PSEB Notes

This PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 E-Governance will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 E-Governance

“Governance” means The process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented. Various factors are involved in governance. Government is one of the actors in governance. Other actors involved in governance vary depending on the level of government.

It’s not about making ‘correct’ decisions, but about the best possible process for making and implementing those decisions.

Main Characteristics of Good Governance:

1. Good governance is answerable to the community,
2. Good governance is transparent.
3. Good governance follows the rule of law.
4. Good governance is responsive.
5. Good governance is effective and efficient in implementing decisions and follows processes.
6. Good governance is participatory.

History and development of E-governance:

In India E-Governance originated during the seventies. The ICT was used to manage data related to elections, census, tax administration etc. After that, with the efforts of the National Informatics Center (NIC) all the district headquarters were connected during the eighties. From the early nineties, e-governance has used IT for wider sectoral applications with emphasis on reaching out to rural areas.

Earlier, a talk between a citizen and the Government takes place in a government office. But with the advancement of Information and Communication technologies, work culture of government offices has enhanced. Information and Communication Technologies has made it possible to locate service centers near to clients.

Such centers may consist of an unattended kiosk in the government agency, a service kiosk located close to the client outside the government agency, or the use of a personal computer at home or office.

In all the cases public traditionally look for information and services addressing his/her needs. In both cases quality and efficiency are of great importance. Therefore, the establishment of e-Govemance requires a good knowledge of the needs that exist in the society and that can be offered using ICT.

Due to widespread demand of E-govemance and exponentially increasing size of data, new technologies Hke Open source solutions and cloud computing need to be used in working of government. Today, electricity, water, phone and all kinds of bills can be paid over the internet. All these work is what government and citizens are using and doing. All ‘this dependents on internet and when citizens depends on government internet services all that come is E-Govemance.

E-governance:

Online working of a government or providing its services online to its citizens at their door step is known as E-Govemance. In other words, E-Govemance means online availability of government services.

E-Govemance has made the working of government more efficient andmore transparent to its citizens. Success or failure of any government depends on three things:

1. The way the government works.
2. Transparency in its working and information.
3. Communication to its citizen.

In E-Govemance, government use of internet technology to communicate and provide information to common peoples and businessman.

There are four pillars of E-Governance:

1. Connectivity: Connectivity is required to connect the people to the services of the government.
2. Knowledge: The knowledge here is referred to as IT knowledge.
3. Data Content: To share information over the internet, government possesses its database which should have the data content related to government services.
4. Capital: Capital is referred to money used by government to provide their services.

Objectives of E-Governance:

The two main objectives of e-governance are:
1. To satisfactorily fulfil the public’s needs and expectations by simplifying their interaction with various online services.
2. To facilitate a speedy, transparent, accountable, efficient and effective process for performing government administration activities.

E-Governance models:

These four models of e-governance are as:

1. Government to citizens (G2C)
2. Government to government (G2G)
3. Government to employees (G2E)
4. Government to businessman (G2B)

1. Government to citizens (G2C):

This model of e-govemance refers to the government services which are shared by citizens. In this model, citizens visit to the links of services that they want to use. This model strengthens the bond between government and its citizen. Type of services which are provided by this model includes:-

1. Payment of online bills such as electricity, water, telephone bills etc.
2. Online registration of applications.
3. Copies of land-record.
4. Online filling of complaints.
5. Availability” of any kind of online information.

2. Government to government (G2G):

This model refers to the services which are shared between the governments. These types of services or information are as:

1. Sharing of information between police department of various state.
2. Government document exchange which includes preparation, approval, distribution, and storage of ail governmental documents, is also done through e- governance.
3. Most of the finance and budget works are also done through e-governance.

3. Government to businessmen (G2B):

It is used by businessmen to communicate to the government. Type of services which are provided by this model includes:-

1. Collection of taxes.
2. Rejection and approval of patent is done by this model.
3. Payment of all kind of bills and penalty.
4. Sharing of all kind of information, rules and data.
5. Complaints or any kind of dissatisfaction can be shown by this.

4. Government to employees (G2E):

This model increases the transparency between government and its employee. Information that can be shared by this model:

1. All kind of data submission (attendance record, employee record etc.) from various government offices is done by this model.
2. Employee can file all kinds of complaints and dissatisfaction by this model.
3. All kind of rule- regulation and information for employees can be shared by this.
4. Employees can check their payment and working record.
5. Employees can register all kind of working forms online.

Areas of E-governance:

Today area of e-governance is very wide. E-Governance is implemented by government in almost every field.

I. E-Governance in urban areas:

1. Transportation

Services provided by e-governance in this area are:

1. Issue of learner licensees, Issue of driving licenses, Renewal of driving licenses etc.
2. To provide transport-related facilities online.
3. For online bookings, cancellation of seats, for enquiry about departure of buses, availability of seats and buses etc.
4. Issuance of Time Table of buses.
5. Provision of booking facility for Interstate transport.
6. Transportation Improvement Program.
7. Regional Transportation Plans.
8. Congestion Management Process.
9. Transportation Demand Management.

Various projects such as

• IRCTC (Indian Railway Catering and tourism Cooperation ltd.) Offers online rail ticket booking, and checking of ticket reservation status.
• HRTC (Himachal Road Transport Corporation project) is for online bookings, cancellation of seats, for enquiry about departure of buses, availability of seats and buses etc.

2. Online payment of bills and taxes

Services provided by e-govemance in this area are :

1. Online Transactions such as payment of license fees, university fees, etc.
2. Payment of Bill such as online payment of electricity and water bills,utility bills, to avail of trade licenses and transact on government matters at these facilities. ‘
3. Payment of taxes such as online payment of motor vehicle taxes, revenue taxes,
4. Payment of house EMIs.

Various Projects such as

• SAMP ARK by Chandigarh government.
• E-Suvidha by the government of Uttar Pradesh.
• E-SEVA (Electronic seva) by Andhra Pradesh.
• E-Mitra by the Government of Rajasthan

3. Information and public relation key services:

With these kinds of projects people can get any kind of information with just a single click are as under :
1. Information about vacancies, tenders and market rates etc.
2. Village e-mail etc.

Various projects such as
1. LokMitra by the government of Himachal Pradesh.

4. Municipal services

Services provided are as:

1. House Tax Assessment, Billing and Collection.
2. Maintaining records of Land & property. Certificates like Land sale Permission, Legal heir certificate.
3. Issue of Passport Verification Certificate.
4. Issue of Death and BirthCertificates.
5. Registration & Attorneys of properties such as computerization of the Document registration work at Sub Registrar Office.
6. Provide services such as issuance of certificates, issuance of orders in respect of Social Security Schemes such as old age pension, widow pension, freedom fighter pension etc.
7. Review and approval authority for site plans

Various projects such as

• SDO Suite by Assam government.
• Rural Digital Services.

5. Roads and traffic management

Services provided by this type of e-governance is :

1. Network of Roads & Bridges.
2. Road construction and their maintenance.
3. Traffic Management.

Safety, Accident and pollution control.arious projects such as
1. RSPCB (Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board) by Govt, of Rajasthan.

II. Areas of e-governance in rural areas

In rural areas e-govemance has its very powerful impact.
1. Agriculture:
Following are the projects used in Agriculture.
1. AGMARKNET: It is a project approved by Department of Marketing & Inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture, and the Government of India.
2. SEEDNET: It is a SEED informatics network under ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.

2. Local information:

For local information such as personal information, prices of seeds, fertilizers, loan rates etc.
Various projects such as
1. E-Aadhar
2. E-JanSampark

3. Disaster management:

To deal with these disasters, much state government has started e-governance service for this.
Project in this area are:
1. Chetana by the state of Bihar is a Disaster management system which has been started to deal with natural disasters such as flood and earthquake.

4. Land record management:

By facilitating e-governance service in this area, millions of land records can be maintain in a very short time span.
Projects in this area are :

1. Land Records Management System State Government of Punjab.
2. Devbhoomi State Government of Uttarakhand.
3. Bhu-Lekh UP State Government of Uttar Pradesh.
4. E-Dhara State Government of Gujarat.

5. Panchayat:

Services provided by e-governance in this area are:

1. Issue of Birth/Death certificate.
2. Application for inclusion of name in Voter list.
3. Conducting various welfare schemes for the poor and needy sections of the society.
4. Preparing district wise planning, implementing those plan, and review for success.
5. To provide wage employment to the needy from amongst the poorest section of the rural society.
6. Rural water supply and sanitation.

Various projects:

1. E-GramViswa Gram Project by Gujarat.

III. E-governance in Health

Service provided by these projects are as:

1. Availability of medicines.
2. Special health camps.
3. Facilities at Anganwadi centers.

Various projects are:

• Hospital OPD Appointment:
• Online Vaccination Appointment for International Traveler:

IV. E-governance in Education

Providing basic education (elementary, primary, and secondary) to children.

1. Providing computer education to children.
2. Results for 10th& 12th classes.
3. Information on eligibility for “Distribution of books” scheme.

Various projects are:
Online Scholarship Management System such as Ashirwad portal by Punjab Government.

This PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Internet Applications will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Internet Applications

Internet allows us to use many services like Internet Banking, Online Shopping, Online Ticket Booking, Online Bill Payment, emaihetc.

Internet provides concept of electronic commerce that allows the business deals to be conducted on electronic systems

Email:

Email, short for “electronic mail,” It is one of the most widely used features of the Internet, along with the web. It allows us to send and receive messages to and from anyone with an email address, anywhere in the world.

Gmail:

‘Google Mail’ or ‘Gmail’ is a free email service provided by Google. You can send and receive emails, block spam, create an address book, and perform other basic email tasks.

Creating new account:

In this, we’ll study about how to get started with email by creating an account in Gmail.
Follow these step-by-step instructions to create a Gmail account
1. Open up our internet browser.
2. Type address. WWW.gmail.com

3. Create Google Account
The ‘choose our username’ is the unique email address that we wish to use, which will be placed before ‘@gmail.com’.
1. Type password
2. Then fill your birth date (Month, Day, Year)

3. Fill your Gender (Male/Female)
4. Mobile phone number and any other e-mail address(if exist)
Once we have completed this page fully, clicking Next Step will take us to the next Page.
Click “Continue to Gmail” to go to our inbox and get started.

Captcha Code:

A CAPTCHA is a type of test used in computing to determine whether or not the user is human.

A CAPTCHA is a program that protects websites by generating and grading tests that humans can pass but current computer programs cannot.

How to send and receive E-mail?

To send an email, click “Compose Mail” located above the folder list. An entry form appears in the Gmail interface.

The recipients: In the “To:” box, type the address of the person we want to write to.
To view the “Cc:” tab click “Add Cc”. Cc means “carbon copy”, type here the addresses of people who are not the main recipients of the message, but we still want to send a copy to.

To view the “Bcc:” tab click “Add Bcc”. Bcc stands for “Blind carbon copy “, type here the addresses of people we want to send a copy of the mail to, without the other recipients knowing.

The subject

In “Subject:”, enter the subject of the email.
When we finish typing our mail, click the “Send” button to send it immediately or on the “Save” button to save as draft.

Attach file(s)with email message:

In the new message window, click the paperclip icon to add an attachment. Find and click on the folder or files we wish to attach, then click “Open” and we should see the attachment added to our message.

Google Apps:

Google Apps is a suite of Web-based applications from Google that includes e-mail, calendar, word processing, spreadsheet and presentations.

1. Google Calendar

Google Calendar is a time-management web application and mobile app created by Google. Google Calendar allows multiple calendars to be created and shown in the same view. Each can be shared, either read-only or with full edit control, and either with specified people or with everyone.

2. Google Maps

Google Maps is a desktop web mapping service developed by Google. It offers satellite imagery, street maps, 360° panoramic views of streets (Street View), real-‘time traffic conditions (Google Traffic), and route planning for traveling by foot, car, bicycle (in beta), or public transportation.

3. Translate

Google Translate is a free multilingual statistical machine translation provided by Google to translate text, speech, images, or real-time video from one language into another.

4. Google +

Google+ (Google Plus) is Google’s attempt at social networking. The Google+ service that delivers functionality and many features similar to those of Facebook.

5. Google Docs

Google Docs is an online word processor that lets you create and format text documents and collaborate with other people in real-time.

6. Google Sheets

Google Sheets is an online spreadsheet app that lets you create and format spreadsheets and simultaneously work with other people.

7. Google Slides

Google Slides is an online presentations app that allows you to show off your work in a visual way.

8. Play Store

Google Play is Google’s online store for purchasing and downloading apps, music, books, movies and similar content for use on Android-powered smartphones, tablets, Google TV and similar devices.

Google Drive

Google Drive is a service offered by Google that allows us to store and share files online.

Benefits of Google Drive:

1. Google Drive lets us send large files directly from our Gmail account.
2. Google Drive allows us to access our files remotely.
3. Google Drive has its own mobile application which gives us access to our files on our iPhone or smartphone.
4. Google Drive allows us to find content easily with a keyword search.
5. Google Drive is equipped with an OCR (optical character recognition) function, which allows us to search for words or expressions in scanned documents.
6. Google Drive allows users to open various types of files.
7. All the facilities described above are free.

How to share file(s)?

1. Open Drive, or a file or folder we want to share.
2. Open the sharing box:

• While we have a file open: Click Share in the top-right comer.
• While we have a folder open: Click the share icon in the top-right.
• From our file list in Drive: Select the name of a file or folder and click the share icon at the top.

3. Under “People” in the sharing box, type the email addresses of the people or Google Groups we want to share with.

4. Choose the type of access we want to give -these users by clicking the dropdown arrow to the right of the text box:

• Can edit: Users can edit the file or folder and share it with others.
• Can comment: Users can view and add comments to the file, but can’t edit it.
• Can view: Users can see the file or folder but can’t edit or comment on it

5. Click Done. The users will receive an email letting them know we’ve shared the file or folder with them.
6. If we want to share multiple files at once, add the files to a folder in Drive and then share the entire folder with the people we want to see the files.

How to download software?

The same basic steps apply to most downloads:

1. Click the link.
2. Choose open or save.
3. Confirm the download.
4. rim or open the download.

Internet in Media

TV, radio and the Internet used to be completely separate things, but that’s no longer true with today’s technology. We can now watch TV shows on our computer, connect to the Internet on many.

1. On Line Newspaper:
Online newspaper is the online version of a newspaper, either as a stand-alone publication or as the online version of a printed periodical.

2. Online TV channels, Radio, Live programs(Streaming Media)
Online radio is the distribution of audio broadcasts over the Internet. There are thousands of Internet radio stations that can be streamed to a software media player in a computer, mobile device, stand-alone Internet radio, media hub or media server.

What is Cloud?

The term ‘Cloud’ refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that Cloud is something, which is present at remote location.
Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM) execute on cloud.
Cloud networking refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the hardware and software resources remotely. It offers online data storage, infrastructure, and application.

Cloud Printing:

Cloud Printing enable users to print documents and other materials on any device associated with the cloud (network). Users create content with any softwarefool they want and transfer the file to a cloud printing service provider via whatever device they choose, which then routes the file to a cloud-attached printer at a location selected by the user.

Internet Security:

The Internet is indeed private and secure, but there are a number of serious security risks.

1. Virus/Anti-virus:
A computer virus is a computer program that replicates itself into other computer programs and can cause damage to a computer’s software, hardware or data.

2. Spyware:
Spyware is a program installed on our computer that sends information about us and how we use our computer to a third party, typically without we being aware this is happening. Spyware often enters our system when we install some type of free software from an untrusted source.

3. Trojan:
A Trojan horse, often shortened to Trojan, is a type of malware designed to provide unauthorized, remote access to a user’s computer. Trojan horses do not have the ability to replicate themselves like viruses; however, they can lead to viruses being installed on a machine since they allow the computer to be controlled by the Trojan creator.

4. Phishing Scams:
Phishing is an e-mail fraud method in which the wrongdoer sends out legitimate-‘looking email in an attempt to gather personal and financial information from recipients.

5. Digital Signature:
Digital Signature is a digital code which is attached to an electronically transmitted document to verify its contents and the sender’s identity.

This PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

A chart is a tool that is used to communicate data graphically. A chart can allow knowing the meaning behind data.

Charts:

Excel has various types of charts, so we can choose one that most effectively represents our data.

Types of Chart:

1. Pie Chart
2. Column Chart
3. Line Chart
4. Bar Chart
5. Area Chart
6. Scatter Chart.

Create a Chart

To create a line chart, the steps are as follows:
1. Type the data in our excel worksheet.

2. Select the range.

3. On the Insert tab, in the Charts group, choose Line, and select Line with Markers.

Change a chart type

We can easily change a chart type at any time. Following are the steps to change a chart type:
1. Select the chart.

2. On the Insert tab, in the Charts group, choose Column, and select Clustered Column.

Switch Row/Column

1. Select the chart. Chart Tools contextual tab is activated.

2. On the Design tab, click Switch Row/ Column.

Add chart Title

1. Select the chart.
2. On the Layout tab, click Chart Title, Above Chart.

3. We will see a caption (Chart Title) above our chart. Enter our desired title.

Elements of a Chart

1. Chart area: A chart area contains everything inside the chart window, including all parts of the chart.
2. Data marker: A data marker is a symbol on the chart that represents a single value in the worksheet. A data marker can be a bar in a bar chart, a pie in a pie chart, or a line on a line chart.
3. Data series: It is a group of related values such as all the values in a single row in the chart.
4. Axis: It is a line that is used as a major reference for plotting data in a chart.
5. Tick mark: It is a small line intersecting an axis. A tick mark indicates a category, scale, or chart data series.
6. Plot area: It is the area where our data is plotted and it includes the axes and all markers that represent data points.
7. Gridlines: These are the optional lines extending from the tick marks across the plot area.
8. Chart text: It is a label8- or title that we add to our chart. Attached text is a title or label that is linked to an axis such as the Chart Title.
9. Legend: It is a key that identifies patterns, colors, or symbols associated with the markers of a chart data series. The legend shows the data series name corresponding to each data marker

Equations and Symbols

How to insert equations, symbols and special characters in excel:

Excel makes it easy to enter symbols, such as foreign currency marks, as well as special characters, like trademark and copyright symbols, into cells. These symbols are available in the Symbol dialog box.

1. Click the Insert tab and then click the Symbol button in the Symbols group. The Symbol dialog box appears.

2. Select the desired symbol on the Symbols tab; or click the Special Characters tab and select the desired character.
3. Click Insert to insert the symbol or character.
4. Click close when we’re done adding symbols and special characters. The inserted symbols or characters appear in the worksheet.
5. Press Enter to complete the cell entry.

Pivot Table:

Insert Pivot Table

The data in a worksheet can be easily managed by using PivotTables. We can summarize the data. Pivot Table allows us to manipulate it in various ways. PivotTables are very helpful tool when we have to deal with large and complex spreadsheets.

A PivotTable is very helpful in doing these calculations. We can do calculations and summarize the data in a way that’s not only easy to read but also easy to manipulate.

How to create a PivotTable:

1. Select the table or cells – including column headers – containing the data we want to use.
2. From the Insert tab, click the PivotTable command.

3. The Create PivotTable dialog box will appear. Click OK.

Add fields to the Pivot Table:

1. Before using Pivot Table, first of all we’ll need to decide which fields to add to the PivotTable. Each field is a column header from the source data.
2. In the Field List, place a check mark next to each field we want to add.

3. The selected fields will be added to one of the four areas below the Field List.

4. The PivotTable now shows the change.

Data Tools:

Data Tools are simply tools which make it easy to manipulate data. Some of them are used to save our time by extracting or joining data and others perform complex calculations on data.

Convert Text to Columns:

Steps are as follows:
1. Type the data in our worksheet as:

2. Select the range with full names.

3. On the Data tab, click Text to Columns.

4. Choose Delimited and click Next.

5. Clear all the check boxes under Delimiters except for the Comma and Space check box.

6. Click Finish.

Data Validation:

Data validation is a powerful feature that is used to set up certain rules to dictate what can be entered into a cell.

How to Create Data Validation Rule:

To create a data validation rule, the steps are as follows:
1. Type the data in our excel worksheet.
2. Select cell D2.
3. On the Data tab, click Data Validation.

1. In the Allow list, click Whole number.

2. In the Data list, click between.
3. Enter the Minimum and Maximum values.
Input Message: Input messages appear when the user selects the cell and tell the user what to enter.

On the Input Message tabas below do the following:
1. Check ‘Show input message when cell is selected’.

2. Enter a title.
3. Enter an input message.

Error Alert:

If users ignore the input message and enter a number that is not valid, we can show them an error alert.
On the Error Alert tab do the following:
1. Check ‘Show error alert after invalid data is entered1.
2. Enter a title.
3. Enter an error message.

4. Click OK.

Data Validation Result:

To check our Data Validation result follows the steps as below:
1. Select cell C2.

2. Try to enter a number higher than 10.

What-If Analysis:

What-If Analysis in Excel allows us to try out different values (scenarios) for formulas. In MS Excel a scenario is a set of values that saves and can substitute automatically on our worksheet.

1. On the Data tab, click What-If Analysis and select Scenario Manager from the list.

2. The Scenario Manager Dialog box appears.

3. Type a name, select cell and click on OK.

4. Enter the corresponding value and click on OK again.

5. Next, add 4 other scenarios.

Scenario Summary:

After creating your required Scenarios, to easily compare the results of these scenarios following are the steps below:
1. Click the Summary button in the Scenario Manager.

2. Next, select cell for the result cell and click on OK.

Goal Seek?

The goal seek function is a part of what-if analysis tool set. It allows a user to use the desired result of a formula to find the possible input value necessary to achieve that result.

3. Type a name, select cell and click on OK.

4. Enter the corresponding value and click on OK again.

5. Next, add 4 other scenarios.

Scenario Summary: After creating your required Scenarios, to easily compare the results of these scenarios following are the steps below:
1. Click the Summary button in the Scenario Manager.

2. Next, select cell for the result cell and click on OK.

Goal Seek?
The goal seek function is a part of what-if analysis tool set. It allows a user to use the desired result of a formula to find the possible input value necessary to achieve that result.

Protection:

In simple words Protection means to keep our stuff safe from misuse from an authorised person. In Excel we can protect our workbook/worksheet.

Protect Worksheet

Steps to Protect Worksheet:
1. Right click a worksheet tab

2. Click Protect Sheet.

Protect Workbook

A workbook can be protected easily as we have protected a worksheet. A workbook can be protected such as:
Structure: If we protect the workbook structure, users cannot insert, delete, rename, move, copy, hide or unhide worksheets anymore.
Windows: If we protect the workbook windows, we cannot move, change the size and close windows anymore.

1. Open a workbook.
2. On the Review tab, click Protect Workbook.

3. Check Windows enter a password and click OK.

4. Re-enter the password and click on OK.

View Tab

Split

In Excel we can split the worksheet window into separate panes and scroll the worksheet in each pane so that we can easily compare data from two separate worksheet locations. We can make the panes in a workbook window disappear by double-clicking anywhere on the split bar that divides the window.
1. Click the split box above the vertical scroll bar.
2. Notice the two vertical scroll bars.
3. To remove the split, double click the horizontal split bar that divides the panes (or drag it up).

Freeze

Freeze option is very useful in some cases when we have a long table and want to see all. We need to scroll it while looking all the data. We will see that the table headings are also scrolled during scrolling, so it becomes difficult to understand the meaning of data without having its heading name hidden.

Freeze Top Row: To freeze the top row, execute the following steps.
1. On view tab, click Freeze Panes and then Freeze

2. Scroll down to the rest of the worksheet.

How to Unfreeze Panes of your worksheet

To unlock all rows and columns, execute the following steps.
1. On the View tab, click Freeze Panes, Unfreeze Panes.

How to Freeze Panes of a Worksheet

To freeze panes, execute the following steps.
1. Select row.
2. On the View tab, click Freeze Panes, Freeze Panes.

3. Scroll down to the rest of the worksheet.

Hide/Unhide Columns, Rows and Sheets:

Hiding Rows:

In desired spreadsheet select the rows (for multiple selection hold Ctrl key and keep selecting) we want to hide and navigate to Home tab.
From Cells group, click Format button. Now from Hide & Unhide options, click Hide Rows.
Upon click it will automatically hide the selected rows.

Hiding Columns:

For hiding the columns in specific sheet, following are the steps:
1. Select the columns we want to handle.
2. Now click on Format button in Cells group. Now Click on Hide & Unhide options then click Hide Columns.

How to Hide Worksheets

Following are the steps to do so:
1. Select the sheet which we want to hide.
2. Now Click Hide Sheet from Hide & Unhide options from Cell group in Home Tab.
3. Click on Hinde Sheet Option from Hide and Unhide.

Macro:

A macro is a series of commands that is grouped together so that we can run whenever we need to perform the specific task. We can use macros in Excel to save time by automating tasks that we perform frequently.

The easiest method for creating many macros is to use macro recorder. When we record a macro Excel stores the information about each step you take as you perform a series of commands. We then run the macro to repeat or playback the set of commands.

The macro recorder records every action we complete. So before we start the process of recording it is very important to plan macro- that what steps we need to record. To display the Developer tab, follow these steps:
1. Click the File tab and then click Options. The Excel Options dialog box
appears.
2. Click Customize Ribbon in the left pane, and then select the Developer check box under Main Tabs on the right side of the dialog box.

3. Click OK. The Developer tab appears in the Ribbon.

How to Record a macro:

Follow these steps to record a macro:
1. Choose Record Macro in the Code group of the Developer tab. The Record Macro dialog box appears.
2. Type a name for the macro in the Macro Name text box.

3. Assign a Shortcut Key.
4. From the Store Macro In drop-down list, select where we want to store the macro:

• This Workbook: Save the macro in the current workbook file.
• New Workbook: Create macros that we can run in any new workbooks created during the current Excel session.
• Personal Macro Workbook: Choose this-option if you want the macro to be available whenever we use Excel, regardless of which worksheet we’re using.
• Type a description of the macro in the Description text box.
• Click OK. The Record Macro option on the Developer tab changes to Stop Recording.
• Perform the actions you want to record.
• Choose Stop recording in the Code group of the Developer tab.
• The macro recorder stops recording keystrokes and the macro is complete.

This PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Introduction to MS-Access will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Introduction to MS-Access

Data has become an important part of human life. It has increased the need of data management. This need has given birth to various software. MS Access is one of the most common software in this category.

MS-Access:

Access is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). It is used for database creation and management. MS-Access Allow user to perform basic tasks such as opening and closing database, Creating tables, Forms, queries and Reports. If we want to understand Access, Firstly we must have to understand databases.

It is part of the MS Office software suite. It is used in millions of corporate firms across the globe and in homes also.

MS Access is used to store and retrieve large amounts of data. It can be used for something simple such as keeping a record of your books collection or for something larger such as invoicing/ stock management.

Relational Database:

Relational database was proposed by Edgar Codd around 1969. It has since become the dominant database model for commercial applications.

A relational database organizes data in tables. A table is made up of rows and columns. A row is also called a record. A column is also called a field.

MS-ACCESS is a relational database management system. Relational databases allow you to organize your data into tables; each table focuses on a specific topic; the various tables can then be linked to each other for inquiry and reporting purposes.

Guidelines to design a Database:

1. Identify all the fields needed by you to produce the required information
2. Organize each piece of data into its smallest useful part to make the design perfect.
3. Make group related fields into tables
4. Determine each table’s primary key which will uniquely identified.
5. You will have to Include a common field in related tables.

Some Technical Words of Access:

Access arranges and divided database as under:

1. Database file: The database file is the main file of database which consists the whole data of the document.
2. Table: A table is the basic element of a Database and contains the data entered by users. Each row (or record) contains information about a particular item.
3. The record is made up of several fields; each field contains one piece of information relating to the item.
4. Fields: A field is an individual set of data items that are of the same type.
5. Data Types: Databases consist of tables, tables consist of fields and fields are of a certain data type.

Components of MS Access:

1. Table: Tables are the data storage facilities in MS Acfcess. Each table contains rows called records and columns called fields. A record is a collection of facts about a particular person or an organization. Each record in a table should be unique.
2. Queries: A query that copies or changes data. Queries include append, delete, make-table, and update queries. A query that asks a question about the data stored in your tables and returns a result set in the form of a datasheet, without changing the data.
3. Forms: Forms provides us friendly environment to view the data in which it shows a single record at a time.
4. Reports: Reports provide a means of organizing and summarizing data. A report can be a simple list, a student’s report or a school report.
5. Macros: Macro is an automatic action that should be performed to an object of the data. It allow users to their work automatically.
6. Modules: A module is collection of procedure statement and declaration which are stores as unit. Module are verv similar to macros.
7. Database objects: Databases in Access 2010 are composed of four objects: tables, queries, forms, and reports.

Data Types:

In access many types of data types can be used the data type is decided before creating a table. We know there are different data types of table. Some of the important data types of access are given below:

Advantages of Access:

1. Convenient storage capacity: A Microsoft Access database can hold up to 2 GB of data. *
2. Easy installation and work: Access gives data managers a fully functional, relational database management system.
3. Easy to participate: Access works well with many of the developing software programs based in Windows like Microsoft SQL Server and non-Microsoft products like Oracle and Sybase.
4. Importing data: Microsoft Access allow user to import their important data.
5. Multi-user support: More About ten users in a network can use an Access application.
6. Popular Rdbms: Microsoft Access is the most popular desktop Relational database system in the world.
7. Saves your money: Microsoft Access is more economical than other larger systems; offering the same functions and usage.
8. Secure Database: MS access is secure database system information is secure which you saved on it.

Starting access:

To start access 2010 from the start menu:
Click the start button, click all programs, click Microsoft office, and then click Microsoft access 2010. The new page of the backstage view opens, displaying thumbnails of the available templates and template categories.

Another shortcut way to open access is Press windows kev with R it will open run command window on Run command type MS access is blank box.

After the open of MS access you have to click on the blank database available Under templates.

Working with Tables:

A table is a database object that vou define and use to store data update DATA. A table consists of records and fields. Every record contains data about one instance of the subject.

Creating and Modifying tables:

When you create a new table, you have complete control over the number of fields, the names of the fields, and what sort of data they can store. You can create a new table in the either datasheet view or design view.

Creating tables in datasheet view

To create a table in datasheet view:

On the create tab, in the tables group, click the table button. A new blank table opens in the object window in datasheet view.

Adding fields by entering data:

Whenever you add a new column to the datasheet, a new field is defined in the table.

1. Click in the first cell in the click to add COLUMN, ENTER the first item of data for the new record, and then press the tab or enter key to move the first cell in the column to the right.
2. Access AUTOMATICALLY ASSIGNS the value 1 to the id field.
3. WHEN THE record has been changed, but has not yet been saved.
4. Click the pencil icon in the row selector. This saves the first record with the value 1 assigned to the id field; subsequent records will be numbered sequentially.
5. Continue entering items of data in consecutive cells, and pressing the tab or enter key.
6. When you finish entering all the data for the first record, click anywhere in the row below to save the record.
7. After entering so many records as per your requirement you have to save the table

Creating Tables in design view:

In Design view, the Object window consists of two panes. The field Entry pane, located at the top of the window, is used to enter each field’s name, data type, and description. The field properties pane, located at the bottom of the window, is used to specify the field’s properties. The properties available in the Field properties pane depend on the data type assigned.

To create a table in Design view:

On the create tab, in the Table Design button. A New, blank table opens in the object window in Design view.

1. In the field name column, type a name for the first field. Field names can be up to 64 characters long. They can include any combination of letters, numbers, spaces, and brackets etc.
2. In the data type column click the down arrow and select a data type from the list).
3. In the description column, type a description for the field.
4. Repeat steps 2 through 4 to add additional fields to the table. After entering the all fields save the table.

Setting a primary key:

A primary key consists of one or more fields that uniquely identify each record in the table there are several advantages to setting a primary key.

To set a primary key follow these steps:
1. Click the row selector of the field you want to designate as the primary key.

2. In the design tab, in the tools group, click the primary key button. A key icon appears to the left of the field that you specify as the primary key.

Saving tables:

To save a table for the first time:
1. On the quick access toolbar, click the save button. The save as dialog box opens
2. In the table name box, type a name for the table.

Click the ok button. The table appears in the tables list in the navigation pane.

Closing database
To close a database:
Click the file tab, and then click close database.

Exiting access
To exit access 2010:
1. Click the file tab, and then click exit. Or, click the close button in the upper- right corner of the program window.
2. Another option is to exit Access is Press ALT+F4 key together. With this option you will exit from access in very easy way

Forms:

Forms are used for entering, modifying, and viewing records. The reason forms are used so often is that they’re an easy way to guide people into entering data correctly.

Creating forms:

It is always very convenient to work in forms. It is more comfortable easier and popular to enter data by forms that by datasheet view. Forms can be prepared by following two methods.

Create a form to display your data
1. To create a quick screen in MS Access 2010 simply go to the navigation pane and click to highlight the table you wish to base the form on.
2. Now click on the create tab.

3. In the forms section click on the button named ‘Form’.

4. MS Access creates a nice simple form. Click on any of the text boxes to position the cursor and edit the data.
At the bottom you have navigation buttons to move you from record to each record

Sorting:

1. Result could be sorted by Name or by the marks of the students who were appear in exam
2. Students could be sorted by name or by the roll no.
3. Students could be sorted by class.
You can sort both text and numbers in two ways: in ascending order and descending order. Ascending means going up, so an ascending sort will arrange numbers from smallest to largest and text from A to Z.

Descending means going down, or largest to smallest for numbers and Z to A for text. The default ID number sort that appears in your tables is an ascending sort, which is why the lowest ID numbers appear first.

Steps to sort student table are as follows:
1. Select a field in the cell you want to sort by. In student table, we will sort by student name.
2. Click the Home tab on the Ribbon, and locate the Sort & Filter group.
3. Sort the field by selecting the Ascending or Descending command.
(a) Select Ascending to sort text A to Z or to sort numbers from smallest to largest.
(b) Select Descending to sort text Z to A or to sort numbers from largest to smallest.

The table will now be sorted by the selected field.
To save the new sort, click the Save command on the Quick Access toolbar.

Data Filters:

Filters is the concept in MS-Access which allow you to view only the data you want to see. The filter then searches all of the records in the table, finds the ones that meet your search criteria, and temporarily hides the other data.

Filters are useful because they allow you to look upon on specific records without any distraction by the uninterested data. Viewing this data with a filter would be far more convenient than searching for it in a large table.

Follow these steps to apply filter:
To create a filter
1. Click the drop-down arrow next to the field you want to filter by.
(A drop-down menu with a checklist will appear. Only checked items will be included in the filtered results. Use the following options to determine which items will be included in your filter)
1. Select and deselect items one at a time by clicking their check boxes.
Here, we will deselect all of the options except for Class .
2. Click Select All to include every item in the filter. Clicking Select All a second time will deselect all items.

2. Click Blank to set the filter to find only the records with no data in the selected field.
Click OK. The filter will be applied.

Reports:

Reports allow you to print assembled data in a custom layout. You can create reports based on tables and/ or queries. There are several methods for creating a report. We will focus on the Reports wizard.

To create a report:
(i) Click on the Create tab and then select Report Wizard from the Reports group.

1. Click on the down arrow beside the Tables/Queries selection window and choose the table or query you’re basing your report on.

2. Add fields – (All the fields from your selected tables/ queries appear in the Available Fields: window.)
1. To add fields to the Selected Fields window, one-at-a-to move all available fields into the Selected Fields window at once.
2. To remove individual fields from Selected Fields, click on each field and press to remove all fields, press
3. When done, click Next.

3. When done, click Next.
(You can select a sort order for up to four fields. Click on the down arrow to select a field and then choose ascending or descending order.)

4. When done, click Next and select layout options.

5. Click Next and add title to the form.


6. Click finish to finish the repeat.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 4 Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Life and His Teachings will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 4 Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Life and His Teachings

Early Career of Guru Nanak Dev Ji:

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born on 15th April, 1469 A.D. at Rai Bhoi Ki Talwandi.
• The name of his father was Mehta Kalu Ji and the name of his mother was Tripta Ji.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji was quite serious and thoughtful by nature since his childhood.
• Guru Sahib’s teachers were surprised to see his spiritual knowledge.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s father tried to keep him busy in work through various occupations but Guru Ji showed no interest in them.
• At the age of 14 years, he was married to Sulakhni Ji, the daughter of Mool Chand, a resident of Batala.
• At the age of 20 years, he was employed at the Modikhana (foodgrain store) at the Sultanpur Lodhi.
• While at Sultanpur Lodhi, Guru Nanak attained enlightenment while bathing in the Bein rivulet.
• He was 30 years old at that time.

Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji:

• After attaining enlightenment in 1499 A.D., Guru Nanak Dev Ji set out on long travels (Udasis) in India and in foreign countries.
• He spent 21 years in these travels or Udasis.
• The main objective of the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was to remove the ignorance of the people and to give the message of the unity of Godhead and universal brotherhood of mankind.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his first Udasi in 1499 A.D. with Bhai Mardana.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji travelled Saidpur, Talumba, Kurukshetra, Panipat, Delhi, Haridwar, Gorakhmata, Banaras, Kamrup, Gaya, Jagannath Puri, Lanka and Pakpattan.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his second Udasi at the end of 1513 A.D.
• In this Udasi Guru Ji travelled the Hilly states, Kailash Parbat, Ladakh, Kashmir, Hasan Abdal, and Sialkot.
• During his third Udasi, which was started at the end of 1517 A.D., Guru Nanak Dev Ji travelled to Multan, Mecca, Madina, Baghdad, Kabul, Peshawar, and Saidpur.
• Thousands of people became his followers, being greatly impressed by his personality and his teachings.

Teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji:

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s teachings were simple but impressive.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji believed in one God only.
• According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is the Greater, Sustainer and Destroyer of the world.
• He is without form and omnipotent.
• According to him, Maya is the biggest obstacle in the way of man to attaining salvation.
• Haumai (Ego) is the root cause of man’s all troubles.
• Guru Ji vehemently opposed casteism and hollow customs and traditions.
• Guru Ji raised their voice to uplift the status of women in society.
• Guru Ji emphasized the recitation of Nam.
• He regarded the Guru as the most important mean to reach God.

Immessed in Eternal Light:

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji immessed in Eternal Light on 22 September 1539 A.D.
• Before his immersion in Eternal Light, he nominated Bhai Lehna Ji as his successor.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 2 Sources of the History of the Punjab will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 2 Sources of the History of the Punjab

Difficulties Regarding the History of Punjab:

• The Janam Sakhis related to the Sikh Gurus have several inconsistencies in them.
• The Muslim writers who were fanatics and biased have distorted the facts of history.
• The Sikhs did not have any time for writing their own history during this period of anarchy.
• Moreover, whatever meager historical books had already been written were destroyed during the foreign invasions.
• Several historical sources were also destroyed during the partition of Punjab in 1947 A.D.

Kinds of Sources:
The main sources related to the history of Punjab are as follows:

Religious literature of the Sikhs:

• The Adi Granth Sahib gives us the most authentic information of this period.
• It was compiled by Guru Arjan Dey Ji in 1604 A.D.
• The Dasam Granth Sahib is a compilation of the works of the tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, and the poets of his court, of these, the ‘Bachitar Natak’ and ‘Zafarnama’ are historically the most important.
• The 39 Vars written by Bhai Gurdas Ji give us important information about the lives of the first six Gurus and the famous pilgrimages.
• Among the Janam Sakhis based on the life of Guru Nanak Dey Ji, the most important are Puratan Janam Sakhi,
• Meharban’s Janam Sakhi, Janam Sakhi of Bhai Bala, and Janam Sakhi of Bhai Mam Singh Ji.
• The Hukamnamas issued by the Sikh Gurus provides us with very valuable information about the contemporary society of these 34
• Hukamnamas were issued by Guru Gobind Singh Ji and 23 Hukamnamas were issued by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

Historical and Semi-Historical works in Punjabi and Hindi:

• ‘Sri Gursobha’ gives us an eye-witness account of the events that took place from 1699 to 1708 A.D.
• Gursobha was written by Sainapat a famous court poet of Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1741 A.D.
• Sikhan Di Bhagatmala provides valuable information about the social contention of the periods of the Gurus.
• It was written by Bhai Maui Singh Ji.
• ‘Bansavali Nama’ written by Kesar Singh Chhibbar describes the incidents from the Guru period to the middle of the 18th century.
• ‘Gurpratap Suraj Granth’ written by Bhai Santokh Singh and ‘Prachin Panth Prakash’ written by Rattan Singh Bhangu has an important position in the construction of the history of Punjab.

Historical works in Persian:

• ‘Babarnama’ written by the Mughal emperor Babar gives us historical information about Punjab at the beginning of the 16th century.
• Ain-i-Akbari’ and ‘Akbarnama’ written by Abul Fazi give us information about the relations of Akbar with the Sikh Gurus.
• Dabjstan-j-Mazahib’ written by Mubid Zulfiqar Ardistani gives us valuable information pertaining to the Sikh Gurus’.
• Khulasat-ut.Tawarjkh’ written by Sujan Rai Bhandari, ‘Muntakhibut-Lubab’ written by Khafi Khan, and ‘Jang Nama’ written by Qazi Nur Muhammad gives us information about the Punjab of the ‘8th century’.
• Umdat-ut-Tawarjkh’ written by Sohan Lai Suri and ‘Char-Bagh-i-Punjab’ written by Ganesh Das Wadhera gives us a detailed account of the incidents related to the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Bhat Vahis:

• The Bhats used to write down all the important events with dates in their Vahis.
• These give us useful information about the lives of the Sikh Gurus, their travels, and their battles.

Khalsa Darbar Records:

• These are the official records of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
• They were written in Persian and their number is more than 1 lakh.
• The Khalsa Darbar Records give useful information on the life and times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Writings of Foreign Travellers and Europeans:

• The writings of foreign travelers and Europeans contribute greatly to the construction of the history of Punjab.
• Prominent among them are ‘A Journey from Bengal to England’ by George Forster, ‘Sketch of the Sikhs’ by Malcolm, ‘Origin of Sikh Power in the Punjab’ by H.T. Princep, ‘The Court and Camp of Ranjit Singji’ by Captain William Osborne, ‘The Punjab’ by Steinbach, ‘History of the Sikhs’ by J.D. Cunningham.

Historical Buildings, Paintings, and Coins:

• The historical buildings, paintings, and coins of Punjab are also very valuable sources for tracing out the history of Punjab.
• The architecture of Khadur Sahib, Goindwal Sahib, Amritsar, Tarn Taran, Kartarpur, and Paonta Sahib, various forts, paintings in the Gurdwaras, and coins of Sikh leaders also throw ample light on the contemporary society.