Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.
PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences
Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences Textbook Questions and Answers
Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each
Question 1.
Who considers Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters?
Answer:
Kroeber considered Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters.
Question 2.
Name a few issues that are studied both by sociologists and economists.
Answer:
Capitalism, industrialization, labour relations, globalisation etc. are a few of the issues that are studied both by sociologists and economists.
Question 3.
What are the two areas of the study of Anthropology ?
Answer:
Physical Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology.
Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:
Question 1.
What is Sociology ?
Answer:
Science of society is known as Sociology. In Sociology, groups, institutions, associations, organisationed and human mutual relations are studied and this is done in a scientific way. In simple words, Sociology is the scientific study of society.
Question 2.
What do you mean by Political Science ?
Answer:
Political Science is the science of State and Government. It mainly studies such social groups who attain power in the state. Major aspects of its study are power, political systems, political processes, types and functions of government, inter¬state relations, constitution etc.
Question 3.
What do you mean by Physical Anthropology ?
Answer:
Physical Anthropology is the branch of Anthropology which mainly deals with origin and development of man, their description and the changes coming in their physical features. It studies the physical features of early man and tries to understand ancient and modern cultures.
Question 4.
What is Cultural Anthropology ?
Answer:
Cultural Anthropology is the branch of Anthropology which deals with the origin and development of culture and gradually the changes come in it. This branch of Anthropology also studies how different institutions of human society come into being.
Question 5.
What is Economics ?
Answer:
Economics is related with the economic activites of different individuals in a society. It tells us about our prevailing resoures and the methods to save our depleting resources. It is also related with production, consumption, distribution and exchange.
Question 6.
What is History ?
Answer:
History is the study of past events. It deals with dates, events and conflicts prevailing over the time. It is mainly related with past events and their impact on society. History is also known as microscope of past, horoscope of present and telescope of future.
Answer the following long answer questions in 75-85 words each:
Question 1.
Bring out two ‘differences between Sociology and Political Science.
Answer:
(i) Sociology is the study of society and social relations as Political Science is a science of State and Government.
(ii) Sociology studies organised, unorganised and unsystamatic societies but Political Science mainly concentrates on the politically organised societies.
(iii) The subject matter of sociology is quite large and unlimited but the scope of Political Science is quite limited.
(iv) Sociology is a general science and Political Science is a special science.
Question 2.
What is the relationship between Sociology and History ? Mention two points.
Answer:
History is the study of the past human society. It explains human society in a sequence starting from early man till today. Only after studying history, we may come to know how did social institutions, relations, customs etc. originate. Sociology is the study of present society. In Sociology, social relations, traditions, customs, institutions, cultures etc. are studied.
So, Sociology studies present social institutions, relations etc. If we observe the relations between the-both, we can say that History studies every aspect of past society, but Sociology studies the same aspects of present society. Both the sciences need each other’s help in their study which they cannot do in each other’s absence. .
Question 3.
Discuss in brief the relationship between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
Anthropology takes the help of Sociology to understand its culture and social actions. Anthropologists have made many hypotheses on the base of knowledge of modern society and on this base it has studied the ancient Societies in quite a better way. Culture is a part of every society. We cannot imagine any society without culture. To get knowledge about cuture, Anthropology depends upon Sociology. Except this it also studies the social and cultural elements which produce collective stability and produce division in society.
Question 4.
How is Sociology associated with Economics ? Discuss in brief.
Answer:
We have to take help of social facts to solve any economic problem. For example, to know the solution of the problem of unemployment, economics can tell only economic reasons but social aspect gives its views to solve it that .the main reason of the problem of unemployment is the degradation of social values. That’s why economic activities are the result of social interactions. Economics takes help of Sociology to understand these social interactions.
Many famous economists have studied the social sector after studying the economic sector. Whenever Sociology has to study the reason of break up of social relations or society from individual point of view then it has. to take help of economics. ‘The economics gives many reasons like increasing importance of Money. Except this economic factor is related with many of the social problems. To remove these problems from the Society it has to take help from economics.
Question 5.
Discuss the relationship between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:
Psychology gives its help to Sociologists to solve many problems of modern and complex society. Psychology studies the ancient primitive societies and helps Sociology to understand modern society. In this way Sociology is dependent upon the data and knowledge collected by Psychology. In this way Psychology gives a lot to Sociology.
Psychology needs the help of subject matter of Sociology to study individual behaviour. No person can live out of society. Even Aristotle has said that man is a social animal. To understand the mental actions of a person Psychologist needs to study his social conditions. In this way to know about individual behaviour it needs help of Sociology.
Question 6.
How Sociology and Political Science are interrelated ? Explain in brief.
Answer:
Whenever political scientists make a law, they always keep social conditions in mind. It is so because if the government makes a law without the social approval, people take the course of movement which becomes a hinderance in the way of social progress. That’s why Political Scientists always depend upon the Sociologists.
No society can develop without control. Political institutions keep control over society. The help of political institutions was required to remove many evils from our society, such as Poloygamy, Sati-system, no-widow remarriage. In this way to bring social change Sociologists are required to take the help from the Political Scientists.
Question 7.
Discuss in brief the difference between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies economic system, political system, etc. in its own way. It means that it studies social strucutre, social organization and disorganization. But Social Anthropology studies every aspect of a society such as political, economic system, social structure, religion, art etc. and it studies any ’society completely as a whole.
(ii) Anthropology keeps itself to the study of problem only but Sociology moves forward in the future and tries to give the solution of that problem.
(iii) Sociology is related with social relationship but Anthropology is related with the completness of the society. In this way they both are different in their subject matter.
Question 8.
Discuss in brief the difference between Sociology and Economics.
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies the different parts of Society and Economics studies only the economic part of Society. Units of Sociology are two or more than two persons but the unit of Economics is one person and his economic activities.
(ii) Sociology is a general science but Economics is a special science. Sociology uses historical, comparative methods but Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.
(iii) Subject matter of both the Sciences is different. Sociology gives a clear picture of different parts of Society. That’s why its area is very big. But Economics is limited only to the study of economic part of Society and that’s why its subject matter is limited. .
(iv) Sociology uses historical method, comparative method, and Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.
Question 9.
Differentiate between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:
- Psychology studies the minds of humans and Sociology is related the group.
- Point of view of Psychology is individual but point of view of Sociology is Social.
- Psychology uses Experimental method but Sociology uses Historical and comparative methonds.
- Sociology studies human behaviour from social point of view but Psychology studies human behaviour from psychological point of view.
- Scope of Sociology is quite large but scope of Psychology is quite limited.
Question 10.
Distinguish between Sociology and History in brief.
Answer:
- Sociology is an abstract science because it studies the social processes and relations which are abstract but History is a concrete science. It studies the social phenomenon which occurs due to social processes and relations.
- They both are using different methods. Sociology uses comparative method but History uses descriptive method.
- Units of both the Sciences are different. Sociology’s unit of analysis is a human group but History gives emphasis on the study of human events.
Answer the following long answer questions in 250-300 words each:
Question 1.
How is Sociology different from other social sciences ? Discuss any two in detail.
Answer:
We can divide sciences into two parts :
1. Natural Sciences
2. Social Sciences.
1. Natural sciences are those sciences which are related with biological and natural phenomena; for example, Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics, Botany etc.
2. Social sciences are those sciences which are related with phenomena, processes, methods of human society; like, Economics, Political Science, Psychology, History, Anthropology. All these sciences scientifically study human behaviour. Sociology and other social sciences are related with the study of human society yet their point of view of study is different. These all are different from each other as well as they are inter-related. They all study society. They all are dependent upon each other as well as interrelated.
Our life is very complex. Human life is related with many directions. When Sociology wants to study any society then it needs the help of Economics and Political Science. For example, Economics tells us about production, distribution, consumption, etc. History tells us about old things. Sociology has been able to study widely with their help. That’s why it is known as mother of all social sciences.
Except this different sociologists have different views about the subject of Sociology. Some are of the view that Sociology is an independent science but some are of the view that Sociology is synthesis of other social sciences. Herbert Spencer was of the view that Sociology cannot be completely separated from other social sciences because it uses subject matters of all the social sciences.
Maclver has also written in his book ‘Society’ that we cannot study all the social sciences by completely separating from each other. According to him, “Sociology is about social relationships, the network of relationships we call society.” According to these scholars, Sociology doesn’t have its own independent identity. In fact it is the synthesis of other sciences.
Some sociologists accept it as an independent science. Sociologists like Giddings and Ward are of the opinion that Sociology is dependent upon sociological laws to understand its subject matter. But when it studies whole society then it needs to study the subject matter of other social sciences.
According to Barnes, “Sociology is regarded neither as the mistress nor as the handmaid of the social sciences but as their sister.”In this way we can see that any other social science does not study institutions, processes, relations but are studied only by Sociology. In this way Sociology studies whole of the social life. It has its own subject matter. Other social sciences do not study those aspects which it does.
From this description we come to conclusion that if Sociology takes help of other social sciences then it doesn’t mean that it just takes help and does not give help. In short, we can say that to find the solution of any problem, it is not possible for any social science to find it alone. If the problem is related with economic factor then economist cannot find its solution alone but it has to take help of other social sciences. That’s why all the social sciences are inter-related but their subject matter is different from each other.
Question 1.
Difference between Sociology and Economics :
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies the different parts of Society and Economics studies only the economic part of Society. Units of Sociology are two or more than two persons but the unit of Economics is one person and his economic activities.
(ii) Sociology is a general science but Economics is a special science. Sociology uses historical, comparative methods but Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.
(iii) Subject matter of both the Sciences is different. Sociology gives a clear picture of different parts of Society. That’s why its area is very big, But Economics is limited only to the study of economic part of Society and that’s why its subject matter is limited.
(iv) Sociology uses historical method, comparative method, and Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.
Question 2.
Difference between Sociology and Political Science :
Answer:
- Sociology is the study of society and social relations as Political Science is a science of State and Government.
- Sociology stuthes organised, unorganised and unsystamatic societies but Political Science mainly concentrates on the politically organised societies.
- The subject matter of sociology is quite Large and unlimited but the scope of Political Science is quite limited.
- Sociology is a eneral sciencΠand Political Science is a special science.
Question 2.
Write a detailed note on the relationship between Sociology and History.
Answer:
History and Sociology both study the human society. History prepares a description of main events from ancient times till today’s human society and describes it as a story in a proper sequence. Sociology and History both study human society. Actually Sociology is originated from History. In Sociology a historical method is used which has been taken from History.
History studies past time of human society. It prepares sequel description of human society from ancient times till today. History does not explain only ‘what was’ but it also analyses ‘how it happened’. That’s why after stu3dying history we come to know that how society originated and how relations, customs, institutions etc. came in this. In this way history is related with our past times that is what, why and how any thing happened in our past times.
History studies past time of human society. It prepares sequel description of human society from ancient times till today. History does not explain only ‘what was’ but it also analyses ‘how it happened’. That’s why after stu3dying history we come to know that how society originated and how relations, customs, institutions etc. came in this. In this way history is related with our past times that is what, why and how any thing happened in our past times.
History studies past time of human society. It prepares sequel description of human society from ancient times till today. History does not explain only ‘what was’ but it also analyses ‘how it happened’. That’s why after stu3dying history we come to know that how society originated and how relations, customs, institutions etc. came in this. In this way history is related with our past times that is what, why and how any thing happened in our past times.
On contrary to this Sociology studies present human society. It studies social relationships, their forms, customs, traditions, institutions etc. With this Sociology also studies human culture and different forms of culture. In this way Sociology studies different relationships and institutions of present society.
From this description it is clear that History studies every aspect of past society and Sociology does that same work in present sqciety. Contribution of History to Sociology. Sociology uses the material given by History. Human society is the web of social relationships which are coming from ancient times. We have to go to the past to study and understand them. Origin of life, ways, every thing is the part of past. For their study Sociology takes help of History because we can get knowledge of social facts only from History. That’s why to understand present we need the help of History.
In Sociology comparative method is used to compare different institutions. For this we need historical material.In the study of ‘social fact’ Durkheim used information given by history. Actually the help of history is required by those sociologists who use comparative method in their study.
Different social institutions are influencing each other. Because of these effects changes come in them. To see these changes we need to see the effect of other institutions. Historical material helps us to understand this. In short to understand social conditions, sociologist is completely dependent upon history. That’s why a new branch of Sociology-Historical Sociology has been developed.
Contribution of Sociology to History. History also uses the material given by Sociology. Modern history has included some of the sociological concepts in its subject matter. That’s why a new branch of ‘Social History’ has been developed. Social History is not the study of any king but is the study of evolution of any institution and the changes which came in this. In this way History borrows that thing from Sociology now which earlier it was borrowing from Philosophy.
Difference between Sociology and History. It is right that they both are inter-related but they both are different from each other. Their main
differences are given below :
1. Difference in outlook. Both these subjects study same subject matter from different point of views. History explains the war but Sociology studies those processes which were behind the war. Sociologist explains those phenomenon from social point of view. In this way History gives stress on past societies and Sociology gives stress on present. ‘
2. Difference in subject matter. Subject matter of Sociology is very wide as compared to Histoy’s subject matter. History studies some of the special events but Sociology studies general phenomenon or laws. History only tells us that why anything happened but Sociology is interested in the inter-relations of different phenomena and then tries to tell the reason of that phenomenon.
3. Difference in methods. Comparative method is used in Sociology but History uses descriptive method. History explains any phenomenon and studies the different stages of its development for which descriptive method is oppropriate. On contrary to this after studying any phenomenon in different times and countries, Sociology establishes the laws of change of that phenomenon. In this way we can say that there is a lot of difference in the methods of History and Sociology.
4. Difference in Units. The unit of analysis of Sociology is human society and group but History stresses on the study of functions and events of humans.
Question 3.
Why is sociological understanding necessary for political scientists ?
Answer:
Sociology and Political Science both are deeply related with each other. Both are interrelated with each other. According to Plato and Aristotle, both state and society are one and the same thing. Later on their meanings were differentiated and then Political Science was confined only with the functions of state.
At the same time after 1850 Sociology had made its own subject matter and it was also differentiated from Political Science. Political Science studies the origin and development of state, organization of state, administrative system of government and functions related with institution. It studies the groups and institutions related with political life of a person.
Political Science studies the political life of a person and the related institutions. It also studies the origin and development of state, characteristics, organization of state, government and its administrative system and the institutions related to the state. In this way Political Science studies only political relations.
On the other side Sociology studies social relations, different forms of relations, groups, customs, norms, structures, institutions and their inter-relations, mores, traditions, etc. Political Science studies the politics which means state and government and on the other side Sociology studies the main agencies of social control i.e. political institutions. These both sciences study the entire society. Sociology looks at the state as political institution and Political Science looks it in the form of law and organization of state.
Contribution of Sociology to Political Science. Political Science considers a person as a political person but it never tells us that how and when he becomes political. For this Political Science takes help of Sociology. If Political Science takes help of the rules of Sqciology then it can make studies related to a person very easy and correct. When Political Science is making its policies then it has to keep in mind the social values and social ideals. While making laws, political science has to keep in mind the social conditions of society.
Our social customs, traditions, values, culture etc. are made to control the members of society and to run the society in an organized way. But when these are accepted by government then they become laws. For example, we can see that different countries have different customs. Status of women was very low in India.
People tried to change this custom. When some leaders tried to uplift the status of women with some movements then many laws were made to uplift the status of women. It was so because social sanctions were there behind these movements. Actually we cannot overlook the social traditions and customs while making laws for society.
Sometimes public movements come into being due to laws made by government. When government tries to overlook the customs made by society then the society moves toward the situation of social disorganization which can create obstacles in the way of social progress. Political Science depends upon Sociology to know about social conditions or customs. We can solve many problems of society with the help of laws.
So from the given description it is clear that Political Science needs a lot of help of Sociology to study its subject matter. It helps in social progress, development and maintenance of organization. But it doesn’t mean that only Sociology gives help to Political Science. In fact Political Science also gives help to Sociology.
Question 4.
How does Psychology influence Sociology ?
Answer:
Sociology and Psychology both are deeply inter-related. They both study behaviour of man. According to Cretch and Cretchfield, “Social Psychology is the science of behaviour of the man in the society.” In short, Sociology studies the social relations and Psychology studies mental relationships. Now we will see literal meaning of Social Psychology.
Social Psychology studies individual behaviour. It means that whatever effect of society is exerted on mental part, Psychology studies it. To understand individual behaviour it is not necessary to see its social circumstances but it is necessary to see Neuro Glandular system. Mind, Reflection, Learning, Love, Hatred, Emotions and these are mental processes which are actually studied by Social Psychology. Sociology studies, scientifically, these social processes.
These both sciences are very inter-related. According to Maclver, “Sociology in special gives aid to Psychology just as Psychology gives special aid to Sociology.” According to Allport, “Social Psychology is the study of the behaviour of the individuals in their reactions with other individuals and the behaviour through which individuals stimulate one another in such situations.”
According to Kimbal Young, “We might say that while our major emphasis is on the individual in interaction with others, such interactions can only be understood within the social life and cultural matrix in which they occur.” From this given description we can say that the base of scientific study of social phenomenon is Psychology and we can observe it directly. So in this way they both are inter-related and that’s why a new branch of Psychology called ‘Social Psychology’ came into being.
Contribution of Psychology to Sociology. In Sociology we study social relationships. To understand social relationships, we need to understand human behaviour because the mental and physical needs of a man affect his relationships with other humans. Psychology studies these mental processes, thoughts, ideas of mind minutely. To understand behaviour of man and society, Sociology needs the help of Psychology.
For this branch of Psychology, Social Psychology is very helpful which studies experiences, behaviour and personality, of humans, in the social context. Sociologists are also of the view that psychological bases are very important to understand the changes of society. Ip this way we can say that to understand the society we need to understand behaviour of man which is the work of Psychology.