें बराबर वेतन मिलना चाहिए, भले ही वे किसी जाति या राष्ट्र से सम्बन्धित हों। यह बात याद रखने योग्य है कि आविष्कार वफ़ादार अनुयायियों तथा चापलूसवैज्ञानिकों द्वारा नहीं किए जाते; वे शंकालु एवं विद्रोही f वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा ही किए जाते हैं। बोस स्वभाव से ही विद्रोही था।

उसने तीन वर्ष तक अपने वेतन के किसी भी अंश को छूने से इन्कार कर दिया। यह उसके आत्म-सम्मान का प्रश्न था और वह अपने सिद्धान्तों को छोड़ने के लिए तैयार नहीं था। अन्त में विजय उसी की हुई। बोस ने अब वह काम आरम्भ किया जिसने उसे विश्व भर में प्रसिद्ध कर दिया है। वह लड़कपन से ही जीवों और पौधों के जीवन में रुचि रखता था और अब भौतिक शास्त्र में होने वाले उसके काम ने उसकी पुरानी रुचि को फिर से जगा दिया। उसने देखा कि उसके वायरलैस रिसीवर को ‘थकावट’ महसूस होने लगती थी जब इसे कुछ समय तक चलाए रखा जाता था, किन्तु विचित्र ढंग से यह ‘आराम’ करने के बाद अपनी पहले वाली शक्ति को फिर से प्राप्त कर लेता था। यहां सोचने की एक खुराक थी – ऐसी खुराक जिससे महान्

आविष्कार प्राप्त होते हैं। मध्यकाल के अन्त तक संसार को एक सुन्दर इकाई के रूप में देखा जाता था जिसकी रचना ईश्वर ने की। मनुष्य का विश्वास था कि विश्व की प्रत्येक वस्तु, इन्सान से लेकर चट्टानों और पत्थरों तक, अपना निजी स्थान और उद्देश्य रखती है। गैलिलियो तथा न्यूटन के आविष्कारों ने विश्व की तस्वीर को बदल दिया। मनुष्य ने विज्ञान की प्रत्येक शाखा का अलग-अलग तौर पर विस्तृत अध्ययन करना शुरू कर दिया और इस तरह कई प्रकार के विज्ञानों का विकास हुआ। किन्तु बोस ने विज्ञान की न सभी विभिन्न शाखाओं के बीच एकता को पहचाना।

(Page 10) He realized that …….. faith in the future.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-
1. realized-अहसास हुआ ; 2. similarity-समानता ; 3. behaviourव्यवहार ; 4. lifeless-निर्जीव ; 5. suggested—सुझाव दिया ; 6. kingdom-राज्य ; 7. depressed-उदास ; 8. happy-प्रसन्न ; 9. seriously-गम्भीरता से ; 10. proved—सिद्ध किया ; 11. built-बनाया, निर्माण किया; 12. maximum-अधिकतम ; 13. exactness-सटीकता ; 14. amazing-आश्चर्यजनक ; 15. instrument-उपकरण ; 16. manures-खादें ; 17. indicate-संकेत करना ; 18. keen—तीक्ष्ण, पैनी ; 19. approach-निकट पहुँचना ; 20. scientist-वैज्ञानिक ; 21. complete-पूर्ण, पूरा ; 22. mentionज़िक्र, चर्चा ; 23. concern-चिन्ता ; 24. faith—विश्वास ; 25. intelligence-बुद्धिमत्ता ; 26. countrymenदेशवासी ; 27. ancestors-पूर्वज ; 28. address-सम्बोधन, भाषण ; 29. convocation-दीक्षांत समारोह ; 30. glory-गौरव ; 31. idleness-निकम्मापन।

Text

He realized that there was a similarity in the behaviour of lifeless and living things. It was, however, not easy to convince others. People hold on to their old beliefs and do not like to change them. Bose suggested that the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms were one and had a great deal in common. He said that plants and metals had a life of their own and could become tired’, depressed’ or happy’. People laughed at him. They did not take him seriously.

Bose knew he was right and he proved it. To begin with, he designed and built a machine which recorded his findings- with maximum exactness. This was the ‘crescograph’, the amazing instrument which records the growth of plants. It magnifies the movement of plant tissues ten thousand times and can record the reaction of plants to manures, noise and other stimuli. The crescograph proved that Bose had not been wrong. It showed that plants have hearts and are capable of feeling. The crescograph indicated that plants have a keen sight and react to rays of light and wireless waves. The machine proved that plants have a special sense which tells them of the approach of a stranger.

The story of this great scientist will not be complete without some mention of his concern for India and her people. He had a deep faith in the intelligence of his countrymen. Bose was certain that they were as capable of doing great things today as their ancestors had done in the past. In an address at a convocation of the University of Mysore in November 1927, Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose spoke about India’s glory in the past and declared that it was action and not idleness that was responsible for that glory. He believed that there could be, no happiness for a single person unless it had been won for all. And this great scientist wanted his countrymen to have undying hope and faith in the future.

अनुवाद

उसे एहसास हुआ कि सजीव तथा निर्जीव वस्तुओं के व्यवहार में एक समानता होती है। फिर भी, दूसरों को सहमत करवाना आसान नहीं था। लोग अपने पुराने विश्वासों से चिपके रहते हैं और उन्हें बदलना नहीं चाहते हैं। बोस ने सुझाव दिया कि प्राणी, वनस्पति और खनिज जगत सब एक हैं और उनमें बहुत कुछ सांझा है। उसने कहा कि पौधों और धातुओं का अपना एक अलग जीवन होता है तथा वे ‘थकावट’, ‘उदासी’, या ‘प्रसन्नता’ महसूस कर सकते हैं। लोग उस पर हंस देते। उन्होंने उसकी बातों को गम्भीरता से नहीं लिया।

बोस जानता था कि वह सही है और उसने यह सिद्ध कर दिया। शुरू में उसने ऐसी मशीन का निर्माण किया जो उसकी खोजों को अधिकतम सटीकता से रिकार्ड कर सकती थी। यह ‘क्रेस्कोग्राफ’ था, एक आश्चर्यजनक उपकरण, जो पौधों की वृद्धि को रिकार्ड करता है। वह ौधों के तन्तुओं की गति को दस हज़ार गुणा बढ़ा कर बतलाता है तथा खादों, शोर और दूसरे उत्प्रेरक पदार्थों के प्रति पौधों की प्रतिक्रिया को रिकार्ड कर सकता है। क्रेस्कोग्राफ ने सिद्ध कर दिया कि बोस गलत नहीं था। इसने दिखा दिया कि पौधों का हृदय होता है और वे अनुभव करने की क्षमता रखते हैं। क्रेस्कोग्राफ ने दिखलाया कि पौधों की दृष्टि तेज़ होती है और वे प्रकाश की किरणों और बेतार तंरगों के प्रति प्रतिक्रिया करते हैं।

इस मशीन ने सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधों में एक विशेष चेतना शक्ति होती है जो उन्हें निकट आते हुए किसी अजनबी के बारे में बता देती है। इस महान् वैज्ञानिक की कहानी उसकी भारत के प्रति और भारत के लोगों के प्रति चिन्ता की चर्चा किए बिना अधूरी रहेगी। उसे अपने देशवासियों की बुद्धिमत्ता पर पूरा विश्वास था। बोस को विश्वास था कि वे महान् कार्य करने में आज उतने ही समर्थ हैं जितने पुरातन काल में उनके पूर्वज हुआ करते थे। नवम्बर, 1927 में मैसूर विश्वविद्यालय के दीक्षान्त समारोह को सम्बोधित करते हुए जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने भारत की प्राचीन ख्याति का वर्णन किया और घोषणा की कि उस ख्याति का

ज़िम्मेदार कर्म था न कि आलस्य। उसका विश्वास था कि जब तक प्रसन्नता सबके लिए जीती नहीं जाती, एक अकेला व्यक्ति प्रसन्न नहीं रह सकता था। और यह महान् वैज्ञानिक चाहता था कि उसके देशवासियों में भविष्य के लिए अनन्त आशा और विश्वास भरा रहे।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 11 Work, Energy and Power Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 11 Work, Energy and Power

PSEB 9th Class Science Guide Work, Energy and Power Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at the activities listed below. Reason out whether or not work is done in the light of your understanding of the term ‘work’.

1. Suma is swimming in a pond.
2. A donkey is carrying a load on its back.
3. A wind-mill is lifting water from a well.
4. A green plant is carrying out photosynthesis.
5. An engine is pulling a train.
6. Food grains are getting dried in the sun.
7. A sail boat is moving due to wind energy.

Answer:

1. Suma while swimming is applying her muscular force in a particular direction and gets displaced. Therefore, work is being done by Suma.
2. The load being carried by donkey is acting in the downward direction perpendicular to the horizontal direction of displacement. And when the force acts perpendicular to the direction of displacement then no work is done. Therefore, donkey is not doing any work.
3. Work is being done because in lifting water, the displacement, as well as force, are in vertically upward direction.
4. A green plant carrying photosynthesis does no work since neither there is force applied nor any displacement in direction of force applied.
5. An engine pulling a train is doing work since displacement is in direction of force applied.
6. No work is done on food grain. However part of heat suplied coverts moisture of grains into steam which rises up increasing P.E.
7. Work is being done since force and displacement is there in the same direction.

Question 2.
An object thrown at a certain angle to the ground moves in a curved path and falls back to the ground. The initial and final points of the path of object lie on the same horizontal line. What is the work done by the force of gravity on the object?
Answer:
The work done by the force of gravity will be zero. This is because the displacement is in a horizontal direction while the force is acting vertically downward perpendicular to this direction of displacement.

In this situation θ = 90°
∴ cos θ = cos 90° = 0
Now work done (W) = F cos θ × S
= F × 0 × S
W = 0

Question 3.
A battery lights a bulb. Describe the energy changes involved in the process.
Answer:
Chemical energy of the chemicals in the battery is first being converted to electric energy. Then the electric energy of the battery is converted into heat energy and light energy by the bulb.

Question 4.
Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass changes its velocity from 5 m s^-1 to 2 ms^-1. Calculate the work done by the force.
Solution:
Here mass (m) = 20 kg
Initial velocity (u) = 5ms^-1
Final velocity (v) = 2ms^-1

∴ Negative sign shows that there is decrease in velocity due to opposing force which is doing work.

Question 5.
A mass of 10 kg is at a point Aon atable. It is moved to a point B. If line joining A and B is horizontal, what is die work done on fee object by gravitational force ? Explain your answer.
Solution:

An object of mass 10 kg is displaced in the horizontal direction from point A to point B but the gravitational force is acting vertically downward which makes an angle of 90° with the direction of displacement.
∴ Work done by the gravitational force (W) = F cos θ × S
= F cos 90° × S
= F × 0 × S
= 0

Question 6.
The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases progressively. Does this Violate the law of conservation of energy? Why?
Answer:

• It does not violate the law of conservation of energy. When the height of freely falling body decreases, its potential energy decreases but kinetic energy increases.
• Kinetic energy increases by the same amount as potential energy has decreased.
• At any time the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remains conserved.

Question 7.
What are the various energy transformations that occur when you are riding a bicycle ?
Answer:
When we are riding a bicycle and pedalling it, the energy of our muscles gets transformed into heat energy and kinetic energy. This kinetic energy is used in doing work against the frictional energy offered by the road.

Question 8.
Does the transfer of energy takes place when you push a huge rock with all your might and fail to move it ? Where is the energy you spent going?
Answer:
Although you have not been able to move the heavy rock, you are very much tired and this has reduced your energy. Since we have failed to move the heavy rock, work appears to be zero.

While pushing the stone, you had to stretch your muscles, heart had to pump more blood and in making these changes, your energy is definitely lost. The work done by you on your body is not zero. You may have to eat some food to compensate for the work done by your muscles and heart.

Question 9.
A certain household has consumed 250 units of electric energy during a month. How much energy is this in joules ?
Solution:
We know, 1 unit of energy = 1 kilowatt hour (1 kWh)
= 1 kW × 1 h
= (1 × 1000 watt) × (1 × 60 × 60 s)
= 36 × 10⁵ J
= 3.6 × 10⁶ J
∴ 250 units of energy = 250 × 3.6 × 10⁶ J
= 900 × 10⁶ J
= 9 × 10⁸ J

Question 10.
An object of mass 40 kg is raised to a height of 5 m above the ground. What is its potential energy ? If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is half-way down. Take g – 10 ms “2.
Solution:
Here mass of the object (m) = 40 kg
Height above the ground (h) = 5m
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 ms^-2
Potential energy of the object at a height of 5 m (E_p) = m × g × h
= 40 × 10 × 5 J
= 2000 J
Let υ be the velocity of the object when it has come halfway down
Distance moved by the object (S) = \(\frac {5}{2}\) = 2.5 m
using υ² – u² = 2gS
υ² – (0)² = 2 × 10 × 2.5
υ² = 2 × 25
or υ² = 50
Kinetic energy of the object on reaching half way down (E_k) = \(\frac {1}{2}\)mυ²
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 40 × 50
= 1000 J

Question 11.
What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite moving round the earth ? Justify your answer.
Answer:

When a satellite moves around the earth the force of gravity is directed inward along the radius of the circular path while the direction of motion is along the tangent which is perpendicular to the radius. In this way force of gravity and displacement are mutually at right angle to each other as a result of which the work done on the satellite is zero.
We know, work done (W) = F cos θ × S
= F cos 90° × S
= F × 0 × S
= 0

Question 12.
Can there be a displacement of any object in the absence of any external force ?
Answer:
In the absence of any external force the displacement of the object is possible if the object is moving with a uniform velocity. And if the object is in the state of rest then the displacement is not possible in the absence of external force.

Question 13.
A person holds a bundle of hay over his head for 30 minutes and gets tired. Has he done some work or not ? Justify your answer.
Answer:
A person holds a bundle of hay over his head for 30 minutes and gets tired but the force of gravity acting on the bundle does not displace the bundle of hay in the direction of force of gravity. Since there is no displacement in the direction of force, therefore, no work is said to be done by him.

Question 14.
An electric heater is rated 1500 W. How much energy does it use in 10 hours ?
Solution:
Given, Power of the heater (P) = 1500 W
Time for which heater is used (t) = 10 hr
Energy used by the heater in 10 hours (E) = ?
We know, energy used = Power × Time
= 1500 Watt × 10 hrs
= 1500 Wh
= \(\frac {1500}{1000}\)k Wh
= 15kWh
= 15 units

Question 15.
Illustrate the law of conservation of energy by discussing the energy changes which occur when we draw a pendulum bob to one side and allow it to oscillate. Why does the bob eventually come to rest ? What happens to its energy eventually? Is it a violation of the law of conservation of energy?
Answer:
Energy transformation in oscilated pendulum:
Initially bob is at rest at its mean position, thus in kinetic energy is zero. We can consider its potential energy equal to zero in this position.

When we take the bob of the pendulum to one side its height goes on increasing and we have to do some work against the force of gravity. This work is stored in the bob as its potential energy. Thus, when a bob is released from one of its extreme position, i.e. state of maximum displacement B at this position its kinetic energy is zero and potential energy is maximum.

Now, the bob is in motion and is moving towards its mean position A its height goes on decreasing that means its potential energy also goes on decreasing whereas its velocity goes on increasing and hence, its kinetic energy increases. Because bob is moving through the air, thus, some energy is consumed, against the force of friction due to air. This causes increase in speed of molecules of air and thus, kinetic energy of the molecules increase.

At the mean position, kinetic energy of the bob becomes maximum and potential energy becomes minimum. Due to inertia of motion bob does not stop here but it moves to the other side of its mean position. Its height again starts increasing so that potential energy also increases, but kinetic energy continues to decrease. When bob reaches at the extreme position ‘O’ its potential energy becomes maximum and kinetic energy becomes zero.

Bob does not stop here it comes back towards its mean position ‘A’. At every point of its motion, sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of the bob along with energy of air molecules remains constant. Thus, during oscillation of the bob of a simple pendulum total energy remains conserved.

Amplitude of the simple pendulum depends on the total energy of the bob. The energy transfered to the molecules of the air by the oscillating bob can never be recovered. Thus total energy of the bob goes on decreasing. When, the bob transfers whole of its energy to the molecules of the air then its total energy becomes zero and it comes to rest at its mean position. Thus there is no violation of the law of conservation of energy.

Question 16.
An object of mass ‘m’ is moving with velocity V. How much work should be done on the object in order to bring the object at rest?
Solution:
Let an object of mass m be initially moving with velocity υ and finally be brought to rest by the application of an opposing force F after covering a distance S.

Question 17.
Calculate the work required to be done to stop a car of 1500 kg moving at a velocity of 60 km h^-1.
Solution:

Question 18.
In each of the following force F is acting on an object of mass m. The direction of displacement is from west to east shown by the longer arrow. Observe the diagram carefully and state whether the work done by the force in negative, positive or zero

Answer:

1. In Fig. (a) displacement is in a direction perpendicular to direction of force applied, therefore work done is zero. There is no displacement in direction of force.
2. In Fig. (b), the work done is positive since force and displacement are in the same direction.
3. In Fig. (c), the work done is negative since displacement is in a direction opposite to direction of force.

Question 19.
Soni says that acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are acting on it. Do you agree with her? Why?
Answer:
Yes, acceleration can be zero when a large number of forces are acting on a body and their resultant is zero.
We kno w, a = \(\frac{\text { F }}{\text { m }}\)
= \(\frac{\text { 0 }}{\text { m }}\)
∴ a = 0
Illustration:

1. If two equal and opposite forces are acting on an object, acceleration of the object is zero.
2. If three forces are simultaneously acting on an object and can be represented in magnitude and direction by three sides of the triangle in the same order, the body is in equilibrium and will have zero acceleration even when three forces are acting on it.
3. Even with more than 3 forces acting on a body, it could have zero acceleration if the resultant of all force is zero.

Question 20.
Find the energy in kWh consumed in 10 hours by four devices of power 500 W each.
Solution:
Power of 1 device = 500 W
Total power of 4 devices = 4 × 500 W = 2000 W
Time for which 4 devices used (t) = 10 hrs
Energy consumed in 10 hours = Power × Time
= P × t
= 2000W × 10 h
= 20000 Wh
= \(\frac {20000}{1000}\)kWh
= 20 kWh

Question 21.
A freely falling object eventually stops on reaching the ground. What happens to its kinetic energy?
Answer:
A freely falling body on reaching the ground finally stops. Its kinetic energy gets transformed into other forms of energy such as heat, sound and light etc. and then into its potential energy.

Science Guide for Class 9 PSEB Work, Energy and Power InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A force of 7 N acts on an object. The displacement is, say 8 m in the direction of the force. Let us take it that the force acts on the object through displacement. What is the work done in this case?
Answer:

Here force (F) = 7 N
Displacement (S) = 8m
∴ Work done (W) = ?
We know, W = F × S
= 7N × 8m
= 56N – m
= 56 J

Question 2.
Write an expression for the work done when a force is acting on an object in the direction of its displacment.
Answer:
When the displacement of the object is in the direction of force then,
Work done (W) = Force (F) × Displacement (S)

Question 3.
Define 1 J of work.
Answer:
Joule. Work done on the body is said to be 1 J if IN of the force acting on it displaces the body in its own direction through a distance of 1 m.
We know, W = F × S
or 1 J = 1 N × 1 m
= 1N – m

Question 4.
A pair of bullocks exerts a force of 140 N on a plough. The field being ploughed is 15 m long. How much work is done in ploughing the length of the field ?
Solution:
Force exerted by bullocks (F) = 140 N
Length of the field ploughed (S) = 15 m
Work done in ploughing the field (W) = ?
We know, W = F × S
W = 140 N × 15 m
= 2100 N – m
= 2100 J

Question 5.
What is kinetic energy of an object?
Answer:
Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy of an object is the quantity of motion possessed by it.
Kinetic energy of an object of mass ‘m moving with velocity υ is = \(\frac {1}{2}\) mυ²
S.I. unit of kinetic energy is Joule
Examples:

1. Stone in motion
2. Blowing wind
3. Rotating wheel

Question 6.
Write an expression for the kinetic energy of an object.
Answer:
Kinetic energy of an object of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘υ’ is
E_k = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × mass × (velocity)²
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × m × (υ )²
= \(\frac {1}{2}\)mυ²
∴ Expression for kinetic energy (E_k) = \(\frac {1}{2}\)mυ²

Question 7.
The kinetic energy of an object of mass’m’ moving with a velocity of 5 ms^-1 is 25 J. What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is doubled ? What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is increased to three times.
Solution:
Given, Mass of an object = m
Velocity of the object (v) = 5 ms^-1
Kinetic energy of the object (Efc) = 25 J

= 100 J
= 4 × 25 J
∴ \(\mathbf{E}_{k_{1}}\) = 4 × E_k
∴ When velocity is doubled, the kinetic energy of the object (\(\mathbf{E}_{k_{1}}\)) becomes four times the first kinetic energy

(ii) When the velocity of the object is made three times the original velocity, then
υ₂ = 3 × υ
= 3 × 5m s^-1
= 15m s^-1

i.e. on increasing the velocity to three times the original velocity, its kinetic energy ( \(\mathbf{E}_{k_{2}}\)) becomes nine times the first kinetic energy (E_k).

Question 8.
What is Power ?
Answer:
Power: The rate of doing work or the rate of transformation of energy is called power. Its S.I. unit is watt (W) or Joule/sec (J s^-1)
If an agent does work /W’ in time ‘t’ then
Power = \(\frac{\text { Work done }}{\text { Time taken to do work }}\)
or P = \(\frac{\text { W }}{\text { t }}\)

Question 9.
Define 1 watt of Power.
Answer:
Watt. It is the power of that agent or machine which can work at the rate of 1 Joule in 1 second.

Question 10.
A lamp consumes 1,000 J of electric energy in 10 s. What is its power ?
Solution:
Here, W = 1000 J
Time (t) = 10 s
Power (P) = ?
We know Power (P) = \(\frac{\text { E }}{\text { t }}\)
= \(\frac{1000 \mathrm{~J}}{10 \mathrm{~s}}\)
= 100 J s^-1
∴ p = 100 W

Question 11.
Define Average Power.
Answer:
Average Power: It is defined as the ratio of total energy consumed to the total time taken.
∴ Average Power (P_av) = \(\frac{\text { Total energy consumed }}{\text { Total time taken }}\)