Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 8 Interest and Pressure Groups Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.
PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8 Interest and Pressure Groups
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Discuss the Meaning and Definitions of Pressure Groups. Explain the differences between Pressure Groups and Political Parties.
Or
Distinguish between Pressure Groups and Political Parties.
Answer:
In modern democratic states, not the whole of a country’s policies is absorbed within political parties. There are certain other organised groups which endeavour to influence the course of public servants in order to achieve these objectives. These groups are generally known as pressure groups.
Carl J. Fredrick has described pressure groups as ‘the living public behind the parties’. There was a time when pressure groups were considered a bad force and hence they were hated. But now the position has changed. In modern age these groups are considered a necessary evil and the study of pressure groups occupies a very important place in modern political system, whether western or non-western. The forms of their existence and working constitute the criteria of classifying contemporary political regimes.
Meaning of Pressure Groups:
In simple terms, a pressure group is an association of people having common interest and tries to achieve its object by influencing the government. In the words of Hitchner and Harbold the term pressure groups is employed to describe any collection of persons with common objectives that seeks their realisation through political action to influence public policy. Still more simply, an interest group is a set of people that want something from government.
According to M.G. Gupta, “Pressure groups may be defined as a medium through which people with common interest may endeavour to affect the course of public affairs.” In this sense, any social group which seeks to influence the behaviour of political affairs both administrative and legislative, without attempting to gain formal control of government, would be a pressure group. It uses the means and persuasive powers to obtain political decisions without having or seeking the power to make them.
According to Robert A. Dahl, “Any association that tries to secure from the state policies favourable to its members or followers is an interest group.”
According to B.K. Gokhle, “Pressure groups are private associations formed to influence public policy. The aim of these groups is to uphold their interests by trying to influence the government.”
H. Zeigler has defined pressure group as “an organised aggregate which seeks to influence the context of governmental decision without attempting to place its members in formal governmental capacities.”
According to Almond and Powell, “By interest group we mean a group of individuals who are linked by particular bounds of concern or advantage, and who have some awareness of their bonds. The structure of interest group may be organised to include continuing role performance by all members of the group or it may reflect only occasional and intermittent awareness of the group interest on the part of individuals.” V.O. Key has defined pressure groups in a restricted sense as “private associations formed to influence public policy.”
On the basis of the above definitions of pressure groups we can say that pressure groups like the political parties don’t influence the electorate on the basis of certain programmes. They are concerned with some special interests. They are neither political organisations nor they put up candidates for election. They simply influence the policies of the government to achieve some special purposes. A special interest is at the root of the formation of a pressure group. There can be no group unless there is a special interest which forces the individuals to actively resort to political means in order to improve or define their positions, against another.
Differences between Pressure Groups and Political Parties:
There are certain similarities and dissimilarities between pressure groups and political parties. Political parties and pressure groups resemble each other in a way that both seek to realise their objectives by influencing the decision-making agencies.
However, a striking difference exists between the pressure groups and political parties. Following are the main differences between political parties and pressure groups:
1. A political party is generally a much larger oganisation than the pressure groups. The parties seek to win the active support of millions of voters whereas pressure groups are very rarely supported by more than a small minority of people i.e. by those who have some common interest.
2. Political parties have policies on a wide range of issues, whereas pressure groups’ programme is limited and it deals with specific purposes.
3. According to Hitchner and Levine, the fundamental difference is that a political party submits its claims periodically to the electorate and is willing to assume responsibility for the operation of a government whereas an interest group does not.
4. A party is a full-fledged political organisation and plays politics by profession whereas pressure groups become political organisation for a particular purpose only to play politics for the sake of expediency.
5. A party wants to assume direct responsibility for the implementation of policies by seeking to monopolise or share with other parties position of a political power. But a pressure group is interested only in shaping public policy in relation to its common aims.
6. In many cases pressure groups are limited to a geographical area and have a membership restricted to a particular social group or economic group whereas a party strives for nation-wide support from all citizens.
7. Membership of political parties is exclusive. One citizen can become a member of only one party, whereas one citizen can become a member of more than one pressure groups.
8. Political parties are active both within and outside the legislature whereas pressure groups are active only outside the legislature.
9. Main aim of the party is always to gain control of the government whereas primary aim of the pressure group is to achieve particular ends consonant with its own primary interest.
10. A political party aggregates interest in the desire to gather broad support, but pressure group does not aggregate interests.
Question 2.
Define Pressure Group and explain its main characteristics.
Answer:
Meaning and Definition of Pressure Groups
In modern democratic states, not the whole of a country’s policies is absorbed within political parties. There are certain other organised groups which endeavour to influence the course of public servants in order to achieve these objectives. These groups are generally known as pressure groups.
Carl J. Fredrick has described pressure groups as ‘the living public behind the parties’. There was a time when pressure groups were considered a bad force and hence they were hated. But now the position has changed. In modern age these groups are considered a necessary evil and the study of pressure groups occupies a very important place in modern political system, whether western or non-western. The forms of their existence and working constitute the criteria of classifying contemporary political regimes.
Meaning of Pressure Groups:
In simple terms, a pressure group is an association of people having common interest and tries to achieve its object by influencing the government. In the words of Hitchner and Harbold the term pressure groups is employed to describe any collection of persons with common objectives that seeks their realisation through political action to influence public policy. Still more simply, an interest group is a set of people that want something from government.
According to M.G. Gupta, “Pressure groups may be defined as a medium through which people with common interest may endeavour to affect the course of public affairs.” In this sense, any social group which seeks to influence the behaviour of political affairs both administrative and legislative, without attempting to gain formal control of government, would be a pressure group. It uses the means and persuasive powers to obtain political decisions without having or seeking the power to make them.
According to Robert A. Dahl, “Any association that tries to secure from the state policies favourable to its members or followers is an interest group.”
According to B.K. Gokhle, “Pressure groups are private associations formed to influence public policy. The aim of these groups is to uphold their interests by trying to influence the government.”
H. Zeigler has defined pressure group as “an organised aggregate which seeks to influence the context of governmental decision without attempting to place its members in formal governmental capacities.”
According to Almond and Powell, “By interest group we mean a group of individuals who are linked by particular bounds of concern or advantage, and who have some awareness of their bonds. The structure of interest group may be organised to include continuing role performance by all members of the group or it may reflect only occasional and intermittent awareness of the group interest on the part of individuals.” V.O. Key has defined pressure groups in a restricted sense as “private associations formed to influence public policy.”
On the basis of the above definitions of pressure groups we can say that pressure groups like the political parties don’t influence the electorate on the basis of certain programmes. They are concerned with some special interests. They are neither political organisations nor they put up candidates for election. They simply influence the policies of the government to achieve some special purposes. A special interest is at the root of the formation of a pressure group. There can be no group unless there is a special interest which forces the individuals to actively resort to political means in order to improve or define their positions, against another.
Differences between Pressure Groups and Political Parties:
There are certain similarities and dissimilarities between pressure groups and political parties. Political parties and pressure groups resemble each other in a way that both seek to realise their objectives by influencing the decision-making agencies.
However, a striking difference exists between the pressure groups and political parties. Following are the main differences between political parties and pressure groups:
1. A political party is generally a much larger oganisation than the pressure groups. The parties seek to win the active support of millions of voters whereas pressure groups are very rarely supported by more than a small minority of people i.e. by those who have some common interest.
2. Political parties have policies on a wide range of issues, whereas pressure groups’ programme is limited and it deals with specific purposes.
3. According to Hitchner and Levine, the fundamental difference is that a political party submits its claims periodically to the electorate and is willing to assume responsibility for the operation of a government whereas an interest group does not.
4. A party is a full-fledged political organisation and plays politics by profession whereas pressure groups become political organisation for a particular purpose only to play politics for the sake of expediency.
5. A party wants to assume direct responsibility for the implementation of policies by seeking to monopolise or share with other parties position of a political power. But a pressure group is interested only in shaping public policy in relation to its common aims.
6. In many cases pressure groups are limited to a geographical area and have a membership restricted to a particular social group or economic group whereas a party strives for nation-wide support from all citizens.
7. Membership of political parties is exclusive. One citizen can become a member of only one party, whereas one citizen can become a member of more than one pressure groups.
8. Political parties are active both within and outside the legislature whereas pressure groups are active only outside the legislature.
9. Main aim of the party is always to gain control of the government whereas primary aim of the pressure group is to achieve particular ends consonant with its own primary interest.
10. A political party aggregates interest in the desire to gather broad support, but pressure group does not aggregate interests.
Characteristics of Pressure Groups:
The characteristic features can be summed up as under:
1. Formal Organization:
Formal organization is essential for a pressure group. Pressure groups are the groups of people who are formally organised to protect their common interest.
2. Universality:
The pressure groups are found in all the countries. These groups include business, labour, farm co-operative, church and other professional groups. It is generally believed that social, religious and caste groups are found only in underdeveloped countries of the world.
3. Play the Role of ‘Hide and Seek’ in Politics:
That is, they do not want to show their political character. They are afraid of coming into politics to have their own part openly and try to hide their political character by the logic of their being non-political entities. It may be pointed out that the role of pressure groups dwindles between the poles of full politicisation like that of political parties and also non-politicisation like that of economic or cultural organisations.
4. Self-interest:
The Root of Formation of a Pressure Group. There can’t be any group which has got no self-interest. Individuals having commonness in interest come together to form a group to fight for their interests.
5. Differ from Political Parties:
A political party is a bigger association and plays an open role in the politics of a state but a pressure group has a limited sphere and plays its role in the background. Both have, however, a political complexion. While a political party plays the game of politics by virtue of its profession, a pressure group does so for the sake of expediency.
6. Voluntary Membership:
The membership of a pressure group depends on the will of a person and nobody can be compelled to become a member of a pressure group. For example, all college lecturers are not members of the College Teachers Union. Any member can leave the membership of the pressure group whenever he desires so.
7. Lack of Responsibility: Pressure groups are not responsible to the people for their actions and programmes.
8. Extra-Constitutional: Pressure groups do not enjoy constitutional status. But still they play an important role in the politics of the country.
Question 3.
Discuss the functions of Interest and Pressure Groups.
Or
Describe the methods of the working of Pressure Groups.
Answer:
Introduction. According to Henry A. Turner: “Individual interest groups generally function in a pragmatic and opportunistic fashion, using any method or technique which they believe will serve their purpose effectively. Undoubtedly most pressure groups’ activity is the criterion, what action will produce the maximum desired result with the minimum expenditure of time and resources ? The techniques and tactics which any particular group employs will be determined largely by such factors as size and geographic distribution of the cohesion of membership, financial resources, prestige, position of the organisation, quality of leadership and staff, and relation with the
political parties and other organised groups.”
Hitchner and Levine wrote of the many strategies employed by interest groups to achieve their goals. Two are of primary importance: “First direct influence on governmental organs and officials, and second indirect influence on them through individuals, political parties and public opinion. The strategies and techniques used by any group are determined by the nature of its membership, its goals and its means as well as by the character of the government it seeks to influence. This type of party system and the general political climate also affect the degree to which interest group demands are made openly and the degree to which they are accommodated.” To achieve their aims pressure groups use many meAnswer: Most important techniques or means which are used by Pressure Groups are as follows:
1. Election:
Pressure groups safeguard their interest through election. According to Dr. Johri, to interest’ groups, elections are an object of primary concern as they afford them an opportunity of pushing their ‘favoured’ men into the agencies of administrative mechanism. Pressure groups use elections for desired aims. The process of elections begins with nominations. Pressure groups use all means to get tickets for their own candidates. They finance political parties and thereby secure labels for their favoured candidates. Pressure groups indirectly or directly participate in elections to get their men elected.
2. Propaganda and Means of Communications:
Pressure groups use different means of propaganda and communication to get the goodwill of public opinion and to mould the administration in their own favour. For propaganda purposes they use radio, press and T.V. etc.
Pressure groups consider it more important to influence public opinion than the government. In order to influence public opinion they establish link with the masses. Pressure groups know very well that in a democratic system public opinion is everything.
3. Lobbying:
Lobbying is another important technique which is used by pressure groups to protect their interests. Pressure and interest groups directly contact the legislators and make an attempt to influence them, so that such laws are passed that protect and promote their interest. Pressure groups adopt all means to keep control over the legislative chamber. According to Henry W. Ehrmann, “The people of a culturally and also politically fragmented society choose their legislators in proportion that leads to the protection of local, instead of national interests with the result that standing committees of the legislative assembly are colonised by powerful specific interests in many respects.”
4. Influence the Executive:
Pressure groups adopt all means to influence the executive departments for the reason that public policy is formulated by them whereby national administration is carried. Holtzmann says: “An executive unit that serves to regulate part of the general public needs the co-operation of those who are the recipients of its activities. As active organised units representing such recipient, interest groups have much to offer to an administration of political executive.
They can provide an alternative pipeline of information and ideas to that of the administrative bureaucracy. They furnish special staff services for which the agency has neither the appropriations nor the skills or that it considers too sensitive politically to undertake. They can feedback to the administration the feelings and discontent of those most affected by its agency. Within the administrative frame of reference, therefore, they are valuable adjuncts of the leadership and useful allies for its agency.”
5. Political Parties:
Pressure groups also use the media of political parties. As Prof. Young writes, an influence in party circles is sought and sometimes achieved, in many ways by contribution to the campaign, by grants of publicity or office space by loans of skilled personnel to candidates or parties. Some avowed spokesman of large interest groups stand for office as candidates in their own right.
6. Strike:
Many times pressure groups adopt the method of strike to achieve their objectives. According to Dr. Johri, strike is the commonest pressure tactic in the hands of one party to coerce the other to concede its demands. In the words of Bondurant, “The strike is commonly used to effect economic pressure, and is intended to hurt business, or to strain relationships so that normal functions are brought to a halt, or at least inhibited. Normal functioning cannot be resumed until policy changes are instituted. The process of strikes or passive resistance in its most common forms amounts to the intensification of pressure or shifting or the points of attack until a settlement is reached through capitulation or through compromise.”
7. Bandh and Demonstration:
To achieve their aims pressure groups also used bandhs and demonstrations. Literally bandh means closure. The instances of bandhs illustrate that these are mischievous divices of enacting managed riots involving mob-violence and mob manipulation. According to Eugene Methvin, “The entire manifestation of this pernicious technique fits well in the strategy of the fascists and ‘progressives’ who strive to stage a violent revolution through various stages.” By these means pressure groups on one hand try to create mass upheaval and on the other hand try to influence public opinion in their favour.
8. By giving High Jobs:
Big businessmen and industrialists like Tata, Birla, Dalmia and Modi have their educational institutions. Children and relatives of ministers, legislators and high government officers work in these institutions. Sometimes government officers are lured by the invitation that they will be given jobs in their institutions after retirement. These allurements have a great effect on the government officers.
9. Conferences and Seminars:
Many powerful pressure groups arrange conferences, seminars, debates, etc. from time to time. In these conferences legislators and administrators are invited and by these means pressure groups try to influence the public as well as the government.
Short Answer type Questions
Question 1.
What do you understand by a Pressure Group?
Or
What do you mean by a Pressure Group?
Answer:
A Pressure Group is an association of people having common interest and tries to achieve its objective by influencing the government. They are neither political organisations nor they put up candidates for election. They simply influence the policies of the government to achieve some special purpose. A special interest is the root of the formation of a pressure group. There can be no group unless there is a special interest which forces the individuals to actively resort to political means in order to improve or define their position one against another.
Question 2.
Distinguish between Pressure Group and Interest Group.
Or
Write the difference between Interest Groups and Pressure Groups.
Answer:
An interest group is an association of people having a mutual concern. But they become in turn a pressure group as they seek government aid in accomplishing what is advantageous to them. In other words, an interest group is a formal organisation of people who share one or more common aims and when they start influencing the formation and administration of public policy by government, they become pressure groups. That is when industrial, commercial, professional or other sections of the community, represented by societies, trade unions, or professional associations try to influence the legislature to promote, withdraw, or repeal legislation, they are commonly known as pressure groups.
Question 3.
Write any four characteristics of Pressure Groups.
Answer:
1. Universality:
The pressure groups are found in all the sectors. These groups include business, labour, farm, co-operative, church and other professional groups.
2. Play the Role of Hide and Seek in Politics:
That is they do not want to show their political character. They are afraid of coming into politics to have their own part openly and try to hide their political character by the logic of their being non-political entities.
3. Self-interest:
The Root of Formation of Pressure Group. There can’t be any group which has got no self-interest. Individuals having commonness in interest come together to form a group to fight for their interests.
4. The membership of a pressure group depends on the will of a person and no body can be compelled to become a member of a pressure group.
Question 4.
Write down any four differences between pressure groups and political parties.
Or
Give four differences between pressure groups and political parties.
Answer:
1. A political party is generally a much larger organisation than a pressure group. The parties seek to win the active support of millions of voters, whereas pressure groups are very rarely supported by more than a small minority of people i.e., by those who have some common interest.
2. Political parties have policies on a wide range of issues, whereas pressure groups’ programme is limited and it deals with specific purpose.
3. According to Hitchner and Levine, the fundamental difference is that a political party submits its claims periodically to the electorate and is willing to assume responsibility for the operation of a government whereas an interest group does not.
4. Membership of political parties is exclusive. One citizen can become a member of only one party, whereas one citizen can become a member of more than one pressure group.
Question 5.
What are Professional Pressure Groups?
Answer:
Professional pressure groups are those which are formed by the employees of a particular occupation or profession for the protection of their interests. Almost all the people of different professions have formed their organisations to represent their interest. Professional pressure groups include the following main pressure groups All India Bar Association, All India Medical Council, All India Railway Men’s Association, All India Postal and Telegraph Workers’ Union, All India Federation of University and College Teachers etc.
Question 6.
Write down any four methods of working of pressure groups.
Or
Describe the four methods of working used by Pressure Groups.
Answer:
1. Election:
Pressure groups safeguard their interest through election. Pressure groups use all means to get tickets for their own candidates. They finance political parties and thereby secure labels for the favoured candidates. Pressure groups indirectly or directly participate in elections to get their men elected.
2. Propaganda and Means of Communications:
Pressure groups use different means of propaganda and communication to get the goodwill of public opinion and to mould the administration in their own favour. For propaganda purposes they use radio, press and T.V. etc.
3. Bandh and Demonstrations:
To achieve their aims, pressure groups use bandhs and demonstrations. By these means pressure groups on the one hand try to create mass upheaval and on the other hand try to influe ice public opinion in their favour.
4. Lobbying is another important tecnique which is used by pressure groups to protect their interest.
Question 7.
What is meant by Lobbying?
Or
What do you mean by Lobbying?
Answer:
Lobbying is an important technique which is used by pressure groups to protect their interests. Pressure groups try to influence the government officials by sending delegation, meeting legislators and ministers and by getting signatures of a large, number of voters in their favour. Pressure groups resort to many extra-constitutional devices in order to influence legislators, so that such laws are passed that protect and promote their interests. Pressure groups adopt all means to keep control over the legislative chamber.
Question 8.
Write any four functions of Pressure Groups.
Answer:
Following are the important functions of pressure groups:
1. Participation in Election:
Major pressure groups participate in elections indirectly and affect the election results. They try to field those candidates who support their ideologies and then work for their success.
2. Lobbying:
The pressure groups depend upon lobbying to affect government policies and press the legislators to vote in favour of a bill or vote against it.
3. To Influence the Public Opinion:
The pressure groups deem it more important to influence public opinion than to influence the government. So they maintain proper contacts with the public to win their support.
4. To achieve their aims pressure groups also use bandhs and demonstrations.
Question 9.
What are the Caste Pressure Groups?
Answer:
Caste pressure groups are present in India. Their object is to promote the interests of the people of their caste. Prominent Caste groups are Marwari Association, Vaish Maha Sabha, Harijan Sewak Sangh, Jat Sabha etc.
Question 10.
Write down any four categories of Pressure Groups.
Or
Write down any three types of Pressure Groups.
Answer:
1. Trade Unions:
Trade Unions are voluntary organisations of workers formed to promote and protect their interests by collective actions. At present there are five Trade Unions in India.
2. Communal and Religious Interest Groups:
It includes Republican Dal, Hindu Maha Sabha, Sanatan Dharm Sabha, All India Conference of the Christians and Association of Parsees.
3. Professional Groups: A large number of professional groups are found in India.
4. Associational Groups: Associational Groups are those that have a particular aim or set of aims.
Very Short Answer type Questions
Question 1.
Explain the meaning of Pressure Group.
Answer:
A Pressure Group is an association of people having common interest and tries to achieve its objective by influencing the government. They are neither political organisations nor they put up candidate for election. They simply influence the policies of the government to achieve some special purpose. A special interest is the root of the formation of a pressure group.
Question 2.
Give two definitions of Pressure Groups.
Answer:
1. H. Zeigler has defined a pressure group as “An organised aggregate which seeks to influence in the context of government decision without attempting to place its members in formal governmental capacities.”
2. According to H.C. Dhillon, “A pressure group has been defined as an organised aggregate which seeks to influence the context of the government decision without attempting to place its members in formal government capacities.”
Question 3.
Write any two characteristics of Pressure Groups.
Answer:
1. Universality:
The pressure groups are found in all the sectors. These groups include business, labour, farm, co-operative, church and other professional groups.
2. Play the Role of Hide and Seek in Politics:
That is they do not want to show their political character. They are afraid of coming into politics to play their own part openly and try to hide their political character by the logic of their being non-political entities.
Question 4.
Write down any two differences in Political Parties and Pressure Groups.
Answer:
1. A political party is generally a much larger organisation than a pressure group. The parties seek to win the active support of millions of voters, whereas pressure groups are very rarely supported by more than a small minority of people i.e., by those who have some common interest.
2. Political parties have policies on a wide range of issues, whereas pressure groups’ programme is limited and it deals with a specific purpose.
Question 5.
Describe any two methods of the working of Pressure Groups.
Answer:
1. Election:
Pressure groups safeguard their interest through election. Pressure groups use all means to get tickets for their own candidates. They finance political parties and thereby secure labels for the favoured candidates. Pressure groups indirectly or directly participate in elections to get their men elected.
2. Propaganda and Means of Communication:
Pressure groups use different means of propaganda and communication to get the goodwill of public opinion and to mould the administration in their own favour. For propaganda purposes they use radio, press and T.V. etc.
Question 6.
What is meant by Lobbying?
Answer:
Lobbying is an important technique which is used by pressure groups to protect their interests. Pressure groups try to influence the government officials by sending delegation, meeting legislators and ministers and by getting signatures of a large number of voters in their favour. .
Question 7.
Write any two functions of pressure groups.
Answer:
Following are the important functions of pressure groups:
1. Participation in Election:
Major pressure groups participate in elections indirectly and affect the election results. They try to field those candidates who support their ideologies and then work for their success.
2. Lobbying:
The pressure groups depend upon lobbying to affect government policies and press the legislators to vote in favour of a bill or vote against it.
One Line Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What is meant by Pressure Groups?
Answer:
Generally speaking, pressure groups are those groups which are related to special interests of the people.
Question 2.
Write down any one definition of Pressure Groups.
Answer:
According to C.H. Dhillon, “In the simplest term, an interest group is an association of people having a mutual concern. They become in turn a pressure group as they seek government aid in accomplishing what is advantageous to them.”
Question 3.
Write down any one feature of Pressure Groups.
Answer:
Formal Organisation. The first feature of the pressure groups is that they are the groups of people. They have a- formal organisation.
Question 4.
Write down any one method adopted by interest groups in India to pressurise the government.
Answer:
The interest groups safeguard their interests by getting in touch with Cabinet, Members of Parliament and high officials.
Question 5.
Mention names of any two important professional pressure groups.
Answer:
- All India Railways Employees’ Federation.
- All India Medical Council.
Question 6.
Name any two pressure groups organised in India.
Answer:
- Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad.
- All India Bank Employees’ Federation.
Fill in The Blanks
1. Pressure groups were formed first of all in …………………. .
Answer:
U.S.A.
2. Pressure groups emerged in India in …………………. .
Answer:
1935
3. Akhil Bharatiya Kisan Sabha was founded in …………………. .
Answer:
1936
4. Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh is …………………. organization.
Answer:
labour
5. Pressure group is directly linked to …………………. .
Answer:
politics.
True or False Statement
1. Lobbying is legally allowed in United States of America.
Answer:
True
2. Pressure groups are those groups which are related with the masses.
Answer:
False
3. Pressure groups are having formal organisation.
Answer:
True
4. Maximum pressure groups exist in India.
Answer:
False
5. Pressure groups safeguard their interests by getting in touch with Cabinet, Members of parliament and high officials.
Answer:
True
Choose The Correct Answer
Question 1.
Pressure groups:
(a) Are Political Parties
(b) Aim to control the government
(c) Contest election
(d) Influence the government policies.
Answer:
(d) Influence the government policies.
Question 2.
Which of the following is not a technique of pressure groups?
(a) Lobbying
(b) Propaganda
(c) Influence the executive
(d) Influence the fashion.
Answer:
(d) Influence the fashion.
Question 3.
Which of the following is not the function of pressure groups?
(a) To safeguard special interest
(b) To fight elections
(c) To pressurize the government
(d) To provide adequate information to the government.
Answer:
(b) To fight elections
Question 4.
The basis of pressure groups is:
(a) Common Culture
(b) Common Language
(c) Common Interest
(d) Common Religion.
Answer:
(c) Common Interest
Question 5.
Characteristic of pressure groups is:
(a) Formal organisation
(b) Universality
(c) Voluntary Membership
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.