PSEB Notes

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Class Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Class Inequalities

Class Struggle:

• It is a type of tension which exists in society due to the different interests of different socio-economic groups.

Bourgeoisie:

• It is a type of social class which owns all the means of production and economically exploits other social groups with the help of its means.

Elite:

• These people are highly specialised persons who play leadership and directional role in their own status group and society. Their direction creates the process of social transformation.

Proletariat:

• In a capitalist society, this word is used for the group which includes daily workers, especially industrial workers.

Social Mobility:

• This word is used for the movement of different persons or groups of different socio-economic statuses.

Slavery:

• It is a form of social stratification in which few people keep control over others as the owner of the property.

Petty-Bourgois:

• It is a French word used for a social group that includes small capitalists such as shopkeepers, workers who manage the production, division, and distribution process.

→ We can find many classes in all the societies which are more rich, respected and powerful than the others.

→ All these groups form stratification in society.

→ There are many classes in a society formed on different bases and are different from each other on one base or the other.

→ Karl Marx did not define the concept of ‘class’ anywhere but according to him, there are two classes everywhere.

→ First is the group which has all the means of production (HAVES) and the other is one that doesn’t have anything. (HAVE-NOTS).

→ There are many features of a class system such as, it is universal in nature, status, in this is achieved, it is an open system, its main base is economy, it is permanent, etc.

→ Karl Marx was of the view that there exists consciousness among classes.

→ Marx was of the view that in different ages, there existed two types of groups.

→ The first group is that which owns all the means of production and is known as the capitalist class.

→ The second class is that which does not have any means of production and is known as the labour class.

→ Max Weber was of the view that wealth, power, and prestige are the bases of social inequality.

→ Class is attached to many things such as economy, social status, and power in politics.

→ He says that the way of living life of members of one group is almost the same.

→ Warner studied American society and said that there are three types of classes.

→ Upper class, middle class, and lower class. These three groups are further divided into three groups—upper, middle, and lower class.

→ Warner explained class structure on the basis of income and money.

→ If we look at the present age, we can see that classes are formed on many bases but their major bases are education, income, and wealth.

→ Class and caste are very much different from each other such as class is an open system but caste is a closed system, status in class is achieved but in caste, it is not achieved, there is mobility in the class system but not in the caste system.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities

Caste Consciousness:

• A great understanding of one’s caste identity is known as caste consciousness.

Dominant Caste:

• A caste group in any area which is more in number and. has control over the resources.

Casteism:

• Such activities with which preference is given to members of one caste and others are ignored.

Sanskritisation:

• The process with which lower caste people try to imitate the ideas, habits, ways of living, behavior, etc. of upper castes and to uplift their social status.

Endogamy:

• The type of marriage in which one is required to marry within his own group or caste.

Exogamy:

• The type of marriage in which one is required to marry out of his group such as family, kinship, etc.

Protective Discrimination:

• It is a process or official program in which the suppressed groups of society are given special privileges such as S.C.’s, S.T.’s, O.B.C.’s, women, etc.

→ During ancient times, there existed a varna system in Indian society which included four varnas-Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and fourth varna.

→ Varna system was based on occupation and one was allowed to change his varna. But, with time, the varna system became hereditary and took the form of a caste system.

→ Many sociologists and anthropologists have given definitions of the caste system.

→ But Indian Sociologist G.S. Ghurye was of the view that the caste system is so complex to define. So, he gave six features of the caste system.

→ Caste was an endogamous group that kept certain restrictions on its members such as restrictions on keeping relations with other castes, marriage, feeding, etc.

→ There were many restrictions on the members of one caste on keeping relations with other castes.

→ In India, caste-based stratification existed if Brahmins were at the top and lower castes were at the bottom of the stratified system.

→ According to M.N. Srinivas, the concept of pollution was the most important feature of the caste system.

→ Presently, the Indian government has provided protection to scheduled castes in the form of the reservation policy.

→ That’s why these people are taking advantage and are able to get money and status in society.

→ They are taking education, doing jobs in govt, jobs, and industries and are raising their social status.

→ There are many theories about the origin of the caste system but out of these theories, traditional theory, religious theory, and occupational theory are the important ones.

→ After the Indian independence, the government passed many legislations to remove caste-based inequalities from society.

→ Along with this, many other reasons came forward which reduced the impact of the caste system such as industrialisation, urbanisation, secularisation, democratisation, etc.

→ The processes of Sanskritisation, Westernisation, and Modernisation also played an important role in reducing the impact of the caste system.

→ Now scheduled castes are taking advantage of reservation policy to raise their social status in society.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society

Urban Society:

• That society where inequality, secondary relations, artificiality, mobility, and non-agricultural occupations prevail.
• These are large in size and people are progressive in nature.

Urbanization:

• It is the progress of migration of rural people to urban areas which increases the size of cities.
• It is the process in which rural areas convert into urban areas.

Urbanism:

• Urbanism expresses the urban way of living.
• It also tells us about the evolution of urban society and the expansion of urban culture.

Poverty:

• It is a situation in which people are unable to meet their basic needs of food, cloth, and shelter.

Housing:

• The foremost need of every civilized society is housing because it gives an individual a place to live.

Slums:

• A slum is a place of living in an urban area where people live in unhygienic conditions in temporary houses.
• Their size varies according to the size of the city and they lack sanitation, cleanliness, clean drinking water, electricity, and other basic facilities.

→ There is a continuous trend during the last few decades of migration of rural people to urban areas which led to an increase in the urban population. There exist many facilities in urban areas which attract the rural population.

→ According to the Census of 2011, the total Indian population was 121 crore out of which 37.7 crore or 32% population lives in urban areas.

→ According to this survey, all those areas are urban where there is a municipality, corporation, cantonment board, or notified town area committee.

→ When rural people start to migrate to urban areas, this process is known as urbanisation. This process has played an important role in the progress of urban society.

→ It is a two-way process in which not only do people migrate to an urban area and their occupations change but changes also come in their ways of living, eating habits, views, ideas, etc.

→ Urbanism is an important element of urban society which differentiates the identity and personality of the urban population from the rural and tribal people. It shows a way of living life.

→ There are many features of urban society such as more population, inequality, secondary means of social control, social mobility, main occupation except agriculture, division of labour, specialisation, individualism, etc.

→ We can find joint families in rural society but urban areas have nuclear families.

→ Due to individualism, people prefer to have nuclear families.

→ The urban economy is based on occupational diversity and mobility.

→ Different occupations depend upon each other and consequently, people depend upon each other.

→ Normally, we can find many problems in urban areas but problems of housing and slums are quite common. These are increasing with the increase in urbanization.

→ Rural people migrate to urban areas in search of occupation and a place of living.

→ They get employment over there but are unable to find any place of living which forces them to live in slums.

→ Due to such slums, urban areas face many problems.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society

Rural Society:

• That society which lives in a rural area with special features such as small in size, less density of population, agriculture-main occupation, similarities among the people, caste-based stratification, joint family, etc.

Endogamy:

• The type of marriage in which an individual needs to marry within his own group such as caste.

Exogamy:

• The type of marriage in which one needs to marry out of his group such as clan, family.

Green Revolution:

• With the help of high-yielding variety seeds, agriculture production was increased and this is known as the green revolution.

Indebtedness:

• When a person takes a loan for agriculture or any other purpose, it is known as a loan.
• When he fails to pay back the loan and it increases with interest, then it is known as indebtedness.

Joint Family:

• That family in which members of a minimum of three generations live such as grandparents, parents, grandchildren, etc.
• They live under one roof, eat in a common kitchen, and perform the same economic activity.

→ India is basically a rural society in which around 70% (68.84%) population still lives in villages.

→ Rural people live a very simple life, share a lot with each other, and have many similarities with each other.

→ Mahatma Gandhi is often quoted to have said, “Real India lives in its villages.”

→ There are many features of rural society such as small in size, close relationship, homogeneity, more social control, agriculture main occupation, more impact of religion, the dominance of joint family, less social mobility, etc.

→ Rural society is dominated by the joint family in which a minimum of three generations lives together. Such families are large in size and live under a single roof.

→ In 1992, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment was made and a three-tier structure of local self-government was established.

→These three levels are Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level. Their main objective is to do all-around development of rural areas.

→ During the decade of 1960s, a green revolution came in India to increase agricultural production for farmers.

→ There were many positive consequences of this revolution such as cereal production increased, production of commercial crops increased, changes in the methods of agriculture, etc.

→ But there were a few negative consequences as well such as it helped only the rich farmers, the difference between rich and poor farmers increased, etc.

→ Indian farmers presently are facing a very serious issue and this is the problem of indebtedness.

→ Due to this problem, many farmers have committed suicide. There can be many reasons for indebtedness such as poverty,’ ancestral debt, legal cases, backwardness, extra expenditure, more interest on loans, etc.

→ Present rural society is going through a phase of transition. Now old relations are coming to an end, control of caste panchayats is reducing, crimes are increasing, the jamjar system has come to an end, people are migrating towards urban areas, etc.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 4 Introduction to MS Paint will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 4 Introduction to MS Paint

Introduction:
MS Paint or Microsoft paint is an application software. This software is used to draw objects and shapes. The user can work with colours in this software. The drawings can be saved and printed. The drawing can also be used in other application software such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint.

What is MS Paint?
It is an application software developed by Microsoft. This software is provided by a company with Microsoft Windows operating system. It is the default software which is used to develop non commercial paintings. There are many different tools available in Paint. This software is very helpful for new users and children. The user can draw paintings in colour or black and white. This painting can be saved as bitmap files or other format. These paintings can also be printed on paper using a colour printer. These paintings can be set as wallpaper on the computer. These paintings can also be pasted in other applications like MS Word and MS PowerPoint. Save its painting in various formats such as JPG, GIF, BMP etc.

How to Start MS Paint?

Or

• Click on the start button on taskbar/ super bar. The Start menu will appear.
• Click on All Programs, another menu will appear.
• Click on the Accessories option in this menu. Another menu will appear. This menu has a Paint option.
• Click on the Paint option.
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Paint” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key. Paint window will appear.

Parts of a Paint Window
Paint window is shown in above figure. It has following main parts:

1. Title Bar: The title bar is present at the top of the paint window. At the left end of the title bar, the first item shown is a little paint palette. If we click this button, a standard window menu opens having options Restore, Move, Size, Minimize, Maximize and Close. Another thing we will see the title of our picture followed by the name of the program-Paint. If we haven’t saved our picture, the name will be shown as “Untitled”.

• Quick Access Toolbar: The next four items make up the Quick Access Bar offering buttons for Save, Undo, Redo and Customize.
• Minimize, Maximize/Restore, Close: Title bar has three buttons on its right corner. They are:
  (a) Minimize Button: Used for minimizing the paint window onto the taskbar.
  (b) Maximize/Restore button: Used for maximizing or restoring the paint window.
  (c) Close Button: Used for closing the paint window.

2. Quick Access Toolbar: It is a toolbar present in the title bar by default. This bar provides us with frequently used commands. Its position can be changed both to below or above the ribbon and icons can be added and removed as per the user’s requirement.

To Move Quick Access Toolbar below the Ribbon:
If we prefer to show Save, Undo and Redo buttons below the ribbon, Click on the “customize quick access bar” button and a menu will appear. Near the bottom of the menu that appears, we will see Show below the Ribbon. Click Show below the Ribbon.

The Quick Access Toolbar will move below the Ribbon. We can add more options such as New, Open, and Print Preview etc. to the Quick Access Toolbar with the help of Customize icon.

Move Quick Access Toolbar below the Ribbon

Here are commands and their functions discussed below:

Name of Command	Function	Shortcut Key
New	Creates a new/blank image file.	Ctrl + N
Open	Opens a dialog box to open an existing image file.	Ctrl + 0
Save	Saves changes to the current file.	Ctrl + S
Print	Print the current picture.	Ctrl + P
Print Preview	Displays the image on screen as it will appear after printing on paper.
Send in e-mail	Send a copy of the picture in an e-mail as an attachment.
Undo	Repeat or Reverse the last action.	Ctrl + Z
Redo	Restores previous undo action.	Ctrl + Y
Show below/ above the ribbon	Shows Quick Access Toolbar below or above the ribbon
Minimize the ribbon	Toggle the ribbon On/Off.

Adding Ribbon items to the Quick Access Toolbar: Many other items from the ribbon can also be added to the Quick Access Toolbar. On the Ribbon, right click on anything we like to add. A menu will appear which includes the option “Add to Quick Access Toolbar”. Click on this option.

Menu Bar
The Menu bar has three tabs named as Paint Button, Home tab ribbon and View tab ribbon. On the right side of the menu bar, the Help button appears as shown in the figure below.

1. Paint Button: This Button appeared at the beginning of Menu bar. When we click on this button and the following Menu Appears.

The various commands given in Paint button are explained below:

Name of Command	Functions
Save As	Save changes to the new file with a different file name. It asks for a new name every time. We can change format of the new file too. Such as PNG, JPEG, BMP, GIF etc.
From scanner and camera	Import picture from scanner or camera.
Set as desktop background	Set the current picture as our desktop background.
Properties	Change the properties of the picture. The Properties dialog will give us information about the picture .
Exit	To close the paint window.

2. Home Tab Ribbon: All tools, shapes, colour palette and most of the commands are grouped together in the ribbon except Save, Undo and Redo commands which are shown at title bar or in the Quick Access Toolbar. Drop-down arrows below each item in the ribbon will give us other options for the tool. Most of the tools used for drawing or other tasks are present in Home Tab Ribbon.

There is also an option to minimize the ribbon. If we choose this, the ribbon d sappears entirely, but pops into view if you click on the Home tab.

3. View Tab Ribbon: We can use the View tab by clicking on it. The options such as zoom in, zoom out, show or hide and display are there in the View tab. Zoom in or out can be used alone or in conjunction with the Zoom Tool. We can also use the status bar for Zoom in or Zoom out purposes.

Scroll Bar
Scroll bars are used to move the screen. These are of two types:

• Horizontal Scroll bar: It is present at the bottom of the Paint window. It moves the screen left and right.
• Vertical Scroll bar: It is present at the right side of the Paint window. It moves the screen up and down.

Status Bar

1. Cursor Position: It gives the Cursor Position, which is helpful when we want to position any picture precisely.

2. Selection Size: It shows the size of a selection we are making or size of an object we are drawing.

3. Image Size: It shows the size of our entire picture, even if the picture is very large and is not visible completely in the window. If we have not changed the units in the Properties dialog box, the measurement will be displayed in pixels. We can change measurement to inches or centimetres.

4. Disk Size: Once we have saved our picture, this option will show the size or drawing on Disk. If the paint window is very small, this figure might not be shown.

5. Zoom Slider: The Zoom Slider is convenient if we are working in a zoomed in view and want to zoom out. However, we cannot zoom in on a particular spot, as we can do with the Magnifier.

Work Area
Free space of the Paint window is called the work area. It is used for making drawings. This area is usually between Ribbon and status bar.

Saving Our Drawing
It is good to save our picture as soon as we begin to work. We must click on the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar every few minutes. This prevents loss of work if the program closes unexpectedly, as in a power failure.

When we click the Save for the first time, we will find a dialog box where we have to type a name for the picture. Type a desired name in the file name text box and click the Save button.

Save as:

Click Save as in file menu.
With the help of Save as option we can save a Copy of a picture with another file name. Go to the Paint button and open the menu.
In the dialog box, just change the existing name then click the Save button.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Tribal Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Tribal Society

Simple Division of Labour:

• Tribal societies are based on a simple division of labor in which age and sex are the most important bases.

Animism:

• Animism is faith in spirits that there exist spirits even after death. This theory was given by Tylor.

Totemism:

• When any object, plant, animal, or stone is considered sacred by a tribe, it is known as a totem.
• Belief in totem is known as totemism. So, the sacred object is not touched or eaten.
• It is believed that there exists some spiritual power in that object.

Subsistence Economy:

• A subsistence economy is an economy in which people only fulfill their needs.
• Tribal societies are simple in nature and they fulfill their needs by hunting, collecting, fishing, and collecting other forest products.
• The barter system also exists in tribal societies.
• There is no notion of profit among tribal societies.
• In fact, their economy is based on the fulfillment of their needs.

Shifting Cultivation:

• This is one of the methods of doing agriculture among tribal people.
• It is also known as Jhum or Podu agriculture in different tribes.
• In this method, first of all, the forest is cleared by cutting trees and then cleared land is sown with seeds before the rainy season.
• After the rain, the crop is ready to cut down. Later on, another piece of land is cleared to do agriculture and the process continues.

→ Indian tribal heritage is quite rich and varied. Here different racial and linguistic tribes live and they are at different levels from an economic and technological point of view.

→ Though many changes are coming among Indian tribes still they are backward and the government is giving special attention to their welfare.

→ Tribals in India are known by different names such as Vanyajati, Vanvasi, Pahari, Adimjati, Adivasi, Janjati, Anusuchit Janjati (Scheduled Tribe) etc.

→ Actually, the tribe is an endogamous group that lives in a particular geographical area, which has a specific language and culture. Technically, they live in ancient conditions and their economy is subsistence and based on the barter system.

→ Tribes are divided on different bases. Sir Herbert Risley has given their classification on different bases. They can also be divided on an economic basis and on the basis of their integration into the mainstream of our country.

→ There exist hundreds of tribes in India but seven major tribes are there whose population is one lac or more such as the Gond, the Bhils, the Sanfchals, the Oraons, the Munda, and the Khonds.

→ There exist many types of families, in tribal society, on many bases such as authority, place of living, and descent. In the same way, many types of marriages exist in tribal society.

→ Tribal societies face many problems but the most important one is deforestation and displacement. Due to deforestation, tribals are displaced from their areas and are forced to move somewhere else. That’s why they face many problems.

→ Many changes are coming in tribal society such as, they are integrating into the mainstream of the country, they are adopting social ways of living of their nearby society, they are leaving their own occupations and are adopting the new ones and they are migrating to other areas.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Input Devices will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Input Devices

Introduction
A computer cannot work without getting input. A computer needs data and instructions as input. This input is provided to the computer using input devices. There are many types of input devices used these days. Each device is used to give instructions to the computer. For example: the keyboard is used to enter textual data in the keyboard and the scanner is used to input graphical data to the keyboard.

Input Devices
An input device is a device which is used to enter data and instructions in the computer, It means input devices read data into a computer system. It allows users to interact with computers and control it. Devices that accept data and instructions from users are called input devices. Input devices are needed to give input to the computer.

Uses of Input Devices
The main uses of input devices are:

• To enter data in the computer.
• To provide the necessary instructions for processing.

We use input devices to give data and information to the computer.

Generally used Input devices are:

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Microphone
• Scanner
• Web Camera
• Joy Stick
• Light Pen
• Touch Pad
• Bar code reader
• Touch Screen
• Biometric
• Electronic Signature Pad.

Keyboard:
The keyboard is the main input device used in computers. This device is used to enter textual data to the computer. The keyboard is a flat device which has various keys on it. When a key is pressed on the keyboard, it is a special signal to the computer. There are many types of keys available on the keyboard. Also many types of keyboard are available in the market. The user can use the keyboard as per his convenience.

Types of Keys: Keyboard has the following types of keys. These are:

Types of Keys
Alphabets Numeric Function Special Arrow

• Alphabetical Keys
• Numeric Keys
• Functional Keys
• Special Keys
• Arrow Keys
• Special Symbol Keys.

1. Alphabetical Keys (A to Z): Alphabetical keys are used to enter alphabets in the computer. Alphabetical keys are used to type characters. These keys are present in the middle of the keyboard. All the keys A to Z are called alphabetical keys.

2. Numeric Keys (0 to 9): The numeric keys are used to type numbers. These keys are present below the functional keys. On the right side of the keyboard a special pad is present. It contains 17 keys. This keypad is called numeric key pad.This pad is similar’ to a calculator, because along with numbers it also has mathematical signs and enter keys. On the left top of the pad, a key named num lock is also provided. The keys of this key pad work if num lock is on. The status indicated by the indicator on the keyboard.

3. Functional Keys (FI to F12): These are 12 keys. These are from FI to FI2. These are located at the top of the keyboard. The function of these keys can be different for different programs. For example: F1 key is generally used for help.

Functional Keys

4. Special Keys: Each special key is used to perform a special function. Some special keys with their functions are mentioned as under:

	Special Key Function
1. Delete	To delete characters written on right side of cursor.
2. Backspace	To erase character present on left side of cursor.
3. Enter	To start a new line or to execute the command.
4. Space Bar	To insert space between two words or texts.
5. Shift	It is used along with other key, for example: when shift and ‘a’ pressed together, it will type A.
6. Ctrl	It is also used along with other key, for example: in paint Ctrl and S key when pressed together, they save a file.
7. Alt	It is also used with another key, for example Alt + F4 are pressed together to close an open program.
8. Caps lock	When we press the caps lock key then an indicator appears on the keyboard. It means caps lock is on, it means capital letters will be written.

5. Arrow Keys: These are used to move the cursor. These are four in number. These can move up. down, left, right. Arrow Keys are used to move the cursor in all directions.

6. Special Symbol Keys: These are special symbols used in typing to represent some special meaning. These symbols are used to represent pause in sentence, full stop, arithmetic operations etc.

Mouse:
Mouse is an important Input Pointing device. It is used to control cursor movements on the screen. It is a small hand holding device. It is also called a pointing device. Generally it has three buttons. It is called a mouse because of its shape. Mouse is rolled over a flat surface. As you move a mouse, the cursor also moves on the screen in the same direction.

Mouse Pad: The pad on which we move the mouse is known as the Mouse pad. Mouse has following three buttons:

1. Left Button
2. Right Button
3. Scroll Button

1. Left Button: Generally left button is used for selecting an item or running a program. When the left button on the mouse is pressed then it is called a “click” operation. When this button is pressed twice, it is called “Double Click”. The programs are opened with double click. While things are selected with a single click.

2. Right Button: When we press the right button, it is called right click. It is used to open a shortcut Menu.

3. Scroll Button: It is just like a wheel fixed in the centre of the left and right button of the mouse. It rotates the screen which is called scrolling. It is used to move the screen up and down.

Microphone
It is also called Mic and is used for sound input. We can give voice instructions to computers with the help of a mic on our computer. Now the computers are capable of getting voice commands also. So the user can speak and the computer will act accordingly to the command given using voice. If a computer has a microphone then you can record your own voice. We can listen to recorded voices with the output device. Those users, who cannot type can give input to the computer with a microphone. Using the microphone we can also talk to our friends on the Internet.

Scanner

• Scanner is an input device. It is used to add text and pictures on the computer. It works like a Photostat Machine.
• Scanner scans a picture or document and gives it to the computer in the form of a digital signal. Scanners are available in many types and shapes in the market.

Web Camera:
A web camera is just like a digital camera attached to a computer. It gives pictures and videos as input to the computer. Web Camera is used to click photographs. It works similar to a digital camera, but the web camera saves photos on the computer. Web camera is not an expensive device. We can use this device for video conferencing.

Touch Pad
Touch pads are used in laptops in the form of a small panel containing different touch sensitive areas. It is used in place of a mouse. The buttons of touchpad are similar to mouse i.e left right button which are at the bottom of touch pad. A touch pad is operated by finger and dragging it across a flat surface. As we move our finger on the surface, the cursor on screen will move in the same direction.

Bar Code Reader
A Bar code reader (or Bar code scanner) is an electronic device for reading printed bar codes. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. It is used in shops, stores for different reasons. These are helpful in stores in order to maintain accurate and updated inventory monitoring. They can help to determine the price of an item. It is a fixed input gadget that is used to capture and read information enclosed in a bar code. This device consists of a scanner.

Light Pen
It is a pointing device. It is just like a pen connected to a VDU. The tip of the light pen contains a light sensitive element which when placed against the screen, detects the light from the screen enabling the computer to identify the location of the pen on the screen. Light pens have the advantage of drawing directly on to the screen.

Joy Stick
Joy Stick consists of a base and a stick that can be moved in any direction. The stick can be moved slowly or quickly as required. Some Joy Sticks have sticks that can also be rotated to the left or right. Because of the flexible movements of the Joy Stick, it can provide much greater control than the keys on a keyboard. It is often used to control video games and usually have one or more push buttons.

Touch Screen
This is a type of display screen that has a touch-sensitive transparent panel covering the screen. Instead of using a pointing device such as a mouse or light pen, you can use your finger to point directly to objects on the screen. For example: ATM machines, smart phones etc.

Biometric:
Biometric verification is any means by which a person can be uniquely identified by its body parts like fingeiprints, hand, eye, etc. These devices are having very sensitive scanners placed in them. To use it, place the finger on this device, the scanner scans the pattern of fingerprints and sends the signal to the digital circuit for verification purposes. Authentication of the same allows the requested operation. On failure of verification, an error message of the same is displayed.

Biometric machine

Electronic Signature Pad
It is an electronic device used to capture written signatures and convert them to digital format. This device is having a hand holding pen and a digitally sensitive pad. When the pen is moved on the pad, its movements are being identified and given to the computer in the form of digital signal to make the respective input.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Hardware and Software will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Hardware and Software

Introduction:
A Computer is made up of two parts: hardware and software. Both the parts are necessary for working of computer system. Hardware are the physical components of the computer and the instructions given to the computer in the form of program is called software. This software is stored on some hardware. So software makes the hardware workable and hardware stores the software.

Hardware
Hardware are the physical components of a computer system. It includes all the physical components which can be touched and which can be seen. Examples of some hardware are keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor and CPU. Different types of hardware devices are used for different purposes.

Features of Hardware
Following are the features of hardware:

• Hardware can be touched and felt.
• Hardware occupies space.
• Hardware has weight.

There are different types of hardware used for computer systems:
System Unit: The system unit is also known as the Central Processing Unit of computer system. This unit acts as the brain of the computer. It includes the essential components such as motherboard, processor, RAM, hard disk, CD-ROM etc. Normally these devices are packed in a metallic or plastic case known as a system case or cabinet.

Motherboard: Motherboard is a board which holds all the components together. This board is also known as a printed circuit board. All the components of the computer system are connected to this directly or using some wires.

The main components connected to the motherboard are:

• Hard Drive: Hard drive or hard disk is the main storage device of a computer. It is used to store data permanently. The main software like operating systems are also placed on this hard disk.
• Video Card: This card is used to display the output properly on a monitor.
• Processor: Processor processes all the instructions given to the computer. It performs all the Arithmetic and logical unit operations. It controls all the activities of the computer also.
• Fan: The computer gets heated when it is used. So a fan is placed in the CPU to keep it cool.
• RAM: RAM is the primary memory of computer. It is also known as Random Access Memory. All the data and instructions are loaded in this memory before processing. This memory is a volatile type of memory. It means the data gets lost when the computer is switched off. The computer cannot work without Random Access Memory.
• Power Supply: This unit is responsible for giving power to all the components of the computer.
• CD/DVD: This device is used to play, read and record data and instructions on CD or DVD.

Important Points for Taking Care of Hardware
If the hardware components of the computer are not taken care of, they get spoiled. It is very necessary to take care of these components.

The following things should be kept in mind when using the hardware:

• Keep all the parts of the computer clean.
• Cover it after use.
• Do not pull cables or computer Parts.
• Press keyboard keys gently.
• Do not eat in the Computer Room.
• Keep Hardware in the proper manner.
• Keep your shoes outside the computer lab.
• Handle different parts of the computer in a proper way.
• Use soft cloth or a brush to clean the computer.
• Do not clean the equipment while the computer is turned on.

Software:
Software is a set of instructions or programs which are used to make a computer functional. Physically software is a collection of programs. These programs are made for various purposes. This software is normally stored on a secondary storage device. The software can not be touched. Each type of software helps the computer to perform a particular operation.

Features of Software
The following are the main features of software:

• Software have no weight.
• We cannot touch the software.
• A software makes a hardware functional.
• Software is stored on hardware.

Computer software can be divided into the following categories:

• System Software
• Application Software

System Software
System software can be defined as a set of programs which are necessary for functioning of the computer itself. This program directly contacts the computer hardware and gets the work done from that hardware. Without a system software computer cannot work. System software helps to read the data from input devices and transfer the processed information to output devices. This software acts like a computer manager of computer.

The main types of this software are:

• Operating system
• Language translators
• Utility programs

The software is difficult to design and is also costly. These softwares are mainly designed by highly experienced people.

Application Software:
Application software can be defined as a software that provides a solution to a specific problem of the user. This software is not necessary for working on a computer. This software do not directly contact the hardware. This software works with the help of system software. One application software is developed for some specific purpose only. There are many types of application software available. The application software are Word processor, Spreadsheet solutions, presentation software, pick packages.

Difference Between System Software and Application
Both system and application software are types of software. They are related to each other. They also have many differences. Some of the differences are given below:

System Software	Application Software
(i) It is necessary for functioning of computer.	(i) Application software is not necessary for functioning of computer.
(ii) This software is complex in nature.	(ii) Application software is not as complex as system software.
(iii) System software are costly.	(iii) Application software are not costly.
(iv) This software is developed by highly experienced person only.	(iv) This software can be developed by experienced person.
(v) Computer cannot work without system software.	(v) Computer can work without application software.
(vi) System software are bigger in size.	(vi) Application software are normally smaller in size.
(vii) Examples of system software are Operating Systems, Language translator etc.	(vii) Examples of application software are Word processor, Spread­sheet, Graphic Solution etc.

Relationship/Differences between Hardware and Software
A Computer system is made up of hardware and software. Both are necessary for a computer system. Without software hardware cannot work. It is just like a mechanical device without software. A software cannot be developed or stored without the help of hardware. Hardware is also controlled by software so we can say that hardware and software are both related to each other. There are many differences between these two also. Some of the differences are given below:

Hardware	Software
(i) Hardware is a physical quantity.	(i) Software is not a physical quantity.
(ii) Hardware can be touched.	(ii) Software cannot be touched.
(iii) Hardware cannot work without software.	(iii) Software cannot be stored without hardware.
(iv) Hardware is developed by engineers.	(iv) Software is developed by developers.
(v) There are four types of hardware.	(v) There are two types of software.
(vi) It could be costly as well as cheaper	(vi) Software is usually costly.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 MS Paint Part-2 will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 MS Paint Part-2

Introduction:
There are two types of Ribbon in Paint:

Home Tab Ribbon
Most of the commands in MS Paint are placed in the home tab ribbon. Home Tab Ribbon of MS Paint contains the most usable tools. This Ribbon appears below the menu bar of MS Paint.

Clipboard Menu
The clipboard menu has three options-Cut, Copy and Paste. Cut and Copy icons are shown only when a selection is active.

Image Menu
When we click the down arrow just below the dotted rectangle or just below the word image, a menu offers us further choices.
Before we can use the buttons on the right of this menu, we must select the part of our drawing that we want to work with.

1. Transparent Selection: At the bottom of the Select menu, we can see Transparent selection. This option is useful enough as it removes the white background of selection. We can use our selection with only drawing objects. This option is most frequently used. We can add this option to Quick Access bar for its fast access. There will be a checkbox in front of the Transparent selection.

While that box has a tick in it, selections will be transparent. To make our selections opaque, just click the checkbox to remove the tick.

2. Rectangular Selection: Usually we can make a rectangular selection. After clicking the rectangular selection tool, position the cursor at the top left of the part we want to select, press your mouse button and drag down to its bottom right. A dashed rectangle will appear around our selection. With the Move Cursor we can move our selection or drag while holding the Ctrl key to make a copy of it.

3. Freeform Selection: We may need to make a freeform selection if the part of our drawing that we want to work with is crowded up closely with parts we don’t want to include.

1. Copying a Selection: There is a Copy button on the ribbon for copying, but we can make multiple copies of a selection in a faster way also. For this purpose draw a selection around the part we want to copy, using either the rectangular or the freeform selection tool.
Whenever Move Cursor appears. Hold the Ctrl key and drag your selection to its new location. A new copy of the selection will be moved to the new location. If we want to continue copying, press the Ctrl key again as we begin to drag the second time. Repeat as many times as we needed.

2. Painting with a Selection: Select a small piece from a picture, for example, with more than one color. Hold down the Shift key while dragging it around to make an abstract pattern. We can even write with a small selection.

3. Selection option: To the right of the selection icon we can see three options, Crop, Resize and Rotate flip.
1. Crop: Crop button is like Diamond shape with a line at the top . It helps us to crop our picture to the selected area only. If we click the Save icon after cropping to a selection, our large drawing page will be replaced with the new selection area.

2. Saving a selected area as a drawing:

• Save the picture we are working on.
• Select the part we want to save as a drawing. Click the Crop button.
• Go to the Paint button and open the menu.
• Click Save as.

Type a name for the new Selected drawing and click Save. We will return to the Paint window with the only selected drawing and the name on the Title bar is the name we used when saving the new Selection.

3. Resize and Skew: The second small button to the right of the large Select button will open the Resize and Skew dialog as shown in figure ahead:

Resize and Skew
(а) Resize: We can quickly resize a selection by dragging any of the little blocks or handles on the selection rectangle. However, if we want the size adjustment to be precise, we must use the Resize and Skew dialog box. When we click the Resize icon, the dialog box appears as shown in the figure.
Only the top half of this dialog is concerned with resizing.
Note: While the option Maintain aspect ratio is checked, whatever we type into the Horizontal slot will be repeated in Vertical and our selection will stay exactly in proportion. We can remove the check if we want the selection to be fatter or thinner.

(b) Skew: The bottom part of the Resize and Skew dialog box allows us to skew our selection. When we use this option, it makes our selection include a lot of border areas to avoid having part of the picture cut off. If this does happen, click Undo and make a wider selection before trying again. This blue box is skewed 20 degrees horizontally. We can skew a selection both horizontally and vertically.

(c) Rotate or Flip: This menu helps us in rotating our drawing item to 90 degrees or 180 degrees. We can also make mirror images of selections using this option. We can mirror the drawing either vertically or horizontally. We can use this option for making some systematic designs in MS Paint.

(d) Invert Color: Another set of options are available if we right click on a selection. It includes Cut, Copy, Paste, Crop, Select all, Invert selection, Delete, Rotate and Resize, the only one option that is available on this menu and nowhere else is Invert color. This option makes the light colours darken and vice-versa to create an invert colour pattern.

Tools Menu
The following tools are available in the tools menu of MS Paint:
1. Pencil: The pencil tool is used for free-hand drawing. We can work with pixel editing when using this tool in zoom-in view. When we work with the pencil tool, we must press the left mouse button to draw with Color 1 and with the right mouse button to draw with Color 2.

2. Fill with Color: The Fill with color tool is used to fill an area with a single color. Color 1 is used if we press the left mouse button on the area to be filled. Color 2 is used if we press with the right mouse button. This tool does not work successfully if we are trying to color different shades of one color. The Fill with Color tool always fills with a solid color.

3. Text Tool: The Text tool is used to insert any text. To begin inserting text, click on the text tool. Our cursor will change to an insertion bar. With this cursor we can draw the required size of area for texts. We must not click anywhere outside that area until our text is final from all aspects.

When we are using the Text Tool then the Text Toolbar starts appearing.

Formatting the Text:

• Select the text we have typed.
• Click the down arrow at the end of the Font Name box, so that a list of fonts drops down.
• Run your cursor-without pressing any mouse buttons—up and down in the font list. As we do this, the appearance of the text we have typed will change accordingly. When we like what we see, click on the name of that font.
• The font list will close.
• We can repeat this process with the Font Size list also.
• We can also click the Background from Transparent to Opaque or vice versa.
• We can change both Color 1 and Color 2.

We can also type text in different colors, fonts and size, in the same text box. When we are making changes, only selected text will be affected. When we have completed editing of text, we can click anywhere outside of your text box. After clicking away from the text box, the Text Toolbar disappears and the text becomes part of our picture. Now, it cannot be edited in any way.

4. Eraser: The Eraser tool erases the part of a picture with the left button of the mouse pressed. It changes whatever is dragged across to the background color-Color 2 With the right button pressed, the eraser tool changes pixels of Color 1 to Color 2, but leaves everything else unaffected.

5. Color Picker: The Color Picker Tool is used to set the current foreground or background color and to match any color in our picture. It’s especially useful when colors in the picture are different from those on the palette. By picking a color from the picture, we can make sure that we are using the same color as already used in the drawing.

For example: we are zoomed in and working with the Pencil tool on an area that has many shades of red and we want to use one of those shades. Click the Color Picker and click directly on the shade of red that we want to use. The tool will immediately change back to the Pencil, loaded with the color we want.

6. Magnifier: The Magnifier Tool is used to zoom in on a section of our picture. Magnifier can be clicked over an area of which we want a closer view. The Left click gives a closer view and Right click zoom out.

Brushes
The brush tool is similar to the ordinary brush we use for painting, It shows a similar brush effect on the Canvas. We can work in various widths and textures with the help of Brushes. Widths are controlled by the brushes and the Size Tool together; textures are controlled by the brushes.

Shapes
In the Shapes Gallery several tools like Rectangles, Rounded Rectangles Ellipses and Freehand Polygons, the Line Tool and the Curved Line Tool can be seen. There are number of other shapes such as arrows, speech balloons, various stars and others are also Shapes included.

We can open the Shapes Gallery by clicking the down arrow under the Shapes picture and click the shape we want to draw.

• Straight Lines: Straight lines can be drawn while the left mouse button is pressed and will usp Color 1, those drawn with the right button will use Color 2. Line will be perfectly straight, If we hold down the Shift key while drawing a line. Ellipses, Rectangles, Circles and Squares: If we want to draw an exact shape such as a square or a circle, hold the Shift key while we draw.
• Curved Lines: Click the Curved Line button to draw a curve. Click the Outline button and choose Solid Color or a texture of your choice. Then click under the Size picture and choose a line thickness.
• Freehand Polygons: To draw a freehand polygon, click the Polygon button in the gallery. Hold a mouse button down and draw the first line of the polygon. Then release your mouse button and click where you want the next line to end. Keep clicking end points until you want the last line to finish the shape, then double click.

The Size Tool
This tool becomes active only after we choose either a Brush or a Shape.
After selecting our Brush or Shape we will find the down arrow under Size Tool and can choose a line thickness. The line thicknesses offered varies according to the brush we have chosen.

Colors

• The Color section of the ribbon has three parts: Boxes; showing the active colors – Color 1 and Color 2.
• Color Palette .
• Edit Colors button.

1. Color Box:
Color 1: Color 1 is the Foreground Color and is always black when we open Paint.
Color 2: Color 2 is the Background Color and is always white when we open Paint.

2. Color Palette: The two top lines of the Color Palette show all the colors available. Whenever we are making a picture. The line of blank squares at the bottom shows those colors we have edited during our work. Once Paint is closed, the edited colors vanish away.

3. Edit Colors: The Edit Colors button takes us into the Edit Colors dialog box. We can click any color on an extended palette and click the Add to Custom Colors button.

Here only one color will be added to the squares under the palette. To add more colors, we must return to the dialog box and add them one at a time.

View Tab Ribbon
The following section explains the View Tab Ribbon. It has three main options: Zoom, Show or hide and Display.

Zoom
Zooming in and out can be used alone or in conjunction with the Zoom Tool on the Ribbon or the slider on the Status Bar. Zoom in and Zoom out tools can be clicked repeatedly to get a closer or more distant view. The 100% option brings us back to a normal view of the picture.

Show or Hide
This portion of the View Tab Ribbon includes:

• The Show or Hide option for the status bar. The status bar is very useful while drawing pictures precisely.
• Gridlines are convenient if we want to align shapes accurately
• Rulers can be turned on or off as per our requirement.

Display

• On the Display section, we can click for Full Screen View. We can also get a Full Screen View by hitting Fll. We can come back to a normal view by pressing the Esc key.
• Thumbnail: Thumbnails are active only when we are zoomed in. It helps us see how changes we have made are affecting our picture in a normal view.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 3 Basics of Working with Computers will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 3 Basics of Working with Computers

Introduction
A computer is a combination of hardware and software. We can say that a computer is a machine in itself. There are always some rules which should be followed to work with a machine. Similarly if the user has to work with a computer he must have basic knowledge of working, with computers.

Operating System
Operating system is a system software without which a computer cannot work. IT acts as an interface between the hardware and the user. Each computer has an operating system installed on it. Operating system is displayed in the form of screens, menus, dialogue box, icons and widgets etc.

Definition of Operating System

• An operating system is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. It makes computer hardware work by controlling all the internal processes of the computer.
• There are many types of operating systems. Each operating system is developed for different types of machines. Each operating system has a different set of commands and it understands the machine architecture very well.

Windows
Windows is an operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a graphical user interface. It means it is easy to work with pointing devices such as mice in windows. Most of the computers in this world are using windows operating systems. Everything is displayed in a rectangular frame on the screen in this operating system. That is why operating system is named as windows. It is the most popular operating system in the world.

DOS
DOS stands for Disc Operating System. This operating system is also developed by Microsoft. It is a character user interface operating system. This operating system is not very powerful. The user types commands to instruct the computer. This operating system was used on computers with small memory and low speed hardware. The user has to remember a lot of commands to work in it. That is why it was difficult to work in this operating system. Also the user cannot do a variety of work simultaneously in this operating system.

Android
The Android Operating System is one of the latest operating systems in digital word. It is the operating system which is used in mobile phones. This operating system was developed by Google. This operating system is developed for devices which have touchscreen in them. It provides a very beautiful and convenient interface which can be used by finger touch. The user can do the tasks like pinching, swiping and typing. Now the Android operating system is also used in televisions, cars , wrist watches and many other digital devices. Each of these devices have different user interfaces.

Starting Computer System
The first task to work with an operating system is to make it work. This process is called starting the computer system. To start a computer system is not a difficult task. It is as simple as to start any other machine.

Powering on the Computer System
To start a computer it must be switched on first. Each computer system has a power button on its system case. The user has to press that power button to switch on the computer system. Similarly there is a power button on the monitor also. If the monitor is not powered on then the user has to switch on the monitor.

After switching on the computer, the computer starts to place the operating system in its memory. This process is known as booting. This process takes some time depending on the memory and the hardware attached to the computer system. After the booting process screen is displayed on the monitor.

Logging-in
After the booting process the initial windows screen is displayed. This screen provides the opportunity for the user to connect to the main operating system. This process is known as login.

On the screen all the users are displayed which are created on this computer. To login to the screen the user must know who is username and password.

• To Login to the computer , click on the username.
• Windows will ask to enter the password for you.
• Type in the password of that username.
• Windows will let you in.
• It will display the next screen which is called desktop.

Desktop and its Components
When the user logged into the Windows operating system, he is taken to a screen. This screen is known as the desktop of the computer. It is basically a dashboard of a computer system. All the operations are performed from this screen on. It has various parts. The parts of a desktop are discussed below.

Desktop

Desktop has following three parts:

• Icons
• Taskbar
• Shortcut

Icons
Icons are the small pictures on the desktop. These icons represent a file or a program or folder on the computer. The user has to click on this icon to open.dat file or program. The following types of icons are available on Windows desktop.

1. My Computer: This icon is used to assess the hard disc of the computer. This icon opens a window on the computer screen which displays all the hard disks attached to the computer and other removable media such as pen drives or CDs. The user can work in this window.

2. Network: This icon is used to connect to the network location attached to this computer system. This icon is used when the computer is connected to a local area. This icon displays icons of all the computer systems which are connected to users’ computers through Local area networks. The user can go to the other computer and work on files.

3. Recycle Bin: Recycle Bin is a folder which works like a dustbin. In this folder contains all the deleted files, folder, icons on the computer. When anything is not required on the computer system the user can delete that item. That item is shifted to the recycle bin folder. If the user deletes an item accidentally he can restore that item from the recycle bin.

4. Users File: This icon is used to assess the current user data. Thus it can hold all the default locations for the different types of files. It may include my documents, my pictures, my videos desktop etc. The name of this icon changes as per the user logged in.

Shortcuts
A shortcut is to reach the original file. A shortcut represents a link to the program file folder or any other item on the computer. It is an easy way to assess that item. The program can be opened using that shortcut. If the shortcut is deleted then the original program is not deleted or removed from the computer system. The user can create many shortcuts for a single program or file. The shortcut icon is identified by a small Arrow on a normal icon.

Shortcut

Wallpaper
Wallpaper is an image which is displayed behind the desktop screen. It is also called a desktop background. The user can place a screen as per his requirement. This screen can be a picture colour or pattern. There are some preloaded wallpapers available in the Windows operating system. The user can change the wallpaper as per his requirement.

The following steps are used to change a wallpaper.

• Right-click on wallpaper displaying on Desktop.
• Choose the “Personalize” option from the popup menu.
• A new window will appear.
• Select the required theme from the window. We can alternatively click on the “Desktop wallpaper” option from the bottom and choose the wallpaper.

Taskbar
Taskbar is located at the bottom of the screen. This bar is a part of the Operating System. It allows us to start a program using the Start menu. This bar always remains visible during working in any application. We can navigate through Active programs using the taskbar. The area on the right side of the taskbar is called “Notification Area”. This area allows us to check date and time, items running in the background etc. The taskbar was first introduced with Microsoft Windows 95 and is found in all subsequent versions of Windows. We can have a look of taskbar and it’s all parts as under:

Taskbar

All these parts of the taskbar are having their own functions. Let’s discuss the use of each one of them. It has a logo of windows on it. It is the first item on Taskbar.

Its icon is:

• Start Button: We can start any application and program with the help of the Start button.
• Quick Launch Bar: This section of the taskbar enables us to launch
  programs without locating them from the Start menu. It is located next to the Start button.
• System Tray: It is located at the right side of Taskbar. It contains miniature icons for easy access to system functions such as fax, printer, modem, volume etc.
• Notification Area: This area is a part of the taskbar that provides notifications and status of devices. It can also be used to display icons for system and program features that are not on the desktop.
• Clock: At the end of taskbar, Clock is displayed where Current Time and Date can be seen. We can change Time and Date by clicking on it. It requires Administration access to change the Time or Date.
• Active Programs: This area of taskbar is between quick access bar and System Tray area. In this area of taskbar, all the active programs appeared as an icon and we can easily navigate among them.

Working with Windows Applications
Microsoft Windows 7 provides some of the inbuilt applications which are used for different purposes. These applications are the most basic applications and each one is of a different type. Let’s discuss some of these applications.

Notepad
This is a basic text editor of Microsoft Windows. This is mainly used to type character data. It is the most simple application for creating files with text data only. This application is mainly used for writing codes (Source Files) of programming languages like HTML, Java etc.

Running Notepad

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → Notepad
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Notepad ” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Wordpad
This is a Rich Text Format word processor. We can create a document with formatting using this application. This application can be used to write letters or to create documents with texts data only. Graphics like charts, pictures, clip-art etc. cannot be inserted in it.

Running WordPad

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → WordPad
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “WordPad” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Paint
This is inbuilt graphical applications of Microsoft Windows 7. We can create drawing or other basic graphical objects using this application. It is also known as MS Paint. MS Paint has several tools for drawing and colouring. We can edit an existing picture also using this application.

Running Paint

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → Paint
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Paint” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Calculator
This application of Microsoft Windows 7 is used to do calculation related work. We can use this application as we use a real calculator. Its layout and buttons are also similar to real calculators. We can perform calculations up to 16 digits using this application.

Running Calculator

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → Calculator
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Calculator” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Using Run Box
Run box allows the user to open a program by name. This option of windows is very useful for fast opening of programs. Instead of navigating through menus, we can directly type the name of the program to run. Each program exists in the computer’ as an executable file. For example, MS Paint is named as “pbrush”, Notepad as “notepad”, WordPad as “Wordpad” and Calculator as “Calc”. We must write the correct name of that program which is to start. We can also start any file by typing it’s full path. The picture below shows how the Run box looks like in Microsoft Windows 7.

To open the Run Box in microsoft windows 7, we can use the following steps:
Press Window

button + R together.
Or
Click on the start button and search for “Run”. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Search Box of Start Menu
We can use the Search Box of Microsoft Windows 7 to search files or programs of computers. It can find given file from hard drive. It is located at the bottom of Start Menu of Windows 7. If this bar is missing from the start menu then we can re-enable it from Control Panel. The Search Box of start menu looks as given in the picture bellow.
If this part of start menu is missing then we can use following steps to show Search Box.

Steps to show “Search Box”

• Open the Start menu and click “Control Panel.”
• Click “Uninstall A Program” under Programs.
• Click “Turn Windows features on or off.”
• Click on the checkbox named ‘Window Search”.
• Click “OK” to save your changes.
• Search Box will start showing in Start Menu after restarting your computer.

Shutting Down Computer System
When the user completes its work on the computer system it is necessary to shut it down. The process of shutting down a computer system is as simple as starting it. All the tasks are performed by the computer system itself to shut it down. The user has only to start the procedure. Shutting down a computer is necessary to avoid the data loss. When the computer is in workable condition many files have been opened by it. The process of shutting down closes all those files, saving their data and returning them back to their inactive state.

Windows have given commands to shutdown the computer system. These commands are selected from the start menu of the window.

Following steps are used to shutdown a window based computer.

• Click on the start button.
• Click on the arrow available with the shutdown button.
• It will display many options such as sleep shutdown log of restart lock switch user.
• Window will start the process as per the options selected.

The detail of these options are given below:

Sleep:
This option of Power Off menu can be used when we want to leave a computer for some time. During this mode, the power of Monitor/LCD gets OFF and all your data is kept safe. When we put a computer into sleep mode then its power remains ON and its power light starts blinking. This blinking Red-Colour LED on the CPU shows that the computer is in sleep Mode. We can press the power button to resume the computer from this mode.

Shut Down:
This option of Power menu can be used when we have finished all our work. When we shut-down a computer, all parts of computer systems are turned off and no power remains active in the Computer System. We can switch off the main power-supply of the computer when it is shut down. This process can take some time and we must wait till it is over. This process may take time according to the size of data being used and number of programs currently running.

Log Off:
Windows 7 allows us to access a computer differently among users. We can keep our data secure from other users with the help of user accounts in it. If we have finished our work and want to leave a computer but another user is there to access the same computer for own work in a different user account then we can use the Log-off option of Power Menu.

Restart:
This option of power menu can be used when any new program is installed or any updation in the system is done. Sometimes when a new device or hardware is attached to the computer, it is required to restart our computer. In such a case, we can use the restart option of the Power menu to shut down our computer and start it again. When the restart button is pressed then the computer automatically gets started after being shut-down.