Class 10

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Sentence Connectors (Conjunctions) Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Sentence Connectors (Conjunctions)

Complete the following sentences by putting sentence connectors in the blank spaces.

Note : Answer Key has been given at the end of the exercises.

1. (1) ………….. I was young, I used to travel a lot. (2) …………… now I am old (3) …………… it is difficult for me to show as much zeal (4) ……………. I had in my youth. (5) ……………. I can still do many things, there are certain things (6) ……………. are beyond my reach now.
Answer:
1. When 2. But 3. and 4. as 5. While 6. which.

2. (1) …………… did I reach the station (2) …………… the train left. I do not know (3) ……………. it happened with me. (4) .. ……….. I narrated the incident to my mother, she was disappointed to hear it. (5) ………….. I was coming back to my house, I met a stranger (6) ……………. was carrying a basket with him. I tried to talk to him (7) ……………. he gave no response.
Answer:
1. No sooner 2. than. 3. how 4. When 5 While 6. who 7. hut.

3. Music is said to be food for the soul. (1) …………… does it give relaxation to our mind, (2) ……………. helps us to forget our sorrows and worries of day-to-day life. There is no aspect of life (3) …………… we do not find it. There is hardly any party or function (4) …………… music is not played. (5) …………… we must enjoy it to forget our pains for some time.
Answer:
1. Not only 2. but also 3. where 4. where 5. But.

4. Education has become a part of everybody’s life. There is not even a single field (1) ……………. education has not left its mark. The day is not far (2) ……. everybody would like to drink deep in its ocean. (3) ……………. the need of the hour is to spread education in every nook and corner (4) …………….. nobody is left without its mark.
Answer:
1. where 2. when 3. But 4. till.

5. One day (1) …………. I went to my friend’s house, I was surprised to see a man (2) …………… was wearing nothing. (3) ……………. I asked him the reason, he tried to avoid me, ……….. (4) I did not stop and asked him again. (5) ………….. some time, he told me the reason behind it. (6) …………… he was telling me a sad episode (7) ……………. had happened with him two days (8) ………….started weeping (9) …………… I heard his woeful tale.
Answer:
1. when. 2. who 3. When 4. but 5. After 6. While . 7 which 8. ago before 9. when.

6. The economic condition of a country depends on the resources available in the country (1) ……………. on its population. (2) ……………. the population increases, resources start decreasing. (3) …………… there is a need to control population (4) ……………. we want our country to move towards the path of development.
Answer:
1. as well as 2.When 3. So 4 . if.

7. I was pained to hear about your problem, (1) ……………. you should not worry (2) ……………. I am always there to help you. (3) ………… my means are limited, I will try to help you (4) …………. much (5) ………… I can. (6) ………….. you want to progress in life, you should have faith in your capabilities (7) ……… aspirations.
Answer:
1. but 2. because 3. Although 4. as 5. as 6. If 7. and.

8. (1) ……………. my knowledge is concerned, I can only say (2) ………….. nowadays, it has become difficult to make both ends meet. I was seven years old (3) ………….. my mother died. I tried to put a lot of efforts (4) ……………. I might get (5) ……………. I desired in my life. My sister (6) …………. I started running a shop (7) …………… was situated near our house. My sister (8) I managed the shop. (9) …………… we had limited means, we were honest.
Answer:
1. As far as 2. that 3. when 4. so that 5. what 6. and 7. which 8. and 9. Though

9. (1) ……………. I was nine years old, my parents told me (2) …………… We originally belonged to Kashmir. (3) ………… I grew up, I began to watch TV (4) I learnt about the happenings in Kashmir. (5) ……………. I saw some beautiful shots of the heavenly valley on the TV (6) ………….. in movies, I would remember Kashmir.
Answer:
1. When 2. that 3. As 4. So that 5. Whenever 6. Or.

10. My friend had been suffering from cholera (1) …………. Monday. Today he reached his house, his family had left for the hospital. I hurriedly rushed towards the hospital (4) …………. he had been admitted. The doctor came (5) ……………… assured us about his early recovery. We heaved a sigh of relief (6) …………….. we heard the news of his recovery.
Answer:
1. since 2. because 3. When 4. where 5. and 6. when.

11. (1) ……….. I feel lonely, I prefer to enjoy the beauties of nature. Wordsworth was a famous poet (2) …………… wrote poems on the beautiful objects of nature. Some of his poems show the zeal (3) ………… he had in his veins. (4) ……………. I was at school, my English teacher used to tell me about some of Wordsworth’s poems (5) ……….. were worth reading.
Answer:
1. When 2. who 3. that 4. When 5. that.

12. (1) ……………. you do not get success despite your repeated efforts, you should not lose heart. Only those people get success (2) …………… have an optimistic approach towards life. (3) ……………. you want to win the lost game, you should not feel exhausted. You can go up in life (4) ……….. you persist in your efforts.
Answer:
1. If 2. who 3. If 4. if.

13. (1) ………….. did we step out of the house (2) ………….. the rain started. I love rainy season (3) ……………. in that season, my grandmother prepares lovely dishes for the whole family. I enjoy sitting alone (4) ………….. it is raining. (5) ………….. somebody comes to my house on a rainy day, I feel disturbed.
Answer:
1. No sooner 2. than 3. because 4. while 5. If.

14. The incident (1) …………… changed me was the death of my grandfather. (2) …………… he ate was flushed out of his system immediately. One morning, (3) …………… reciting his prayers, he passed away. I can never forget the day on (4) …………… my grandfather died. (5) …………… I was a child, he used to tell me stories (6) ……………. going to bed. (7) …………… today, I have not come out of the grief (8) ………….. engulfed me six years back.
Answer:
1. that 2. Whatever 3. while 4. which 5. When 6. before 7. Even 8. that.

15. (1) ……………. a certain Minister grew old, his hair fell off (2) …………… he became bald. (3) ……………. he was vain, he wore a wig of someone else’s hair (4) ……………. went out. (5) ……………. he was rushing out of Parliament one day, there was a gust of wind. His wig fell off (6) …………… exposed his bald pate. (7) ……………. everyone saw this, they started laughing at him.
Answer:
1. When 2. and 3. As 4. and 5. While 6. and 7. When.

Combine the following sentences, using the sentence connectors given in brackets.
Note : Answer Key has been given at the end of the exercises.

(A)

1. It was hot. We did not go out. (so)
2. He is working hard. He wants to get first division. (because)
3. He is rich. He is a miser. (but)
4. Mohan did not steal the book. Sohan did not steal the book. (neither-nor)
5. She is poor. She is honest. (but)
6. He does not take tea. He does not take coffee. (neither-nor)
7. The train left the station. The guard waved the green flag. (when)
8. He does not eat meat. He does not eat eggs. (neither-nor)
9. It was raining heavily. I went to my office. (when)
10. She is ill. She does not take medicine. (though-yet)
Answer:
1. It was hot, so we did not go out.
2. He is working hard because he wants to get first division.
3. He is rich, but he is a miser.
4. Neither Mohan nor Sohan stole the book
5. She is poor, but she is honest.
6. He takes neither tea nor coffee.
7. The train left the station when the guard waved the green flag.
8. He eats neither meat nor eggs.
9. It was raining heavily when I went to my office.
10. Though she is ill, yet she does not take medicine.

(B)

1. The woman gave the beggar money. She also gave him food. (not only-but also)
2. I have not written to him. I have not spoken to him. (neither-nor)
3. He is not a rogue. He is not a fool. (neither-nor)
4. Our guns opened fire. The enemy fled. (as soon as)
5. Mohan is not going to Chandigarh. He is not going to Jalandhar. (neither-nor)
6. Anoop is going out for a walk. Saroop is going out for a walk. (both)
7. He brought a book for me. He brought a pen for me. (as well as)
8. I was placed on the merit list. I was not given a scholarship. (although-yet)
9. He worked hard. He failed. (though-yet)
10. He was tired. He could hardly stand. (so-that)
Answer:
1. The woman gave the beggar not only money, but also food.
2. I have neither written to him nor spoken to him.
3. He is neither a rogue nor a fool.
4. The enemy fled as soon as our guns opened fire.
5. Mohan is going neither to Chandigarh nor to Jalandhar.
6. Both Anoop and Saroop are going out for a walk.
7. He brought a book as well as a pen for me.
8. Although I was placed on the merit list, yet I was not given a scholarship.
9. Though he worked hard, yet he failed.
10. He was so tired that he could hardly stand.

(C)

1. There is life. There is hope. (Combine the two sentences)
2. I cannot stand. I cannot sit. (neither-nor)
3. He was taken to task. He was given a sound beating. (not only-but also)
4. I had reached home. It started raining. (hardly-when)
5. He must be mad. He must be drunk. (either-or)
6. I had reached home. It began to rain heavily. (scarcely-when)
7. Ravi did not come to her help. Shashi did not come to her help. (neither-nor)
8. Walk very carefully. You should not slip. (Join the sentences)
9. Make hay. The sun shines. (while)
10. He was sick. He did not go to school. (because)
Answer:
1. So long as there is life, there is hope.
2. I can neither stand nor sit.
3. He was not only taken to task, but was also given a sound beating.
4. I had hardly reached home when it started raining.
5. He must be either mad or drunk.
6. I had scarcely reached home when it began to rain heavily.
7. Neither Ravi nor Shashi came to her help.
8. Walk very carefully lest you should slip.
9. Make hay while the sun shines.
10. He did not go to school because he was sick.

(D)

1. Ram is good. Sham is equally good. (as-as)
2. I was late for school. I missed the first bus.(because)
3. He has stolen my book. His brother has stolen my book. (either-or)
4. The teacher did not punish him. The teacher did not fine him. (neither-nor)
5. I can do with a pen. I can also do with a pencil.(either-or)
6. Rakesh is not a good actor. He is not a good writer. (neither-nor)
7. It was quite cold. She did not light a fire. (although-yet)
8. Radha is intelligent. She is hard-working. (both-and)
9. She is extremely happy today. She has been engaged to a boy of her choice. (because)
10. The thief was caught red-handed. He was stealing a jewellery box. (while)
Answer:
1. Ram is as good as Sham.
2. I was late for school because I missed the first bus.
3. Either he or his brother has stolen my book.
4. The teacher neither. punished nor fined him.
5. I can do either with a pen or a pencil.
6. Rakesh is neither a good actor nor a good writer.
7. Although it was quite cold, yet she did not light a fire.
8. Radha is both intelligent and hard-working.
9. She is extremely happy today because she has been engaged to a boy of her choice.
10. The thief was caught red-handed while he was stealing a jewellery box.

(E)

1. He is very weak. He cannot stand. (so-that)
2. The cat is away. The mice will play. (when)
3. Ram is not trustworthy. Sham is not trustworthy. (neither-nor)
4. I saw the lion. I ran away. (as soon as)
5. You must work hard. You will fail. (or)
6. Ram was singing. Ram was also dancing. (while)
7. Men may come. Men may go. I go on for ever. (and-but)
8. I saw a beggar. I was going to school. (when)
9. We left home. The rain started. (as soon as)
10. You will have to leave this house. You may wish it or not. (whether)
Answer:
1. He is so weak that he cannot stand.
2. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
3. Neither Ram nor Sham is trustworthy.
4. As soon as I saw the lion, I ran away.
5. You must work hard or you will fail.
6. Ram was dancing while he was singing.
7. Men may come and men may go but I go. on for ever.
8. I saw a beggar when I was going to school.
9. As soon as we left home, the rain started.
10. You will have to leave this house whether you wish it or not.

(F)

1. Reena came to my house. Teena came to my house. (as well as)
2. He worked hard. He fell ill. (so-that)
3. She is proud. She is mean. (not only-but also)
4. She spoke loudly. She spoke clearly. (and)
5. He is sad. He is hopeful. (but)
6. I don’t like coffee. I don’t like tea. (neither-nor)
7. You must leave at once. You may like or not. (whether)
8. Let us go to bed. It is late now. (as)
9. He called on me. I was at home. (when)
10. We stepped out. It began to rain. (hardly-when)
Answer:
1. Reena as well as Teena came to my house.
2. He worked so hard that he fell ill.
3. She is not only proud, but also mean.
4. She spoke loudly and clearly.
5. He is sad but hopeful.
6. I like neither coffee nor tea.
7. You must leave at once whether you like or not.
8. Let us go to bed as it is late now.
9. He called on me when I was at home.
10. Hardly had we stepped out when it began to rain.

(G)

1. Run fast. You will miss the train. (lest-should)
2. He failed. I don’t know the reason. (why)
3. We didn’t take a tonga. We didn’t take a taxi. (neither-nor)
4. The step taken was right. The step taken was wrong. (either-or)
5. A car struck against his scooter. No one was injured. (yet)
6. She wishes it. I shall help you. (since)
7. The patient had died. The doctor came. (before)
8. He is at his office. I shall call on him. (if)
9. Mohan has not come. He has sent no message. (neither-nor)
10. Mumbai is a famous city. It is a big centre of film industry. (which)
Answer:
1. Run fast lest you should miss the train.
2. I don’t know why he failed.
3. We took neither a tonga nor a taxi.
4. The step taken was either right or wrong.
5. A car struck against his scooter, yet no one was injured.
6. Since she wishes it, I shall help you.
7. The patient had died before the doctor came.
8. I shall call on him if he is at his office.
9. Mohan has neither come nor sent any message.
10. Mumbai is a famous city which is a big centre of film industry.

(H)

1. The thief saw the owner of the house. He ran away. (as soon as)
2. Ashok was invited to the party. Meena was invited to the party. (as well as)
3. Mary didn’t come to the church yesterday. John didn’t come to the church yesterday (neither-nor)
4. He didn’t work hard. He failed. (because)
5. Mohan is honest. He is sincere. (both-and)
6. I bought a saree. I bought a suit. (as well as)
7. The children saw the wolf. They ran away. (as soon as)
8. He is very lazy. He can’t get along with me. (so-that)
9. The sun rose. The fog disappeared. (as soon as)
10. Rajan is kind. He is honest. (both-and)
Answer:
1. The thief ran away as soon as he saw the owner of the house.
2. Ashok as well as Meena was invited to the party.
3. Neither Mary nor John came to the church yesterday.
4. He failed because he didn’t work hard.
5. Mohan is both honest and sincere.
6. I bought a saree as well as a suit.
7. As soon as the children saw the wolf, they ran away.
8. He is so lazy that he can’t get along with me.
9. The fog disappeared as soon as the sun rose.
10. Rajan is both kind and honest.

Conjunction

दो शब्दों, वाक्यांशों (Phrases) अथवा वाक्यों को परस्पर जोड़ने वाले शब्द को Conjunction कहा जाता है; जैसे
1. The teacher taught Mohan and Abdul.
2. I want some pen or pencil.
3. He will take tea, but I will take milk.
4. I will try to come as soon as I can.

The Use Of Some Conjunctions

(1) No sooner, hardly, scarcely.
No sooner के बाद सदा than का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Scarcely और Hardly के बाद when या before में से किसी का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
1. No sooner did we reach the station than the train started.
2. She had hardly ! scarcely heard the news when / before she began to weep.

(2) Unless, if.
Unless के साथ not का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता क्योंकि unless = if not. If के साथ (यदि आवश्यकता हो तो) not का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
1. Unless you work very hard, you can’t pass.
2. If you do not work very hard, you can’t pass.

(3) Until (till), as long as (so long as), while.
Until (till) = उस समय तक जबकि = up to the time when (ये शब्द point of time की ओर संकेत करते हैं।) As long as = जितने समय तक So long as, while = during the time that (ये शब्द period of time की ओर संकेत करते हैं।)
यदि till / until का सम्बन्ध पहले वाक्य से हो तो प्रायः until का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
यदि till / until का सम्बन्ध पिछले वाक्य से हो तो प्रायः till का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
किन्तु till / until के प्रयोग में कोई विशेष अन्तर नहीं समझा जाता है।

1. Go straight on until you come to the post office and then turn left.
2. Until you told me I had heard nothing of it.
3. She won’t go away till you promise to help her.
4. Let us wait till the rain stops.
5. While there is life, there is hope.
As long as there is life, there is hope.
So long as there is life, there is hope.

(4) Because, so that (in order that).
Because का प्रयोग उस समय किया जाता है जब किसी बात का कारण (reason) बताना हो।
In order that अथवा so that का प्रयोग उस समय किया जाता है जब किसी उद्देश्य (Purpose) का वर्णन करना हो।
1. He failed because he did not work hard.
2. He worked hard so that he might win a scholarship.

(5) Since, before.
जब Since का प्रयोग एक Conjunction के रूप में किया जाए तो :
(i) इससे पूर्व आने वाले वाक्य में कभी भी Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।
(ii) इसके बाद आने वाले वाक्य में सदा ही Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

1. Two months have passed since he came here.
2. It is two weeks since my examinations were over.

Before, if, until, unless, while, when, आदि समय – वाचक योजंका (Temporal Conjunctions) के बाद कभी भी Future Tense का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है यद्यपि मुख्य वाक्य (Principal Clause) Future Tense मे ही हो|

1. I will help him if he comes to me.
2. The crops will die before the rains fall.
3. I shall not let you go until you pay back my money.
4. I shall give him your message when he comes here.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Management of Natural Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What changes would you suggest in your home in order to be environment friendly?
Answer:
We should use the formula of three R’s to save the environment i.e. Reduce, Recycle and Reuse.

• Reduce: Use less, save water and electricity by stopping the wastage. Do not waste food.
• Recycle: Segregate the wastes so that material which can be recycled should be dumped in place for recycling.
• Reuse: Reuse certain articles e.g. reverse the used envelope and reuse it.

Question 2.
Can you suggest some changes in your school which could make it environment friendly?
Answer:
We should use the formula of three R’s to save the environment i.e. Reduce, Recycle and Reuse.

• Reduce: Use less, save water and electricity by stopping the wastage. Do not waste food.
• Recycle: Segregate the wastes so that material which can be recycled should be dumped in place for recycling.
• Reuse: Reuse certain articles e.g. reverse the used envelope and reuse it.

Question 3.
We have read in this chapter that there are four main stakeholders when it comes to forests and wild-life. Which among these should have the authority to decide the management of forest produce? Why do you think so?
Answer:
By active and willing participation of local people, the sal forests of Arabari under went a remarkable recovery as 25 per cent of final harvest was provided to people. They were allowed fuel wood and fodder collection at very nominal rates. This project helped in saving the forests. Hence to have sustainable development there should be equal participation of local community.

Question 4.
How can you as an individual contribute or make a difference to the management of
(a) forest and wild-life
Answer:

• Selective use and reuse of resources.
• Discourage the killing of wild animals.
• Educate the people about the resources provided by forests.

(b) water resources and
Answer:
Water harvesting at one’s home level so as to restore water at subsoil level.

(c) Coal and Petroleum?
Answer:
Alternative sources of energy such as use of solar energy instead of coal and petroleum.

Question 5.
What can you, as an individual, do to reduce your consumption of the various natural resources?
Answer:
(a) forest and wild-life

• Selective use and reuse of resources.
• Discourage the killing of wild animals.
• Educate the people about the resources provided by forests.

(b) water resources
Water harvesting at one’s home level so as to restore water at subsoil level.

(c) Coal and Petroleum
Alternative sources of energy such as use of solar energy instead of coal and petroleum.

Question 6.
List five things you have done over the last one week to :
(i) conserve our natural resources
Answer:
Conserve our natural resources

• Saved electricity by switching off electricity of unnecessary light and fans.
• Used disposable paper cups and plates during my journey in the train.
• Reused the envelopes by turning inside out.
• Planted five plants in my school.
• Educated the people in my locality regarding conservation of natural resources for sustainable development.

(ii) increase the pressure on our natural resources.
Answer:
Increase the pressure on natural resources

• Wasted food.
• Used scooter to consume petrol.
• Added to air pollution and sound pollution.
• Used plastic bags.
• Used D.D.T. in my home.

Question 7.
On the basis of the issues raised in this chapter, what changes would you incorporate in your life-style in a move towards a sustainable use of our resources?
Answer:
forest and wild-life

• Selective use and reuse of resources.
• Discourage the killing of wild animals.
• Educate the people about the resources provided by forests.

(b) water resources
Water harvesting at one’s home level so as to restore water at subsoil level.

(c) Coal and Petroleum
Alternative sources of energy such as use of solar energy instead of coal and petroleum.

Conserve our natural resources

• Saved electricity by switching off electricity of unnecessary light and fans.
• Used disposable paper cups and plates during my journey in the train.
• Reused the envelopes by turning inside out.
• Planted five plants in my school.
• Educated the people in my locality regarding conservation of natural resources for sustainable development.

Increase the pressure on natural resources

• Wasted food.
• Used scooter to consume petrol.
• Added to air pollution and sound pollution.
• Used plastic bags.
• Used D.D.T. in my home.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Management of Natural Resources InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What changes can you make in your habits to become more environment friendly?
Answer:
Changes in habits to become environment friendly

• Check your careless habit of wasting. Save water by repairing leaking taps.
• Switch off unnecessary lights and fans.
• Do not waste food.
• Say ‘No’ to plastic bags, disposable plastic cups and other forms of plastic crockery.
• Reuse the things again and again. Instead of throwing away envelopes, you can reverse it and use it again.

Question 2.
What would be the advantages of exploring resources with short term aims?
Answer:
The advantages of exploiting resources with short term aims are as follows :

• We will be able to fulfil the requirement of mass population.
• We will be able to get industrial growth and hence economic development is linked to environmental conservation.

Question 3.
How would these advantages differ from the advantages of using a long term perspective in managing our resources?
Answer:
The demand for all resources is increasing due to increasing human population. The resources are limited.

• It should ensure selective careful use so as to maintain.
• There should be equal distribution of resources to all i.e. rich and poor.
• There should be safe disposal of wastes.

Question 4.
Why do you think there should be equitable distribution of resources? What forces would be working against an equitable distribution of our resources?
Answer:
Management of resources should ensure equitable distribution of resources to all and not to just a handful of rich and powerful people, benefit from the development of these resources.

Question 5.
Why should we conserve forest and wildlife?
Answer:
Forests and wild life are resources of great value.

• Forests help in protection of land.
• Forests help in retaining sub-soil water.
• Forests check floods.
• Forest and wild life maintain ecosystem.
• Wildlife is helpful in exploiting various scientific researches.
• They should be maintained for our economic and social growth and to meet our and of future generation’s material aspiration.

Question 6.
Suggest some approaches towards conservation of forests.
Answer:
Conservation of forests

• Participation of local people indeed lead to efficient management of forest as exemplified by strategy developed in Arabari Forest range of Midnapur district.
• Replantation of trees.
• Selective use of forests.
• Scientific research, monitoring and education plays vital role in conservation.
• Overgrazing should be checked.
• Protection of wildlife and banning the hunting of wild animals.
• Use of modern technique of forestry.
• Make suitable outlet channels to carry out flood water.

Question 7.
Find out about the traditional system of water harvesting/management of your region.
Answer:
Traditional Methods in water harvesting/management

• Diversion of water flowing in streams into man-made channels to cater to the demand of villagers.
• Collection of water in ponds.
• Construction of dams.

Question 8.
Compare the above system with the probable system in hilly mountainous areas or plains or plateau regions.
Answer:
Water harvesting systems are highly local specific and benefits are also localized. The present-day systems include mega projects such as dams.

Question 9.
Find out the source of water in your region/locality. Is water from this source available to all people living in that area?
Answer:
Sources of water are different in different areas. However, these sources are available to all people.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the three R’s to serve the environment.
Answer:
The three R’s to save the environment : Reduce, Recycle and Reuse. What do they refer to?

• Reduce: This means that use less. Save electricity by switching off unnecessary lights and fans. Save water by repairing leaky taps. Do not waste food.
• Recycle: This means that collection of plastic, paper, glass and metal items and recycle this material to make required things instead of synthesising or extracting fresh plastic, paper, glass or metal. In order of recycle, first need to segregate waste so that the material that can be recycled is not dumped along with other waste.
• Reuse: This is actually even better than recycling because the process of recycling uses some energy. In the ‘reuse’ strategy, simply use things again and again. Instead of throwing away used envelopes, you can reverse it and use it again. The plastic bottles in which you buy various food-items like jam or pickle can be used for storing things in the kitchen.

Question 2.
Write a short note on wildlife.
Answer:
Various plants and animals found in forest are collectively called wildlife. The diverse groups of animals live in forests. Similarly, there are many varieties of plants and trees too, are there in forests. In ancient times, there were comparatively more forests where animals could live with more ease. The number of lions, panthers, rhinos, elephants etc. was exceptionally high. But from the time when human beings started shedding down the forests, the number of animals started decreasing. The number of wild animals is continuously decreasing very rapidly.

Wildlife now needs more protection because of their usefulness and more dependence on it. Wildlife sanctuaries and National Parks have been established for animals where they are provided better safety. Poaching has been strictly banned. Only by protecting wild animals we can help them in breeding and thus can save them from extinction.

Question 3.
What is the importance of forest resources?
Answer:
A. Productive functions

• Forests provide wood. Indian forests yield valuable timber wood like teak, sal, deodar, shisham etc.
• Forests provide paper. The conifers and bamboos are used as raw material to prepare paper.
• Medicinal plants of forests provide medicine of great importance.
• Forests provide number of products like resins, gums, rubber, food and insecticides.
• Forests provide shelter to variety of animals.
• Forests also provide the cork e.g. oak (Quercus).

B. Protective functions
Role of forests in the protection of lands. Forests play a vital role in the life and economy of all tribes living in the forests.

• Forests prevent erosion of soil by wind and water.
• Large trees provide shade which prevents the soil from becoming dry and friable during the summer.
• They check the velocity of rain drops or wind striking the ground and reduce dislodging of the soil particles.
• The root system of plants firmly binds the soil.

Question 4.
What are the methods for safety of forests?
Answer:

• Banning deforestation.
• Only such trees should be cut those have dried up or have been affected by some diseases. New plants/trees should be grown in place of removed trees.
• Van Mahotsav should be celebrated. In this week, thousands of new plants/trees should be planted.
• Newly planted trees should be taken care of.
• Trees should be counted every year and the target set on Van Mahotsav should be attained.
• New plans of Van Mahotsav should be followed.
• Steps should be taken to protect forest from the danger of fire.
• To protect trees from diseases, chemical and medicines must be used.

Question 5.
Discuss various intermediaries of environmental pollution.
Answer:
Human beings and environment have a strong and unbreakable natural bond. Human beings only either protect or pollute the environment and the consequences of it affect them. Clean and healthy environment is very necessary for human society. Unplanned acts of human beings harms the environment. Smoke from trucks and buses, dirty water of sewerages in rivers and rubbish on roads, pollutes the environment of cities.

Constant increase in population is one of the main reason of environment degradation. Need of houses, clothing and food increases due to increasing population. Natural resources are affected adversely in order to meet these demands like deforestation, uncontrollable use of underground water, industrialisation etc. All these are the major reasons of pollution.

When natural sources do not help properly to clean the environment again, it causes pollution. Industrial mishappenings and illegal setting of factories also help in causing pollution. Over use of harmful chemical is one of its factors. Over exploitation of natural resources also pollutes the environment. Industrial revolution causes water and air pollution. Acid rain is caused due to sulphur oxides which are expelled out from the engines of the vehicles. Ozone layer gets depleted due to excessive use of aerosols.

Waste materials are produced mainly due to various activities which cause environmental degradation. These waste products are very harmful and their effects spread very rapidly.

It is a universal issue now to get rid of it. Recycling and reuse of material only can protect our environment from degradation.
Man is the major factor of environmental pollution and he himself is being affected very adversely because of his own blunders.

Question 6.
Comment on ‘Chipko Movement’.
Answer:
‘Chipko Movement’ was the result of policy to separate people living in mountaineous region from forests. This movement started by incident that took place in ‘Raini’ village in Garhwal located in Himalayan range in 1970. The problem was started between local people and the wood contractors. The contract of shedding down the trees near the village was given to wood contractors. On the specific day, labour of the contractor came to cut down the trees. The local male population was not present at that time but women of that village reached there instantly and hugged the trees and didn’t allow them to cut the trees. Since they stuck themselves to trees and the labour of contractor was forced to stop the work.

Question 7.
Why should coal and petroleum be used carefully?
Answer:
Coal and petroleum are the results of dead and decayed fossils of plants and animals in which hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur are present along with carbon. On burning these carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen oxides and oxides of sulphur are produced.

On burning them in the inadequate supply of air, carbon monoxide is produced in place of carbon dioxide. All these gaseous products are poisonous in nature. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Carbon is present in large amount in coal and petroleum. If complete carbon present in them is not burnt, then availability of oxygen will become abundant on earth and it will change to carbon dioxide. It will lead to global warming of our earth as well. So, coal and petroleum should be used carefully.

Question 8.
How is Ganga river polluted? Comment on its cleanliness plan.
Answer:
Ganga covers the distance of 2500 km from Gangotri situated in Himalaya mountain to Bay of Bengal. It flows from different states with more than one hundred cities due to which it gets polluted.

Following are the types of pollution which are responsible for Ganga’s pollution :

• Industrial waste.
• Unprocessed Excreta.
• Burning the dead bodies near its banks and immersing the remains of dead bodies.
• Taking bath in Ganga because of certain superstitions.

Cleanliness plan of Ganga. Remains of dead bodies are immersed in the water of Ganga because of traditional customs that is why coliform bacteria is present in it and it goes on increasing in downstream water. Cleanliness plan of Ganga was started in 1985. Who the budget in first step was 462 crores and in second step it was 416 crores. Under this plan 873 million litres water was to be treated daily. To have a control on pollution of Ganga, immediate need is to increase the functioning of this plan.

Question 9.
What are the methods of conserving water resources?
Answer:
Conservation of water resources
For conservation and management of fresh water following methods can be employed :

• Reducing agricultural water wastage by increasing efficiency of irrigation system.
• Afforestation and protection of watersheds to improve economy.
• Formation of artificial clouds, so that a change can be brought in the atmosphere.
• Changes in the vegetation of a particular area, so that even in the dry season maximum amount of water can be stored. In addition to this, dams should be constructed to stop the drainage of rain water.
• Control the distribution of water by constructing big dams.
• Desalinization of sea water and saline ground water.
• Proper utilization of underground water.
• Attempt to extract minerals from water.
• Melt the glaciers and snow for using as a fresh water resource.
• Regular dredging and desiltation of water bodies.

Question 10.
Discuss various ways of water harvesting.
Answer:
Water harvesting can be undertaken through a variety of ways such as follows :

• Capturing run off from roof tops.
• Capturing run off form local catchments.
• Capturing floodwaters from local streams.
• Conserving water through watershed management.

Question 11.
Why use of coal and petroleum should be restricted?
Answer:
Necessity of Judicious Use of Coal and Petroleum. The fossil fuels, coal and petroleum get exhausted and their combustion pollutes our environment, so a judicious use of these resources is necessary.

• Since coal and petroleum have been formed from biomass, in addition to carbon, these contain hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur.
• When these are burnt, the products formed are carbon dioxide, water, oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulphur. When combustion takes place in insufficient air (oxygen), then carbon monoxide is formed instead of carbon dioxide.
• Of these products, the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen and carbon monoxide are poisonous at high concentrations and carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which leads to global warming.
• Another way of looking at coal and petroleum is that they are huge reservoirs of carbon and if all of this carbon is converted to carbon dioxide, then the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is going to increase leading to intense global warmings. Thus, we need to use these resources judiciously.

Question 12.
Explain any four measure for conservation of wild life.
Answer:
Some of the steps involved in the conservation of wild life are :

• The wild life should be protected in natural habitats (in-situ conservation) as well as in places under human control such as zoological and botanical gardens, genetic re-source centres, culture collection (Ex-situ conservation).
• The threatened species should be given preference over others in the conservation programme. Among these, the endangered species should get priority over the vulner¬able species, and the latter over the rare species.
• The habitats of wild relatives of useful plants and animals should be preserved in protected areas.
• The critical habitats of wild animals should be kept intact.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Natural resources with example.
Answer:
Natural Resources. Resources which exist naturally in nature and are useful to human beings are called natural resources e.g. air, water, soil, coal, petroleum etc. are natural resources.

Question 2.
Explain the principles of first ‘R’ in 3R’s.
Answer:
First ‘R’ stands for Reduce. It means that we should use the resources in limited exten. For example we can switch off the fans and bulbs when not in use and can save electricity. In the same way by using water in less amount and by getting leaking pipes repaired, we can save water from wastage.

Question 3.
Explain the principle of second ‘R’ in 3R’s.
Answer:
Second ‘R’ stands for ‘recycle. It means that we should reuse plastics, paper, glass and should make these in making useful in our daily life. We should not discard them by throwing in dust bin instead should keep them separately for using again.

Question 4.
What is the importance of third ‘R’ in R’s?
Or
How is ‘reuse’ helpful in the conservation of environment?
Answer:
Third ‘R’ represents ‘ Reuse’. This is considered better than recycling. In recycling some of the energy definitely goes waste. In the process of reusing, same thing can be used again and again. For example the containers and bottles of eatables can be used for storage of other things.

Question 5.
Give in detail the journey of Ganga and discuss how is it getting polluted?
Answer:
Ganga runs its course of 2500 km from Gangotri in Himalayas to Bay of Bengal. It crosses through Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal and 100 more cities which are responsible for its pollution. Its main reason is that garbage waste and excreta from these cities are made to flow in it. Apart from this , other human activities like bathing, washing clothes, passing the remains of dead people are also the causes of its pollution and toxic and chemical waste from industries have increased its pollution. These industries contribute chemical effluents to the Ganga’s pollution load and toxicity kills fish in large section of the rivers.

Question 6.
How can we control the pollution of river Ganga?
Answer:
Pollution of Ganga can be controlled by the following steps :

• By not allowing disposal of industrial waste material in the river.
• By not disposing toxic substances and the dead remains of animals.
• By not expelling the domestic waste in river water.
• Avoid washing clothes in the river.
• By not pouring ash and remains of dead bodies.

Question 7.
What is recyling? What can we do for it?
Answer:
Old newspapers, books, notebooks, old products made of metals etc. can be easily transformed into other useful products, which is called recycling. Re-cycled product can be used again and again.

We can do the following works for recycling of materials :

• Buying those things which can be recycled.
• By using such things which are produced by recycling process.
• By selling things for recycling before they get completely destroyed.

Question 8.
Write the contribution of Bishnoi community in Rajasthan to protect environment.
Answer:
Bishnoi community of Rajasthan made applaudable efforts to protect forests and wildlife which has now become a part of their traditional culture. In 1731, in Khejreli village near Jodhpur, 363 people sacrificed their lives to protect ‘Khejri’ trees. This is why the Government of India has instituted an Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award’ for wild life conservation in memory of Amrita Devi.

Question 9.
“The human intervention has been very much a part of the forest landscape’— what should be the nature and limit of intervention to control over it?
Answer:
We should certainly make some arrangements to control over the nature and limitation of this intervention. Forest resources should be used in such a way that environment and development both may get advantage from these. Local people should get more of its advantage where environment is conserved. It is a decentralisation system that can help both monetary development and environmental conservation. Environment cannot be accepted just as a collection of plants and animals. It is a complex and complicated system. We have many natural resources for the use of it. We must use all these resources very carefully for our financial and social development.

Question 10.
What did Chipko Movement teach to the government and people? Explain.
Answer:
Chipko Movement spread very rapid in various communities. Many social organisations and media also played a vital role in it. It compelled the government to rethink about the decisions needed to be taken in use of forest resources. People by their experience learnt that deforestation not only affects the availability of trees but also quality of soil and water level too gets spoiled. Participation of local people in management of forests must be encouraged.

Question 11.
Explain with an example the role of people in forest management.
Answer:
In 1972, the forest department of West Bengal made some changes in their policy because of getting failure in reviving the degraded Sal forests. Those sal were destroyed in south-west regions. They started their movement at Madinipura in the region of Arabari. A far sighted forest officer of the department A.K Banerjee. encouraged villagers to join the movement and with their help they protected badly degraded sal forests of about 1272 hectares area.

Question 12.
What are the three main problems in constructing of big dams?
Answer:

• Social problems: Large number of people are forced to migrate and they get affected badly. They have to leave their houses and business. Farmers are forced to leave their agricultural lands.
• Economic Problems: A huge amount of public money is used without generation of proportionate benefits.
• Environmental Problems: Deforestation is taking place on large scale. Bio-diversity is adversely affecteu and environmental problems are arising enormously.

Question 13.
What is the importance of water shed management?
Answer:
More importance is given to scientific soil and water conservation to increase the biomass production in water shed management. Its main importance is to develop primary sources of land and water such that secondary resources of plants and animals may not cause ecological imbalance.

Question 14.
What are the advantages of underground water?
Answer:

• It does not evaporate to mix in atmosphere.
• Vegetation Plants animals are not present in it.
• It improves the water level.
• It provides dampness to plants.
• It does not get polluted due to the presence of living beings.

Question 15.
How can underground water level be recharged in largely level terrain?
Answer:
In largely level terrain water harvesting structures are made. These are mainly crescentshaped earthen embankments. These may be low, straight concrete check dams built across seasonal flooded gullies. Rain water gets stored in Monsoon rains behind the structures. Most of the water dries up in six months after monsoons. It recharges the ground water beneath.

Question 16.
What are fossil fuels and how are they made? Give two examples of these.
Answer:
The remains of animals and plants got compressed under the crust of earth in the absence of oxygen million of years ago. Thus they could not get oxygen. Under the crust neither oxidation of these was possible nor destruction but because of the internal pressure water and volatile substances squeezed out. These substances are termed fossil fuels. Actually fossil fuels are the molecules of carbonic compounds. These are the results of degradation of biomass millions of years ago. The examples of fossil fuel are coal, petroleum and natural gas.

Question 17.
Water is very essential for survival of life’. Justify this statement.
Answer:
Water is essential due to following reasons :

• It takes part in all chemical reactions taking place in our body.
• It maintains the temperature of body.
• It is important for body to carry nutrients to all parts of the body.
• It helps in excretion of organic waste from the body.
• It is important for transportation of substances.
• Irrigation, industries and electricity are totally dependent on water.

Question 18.
Write some major means of water conservation.
Answer:
We can conserve water by :

• Using water for irrigation.
• Flood control, hydrological survey and construction of dams.
• Recharging of underground water and avoiding its wastage.
• Transformation of high water levels into low water levels.
• Safety of soil to avoid soil erosion.

Question 19.
Mention the names of air pollutants.
Answer:
The main air pollutants are :

• Carbon monoxide
• Carbon dioxide
• Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen
• Compounds of flourides
• Hydrocarbons

Question 20.
Write some methods by which pollution can be controlled.
Answer:

• By getting knowledge of the causes and control on pollution.
• By installing the control devices in factories to check the air pollution.
• By recycling the waste products.
• Disposal of excreta and expelled waste material in correct way.
• By using Gobar gas plants.

Question 21.
What is the role of increasing population in destruction of natural resources?
Answer:
Population is increasing constantly due to which human needs are increasing day-by-day. To meet these requirements natural resources are being continuously exhausted. Natural resources are available in large amount but even then these are limited because population has risen at its verge. Our resources are very limited to meet the needs of increasing population. If the monster of increasing population grows at this rate then it will be very difficult to maintain balance between the natural resources and ecology.

Question 22.
Give five points to control pollution.
Answer:
Pollution can be controlled in following ways :

• Gobar gas plants should be installed.
• Bio-degradable substances should be disposed in pits.
• Waste material should be recycled.
• Excreta and disposal matter should be disposed of in a correct way.
• CNG should be used in automobiles.

Question 23.
What are the harmful effects of deforestation?
Answer:
If rate of deforestation is more than the rate of afforestation, then the number of trees will reduce with the passage of time. Trees release water vapours in large amount during transpiration and clouds are formed with the help of these. Rainfall is always less in the area where trees are less in number. Due to this the fertile lands convert into deserts. Deforestation slowly causes removal of upper fertile surface of soil that gets carried away through rain water to rivers ultimately.

Question 24.
How can coal and petroleum be saved for long time?
Answer:
Use of coal and petroleum depend on the quality of machines. In vehicles used for transportation consume excess fuel. Scientists have been researching for the complete combustion of fuel. Efforts are being made to get such fuels having more efficiency, less pollution and capacity for storage of enhanced period.

Question 25.
What are the problems faced in the construction of big dams?
Answer:

• Large numbers of forest, vegetation and bio diversity are lost.
• Migration of people causes unstability and mental tension.
• Migrated persons face number of social and economic problems.
• Benefits are less than the money spent in constructing big dams.

Question 26.
Write difference between National Parks and Animal sanctuaries.
Answer:

National Parks	Animal Sanctuaries
1. These provide shelter to special wild animals like cheetah, rhino, lion, etc.	1. Animals are protected in natural environment.
2. These are spread over 100 to 50C kilometres of area.	2. These are spread over 500 to 1000 sq. kilometres of area.
3. Strong walls are erected around these.	3. Tall and high fenced temporary walls are erected around these.

Question 27.
What are the harms caused by burning of fossil fuels?
Answer:

• Burning of fossil fuel produces harmful gases like CO₂, CO, SO₂, NO₂, etc. are produced.
• Many respiratory problems are caused due to air pollution.
• Chances of skin problems increase.
• Burning sensation is felt in the eyes.

Question 28.
How does rate of development affect the environment? Explain.
Answer:
The rate of development is always beneficial but at the same time it affects the environment. Deforestation is resulted due to urbanisation. Land suitable for agriculture is used for constructing factories. Smoke expelled through chimneys of factories pollutes the air and leaves a harmful effect on health of all living beings. Due to urbanisation cities expand resulting in deleting of villages due to which agricultural land is extincting. Transportation and telecommunication are increased due to which roads and railway need more land. Deforestation is needed for these.

Question 29.
What are uses of water shed management?
Answer:

• To face the situation of drought.
• To get rid of floods.
• Long life of dams and water reservoirs.
• For conservation of water.
• To make water available for irrigation for the whole year.

Question 30.
What are Kulhs? How were these managed?
Answer:
Kulhs are the local irrigation canals evolved by the people of Himachal Pradesh about 400 years ago. The water of natural waterfalls and flowing in streams w as diverted into man-made channels which took this water to numerous villages down the hillside. The management of water flowing in these kulhs was based on a common agreement among the villages. During planting season, watjr-was first of all supplied to the village farthest away from the source of Kulh. The water flow in Kulhs was managed by two-three persons who were paid by the villagers. Apart from irrigation these Kulh’s also percolated into the soil that helped the springs to feed at various points. Government took over these kulhs later but after some time irrigation department lost control and these became non-functional.

Question 31.
What was the losses of inequality in distribution of water?
Answer:
Canal systems leading from dams transfer water from one place to the other distant places. Indra Gandhi canal has helped a big part of Rajasthan to get green now but due to unequal distribution of water and poor management many people could not get benefits from this system. Water is not equally distributed due to which people living near the water source are able to grow crops like sugarcane and wheat which need water in large amount whereas people living away cannot get sufficient amount of water. They cannot grow crops of their choice.

Question 32.
Find out the traditional methods of water storage in your nearby locations.
Answer:
The water harvesting has been a traditional system in India. In Rajasthan by Khad, tanks and Nadis, in Maharashtra by bandharas and Tals, in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh by Bundhis the water is harvested. In Bihar Aahar and Pynes, in Himachal Pradesh Kulhs, in Jammu region Ponds and in Tamil Nadu by Eris, in Kerala by surangams and in Karnataka by Kattas rain water is harvested.

Question 33.
Explain a traditional Rain water Harvesting system.
Answer:
Water harvesting is a traditional system in India. In Rajasthan by Khadin, in, Maharashtra by bandharas and Tals, in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh by Bundhis, in Bihar by Aahar and Pynes, in Himachal Pradesh by Kulhs and in Jammu regions of Jammu by ponds the rain water in harvested and is still in use by people living there. Rain water is stored in dams and is used for different persons. This water becomes the reason of increasing water level in wells.

Traditional water harvesting system-khadin system

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Pollution?
Answer:
Substances which are found in natural state or when they get mixed with dust or toxic substances is called as pollution.

Question 2.
Write five Natural resources.
Answer:

1. Forest
2. Wildlife
3. Water
4. Coal
5. Petroleum.

Question 3.
What are 3R’s?
Answer:

1. Reduce
2. Recycle
3. Reuse.

Question 4.
Write things which can be recycled?
Answer:
Plastic, glass, paper and things made of metals.

Question 5.
Which energy do we get on earth?
Answer:
Solar energy that we get from the sun.

Question 6.
Write full form of CFC.
Answer:
Chloro-Fluoro Carbons.

Question 7.
Name the living beings responsible for biodiversity.
Answer:
Bacteria, fungi, ferns, flowers, plants, nematodes, insects, birds, reptiles.

Question 8.
When was Ganga cleanliness plan enacted?
Answer:
In 1985.

Question 9.
What is coliform?
Answer:
A coliform is a group of bacteria which is found in human intestines due to water pollution.

Question 10.
Write the origin of river Ganga and its course of run.
Answer:
Ganga runs its course of over 2500 km from Gangotri in Himalyas to Ganga Sagar in the Bay of Bengal.

Question 11.
What do we get from sea water?
Answer:
We get iodine from sea water.

Question 12.
How do get solar energy?
Answer:
We get solar energy from sunlight which comes directly from sun and we intake them through plants.

Question 13.
Name three toxic gases.
Answer:
Nitrogen oxide (NO), Sulphur dioxide (SO₂), Carbon monoxide (CO).

Question 14.
Name three trees which are found in forests.
Answer:
Pine, Eucalyptus, Timber.

Question 15.
How does the growth of grass stop in Alpine forests?
Answer:
Grass grows very tall and it falls down on ground which haults the growth of grass.

Question 16.
When and where Chipko Andolan was started?
Answer:
Chipko Andolan was started in village Reni of Garhwal in 1970.

Question 17.
Name three major resources of minerals.
Answer:
Coper, Iron and Manganese.

Question 18.
Write three renewable sources of energy.
Answer:
Wood, Water and Solar energy.

Question 19.
Write two non-renewable sources of energy.
Answer:
Coal and Petroleum.

Question 20.
Name two traditional sources of energy.
Answer:
Fossil fuel and flowing water.

Question 21.
Name two major constituent gases of atmosphere.
Answer:

1. Nitrogen 78%,
2. Oxygen 21%.

Question 22.
What is universal indicator?
Answer:
Litmus paper is called as universal indicator.

Question 23.
What is measured by litmus paper?
Answer:
pH is measured easily with the help of litmus paper.

Question 24.
Why is reuse better than recycle?
Answer:
In recycling some amount of energy is wasted.

Question 25.
Who is the main stakeholders of forests when we think about conservation of forests?
Answer:
The main stakeholders are people who live in and around the forests and are dependent on forest for different needs.

Question 26.
What is the other name of timber?
Answer:
The other name of timber is carpet-wood.

Question 27.
For what forests are considered as source of industries?
Answer:
For raw materials.

Question 28.
Mention two industrial requirements those lead to deforestation.
Answer:
Construction of roads and dams.

Question 29.
On what rains of our country are dependent?
Answer:
Monsoon. The duration of rainy season is limited for a few months.

Question 30.
What is the ancient system of water harvesting in India?
Answer:
Dams, ponds and rivers.

Question 31.
What are Kulhs?
Answer:
400 years ago a traditional harvesting system was developed in Himachal Pardesh canal water. These were called as Kulhs.

Question 32.
If these natural resources are used at the present rate, for how long will they exist?
Answer:
Petroleum will be available for about next 40 years and coal resource for next 200 years.

Question 33.
On what pressure is always maintained in watershed arrangement?
Answer:
Soil and water management.

Question 34.
Name two categories in which waste substance can be divided. Which among these two is comparatively more harmful?
Answer:

1. Biodegradable substances.
2. Non-biodegradable substances. Non-biodegradable substances are comparatively more harmful.

Question 35.
What is the main reason behind the establishment of National Parks and sanctuaries?
Answer:
To protect wildlife.

Question 36.
Write two harmful effects caused by industries on air setting up heavy industries on local climate.
Answer:

1. Air pollution.
2. Increase in temperature of atmosphere.

Question 37.
Write the main cause of global warming.
Answer:
High amount of CO₂ a green house gas, in the atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuel is resulting in global warming.

Question 38.
Name two renewable natural resources.
Answer:

1. Forests and
2. Water.

Question 39.
Name any one endangered plant species.
Answer:
Podophythum.

Question 40.
Name the person who started Appiko movement in South.
Answer:
Pandu Kumar Hegde started appiko movement in Karnataka in 1983.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
What is the desired minimum total coliforin count level in the Ganga?
(A) 500 MPN/100 ml
(B) 600 MPN/100 ml
(C) 1000 MPN/100 ml
(D) 1200 MPN/100 ml.
Answer:
(A) 500 MPN/100 ml

Question 2.
Chipko Andolan was started by:
(A) Amrita Devi Bishnoi
(B) H.N. Bahuguna
(C) Sunder Lai Bahuguna
(D) A.K. Bannerji.
Answer:
(C) Sunder Lai Bahuguna

Question 3.
Which of the following is/are example(s) of people partici pation in the management of forests?
(A) Chipko Andolan
(B) Arabara forest range of Midnapur
(C) Appiko movement
(D) Khejri tree movement.
Answer:
(B) Arabara forest range of Midnapur

Question 4.
Which of the following represents the regulative function of forest?
(A) Storage and release of gases
(B) production of wood
(C) production of essential oils
(D) conservation of soil and water.
Answer:
(D) conservation of soil and water.

Question 5.
Extensive planting of trees to increase forest cover is called :
(A) afforestation
(B) agroforestry
(C) deforestation
(D) social forestry.
Answer:
(A) afforestation

Question 6.
Enviromnent is formed of:
(A) only biotic component
(B) Only abiotic
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of above.
Answer:
(C) Both (A) and (B)

Question 7.
Environment day falls on:
(A) 28th Feb
(B) 23rd March
(C) 5th June
(D) 14th Nov.
Answer:
(C) 5th June

Question 8.
Joint Forest management is an example of:
(A) Political equality
(B) Participatory approach
(C) Food stabilization
(D) Economic equality.
Answer:
(B) Participatory approach

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Chipko Andolan was started by _________ in 1970.
Answer:
Sundar Lai Bahuguna.

Question 2.
Ganga Action Plan was launched in _________
Answer:
1985.

Question 3.
_________ (coal and petroleum) are important sources of energy.
Answer:
Fossil Fuels.

Question 4.
Three R’s to save the environment are Reduce, _________ and _________
Answer:
Recycle, Reuse.

Question 5.
_________ is the ultimate source of energy.
Answer:
Sun.

Question 6.
Tehu Dam is built on _________
Answer:
River Ganga.

Question 7.
Forests provide _________ and plants.
Answer:
Wood, medicinal.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate the following :
(i) Ecosystem and Biome
Answer:

Ecosystem	Biome
1. It is the self sustaining unit.	1. It is the group of ecosystems.
2, It is formed by living organisms and non living environment.	2. It has ecosystems with almost same climate and specific geographical conditions.
3. It is a comparatively small unit of the living world.	3. It is a huge form of living world.

(ii) Food Chain and Food Web
Answer:
Food Chain and Food Web

Food Chain	Food Web
1. It is a food and energy flow in an ecosystem that shows which organism is consumed by the other organism.	1. It is a network of different inter connected food chains of an ecosystem.
2. It is a systematic straight chain of getting food.	2. It is a web composed by various interconnected food chains.
3. There are a few number of trophic levels.	3. There are large number of organisms in it that show natural balance in ecosystem.
4. It is limited and small.	4. It is a web of many food chains.

(iii) Carnivore and Omnivore
Answer:
Carnivore and Omnivore

Carnivore	Omnivore
1. These are flesh eating animals e.g. lion, cheetah, etc.	1. These animals eat both flesh and plants e.g. human beings, eagle, etc.
2. These are given place on 3rd trophic level or above.	2. These are often given place on second trophic level.

Question 2.
Why it is said that flow of energy is always unidirectional?
Answer:
Flow of energy is always unidirectional in this world. Flow of energy begins with the solar energy. Green plants get this energy with the help of photosynthesis. The energy of sun enters the organisms through environment. Only those plants and animals absorb sunlight in which a green pigment called chlorophyll is present. After absorbing this energy, plants change it into chemical energy which is stored in the form of carbohydrates. A part of it is utilized by the plants for their grow’th and development and the rest of energy is released in the form of heat.

Trophic level

Herbivores eat these plants as their food. Chemical energy stored in food enters herbivores w’hen they eat these plants. Organisms spend some part of energy in their normal activities and development and some of its part in respiratory activities. A part of energy, which is not being used, is released as heat. Carnivores eat herbivores organisms and first cycle of energy begins. Energy which is not being used is released as heat. Energy released in the form of heat cannot be reused in the process of photosynthesis by plants. This is why the energy flow is called unidirectional.

Question 3.
Why does food chain become short?
Answer:
Energy flow’ is unidirectional and its transformation takes place at different levels. Energy is always transferred from lower level to the higher levels. Only 10% of the energy gets transferred ahvays when energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. A lot of energy gets wrnsted if many transfers are present there in a food chain. Food chains should be small to save loss of energy.

Maximum energy is wasted if there are many trophic levels in a food chain. To save energy from getting wasted, food chain should be short. During energy transformation in food chain, maximum energy is present at producer level. Energy availability becomes low on moving towards right hand side in a food chain.
e.g. Grass → Grass Hopper → Frog → Snake → Peacock

If all frogs are killed in this chain, then it will be adversely affected. The following changes will be seen :

• Population of grass hoppers will increase.
• Population of snakes will decrease due to non-availability of frogs.
• Population of peacocks will be affected due to less number of snakes.

Due to unwanted and unnecessary deeds of human beings the food chain becomes small and that creates imbalance in nature.

Question 4.
Can there be more than six trophic levels in a food chain? If not, why?
Answer:
Energy transformation takes place at every level of a food chain and energy starts decreasing. After three or four levels, energy remains almost negligible. During photosynthesis plants absorb only 1% of solar energy and rest of the energy goes waste in environment. When herbivores consume plants, only 10% of energy is absorbed by them. If we assume that energy trapped by the sun provides 1000 J then plants absorb only 10 J and herbivores get 1 J from it. In the same way, when carnivores eat herbivores, they trap only 0.01 J of energy. Hence, when level of food chain increases, energy availability becomes low that is why it results in that a food chain cannot have more than six levels. The availability of energy is maximum at producer level and then keeps on decreasing and is least at last level.

Question 5.
In the context of energy which level of food chain is considered beneficial for us? Why?
Answer:
At producer level of food chain, maximum energy is available. It means that closer we are to producer level (plants) more energy we get. That is why in concept of energy, two or three level food chains are considered very beneficial.
Two level food chain : Producer → Human.

Green vegetables etc. are comparatively more beneficial. We get more energy from the vegeterian habits that’s why we get more energy by eating vegetables directly.
Third level food chain : Producer → Goat → Human. The energy which we get from this food chain is less because some amount of energy is absorbed by goat and some amount is released as heat energy and human beings get less amount of energy. This is why we say that second and third level food chains are beneficial for us.

Question 6.
Write in brief the role of decomposers in recycling.
Answer:
All the organisms on earth are differentiated as producers, consumers and decomposers on the basis of their food habits. Decomposers are the organisms which can carry out breakdown of complex organic compounds into simple compounds. They help in decaying dead bodies of plants and animals. These are parasites because simple compounds can also be absorbed by them through their body surface.

Plants absorb minerals from soil through water and carbon-dioxide from air is used in the process of photosynthesis. Major elements which participate in this process are C, N, O, S and P. These elements move to other tropic levels. These elements are released when dead bodies of the plants and animals are decayed with the help of decomposers. These elements can be absorbed by plants and they become a part of cycle again.

Question 7.
What is meant by soil erosion? What are agents of soil erosion? Write effects of soil erosion.
Answer:
Soil Erosion: It is the removal of top, fertile, mineral rich soil layer by water and wind.
Agents of Soil Erosion. The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, each contributing a significant amount of soil loss every year in our country. Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed or it may occur at an alarming rate causing serious loss of top soil.

Worldwide erosion removes about 25.4 billion tons of soil each year.

Effects of soil erosion. It has several adverse effects :

• Loss of productive land.
• Loss of crop/pasture.
• Reduced yield as fertilizers may also be washed out.
• It may damage roads, bridges, trees and houses.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define environment. What are its major components?
Answer:
The immediate surroundings where we live is called our environment. The major components of it are biotic and abiotic.

Biotic components: All living organisms, plants and human beings are considered in biotic components.
Abiotic components: Physical or non-living components include air, water, soil. Air is used for respiration, water is used for drinking and soil (land) where we live. Apart from this there are climatic components like solar energy, heat, light, rain, humidity, air, etc.

Question 2.
What is environmental pollution? Write three examples of non- hiodegradables which are harmful for human beings.
Answer:
Environment is mainly comprised of physical and living components. Any unsuitable change in the natural conditions of these components is called pollution. Environmental pollution is mainly of three types—water pollution, soil pollution, air pollution.

Water pollution is mainly caused due to inorganic waste from various industries. This dirty liquid waste is made to flow in rivers which leads to pollution of river water. Various chemicals used in agricultural lands, excreation in open garbage, dead bodies, etc. are the main causes of soil pollution. Excess percentage of oxygen in air has no ill effect on air but the change in quantity of other gases in air makes it unfit for respiration. This is called air pollution. Decomposition of non-biodegradable substances is very slow and their life is long. e.g. DDT, compounds of arsenic, etc.

Question 3.
How does development affect our environment?
Answer:
Excessive developments always effects our environment. Imbalance in environment is the result of development made by we people. To meet the increasing needs and demands resources are always tapped. For this, we have to depend on environment. Our natural resources are limited. And their unjudicious use gives an adverse effect on environment. Environment gets polluted when land suitable for agriculture is used for making hotels and buildings. In this way development affects our environment.

Question 4.
Define Pollution.
Answer:
The appearance of unwanted and harmful changes in our biological, physical and chemical environment is called pollution. Mainly pollution is of three types—soil, air and water pollution.

Question 5.
Differentiate biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants. Classify the following under the above two categories : DDT, Paper, Cotton cloth, Plastics.
Answer:

Biodegradable pollutants	Non-biodegradable pollutants
1. These pollutants can be broken down into non poisonous substances in nature by the action of living organisms such as bacteria, fungi.	1. These pollutants cannot be broken down into non poisonous substances by living organisms.
2. They get recycled thus do not need any dumping sites.	2. They cannot be recycled thus require dumping sites.
3. They cause minimum environmental pollution. Example : Paper and cotton cloth.	3. They cause environmental pollution. Example : DDT and plastics.

Question 7.
Define Biosphere.
Answer:
Biosphere means: ‘Sphere of living beings’. Land, water and air are present on earth. These help plants and animals to live. All these three combine together as a unit to help the survival of life on earth. It is the largest biological system and is called biosphere.

Question 8.
What happens when we add waste to the environment? Explain.
Answer:
Problems caused by the wastes

• Solid waste is a great environmental hazard.
• Plastic and their waste products such as carry bags, waste glasses, bottles, cups, plates are most dangerous as they choke in drain.
• They cause soil pollution and degrade the soil.
• They prevent growth of vegetation when dumped underground.
• Water pollution will make the water non-potable.
• The plastic waste when mixed with municipal waste make them unfit for recycling.
• Non-biodegradable substances may be inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time and may harm various members of the ecosystem.

Question 9.
List the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystem.
Answer:
Differences between Biotic and Abiotic components of ecosystem

Biotic Components:

• Biotic components of an ecosystem are those living substances which are different members of a community.
• Biotic components of an ecosystem are :
  1. Producers
  2. Consumers
  3. Decomposers

Abiotic Components

• Abiotic components are non-living factors.
• It includes water, minerals, salts, humidity, light, temperature, pH, wind, topography and background.

Question 8.
Explain functions of ecosystem.
Answer:
Functions of ecosystem

• Energy flow: The energy flow from producers to consumers. There is loss of energy at every trophic level.
• Biogeochemical cycle: The cyclic flow of nutrients between non-living environment and living organisms is called biogeochemical cycles.

Question 9.
List the key functional aspects of ecosystems.
Answer:

• Productivity and energy flow.
• Nutrient cycling.
• Development and stabilization.

Question 10.
Differentiate between producers and consumers.
Answer:

Producers	Consumers
1. The organisms which can prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis are called producers.	1. The organisms which are dependent on other organisms for their food are called consumers.
2. Green plants are called producers.	2. All animals are called consumers.

Question 11.
How different levels will be affected if frogs are removed from the following food chain?
Grass → Grass Hopper → Frog → Snake → Peacock
Answer:

• Number of grass hoppers will increase on removing frogs.
• Grass will decrease due to increase in population of grass hoppers.
• Due to less grass, there wall be struggle between grass hoppers for their survival.
• Due to non-availability of frogs, snakes and peacocks will start consuming some different food for their survival.
• Snakes and peacocks may change their place for getting their food.

Question 12.
Write food chains of various trophic levels. At which level energy will be maximum?
Answer:
Examples of food chain are :

• Plants → human
• Grass → deer → snake
• Grass → insects → frog → snake
• Alga → small organism → small fish → large fish
• Grass → grass hopper → frog → snake → peacock.

In these food chains, first level is always of producers.

In these food chains :
1st is two-level, 2nd is three-level, 3rd and 4th are four-level and 5th is five-level food chain.

Question 13.
How does energy reach from environment to the consumer and in which form?
Answer:
Plants have green pigment in them called chlorophyll due to which they can trap solar energy. Energy from environment enters through photosynthesis. 1% of sunlight is used by the plants through photosynthesis. Plants change this energy to chemical energy and is stored in the form of carbohydrates. A part of this energy is used in respiration by the plants which helps in their growth and development. Chemical energy stored in the eatable goes to the first trophic level (herbivores) and is used for respiration and growth.

Question 14.
What will happen if all the decomposers are removed from the ecosys¬tem?
Answer:
If the decomposers are removed from the ecosystem :

• Complex organic matter will not be broken. So nutrients will not return to nutrient pool.
• Different nutrient cycles will be disturbed.
• Balance in the eco-system will be disturbed.
• Waste materials will get accumulated.

Question 15.
Write four characteristics of food web.
Or
What is food web?
Answer:
Characteristics of Food Web

• Unlike food chains, food webs are never straight.
• Food web is formed by inter-linking of food chains.
• Food web helps in ecosystem development.
• Food web provides alternative pathways of food availability. Example, if a particular species of producers is destroyed by a disease in the ecosystem the herbivores of that area can feed on other species of producers.

Question 16.
What results do you get from the transformation of energy?
Answer:
Energy transformation takes place from producer to consumer in a food chain. Following results are found from this transformation :

• Energy is changed from one form to the other. During photosynthesis light energy changes to chemical energy. Only plants can transform energy from one form to another. This is why they are called as transformers.
• Energy level during transformation continuously decreases from one trophic level to the other trophic level. Some part of energy is utilised by these for their growth and the remaining is released in the form of heat.
• The energy available at any trophic level becomes less than the energy at producer level.

Question 17.
How do harmful insecticides concentrate in our bodies?
Answer:
Many pesticides are sprayed on crops to protect them from various pests and diseases. These chemicals get dissolved in water and by dripping through soil reach the underground water level. Plants absorb these with other minerals in the form of water received from the soil. In this way, they enter our food chain. During transformation of energy at different levels of food chain, these chemicals get concentrated in our bodies.

These harmful chemicals are found in large amount in human bodies. Concentration of DDT is maximum in our bodies which is used as insecticide to kill mosquitoes.

Question 18.
How are human beings responsible for ecological imbalance?
Answer:
Various modern agricultural techniques are used by man which are responsible for ecological imbalance because of the following reasons :

• Use of machinery and other impliments.
• Use of fertilizers and harmful medicines.
• Burning animal dung and other things.
• Deep Mining.

Question 19.
(i) What is 10% law?
Answer:
According to this law only 10% of energy is transferred to the organisms of next trophic level from the previous one.

(ii) Which man will get more energy-vegetarian or meat eater? Give reason.
Answer:
By energy concept, herbivores are more benefitted.

Reason: Plants are at first trophic level. 10% of the energy is transferred to next level which clears that herbivores (vegetarians) get more energy as compared to carnivores (meat eaters).

Question 20.
Explain with the help of a diagram how is life on earth dependent on sun?
Answer:
In biosphere various organisms live and all these are dependent on sun for their various activities. Sun is the basic and ultimate source of energy. Solar energy enters the biosphere through photosynthesis.

Life on Earth is dependent upon Sun.

Question 21.
How is ecological balance maintained?
Answer:
Food chains are connected in nature. Sometimes, a level of food chain comes to an end. Then that food chain connects itself to some other level of the food chains and stability remains maintained. The flow of food material and energy remains intact. If all deers living in a forest are destroyed, then lion will start killing some other animal as it’s alternative and will complete the cycle. Ecological balance is thus maintained by nature.

Question 22.
Name the chemicals which are considered responsible for hole in ozone layer.
Answer:

• Aerosols
• Modern fire extinguishers
• Nuclear Explosion
• Halogen
• Sulphate aerosol
• CFCs, (Chlorofluoro carbons), CBC (Chlorobromo carbons) etc. which are used in refrigeration.

Question 23.
Name the activities of human beings those have caused much harm to environment.
Answer:

• Rapidly increasing population
• Industrialisation
• Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides
• Deforestation
• Mining of mountains
• Excess use of fossil fuels
• Misuse of fertile agricultural land
• Unplanned and uncontrolled expansion of cities.

Question 24.
Name the problems created by human beings for whole of the world.
Answer:

• Depletion of ozone layer
• Acid rain
• Rapid changes in environment
• Natural disasters-Land slides, Floods
• Mountain Slide
• Green house effect
• Irregular rainfall
• Increase in Cancer, Heart diseases etc.
• Drought and expansion of deserts.

Question 25.
Distinguish between decomposers and parasites.
Answer:

Decomposers	Parasites.
1. These are often not harmful for living beings.	1. These cause harm to living beings.
2. These change complex carbonic material to simple carbon matter and absorb them. Example: Mushroom.	2. These get their food from the bodies of other living beings. Example: Ascaris, Taenea.

Question 26.
A food chain is given below :
Grass → Deer → Lion
What will happen if lion is removed from this food chain?
Answer:
If all lions are removed from this food chain the growth of deer will become uncontrolled and their number will increase very rapidly. They will graze the grass to its extinction and that area will change into a desert.

Question 27.
Think about the food chains given below :
(I) Plants → Rats → Snakes → Hawks
(II) Plants → Rats → Hawks
If in these two food chains 100 joule of energy is present in both at the producer level, write from which food chain will hawk get more energy and how much? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Hawks will get more energy from three steps food chain because hawks are comparatively nearer to the plants. According to 10% law, energy available to next level is 10% of the energy transferred from the previous level. Hawks will get more energy in second food chain and that will be (10 – 01) joule excess.

Question 28.
Explain with the help of a food chain how does bio-magnification of harmful chemicals take place.
Answer:
The entry of harmful chemicals in our food chain with the help of various methods and its continuous accumulation and concentration is called bio-magnification.

These chemicals can enter our bodies by many means. Suppose 0 02 ppm insecticide was there in water of a lake. 5 ppm of it got concentrated in phytoplankton and 240 ppm in fish. Consumed 1600 ppm insecticide was accumulated in those birds who consumed these fishes. It clearly shows that bio-magnification increases with the increase in food chain.

Question 29.
If plants get 20,000 J of energy from sun, how much energy will be available to lion in the following food chain? Calculate.
Plants → Deer → Lion
Answer:
We know that 10% energy flow takes from one trophic level to the other.
∴ Lion will get only 20 J of energy.

Question 30.
Why do the food habits of first and third tropic levels differ?
Answer:
First trophic level is a result of producers. All green plants are related to first trophic level. They are autotrophs whereas third trophic level is of carnivores. They are second level consumers.

Question 31.
How much joules of energy will be received by vulture in the chain of three living beings—vulture, snakes and paddy. Sun provides 10,000 J energy to Paddy.
Answer:
Food chain
Wheat → Mouse → Snake → Vulture

According to 10% law, only 10% of energy will be available to next level. That’s why vulture will get 10 J of energy.

Question 32.
How does ecological pyramid represents the graphical representation of food system of living being in biosphere?
Answer:
Ecological pyramid shows the graphical representation of food chain and its various trophic levels. Ecological pyramid shows different trophic levels in such a way that base of it is shown by producer. As we move from base to upper direction the higher trophic levels are seen. The peak of pyramid is shown by extreme carnivores.

Ecological pyramid of food system in living beings

Question 33.
How is ozone made in atmosphere? How is it depleting?
Answer:
O₃ molecule is a result of combining three atoms of oxygen. The oxygen molecule has two atoms of oxygen. Oxygen is necessary for respiration of organisms. But ozone is deadly poisonous in nature. At higher levels of atmosphere ozone performs a vital role. It protects earth from ultra violet radiations coming from sun towards earth. U.V. radiations are extremely harmful for all organisms on earth. These radiations causes skin cancer. On the higher level of air U.V. radiations disintegrate O₂ and produces free oxygen (O). The free atom of oxygen (O) combines with oxygen that results in the formation of ozone (O₃).

Question 34.
In railway trains, tea/coffee is served in earthen pots and disposal cups made of paper? What are the harms of it?
Answer:
Tea/Coffee is served in railway trains just because of two reasons-cleanliness and convenience. But soil of fertile lands is used for making these cups which is very harmful for the fertility of agricultural lands. Also disposal paper cups are made of paper which is made of wood. It is very difficult to recycle these. It will increase the process of deforestation. These cups also cause pollution.

Our environment will get disturbed because of this.

Question 35.
What is ozone hole? What is its significance?
Answer:
Ozone hole: It means a complete disappearance of ozone layer over a part of atmosphere. During the period 1956-1970 the spring time 03 layer thickness above Antarctica varied from 280-325 Dobson unit. Thickness was sharply reduced to 225 DU in 1979 and 136 DU in 1985. The decline in ozone layer thickness is called ozone hole. It was first noted in 1985 over Antarctica.

Cooling of the stratosphere (where ozonosphere is located) will produce bigger ozone hole not only over Antarctica but also over Arctic region. Ozone layer will further thin out
from rest of the stratosphere. It will be accompanied by major climatic changes all over the globe. Forests will be wiped out from many places. Radio communications will be disrupted.

Question 36.
Write the harmful effects of ozone depletion.
Answer:
Effects of ozone depletion

• UV radiation striking the earth and these radiations cause skin cancer and damage to eye.
• These damage defence (immune) system of body.
• May lead to variations in global rainfall.
• It causes ecological disturbances such as floods, shortage of food etc.

Question 37.
Explain global warming.
Answer:
Global Warming or Greenhouse Effect: Carbon dioxide content of the air is increasing due to deforestation and combustion in industries, automobiles and planes, and is likely to become double by 2020. This increase is affecting the atmospheric composition and balance gases, which are among the factors that control earth’s climate.

Green house

Increase of carbon dioxide may cause rise in atmospheric temperature, producing what is called the greenhouse effect. A rise of global temperature by more than 2 or 3 degrees may melt glaciers and polar ice. This will cause rise in ocean level and consequent flooding of coastal towns and submission of islands. Rainfall pattern may also change, affecting agricultural output.

Question 38.
How is acid rain formed? Effect
Answer:
Acid rain: When S02 and S03 produced from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and smelting of non-ferrous metals combine with water, form H2S03 and H2S04. They fall down in the form of rain, it is called acid rain.

Question 39.
What is global warming?
Answer:
The increase in global temperature due to rise in amount of C02 concentration in the atmosphere.

Question 40.
List four common disposal methods.
Answer:

1. Incineration: Reduction to ashes.
2. Recycling: Recovery and processing to be used again.
3. Composting: Converting into compost to be used as manure.
4. Landfill: Bury the waste in low lying area.

Question 41.
Complete the sketch by labelling A, B, C, D to illustrate food web.

Food Web
Answer:
Food web:
(A) Rats
(B) Frog
(C) Snake
(D) Vulture.

Question 42
Match the following :

Column I	Column II
(a) Phyto planktons	(i) Fish
(b) Larvae/Insects	(ii) Bird
(c) Carnivore	(iii) Primary Consumers
(d) Top Carnivore	(iv) Producers.

Answer:

Column I	Column II
(a) Phyto planktons	(iv) Producers.
(b) Larvae/Insects	(iii) Primary Consumers
(c) Carnivore	(iii) Primary Consumers
(d) Top Carnivore	(ii) Bird

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the word environment?
Answer:
Environment is the sum total of all external conditions and influences that affect the life and development of an organism i.e. the environment includes all physical or abiotic and biological or biotic factors.

Question 2.
Where do different countries discuss their problem based on environmental issues?
Answer:
Developed and developing countries discuss their issues regarding environmental problems in world conferences regularly.

Question 3.
In whi ch biogeochemical cycles do various interactions take place?
Answer:
Nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and water cycles.

Question 4.
Which substances are called waste substafices?
Answer:
Substances which become unuseful and remain of no worth for us are called waste substances.

Question 5.
What helps in digestion of food in our body?
Answer:
Enzymes.

Question 6.
Which substances are specific in their action?
Answer:
Enzymes.

Question 7.
Which man made material cannot be decomposed by bacteria and decomposers?
Answer:
Plastic.

Question 8.
Which physical conditions affect plastic?
Answer:
Heat and Pressure.

Question 9.
What are biodegradable sub-stances?
Answer:
The substances which get decomposed in their life cycle by decomposers are bio-degradable substances.

Question 10.
Give four examples of biodegrad-able substances.
Answer:
Peals of fruits and vegetables, paper, fodder, husk.

Question 11.
What are non-biodegradable substances?
Answer:
Those substances which cannot be decomposed throughout their life by the decomposers are called non-biodegradable substances.

Question 12.
Give two examples of non-biodegradable substances.
Answer:
Plastic, Glass.

Question 13.
Give examples of natural ecosystem.
Answer:
Forest, ponds, lakes.

Question 14.
Give two examples of man made ecosystem.
Answer:
Garden, Agricultural field.

Question 15.
In which three categories are the organisms categorised?
Answer:
Producers, consumers and decomposers.

Question 16.
What are Producers?
Answer:
The organisms those convert inorganic substances into organic substance during photosynthesis with the help of sunlight and chlorophyll are called producers.

Question 17.
Give two examples of organisms which can do photo-synthesis.
Answer:
Green plants and blue green algae.

Question 18.
On what do all organisms directly or indirectly dependent for their food?
Answer:
Producers which means plants undergoing photosynthesis.

Question 19.
What are consumers?
Answer:
The organisms which depend directly or indirectly on producers for food are called consumers.

Question 20.
Give four examples of consumers.
Answer:
Human beings, Lion, Monkey, Sparrow.

Question 21.
Which two organisms decompose waste substances?
Answer:
Microbes and Fungi.

Question 22.
Why are micro-organisms called decomposers?
Answer:
Micro-organisms convert complex organic substances into simple inorganic substances which mix with the soil and are again used by plants.

Question 23.
Where are living organisms found?
Answer:
They are found in sea water, ice-covered regions, air and soil.

Question 24.
What is biosphere?
Answer:
All environmental regions found on earth and the organisms living there together form biosphere.

Question 25.
List four components which help in making biosphere a non-living component.
Answer:
Air, water, soil and minerals are non-living components of biosphere.

Question 26.
Do living and non-living components dependent on each other?
Answer:
Yes, they are dependent on each other and affect each other also.

Question 27.
List the living components of biosphere.
Answer:
Plants and organisms.

Question 28.
What is the main activity of decomposers?
Answer:
The micro-organisms decompose the dead remains of plants and animals. This category comprises microbes and fungi.

Question 29.
Give one example each of autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Answer:
Autotrophs—Green plants Heterotrophs—Human beings.

Question 30.
Is energy increased or decreased during transformation in food chain?
Answer:
Energy is decreased at every coming trophic level.

Question 31.
Grass → deer → lion.
Who is the producer and why?
Answer:
Grass is the producer because it traps sunlight to store food in form of carbohydrates.

Question 32.
What are omnivores?
Answer:
Organisms which eat both plants and flesh of other animals are called omnivores, e.g. Man.

Question 33.
Name two ecosystems of this world.
Answer:
Forests and oceans.

Question 34.
Grass → insects → frog → birds → human.
In this food chain (i) Who gets maximum energy? (ii) Who gets minimum energy?
Answer:
Insects get maximum energy and human beings get least energy.

Question 35.
Give an example of food chain in water.
Answer:
Algae → small organisms → small fish → large fish.

Question 36.
What is formed when various food chains combine?
Answer:
Food web.

Question 37.
Who will get more energy-herbivores or carnivores?
Answer:
Herbivores.

Question 38.
What is the main activity of food chain?
Answer:
Transformation of food and energy are main activities of food chain.

Question 39.
What are planktons?
Answer:
Planktons are extremely small micro-organisms which float independently in ponds, sea, rivers, etc.

Question 40.
What are phytoplanktons?
Answer:
Phytoplanktons are producers those can easily float on the surface of water.

Question 41.
What are zooplanktons?
Answer:
These are very small living beings which feed on phytoplanktons e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium etc.

Question 42.
Which organisms produce food material?
Answer:
Green plants are the producers

Question 43.
Give an example of a producer of water food chain.
Answer:
Algae.

Question 44.
How is energy transferred?
Answer:
Energy enters through abiotic components and is released in the from of heat.

Question 45.
How are eagle and vultures important components of our environment?
Answer:
Eagle and vultures live by eating dead bodies of animals so they play a vital role in food chains.

Question 46.
What are trophic levels?
Answer:
The levels at which food is transferred in a food chain is called trophic levels.

Question 47.
Who forms food chain?
Answer:
Organisms participating at different levels of this chain, form the food chain.

Question 48.
What form trophic levels?
Answer:
Each level of a food chain forms a trophic level.

Question 49.
Who are related to first trophic level?
Answer:
Autotrophs or producers.

Question 50.
Who are the organisms of second trophic level?
Answer:
Herbivores or first level consumers.

Question 51.
Give two examples of third trophic level organisms.
Answer:
Lion, Cheetah (Jaguar).

Question 52.
How much amount of solar energy is trapped by green plants?
Answer:
10%.

Question 53.
How much percentage of food can be transferred to next trophic level?
Answer:
10%.

Question 54.
How many levels are there in normal food chain?
Answer:
Three or four levels.

Question 55.
At which level is the population maximum?
Answer:
Producer level.

Question 56.
In whose body of some living being is the most toxic chemical accumulated?
Answer:
Human’s body.

Question 57.
What is the reason of accumulation of the most harmful substances in human’s body?
Answer:
Biological magnification.

Question 58.
How many atoms of oxygen combine to form ozone?
Answer:
Three atoms.

Question 59.
From what does ozone layer protect earth?
Answer:
From U.V. radiations.

Question 60.
What harm can be caused to human beings by U.V. radiations?
Answer:
It causes skin cancer.

Question 61.
What decomposes atoms of oxygen (02) to free oxygen (O) at the higher level of air?
Answer:
U.V. radiations of higher energy.

Question 62.
Since when the level of ozone has started decreasing in atmosphere?
Answer:
Since 1980.

Question 63.
What is the root cause of depletion of ozone layer?
Answer:
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s).

Question 64.
Where are CFC’s mainly used?
Answer:
In refrigeraters and fire extinguishers.

Question 65.
What agreement was accepted by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1987?
Answer:
Agreement to freeze CFC production at 1986 levels.

Question 66.
How improvement in our life style has affect garbage?
Answer:
Garbage has increased.

Question 67.
Which type of garbage has increased with the change in packaging material?
Answer:
Non-biodegradable waste has increased.

Question 68.
Name any two water pollutants.
Answer:

1. Domestic sewage.
2. Industrial effluents.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Biotic components include:
(A) producers only
(B) consumers only
(C) producers and consumers only
(D) producers, consumers and decomposers.
Answer:
(D) producers, consumers and decomposers.

Question 2.
The word ecosystem was coined by:
(A) Writer
(B) Tansley
(C) Odum
(D) Darwin.
Answer:
(B) Tansley

Question 3.
Green plants are:
(A) autotrophs
(B) heterotrophs
(C) parasites
(D) saprophytes.
Answer:
(A) autotrophs

Question 4.
Which organism Is a decomposer?
(A) Vukure
(B) Fungus
(C) Fox
(D) Frog.
Answer:
(B) Fungus

Question 5.
Grass-insect-frog-snake-hawk. In this food chain the secondary consumers are:
(A) insects
(B) frog
(C) snake
(D) grass.
Answer:
(B) frog

Question 6.
Which one is a primary consumer in a pond ecosystem?
(A) Green algae
(B) Zooplankton
(C) Snake
(D) Bacteria.
Answer:
(B) Zooplankton

Question 7.
The best arrangement of an energy system consisting of hawks, snakes, mice and grasses is:
(A) grass → mice → snake → hawks
(B) grass → snake → mice → hawks
(C) grass → mice — hawks → snakes
(D) mice → snake → hawks → grass.
Answer:
(A) grass → mice → snake → hawks

Question 8.
They can be put in the category of primary consumers:
(A) Eagles and tigers
(B) Fishes and whales
(C) Snakes and frogs
(D) Insects and cattles.
Answer:
(D) Insects and cattles.

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
_________ and _________ are examples of non-biodegradables wastes.
Answer:
Plastics, metal.

Question 2.
_________ and _________ are examples of artificial ecosystem.
Answer:
Crop field, aquarium.

Question 3.
Plants prepare their own food by trapping solar energy and are called _________
Answer:
Producers.

Question 4.
_________ is a unit of environment and can be identified and studied.
Answer:
Ecosystem.

Question 5.
Each step in a food chain constitute _________
Answer:
Trophic level.

Question 6.
Thinning in ozone layer allows harmful _________ rays to reach earth surface.
Answer:
UV.

Question 7.
Burning of waste in low lying area is called _________
Answer:
Land fill.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 15 Our Environment Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15 Our Environment

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Our Environment Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following groups contains only biodegradable items :
(A) Grass, flowers and leather
(B) Grass, wood and plastic
(C) Fruit-peels, cake and lime-juice
(D) Cake, wood and grass.
Answer:
(A), (C) and (D) groups.

Question 2.
Which of the following constitute a food chain?
(A) Grass, wheat and mango
(B) Grass, goat and human
(C) Goat, cow and elephant
(D) Grass, fish and goat.
Answer:
(B) Grass, goat and human.

Question 3.
Which of the following are environment-friendly practices?
(A) Carrying cloth-bags to put purchases in while shopping
(B) Switching off unnecessary lights and fans
(C) Walking to school instead of getting your mother to drop you on her scooter
(D) All of the above.
Answer:
(D) All of the above.

Question 4.
What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level?
Answer:

• If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, imbalances will be created in the food chain.
• The population of organisms in pervious trophic level will increase. If we kill population of frogs in the following food chain, the population of insects will increase to a great level and in turn they will damage the green plants.
  Green plants → Insects → Frog
• The population of organisms in the next trophic level will decrease.

Question 5.
Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different trophic levels? Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem?
Answer:

• If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, imbalances will be created in the food chain.
• The population of organisms in pervious trophic level will increase. If we kill population of frogs in the following food chain, the population of insects will increase to a great level and in turn they will damage the green plants.
  Green plants → Insects → Frog
• The population of organisms in the next trophic level will decrease..

Question 6.
What is biological magnification? Will the levels of this magnification be different at different levels of the ecosystem?
Or
What is biological magnification? What are its effects?
Answer:
Biological magnification. The phenomenon in which the harmful pollutants (such as pesticides) enter the food chain and get concentrated more and more at each successive trophic level of organisms is called biological magnification.
The level of biological magnification will be different at different trophic levels of the ecosystem.

This can be illustrated by the following example :
A large number of toxic chemicals like pesticides, weedicides, insecticides and fungi-cides are used to protect the crop plants from pests and diseases. Some of these chemi-cals get mixed up with the soil whereas others get washed down into the surface water bodies like ponds, rivers, etc., and the underground water bodies.

Water in a pond, lake or river contain only a small amount (0.02 ppm) of the harmful chemicals. The algae (phytoplankton) and protozoa (zooplankton) which utilize this wa-ter, contain a higher proportion (5 ppm). The fish which feeds on these organisms has a still higher amount of chemicals (240 ppm.) Birds which feed on these fish contain the highest amount (1600 ppm).

Therefore, we observe that as we go higher and higher in the food chain, the concentration of pesticides in the body of the organisms gradually increases. For example, in the above cited example, the biological magnification of harmful pesticides goes up to 8000 times from water to fish eating birds.

Effects of biological magnification. This is the reason why our food grains such as wheat and rice, vegetable and fruits and even meat contain varying amounts of pesticides residues. So, the highest trophic level at the extreme right of food chain has the maximum concentration of harmful chemicals in a food-chain.

Question 7.
What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generate?
Or
Explain two ways in which non-biodegradable substances affect our envi¬ronment.
Answer:
Problems caused by non-biodegradable wastes

• Non-biodegradable solid waste is a great environmental hazard.
• Plastic and their waste products such as carry bags, waste glasses, bottles, cups, plates are most dangerous. They choke in drain.
• They cause soil pollution and degrade the soil.
• They prevent growth of vegetation when dumped underground.
• Water pollution will make this water not fit for drinking.
• The plastic wastes when mixed with municipal waste make them unfit for recycling.
• Non-biodegradable substances may be inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time and may harm various members of the ecosystem.

Question 8.
If all the wastes we generate is biodegradable, will this have no impact on the enviroment?
Answer:
If all the wastes are biodegradable they will help in maintaining a neat, clean and stable environment.

Question 9.
Why damage to the ozone layer is a cause of concern? What steps are being taken to limit this damage?
Answer:
Ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation of the sunlight which is very harmful to human beings. If the ozone layer in the atmosphere is depleted, these radiations would reach the earth and would cause many damages such as skin cancer, genetic disorders in human and other living beings.

The steps taken to limit the damage of ozone layer are as follows :

• Judicious use of aerosol spray propellants such as fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons which cause depletion or hole in ozone layer.
• Limited use of supersonic planes.
• Control over large scale nuclear explosions.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Our Environment InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why are some substances biodegradable and some non-biodegradable?
Answer:
Some substances such as paper, clothes, vegetables, wood etc. can be broken down into simple substances by the action of living organisms or biological processes in nature are said to be biodegradable.

There are other substances such as metals, plastics etc. which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by the action of living organisms or biological processes are termed non-biodegradable substances.

Question 2.
Give any two ways in which biodegradable substances would affect the environment.
Answer:

• Biodegradable substances get simplified by the action of micro-organisms and the simple components are restored to environment, organisms or biological processes.
• They help in recycling. Gobar gas plant is best example of recycling in which dung and faeces are utilized to produce gas for cooking and the remains form important manures.
• Organic matter of biodegradable substances cause the growth of mosquitoes, flies etc. which spread diseases.

Question 3.
Give any two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment.
Answer:

• The non-biodegradable substances add to the pollution.
• Biomagnification of pesticides such as D.D.T. in the body of living system is very harmful.
• Solid waste leads to generation of methane which is causing global warming.

Question 4.
What are trophic levels? Give an example of food chain and state the different trophic levels in it.
Answer:
Trophic levels. The various steps in a food chain where transfer of food (energy) takes place are called trophic levels. Producer formed by green plants form first trophic level in a food chain.

Food chain: It is a sequential list of one organism consuming the other.

A simplest form of food chain is represented as
Producer → Herbivore → Carnivore

Characters of food chain.

Topic levels-a food chain

• It is always straight.
• In shorter food chain, the greater is the available energy.
• The number of steps in any food chain is restricted to four or five.
• There is always unidirectional flow of energy in a food chain.

Question 5.
What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem?
Answer:
These oganisms feed on the dead bodies of plants and animals. Bacteria, fungi and some lower invertebrates are examples of decomposer. They breakdown the organic components into simple inorganic molecules. They carry out natural process of decomposition. They return the simple components to soil and help in making the steady state of ecosystem. Decomposers are essential component of an ecosystem. They create a balance in the environment. They are called natural changing agents.

Question 6.
What is ozone and how does it affect any ecosystem?
Answer:
Ozone. Ozone is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen in the presence of

• Oxygen is essential for all aerobic forms of life but ozone is a deadly poison.
• Ozone is very poisonous at ground level. Ozone performs an important function at the higher level of the atmosphere.
• Ozone absorbs UV rays from the sun. Thus protects the living system on earth from any kind of damage.

Question 7.
How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal? Give any two methods.
Answer:

• Recycling of wastes
• Reduction at source
• Better management
• Vermicomposting
• Use of eco-friendly products such as disposable paper cups in place of plastic cups.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Voice Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Voice

Change the Voice in the following sentences.

Question 1.
1. She will water the plants.
2. We expect happy news.
3. Does Raghu speak the truth?
4. They did not listen to me.
5. He helped his father in his old age.
6. The children were collecting stamps.
7. Columbus discovered America.
8. You cannot always expect such wonders.
9. Somebody has stolen my camera.
10. The boss has accepted my proposal.
11. I know his ways.
12. Do not insult your elders.
13. The teacher will punish the naughty boys.
14. Your behaviour displeased me.
15. Am I favouring you ?
Answer:
1. The plants will be watered by her.
2. Happy news is expected by us.
3. Is the truth spoken by Raghu ?
4. I was not listened to by them.
5. His father was helped in his old age by him.
6. Stamps were being collected by the children.
7. America was discovered by Columbus.
8. Such wonders cannot be expected always.
9. My camera has been stolen.
10. My proposal has1 been accepted by the boss.
11. His ways are known to me.
12. Your elders should not be insulted.
13. The naughty boys will be punished by the teach
14. I was displeased with your behaviour
15. Are you being favoured by plan

Question 2.
1. A race is run by them.
2. Who had been fined ?
3. A noise was made by you.
4. By whom are you taught English ?
5. It has to be learnt by heart.
6. Nothing will be done by them.
7. What is wanted by you ?
8. They were being taught by us.
9. The beggar was being insulted by them.
10. He will not have been abused by us.
11. I should not be disturbed.
12. My camera has been stolen by her.
13. This picture has been painted by me.
14. The thieves were caught by the police.
15. The child was knocked down by a car.
Answer:
1. They are running a race.
2. Who had fined him / her ?
3. You mame noise.
4. Who teaches you English ?
5. One has to learn it by heart.
6. Men will do nothing.
7. What do you want ?
8. We were teaching they them.
9. They were insulting the beggar.
10. We will not have abused
11. Nobody should disturb me.
12. She has stolen my camera.
13. I am have painted this picture.
14. The police caught the thieves.
15. A car knocked down the child.

Question 3.
1. I have seen this.
2. Nobody has touched it.
3. One must do one’s duty.
4. It is time to have tea.
5. He may avoid you.
6. Have you called out the roll ?
7. The police have arrested him.
8. May I smoke?
9. Let her sing.
10. They say that honesty is the best policy.
Answer:
1. This has been seen by me.
2. It has not been touched by anybody.
3. Duty must be done.
4. It is time for tea to be had.
5. You may be avoided by him.
6. Has the roll been called out by you ?
7. He has been arrested (by the police).
8. May I be permitted to smoke ?
9. She should be allowed to sing.
10. It is said that honesty is the best policy.

Question 4.
1. What cannot be cured must be endured.
2. It was hoped that he would pass.
3. Let the match be played by them.
4. It is said that virtue is its own reward.
5. You may be avoided by him.
6. His name will have to be struck off.
7. You are requested to listen to him.
8. I am astonished at his way of talking.
9. It should be done.
10. It is time to call in the doctor.
Answer:
1. One must endure what cannot be cured.
2. We hoped that he would pass
3. Let them play the match.
4. They say that virtue is its own reward.
5. He may avoid you.
6. They will have to strike off his name.
7. I request you to listen to him.
8. His way of talking astonishes me.
9. You should do it.
10. It is time for the doctor to be called in.

Question 5.
1. A meeting is being held here.
2. The bond was signed.
3. Duty must be done.
4. They were refused admission to this school.
5. Many persons were thrown out of jobs.
6. They were forced to listen.
7. What cannot be cured must be endured.
8. The child has been named Udit.
9. Promises will always be kept.
10. I was made captain of the school cricket team.
Answer:
1. They are holding a meeting here.
2. They signed the bond.
3. One must do one’s duty.
4. The Principal refused to admit them to this school.
5. The company threw many persons out of jobs.
6. He forced them to listen
7. One must endure what cannot be cured.
8. The parents have named the child Udit.
9. We will always keep our promises.
10. They made me captain of the school cricket team.

Question 6.
1. He is a man to trust.
2. I shall have to strike off his name. (His name will have to be struck off.)
3. Women like men to flatter them.
4. I want to buy this car.
5. He wants to become a pilot.
6. Shall I have to punish him ?
7. You have to do it.
8. It is time to say goodbye.
9. I have a lot yet to do.
10. He is a person to rely on.
Answer:
1. He is a man to be trusted.
2. His name will have to be struck off.
3. Women like to be flattered by men.
4. It is wanted by me to buy this car.
5. Becoming a pilot is wanted by him.
6. Will he have to be punished by me ?
7. It has to be done by you.
8. It is time for goodbye to be said.
9. A lot is yet to be done by me.
10. He is a person to be relied on.

Question 7.
1. Why did you abuse me ?
2. Who told a lie ?
3. When did you see the star ?
4. How has the teacher marked her absent ?
5. When did you pluck these flowers ?
Answer:
1. Why was I abused by you ?
2. By whom was a lie told ?
3. When was the star seen by you ?
4. How has she been marked absent by the teacher ?
5. When were these flowers plucked by you ?

Question 8.
1. Help everybody.
2. Help me, please.
3. Never waste your time.
4. Speak no evil of anybody.
5. Post this letter.
6. Learn it by heart.
7. Do not make a noise.
8. Show the guests in.
9. Kindly grant me leave.
10. Sit down, please.
Answer:
1. Everybody should be helped.
2. I may please be helped.
3. Never let your time be wasted.
4. Let not evil of anybody be spoken
5. Let this letter be posted.
6. It should be learned by heart.
7. Let a noise not be made.
8. The guests should be shown in.
9. I may kindly be granted leave.
10. You are requested to sit down.

Question 9.
1. Is this book being sold well ?
2. Quinine tastes bitter.
3. Is this medicine sweet when tasted ?
4. Sea water is saltish when tasted.
5. Does honey taste sweet ?
Answer:
1. Is this book selling well ?
2. Quinine is bitter when tasted.
3. Does this medicine taste sweet ?
4. Sea water tastes saltish.
5. Is honey sweet when – tasted ?

Question 10.
1. He may join the strike.
2. You can do it.
3. I cannot digest it.
4. Why should I do it ?
5. You should teach him a lesson.
6. You should respect your elders.
7. You ought to help the poor.
8. We should not laugh at others.
9. We must respect our elders.
10. You need not send this letter.
Answer:
1. The strike may be joined by him.
2. It can be done by you.
3. It cannot be digested by me.
4. Why should it be done by me ?
5. He should be taught a lesson by you.
(Or)
A lesson should be taught to him by you.
6. Your elders should be respected by you.
7. The poor ought to be helped by you.
8. Others should not be laughed at by us.
9. Our elders must be respected by us.
10. This letter need not be sent (by you)

Question 11.
1. He did not allow her to sit.
2. Parents should not over-protect their children.
3. You have to do it.
4. Why did you laugh at the poor man?
5. He is playing the game.
6. What did you see there?
7. I love my parents.
8. He has been arrested.
9. She was dismissed from service.
10. How can you solve this sum ?
Answer:
1. She was not allowed to sit by him.
2. The children should not be over protected by their parents.
3. It has to be done by you.
4. Why was the poor me in laughed at by you ?
5. The game is being played by him.
6. What was see n there by you ?
7. My parents are loved by me.
8. The police has arrested him
9. The boss dismissed her from service.
10. How can this sum be solved ( by you)

Active Voice

जिस वाक्य में Subject का सीधा सम्बन्ध Verb के साथ होता है (अर्थात् कर्ता के अनुसार क्रिया का रूप निर्धारित होता है), उसे Active Voice का वाक्य कहा जाता है। Passive Voice-जिस वाक्य में कर्म के अनुसार क्रिया का रूप निर्धारित होता है (और कर्ता का क्रिया पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं होता), उसे Passive Voice का वाक्य कहा जाता है।

Present Indefinite Tense

(is / am / are +V₃)

Active	Passive
1. She helps the, poor. 2. We expect good news. 3. I know him. 4. Radha does not sing a song. 5. Who teaches you English ? 6. What do you want ?	1. The poor are helped by her. 2. Good news is expected by us. 3. He is known to me. 4. A song is not sung by Radha. 5. By whom are you taught English ? 6. What is wanted by you ?

Change the Voice in the following sentences :

1. He does not love me.
2. We respect our elders.
3. 1 do not laugh at him.
4. Kanta solves her sums.
5. We expect happy news
6. Parents love their children.
7. Carpenters make furniture.
8. Do the farmers grow wheat ?
9. She does not deliver a speech.
10. Does Sita take care of her son

Past Indefinite Tense

(was / were + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. She kept us waiting. 2. I employed many men. 3. The hunter did not kill the birds. 4. Did he give you anything ? 5. Who lent you this book ? 6. Which picture did you see last night ?	1. We were kept waiting by her. 2. Many men were employed by me. 3. The birds were not killed by the hunter. 4. Were you given anything by him ? 5. By whom were you lent this book ? 6. Which picture was seen by you last night ?

Present Continuous Tense

(is / am / are + being + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. The gardener is plucking flowers. 2. He is driving a motor car. 3. Boys are flying kites. 4. Is she reading a book? 5. Why are you wasting your time? 6. Who is laughing at the beggar?	1. Flowers are being plucked by the gardener. 2. A motor car is being driven by him. 3. Kites are being flown by boys. 4. Is a book being read by her? 5. Why is your time being wasted by you? 6. By whom is the beggar being laughed at?

Change the Voice :

1. We are helping them.
2. Am I favouring you ?
3. She is singing a song.
4. He is painting a picture.
5. They are playing hockey.
6. The child is not cutting teeth.
7. The child is enjoying the game.
8. Are they knocking at the door ?
9. Are they not serving their country ?
10. Are the boys laughing at the old man ?

Past Continuous Tense

(was / were + being + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. The hunter was aiming at the lion. 2. She was milking the cow. 3. The peon was ringing the bell. 4. The farmer was not ploughing the field. 5. Were they learning their lesson ? 6. What was Sohan doing ?	1. The lion was being aimed at by the hunter. 2. The cow was being milked by her. 3. The bell was being rung by the peon. 4. The field was not being ploughed by the farmer. 5. Was their lesson being learnt by them ? 6. What was being done by Sohan ?

Change the Voice:

1. I was closing the shop.
2. Was I writing a letter ?
3. Were you insulting him ?
4. Were they reading novels ?
5. Sita was ironing the clothes.
6. They were chasing the thief.
7. She was asking for more work.
8. They were not selling their books.
9. The mother was looking after the child nicely.
10. Was the gardener plucking flowers from the garden ?

Present Perfect Tense

(has / have + been + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. I have done my duty. 2. She has sold her cow. 3. They have not broken the windowpane. 4. Have you ever seen a lion ? 5. Why has Sohan not finished his work? 6. Who has stolen my pencil ?	1. My duty has been done by me. 2. Her cow has been sold by her. 3. The windowpane has not been broken by them. 4. Has a lion ever been seen by you ? 5. Why has his work not been finished by Sohan ? 6. By whom has my pencil been stolen ?

Change the Voice :
1. He has taken tea.
2. You have not told lies.
3. Have you seen a zoo?
4. I have won the match.
5. I have spoken the truth.
6. Has Rama seen this picture?
7. Sita has washed all her clothes.
8. Has the judge set the prisoner free?
9. Has he paid his insurance premium?
10. They have not learnt anything from the past.

Present Perfect Tense

(has / have + been + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. The watchman had already opened the gate. 2. We had never visited Amritsar before. 3. Had you never seen this place before? 4. Who had invited you to the feast? 5. Had he finished his work by 4 p.m.?	1. The gate had already been opened by the watchman. 2. Amritsar had never been visited by us before. 3. Had this place never been seen by you before? 4. By whom had you been invited to the feast? 5. Had his work been finished by him by 4 p.m.?

Change the Voice :
1. I had paid all the dues.
2. Had you hidden the ball ?
3. Who had broken the chair ?
4. I had told him the entire story.
5. She had never told a lie before.
6. They had gathered the flowers.
7. Why had he stolen your books ?
8. Had you never seen the Taj before ?
9. The gardener had watered the plants.
10. Had they looked into the whole matter ?

Future Perfect Tense

(will / shall + have been + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. I shall have planted a tree. 2. He will have read this book. 3. He will have sold his house. 4. She will have taken the test. 5. Will he have written a letter?	1. A tree will have been planted by me. 2. This book will have been read by him. 3. His house will have been sold by him. 4. The test will have been taken by her. 5. Will a letter have been written by him?

Change the Voice :
1. He will have abused me.
2. Who will have done this ?
3. We shall have heard a noise.
4. You will have done your duty.
5. I shall have received the letter.
6. Will she have posted her letter ?
7. Rama will have won the match by 6 p.m.
8. I will have finished my work before evening.
9. They will have taken their lunch before you reach there.
10. Will the doctor have examined the patient before you reach there ?

Imperative Sentences

(Object + should be + V₃) Or (Let + Object + be + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. Shut the door. 2. Obey your parents. 3. Carry it home. 4. Never tell a lie. 5. Let him play the match. 6.  Please bring me a glass of water.	1. The door should be shut. 2. Let your parents be obeyed. 3. Let it be carried home. 4. A lie should never be told. 5. Let the match be played by him. 6.  You are. requested to bring me a glass of water.

Change the Voice :
1. Post this letter.
2. Help me, please.
3. Sit down, please.
4. Learn it by heart.
5. Never waste your time.
6. Show the guests in.
7. Do not make a noise.
8. Kindly grant me leave.
9. Never waste your time.
10. Speak no evil of anybody.

Prepositional Verbs

कुछ Verbs के साथ विशेष Prepositions या Adverb Particles का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Active Passive दोनों तरह के वाक्यों में ये Prepositions या Adverb Particles सम्बन्धित Verbs के सा लगाए जाने चाहिएं। इन्हें Verbs से अलग नहीं किया जा सकता है।

Active

Passive

1. The people listened to him with respect. 2. I objected to his proposal. 3. The rich often laugh at the poor. 4. We must take care of our health. 5. They switched off the lights. 6. A car ran over an old man. 7. The police charged her with murder. 8. The Principal turned down my request. 9. The thieves cut down the telephone wires. 10. I cannot think of such a thing.

1. He was listened to with respect by the people. 2. His proposal was objected to by me. 3. The poor are often laughed at by the rich. 4. Health must be taken care of. 5. The lights were switched off. 6. An old man was run over by a car. 7. She was charged with murder by the police. 8. My request was turned down by the Principal. 9. The telephone wires were cut down by the thieves. 10. Such a thing cannot be thought of by me.

Change the Voice :
1. Are you listening to me?
2. I have sent for the doctor.
3. He has idled away his time.
4. Did he laugh at that insult?
5. They laid out a small garden.
6. Did the people cheer him up?
7. A car knocked down the child.
8. Has she asked for a new servant?
9. Why are you laughing at the poor man?
10. The boys did not throw stones at the beggar.

Passive of Infinitives

Active	Passive
1. She begged the Principal to forgive her. 2. I hope to overcome my difficulties. 3. I have to do this work. 4. It expect you to finish the work. 5 It is time to give the order.	1. She begged the Principal to be forgiven. 2. I hope my difficulties to be overcome. 3. This work has to be done by me. 4. I expect the work to be finished by you. 5. It is time for the order to be given.

Change the Voice :
1. You have to do it.
2. It is time to take tea.
3. He is a man to trust.
4. I want to buy this book.
5. I have to attend a party.
6. It is time to say our prayers.
7. It is time to revise our books.
8. Shall I have to punish him ?
9. Women like men to flatter them.
10. I shall have to strike off his name.

Use of Prepositions other than ‘by’

कुछ वाक्यों के Passive voicé में ‘by’ के स्थान पर किसी अन्य Preposition का प्रयोग होता है।

Active	Passive
1. His behaviour disgusts me. 2. The jug contains milk. 3. The news surprised us. 4. Gardening interests my mother. 5. You cannot please her. 6. I know him. 7. His jokes amused us. 8. His conduct amazed us.	1. I am disgusted with his behaviour. 2. Milk is contained in the jug. 3. We were surprised at the news. 4. My mother is interested in gardening. 5. She cannot be pleased with you. 6. He is known to me. 7. We were amused at his jokes. 8. We were amazed at his conduct.

Change the Voice :
1. I know this man.
2. This pot contains milk.
3. His behaviour surprised me.
4. Does she know the manager ?
5. The audience thronged the hall.
6. The sun ripens the hanging fruit.
7. His death has shocked everybody.
8. Didn’t his performance displease her?
9. Your harsh words will annoy everybody.
10. Your manners have impressed your boss.

Interrogative Sentences (Mixed Type)

नोट: What, why, when, how, which, where, who,आदि से शुरू होने वाले प्रश्नान्मक वाक्य निम्नलिखित हैं

Active	Passive
1. What do you want ? 2. Who teaches you English ? 3. Whom do you love ? 4. Where will you spend your holidays ? 5. Whence have you bought this pen? 6. When will you see him ? 7. Why did he abuse you ?	1. What is wanted by you ? 2. By whom are you taught English ? 3. Who is loved by you ? 4. Where will your holidays be spent by you ? 5. Whence has this pen been bought by you ? 6. When will he be seen by you ? 7. Why were you abused by him ?

Change the Voice :
1. Who told a lie ?
2. Whom do you like ?
3. Whom did you see ?
4. What does he want ?
5. Who stole your pen ?
6. Who had visited Delhi ?
7. Why did you abuse me ?
8. Whom will you elect President ?
9. When did you pluck these flowers ?
10. Why has the teacher marked me absent ?

Use of can, could, may, etc.

(can, could, may, might, should, would, dare, etc. + be +V₃)

Active	Passive
1. You should write the address neatly. 2. One cannot please everybody. 3. We should always speak the truth. 4 You must listen to his words. 5. One should do one’s duty. 6. Somebody must help this poor Woman.	1. The address should be written neatly. 2. Everybody cannot be pleased. 3. The truth should always be spoken by us. 4. His words must be listened to. 5. Duty should be done. 6. This poor woman must be helped.

Change the Voice :
1. I cannot do it.
2. You can do it.
3. Why should I do it?
4. May I take your book?
5. May I see this picture?
6. He may win a scholarship.
7. You ought to help the poor.
8. We should not laugh at others.
9. You should teach him a lesson.
10. You should respect your parents.

Implied Subject

Passive Voice के कुछ वाक्यों में by + agent नहीं दिया गया होता है, किन्तु ऐसे वाक्यों में कर्ता का अनुमान लगाने में कोई कठिनाई नहीं होती है। अत: Passive Voice से Active Voice बनाने में उसी कर्ता का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

Passive	Active
1. You are wanted outside. 2. The thief has been arrested. 3. The telephone wires were cut. 4. The matter will be discussed tomorrow. 5. He was elected Member of Parliament.	1. Someone wants you outside. 2. The police have arrested the thief. 3. The thieves cut the telephone wires. 4. The committee will discuss the matter tomorrow 5. People elected him Member of Parliament.

Change the Voice :
1. Duty must be done.
2. The bond was signed.
3. They were forced to listen.
4. Promises will always be kept.
5. A meeting is being held here.
6. The child has been named Mohan.
7. Many persons were thrown out of jobs.
8. What cannot be cured must be endured.
9. They were refused admission to this school.
10. I was made captain of the school cricket team.

Double-Object-Type Sentences

कुछ वाक्यों में दो Objects होते हैं; जैसे
I gave him a book

पहले Object को Indirect Object और दूसरे को Direct Object कहा जाता है।
Passive Voice बनाते समय प्राय: Indirect Object को ही Subject के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता
He was given a book by me.

किन्तु यदि Direct Object को Subject के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाना हो तो Indirect Object से पूर्व to अथवा for का प्रयोग करना पड़ता है। जैसे
A book was given to him by me.

Active	Passive
1. I gave him a book. (or)2. He teaches us English. (or)3. You have written him a letter (or)4. She handed Ram a letter. (or)5. They gave her a test. (or)	1. A book was given to him by me. He was given a book by me.2. English is taught to us by him. We are taught English by him.3. A letter has been written to him by you. He has been written a letter by you.4. A letter was handed to Ram by her. Ram was handed a letter by her.5.  She was given a test by them. A test was given to her by them.

Change the Voice :
1. You gave him a pen.
2. She teaches him English.
3. Who gave you this money ?
4. My uncle sent me a present.
5. Has Ram told you the truth ?
6. They do not give him good food
7. Do you explain the case to him ?
8. The teacher did not give us a test.
9. Have you given him our umbrella ?
10. They will have sent him a lovely watch.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 12 Electricity Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 12 Electricity

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
(a) What is meant by Joule’s heating effect due to flow of current through a conductor?
Answer:
The conductors offer some resistance to the flow of current. If I is the current in ampere flowing for t second, then quantity of charge Q = I × t.

The work done in carrying a charge Q ( It). coulomb against a potential difference of
1 volt. W = V × Q
or W = V × It
= VIt joule

The whole of this energy is converted into heat.
∴ Heat produced, H = W = VIt joule ……….. (i)

Now V = IR
H = (IR)It joule
or H = I²Rt joule ………. (ii)
Again
I = \(\frac{V}{R}\)
∴ H = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}^{2}}{\mathrm{R}^{2}}\) Rt joule
or H = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}^{2}}{\mathrm{R}}\) t joule ………….. (iii)

Thus, when current is passed through a conductor, the heat produced is given by;
H = VIt = I²Rt = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}^{2}}{\mathrm{R}}\) t
and is called Joules heating effect.

(b) Define electric power and unit of electric power.
Answer:
Electric Power: The rate of doing electric work is called electric power. Suppose ‘V’ is the potential difference between the ends of a conductor and T is the current flowing through it,

Work done by flow of current T for ‘t’ second, W = VIt

Unit of Electric Power. We know P = V x I. If potential difference V is measured in volt and current T in ampere than power will be in watt.
1 watt = 1 volt x 1 ampere

The bigger unit of power is Kilowatt (kw)
1 kilowatt = 1000 watt.

(c) What do you mean by electric energy? Give the definition of its unit.
Answer:
Electric Energy: Total work done by electric current in a fixed time is called electric energy.

Suppose I ampere of current flows through a conductor for t seconds when the potential difference across the ends of a conductor is V, then total work done or electric energy consumed,
E = W = V × I × t

The unit of electric energy is joule or watt-second but this is a small unit.
The bigger unit of electric energy is watt hour.

Watt hour. The electric energy consumed in a circuit is said to be watt hour if 1 ampere of current flows for 1 hour and potential differenc across the ends is 1 volt.
1 watt-hour = 1 watt × 1 hr.
= 1 volt × l ampere × 1 hour 1 kilowatt hour (kwh) = 1000 watt hours
The bigger (commercial) unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kwh).

Question 2.
What is meant by resistance of a conductor? On what factors does the resistance of conductor depends?
Answer:
Resistance of Conductor. It is defined as the ratio of potential difference across its ends to the current flowing through the conductor is called resistance of the conductor. It is denoted by ‘R’.

If V is the potential difference between the ends of the conductor and T is the current flowing through the conductor, then
Resistance (R) = \(\frac{\text { Potential Difference }(\mathrm{V})}{\text { Current }(\mathrm{I})}\)

Unit of Resistance. S.I. unit of resistance is ohm.

Factors on which resistance of conductor depends.

• Electric source (i.e. battery or cell)
• Conductor
• Switch (or key)
• Any other instrument connected in the circuit.

Question 3.
Find experimentally the various factors on which resistance of conductor depends.
Answer:
On what factors the resistance of a conductor depends is shown by the following experiment :

Experiment: Arrange an electric circuit consisting of a battery, ammeter, connecting wire and conductor with the help of a switch (key). Press the switch and allow the current to flow through the circuit. Note the value of current from the ammeter. Now in place of this wire, connect another wire of place of this wire, connect another wire of same length and thickness and note the reading of ammeter. You will find that the value of current changes. This experiment shows that resistance of conductor depends upon the nature of material of wire i.e. at the same temperature the resistance of different conductors of same length and thickness is different.

Now take a wire of the same material as that of the first conductor and same diameter but of double length. Connect this wire in the same circuit and allow the current to flow through it. You will see this value is half of the first value. This shows that resistance is proportional to the length. If R is the resistance of the conductor and l the length then,
R ∝ l …(i)
Now take two wires of the same material but of different areas of cross section. At first connect a wire of small cross-section in the circuit and then replace it with a wire of large area of cross-section. Note the value of current I in two cases. You will see that more current flows in the second wire than in the first wire. It is clear that resistance of second wire is less than the first wire.
i.e. R ∝\(\frac{1}{A}\) ……(ii)

Combining (i) and (ii), we get
R ∝\(\frac{l}{A}\) …..(iii)
or R = ρ. \(\frac{l}{A}\) …(iv)
where ρ is a constant and is called resistivity of the conductor. Its value depends upon the nature of material of conductor (wire).

Question 4.
What is Ohm’s law? How can it be verified?
Or
Write ohm’s law. Draw a circuit diagram to prove it experimentally in the laboratory,
Answer:
Ohm’s law. It states that the current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends provided the temperature and other physical conditions remains unchanged.
I ∝ Y
i.e. V ∝ I
or V = RI
Where R is a constant of proportionalty called resistance.

Resistance. It is the property of a conductor to oppose the flow of current. Resistance depends upon the nature of the conductor, its temperature and its dimensions (length, area).
R = \(\frac{V}{I}\)
or I = \(\frac{V}{R}\)
Experimental Verification of Ohm’s Law: Connect an ammeter, battery, key and rheostat as shown in Fig. 12.7(a). Put the plug in the key K. Read the values of potential difference across resistor R with the help of voltmeter V and the current flowing through the resistor with the help of ammeter.

Note the readings. Vary the current in the circuit by sliding contact of rheostat and go on noting reading in voltmeter and ammeter. Take the ratio potential difference (V) and corresponding value of current (I) each time. The ratio would be same, which proves Ohm’s law. Now plot a graph between V and I on graph paper. It will be straight line graph as shown in Figure (b) which also verifies that V ∝ I.

Question 5.
What is the need of combining different resistors? What is the resultant resistance when a number of resistances are connected in series?
Or
State Ohm’s law. Find the equivalent of resistances of the individual resistances connected in series.
Answer:
Ohm’s law: It states that the current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends provided the temperature and other physical conditions remains unchanged.
I ∝ Y
i.e. V ∝ I
or V = RI
Where R is a constant of proportionalty called resistance.

Combination of Resistors: Resistors of all values of resistances are not available. Hence resistors are connected in a number of ways to increase or decrease the combined resistance. There are two distinct ways in which resistors can be connected. They are (i) resistors in series and (ii) resistors in parallel.

Resistors Connected In Series:

Resistors are said to be connected in series, if they are joined end to end so that the same current flows through each one of them in succession. Let the resistors R1( R2 and R3, be joined in series and let the current passing through them be I [Figure].

Let V₁, V₂, and V₃ be the potential difference between the ends of the first, second and third resistor respectively.
By Ohm’s law,
V₁ = IR₁; V₂ = IR₂ and V₃ = IR₃

If V is the total potential difference between the ends A and D and R is the effective resistance of the combination of all the resistors, then
V = IRS
But V = V₁ + V₂ + V₃.
or IR_s = IR₁ + IR₂ + IR₃
IR_s = I(R₁ + R₂ + R₃)
or R_s = R₁ + R₂ + R₃

The above result holds good for any number of resistors joined in series.
Thus when resistors are joined in series, the total resistance is equal to the sum of individual resistances.

Question 6.
With the help of a diagram derive the formula for the equivalent resistance of three resistances connected in parallels.
Or
With the help of a labelled circuit diagram derive a formula to find combined resistance (R) when two or more resistances (R₁, R₂, R₃) are connected in parallel taking symbols potential difference (V) and current (I).
Answer:
A circuit in which two or more resistors are connected across two common points so as to provide separate paths is called parallel circuit.

In this case, the same potential difference will be maintained between the two ends of every resistor and the current will divide itself in various branches.

Let the resistors R₁; R₂ and R₃ be joined in parallel between the points A and B.
Let the current I reaching A divide itself into three parts I₁; I₂ and I₃ along R₁, R₂ and R₃ respectively. Let V be the potential difference between the points A and B.

The currents flowing in the individual resistors are then given by :
I₁ = \(\frac{V}{R_{1}}\),
I₂ = \(\frac{V}{R_{2}}\) and
I₃ = \(\frac{V}{R_{3}}\)
Let R_p be the resistance of the combination,

The result holds good for any number of resistances.

Question 7.
What is meant by electric power? Give its units. Also give its SI unit.
Or
What is power? Give commercial unit of power.
Or
What is electric energy? What is its SI unit?
Answer:
Power is the rate of doing work. The electric power of an appliance is its rate of consumption of electric energy.
The power of an electric appliance is 1 W (watt) if it consumes 1 J (joule) of energy in 1 second.

If I ampere of the current flows for t second through a coil whose ends are maintained at a potential difference of V volt, then the energy consumed or the work done.
W = VIt joule

Power = \(\frac{\mathrm{W}}{t}\)
= \(\frac{\mathrm{VI} t \text { joule }}{t \text { second }}\)
or P = V × I joule/second
or = VI watt
∴ P (watt) = V (volt) × J (ampere)
or watt = volt × ampere

Bigger unit of power is usually kW (kilowatt)
1 kW = 1,000 W
P(in kW) = \(\frac{\text { watt }}{1,000}=\frac{\mathrm{V} \text { (volt) } \times \mathrm{I} \text { (ampere) }}{1,000}\)

Electric energy is the total amount of work done by the current in a given time or electric energy is the total amount of energy consumed in an electric circuit in a given time.
W (joule) = P(watt) × t (second)
or W = P\(\left(\frac{\mathrm{J}}{\mathrm{s}}\right)\) × t (s)
= P × t joule
But P = VI
∴ W = VIt joule

Practical Unit of Electric Energy: Practical unit of electric energy called kWh (kilowatt-hour) is usually used. This unit is also called B.O.T. (Board of Trade Unit).

The unit kWh is equal to the work done or energy consumed when a power of IkW is consumed for 1 hour.
Energy in kWh = \(\frac{\text { watt } \times \text { hour }}{1,000}\)
or
Energy in kWh = \(\frac{\text { volt } \times \text { ampere } \times \text { hour }}{1,000}\)

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the contribution of electricity in our daily life?
Answer:
Contribution of Electricity in our Life. Electricity finds great contribution in our life. It gives many facilities like its use in electric bulb and tubelight removes darkness at night, in summers with its use desert coolers and air conditioners keep our houses cool while in winters with its use in heaters we keep our houses warm. Besides this electricity is used in televisions, radios and cinemas for our entertainment. Electricity is also used to work the various machines the fields of agriculture, transport and industry.

Question 2.
What do you understand by static electricity?
Answer:
Static Electricity: When two bodies are rubbed against each other then they acquire a property to attract lighter bodies towards them that is they get static charge. Electricity produced by rubbing the two bodies with each other is called frictional electricity or static electricity. And the study of static charges is called electrostatics.

Example: When a plastic pen is rubbed with dry hair then the pen attracts small bits of paper towards itself. This is due to the electricity produced by rubbing.

Question 3.
What are positive and negative charges? How are these produced?
Answer:
Positive charge: The charge produced in glass rod when it is rubbed with silk cloth is called positive charge.
Negative charge: The charge produced on ebonite rod when it is rubbed with cat skin is called negative charge.

Question 4.
What is an electric circuit?
Answer:
Electric circuit. It is a closed path through which the electrons flow readily. When a conductor is connected to a battery, the electrons move from negative terminal of the battery to the positive terminal. However, conventionally, the current is considered to flow from positive to negative terminal of battery.

Question 5.
Distinguish between good conductors, resistors and insulators.
Answer:

• Good Conductors: Those substances through which the current can flow freely.
• Insulators: Those substances which do not allow the current to flow through them.
• Resistors: These are objects which oppose the flow of current through them.

Question 6.
What is meant by electric potential? Distinguish between positive potential and negative potential.
Answer:

• Electric Potential. It is the . specific electric state of conductor which tells us the directions of flow of charge when it is brought in contact with some other conductor. The potential of a conductor is determined relative to the potential of earth.
• Positive Potential: If positive charge flows from a body to earth or the flow of electrons is from earth to the body then the potential of the body is said to be positive potential.
• Negative Potential: The body is said to have negative potential if negative charge either flows from earth to body or electrons flow from body to earth.

Question 7.
What is electromotive force (emf) of a cell?
Answer:
Electromotive Force of Cell. The energy consumed by the cell connected in the circuit in making a unit charge to flow in the circuit is called electromotive force (emf) of the cell.
The S.I. unit of emf is volt.

Question 8.
What is the potential difference between two points in the electric field? Name and define its SI unit.
Answer:
Let a charge Q be moved from one point to another point, in the electric field and W be the work done, then the potential difference V between two points is given by :
V = \(\frac{\mathrm{W}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)
or W = VQ
If Q = + 1C, then V = W

Definition: The potential difference between two points in the electric field is defined as the amount of work done in moving a unit positive test charge from one point to the other against electrostatic force due to electric field.

SI units of P.D. is volt: Potential difference between two points is said to be 1 volt if 1 J of the work is done in moving a charge of 1 C from one point to the other.
Hence 1 volt = \(\frac{1 \text { joule }}{1 \text { coulomb }}\)
1 V =1 J/C
= 1 JC-1

Question 9.
Define Volt. It is a unit of which physical quantity?
Answer:
Volt: The potential difference between two points in an electric field is said to be 1 volt when 1 joule of work is done in carrying 1 coulomb of charge from one point to the other against the electric force.
1 volt = \(\frac{1 \text { joule }}{1 \text { coulomb }}\)

Volt is the unit of physical quantity, potential difference.

Question 10.
How can we say that electric current is due to flow of charge?
Answer:
If we connect an uncharged electroscope with a charged electroscope with the help of a wire then charge flows from a charged electroscope to an uncharged electroscope and the leaves of uncharged electroscope diverge. This flow continues up till the time the leaves of two electroscope become equally diverged. This flow of charge is called current.

Question 11.
What is meant by electric current?
Or
What is electric current?
Answer:
Electric Current: When two points at different potentials are connected with each other with a copper wire then charge begins to flow from point at a higher potential to a point at lower potential. This process continues till the potential of two points become same. If there remains a potential difference between two points then the flow of charge continues. In this way the flow of charge constitutes electric current.

Question 12.
How does electric current produce heat?
Answer:
In a metallic conductor there are present large number of free electrons moving freely in haphazard direction. When the conductor is connected to an electric source then free electrons flow from high potential to low potential when these electrons collide with atoms of the conductor. Due to this collision kinetic energy of electrons gets transferred to atoms of the conductor. This results in increase of kinetic energy of the atoms so as to increase the temperature of the conductor and hence heat is produced in the conductor.

Question 13.
Define resistance of conductor. Also give its units.
Or
What is meant by resistance of conductor. Define its units.
Answer:
Resistance of Conductor. It is defined as the ratio of potential difference across its ends to the current flowing through the conductor is called resistance of the conductor. It is denoted by ‘R’.

If V is the potential difference between the ends of the conductor and T is the current flowing through the conductor, then
Resistance (R) = \(\frac{\text { Potential Difference }(\mathrm{V})}{\text { Current }(\mathrm{I})}\)

Unit of Resistance. S.I. unit of resistance is ohm.

ohm: Resistance of a conductor will be 1 ohm if potential difference between its ends is 1 volt and the current flowing through it is 1 ampere.
That is, it is the resistance of a metallic cube whose each side is 1 m and current of 1 ampere flows perpendicularly across its opposite faces.

Question 14.
What is meant by resistivity? Write its S.I. unit and give its importance.
Answer:
Resistivity: From Ohm’s Law we know that,
R = ρ\(\frac{l}{A}\)
If I = lm and A = 1 m², then
R = ρ

So, resistivity of a material of a conductor is the resistance offered by its material to the flow of current of 1A if the length of the conductor is 1 m and its area of cross section is 1 m2.
Its S.I. unit is ohm meter (Ω m).

Importance :

• It changes with change in temperature.
• The materials having high resistivity are bad conductors of electricity. Examples. Plastic, Rubber etc.
• The materials having low resistivity are good conductors of electricity. Examples. Metals, Alloys etc.
• Resistivity of an alloy is more than the resistivity of any of its constituents.

Question 15.
What is electric current ? Give its unit in S.I. system.
Answer:
Electric Current. The directed flow of electrons per unit time is called electric current. It is denoted by T.
Or
It is also defined as the ratio of flow of charge per unit time.
Electric current = \(\frac{\text { Charge }}{\text { rime }}\)
I = \(\frac{\mathrm{Q}}{t}\)

S.I unit of current is ampere (A)
1 ampere = \(\frac{1 \text { coulomb }}{1 \text { second }}\)
where 1C = \(\frac{1}{1.6 \times 10^{-19}}\) electrons
= 6.25 × 10¹⁸ electrons

Ampere: If 1 coulomb of charge is allowed to flow through a conductor in 1 second, then the current flowing through the conductor is said to be 1 ampere.

The smaller unit of current is milli 1 ampere
1 milliampere = \(\frac{1}{1000}\) ampere
= 10^-3 ampere

Question 16.
Name and define unit for electric current?
Answer:
The unit of electric current is Ampere.
Ampere: If 1 coulomb of charge is allowed to flow through a conductor in 1 second, then the current flowing through the conductor is said to be 1 ampere.

The smaller unit of current is milli 1 ampere
1 milliampere = \(\frac{1}{1000}\) ampere
= 10^-3 ampere

Question 17.
What is electric energy? What is its SI unit?
Answer:
Electric energy. It is the total amount of work done by the current in a given time or electric energy is the total amount of energy consumed in an electric circuit in a given time.
W (joule) = P(watt) × t (second)
or W = P\(\left(\frac{J}{s}\right)\) × t (s)
= Pt joule
But P = VI
∴ W = VIt joule

Practical Unit of Electric Energy: Practical unit of electric energy called KWh (kilowatt-hour) is usually used. This unit is also called B.O.T. (Board of Trade Unit).

The unit KWh is equal to the work done or energy consumed when a power of 1KW is consumed for 1 hour.
Energy in KWh = \(\frac{\text { watt } \times \text { hour }}{1,000}\)
or
Energy in KWh = \(\frac{\text { volt } \times \text { ampere } \times \text { hour }}{1,000}\)

Question 18.
Which instrument is used to measure current in the circuit? How is it connected in the circuit?
Answer:
Ammeter is used to measure current in a circuit. It is always connected in a circuit in such a way that total current may flow through it. It is, therefore, connected in series in a circuit. Ammeter has very small resistance and connected in series would not change current in the circuit.

Question 19.
Define unit of electric energy.
Or
Define 1 watt hour.
Answer:
The unit of electric energy is joule or watt second or watt hour.
Definition of watt hour: Electric energy consumed is said to be 1 watt hour when 1 ampare of current flows for 1 hour through a conductor whose ends are maintained at a potential difference of 1 volt.
1 watt hour = 1 watt × 1 hour
= 1 volt × l ampere × 1 hour.
The bigger unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour.
1 kilowatt hour (1 kwh) = 1000 watt hour.

Question 20.
How many joules are present in 1 kilowatt hour?
Or
Define kilowatt hour.
Answer:
Kilowatt-hour: If 1 kilowatt of electric power is used by an agent for 1 hour then the electric energy consumed is 1-kilowatt hour (1 kwh).
1 kwh = 1 kw × l h
= 1000 w × 3600 s
= 1000 \(\frac{j}{s}\) × 3600 s
1 kilowatt hour (1 kwh) = 36 × 10⁵ J.

Question 21.
Why is it that very small amount of heat is produced in connecting wires whereas large amount of heat is produced in heating filament of electric bulbs?
Answer:
The resistane of filament of electric .bulb is very high as compared to that of connecting wires. Therefore, if same amount of current flows through both of them then the filament of the bulb due to its high resistance opposes the flow of current causing heat to be produced while in connecting wires this is just its opposite.

Question 22.
Give reasons for the following :
(a) If you connect ammeter in parallel it burns.
Answer:
The resistance of ammeter is comparatively zero with regard to resistance of other components of the circuit. When ammeter is connected in parallel then the total potential difference of the circuit applies between the terminals of the ammeter with the result high current flows through the ammeter. This results in producing large quantity of heat thus burning the ammeter.

(b) Resistivity of some materials if decreases suddenly to zero below a certain temperature.
Answer:
When the temperature of a conductor becomes less than the critical temperature then the material becomes super conductor and its resistances immediately reduces to zero.

Question 23.
What is the effect on resistance, if:
(а) The length of wire is increased
Answer:
Resistance is directly proportional to the length of wire. Therefore, on increasing length of wire, its resistance gets increased.

(b) The area of cross section is increased.
Answer:
Resistance of conductor is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section. In other words, resistance of thick wire (having more area of cross-section) is less than a thin wire. Therefore, if the area of cross-section is increased than its resistance further decreases.

Numerical Problems

Question 1.
Current of 100 mA flows through the filament of an electric hulb for 30 minutes. Calculate the charge that flows through the circuit.
Answer:
Given : Current, I = 100 mA
= 0.1 A
Time, t = 30 min = 30 × 60 s
1800 s

∴ Charge flowing through the circuit, Q = I × t
= 0.1 A × 1800 s
= 180 C

Question 2.
60 coulomb of charge flows through a circuit for 5 minutes. Calculate the current flowing in a circuit.
Answer:
Given : Time, t = 5 min
= 5 × 60 s
Charge, Q = 60 C
Current flowing in the circuit, I =?
We know, current, I = \(\frac{\text { Charge (Q) }}{\text { Time }(t)}\)
= \(\frac{60 \mathrm{C}}{300 \mathrm{~s}}\)
= \(\frac{1}{5}\) A
= 0.2 A

Question 3.
Calculate the area of cross-section of wire vrhose length is 1.0 m and resistance is 23 Ω. Take specific resistance of the material of wire as 1.84 × 10^-6 ohm-m.
Answer:
Given : Length of wire (l) = 1.0 m
Resistance of wire, (R) = 23 Ω
Specific resistance of wire (ρ) = 1.84 × 10^-6 Ω m
Area of cross-section of wire (A) =?
Using R = ρ × \(\frac{l}{A}\)
23 = 1.84 × 10^-6 × \(\frac{l}{A}\)
or
A = \(\frac{1.84 \times 10^{-6} \times 1}{23}\)
A = 8 × 10^-8 m²

Question 4.
Resistance of a metal wire of length 1 m is 26 Ω at 20°C. If the diameter of the wire is 0.3 mm, what will be the resistivity of the metal at that temperature? Using standard table of resistivity of various metals, predict the material of the wire.
Answer:
Given : Resistance of the wire (R) = 26 Ω
Diameter of the wire (d) = 0.3 mm
= 3 × 10^-4 m
Length of the wire (l) = 1 m
∴ Resistivity of the wire (ρ) = \(\frac{RA}{l}\)

= 1.84 × 10^-6 Q m

Question 5.
From the given labeled circuit diagram, find :
(a) Resultant resistance of the circuit
(b) Current flowing in the circuit.

Answer:
(a) Suppose R’ is the equivalent resistance of the parallel arrangement of resistors 3Ω, 3Ω and 3Ω between points B and C, then ;
\(\frac{1}{\mathrm{R}^{\prime}}=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}\)
= \(\frac{1+1+1}{3}\)
= \(\frac{3}{3}\)
∴ R’ = 1 Ω
Let R be the total resistance of series combination of 4 Ω between A and B and R’ = 1 Ω between B and C, then
R = 4Ω + R’
= 4 Ω + 1 Ω
∴ R = 5 Ω
Therefore, resultant resistance of the circuit is 5 Ω

(b) Now, potential difference of the battery (V) = 6V
and total resistance of the circuit (R) = 5 Ω
Current flowing in the circuit (I) = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
I = \(\frac{6 \mathrm{~V}}{5 \Omega}\)
I = 1.2 A

Question 6.
(a) In an electric circuit, a battery of five cells each of 2V, resistors of 5 Ω, 10 Ω and 15 Ω and a key plug are connected in series arrangement. Draw its schematic diagram.
Answer:
Schematic Diagram of the Circuit

(b) Calculate the value of current flowing in this circuit when plug is introduced in the key.
Answer:
Three resistors of 5Ω, 10Ω and 15Ω when formed in series have resultant resistance R, then ;
R = R₁ + R₂ + R₃
= 5 Ω + 10 Ω + 15 Ω
= 30 Ω
According to ohms law, I = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
I = \(\frac{10 \mathrm{~V}}{30 \Omega}\)
I = \(\frac{1}{3}\)A

Question 7.
An electric lamp, whose resistance is 20 Ω and a conductor of 4 Ω resistance are connected to a 6 V battery as shown in the figure. Calculate (a) total resistance of the circuit (6) the current through the circuit (c) the P.D. across the electric lamp and conductor.
Answer:
Given : Resistance of lamp R₁ = 20 Ω
and Resistance of conductor R₂ = 4 Ω
Pot. difference of battery V = 6V
(a) ∵ both the resistances are connected in series,
∴ Total resistance of the circuit R = R₁ + R₂
= 20 Ω + 4 Ω
= 24 Ω

(b) Total potential difference in the circuit V = 6 V
Total resistance in the circuit, R = 24 Ω
∴ Total current in the circuit, I = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
I = \(\frac{6 \mathrm{~V}}{24 \Omega}\)
I = 0.25 A

(c) Pot, difference across the lamp. V₁ = 20 Ω × 0.25 A
V₁ = 5V
and Pot, difference across the conductor, V₂ = 4 Ω × 0.25 A
V₂ = 1V

Question 8.
98 J of heat is produced each second in 2 resistor. Find the potential difference.
Answer:
Here, H = 98 J
R = 2Ω
t = Is
Potential difference, V = ?
Using H = I²Rt
98J = I² × 2Ω × 1s
or I² = \(\frac{98}{2 \times 1}\)
I = \(\sqrt{49}\)
=7A
∴ 1= 7A

Thus, potential difference across the resistor,
V = I × R
V = 7A × 2 Ω
V = 14 volt.

Question 9.
The rating of an electric heater is 1100 W; 220V. Calculate the resistance when it operates at 220 V. Also calculate the energy consumed in kWh in the month of November, if the heater is used daily for 4 hours at the rated voltage.
Answer:
Here P = 1100 W
V = 220 V
R =?
Number of days = 30
t = 4h × 30

Energy consumed by the heater in the month of November,
E = P × t
= 1100 W × (4 × 30 h)
= 132000 Wh
= 132 kWh

Question 10.
What is the (a) highest (b) lowest resistance that can be secured by combination of four Coils of resistance 4Ω, 8Ω, 10Ω and 20Ω?
Answer:
(a) For highest resistance, resistors are connected in series :
R = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + R₄
= 4Ω + 8Ω + 10Ω + 20 Ω = 42 Ω

(b) The lowest resistance will be obtained when these are connected in parallel.

Question 11.
An electric bulb of power 40 W is lighted daily for 8 hours for 15 days. How many units of electric energy will be consumed? Also find the amount of electric bill if the rate of electricity consumption is ₹ 8.00 per unit.
Answer:
Given : Power, P = 40 W
Time each day = 8 hrs
No. of days = 15 days
∴ Total time for which bulb is lighted, t = 8 × 15 h
Now, electric energy consumed E = P × t
= 40 W × (8 × 15 h)
= 4800 Wh

∴ Electric energy consumed in units = \(\frac{4800}{1000}\)
= 4.8kWh
= 4.8 units

Amount of electric bill = No. of units × Rate
= 4.8 × 8.00
= ₹ 38.40

Question 12.
A household uses the following electric appliances :
(а) The refrigerator of rating 400 W for 10 hours each day
(b) Two electric fans of rating 80 W each for 12 hours each day
(c) Six electric tubes of rating 18 W each for 6 hours each day! Calculate the electricity bill of the household for the month of April if the cost per unit of electric energy is ₹ 4.00
Answer:
Electric energy consumed by all appliances working together each day = (400 × 10) + (2 × 80 × 12) + 6 × 18 × 6
= 4000 Wh + 1920 Wh + 648 Wh = 6568 Wh
= 6.568 kWh (units)
Total electric energy consumed in 30 days of April = 6.568 × 30 units
= 65.68 × 3
= 197.04

Electric Bill = 197.04 × 4
= ₹ 788.16

Question 13.
An electric motor takes 5 A current from 220 V line. Determine the power of the motor and energy consumed in 2 hours.
Answer:
Given, V = 220 volt ; I = 5 A ; t = 2 hour = 7,200 s
Power consumed VI = 220 V × 5 A
= 1,100 watts
Vlt = 220V × 5 A × 2 h
= 2,200 Wh
= 2.2 kWh
or Energy consumed in S.I units = 1100 × 5 × 7200 s
= 3.96 × 107 J

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define energy.
Answer:
Energy. It is the capacity to do work.

Question 2.
Define electric energy.
Answer:
Electric Energy. Work done is the electric energy used to produce heat energy in an electric circuit.

Question 3.
Define electric current and state its unit.
Answer:
Current. It is rate of flow of electric charge. Its unit is ampere.

Question 4.
Define a volt, whose unit is this?
Or
What is P.D.? Give SI unit.
Answer:
P.D. (Volt) is work done in moving 1 coulomb of + ve charge from one point to other. It is the unit of potential difference. SI unit of P.D. is JC^-1 or volt.

Question 5.
Show the switch signs in circuit in (i) open (ii) closed circuit.
Answer:
Circuit Sign

Question 6.
Is electric potential a scalar or a vector quantity?
Answer:
It is a scalar quantity.

Question 7.
What is practical unit of power and electric energy?
Answer:
Practical unit of power is watt and that of electric energy is kWh (kilo watt hour).

Question 8.
Which one is having more resistance, 100 W bulb or a 50 W bulb?
Answer:
Resistance of 50 W bulb is twice that of 100 W bulb.

Question 9.
What constitutes the current?
Answer:
Flow of free electrons constitute the current.

Question 10.
What is SI unit of resistivity?
Answer:
It is ohm-m.

Question 11.
What is conductor of electricity? Give two examples.
Answer:
Conductor of electricity. A substance that allows the electric current to pass through it is called conductor of electricity.

Examples :

• Copper
• Silver
• Human body.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
V ∝ I law was given by:
(A) Faraday
(B) Watt
(C) Ohm
(D) Coulomb.
Answer:
(C) Ohm

Question 2.
The unit of Potential is:
(A) Ampere
(B) Volt
(C) Ohm
(D) Watt.
Answer:
(B) Volt

Question 3.
The unit of electric energy is:
(A) Ampere
(B) Volt
(C) Ohm
(D) Watt
Answer:
(D) Watt

Question 4.
Resistance of a conductor depends on:
(A) its length
(B) its area of cross section
(C) nature of its material
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 5.
What maximum resistance can be obtained by combining three resistances each of ___________
(A) \(\frac{1}{3}\) Ω
(B) 1Ω
(C) \(\frac{1}{9}\) Ω
(D) 3Ω.
Answer:
(B) 1Ω

Question 6.
By which unit electric current is represented?
(A) Coulomb
(B) Ampere
(C) Watt
(D) Kilowatt.
Answer:
(B) Ampere

Question 7.
Electric current in circuits is measured by:
(A) Ammeter
(B) Voltmeter
(C) Galvanometer
(D) Electric meter.
Answer:
(A) Ammeter

Question 8.
How is Ammeter always connected in circuits? :
(A) in series
(B) in parallel
(C) both in series and parallel
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(A) in series

Question 9.
How is potential difference between two points expressed?
(A) V = \(\frac{\mathrm{W}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)
(B) Q = VW
(C) W = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)
(D) V = \(\frac{\mathrm{Q}}{\mathrm{W}}\)
Answer:
(A) V = \(\frac{\mathrm{W}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)

Question 10.
How much work is done to carry 2 C of charge between two points?
(A) 2 J
(B) 6 J
(C) 24 J
(D) J.
Answer:
(C) 24 J

Question 11.
According to ohm’s law:
(A) R = \(\frac{\mathrm{I}}{\mathrm{V}}\)
(B) R = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{I}}\)
(C) V = \(\frac{\mathrm{R}}{\mathrm{I}}\)
(D) I = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
Answer:
(B) R = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{I}}\)

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
A stream of ________ moving through a conductor constitutes, electric current.
Answer:
electrons.

Question 2.
The SI unit of electric current is ________
Answer:
Ampere.

Question 3.
In an electric circuit ________ is always connected in parallel.
Answer:
Voltmeter.

Question 4.
The equivalent resistance of number of resistors will be lesser, if they are connected in ________
Answer:
parallel.

Question 5.
If the potential difference across the ends of a conductor is 1 volt and the current flowing through the conductor is 1 Ampere, then the resistance of the conductor is ________
Answer:
1 Ω.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 11.i माँ का कमरा Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 11.i माँ का कमरा

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB माँ का कमरा Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिये

प्रश्न 1.
बुजुर्ग बसंती कहाँ रह रही थी?
उत्तर:
बसंती अपने पुश्तैनी घर में रह रही थी।

प्रश्न 2.
बुजुर्ग बसंती को किस का पत्र मिला?
उत्तर:
बुजुर्ग बसंती को नगर में उच्च पद पर नौकरी करने वाले अपने पुत्र का पत्र मिला था।

प्रश्न 3.
बसंती की पड़ोसन कौन थी?
उत्तर:
बसंती की पड़ोसन रेशमा थी।

प्रश्न 4.
बसंती बेटे के साथ कहाँ आई थी?
उत्तर:
बसंती नगर में अपने पुत्र के घर आई थी।

प्रश्न 5.
कोठी में कितने कमरे थे?
उत्तर:
कोठी में तीन बैडरूम, एक ड्राईंग रूम और नौकरों के कमरे थे।

प्रश्न 6.
नौकर ने बसंती का सामान कहाँ रखा था?
उत्तर:
नौकर ने सामान बरामदे के साथ वाले कमरे में रखा था।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में दीजिये

प्रश्न 1.
बेटे ने पत्र में अपनी माँ बसंती को क्या लिखा?
उत्तर:
बेटे ने अपनी माँ को लिखे पत्र में लिखा था कि उसकी तरक्की हो गई है। उसे उसकी कंपनी ने रहने के लिए बहुत बड़ी कोठी दे दी है। वह अब रहने के लिए उसके पास शहर में आ जाए। उसे किसी तरह की कोई तकलीफ़ नहीं होगी।

प्रश्न 2.
पड़ोसन रेशमा ने बसंती को क्या समझाया?
उत्तर:
पड़ोसन रेशमा ने बसंती को समझाया था कि उसे बेटे के पास रहने के लिए नहीं जाना चाहिए। शहर में रहने वाले बहू-बेटे बड़े-बुजुर्गों को अपने पास रहने के लिए बुला तो लेते हैं पर उन्हें सम्मान से रखते नहीं। वे उनसे नौकरों वाले काम करवाते हैं। उन्हें ठीक तरह से खाने-पीने को भी नहीं देते। बुजुर्गों का जीवन तो कुत्तों के जीवन से भी बदतर हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 3.
बसंती क्या सोचकर बेटे के साथ शहर आई?
उत्तर:
बसंती को अपने पुत्र पर भरोसा था। फिर भी पड़ोसन के डराने से वह मन ही मन भयभीत थी। अगले दिन जब बेटा इसे ले जाने के लिए स्वयं कार ले कर आ गया तो वह उसकी ज़िद के कारण शहर जाने के लिए तैयार हो गई। उसने सोच लिया था कि ‘जो होगा देखा जावेगा।

प्रश्न 4.
बसंती के कमरे में कौन-कौन सा सामान था?
उत्तर:
बसंती को अपना कमरा तो स्वर्ग जैसा सुंदर लगा था। उसमें डबल-बैड बिछा हुआ था। टी०वी० पड़ा था। एक टेपरिकार्डर भी था। दो कुर्सियां पड़ी थीं। बैड पर बहुत नर्म गद्दे थे।

प्रश्न 5.
बसंती की आँखों में आँसू क्यों आ गए?
उत्तर:
बसंती की आँखों में खुशी के आँसू आ गए थे। उसे ऐसी संपन्नता भरा जीवन अब तक कभी नहीं प्राप्त हुआ था। वह अपने पुश्तैनी-पुराने घर में जैसे-तैसे अकेली जीवन काट रही थी। अब वह अपने बेटे और परिवार के साथ सुख पूर्वक रह सकेगी। उसका बुढ़ापा आराम से कट जाएगा। उसके पुत्र ने आज के कुछ स्वार्थी पुत्रों जैसा व्यवहार नहीं किया था।

प्रश्न 6.
‘माँ का कमरा’ कहानी का उद्देश्य क्या है ?
उत्तर:
‘माँ का कमरा’ एक सोद्देश्य पूर्ण लघु कथा है। आज के स्वार्थ भरे समय में नई पीढ़ी के अनेक पुत्र बुजुर्ग माता-पिता को अपने पास बुला कर उनसे नौकरों की तरह काम करवाते हैं। बूढ़े माँ-बाप का जीवन नरक-सा बन जाता है लेकिन अभी भी अनेक ऐसे युवक हैं जो अपने माता-पिता का सम्मान करते हैं। उनके प्रति अपनत्व का भाव रखते हैं। वे समझते हैं कि जैसे उनके बचपन में माता-पिता ने उन्हें अपना सब कुछ लगाकर बड़ा किया; पढ़ाया-लिखाया था उसी प्रकार अब उन्हें भी बूढ़े हो चुके माता-पिता की सेवा करनी चाहिए। उनके बुढ़ापे का सहारा बनना चाहिए। लेखक ने लघुकथा के माध्यम से बहुत बड़ा संदेश दिया है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित पंजाबी गद्यांश का हिंदी में अनुवाद कीजिए

ਛੋਟੇ ਜਿਹੇ ਪੂਸ਼ਤੈਨੀ ਮਕਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿ ਰਹੀ ਬਜ਼ੁਰਗ ਬਸੰਤੀ ਨੂੰ ਦੂਰ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਰਹਿ ਰਹੇ ਪੁੱਤਰ ਦਾ ਪੱਤਰ ਮਿਲਿਆ‘ਮਾਂ ਮੇਰੀ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਹੋ ਗਈ ਹੈ। ਕੰਪਨੀ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਰਹਿਣ ਨੂੰ ਬਹੁਤ ਵੱਡੀ ਕੋਠੀ ਮਿਲੀ ਹੈ, ਹੁਣ ਤਾਂ ਤੈਨੂੰ ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਆ ਕੇ ਰਹਿਣਾ ਹੀ ਪਵੇਗਾ।
उत्तर:
अनुवाद-छोटे से पुश्तैनी मकान में रह रही बुजुर्ग बसंती को दूर शहर रह रहे बेटे का पत्र मिला-“माँ मेरी तरक्की हो गई है। कंपनी की ओर से मुझे रहने के लिए बहुत बड़ी कोठी मिली है, अब तो तुम्हें मेरे पास शहर में आकर रहना ही होगा।”

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
आप अपने घर या आस पड़ोस में बुजुर्गों की बेहतरी के लिए क्या-क्या करेंगे?
उत्तर:
हमें अपने घर या आस-पड़ोस में बुजुर्गों की बेहतरी के लिए काम करने चाहिए। हम उनके कहने पर उन्हें बाज़ार से घर का आवश्यक सामान लाकर देंगे। समय-समय पर उनके घर जाकर पूछेगे कि उन्हें किसी चीज़ की आवश्यकता तो नहीं। यदि आवश्यकता होगी तो उसे हम बाज़ार से लाकर देंगे। शाम के समय उन्हें पार्क में सैर के लिए ले जाएंगे। यदि वे घर में अकेले रहते हैं तो इन से बातें करेंगे। यदि वे चाहेंगे तो उनके साथ कैरम आदि खेलेंगे। आवश्यक होने पर उन्हें डॉक्टर के पास लेकर जाएंगे।

प्रश्न 2.
आप घर में अपनी माँ की मदद किस प्रकार करते हैं? कक्षा में चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
अपने अध्यापक की सहायता से कक्षा में सब मिलकर चर्चा कीजिए।

(घ) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
पत्र-पत्रिकाओं में छपने वाली लघुकथाएं पढ़िए।
उत्तर:
स्वयं कीजिए।

प्रश्न 2.
विद्यालय की वार्षिक पत्रिका में लघुकथा लिखने का प्रयास कीजिए।
उत्तर:
स्वयं कीजिए।

प्रश्न 3.
‘माँ’ पर कविताओं का संकलन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
स्वयं कीजिए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

‘माँ का कमरा’ लघुकथा हमें सदा अच्छा सोचने की प्रेरणा देती है। हमें किसी के बारे में सदा गलत नहीं सोचना चाहिए क्योंकि यदि हम दूसरों के विषय में सदा यही सोचते रहें कि वह अच्छा नहीं है, उसमें बुराइयाँ ही बुराइयाँ हैं तो हमें कुछ भी अच्छा नहीं लगेगा, इसलिए कहा गया है कि-
बुरा जो देखन मैं चला बुरा न मिला कोई।
जो मन देखा अपना मुझसा बुरा न कोई॥
इसलिए सदा अच्छा सोचो, अच्छा देखो, अच्छा करो इसी से अपना तथा समाज का भला है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide माँ का कमरा Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
बसंती का बेटा अपने पुश्तैनी घर से दूर क्यों रहता था?
उत्तर:
बसंती का बेटा शहर में कहीं नौकरी करता था इसलिए वह अपने पुश्तैनी घर से दूर रहता था।

प्रश्न 2.
पुत्र को कंपनी ने क्या दिया था?
उत्तर:
पुत्र को कंपनी ने रहने के लिए बहुत बड़ी कोठी दी थी।

प्रश्न 3.
बसंती की पड़ोसन ने किस महिला के पछताने की बात कही थी? क्यों?
उत्तर:
बसंती की पड़ोसन ने बचनी नामक महिला के पछताने की बात कही थी। उसे शहर में रहने के लिए बहूबेटे ने अपने पास बुला लिया था और नौकरानी की तरह उससे व्यवहार किया था। वे उसे न वक्त पर रोटी देते थे और न ही चाय। उसका जीवन तो कुत्ते से बुरा हो गया था।

प्रश्न 4.
बसंती शहर में किस तरह गई थी?
उत्तर:
बसंती का बेटा शहर से आया था और उसे अपनी कार में बिठा कर ले गया था।

प्रश्न 5.
बसंती का बेटा माँ को घर छोड़ कर कहाँ चला गया था?
उत्तर:
बसंती का बेटा माँ को घर छोड़ कर अपने किसी ज़रूरी काम को पूरा करने के लिए चला गया था।

प्रश्न 6.
बसंती की बहू और बच्चे घर क्यों नहीं थे?
उत्तर:
बसंती की बहू अपने काम पर चली गई थी और बच्चे स्कूल में पढ़ने के लिए गए हुए थे।

प्रश्न 7.
कोठी के तीन कमरों के बारे में बसंती ने क्या सोचा था?
उत्तर:
कोठी के तीन कमरों के बारे में बसंती ने सोचा था कि एक कमरा बहू-बेटे का होगा, दूसरा बच्चों का और तीसरा मेहमानों के लिए होगा।

प्रश्न 8.
पिछवाड़े में नौकरों के लिए बने कमरे कैसे थे?
उत्तर:
पिछवाड़े में नौकरों के लिए बने कमरे छोटे थे पर वे रहने योग्य अवश्य थे।

प्रश्न 9.
माँ क्या सोचकर बिस्तर से उठ बैठी थी?
उत्तर:
माँ यह सोचकर बिस्तर से उठ बैठी थी कि वापस आकर उसका बेटा कहीं उसे डाँटे नहीं कि वह उन नर्म गद्दों पर लेट क्यों गई थी।

प्रश्न 10.
बसंती किस बात को सुनकर आश्चर्यचकित रह गई थी?
उत्तर:
बसंती इस बात को सुनकर आश्चर्यचकित रह गई थी कि घर के तीन बड़े कमरों में से एक कमरा उसका था जिसमें डबल-बैड लगा हुआ था।

माँ का कमरा कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

पुश्तैनी = जो कई पीड़ियों से चला आ रहा हो। बुजुर्ग = बड़ी आयु वाले। जून = जन्म (योनी)। तरक्की = उन्नति। तकलीफ = परेशानी; कष्ट। दुर्गति = बुरी दशा। वक्त = समय। सफर = यात्रा। पिछवाड़े = पिछला हिस्सा। टिका दिया = रख दिया। देख-रेख = निगरानी। आश्चर्यचकित = हैरान। पुनः = दुबारा । बेझिझक = बिना किसी झिझक के। आलिंगन = गले लगाया। सुखद = सुख देने वाला।

माँ का कमरा Summary

माँ का कमरा लेखक परिचय

जीवन परिचय- श्री श्याम सुंदर अग्रवाल पंजाब के प्रतिष्ठित लघुकथाकार हैं। इनका जन्म पंजाब राज्य के कोटकपूरा में 8 फरवरी, सन् 1950 ई० में हुआ था। बी०ए० तक की शिक्षा प्राप्त करने के पश्चात् ये लोक निर्माण विभाग में कार्यरत रहे। सन् 1988 ई० में इन्होंने पंजाबी पत्रिका ‘पिन्नी’ का संपादन कार्य आरंभ किया। यह पत्रिका त्रैमासिक है। अपनी नौकरी के दौरान ही इन्होंने हिंदी और पंजाबी में लघुकथा लेखन का कार्य आरंभ किया था। ये बाल-साहित्य की रचना भी करते हैं।

रचनाएँ-श्री अग्रवाल के फुटकर लघु कथनाओं के अतिरिक्त दो लघुकथा संग्रह अब तक प्रकाशित हुए हैं। उनके नाम हैं-‘नंगे लोका दा फिक्र’, ‘मारुथल दे वासी’।

साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-श्री अग्रवाल वर्तमान युग की उस त्रासदी को अभिव्यक्त करने वाले कहानीकार हैं जिन्होंने युग बोध की सार्थकता को व्यक्त करने में सफलता प्राप्त की है। हर वस्तु के दो पक्ष होते हैं-अच्छा और बुरा। बुरा डराता है तो अच्छा मन में सद्भावों को उत्पन्न करता है। लेखक सद्भावों को जगाने में सक्षम है। वह दूर की गोटियां न उठा कर निकट से ही विषय को उठाते हैं। लेखक की भाषा सरल और सहज है। उसमें स्वाभाविकता है। गतिशीलता उसमें विद्यमान है।

माँ का कमरा कहानी का सार

बसंती अपने छोटे-से पुश्तैनी मकान में अकेली रहती थी। उसका पुत्र दूर शहर में नौकरी करता था। उसकी तरक्की हो गई थी। उसने अपनी माँ को शहर में आकर उसके साथ रहने के लिए पत्र लिखा। जब उसकी पड़ोसन को पता लगा तो उसने सलाह दी कि वह ऐसा बिल्कुल न करे। शहरों में प्राय: बहू-बेटे अपने बुजुर्ग माँ-बाप से नौकरों वाले काम कराने के लिए ही उन्हें अपने पास बुलाते हैं। वहाँ जाकर रहना तो कुत्तों से भी बुरी हालत में रहने के बराबर होता है। माँ चिंता में डूबी हुई थी।

उसका पुत्र अपनी कार में उसे लेने आ गया था। ‘जो होगा देखा जायेगा’ – सोचकर माँ पुत्र के साथ चली गई। लंबे सफर के बाद जब माँ वहाँ पहुँची तो उसने देखा कि घर बहुत बड़ा था। तीन कमरों में डबल बैड, एक बढ़िया सजा हुआ कमरा और पीछे नौकरों के कमरे। नौकर एक कमरे में उस का समान रख गया। घर में न तो दोनों बच्चे थे और न बहू। शाम को उसका बेटा वापस घर आया तो माँ ने उससे कहा कि उस का सामान भी उसके कमरे में रखवा देता। बेटे ने बताया कि उसका सामान उसी के कमरे में ही तो था। माँ के लिए ऐसा सुनना हैरान कर गया था। उसने झट उसे गले लगा लिया। खुशी से उसकी आँखें भर आयी थीं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Prepositions Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Prepositions

Fill in the blanks with suitable Prepositions :

(A) The dowry system degenerated (1) ……… an evil custom. It became necessary (2) ……… the parents (3)……… girls to give a good dowry ……… (4) their daughters. The married life (5) ……… a girl depended (6) ……… the size (7)…….. the dowry. A successful and happy married life became impossible (8)…….. the absence (9)…….. a handsome dowry. Newspapers are full (10) reports carrying tales (11)……..brides being burnt (12) …….. death or driven (13) …….. hang themselves because (14) …….. constant nagging by their in-laws.
Answer:
1. into, 2. for, 3. of, 4. to, 5. of, 6. on, 7. of, 8. in, 9. of, 10. of, 11. of, 12. to, 13. to, 14. of.

(B) Cricket is a game known …….. (1) its wonderful glories. It is, popular (2) …….. men and women (3) …….. all ages. People used to go to see a cricket test match (4) …….. thousands. They used to see a match (5)…….. five days. Many a time, the match would end (6) …….. a draw. But things have changed (7) …….. the introduction (8) ……..one-day matches. This kind …….. (9) cricket has certainly caught the fancy …….. (10) the people. There is no need to wait ……..(11) five days now (12)…….. the outcome (13)…….. the match. A match is now decided (14) …….. the same day.
Answer:
1. for, 2. among, 3. of, 4. in, 5. for, 6. in, 7. with, 8. of, 9. of, 10. of, 11. for, 12. for, 13. of, 14. on.

(C) In modern times, books are being published (1) …….. very large numbers (2) …….. all subjects under the sun. It is not possible (3) ……..a man to read all (4) …….. them. Reading gives us a lot (5) …….. pleasure. Books delight and educate (6) …….. the same time. The Gita gives us a message (7) …….. universal brotherhood. It tells us that a man should go on doing his duty without worrying (8)…….. the results.
Answer:
1. in, 2. on, 3. for, 4. of, 5. of, 6. at, 7. of, 8. about.

(D) It is (1) …….. the very nature (2) …….. adversity to bring out the best (3) …….. man, develop his latent abilities and lead him (4) …….. a path (5)…….. prosperity and progress. The history (6) …….. the world is the story (7)…….. the survival (8) …….. the fittest. In the course of time,man, through his heroic struggle against the adverse circumstances, came out (9) …….. the forest, changed the face (10) the universe and landed (11) …….. the moon.
Answer:
1. in, 2. of, 3. in, 4. to, 5. of,6. of, 7. of, 8. of, 9. of, 10. of, 11. on.

(E) Mr. Blacksmith is known (1) …….. me. Once we met (2) …….. a garden. (3) …….. there, he took me (4) …….. his apartment. I was astonished to see his capabilities as a journalist. I just had a look (5) …….. his face. He was trying to prove his position. He was really a man (6) …….. letters but unfortunately he was blind (7) ……..one eye. I looked (8) …….. the portrait (9) …….. a lady hanging (10) …….. the wall. I went to take a round (11) …….. his house and I saw a family photograph. Mr. Blacksmith was sitting (12). ……. his wife and son (13) the photograph. After spending some time (14) …….. him, I came back home.
Answer:
1. to, 2. in, 3. From, 4. to, 5. at 6. of, 7. in, 8. at, 9. of, 10. on, 11. of, 12. with, 13. in, 14. with.

(F) Life is not a bed (1) …….. roses but a bed (2) ……..thorns. Those who understand the reality (3)…….. life are winners, not losers. One has to go (4) …….. a lot (5) …….. trials and tribulations (6) …….. taking a right decision or (7) ……. making a right choice. God has given us tremendous power to think and decide. But most (8) …….. us are ignorant (9) …….. our capabilities. We should not underestimate ourselves and move (10) …….. the destination (11) …….. any doubts or fears. This behaviour will lead us (12) …….. greater heights.
Answer:
1. of, 2. of, 3. of, 4. through, 5. of, 6. in 7. for 8. of 9. of 10. towards 11. without 12. to.

(G) Translation is an art. Good translation is the result. (1) …….. practice and patience. It requires skill to translate words and ideas (2)…….. one language (3)……..another. Literal translation (4) …….. a sentence sometimes spoils the spirit (5) …….. the language and sounds funny. Ope should translate words and ideas (6)…….. precision. It is essential to be equally well-versed (7) …….. both the languages.
Answer:
1. of 2. of 3. into 4. of 5. of 6. with 7. in.

(H) Positive thoughts are the wings (1) …….. success. One should always look (2) …….. the positive side (3) …….. life. We should not let negative thoughts come (4) …….. our mind, Everybody should have this approach (5) …….. life. Always hope (6)…….. the best and believe (7) …….. God. He is always there to take care (8) …….. His children. God is too great to ask (9) …….. the price (10) …….. the gifts He has bestowed (11)…….. us.
Answer:
1. of 2. at 3. of 4. into 5. to 6. for 7. in 8. of 9. for 10. of 11. on.

(I) First and foremost (1)……..the blessings of civilization are order and safety. We should not quarrel (2) …….. each other. In disputes (3) …….. man and man, right has taken the place (4) …….. might. Law protects us (5) …….. robbery and violence. Nobody can come and break (6) our house, steal our goods or run off (7) …….. our children. Many of us act (8) …….. thinking. This habit has injured the feelings (9)…….. many and has turned friends (10) …….. enemies.
Answer:
1.of 2. with 3. between 4. of 5. from 6. into 7. with 8. without 9. of 10. into.

(J) Dreams have been the topic (1) …….. discussion (2) …….. men (3) …….. centuries. The fact cannot be denied that dreams are far (4) reality but (5) …….. the same time, they open up (6) …….. us a facet (7)……..our personality (8) …….. which we did not know earlier. Dreams take us (9) a world which is more like a Utopia. Some people are (10) …….. the habit (11) …….. daydreaming. They find themselves lost (12) …….. dreams most (13) …….. the time. One must not blind oneself (14) …….. the reality.
Answer:
1. of 2. with 3. for 4. from 5. at 6. before 7. of 8. of 9. into 10. in 11. of 12. in 13. of 14. from.

ऐसे शब्द को Preposition कहा जाता है जो स्थान (place), दिशा (direction), साधन (source), विधि (method), आदि का बोध कराने के लिए किसी Noun अथवा Pronoun से पहले लगाया गया हो; जैसे. In the room; towards the city; through the forest; by all means; into the well; beside me; between us, आदि

The Use Of Some Prepositions

(1) At का प्रयोग छोटे नगरों तथा गांवों के नामों के साथ किया जाता है।
In का प्रयोग बड़े नगरों, प्रान्तों और देशों के नामों के साथ किया जाता है।

1. Mohan lives at Kathua.
2. She was born at Batote.
3. The last Olympic Games were held in Beijing.
4. There are many film studios in Mumbai.

(2) On का प्रयोग तिथियों तथा दिनों के नामों के साथ किया जाता है।
In का प्रयोग महीनों तथा वर्षों के लिए किया जाता है।
At का प्रयोग Point of Time के लिए किया जाता है।

1. I shall go to Delhi on Sunday.
2. Our examination begins on 24th July.
3. Rains started in July.
4. His grandfather died in 2005.
5. We had tea at 5 o’clock.
6. He came at the right time.

(3) In और At के निम्नलिखित समय-सम्बन्धी प्रयोग याद रखिए
In the morning At noon
In the evening At night
In the afternoon At dawn

(4) Between का प्रयोग दो व्यक्तियों । स्थानों । वस्तुओं / आदि के लिए किया जाता है।
Among का प्रयोग दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों । स्थानों । वस्तुओं / आदि के लिए किया जाता है।
1. The two brothers quarrelled between themselves.
2. The three brothers quarrelled among themselves.

(5) In स्थिरता (rest) को प्रकट करता है। ..
Into अन्दर की ओर गति (motion) को प्रकट करता है।
1. He was sitting in the room.
2. The fox fell into the well.

(6) On स्थिरता (rest) को प्रकट करता है।
Upon ऊपर की ओर गति (motion) को, प्रकट करता है
1. The book is on the table.
2. The cat jumped upon the table.

(7) With उस यन्त्र (instrument) की ओर संकेत करता है जिसका प्रयोग कोई काम करने के लिए किया
By काम करने वाले (doer) की ओर सकेत करता है
1. He beat his servant with a stick.
2. The book was written by me.

(8) Beside = निकट,असंगत
Besides = के अतिरिक्त
1. She came and sat beside me.
2. Your answer is beside the mark.
3. I have three other pens besides this.

(9) Since तथा For का प्रयोग Perfect Tense के बाद किया जाता है।
from का प्रयोग किसी भी Tense के बाद किय जाता है
Since और From का प्रयोग point of time के लिए किया जाता है।

For का प्रयोग period of time के लिए किया जाता है।
Since का प्रयोग केवल भूतकाल के सम्बन्ध में ही किया जा सकता है।
From और For का प्रयोग किसी भी काल के लिए किया जा सकता है।

1. He has been ill since Monday last.
2. This timetable has been in force since August.
3. He studied English from the age of ten.
4. This timetable will come in force from Monday.
5. I have been ill for five days.

Fill in the blanks with suitable Prepositions :

(A)
1. How did you come ……….. this ring ?
2. He has no taste ……….. music.
3. She is sick ……….. your company.
4. It is ……….. my power to help you.
5. Radha takes ……….. her mother.
6. He is not attending ……….. his lesson.
7. He jumped ……….. the river.
8. He is well known me.
9. He was shocked ……….. his failure.
10. The silly fellow takes delight ……… the sufferings of others.
Answer:
(A) 1. by 2 for 3. of 4. within 5. after 6. to 7. into 8. to 9. at 10. in.

(B)
1. The Minister gave …… the prizes.
2. He is fully qualified …… this job.
3. My office is …… a stone’s throw from my house.
4. He is a fool …… the firs ……the pupils
the value of discipline. ……
6. What is the time …… your watch ?
7. He was accused …… smuggling.
8. He agreed …… my proposal,
9. Remind him …… his promise.
10. He has disposed his scooter.
Answer:
(B) 1, away 2. for 3. at 4. of 5. upon 6. by 7. of 8. to 9. of 10. of

(C)
1. He died …… overwork.
2. He is fond …… books.
3. I prefer tea …… coffee.
4. There is no delight …… teasing others.
5. She is sorry to part…… her friends.
6. Will you stand …… me in trouble ?
7. Let us hope …… the best.
8. Monika is gifted …… a sweet voice.
9. The Principal received the guests …… the gate.
10. I was able to see …… his trick.
Answer:
1. from 2. of 3. to 4. in 5. from 6. by 7. for 8. with 9. at 10. through.

(D)
1. The patient died …… a serious illness.
2. She is very weak …… English.
3. Rajinder is related …… me.
4. The train arrived late …… 30 minutes.
5. Agra is famous ……..its historical buildings.
6. This pen is superior …… that one.
7. She is proud …… her beauty.
8. I caught him …… the ear.
9. She aims …… becoming a good doctor.
10. We go to school …… education.
Answer:
(D) 1. of 2. in 3. to 4.by 5. for 6 to 7. o18. by 9. at 10. for

(E)
1. She is blind …… one eye.
2. She is fond……music.
3. He prefers tea …… coffee but his father likes coffee more …… tea.
4. Ram went…… the room.
5. The pen is …… the table.
6. I had an interview …… the Head master.
7. This book is full…… errors.
8. He is junior …… me.
9. I am in favour …… a change.
10. This book is more interesting …… that one.
Answer:
1. in 2. of 3. to, than 4. into 5. of 6. with 7. of 8. to 9. of 10. than.

(F)
1. He was given a grand party on the eve …… his retirement.
2. He invited me …… tea.
3. His house is situated …… front of the post office.
4. I go to school…… ten.
5. Water …… this well is dirty.
6. We go …… office every day.
7. I shall return …… a month.
8. Rita is standing …… the door.
9. He ran …… the room.
10. I bought the book …… a low price.
Answer:
1. of 2. to 3. in 4. at 5. of 6. to 7. in & at 9. into 10, at.

(G)
1. He worked …… a long time.
2. The cat is sitting …… the table.
3. I returned from Delhi …… a month.
4. He is blind …… his shortcomings.
5. Always hope …… the best.
6. He acceeded …… my request.
7. He deals …… sugar.
8. He is blessed …… a son.
9. I have made …… my deficiency in ……
10. He was accused …… theft.
Answer:
1. for 2. under 3. after 4, to 5. for 6. to 7. in 8. with 9.up 10. of

(H)
1. He died …… his country.
2. The river abounds …… fish.
3. A drowning man catches …… a straw.
4. He is open …… conviction.
5. She has no sympathy …… you.
6. Her activities are beneficial …… society.
7. He is not deaf …… your entreaty.
8. It has been drizzling …… Monday.
9. He is not ashamed this.
10. They travel …… horseback.
Answer:
1. for 2. in / with 3. at 4. to 5. for 6. to 7. to 8. since 9. of 10. on.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 10 नर्स Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 10 नर्स

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB नर्स Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
महेश कितने साल का था?
उत्तर:
महेश छ: साल का था।

प्रश्न 2.
महेश कहाँ दाखिल था?
उत्तर:
महेश अस्पताल में दाखिल था।

प्रश्न 3.
अस्पताल में मुलाकातियों से मिलने का समय क्या था?
उत्तर:
अस्पताल में मुलाकातियों से मिलने का समय शाम चार से छः बजे तक का था।

प्रश्न 4.
वार्ड में कुल कितने बच्चे थे?
उत्तर:
वार्ड में कुल बारह बच्चे थे।

प्रश्न 5.
सात बजे कौन-सी दो नर्से वार्ड में आईं?
उत्तर:
सात बजे. मरीडा और मांजरेकर नाम की दो नर्से वार्ड में आई थीं।

प्रश्न 6.
महेश किस सिस्टर से घुल-मिल गया था?
‘उत्तर:
महेश सिस्टर सूसान से घुल-मिल गया था।

प्रश्न 7.
महेश को अस्पताल से कितने दिन बाद छुट्टी मिली?
उत्तर:
महेश को तेरह दिन बाद अस्पताल से छुट्टी मिली।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
सरस्वती की परेशानी का क्या कारण था?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती का बेटा अस्पताल में दाखिल था। उसका ऑप्रेशन हुआ था। सरस्वती उससे मिलने अस्पताल आई थी। उसका बेटा उससे लिपटकर रो रहा था। सरस्वती का बेटा उसे वहाँ से जाने नहीं दे रहा था। बेटा सरस्वती की कोई बात सुनने को तैयार नहीं हो रहा था। बेटे का इस प्रकार रोना और तड़पना सरस्वती की परेशानी का कारण था।

प्रश्न 2.
सरस्वती ने नौ नम्बर बैड वाले बच्चे से क्या मदद माँगी?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती को नौ नम्बर बैड वाला बच्चा ज्यादा समझदार और अक्लमंद लग रहा था। वह शायद दस वर्ष का था। सरस्वती ने उसे पास बुलाकर कहा कि वह उसके बेटे महेश को बातों में लगाए, उसे कोई कहानी आदि सुनाए ताकि वह वहाँ से बाहर जा सके। लड़के ने सरस्वती की बात मान ली और उसकी मदद को तैयार हो गया। वह महेश के पास जाकर बात करने लगा और इसी बीच सरस्वती वहाँ से निकल कर बाहर आ गई।

प्रश्न 3.
सिस्टर सूसान ने महेश को अपने बेटे के बारे में क्या बताया?
अथवा
‘नर्स’ कहानी में सिस्टर सूसान ने महेश को अपने बेटे के बारे में क्या बताया?
उत्तर:
जब सिस्टर सूसान ने महेश को रोते देखा था तो उसने महेश को बताया कि उसका बेटा भी उसी की भाँति रोता है। वह बहुत शैतान है। उसका नाम भी महेश है। वह अभी तीन महीने का है। बिल्कुल छोटा-सा है। उसने महेश को यह भी बताया कि आया उससे जब खेलती है या गाना गाती है तो वह खुशी से हाथ-पैर ऊपर-नीचे करने लगता है जैसे नाच रहा हो। महेश के पूछने पर वह उसे बताती है कि उसके बेटे को अभी बोलना नहीं आता। इसलिए वह . अभी अंगू-अंगू ……गू, गूं…. बोलता है।

प्रश्न 4.
दूसरे दिन महेश ने माँ को घर जाने की इजाजत खुशी-खुशी कैसे दे दी?
उत्तर:
महेश ने अपनी माँ को घर जाने की इजाज़त खुशी-खुशी दे दी थी क्योंकि सिस्टर सूसान के छोटे-से बच्चे की बातें सुनकर उसने अपनी माँ के बारे में सोचा था। उसे अपनी छोटी बहन मोना के रोने की चिंता की जिसे मम्मी पास वाले राजू के घर छोड़कर आई थी। वह नहीं चाहता था कि उसके रोने से माँ का कष्ट बड़े।

प्रश्न 5.
सरस्वती द्वारा सिस्टर सूसान को गुलदस्ता और उसके बबलू के लिए गिफ्ट पेश करने पर सिस्टर सूसान ने क्या कहा?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती द्वारा सिस्टर सूसान को गुलदस्ता और उसके बबलू के लिए गिफ्ट देने पर सिस्टर सूसान ने रंगबिरंगे फूलों वाला गुलदस्ता तो ले लिया पर अपने बबलू के लिए गिफ्ट नहीं लिया। उसकी न तो अभी शादी हुई थी और न ही उसकी कोई संतान थी। उसने तो महेश को बहलाने के लिए झूठ ही कहा था कि उसका छोटा-सा बबलू है।

III. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छह-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
सिस्टर सूसान का चरित्र-चित्रण अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
सिस्टर सूसान ‘नर्स’ कहानी की दूसरी प्रमुख पात्र है। आधी से ज्यादा कहानी उसी के इर्द-गिर्द घूमती है। वह एक नर्स है। एक नर्स होने के सभी गुण उसमें विद्यमान हैं। वह अपना कार्य बहुत ही मेहनत तथा ईमानदारी से करती है। सूसान सरल हृदय वाली नारी है। उसका चरित्र ममतामयी नारी का चरित्र है। कहानीकार ने उसे सरल हृदया, कर्मठ तथा विवेकशील नारी के रूप में चित्रित किया है। उसके चरित्र में सहजता तथा स्वाभाविकता है। वह अस्पताल के बच्चों को एक माँ के समान प्यार करती है। उसमें स्थितियों को समझने और उसके अनुसार स्वयं को ढालने की शक्ति है। वह महेश को रोता देख उसकी पीड़ा को समझकर उसकी मनोव्यथा को दूर करती है। वह बाल मनोविज्ञान को समझती है। अतः सूसान सही अर्थों में एक ममतामयी, सेवाभाव से युक्त तथा ममत्व से परिपूर्ण नारी है। वह ईमानदार है। यदि ऐसा न होता तो महेश की माँ से उपहार भी ले सकती थी लेकिन उसने ऐसा नहीं किया।

प्रश्न 2.
‘नर्स’ कहानी का उद्देश्य अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
कहानीकार का उद्देश्य उसकी रचना में ही समाहित है। उसने अपने वर्ण्य चरित्र का गुणगान करते समय उसकी विशेषताओं पर प्रकाश डाला है कि किस प्रकार नर्स सूसान बच्चों को चिकित्सा के अतिरिक्त अपनी ममता, स्नेह, दुलार, सोहार्द तथा भावों से भरी बातचीत से कैसे बच्चों का दिल जीत लेती है। उनका इलाज करती है। माँ न होते हुए भी उन्हें माँ की कमी महसूस नहीं होने देती। लेखक का उद्देश्य नर्स के सेवाभाव और ममत्व को रोगी के हितों के लिए प्रस्तुत करना रहा है। इसके साथ कहानीकार ने एक बच्चे के मनोभावों तथा माँ के हृदय की पीड़ा को बड़े ही सशक्त शब्दों में प्रस्तुत किया है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित पंजाबी गद्यांशों का हिंदी में अनुवाद कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
ਅੱਠ ਵਜੇ ਸਿਸਟਰ ਸੂਸਾਨ ਦੇ ਵਾਰਡ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹੀ ਕਈ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਚਿਹਰੇ ਤੇ ਮੁਸਕਾਨ ਛਾ ਗਈ । ਇਕ ਤੇ ਨੌ ਨੰਬਰ ਵਾਲੇ ਬੱਚੇ ਤਾਂ ਉਸਦੇ ਸੁਆਗਤ ਲਈ ਬਿਸਤਰ ਤੋਂ ਉੱਠ ਕੇ ਬੈਠ ਗਏ । ਸਿਸਟਰ ਨੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਵਲ ਹੱਥ ਹਿਲਾਇਆ !
उत्तर:
आठ बजे सिस्टर सूसान के वार्ड में आते ही कई बच्चों के चेहरे पर मुस्कान छा गई। एक से नौ नंबर वाले बच्चे तो उसका स्वागत करने के लिए बिस्तर से उठकर बैठ गए। सिस्टर ने उनकी तरफ हाथ हिलाया।

प्रश्न 2.
ਰੰਗ ਬਿਰੰਗੇ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਫੁੱਲਾਂ ਵਾਲਾ ਇਹ ਗੁਲਦਸਤਾ ਤਾਂ ਮੈਂ ਖੁਸ਼ੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਰਹੀ ਹਾਂ ਬਾਕੀ ਇਹ ਗਿਫਟ ਕਿਸੀ ਇਹੋ ਜਿਹੀ ਔਰਤ ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਦੇਣਾ ਜਿਸਦਾ ਕੋਈ ਬਬਲੂ ਹੋਏ । ਮੇਰਾ ਤਾਂ ਕੋਈ ਬਬਲੂ ਹੈ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ । ਮੈਂ ਤਾਂ ਹਾਲੇ ਤਕ ਸ਼ਾਦੀ ਹੀ ठी वीठी वै ।
उत्तर:
रंग बिरंगे सुंदर फूलों वाला यह गुलदस्ता तो मैं खुशी से ले रही हूँ। शेष यह गिफ्ट किसी ऐसी औरत को देना जिसका कोई बबलू हो। मेरा तो कोई बबलू है ही नहीं। मैंने तो अभी तक शादी ही नहीं की है।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
आप अपने जीवन में क्या बनना चाहेगे ? इस विषय पर कक्षा में सभी विद्यार्थी चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मनुष्य अनेक कल्पनाएँ करता है। वह अपने को ऊपर उठाने के लिए योजनाएँ बनाता है। कल्पना सबके लिए होती है लेकिन उस कल्पना को साकार करने की शक्ति किसी-किसी के पास होती है। सपनों में सब घूमते हैं। सभी अपने सामने कोई-न-कोई लक्ष्य रखकर चलते हैं। सभी महत्त्वाकांक्षा का मोती प्राप्त करना चाहते हैं।

विभिन्न व्यक्तियों के विभिन्न लक्ष्य होते हैं। कोई डॉक्टर बनकर रोगियों की सेवा करना चाहता है तो कोई इंजीनियर बनकर निर्माण करना चाहता है। कोई कर्मचारी बनना चाहता है तो कोई व्यापारी। कोई नेता बनना चाहता है तो कोई अभिनेता। मेरे मन में भी एक कल्पना है। मैं अध्यापक बनना चाहता हूँ। भले ही कुछ लोग इसे साधारण उद्देश्य समझें पर मेरे लिए यह गौरव की बात है। अध्यापक देश-सेवा और समाज-सेवा का सबसे बड़ा साधन होता है।

मैं व्यक्ति की अपेक्षा समाज और समाज की अपेक्षा राष्ट्र को अधिक महत्त्व देता हूँ। स्वार्थ की अपेक्षा परमार्थ को महत्त्व देता हूँ। मैं मानता हूँ कि जो ईंट नींव बनती है, महल उसी पर खड़ा होता है। मैं धन, कीर्ति और यश का भूखा नहीं। मेरे सामने तो राष्ट्र-कवि श्री मैथिलीशरण गुप्त का यह सिद्धांत रहता है ‘समष्टि के लिए समष्टि हों बलिदान’। विद्यार्थी देश की नींव हैं। मैं उस नींव को मज़बूत बनाना चाहता हूँ।

यदि मैं अध्यापक होता-अध्यापक बनने की मेरी इच्छा पूरी होगी अथवा नहीं इस विषय में मैं निश्चित रूप से पता नहीं कर सकता। यदि मैं अध्यापक होता तो क्या करता, यह बता देना मैं अपना कर्त्तव्य समझता हूँ। आज के अध्यापक को देखकर मेरा मन निराशा से भर जाता है। आज का अध्यापक अध्यापन को भी एक व्यवसाय समझता है। पैसे कमाने को ही वह अपना लक्ष्य समझ बैठा है। वह यह भूल गया है कि इस व्यवसाय में त्याग और बलिदान की ज़रूरत है। यदि मैं शिक्षक होता तो सबसे पूर्व अपने में उत्तम गुणों का विकास करता।

छात्रों को शिक्षा के महत्त्व से संचित कराकर उनमें शिक्षा के प्रति रुचि पैदा करता। आज बहुत से विद्यार्थी शिक्षा को बोझ समझते हैं। स्कूल से भाग जाना, काम से जी चुराना, अनुशासनहीनता का परिचय देना, बड़ों का अपमान करना उनके जीवन की साधारण घटनाएँ बन गई हैं। मैं उनमें अच्छे संस्कार पैदा कर उनकी बुराइयों को समाप्त करता।

मुझे जो भी विषय पढ़ाने के लिए दिया जाता उसे रोचक और सरल ढंग से पढ़ाता। शैक्षणिक भ्रमण की योजनाओं द्वारा इसमें ऐतिहासिक स्थानों के प्रति रुचि पैदा करता। उन्हें सच्चा भारतीय बनाता। मैं अपने विद्यार्थियों को अपने परिवार । के सदस्यों के समान समझता, उनकी कठिनाइयों को दूर करने की कोशिश करता। मैं यह कभी न भूलता कि यदि स्वामी दयानंद, विवेकानंद, शिवाजी जैसे महापुरुष पैदा करने हैं तो अपने व्यक्तित्व को भी ऊँचा उठाना पड़ेगा। आज भारत को आदर्श नागरिकों की आवश्यकता है। आदर्श शिक्षा द्वारा ही उच्चकोटि के व्यक्ति पैदा किए जा सकते है।

प्रश्न 2.
नर्सिंग क्षेत्र के अतिरिक्त और किस-किस क्षेत्र में मानव-सेवा के भाव जिंदा हैं? कक्षा में इसकी चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
नर्सिंग के अतिरिक्त आज के युग में अन्य बहुत से ऐसे क्षेत्र हैं जहाँ मानव-सेवा भाव जिंदा है जैसे-विभिन्न प्रकार के समाज सेवी कार्य, अध्यापन का कार्य आदि। विद्यार्थी अपने विवेक के आधार पर स्वयं कक्षा में चर्चा करें।

प्रश्न 3.
अस्पताल के किसी वार्ड का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मैंने सरकारी अस्पताल के सामान्य वार्ड को एक बार तब देखा था जब मैं अपने घर काम करने वाले माली के पिता को देखने अपने पापा के साथ गया था। उस सामान्य वार्ड में लगभग बीस रोगी लेटे हुए थे। सब तरफ गंदगी बिखरी हुई थी। वहाँ न तो कोई डॉक्टर था और न ही नर्स। हर रोगी के साथ दो-तीन लोग थे। वह स्थान रोगियों के लिए वार्ड नहीं लग रहा था। कुछ रोगी तड़प रहे थे तो कुछ लेटे हुए थे। गर्मी के कारण सबका बुरा हाल था।

प्रश्न 4.
‘नर्स होना चुनौतीपूर्ण वचनबद्धता है’-इस विषय पर अनुच्छेद लिखिए।
उत्तर:
नर्स होना वास्तव में ही चुनौतीपूर्ण वचनबद्धता है। प्राय: सभी रोगी कष्ट की स्थिति में ही अस्पताल में भर्ती होते हैं। उनके साथ वहाँ आए लोग भी परेशान होते हैं। नर्स को रोगी की सहायता करनी होती है तो उसके साथ आए लोगों को समझाना पड़ता है। उसे सब से सभ्यतापूर्वक व्यवहार करना पड़ता है। उन्हें सांत्वना देनी होती है। साथ ही साथ सभी को समय पर दवाई देनी होती है, उनके आवश्यक टेस्ट कराने होते हैं। स्वयं कष्ट में होने पर भी सभी को मीठी भाषा में समझाना पड़ता है। निश्चित रूप से यह कार्य आसान नहीं है।

(घ) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

1. 12 मई को अंतर्राष्ट्रीय नर्स दिवस और 1 जुलाई को डॉक्टर्स-डे पर विभिन्न कार्यक्रम आयोजित किए जाते हैं। टी० वी० पर इन कार्यक्रमों को देखिए और समाचार-पत्रों से इसके बारे में जानकारी जुटाइए।
2. विद्यालय में नर्सिंग सेवा भाव पर कोई नाट्य प्रस्तुति करें।
3. सेवा भाव से दुनिया जीतने वाली मदर टेरेसा के चित्रों की एलबम तैयार कीजिए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

‘नर्सिंग’ शब्द नर्स से बना है। नर्स का अर्थ परिचारिका होता है, जो रोगियों की सेवा करती है। नर्सिंग का अर्थ रोगियों की सेवा करना है। प्रतिवर्ष 12 मई को अंतर्राष्ट्रीय नर्स दिवस फ्लोरेंस नाइटिंगेल के जन्म दिवस पर मनाया जाता है। इनका जन्म 12 मई, सन् 1820 ई० में ब्रिटेन में हुआ था। इनका मन दीन-दुखियों तथा समाज-सेवा में बहुत लगता था। इन्होंने क्रीमिया के युद्ध में सक्रिय योगदान घायलों की सेवा करके दिया। इन्होंने अक्तूबर सन् 1854 ई० में 38 महिलाओं का दल तुर्की घायलों की सेवा के लिए भेजा था। वे स्वयं रात को भी लालटेन लेकर रोगियों की सेवा करती थीं, जिस कारण इन्हें लेडी विद दी लैम्प कहा गया। इसी प्रकार से मदर टेरेसा ने सन् 1950 में कोलकाता में मिशनरी ऑफ चैरिटी स्थापित कर बीमारों, गरीबों, असहायों की पैंतालीस वर्षों तक सेवा की। इनके कार्यों के लिए इन्हें भारत रत्न तथा नोबेल शांति पुरस्कार भी मिला था।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide नर्स Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘नर्स’ कहानी में लेखक ने क्या बताना चाहा है?
उत्तर:
‘नर्स’ कहानी में लेखक ने नर्स के सेवाभाव तथा ममत्व को रोगी के हितों में प्रस्तुत किया है।

प्रश्न 2.
सरस्वती कौन थी?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती नन्हें छ: साल के उस बच्चे की माँ थी जिसका नाम महेश था।

प्रश्न 3.
नौ नंबर बैड वाले बच्चे के बारे में सरस्वती की क्या राय थी ?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती नौ नंबर बैड वाले बच्चे को समझदार मानती थी। उसके अनुसार वह दस साल का था। वह स्थिति को समझता था।

प्रश्न 4.
ऑपरेशन के बाद महेश ने क्या किया था ?
उत्तर:
ऑपरेशन के बाद जब महेश होश में आया तो वह मम्मी-मम्मी पुकारते हुए चिल्ला रहा था।

प्रश्न 5.
सरस्वती चुपचाप चोरों की भाँति वार्ड से बाहर क्यों निकल गई ?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती अपने बेटे महेश से बहुत प्यार करती थी। महेश भी अपनी माँ से बहुत प्यार करता था। वह उसे छोड़ नहीं रहा था इसलिए वह चुपचाप चोरों की भाँति वार्ड से बाहर निकल गई।

प्रश्न 6.
पौने सात बजे वार्ड की क्या स्थिति थी ?
उत्तर:
पौने सात बजे सारे वार्ड में खामोशी छाई हुई थी। इस सारी खामोशी में महेश की हिचकी भरी मम्मी-मम्मी की रट सुनाई दे रही थी।

प्रश्न 7.
कौन-सा बैड सबसे सही जगह पर लगा हुआ था?
उत्तर:
चार नंबर का बैड सबसे सही जगह पर था क्योंकि वह खिड़की के पास था। वहाँ से बाहर का सारा दृश्य दिखता था।

प्रश्न 8.
‘नर्स’ कहानी के शीर्षक की सार्थकता स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
कहानीकार ने अपनी कहानी का शीर्षक ‘नर्स’ एक दम सटीक रखा है। सारी कहानी नर्स पर ही केंद्रित है। कहानी में नर्स के सेवाभाव तथा समर्पण को दर्शाया गया है। पाठक जैसे-जैसे कहानी को पढ़ता है वह शीर्षक के प्रति अग्रसर होता जाता है। अत: कहानी का शीर्षक ‘नर्स’ अत्यंत रोचक तथा जिज्ञासावर्धक है।

प्रश्न 9.
कहानीकार कलाप्रकाश की कहानी ‘नर्स’ की भाषा शैली पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर:
आधुनिक हिंदी साहित्य में कहानीकार कला प्रकाश का अपना विशेष स्थान है। उनकी कहानी ‘नर्स’ की भाषा सरल तथा पात्रानुकूल है। आवश्यकतानुसार लेखिका ने अंग्रेज़ी के प्रचलित शब्दों का भी प्रयोग किया है। छोटेछोटे वाक्य देखते ही बनते हैं। मुहावरों का सटीक प्रयोग हुआ है। इनकी भाषा में भावना एवं कल्पना के साथ-साथ अलंकारों का भी प्रयोग हुआ है।

प्रश्न 10.
महेश अस्पताल में किसे और क्या पुकार कर रो रहा था ?
उत्तर:
महेश अस्पताल में अपनी माँ को देखकर उससे लिपट रहा था। वह माँ-माँ पुकारता हुआ खूब रो रहा था। वह अपने पास से अपनी माँ को दूर नहीं जाने दे रहा था। वह माँ की कोई बात नहीं सुनता था। वह तो बस उससे चिपटा रहना चाहता था किंतु जब माँ चली गई तब भी वह रोता रहा था। वह माँ-माँ पुकारता रहा था।

एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
“चिल्लाओगे तो दर्द ज्यादा होगा”-महेश को यह किसने समझाया ?
उत्तर:
वार्ड में नौ नंबर वाले बच्चे ने महेश को यह समझाया।

प्रश्न 2.
किस नर्स के वार्ड में आते ही बच्चों के चेहरे पर मुस्कान छा जाती थी ?
उत्तर:
सिस्टर सूसान के वार्ड में आते ही बच्चों के चेहरे पर मुस्कान छा जाती थी।

प्रश्न 3.
दूसरे दिन सरस्वती जब घर जाने लगी तो महेश ने उससे क्या कहा ?
उत्तर:
महेश ने माँ को जल्दी घर जाने और राजू के घर से मोना को ले आने के लिए कहा।

प्रश्न 4.
सूसान ने सरस्वती से बबलू के लिए गिफ़्ट क्यों नहीं लिया ?
उत्तर:
सूसान की अभी शादी नहीं हुई थी और उसका कोई बबलू भी नहीं था।

बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नोत्तरनिम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
अस्पताल के वार्ड से मुलाकातियों के जाने का समय क्या था?
(क) चार बजे
(ख) पाँच बजे
(ग) छह बजे
(घ) सात बजे।
उत्तर:
(ग) छह बजे

प्रश्न 2.
बच्चों के वार्ड में कितने पलंग थे?
(क) नौ
(ख) दस
(ग) ग्यारह
(घ) बारह।
उत्तर:
(घ) बारह

प्रश्न 3.
किस नंबर के बैड का बच्चा अपनी माँ को क्राइस्ट समझता होगा?
(क) तीन
(ख) पाँच
(ग) सात
(घ) नौ।
उत्तर:
(ख) पाँच

एक शब्द/हाँ-नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सात बजे वार्ड में कितनी नर्से आईं? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
दो

प्रश्न 2.
मरीडा बोली-यहाँ तो मरने तक की फुर्सत नहीं, इन बच्चों के साथ किस वक़्त बैठकर बातें करें। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 3.
सिस्टर सूसान महेश के बिस्तर के ऊपर खिलौने बांध देती हैं। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 4.
“अस्पताल में नर्स ही मम्मी होती है।” सूसान ने महेश को बताया। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 5.
सूसान ने कहा-‘पति बहुत ही ईर्ष्यालु होते हैं।’ (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 6.
सरस्वती की भी ……… छूट गई।
उत्तर:
हँसी

प्रश्न 7.
बच्चे ने …………. उठाकर आंखें पोंछीं।
उत्तर:
नैपकिन

प्रश्न 8.
कैसी होगी ………… नाम की सोनपरी।
उत्तर:
सूसान।

नर्स कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

ऑप्रेशन = चीरफाड, शल्य प्रक्रिया। तंग करना = परेशान करना। मुलाकाती = परिचित। बाँह = बाजू। कायदा = नियम। संतोष = शांति। पसीना आना = घबराहट होना। बेखबर = अनजान। सिस्टर = नर्स। पायताने = पाँयता। वह दिशा जिधर पैर फैलाकर सोया जाए। प्लीज = कृपया, फुर्सत = अवकाश। दिलासा देना = सांत्वना देना। अनसुना = जो सुना न गया हो। निगाहें = नजरें, शुक्रगुज़ार = एहसान मानने वाला। ख़्याल आना = ध्यान आना। इजाजत = अनुमति, आज्ञा। पुकार = आवाज़। आँखें बहना = रोना, ईर्ष्या = जलन। खामोश = चुपचाप। तुशी = तीखापन। आँखें पोंछना = आँसू पोंछना। सैड = उदास। विचलित = चंचल, अस्थिर।

नर्स Summary

नर्स लेखिका परिचय

जीवन-परिचय-श्रीमती कला प्रकाश सिंधी की सुप्रसिद्ध लेखिका हैं। उन्होंने हिंदी-साहित्य के लेखन में भी अपनी कुशलता को अच्छी तरह से प्रकट किया है। उनका जन्म 2 जनवरी, सन् 1934 ई० में कराची (पाकिस्तान) में हुआ था। उन्होंने एम० ए० तक की शिक्षा प्राप्त करने के पश्चात् महाराष्ट्र के उल्हास नगर के महाविद्यालय में प्राध्यापिका का कार्य किया। बाद में दुबई के विद्यालय में प्रधानाचार्या का कार्यभार सफलतापूर्वक निभाया। सन् 1953 ई० से अब तक इन्होंने सिंधी-साहित्य को संपन्नता प्रदान करने में सफलता प्राप्त की है। इनकी पहली कहानी ‘दोही बेदोही’ मुंबई की एक पत्रिका ‘नई दुनिया’ में छपी थी। .

रचनाएँ-
श्रीमती कला प्रकाश के रचित साहित्य है-
उपन्यास-‘हिक दिल हजार अरमान’, ‘शीशे जो दिल’, ‘हिक सपनों सुखन जी’, ‘हयाली होतन री’, ‘वक्त विथियू बिछोटिषु’, ‘आरसी अ-आड़ो’, ‘प्यार’, ‘पखन जी प्रीत’, ‘समुद्र-ए-किनारे’, ‘औखा पंथ प्यार जा’।
कहानी संग्रह–’मुर्क ए ममता’, ‘वारन में गुल’, ‘इंतजार’। .
काव्य संग्रह-‘ममता जूं लहरूं (1963)’, ममता जूं लहरू (2006)।
यात्रा वृत्तांत—’जे-हिअन्रे हुटन’।

साहित्यिक विशेषताएं-श्रीमती कला प्रकाश के लेखन की मुख्य दिलचस्पी महिलाओं से संबंधित विभिन्न विषयों में है। स्वयं नारी होने के कारण इन्हें नारी-संबंधी विषयों को प्रस्तुत करने में अपेक्षाकृत अधिक सफलता प्राप्त हुई है। इन्हें ‘आरसी-अ-आडो’ उपन्यास पर साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार प्रदान किया था। इनकी पुस्तक ‘ममता तू लहरूं’ को अखिल भारतीय सिंधी अकादमी ने ‘बेस्ट बुक ऑफ दा ईयर’ घोषित किया था। इनके पति भी लेखक हैं और इन दोनों पति-पत्नी को साहित्य अकादमी अवार्ड मिल चुका है।

कला प्रकाश का सारा साहित्य भावात्मक है। इनकी रचनाओं में जहाँ पाठक आत्म-विभोर होता है वहीं दूसरी ओर पाठकों का मनोरंजन भी होता है। उनके मन में समसामयिक समस्याओं के प्रति भावनाएँ भी उद्वेलित होती हैं। इन्होंने समाज के प्रत्येक वर्ग में व्याप्त विषमताओं को उजागर किया है। इन्होंने समाज में जागरूकता लाने का भी सफल प्रयास किया है। इनके साहित्य में भावात्मकता की प्रधानता है।

नर्स कहानी का सार

कला प्रकाश द्वारा रचित ‘नर्स’ एक श्रेष्ठ कहानी है। यह कहानी एक नर्स के सेवाभाव और ममत्व को रोगी के हितों में प्रस्तुत करती है। इसमें बाल मनोविज्ञान की तरफ भी संकेत किया गया है।।
महेश छः साल का छोटा बच्चा था। उसका आप्रेशन हुआ था इसलिए वह अस्पताल में भर्ती था। अस्पताल में मरीज से मिलने का समय छ: बजे तक का था। लेकिन महेश की माँ सरस्वती समय पूरा हो जाने पर भी महेश की जिद्द के कारण वहाँ रुकी हुई थी। वह चाहकर भी जा नहीं पा रही थी। महेश अपनी माँ को अपने पास रोकना चाहता था। सरस्वती वार्ड में इधर-उधर देखने लगी। सभी बच्चे महेश को ताक रहे थे। सरस्वती को याद आया कि कुछ देर पहले नौ नंबर बैड वाले ने उसे बताया था कि ऑप्रेशन के बाद महेश माँ-माँ करके रो रहा था।

तब सरस्वती उस नौ नंबर बैड वाले बालक को महेश पास छोड़ कर जल्दी से अस्पताल के गेट के पास आ गई। उसकी आँखों से आँसू छलछला रहे थे। वार्ड में नौ नंबर वाला बच्चा महेश को समझा रहा था किंतु महेश कुछ सुनने को तैयार नहीं था। वह तो बस माँ की रट लगाए हुए था। कुछ देर बाद वह बच्चा वापस अपने बैड पर चला गया। थोड़ी देर बाद चारों ओर खामोशी छा गई। इस खामोशी में भी महेश की मम्मी-मम्मी की हिचकी गूंज रही थी। सात बजे मरीडा और मांजरेकर नाम की दो नर्से वार्ड में आईं। वे दोनों आपस में बातें कर रही थीं। मरीजों को दवाई खिला रही थीं। उनका बिस्तर ठीक कर रही थीं। चार नंबर बैड पर पहुँच कर मरींडा बच्चे से बोली कि उसका बिस्तर खिड़की के पास है और उसे बाहर का दृश्य देखना चाहिए न कि चादर में मुँह छिपाकर रोना चाहिए। मरीडा में बच्चों के प्रति अत्यंत लगाव और प्यार था। वह मांजरेकर से बच्चों के पास समय बिताने और बातें करने को कहती है लेकिन मांजरेकर यह कहकर टाल देती है कि साँस लेने तक की फुर्सत तो है नहीं बातें कब करेंगे।

दोनों नौं के जाने के बाद फिर से वार्ड में खामोशी समा गई। सभी के बैड एक जैसे थे। उनकी चादर तथा कंबल भी एक ही रंग के थे। बैड के साइड में एक कबर्ड भी था। उसे साइड टेबल की तरह काम में लिया जाता था। आठ बजे नर्स सूसान वार्ड में आई। उसे देखकर सभी बच्चों के चेहरों पर मुस्कान छा गई। नौ नंबर बैड का बच्चा तो उसके स्वागत में उठकर बैठ गया। वह बच्चों को दवाई पिलाने लगी। उनका बुखार चैक करने लगी। अंत में वह महेश के पास पहुँची। उससे प्यार से बातें करने लगी। उसने उसको बताया कि उसका भी एक बेटा है जिसका नाम महेश है किंतु वह अभी छोटा है केवल तीन महीने का है। वह उसे बहुत परेशान करता है। सूसान महेश को बातें बताती हुई सूप और दवाई पिला रही थी।

अपने ममत्व से उसने महेश को चुप करा दिया उसे दवाई भी पिला दी। महेश से रहा न गया और वह सूसान के बेटे के बारे में और जानने को उत्सुक होने लगा। उसने पूछा वह और क्या करता है। सूसान ने कहा वह अभी बोल नहीं सकता। लेकिन अगं, अगूं… गू, गूं आदि स्वर निकालता रहता है। सूसान बबलू के समान मुँह फुलाकर आवाजें निकालकर महेश को दिखाने लगी। महेश हँस पड़ा। सूसान ने महेश को कहा अब उसे जाना है जब ज़रूरत हो वह उसे बुला सकता है। दूसरे दिन जब सरस्वती महेश से मिलने अस्पताल आई तो वह बहुत विचलित थी कि उसका बेटा कैसा होगा? मम्मी को देखते ही महेश ने उसे गले से लगा लिया। उसने माँ से अपनी बहन मोना के बारे में पूछा क्या वह उसके आने पर रो रही थी ? माँ ने उसे बताया नहीं वह मोना को राजू के पास छोड़कर आई है।

तब महेश ने माँ को बताया कि सिस्टर सूसान का बेटा उसके आने पर बहुत रोता है। वह बहुत शैतान है। माँ के दिल पर सूसान का नाम छप गया। उसने महेश को बड़ा प्यार और दुलार जो दिया था। बाद में जब माँ को सूसान से पता लगा कि वह तो अभी अविवाहित थी और उसने महेश को सहज बनाने के लिए झूठ ही अपने विवाह की बात कही थी तो माँ उसके स्वभाव और बालमनोविज्ञान की समझ पर मुग्ध हो उठी थी।