Class 10

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Poem 1 Character of a Happy Man Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Main Course Book Poem 1 Character of a Happy Man

Question 1.
What does the poet want to say in this poem ?
Answer:
The poet wants to say that we should be honest in our thoughts if we want to be happy. We should be free from jealousy. We should not be a slave of passions. We should be content with whatever little we have.

कवि कहना चाहता है कि हमें अपने विचारों में ईमानदार होना चाहिए यदि हम प्रसन्न रहना चाहते हैं। हमें ईर्ष्या रहित होना चाहिए। हमें वासनाओं का दास नहीं होना चाहिए। हमारे पास जो भी थोड़ा बहुत हो, हमें उससे सन्तुष्ट रहना चाहिए।

Question 2.
Write a note on the central / main idea of the poem.
Or
Question 3.
Write a summary of the poem in your own words.
Answer:
This poem gives the secret of a truly happy person’s life. Such a person leads an honest life. He is jealous of none. He is content with whatever little he has. He is not a slave of passions. He follows the path of goodness.

यह कविता एक वास्तविक रूप से प्रसन्न व्यक्ति के जीवन का रहस्य बताती है। इस तरह का व्यक्ति ईमानदारी का जीवन गुजारता है। वह किसी से ईर्ष्या नहीं करता है। उसके पास जो भी थोड़ा-बहुत होता है, वह उसी से सन्तुष्ट रहता है। वह वासनाओं का दास नहीं होता है। वह अच्छाई के रास्ते का अनुसरण करता है।

Question 4.
Explain the lines : “Whose armour is his honest thought
And simple truth his utmost skill !”
Answer:
One who wants to be truly happy is honest in his thoughts. He does not need any armour for his defence. His honest thoughts are his best defence. He has not to master any skills. His truthful simplicity is his best skill.

ऐसा व्यक्ति जो वास्तव में ही प्रसन्न रहना चाहता है, अपने विचारों में ईमानदार होता है। उसे अपनी सुरक्षा के लिए किसी कवच की ज़रूरत नहीं होती है। उसके ईमानदारी-भरे विचार ही उसकी सर्वोत्तम सुरक्षा होते हैं। उसे कोई हुनर सीखने की ज़रूरत नहीं होती। उसकी सच्चाई-भरी सादगी ही उसका सर्वोत्तम हुनर होती है।

Question 5.
How does a man become really happy ?
Answer:
A man can become really happy by following the rules of goodness. He knows no jealousy. He is honest in his thoughts. He is not a slave of passions. He is content with whatever little he has.

एक व्यक्ति अच्छाई के नियमों का पालन करने से वास्तव में प्रसन्न बन सकता है। उसे किसी ईर्ष्या का पता नहीं होता। वह अपने विचारों में ईमानदार होता है। वह वासनाओं का दास नहीं होता। उसके पास थोड़ा-बहुत जो होता है, वह उसी से सन्तुष्ट रहता है।

Question 6.
How does ‘a religious book or a friend’ give happiness ?
Answer:
A religious book is like a friend and a friend is like a religious book. Both of them keep us on the right path. They stand by us in our loneliness. They give us happiness of the purest kind.

एक धार्मिक पुस्तक एक मित्र के जैसी होती है और एक मित्र एक धार्मिक पुस्तक के जैसा होता है। वे दोनों हमें अच्छे मार्ग पर बनाए रखते हैं। वे हमारे अकेलेपन में हमारा साथ देते हैं। वे हमें अति पवित्र किस्म की प्रसन्नता प्रदान करते हैं।

Question 7.
How does a contented man have all without having anything ?
Answer:
A contented man has no hope to rise or fear of fall. He remains content with whatever little he has. He may not be the master of lands, but he is the master of his desires. Thus he becomes the master of all, though he may not have anything.

एक सन्तुष्ट व्यक्ति को ऊपर उठने की कोई आशा नहीं होती और नीचे गिरने का कोई भय नहीं होता। वह उसी से सन्तुष्ट रहता है जो थोड़ा-बहुत उसके पास होता है। वह ज़मीनों का मालिक यद्यपि न हो, किन्तु वह अपनी इच्छाओं का स्वामी होता है। इस तरह वह सभी चीज़ों का स्वामी बन जाता है यद्यपि उसके पास कुछ न हो।

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
A happy man envies ………….
(i) none
(ii) his friends
(iii) everyone
(iv) the rich.
Answer:
(i) none

Question 2.
A happy man obeys the rules of …….
(i) traffic
(ii) king
(iii) goodness government.
Answer:
(iii) goodness government.

Question 3.
A happy man is afraid of death. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the poem, ‘Character of a Happy Man’ ?
Answer:
Sir Henry Wotton.

Question 2.
What is the armour of a happy man ?
Answer:
His honest thoughts.

Question 3.
What does a happy person not care about ?
Answer:
Worldly fame or people’s opinions.

Question 4.
What is a truly happy man content with ?
Answer:
With whatever little he has.

Question 5.
How do a religious book and a true friend help us ?.
Answer:
They stand by us in loneliness.

Complete the following :

1. A man is ……………….. if he has not to serve another’s will.
2. A truly happy person is one who does not feel …………………. of others.
3. A happy man has no fear to ……………….. or to fall.
Answer:
1. lucky
2. jealous
3. rise.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. A happy man is afraid of death.
2. A happy man prays for worldly gifts.
3. A happy man is not a slave of his passions.
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
A happy person envies ….
(a) nobody
(b) anybody
(c) everybody
(d) somebody.
Answer:
(a) nobody

Question  2.
One who wants to be …….. should live a free and honest life.
(a) sad
(b) happy
(c) unhappy
(d) disappointed.
Answer:
(b) happy

Reading Comprehension

(1) How happy is he born or taught
That serventh not another’s will;
Whose armour is his honest thought,
And simple truth his utmost skill !

1. Name the poem and the poet.
2. What is the armour of a happy man ?
3. What is his utmost skill ?
Answers
1. The name of the poem is “Character of a Happy Man’and the poet is Sir Henry Wotton.
2. The armour of a happy man is his honest thoughts.
3. His utmost skill is simple truth.

(2) Whose passions not his masters are;
Whose soul is still prepared for death;
Untied unto the world with care
Of public fame or private breath.

1. Name the poem and the poet.
2. What is a happy man not afraid of ?
3. What is a happy man not slave of ?
4. What does a truly happy person not care about ?
Answers
1. The name of the poem is ‘Character of a Happy Man’and the poet is Sir Henry Wotton.
2. A happy man is not afraid of death.
3. He is not slave of his passions.
4. He doesn’t care about worldly fame or people’s opinions.

(3) Who envies none whom chance doth raise
Nor vice; who never understood
How deepest wounds are given with praise;
Nor rules of state, but rules of good.

1. Who does a happy person envy ?
2. What does a happy person not understand ?
3. What does a truly happy person rule over ?
Answer:
1. A happy person envies nobody.
2. He does not understand how deepest wounds are caused by false praise.
3. A truly happy person does not rule over any state. He rules over others not by virtue of any political power but by the goodness of his heart.

(4) Who God doth late and early pray More of
His grace than gifts to lend;
And entertains the harmless day
With a religious book or friend.

1. What does a happy man pray for ?
2. What do you understand by the term ‘harmless day’ ?
3. How does a happy man spend his day ?
Answers:
1. A happy man prays for God’s grace. He does not pray for any worldly gifts.
2. It means the harmless activities of the day.
3. He spends his day in the study of religious books or in the company of some noble friend.

(5) This man is free from servile bonds
Of hope to rise, or fear to fall;
Lord of himself, though not of lands;
And having nothing, yet hath all.

1. What does the poet mean by ‘This mano?
2. What do ‘servile bonds’ refer to ?
3. Explain the last line of the stanza.
Answers:
1. He means the man who wants to be truly happy.
2. The hope to rise and the fear to fall have been called ‘servile bonds’.
3. A happy man may not be the master of lands, but he is a master of himself. Thus he may have nothing, yet he has all.
Or
1. What is a happy man free from ?
2. What does a truly happy person have nothing to fear?
3. What is a happy man master of ?
Answers
1. A happy man is free from servile bonds.
2. He has no fear to rise or to fall.
3. He is a complete master of himself.

Character of a Happy Man Poem Summary in English

Character of a Happy Man Introduction:
In this poem, the poet lists those virtues which enable a person to lead a happy life. He says that one who wants to be happy, should live a free and honest life. Such a person is not a slave of passions. He does not run after worldly fame and wealth. He is jealous of none. He follows the rules of righteousness. He prays to God regularly. He passes his time in the company of religious books or faithful friends. He is not ambitious at all. He is content with whatever little he has.

Character of a Happy Man Summary in English:

A man is lucky if he has not to serve another’s will. He is happily born and taught if he leads a free life of his own. He has no need of an armour for the protection of his body. His honest thoughts serve as his armour. The only art or craft that he knows is that of simple truth. In other words, he is simple at heart and knows no cunning.

A lucky and happy person is one

• who is not a slave to his passions,
• whose soul is always prepared to receive death, and
• who is not tied to the world by care of public fame or the good opinion of others. In other words, he has no worry to earn public fame or the good opinion of others.

A truly happy person is one who does not feel jealous of others. He does not feel jealous of those who rise in life by chance or through the use of wicked means. He does not know how deep wounds are caused by false praise. In simple words, he never indulges in false praise of others. He rules over others not by virtue of any political power but by the goodness of his heart.

A man who prays to God every hour of the day gets true happiness. He prays to God not for any material gains but for mercy. He spends his day in harmless pleasures. He entertains himself by reading a religious book or spending time in the company of a friend.

A man who has all these qualities is free from all hopes and fears. He has no hope to rise or fear of fall. He has complete self-control. He may not be the master of lands, but he is complete master of himself. He may not be having any material possession, yet he lives as if he has everything. In other words, he leads a completely contented life.

Character of a Happy Man Poem Summary in Hindi

Character of a Happy Man Introduction:
इस कविता में कवि उन गुणों के बारे में लिखता है जो किसी व्यक्ति को खुशी-भरा जीवन बिताने में सहायता देते हैं। वह कहता है कि ऐसा व्यक्ति जो प्रसन्न रहना चाहता है, वह एक स्वतन्त्र तथा ईमानदारी-भरा जीवन व्यतीत करता है। वह वासनाओं का दास नहीं होता है। वह सांसारिक प्रसिद्धि तथा दौलत के पीछे नहीं भागता है। वह किसी से ईर्ष्या महसूस नहीं करता है। वह सदाचार के नियमों का पालन करता. है। वह नियमपूर्वक ईश्वर को प्रार्थना करता है। वह अपना समय धार्मिक पुस्तकों अथवा वफादार मित्रों की संगति में व्यतीत करता है। वह तनिक रूप से भी महत्त्वाकांक्षी नहीं होता है। उसके पास जो थोड़ा-बहुत होता है, वह उसी से सन्तुष्ट रहता है।

Character of a Happy Man Summary in Hindi:

कविता का विस्तृत सार

वह व्यक्ति भाग्यशाली होता है जिसे किसी अन्य व्यक्ति की इच्छा की गुलामी नहीं करनी पड़ती है। वह अपने जन्म तथा शिक्षा की दृष्टि से भाग्यशाली होता है यदि वह अपनी इच्छा का स्वतन्त्र जीवन गुजारता हो। उसे अपने शरीर की रक्षा के लिए किसी कवच की ज़रूरत नहीं होती है। उसके ईमानदारी भरे विचार ही उसके कवच का काम करते हैं। एकमात्र कला अथवा कारीगरी जो उसे आती है वह सीधी-सादी सच्चाई कहने की होती है। अन्य शब्दों में, वह दिल का भोला होता है तथा कोई चुस्ती-चालाकी नहीं जानता है।

एक भाग्यशाली तथा प्रसन्न व्यक्ति वह होता है

• जो अपनी लालसाओं (अर्थात् सांसारिक इच्छाओं) का दास नहीं होता है,
• जिसकी आत्मा मृत्यु का स्वागत करने के लिए सदा तैयार रहती है, तथा
• जो समाज में प्रसिद्धि तथा दूसरों की प्रशंसा प्राप्त करने की चिन्ता के कारण संसार से बन्धा नहीं होता है। अन्य शब्दों में, उसे सामाजिक प्रसिद्धि तथा दूसरों की प्रशंसा प्राप्त करने की कोई चिन्ता नहीं होती है।

सच्चे अर्थों में प्रसन्न व्यक्ति वह होता है जो दूसरों से ईर्ष्या नहीं करता है। वह ऐसे लोगों से ईर्ष्या नहीं करता है जो किसी संयोग के कारण अथवा दुष्टतापूर्ण साधनों के प्रयोग द्वारा उन्नति कर लेते हैं। वह यह नहीं जानता है कि झूठी प्रशंसा के कारण कितने गहरे घाव पैदा हो जाते हैं। साधारण शब्दों में ऐसा कहा जा सकता है कि वह दूसरों की झूठी प्रशंसा कभी नहीं करता है। वह दूसरों पर किसी राजनैतिक शक्ति के द्वारा नहीं अपितु अपने दिल की अच्छाई के कारण राज्य करता है।

ऐसा व्यक्ति जो दिन भर प्रत्येक पल ईश्वर से प्रार्थना करता है, वही सच्ची खुशी प्राप्त करता है। वह ईश्वर से कोई भौतिक लाभ प्राप्त करने के लिए नहीं बल्कि उसकी कृपा पाने के लिए प्रार्थना करता है। वह निष्कपट खुशियों में अपना दिन बिताता है। वह कोई धार्मिक पुस्तक पढ़ने में या किसी मित्र की संगति में आनन्द प्राप्त करता है।

ऐसा व्यक्ति जिसके पास ये सभी गुण होते हैं वह प्रत्येक आशा तथा भय से मुक्त होता है। उसे न तो ऊपर उठने की कोई आशा होती है और न ही नीचे गिरने का कोई भय होता है। उसे स्वयं पर पूरा नियन्त्रण होता है। यद्यपि वह ज़मीन-जायदादों का मालिक न हो किन्तु वह अपना पूरा मालिक होता है। यद्यपि उसके पास कोई भी भौतिक पदार्थ न हो किन्तु वह ऐसे जीवन गुजारता है जैसे उसके पास सब कुछ हो। अन्य शब्दों में वह एक पूरी तरह से सन्तुष्ट जीवन गुजारता है।

Character of a Happy Man Poem Translation in Hindi

1. Lines 1 – 4
How happy is he born or taught
That serveth not another’s will;
Whose armour is his honest thought,
And simple truth his utmost skill !

Word-meanings :
1. happy-भाग्यशाली; 2. born and taught-जन्म तथा शिक्षा की दृष्टि से; 3. serveth – पालन करना; 4. will-इच्छा, आदेश; 5. armour-कवच; 6. utmost-अधिकतम; 7. skill-चतुराई, कौशल।

अनुवाद-उस व्यक्ति का जन्म प्रसन्नतापूर्ण होता है और उसकी शिक्षा भी खुशी देने वाली होती है जिसे दूसरों की आज्ञा का पालन नहीं करना पड़ता, अर्थात् जो स्वतन्त्रता का जीवन गुजारता है। उसके ईमानदारी भरे विचार उसका कवच होते हैं। उसका एकमात्र कौशल सीधी-सादी सच्चाई होती है।

2. Lines 5 – 8
Whose passions not his masters are,
Whose soul is still prepared for death;
Untied unto the world with care
Of public fame or private breath.

Word-meanings :
1. passions—सांसारिक इच्छाएँ; 2. still-सदा; 3. untied—बन्धन मुक्त; 4. unto—के साथ; 5. private breath-दूसरे के निजी विचार।

अनुवाद-ऐसे व्यक्ति की सांसारिक इच्छाएं उसकी स्वामी नहीं होती। उसकी आत्मा मृत्यु का स्वागत करने के लिए, सदा तैयार रहती है। वह प्रसिद्धि तथा दूसरों की प्रशंसा प्राप्त करने की चिन्ता में संसार से बन्धा नहीं रहता है।

3. Lines 9-12
Who envies none whom chance doth raise
Nor vice; who never understood
How deepest wounds are given with praise;
Nor rules of state, but rules of good.

Word-meanings :
1. envies-घृणा करता है, ईर्ष्या करता है; 2. vice-बुराई; 3. stateराजनैतिक सत्ता।

अनुवाद-ऐसा व्यक्ति उनसे ईर्ष्या नहीं करता जो भाग्य से, या बुरे साधनों से प्रगति करते हैं। वह यह नहीं जानता कि झूठी प्रशंसा के कारण बहुत गहरे घाव पैदा होते हैं। वह दूसरों पर राजनैतिक सत्ता नहीं, अपितु दिल की अच्छाई के कारण राज्य करता है।

4. Lines 13-16
Who God doth late and early pray
More of His grace than gifts to lend;
And entertains the harmless day
With a religious book or friend.

Word-meanings :
1. doth does; 2. late and early-प्रत्येक समय, निरन्तर; 3. graceकृपा; 4. gifts-भौतिक लाभ; 5. entertains-प्रसन्नतापूर्वक बिताता है।

अनुवाद-ऐसा व्यक्ति हर समय ईश्वर की प्रार्थना करता है। वह उससे उसकी कृपा मांगता है, उससे भौतिक उपहार नहीं मांगता है। वह निष्कपट खुशियों में दिन बिताता है। वह कोई धार्मिक पुस्तक पढ़ने में या मित्र की संगति में आनन्द प्राप्त करता है।

5. Lines 17-20
This man is free from servile bonds
Of hope to rise, or fear to fall;
Lord of himself, though not of lands;
And having nothing, yet hath all.

Word-meanings : 1. servile bonds-दासता के बन्धन; 2. having nothing, yet hath all-यद्यपि उसके पास कुछ भी न हो, तो भी वह ऐसे प्रसन्न रहता है जैसे उसके पास सब कुछ हो, भाव यह कि वह सन्तुष्ट जीवन व्यतीत करता है।

अनुवाद-ऐसा आदमी दासता के बन्धनों से मुक्त होता है। उसे न ऊपर उठने और न नीचे गिरने का डर होता है। वह अपना स्वयं का स्वामी होता है, यद्यपि ज़मीनों का स्वामी न हो। उसके पास फिर भी सब कुछ होता है यदि उसके पास कुछ भी न हो।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe briefly Mendel’s experiment.
Answer:
Mendel’s Experiment. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) was an Austrian monk. He conducted experiments with garden pea (Pisum sativum). The results thus formulated the laws of inheritance.

He studied inheritance of each character separately.

• He selected two pure varieties of pea (Pisum sativum) which differed in size. One of them was tall and the other dwarf.
• He cross-pollinated them. He placed the pollen of tall one on the stigmas of dwarf and vice versa.
• The hybrid seeds obtained in both the cases were sown. Whichever way the cross was made, on germination the seeds grew into plants which were all tall. This first hybrid generation, is called the first filial generation and is usually writte. as F₁.
• The hybrids of F₁ generation were all similar to the tall parent. The resu t of this generation surprised Mendel. He expected the hybrids to be intermediate in size.
• Accordingly the character which appeared in the F₁ generation (tallne. s in this case) he called dominant and the other which did not appear he called recessive.
• Mendel’s next step was to allow the F₁ hybrids to self-pollinate and produce seeds. He collected the seeds, planted them and observed the results. He found that three-fourths of the plant of F₂ generation were tall like the original tall parent and one- fourth dwarf like the original dwarf parent. The result of F₂ generation was all the more surprising to Mendel.

Question 2.
Describe present-day concept of evolution.
Answer:
1. Modern Concept of Evolution: The modern concept of evolution is a modified form of Darwin’s theory of natural selection and is often called Neo-Darwinism. It comprises genetic variation, natural selection and isolation.

• Mutations: These have been recognized as the ultimate source of biological changes and hence the raw material of evolution. The mutation in chromosomes may be due to changes in structure, number or gene.
• Gene Recombination takes place during crossing over in meiosis. New combinations of genes produce new phenotypes.
• Hybridisation is the intermingling of the genes of the members of closely related species.
• Genetic drift is the elimination of the genes of some original characteristics of a species by extreme reduction due to different regions.
• In monoparental reproduction only chromosomal and gene mutation are sources of genetic variation.

2. Natural Selection: If differential reproduction i.e. some individuals produce abundant offspring, some only a few and some organisms none) continues for many generations, genes of the individuals which produce more offspring will become predominant of the gene pool of the population. Thus natural selection occurs through differential reproduction in successive generations.

Migration of individuals from one to other population is an accessory factor for speciation (origin of new species).

3. Isolation: By selecting the most suitable genotypes, natural selection guides different populations into different adaptive channels. The reproductive isolation between the populations due to certain physical barriers or others leads to the formation of new species. The isolation plays a significant role in evolution.

Question 3.
Why is Mendel known as father of genetics?
Or
Write contribution of Mendel.
Answer:
Gregor Johann Mendel in 1866 demonstrated the wray in which characters are transmitted from one generation to another and suggested that each cell of an organism contains two factors for each character, both of which separate and are passed on to different progeny through different gametes. Thus Mendel laid the foundation of genetics, the science of heredity and variation, hence it is proper to call him father of Genetics.

Question 4.
Explain Monohybrid cross.
Or
Explain Mendel’s Law of segregation with an example of monohybrid cross.
Answer:
Monohybrid cross. It is a cross in which only one character is considered at a time. In a cross between tall and dwarf plant, the size of stem is considered.

Mendel made a cross between pure tall (TT) and a pure dwarf (tt) pea plant as follows :

• Mendel selected a tall pea plant represented by the genes (TT) and a dwarf pea plant represented by the genes (tt). Pea plant is self pollinating.
• He removed the anthers of a tall plant and stigma of a dwarf plant, deposited pollen grains of dwarf plant on the stigma of tall plant and obtained seeds.
• When the seeds were placed in the soil and allowed to grow he obtained only tall plant (Tt), although he was expecting the plants of an intermediate size. These plants were labelled as plants of First filial generation (F₁ generation).
• In F₁ generation all plants were tall because the character tall is dominant over the dwarf.
• He allowed the plants of F₁ generation to self-pollinate. Gametes formed by meiosis contained only one gene of a character because genes separate at the time of gamete formation.
• The seeds thus obtained were placed in the soil and allowed to grow.
• The plants formed were tall and dwarf in the ratio of (3:1).
• Genotypically pure tall, hybrid tall and dwarf were in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. These were labelled as plants of F₂ generation.

Diagrammatically monohybrid cross can be represented as shown below :

Monohybrid Cross in a Pea Plant

Question 5.
Explain the law of independent assortment with a dihybrid cross.
Answer:
Law of independent assortment. According to this law, the factors of different pairs of contrasting characters, do not influence each other. They are independent of one another in their assortment to form new combination during gamete formation.

Dihybrid cross: A cross in which two characters are taken into consideration during experimentation, such a cross is called dihybrid cross. A cross between a pea plant with yellow smooth and a pea plant with green wrinkled seeds are considered.

Explanation: A cross is made between pea plant having yellow smooth seeds (YYSS) and a pea plant with green wrinkled seeds (yyss). At the time of cross pollination, yellow smooth (YYSS) produce gametes with genes (YS) and green wrinkled will produce gametes with gene (ys). Gametes unite at random. The seeds obtained when placed in soil will grow to form plants and produce seeds which are yellow smooth (YySs) because yellow and smooth characters are dominant over green and wrinkled. These are called as plants of Fi generation.

When plants of Fx generation are allowed to self pollinate gametes formed YS, Ys, yS and ys by meiosis, they unite at random forming seeds. The plants thus obtained were called as F₂ generation. They are yellow smooth (YYSS, YySS, YsSS, YYSs); yellow wrinkled (YYss, Yyss), green smooth (yySS, yySs) and green wrinkled (yyss) in the ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. The result of dihybrid cross can be shown below in the chequer board.

From the above dihybrid cross, it can be derived that each gene is assorted independently of the other during its passage from one generation to the other or Law of Independent Assortment is justified.

Result of dihybrid cross

Question 6.
State the hypothesis of Oparin and Haldane about the primeval Earth condition. What do you understand by Haldane’s hot dilute soup? State its significance.
Answer:
Alexander I. Oparin (1894-1980), a Russian biochemist and J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), a British scientist have put forward the concept of abiogenesis. According to Oparin and Haldane primeval earth had reducing condition and the atmosphere was free from oxygen. Oxygen remained bound in H₂0 and metallic oxides on the surface of rocks and its particles. The early gas cloud was rich in Hydrogen, in form of methane (CH₄ and ammonia (NH₃) and water (H₂O). The organic molecules formed due to the atmospheric reaction accumulated slowly and gradually in the sea and constitute what is called “hot dilute soup”.

Significance of hot dilute soup. Thus conditions of reducing nature are unable to oxidize these organic compounds which form the basis of life.

Question 7.
Summarise Miller’s simulation experiment for organic synthesis. Comment on its efficacy.
Answer:
Miller’s experiment. Miller (1953) made the first successful simulation experiment to assess the validity of the claim for origin of organic molecules.

Stanley Miller’s Experiment for the artificial synthesis of organic compounds

Miller sealed in a spark chamber a mixture of water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen gas. He made arrangement for boiling water. The trap in turn, was connected with the flask for boiling water. After 18 days, a significant amount of simple major organic compounds such as amino acids like glycine, alanine and aspartic acid and peptide chains began to appear. Simple sugars, urea and short chain fatty acids were also formed.

Question 8.
How human evolution take place over the years?
Answer:
Human evolution.
The study of human evolution indicates that all of human heings belong to a single species Homo sapiens that evolved in Africa.

• DNA sequences have been used for studying human evolution.
• Due to the diversified human forms and features, skin colour is the common way for identifying the races.
• Few thousand years ago some ancestors left Africa while others stayed back.
• The residents spread across Africa and the migrant spread across the planet from Africa to West Asia, Central Asia, Eurasia, South Asia, East Asia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia and America.
• They went forward and backward with groups separating from each other, or sometime coming together.
• Like all other species, they were also living their lives to the best of their ability.In atmosphere, this spark is provided by U.V. light or other energy source.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by heredity?
Answer:
Heredity. It is defined as the transmission of characters from parents to offspring or from one generation to the successive generations of living beings.

We observe in our daily life that similarities tend to be greatest between members of a family-between the offspring of parents. Children tend to resemble parents, even grandparents and persons of earlier generations. The similarities are not due to coincidence but rather due to inheritance or heredity.

Question 2.
What is genetics?
Answer:
Genetics: It is that branch of science which deals with study of heredity (inheritance of characters) and variations. It deals with inborn characteristics of the organisms. Genetics also deals with inborn differences between offsprings of family and related organisms.
Genes are carriers of characters and present on chromosomes. Mendel is considered as “Father of genetics.”

Question 3.
What are the causes of variations in clones?
Answer:
Causes of variations in clones :
Clones have the same genetic make up but variations appear in clones due to following reasons :

• Inaccuracies during DNA copying.
• Effect of environment termed acquired variations.
• Mutations: These are sudden stable abrupt changes and they are discontinuous inheritable as produced due to changes in genetic make up.

Question 4.
Explain the term variation.
Answer:
Variation: No living organisms are alike and they vary appreciably in many structural and functional aspects. These differences between individual organisms are called variations.

Question 5.
(a) Write one difference between continuous and discontinuous variations.
(b) Give differences between germinal and somatic variations.
Or
What do you mean by discontinuous variation?
Answer:
(a) Differences between continuous and discontinuous variations

Continuous variations	Discontinuous variations
They are small indistinct differences from the normal conditions and called fluctuations.	They are large distinct differences from the parents and termed as mutations or sport.

(b) Differences between germinal variations and somatic variations

Germinal variations	Somatic variations
1. They are caused due to changes in germ cells.	1. They are caused due to changes in the somatic cells.
2. These variations are heritable.	2. They are not heritable.

Question 6.
What is the importance of variations?
Answer:
Importance of variations :

• They enable the organism to adapt themselves to changing environment.
• They form raw material for evolution and development of new species.

Question 7.
Mention the information source of making protein in the cell. What is the basic event in reproduction.
Answer:
DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) directs the synthesis of proteins through mRNA (messenger RNA).

DNA copying is essential part of the process of reproduction.

• DNA copying provides cellular apparatus in the daughter cells.
• DNA in daughter cells will be able to control the functioning of daughter cells.
• DNA copies will retain the traits.

Question 8.
Why did Mendel choose garden pea for his experiments?
Answer:
Mendel selected pea plant (Pisum sativum) because :

• Many varieties were available with observable alternative forms for a trait or characteristic.
• Peas are normally self pollinated; as their corolla completely enclose the reproductive organs until pollination is completed.
• It was easily available.
• It has pure lines for experimental purpose, i.e., they always breed true.
• It has contrasting characters. The traits were seed colour, pod colour, pod shape, flower shape, position of flower, seed shape and plant height.
• Its life cycle was short and produced large number of offsprings.
• The plant is grown easily and does not require care except at the time of pollination.

Question 9.
Make a table showing characters of pea selected by Mendel.
Answer:
Characters of garden pea (Pisum sativum) selected by Mendel

Heritable variations	Dominant	Recessive
1. Plant height	Tall (T)	Dwarf (t)
2. Flower and pod position	Axial (A)	Terminal (a)
3. Pod colour	Green (G)	Yellow (g)
4. Pod shape	Inflated (I)	Constricted (i)
5. Seed coat	Coloured (C)	White (c)
6. Seed shape	Round (R)	Wrinkled (r)
7. Seed (cotyledon) colour	Yellow (Y)	Green (y)

Question 10.
What is monohybrid cross?
Answer:
Monohybrid cross. It is a cross in which only one character is considered at a time, e.g., in a cross between tall and dwarf plant, the size of stem is considered. Mendel made a cross between pure tall (TT) and a pure dwarf (tt) pea plant.

He obtained all tall (hybrid) plants in FL generation. On selfing these plants produced tall and dwarf in the ratio of 3:1. The genotypic ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 and phenotypic ratio of 3 : 1 is termed monohybrid ratio.

Question 11.
State and explain principle of dominance.
Answer:
Law of Dominanc J: According to this law, when two factors of a character are unlike, one of them will manifest in the body and is called dominant while the other remains hidden and is termed recessive factor.

The law can be well explained by the monohybrid cross by studying the following crosses :
1. Pure tall = TT, Hybrid tall = Tt

Results of cross between pure tall and pure dwarf

Gametes of TT parent = \(\frac{1}{2}\) T + \(\frac{1}{2}\) T
Gametes of Tt parent = \(\frac{1}{2}\) T+ \(\frac{1}{2}\) t
The 50% are pure tall and 50% hybrid tall. Then pure tall plants will produce 100% tall in F₂ generation and hybrid plants will produce in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 in the F₂ generation.

2. When the cross is made between pure tall and pure dwarf, we get results as follows (Figure)

Question 13.
What is dihybrid ratio?
Answer:
Dihybrid ratio: The ratio obtained in a dihybrid cross is called dihybrid ratio. It is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.

Question 14.
What is a gene? What is the nature of gene?
Answer:
Gene: Term gene was coined by Johansen (1900). A hereditary determiner specifying a biological function; a unit of inheritance (DNA) located in a fixed place on the chromosome is called gene.

Mendel considered every character as unit which is controlled by a factor presently called gene. Chemically gene is a segment of DNA which controls one character and physically is a part of chromosome.

Question 15.
Where are genes located? What is the chemical nature of gene?
Answer:
Genes are located on chromosomes. Chemically gene is a segment of DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid).

Question 16.
In man four types of blood groups A, B, AB and O are controlled by three alleles of a gene. What is the mechanism of inheritance of the blood groups?
Answer:
More than two forms exists for certain genes. It is an example of multiple alleles. A well known example is ABO blood types in human. The four human blood groups, A, B, AB and O are phenotypes of the trait.

Three different alleles I^A, I^B and i of gene determine the phenotypes of the four blood groups. The six types of genotypes are as follows :

Phenotype (Blood Group)	Genotype
O	ii
A	IAIA or IAi
B	IBIB or IBi
AB	IAIB

Both I^A and I^B are dominant over i. Since a person with genotype IAIB has AB blood groups. It is an example of codominance.

Thus ABO blood groups exhibit three genetic aspects :

1. Dominant-recessive mechanism.
2. Multiple alleles
3. Co-dominance.

Question 17.
A man with type A blood has a wife with type B. They have a child with type O blood. Give the genotype of all the three. What other blood groups can be expected in the future offspring of this couple?
Answer:
Genotypes. Man (I^A I^O), Mother I^B I^O and child I^OI^O.
Blood group of the future offspring. A type, B type, o type and AB type. It is based on the following cross :

Question 18.
Define genetic engineering. Write applications of genetic engineering.
Answer:
Genetic Engineering: The method of artificial synthesis of new genes and their subsequent “transplatation” in the genome of an organism or methods of correcting the defective genes is called genetic engineering.

Applications of genetic engineering

• Genetic engineering has introduced a new form of medicine called gene therapy which may be used in treating, crippling, hereditary diseases like haemophilia, phenylketonuria.
• With the help of genetic engineering it may be possible to produce new plants and animals having a new design and specific character according to will.
• Gene coding for vitamins, antibiotics or hormones from higher animals to bacteria is also possible which will help to produce chemicals which are impossible to get or to synthesise.

Question 19.
Give a graphic representation of mechanism of gene expression.
Answer:
Mechanism of gene expression

Question 20.
What do you understand by origin of life? Explain.
Answer:
Origin of Life. The oldest surviving terrestrial rocks, about 4.3 billion years old, contain no definite trace of life, at least not recognisable,as yet. Some rocks, about 3.9 billion years old, contain carbonates. Geologists interpret that these carbonates have resulted from life processes. Therefore, life was present on Earth about 3.9 billion years ago. However, the oldest microfossils discovered so far are that of photosynthetic cyanobacteria.

Question 21.
Write the contribution of Urey and Miller.
Answer:
Urey and Miller conducted experiment which supported that life originated by chemosynthesis. The chemosynthetic theory (Oparin-Haldane) states that life originated from non-living matter is based on the presence of methane and ammonia in the atmosphere. It required a high temperature, high energy radiations and electric discharges.

Question 22.
What are homologous organs? Give examples.
Answer:
Homologous organs. The organs of different classes have different forms because they have to perform different functions but their structures basically remains similar. Such organs are called homologous organs.

Examples of homologous organs. 1. The wings of bird and bat, flipper (fin) of whale, structure of human forearm are different in forms because these have to perform

Homologous organs

different functions. Studies of the bones forming the skeleton of these organs, would reveal similarity in construction. In fact, these are the forms of fore-arms which have originated from pentadactyl forms and due to the different functions they are performing hence transformed into different forms.

2. In plants, the homologous organs may be a thorn of Bougainvillea or a tendril of cucurbita both arising in axillary position.

Question 23.
What are analogous organs? Give examples.
Answer:
Analogous organs. The organs which are similar in appearance and perform the same function but differ in their fundamental structure and origin are called analogous organs.

Examples:

• Wings of birds and insects.
• Leaves of a plant and cladodes of Ruscus are also analogous organs.

Wings of insect and bird

Question 24.
Differentiate homologous organs and analogous organs.
Answer:
Differences between homologous organs and analogous organs

Homologous Organs	Analogous Organs
1. Some organs of different organisms resemble in structure and bear the same relation to the body.	1. These organs which are functionally similar but morphologically different are called analogous organs.
2. They have same fundamental plan of structure e.g. leaves of all higher plants arise from the nodes and bear an axillary bud in their axils.	2. Their basic structure is different e.g. wings of vertebrates and insects perform the same function of flying.

Question 25.
Are the fossils being formed at present time?
Answer:
Fossil formation. Fossilization of a dead organism or its parts usually begins when it is buried before it has a chance to decay. The organism sinks into a bog or a marsh or to the bottom of a lake, sea or river. In some cases it is buried by wind-driven sands. Even after burial decay can occur so that soft body parts decompose, a fact which emphasizes again that the hard parts are the ones that mou commonly persist as fossil. The buried parts that do not decay are preserved and mud or sand hardens to rock, the fossil becomes entombed.

Fossilization is a hit or miss effect. Only those organisms become fossilized that happen to die in a spot where they can be buried by natural process before their carcasses are destroyed by scavengers. Thus under such conditions fossils are being formed at the present time.

Question 26.
What is the physical method of determining the age of fossils?
Answer:
Determination of age of fossils (dating of fossils). Once the fossils are unearthed palaeontologists try to determine their position in the historical sequence of life. The absolute age of fossil is difficult to calculate because older the fossil, less precise is tne calculation.

Physical method. Before we begin to determine the age of fossil, we have to gain some perspective about the age of earth.
The age of the earth is estimated to be near about 300 crore years. This life span of earth has been divided into six principal eras. Out of these, three eras are subdivided into smaller span known as periods or epochs.

Question 27.
Discuss the importance of artificial selection in the derivation of the concept of natural selection.
Answer:
Importance of artificial selection. From his enquiries on breeding domesticating plants and animals, Darwin obtained clear evidence for selection, in this case of artificial selection. The breeders selected and perpetuated those variant types that interested them or seemed to be useful to them. Similar to artificial selection, natural selection also controls the speciation. But natural selection is too slow to observe.

Question 28.
Distinguish between microevolution and macroevolution. Narrate the significance of population genetics in evolution.
Answer:
Evolution on the grand scale of geological time, is called macroevolution while evolution at genetic level is microevolution. Microevolution is actually operative at genetic level change.

Significance of Population Genetics. The gene frequency of a population is called population genetics. Evolution occurs within populations as the relative frequencies of different variations of DNA change over time. If genes change, then enzymes automatically change and represent two different forms of individuals and definitely result in evolution.

Question 29.
What is variation? Name the basic processes that cause variations among organisms. Discuss the role of migration in evolution.
Answer:
Variations: The features which differ among the individuals are called variations.
Causes of variation: Mutation, recombination, gene migration, genetic drift and natural selection.
Role of Migration: Few populations are isolated from the other populations of same species, usually some migration takes place if the migrating individuals breed within the new population then immigrant will add new alleles to the local gene pool of host population.

Question 30.
Define variations in relation to species. Why is variation beneficial to the species?
Answer:
Variation. No living organisms are alike and they vary appreciably in many structural and functional aspects. These differences between individual organisms are called variations.

The useful variation in individuals of a species will enable them to adapt according to the changes and new needs. Thus they will enable the survival of the species.

Question 31.
Explain Genetic Drift.
Answer:
Genetic Drift: The term genetic drift refers to the chance elimination of the genes of certain traits when a section of population migrates or dies of natural calamity. It dramatically alters the gene frequency of the remaining population. It eliminates certain alleles and fixes the other alleles, thereby reducing the genetic variability of the population. For example, in case of snowstorm, the individuals having alleles (characters) that provide resistance to cold survive, whereas others die.

Question 32.
What is reproductive isolation?
Answer:
Reproductive isolation. Speciation is not likely to occur simply by changes in the genotype of a population. The populations with different genotypes appearing in them must be isolated so that differences may accumulate to the level of speciation. Else interbreeding of emerging populations will result in mixing of their genotypes and disappearance of differences between them. Isolation preserves the integrity of a species by checking hybridisation.

Question 33.
Give a brief account of present day concept of evolution.
Answer:
Present day concept of evolution

• appearance of genetic variations in certain individuals of a population by
  1. migration
  2. non-random mating
  3. genetic drift
  4. chromosomal changes
  5. gene mutation
  6. recombination of genes, and
  7. hybridization.
• spreading of genetic variations in a sub-group of a population by natural selection through differential reproduction in successive generations.
• some sort of reproductive isolation of a subgroup of population having the genotypes selected by nature from other subgroups, and
• accumulation of genetic variations to sufficiently alter the individuals of the subgroup to become a new species.

Question 34.
How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parent ensured in the progeny?
Answer:
In sexual reproduction, both the parents contribute equal amount of genetic material (genes) to the offspring. This means that for each trait there will be two alternatives in the sexually reproducing organisms. Out of these two alternatives, one is called dominant trait and the other is called recessive trait. There will be some progeny with new combination. DNA controls the traits and are copied from one generation to the next generation. Inaccuracies do occur during DNA copying which is more prominent in sexual reproduction. These variation in DNA copying gets inherited. Accumulation of variation generation after generation altogether leads to evolution of a new species.

Question 35.
How does the creation of variations in a species ensure survival?
Answer:
Genetic variations arise in sexually producing organisms as a result of following mechanism.

• Crossing over during gamete formation.
• Random segregation of chromosome during meiosis at the time of gamete formation.
• Random rejoining of gametes having different genetic set up in the chromosomes during fertilisation.
• These variations form the raw materials of evolution.

Only variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism will survive in a population.
The organism with useful variations will adapt and survive. Moreover they leave behind more offsprings and populations with such genetic variations will survive.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are new organisms formed?
Answer:
New organisms are produced as a result of reproduction.

Question 2.
Do you find more variation amongst human or in sugarcane fields.
Answer:
Human beings show more variations.

Question 3.
What do the progeny get from parents?
Answer:
Inherited traits and variations.

Question 4.
What special features you find in second generation?
Answer:
The members of second generation inherit some characters from their parents and new variations are also produced.

Question 5.
Organisms reproducing by asexual reproduction show a few variation.
Answer:
These organisms carry out mitosis during reproduction. As there is no meiosis no new combinations of characters are formed.

Question 6.
What is the basis of evolution?
Answer:
Variations are raw materials of evolution.

Question 7.
What are functional unit of hereditary material?
Answer:
Genes.

Question 8.
Coin the term for transfer of characters from parents to offspring.
Answer:
Heredity/Inheritance.

Question 9.
Who is the Father of Genetics?
Answer:
Gregor Mendel.

Question 10.
Mendel worked on which plant having alternate traits?
Answer:
Pisum sativum (garden pea).

Question 11.
Mention any two of the seven contrasting traits of garden pea selected by Mendel.
Answer:

1. Height-Tall/Dwarf
2. Seed shape-Round/Wrinkled.

Question 12.
What is dominance?
Answer:
The expression of heritable trait present is heterozygous condition.

Question 13.
What is recessive?
Answer:
An allele that is not expressed phenotypically when present in heterozygous conditions.

Question 14.
Information for synthesis of proteins is stored in which part of cell.
Answer:
DNA.

Question 15.
What is gene for protein?
Answer:
Segment of DNA which directs synthesis of protein is called gene for protein.

Question 16.
Name the structure or mole-cules which control the traits.
Answer:
Gene.

Question 17.
Name the carriers of genes.
Answer:
Chromosomes.

Question 18.
What is gene according to molecular structure?
Answer:
A segment of DNA that provides information for the synthesis of gene for protein is called gene.

Question 19.
Name the alternative form of gene.
Answer:
Allele.

Question 20.
How many pairs of chromo-somes are present in male/female human?
Answer:
23 pairs.

Question 21.
Write sex-chromosome of female.
Answer:
XX.

Question 22.
Write sex-chromosome of male.
Answer:
XY.

Question 23.
Which chromosome determine the sex of child.
Answer:
XX-chromosome in female and XY-chromosome in male.

Question 24.
If in vegetation of green plants, what will happen if green beetles are not distinguished as compared to red beetles.
Answer:
The population of green beetles will increase and subsequently red population will decrease.

Question 25.
What is evolution?
Answer:
Descend with modifications is termed evolution.

Question 26.
What is the basis of evolution?
Answer:
Variations are the basis of evolution.

Question 27.
What is the effect of starvation on DNA in beetles?
Answer:
No effect.

Question 28.
What are the causes of inbuilt tendency of variations?
Answer:

1. Sexual reproduction
2. Errors in DNA copying

Question 29.
Why crows could not eat coloured beetles?
Answer:
Crows could not see green coloured beetles as they get matched with green leaves and bushes.

Question 30.
What is meant by the term extinction?
Answer:
Elimination of a species is termed extinction.

Question 31.
What is the basis of Darwin’s theory of evolution?
Answer:
Natural selection/Survival of the fittest.

Question 32.
Who proposed the theory of origin of life from abiotic chemicals?
Answer:
Haldane.

Question 33.
Name the scientist who conducted experiments to prove abiotic origin of life?
Answer:
Stanley Miller and Urey.

Question 34.
What is genetic drift?
Answer:
It refers to chance elimination of genes of certain traits when a section of a population dies or migrates.

Question 35.
Define macroevolution.
Answer:
Macroevolution involves large scale changes among group of species

Question 36.
Genetic drift occur in small or large population.
Answer:
Small in number.

Question 37.
What is the structural unit of life?
Answer:
Cell.

Question 38.
Name a cell without nucleus.
Answer:
Micro-organism (Bacteria).

Question 39.
What is fossil?
Answer:
Fossils are preserved remains, traces of organisms that lived in the past.

Question 40.
The species sharing more common characteristics will be close or distant related?
Answer:
Closely related.

Question 41.
Give the three key factors of the modern concept of evolution.
Answer:
Genetic variations, natural selection and isolation.

Question 42.
What is the cause of sickle-cell anaemia?
Answer:
Gene mutation which changes the composition of haemoglobin and shapes of RBCs.

Question 43.
Name any fossil animal which serves as connecting link. Which two groups does it connect?
Answer:

1. Archaeopteryx
2. It is a connecting link between reptiles and birds.

Question 44.
What are factors of Mendel?
Answer:
Genes.

Question 45.
What is the modern term given to the factor of Mendel?
Answer:
Gene is the fector of Mendel; It is chemically a segment of DNA.

Question 46.
Coin one word for a class of individuals which are morphologically similar.
Answer:
Phenotype.

Question 47.
Coin the term for the character which does not allow the expression of a contrasting character in a hybrid.
Answer:
Dominant.

Question 48.
Coin the term for individual which breed true for its character.
Answer:
Homozygous.

Question 49.
What are inherited traits?
Answer:
Inherited traits. The distinguish-able feature of a character is called a trait. The traits which are passed from parents to offsprings are called inherited traits.

Question 50.
What is Mendel’s monohybrid ratio?
Answer:
3 :1.

Question 51.
Write down Mendel’s dihybrid ratio for phenotypes.
Answer:
9 : 3 : 3: 1

Question 52.
Write the genotype of man with blood group ‘A’.
Answer:
IAIA, IAI°.

Question 53.
What are two major functions of DNA?
Answer:
Replication and expression of genetic information in the form of poly-peptide (Protein).

Question 54.
Define speciation.
Answer:
Origin of species is termed speciation.

Question 55.
What is paleontology?
Answer:
Study of fossils is termed paleontology.

Question 56.
What are the kinds of organs shown in the figure?

Answer:
Homologous organs.

Question 57.
What are the kind of organs shown in the figure?

Answer:
Analogous Organ.

Question 58.
Write the blood group of progeny P and Q.

Answer:Blood group of P = A
Blood Group of Q = 0

Question 59.
What are vestigial organs?
Answer:
These are organs of the body which are non-functional in the possessor but were functional in the ancestralss and related organism.

Question 60.
Write any four vestigial organs of human.
Answer:
Muscles of ear lobes, appendix, wisdom tooth, hair of chest.

Question 61.
State ‘Biogenetic law’.
Answer:
Ontogeny repeats phylogeny.

Question 62.
Name the gases used by Urey and Miller for their experimnt.
Answer:
CH₄, NH₃, H₂ and H₂O.

Question 63.
What is biogenesis?
Answer:
Life is always formed from pre-existing life.

Question 64.
What is locus?
Answer:
Site of gene on a chromosome is called locus.

Question 65.
In the diagram what is the sex of (A) and (B)?

Answer:
The sex of (A) is female (XX) The sex of (B) is male (XY)

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Branch of biology deals with heredity and variation is called
(A) Paleontology
(B) Evolution
(C) Genetics
(D) Ecology.
Answer:
(C) Genetics

Question 2.
The factors which represent the contrasting pairs of characters are called
(A) Dominant
(B) Recessive
(C) Determinants
(D) Alleles.
Answer:
(D) Alleles

Question 3.
Two allelic genes are located on
(A) the same chromosome
(B) two homologous chromosomes
(C) two non-homologous chromosomes
(D) any two chromosomes.
Answer:
(B) two homologous chromosomes

Question 4.
Mendel’s law of segregation is based on separation of alleles during
(A) gamete formation
(B) seed formation
(C) pollination
(D) embryonic development.
Answer:
(A) gamete formation

Question 5.
The ratio of phenotype in F₂ generation of a dihybrid cross is:
(A) 3:1
(B) 1:2:1
(C) 2:1
(D)9:3:3:1.
Answer:
(D) 9: 3 : 3: 1

Question 6.
The composition male sex chromosomes is :
(A) XX
(B) XYX
(C) YXY
(D) XY.
Answer:
(D) XY

Question 7.
How many pairs of chromosomes are present in male and female?
(A) 33
(B) 43
(C) 23
(D) 46.
Answer:
(C) 23

Question 8.
Who postulated ‘the natural selection’ as the basis of evolution ?
(A) Darwin
(B) Haldane
(C) Lamark
(D) Newton.
Answer:
(A) Darwin

Question 9.
How many years back human has started to grow the wild cabbage as food?
(A) 20
(B) 200
(C) 2000
(D) 20000.
Answer:
(C) 2000

Question 10.
How the age of fossils is determined?
(A) fossil dating
(B) DNA
(C) gene
(D) biological evolution.
Answer:
(C) gene

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
_________ are units of heredity.
Answer:
Genes.

Question 2.
There are _________ pairs of chromosomes in human.
Answer:
23.

Question 3.
Site of gene on a chromosome is called _________
Answer:
Locus.

Question 4.
Continuity of life is maintained through _________ and _________
Answer:
Genetics and Evolution.

Question 5.
Mendel formulated Law of purety of gametes on the basis of _________
Answer:
Dihybrid cross.

Question 6.
The composition of female sex-chromosomes is _________
Answer:
XX.

Question 7.
Wing of butterfly and wing of birds are examples of organs.
Answer:
Analogous.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 11 The Human Eye and The Colourful World Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 11 The Human Eye and The Colourful World

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
With the help of a well labelled diagram, explain the construction and working of the human eye.
Answer:
Human eye is the most remarkable and most delicate natural optical instrument. The main parts of the eye are given below :

Structure of The Eye

The human eye consists of nearly spherical ball of about 2.5 cm in diameter.
1. Sclerotic: Its outermost coating is made of a tough and opaque white substance known as SCLEROTIC. It holds the eye ball in position and protects it from external injuries.

2. Cornea: Front portion of sclerotic is transparent and is known as CORNEA. It consists of a transparent substance. The outer surface of cornea is convex in shape. It allows the light to enter eye.

3. Choroid: There is a layer of black tissues, below sclerotic, called CHOROID. It serves to absorb any stray light and thus avoids blurring of the image by reflection from the eye-ball.

4. Iris: In front of eye, choroid merges into a coloured diaphragm known as iris with a hole in the middle called PUPIL. The iris corresponds to shutter in the camera. By means of involuntary muscle control, it regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

5. Eye Lens: It is a double convex lens made of transparent refracting tissues. The lens is held in position with the help of CILIARY MUSCLES. The ciliary muscles adjust the curvature of eye lens and hence its focal length to focus the images of all objects on retina.

The lens divides the eye-ball into two chambers—(i) the front chamber called anterior chamber and (ii) other between lens and the retina called posterior chamber. Anterior chamber is filled with a fluid, called AQUEOUS HUMOUR while the posterior chamber is filled with a jelly-like substance called VITREOUS HUMOUR.

6. Retina: The innermost coating of the eye, covering the rear of inner surface, is a very delicate membrane called the RETINA. It behaves like a screen as photographic film does in a camera on which image of object is formed.
The sensation of vision in the retina is carried to the brain by a nerve called OPTICAL NERVES.

7. Yellow Spot: The most sensitive part of retina is known as the YELLOW SPOT.

8. Blind Spot: The point where the optical nerve enters the eye is totally insensitive to light and is known as the BLIND SPOT.

9. Eye-lids: Eye Lids are provided to control the amount of light falling on the eye. Eye-lids also protect the eyes from dust etc.

Question 2.
What are the defects of human eye? How can they be corrected? Explain with diagrams.
Answer:
Defects of Human Eye: A normal healthy eye adjusts its focal length so as to form images of ail objects lying at different distances on the retina. Sometimes its power of accomodation decreases as a result of which the image is not formed on the retina resulting in two main defects viz. long sightedness and short sightedness.

In addition to these, presbyopia, colour blindness and astigmatism are also common defects.
1. Myopia or Short Sightedness: A person with myopic eye can see the near objects clearly but cannot see far off objects. The person suffering from myopia or short-sightedness has far point nearer than infinity. In normal eye, the far point is at infinity. The rays coming from distant object (at infinity) get focussed on retina [Fig. 11.5 (a)].

Causes of Defect: The defect myopia arises due to either :

• the length of eyeball is elongated (becomes longer than normal)
• the focal length of eye lens has decreased.

Due to either or both the causes, the eye is not able to focus the rays from distant object at retina [Figure (d)]. Focussing is there at a point 0 in front of retina. Therefore, the image formed on retina is blurred.

The defective eye is however able to focus the object upto its far point [Figure (c)].

Figure (a) Normal eye. Far point at infinity. Rays from distant object meet at retina.

Figure (b) Defective eye (eye-ball is enlarged), or focal length decreased, cannot focus rays from infinity at retina.

Defective Eye. Due to eye ball getting short or an increase in focal length of eye lens, the rays do not focus on retina.

Figure (c) Defective Eye is able to form image at the retina when object is moved from N to N’ the near point of defective eye.

Figure (d) Corrected Eye. A convex lens of suitable focal length converges the rays to match those coming from hf.
Normal eye is able to focus on retina the rays emerging out from N [Figure (a)].

However, the defective eye is not able to focus the rays from near point of normal eye i.e. N [Figure (b)].
It can focus the rays from near point of defective eye i.e., N’ [Figure (c)].

From Figure (b) and (c), we conclude that more inclined rays [Figure (6)] are not focussed on retina whereas less inclined rays from N’ get focussed on retina.

Correction of hypermetropia: This defect is corrected by placing a convex or a converging lens of suitable focal length before the eye so that the rays diverging from N after refraction, appear to come from the near point N’.

3. Presbyopia: This is an age related defect. Almost all persons above 40 years suffer from this defect. The flexibility of eye lens decreases with age and the ciliary musclles are not able to change the focal length of eye lens and the person cannot see distinctly. Because of mixed defect of myopia and hypermetropia a person needs either two spectacles one each mounted with convex lens and concave lens or a bifocal lens to correct this defect.

4. Colour Blindness: This defect is due to biological reasons. It is a genetic disorder. The patient having this defect can not distinguish colours because in retina of eye, there are insufficient number of cones. These are cells present in the eye which recognise red, blue and green colours. The person suffering from this defect cannot recognise specific colour due to insufficient cone like structures in his eye. This defect cannot be corrected. The person having this defect can see all the things but can not recognise some colours.

5. Astigmatism: The person suffering from this defect can not focus in both the horizontal and vertical axis clearly. This defect is caused due to varying curvature in lens in two axis i.e. the lens is not completely spherical. The person cannot focus in vertical direction. This defect can be corrected by wearing spectacles fitted with cylinderical lens.

Question 3.
What is prism? Explain deviation in glass prism by drawing a ray diagram.
Answer:
Prism: A portion of transparent medium bound by two plain refracting surfaces at an angle to each other is called a prism. The surfaces of the prism from which refraction occurs are called refracting surfaces and the angle between them is called angle of prism.

Deviation of Light by a Prism: Let PQR be the principal section of glass prism. Suppose a ray of light BC is incident at C on the surface PR of the prism. After refraction from this surface it goes bending toward normal along CD.

Now ray CD is incident at D on the refracting surface QR and after refraction it goes away from the normal drawn at D emerging along the direction DE. Therefore, prism deviates the ray of light coming along BC into direction DE. In this way prism produces angular deviation in the direction of light. If incident ray BC is produced in the forward direction and emergent ray DE in the backward direction, then they meet each other at G. The LFGD formed between these two is called angle of deviation. It is denoted by δ (delta).

The value of angle of deviation depends on (i) the material of the prism and (ii) angle of incidence. If we increase the value of angle of incidence (∠i) then the value of angle of deviation (δ) decreases. For a certain value of angle of incidence, the angle of deviation becomes minimum. This minimum value of angle of deviation is called minimum angle of deviation. If for a prism, A is the angle of prism and δ_m is the minimum angle of deviation, then, refractive index of material of the prism, μ = \(\frac{\sin \left(\frac{\mathrm{A}+\delta_{m}}{2}\right)}{\sin \frac{\mathrm{A}}{2}}\)

Question 4.
What is meant by dispersion of light. Explain with the help of diagram and give the cause of dispersion.
Or
When a ray of light passes through a glass prism then a spectrum is obtained on the screen.
(а) Draw a diagram showing a spectrum of white light.
(b) Name the seven colours of spectrum in a serial order.
(c) Which colour of the spectrum suffers most deviation and which colour the least deviation?
Answer:
Dispersion of Light: The process of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colours is called dispersion or dispersion of light.
(а) Spectrum obtained by Dispersion through Prism. When a ray of white light coming from the sun passes through a prism then due to refraction it deviates from its path and bends towards the base of the prism and splits into its seven constituent colours and each light colour bends through a different angle forming a band of seven colours called spectrum.

(b) Generally we see the seven colours of specturm as a group. The order of seven colurs of spectrum are in the following order starting from the base of prism Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. This order of colours can be easily remembered by a word “VIBGYOR.”

(c) The spectrum has red colour at its one end and violet colour at the other end. Red light travelling the fastest bends the least and violet light travelling the slowest bends the maximum.

Cause of Dispersion of Light: The refractive index of material (say transparent medium glass) depends on the colour of light. Refractive index of light of red colour is minimum and light of violet colour is maximum.

White light is composed of seven different colours of light (VIBGYOR) each colour having different colour due to different wavelength. Red colour has the longest wavelength and the violet has the shortest. The frequency of light is the same for colours. In air or vacuum, the speed of light is same for all colours. But in different media, the speed of light is different for different colours. So each light bends by different angle. Red colour in any medium bends the least while violet colour bends the most. So when light is passed through glass prism each light colour bends through different angle forming spectrum.

In this way, on passing of white light through a glass prism dispersion of light occurs.

Dispersion of white light does not takes place when it passes through a glass slab because there does not take place deviation of rays of light but lateral displacement occurs. The incident ray and emergent ray become parallel in glass slab.

Question 5.
Describe an experiment to show that different colours of white light can be recombined to form white light.
Answer:
To show that colours are not produced by the prism but are present in white light itself and the prism only separates these colours, Newton isolated a particular colour say green. He placed another prism in the path of green beam. No further splitting of colour took place. The light only deviated further. It clearly showed the prism just separates, a large number of colours coming together as white [Figure (b)].

Figure (a) Dispersion of white light by a prism.

Figure (b) Second pris,iz unable to split green bewn.

Figure (c) If a similar inverted second prism is placed. seven colours recombine spectrum colours into white light.
If a second prism of exactly of same angle with its refract ing edge opposite to the first is placed as shown, it is found that it results in white light again [Figure (c)]. The second prism deviates the rays in opposite direction. Thus dispersion produced by one prism is cancelled by the second similar prirn placed in the opposite direction.

Figure (d) When second prism is placed in sqnw way, the coloured beams are further spread.

If the second prism is placed in; the same way as the first, the coloured rays are again obtained on the screen but there are more spread [Figure (d)].

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is name of defect of eyes due to loss of elasticity of eye-lens? How is it corrected?
Answer:
It is called presbyopia. It cad be corrected by using two separate spectacles one for near vision and the other for distant vision.

Question 2.
What is the function of ciliary muscles in the eye?
Answer:
Ciliary muscles pull/push the lens and thereby change its focal length in order to focus objects lying at different distances from the eye.

Question 3.
What happens when elasticity of the eye lens is reduced to zero?
Answer:
Decrease of Elasticity of Lens. In normal eye, the change in the power of the eye lens for seeing far and near points is very large. As the person grows older, the power of accommodation gradually decreases. A stage may even reach when ciliary muscles lose their power and crystalline lens become much less elastic, so that the power of acommodation is almost zero.

Question 4.
Why is eye considered the best gift of God?
Answer:
It is said that world exists only if there are healthy eyes. Human being can see with the god-gifted eye i.e. he can identify different objects properly, can distinguish, i-ecognise colours and can differentiate between small and big even without touching, can read and write and can see all wonders of the world. That is why eye is considered to be one of the best gifts that god has given.

Question 5.
When we enter some dark room then for some time we are not able to see anything and remaining there for long, if suddenly strong light is switched on then our eyes can not gee anything. Why?
Answer:
Behind cornea there is iris which regulates the size of pupil. With it the intensity of light entering the eye is controlled. When we enter some dark room then for image to be formed on the retina more light is needed. For allowing more light to enter the eye is wide opened and it takes some time for this. During that time we do not see anything. Similarly while sitting itt the dark, iris spreads so that more light may enter the eye. And if suddenly strong light appears then to reduce its size some time is required during which we cannot see anything.

Question 6.
What type of lens is present in front of eyeball? What is its main function?
Answer:
In human eye the convex lens is present in front of eye ball. It consists of fibrous jelly like substance. Its curvature is controlled by ciliary muscles. The most of light rays are refracted by cornea and aqueous humour. The crystalline lens ensures focal length. So that the image of the object may be formed on the retina.

Question 7.
What is the function of retina in human eye?
Answer:
When light falls on rejina, it excites rods and cones. The electric pulses produced are conveyed to brain through optic nerve.

Question 8.
Why do we experience difficulty when we read from too close?
Answer:
Because of its capacity and properties the eye lens can change its focal length to some limit but not below that. If any object is too close then the focal length of the eyelens does not change that much that it niay help in seeing that properly. Therefore, we experience difficulty in reading from a close distance. In doing so pressure is exerted on eye and we cannot see distinctly.

Question 9.
Why do aged persons need spectacles for reading?
Answer:
Approximately at the age of 60 years the near point of eye becomes 20 cm which was 25 cm for normal eye of a young person. Due to this the aged person faces difficulty while reading and, therefore, needs spectacles.

Question 10.
What is cataract? How is it corrected?
Answer:
Sometimes, the crystalline lens of aged person gets covered with a membrane which obstructs the passage of light rays through a transparent lens. At times the lens becomes completely opaque or cloudy. This condition is called cataract. This defect can be corrected either by using contact lens of suitable focal length or by surgery.

Question 11.
What is the necessity of eye donation? Explain.
Answer:
We know eye is the wonderful and priceless gift of God and 65% of people in the world are blind of which 45 lakh suffer with corneal blindness. They can be cured only by cornea transplantation. Therefore, after death we and our kins should donate eyes so that others who have become blind due to corneal defect may also see the world.

Question 12.
What things we should take into account while donating eyes?
Answer:

• After death eyes must be removed within 4 to 6 hours.
• The nearest eye bank should be informed immediately after death. The team of the eye bank removes eyes of the dead person either at his residence or in the nearest hospital in 10-15 minutes.
• Eye removal is a simple procedure and does not lead to any disfigurement.

Question 13.
What is meant by least distance of distinct vision?
Answer:
Least Distance of Distinct Vision. If an object is very close to the eye then it is not seen clearly. Therefore, that shortest distance where if an object placed is seen very distinctly is called the least distance of distinct vision. For normal eye this distance is 25 cm.

Question 14.
A 14 years old boy cannot read question written on the black-board lying 5 m away from him.
(i) Name the eye defect he is suffering from.
Answer:
He is suffering from Myopia.

(ii) Show with the help of a labelled diagram as to how this defect can be corrected.
Answer:
For correction of this defect a concave lens of suitable focal length is used.

Figure (a) Myopic Eye (b) Correction of Myopia by a concave lens of suitable focal length.

Question 15.
Why we see a rainbow just after rains?
Answer:
Rainbow is caused by dispersion of white sun light by tiny water droplets present in the atmosphere. Water droplets act as tiny prisms. They refract and disperse the incident sunlight, then reflect it internally and finally refract it again when it comes out of raindrop. Due to dispersion of light and internal refraction, different colours reach the eye of the observer. Rainbow is always formed in a direction opposite to that of the sun.

Rainbow formation

Question 16.
How refraction of light elongates the length of day?
Or
Why does day appear longer than actually what it is due to refraction of light?
Answer:
The sun is visible a few minutes earlier than it actually rises above horizon. It happens because as we go up from the earth, the density of air layers decrease. The rays from sun S keep on bending towards normal till it enters the eye. Therefore, the sun appears to be at S’ (above horizon) although it is at S (below horizon). Thus the sun appears about two minutes earlier than actually when it should be.

For the same reason, the sun appears to set two minutes later than the actual. Hence the day appears to be about 4 minutes longer than what it is.

For the same reason explained above, the stars appear higher than their actual position as shown in Figure (b) given below :

Figure (a) The sun remains visible even after it has actually passed below the geometrical horizon.

Figure (b) A star in the direction S is seen in the direction S’ as a result of atmospheric refraction.

Question 17.
A star appears on the horizon. What is the true position of the star? Explain with diagram.
Answer:
True position of star is below the horizon. Incident rays from star, travel through earth’s atmosphere and reach observer’s eye. These incident rays travel from rarer to denser atmopshere so that they bend towards the normal. Thus, they appear to come fiom a different position slightly higher than the true position.

Question 18.
What is meant by scattering of light? Explain Tyndall effect. Give a few illustrations of scattering of light.
Answer:
The path of beam of- light becomes visible when it passes through space containing smoke, tiny water droplets, suspended dust particles. The path of light is visible when it pass through ak medium the size of whose particles are comparable to wavelength of light.

An arrangement for observing scattering of light in colloidal solution Colour of scattered light depends upon the size of scattering particles. Very small particles scatter blue light while larger particles scatter light of longer wavelength.

Question 19.
Why does the colour of the sky appear blue? [P.B., March 2019 (Set-A)\ Also tell how it would appear in the absence of earth’s atmosphere?
Answer:
The molecules of air/gases and other fine particles in the atmosphere have smaller size than the wavelength of visible light. These particles are therefore, more effective in scattering light of shorter wavelengths at blue and than light of longer wavelength at the red end. Thus, blue colour of the sky is due to scattering of sunlight by fine particles. In the absence of earth s atmosphere no scattering of light can occur. So, the sky appears black in that case.

Question 20.
What is short-sightedness? For a person suffering from this defect, where is the image of an object formed and by what type of spectacles this defect can be corrected?
Or
What is the cause of Myopia? How can it be corrected? Explain with a labelled diagram. (P.S.E.B. March 2017, Set-I)
Answer:
Myopia or Short Sightedness: A person with myopic eye can see the near objects clearly but cannot see far off objects. The person suffering from myopia or short-sightedness has far point nearer than infinity. In normal eye, the far point is at infinity. The rays coming from distant object (at infinity) get focussed on retina [Fig. 11.5 (a)].

Causes of Defect: The defect myopia arises due to either :

• the length of eyeball is elongated (becomes longer than normal)
• the focal length of eye lens has decreased.

Due to either or both the causes, the eye is not able to focus the rays from distant object at retina [Figure (d)]. Focussing is there at a point 0 in front of retina. Therefore, the image formed on retina is blurred.

The defective eye is however able to focus the object upto its far point [Figure (c)].

Figure (a) Normal eye. Far point at infinity. Rays from distant object meet at retina.

Figure (b) Defective eye (eye-ball is enlarged), or focal length decreased, cannot focus rays from infinity at retina.

Defective Eye. Due to eye ball getting short or an increase in focal length of eye lens, the rays do not focus on retina.

Figure (c) Defective Eye is able to form image at the retina when object is moved from N to N’ the near point of defective eye.

Figure (d) Corrected Eye. A convex lens of suitable focal length converges the rays to match those coming from hf.
Normal eye is able to focus on retina the rays emerging out from N [Figure (a)].

However, the defective eye is not able to focus the rays from near point of normal eye i.e. N [Figure (b)].
It can focus the rays from near point of defective eye i.e., N’ [Figure (c)].
From Figure (b) and (c), we conclude that more inclined rays [Figure (6)] are not focussed on retina whereas less inclined rays from N’ get focussed on retina.

Question 21.
What is the cause of long sightedness (Hypermetropia)? How can it be corrected? Explain with a labelled diagram?
Answer:
Correction of hypermetropia: This defect is corrected by placing a convex or a converging lens of suitable focal length before the eye so that the rays diverging from N after refraction, appear to come from the near point N’.

Question 22.
What is meant by Presbyopia and Colour blindness?
Answer:
Presbyopia. Some people suffer from myopia and hypermetropia both simultaneously, it is called presbyopia. Such people require bifocal lenses, the upper part of which is concave lens and the lower part a convex lens. The upper part is used to see distant objects while the lower part to see nearby objects (for reading).

Colour Blindness: This defect is caused due to decrease of cone like cells in the eyes of human beings. Due to this loss, eye is not sensitive for some particular colours. This is genetic defect and has no remedy. The persons having this defect can no doubt see objects but are unable to identify colours. This is called colour blindness.

Question 23.
Define the following :
Power of Accomodation, Far Point, Near Point, Least Distance of Distinct Vision, Persistence of Vision.
Answer:
Power of Accomodation Human ejre can see all nearby objects and distant objects. This ability of eyelens to adjust its focal length enabling it to see object lying at different distances is called power of accomodation.

Far Point. The point at the maximum distance from the eye where if an object is placed can be seen distinctly is called far point. For normal eye the far point is at infinity.
Near Point: The point at the leat distance from the eye where the object if lying can be seen distinctly is called near point.
Least Distance of Distinct Vision. It is a point in between the far point and near point and at minimum distance from eye where the object lying can be seen distinctly. For normal eye the least distance of distinct vision is 25 cm.
Persistence of Vision. The image of an object is formed on the retina of the eye but even if the object is removed still its image remains and does not fade away. This is called persistence of vision.

Question 24.
A person wears spectacles of power – 2.5 D. Name the defect of vision he is suffering from. Draw the ray diagram for (i) the defective eye, (ii) its correction after using a suitable lens.
Answer:
Since the power of the lens is negative, therefore, the lens used in spectacles is concave lens.

The defect of the eye is Myopia (or short sightedness)

Figure (a) Defective eye (eye-ball is enlarged), or focal length decrea.’ed, cannot focus rays from infinity at focus.

Figure (b) Corrected eye. Concate (or a divergent) lens diverges the parallel rays from infinity to an extent that they appear to diverge from F. They get focussed at retina.

Question 25.
Distinguish between simple microscope and compound miéroscope.
Answer:
Differences between Simple Microscope and Compound Microscope.

Simple Microscope	Compound Microscope
1. It is convex lens of small focal length.	1. It has two convex lenses one of which is eye piece and other objective.
2. It has small magnification.	2. Its magnifying power ìs large.
3. It is used to see small objects after magnification.	3. It is used to see very minute objects which cannot be otherwise seen with a naked eye after very large magnification.

Numerical Problems

Question 1.
A person can not see clearly objects beyond a distance of 1.2 m. Name the defect of vision he is suffering from. What would be the power of correcting lens used to restore proper vision ?
Answer:
Since a person can see clearly only near objects (upto a distance of 1.2 m only) whereas normal human eye can see even distant objects (upto infinity), therefore, the defect of vision is myopia.
Here v = 1.2 m
u = ∞

∴ Power of correcting lens, P = \(\frac{1}{f(\text { in metres })}\)
= \(\frac{1}{-1.2}\)
= – 0.83 D

Question 2.
The near point of a person suffering from hypermetropia is 75 cm. Calculate the focal length and power of the lens required to enable him to read the newspaper which is kept at 25 cm from the eye.
Answer:
Here u = -25 cm
v = – 75 cm

∴ Focal length of the required lens
Now P = \(\frac{1}{f(\text { in metres })}\)
= \(\frac{1}{375}{\frac{1000}}\)
= \(\frac{1000}{375}\)
= 2.6 D

Question 3.
The near point of a myopic eye is 1 m. Find the power of the lens required to correct this defect. Assume that near point of the normal eye is 25 cm.
Answer:
Here u = – 25 cm [Normal near point]
V = – 1 m
= – 100 cm
f =?
Using lens Formula \(\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}=\frac{1}{f}\)

Now power of the required lens P = \(\frac{1}{f(\text { in metres })}\)
= \(\frac{100}{f(\text { in metres })}\)
= \(\frac{1}{\frac{100}{3}}\)
= \(\frac{100 \times 3}{100}\)
= + 3 D
Positive sign (+) indicates that the lens is convex.

Question 4.
A person cannot see objects beyond 1.5 m distinctly. What type of lens should be used to restore proper vision?
Answer:
Here u = – ∞ ; u = -1.5 m ; f =?

He should use concave or divergent lens say convexo concave lens of Focal length -1.5 m and power – 0.67 D.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by optical instruments? Name any two.
Answer:
Optical instruments are the devices based on various phenomena of optics. The’names are (i) Microscope (ii) Telescope.

Question 2.
What is least distance of distinct vision?
Answer:
Distance upto which a person can see clearly. It is 25 cm for normal eye.

Question 3.
What is far of point?
Answer:
This is most distant point upto which the eye can see clearly with unaided eyes.

Question 4.
Write a function of each of :
(i) Retina
Answer:
Retina: Retina is third layer of eye and acts as a screen for the image of the objects.

(ii) Sclerotic
Answer:
Sclerotic: Sclerotic is to maintain a solid shape of the eye and protects the internal soft parts from external injuries.

(iii) Ciliary muscles in human eye.
Answer:
Ciliary muscles in human eye. Eye lens is held in its position by ciliary muscles. Ciliary muscles help the eye to change the focal length by adjusting its curvature.

Question 5.
What is the function of sclerotic in human eye?
Answer:
Sclerotic is to provide a solid shape to eye and protect it from external injuries.

Question 6.
What is the function of ciliary muscles in human eye?
Answer:
Ciliary muscles help the eye to change its focal length by adjusting its curvature.

Question 7.
What is the function of rods on the retina?
Answer:
Rods are sensitive to light. More the intensity of light, more are they excited.

Question 8.
What are cones?
Answer:
Cones on retina are sensitive to different colours. If cones are absent or insufficient, the person is colour blind.

Question 9.
Why chickens come out late in the morning and return early in the evening?
Answer:
Chickens have very few rods on the retina, hence they are able to see only in bright light and not in dim-light.

Question 10.
Why cats / bats are able to see at night?
Answer:
They have very large number of rods on retina. Hence they are able to see even if there is very small amount of light.

Question 11.
Colour of eyes depend upon colour of which part of eye?
Answer:
It depends upon the colour of iris.

Question 12.
What is basic cause of colour blindness?
Answer:
It is due to no or insufficient number of cones on the retina.
Seeing sun or seeing towards it during solar eclipse may cause colour blindness.

Question 13.
Which phenomenon of light is shown in fig. below :

Answer:
Dispersion of light.

Question 14.
In the given diagram which defect of the human eye is being corrected using a concave lens?

Answer:
Myopia (Short-Sightedness).

Question 15.
Which defect of human eye is being corrected in the figure given below?

Answer:
Hypermetropia.

Question 16.
Which defect of the eye is shown in the figure given below?

Answer:
Hypermetropia (or Long-sightedness).

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
The approximate least distance of distinct vision of normal eye is
(A) 35 in
(3) 3.5 m
(C) 25 cm
(D) 2.5 cm.
Answer:
(C) 25 cm

Question 2.
The feal length of objective is changed by:
(A) Pupil
(B) Retina
(C) Ciliary muscles
(D) Iris.
Answer:
(C) Ciliary muscles

Question 3.
A person suffering from short sightedness cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m. For distinct vision he would use :
(A) Concave lens
(B) Cylinderical lens
(C) Convex lens
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(A) Concave tens

Question 4.
The far point of normal human eyes .
(A) At 25 cm
(B) At 25 mm
(C) At 25 m
(D) At infinity.
Answer:
(D) At. infinity.

Question 5.
In human eye, the image of object is formed at:
(A) Pupil
(B) Retina
(C) Cornea
(D) Eye ball.
Answer:
(B) Retina

Question 6.
Light entering the eye is mostly refracted by :
(A) Crystalline lens
(B) Outer surface of cornea
(C) Pupil
(D) Iri’.
Answer:
(B) Outer surfaceof cornea

Question 7.
Most insensitive part nf the eye is called:
(A) biqek spt
(B) vehow spot
(C) cornea
(D) blue Spot.
Answer:
(A) black spot

Question 8.
Focal length of the eye lens can be adjusted by action of:
(A) ciliarv muscles
(B) choroid
(C) optical nerves
(D) retina.
Answer:
(A) ciliary muscles

Question 9.
When light rays enter the eye most of the refraction occurs at:
(A) crystalline lens
(B) iris
(C) outer surface of cornea
(D) pupil.
Answer:
(A) crystalline lens

Question 10.
Distance of distinct vision of a normal eye is:
(A 25 m
(B) 2.5 m
(C) 25 cm
(D) 2.5 cm.
Answer:
(C) 25 cm

Question 11.
Accommodation of normal eyes is
(A) 5 cm to 15 cm
(B) 15 cm to m
(C) 1 m to 3 m
(D) 20 cm to infinity.
Answer:
(D) 20 cm to infinity.

Question 12.
When an object is placed beyond centre of curvature of a cancave mirror, the image is formed:
(A) beyond C;
(B) between C and F;
(C) at F;
(D) at infinity.
Answer:
(B) between C and F;

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
The least distance of distinct vision is __________
Answer:
25 cm.

Question 2.
Far point of normal human eye is __________
Answer:
infinity.

Question 3.
In human eye, image of an object is formed at __________
Answer:
Retina.

Question 4.
The ability of eye-lens to adjust its focal length is called __________
Answer:
Accommodation.

Question 5.
A shortsighted person cannot see the objects distinctly.
Answer:
distant.

Question 6.
The __________ shaped cells present in retina respond to the intensity of light.
Answer:
rod.

Question 7.
__________ helps in regulating the amount of light entering the eye.
Answer:
pupil.

Question 8.
The splitting of white light into its component colours is called __________
Answer:
dispersion.

Question 9.
A concave lens is used to rectify __________
Answer:
Myopia.

Question 10.
When the light is bright, the pupil becomes __________
Answer:
very small.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 11 The Human Eye and The Colourful World Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11 The Human Eye and The Colourful World

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide The Human Eye and The Colourful World Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The human eye can focus object at different distances by adjusting the focal length of the eye lens. This is due to :
(a) presbyopia
(b) accommodation
(c) near-sightedness
(d) far-sightedness.
Answer:
(b) accommodation.

Question 2.
The human eye forms the image of an object at its :
(a) cornea
(b) iris
(c) pupil
(d) retina.
Answer:
(d) retina.

Question 3.
The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is about:
(a) 25 m
(b) 2.5 cm
(c) 25 cm
(d) 2.5 m.
Answer:
(c) 25 cm.

Question 4.
The change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of the :
(a) pupil
(b) retina
(c) ciliary muscles
(d) iris.
Answer:
(c) ciliary muscles.

Question 5.
A person needs a lens of power – 5.5 D for correcting his vision. For correcting his near vision, he needs a lens of power + 1.5 D. What is the focal length of lens required for correcting
(i) distant vision and
Answer:
(i) For distant vision, f1 = \(\frac{1}{\mathrm{P}_{1}}\)
= \(\frac{1}{-5.5}\)
= – 0.182 m
⇒ f₁ = – 18.2 cm

(ii) near vision?
Answer:
For near vision, f₂ = \(\frac{1}{\mathrm{P}_{2}}\)
= \(\frac{1}{1.5}\)
= + 0.667 m
f₂ = + 66.7 cm

Question 6.
The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to correct the problem?
Answer:
Here
Distance of far point u = – ∞
Focal length of the lens (v) = – 80 cm;

Using Less formula \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)
\(\frac{1}{(-80)}-\frac{1}{(-\infty)}\) [∵\(\frac{1}{\propto}\) = 0]
\(-\frac{1}{80}\)
Focal Length of the Lens (f) = – 80 cm = – 0.8 m
Negative sign (-) indicates that the nature of required lens is concave

Now,
P = \(\frac{1}{f}\)
= \(\frac{1}{-0.8}\)
P = – 1.25 D

Question 7.
Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is corrected. The near point/ of hypermetropic eye is 1 m. What is the power of the lens required to correct this defect? Assume that the near point of normal eye is 25 cm.
Answer:
u = – 25 cm,
v = – 1 m
= – 100 cm
Using lens formula \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)


∴ Power = + 3 D
Convex (convergent) lens of power + 3 D

Question 8.
Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25 cm?
Answer:
For seeing near objects, the ciliary muscles contract to make the lens thicker so as to reduce the focal length of eye lens, in order to form the image on the retina. Ciliary muscles cannot be contracted beyond certain limit and hence we cannot see clearly the objects lying closer than 25 cm, called the least distance of distinct vision.

Question 9.
What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase the distance of an object from the eye?
Answer:
For a fixed focal length of the lens, the distance of image from the lens (i.e., v) decreases as the distance of the object from eye lens (i.e., u) is increased.

Since v cannot be decreased (as distance between eye lens and retina is fixed), f is decreased by action of ciliary muscles so as to satisfy lens formula in accordance with increased value of u.

Question 10.
Explain atmospheric refraction. Why do stars twinkle?
Answer:
Twinkling of the star is due to refraction of light from stars through atmosphere. The stars emit their own light. The light coming from the stars on entering the earth’s atmosphere undergoes refraction continuously at each layer of atmosphere having different density, before it reaches the earth. The stars are very much distant objects and may be considered as point sources. The refractive index of the air changes from time to time due to change of density of air. Due to change of the optical density of earth’s atmosphere, the path of rays from stars continuously changes. The apparent positions of the stars continuously change due to change in refractive index of the atmosphere. Thus the stars appear to twinkle.

Question 11.
Why planets do not appear twinkling?
Answer:
Since planets are quite close to the earth in comparison with the stars, they do not act as point sources but behave like extended sources. Planets may be considered as collection of a large number of point-sized sources of light. The total net deviation in amount of light entering our eyes from different point sources is zero. Therefore there is no net twinkling of planets.

Question 12.
Why does the sun appear reddish in the morning (as well as in evening)?
Or
Why does rising star appears red in colour?
Answer:
Earth is surrounded by envelope of gases called atmosphere. At the time of sunrise (or at sunset), light has to travel greater distance [AB at sunrise and BC at sunset] through the atmosphere to reach us than what it covers, when sun is over-head at noon [It has to travel only DB],

The wavelength of blue colour is about half that of red, blue light is scattered nearly 24 =16 times more than red colour of sunlight. As a result, the sun appears red at sunrise or at sunset due to negligible scattering of red colour of light.

Question 13.
Why does the sky appears dark instead of blue to an astronaut?
Answer:
The atmosphere exists only upto some height. At high altitudes, there is no atmosphere to scatter sun light. The sky, therefore, appears to be perfectly black to astronauts.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB The Human Eye and The Colourful World InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye?
Answer:
Power of accomodation of eye. It is the ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length to see various objects lying at different distances. The minimum distance upto which a normal eye can see clearly is called near point. For normal eye, near point is about 20 cm. The maximum distance upto which the eye can see clearly is called far point. The distance between near point and far point is also called accommodation.

Question 2.
A person with myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m distinctly. What should be the type of the corrective lens used to restore proper vision?
Answer:
Here u = – ∞; v = – 1.2 ; f =?

Negative sign (-) shows that the corrective lens is concave lens.
But P = \(\frac{1}{f}\)
= \(-\frac{1}{1.2}\) = – 0.825 D
The person should wear spects mounted with concave lens having of power – 0.825 D

Question 3.
What is the far point and near point of human eye with normal vision?
Answer:
Far point: It is the distance of most distant point upto which a person can see object distinctly. It is infinity for normal vision.
Near point: It is distance of nearest point beyond which a person can see distinctly. It is 25 cm for normal vision.

Question 4.
A student has difficulty in reading the blackboard while sitting in the last row. What could be the defect the child is suffering from? How could it be corrected?
Answer:
Student is suffering from myopia or shortsightedness. This defect can be corrected by using spectacles having diverging (say concave or convexo-concave) lens of suitable focal length.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Literature Book Chapter 6 Return to Air Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Literature Book Chapter 6 Return to Air

Question 1.
Why was the boy called ‘Sausage’ ?
Answer:
The boy was quite fat and plump. That was why he was called Sausage.

लड़का काफ़ी मोटा और गोलमटोल था। इसलिए हर कोई उसे कुल्चा कहता था।

Question 2.
Why did the boy not like diving ?
Answer:
The boy had weak eyesight. He could not see properly without his glasses. He had to take off his glasses for diving. Therefore, he did not like diving.

लड़के की दृष्टि कमज़ोर थी। वह अपने चश्मे के बिना ठीक तरह से देख नहीं पाता था। गोताखोरी के लिए उसे अपना चश्मा उतारना पड़ता था। इसलिए वह गोताखोरी पसन्द नहीं करता था।

Question 3.
What is duck-diving ? How is it taught ?
Answer:
Duck-diving means diving into water in the manner of a duck. A brick is thrown into water and the learner is asked to bring it out. In this way, duck-diving is taught.

बत्तखी-गोताखोरी का अर्थ होता है, पानी में बत्तख की तरह गोता लगाना। एक ईंट पानी में फेंक दी जाती है और प्रशिक्षु से इसे निकाल कर लाने के लिए कहा जाता है। इस प्रकार बत्तखी-गोताखोरी सिखाई जाती है।

Question 4.
What happened to Sausage when he tried duck-diving the first time ?
Answer:
Sausage. had to remove his glasses for diving. He could not see properly inside the water. Instead of the brick, he brought out an old tin-box from the bottom.

गोताखोरी के लिए सासेज को अपना चश्मा उतारना पड़ा। पानी के अन्दर वह ठीक तरह से देख न पाया। ईंट की बजाए वह एक पुराना टीन का डिब्बा तल से उठा लाया।

Question 5.
Why couldn’t Sausage see inside the water ?
Answer:
Sausage had weak eyesight and had to wear glasses. But for diving, he had to remove his glasses. That was why he couldn’t see properly inside the water.

सासेज की नज़र कमज़ोर थी और उसे चश्मा पहनना पड़ता था। किन्तु गोता लगाने के लिए उसे अपना चश्मा उतारना पड़ा था। इसी कारण से वह पानी के अन्दर ठीक ढंग से देख न पाया।

Question 6.
Why did the water change colours ? How did it change colours ?
Answer:
The water changed colours because the intensity of sunlight decreased gradually underwater. The water changed from thick green to brown lemonade and then to blackish-brown.

पानी ने रंग इसलिए बदले क्योंकि सूर्य की रोशनी की चमक पानी के नीचे धीरे-धीरे कम होती गई। पानी का रंग गहरे हरे रंग से बदल कर भूरे नींबू-सोडे जैसा और फिर भूरा-काला हो गया।

Question 7.
Was Sausage sure that he would not come out alive ? Give examples to support your answer.
Answer:
Sausage had been underwater for a long time. He was about to lose his breath. Although he started going up quickly, he thought he would not come out alive.

सासेज लम्बा समय पानी के अन्दर रहा था। उसकी सांस उखड़ने वाली थी। यद्यपि उसने तेज़ी से ऊपर आना शुरू कर दिया, उसने सोचा कि वह जीवित बाहर नहीं आ पाएगा।

Question 8.
What did Sausage dig out ? Did he know what he had caught hold of when he was inside the water ? Why ?
Answer:
He dug out an old tin-box. But he did not know what it was. He had weak eyesight and could not see properly without his glasses.

उसने एक पुराना टीन का बक्सा खोद कर निकाला। किन्तु उसे यह पता नहीं था कि यह क्या था। उसकी नज़र कमज़ोर थी और अपने चश्मे के बिना वह ठीक ढंग से देख नहीं सकता था।

Question 9.
Where did Sausage reach while swimming ?
Answer:
While swimming, he reached the other end of the pond.

तैरते हुए वह तालाब के दूसरे किनारे पर पहुंच गया।

Question 10.
What did Sausage do with the tin-box ?
Answer:
He took the tin-box to his home. He placed it on the mantelpiece. He put his coin collection in it. He wanted to keep it as long as he lived.

वह टीन के बक्से को अपने घर ले गया। उसने इसे अंगीठी पर रख दिया। उसने इसमें अपने सिक्कों का संग्रह डाल दिया। वह इसे उतनी देर रखना चाहता था जितनी देर वह जीवित रहे।

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
The boy was called …………
(i) flabby
(ii) filthy
(iii) Sausage
(iv) honest.
Answer:
(iii) Sausage

Question 2.
The instructor threw a tin in the pond. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Sausage put his stamp collection in the tin. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Sausage brought a ………….. from under the water.
(i) tin-box
(ii) fish
(iii) duck
(iv) pearl.
Answer:
(i) tin-box

Question 5.
Duck-diving means diving into water in the manner of a …………..
(i) fish
(ii) duck
(iii) crocodile
(iv) turtles.
Answer:
(ii) duck

Question 6.
Where did Sausage reach while diving ?
Answer:
The other end of the pond.

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who is the author of the story ?
Answer:
Philippa A Pearce.

Question 2.
What was the boy called ?
Answer:
‘Sausage’

Question 3.
What did Sausage not like ?
Answer:
Diving

Question 4.
What is thrown into water while teaching duck-diving ?
Answer:
A brick.

Question 5.
Why couldn’t Sausage see inside the water ?
Answer:
Because he had a weak eyesight.

Question 6.
How did water change colours ?
Answer:
From thick green to brown lemonade and then to blackish brown.

Question 7.
What was Sausage about to lose underwater ?
Answer:
His breath.

Question 8.
What did Sausage dig out ?
Answer:
He dug out an old tin box.

Complete the following :

1. The author of the story used to swim in a ……..
2. The boy was very fat and ………………
3. Duck-diving means diving like a ……………….
4. Sausage could not see ………. in water.
5. The water changed its ……….
Answer:
1. pond
2. plump
3. duck
4. properly
5. colours.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. The boy was nicknamed ‘Sausage’ because he was fat and plump.
2. Sausage liked diving very much.
3. A pitcher is thrown into water in duck-diving training.
4. For diving, the boy had to remove his sweater.
5. Sausage was about to lose his breath underwater.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
The author of the story was expert in …
(a) shooting
(b) birdwatching
(c) swimming
(d) playing at cards.
Answer:
(c) swimming

Question 2.
What did Sausage have to take off before going into water ?
(a) His hat.
(b) His dress.
(c) His legs.
(d) His spectacles.
Answer:
(d) His spectacles.

Question 3.
Sausage dug out an old ……….
(a) radio set
(b) tin-box
(c) book
(d) bottle.
Answer:
(b) tin-box

Question 4.
Where was the tin-box placed ?
(a) On the shelf.
(b) In the almirah.
(c) On the mantelpiece.
(d) On the rooftop.
Answer:
(c) On the mantelpiece.

Return to Air Summary & Translation in English

Return to Air Introduction:
The author used to swim in a pond. He was quite expert in swimming. But he could not dive from the diving-board. He had to take off his specs to go into the water. Therefore, he did not want to learn diving. But he was told that one should learn to dive and go underwater. In this way, a person could rescue anyone from drowning. To teach the author diving, his swimming instructor threw a brick into the pond and asked him to bring it out. When the author removed his specs, he could see only blurred figures.

Even then, he jumped into the water. He could not see the brick underwater. He found a brick-like object at the bottom of the pond. He dug it out from the mud. He had swum underwater too far. Now he wanted to come on the surface as soon as possible. He became quite afraid. Various fears came into his mind. He thought he might not reach the surface in time. He kept on going upwards. Suddenly, he reached the surface. When he put on his specs, he found that instead of the brick, he had brought an old tin box from the bottom.

Return to Air Summary & Translation in Hindi

Return to Air Introduction:
लेखक एक तालाब में तैरा करता था। वह तैराकी में काफी निपुण था। परन्तु वह डाइविंग-बोर्ड से गोता नहीं लगा सकता था। पानी के अन्दर जाने के लिए उसे अपना चश्मा उतारना पड़ता था। इसलिए वह गोताखोरी नहीं सीखना चाहता था। परन्तु उसे बताया गया था कि व्यक्ति को गोता लगाना और पानी के अन्दर जाना आना चाहिए था। इस प्रकार व्यक्ति किसी को भी डूबने से बचा सकता था। लेखक को गोताखारी सिखाने के लिए उसके तैराकी प्रशिक्षक ने तालाब में एक ईंट फेंकी और उसे उसको बाहर निकाल कर लाने के लिए कहा।

जब लेखक ने अपना चश्मा उतारा तो वह धुंधली-सी आकृतियां ही देख पा रहा था। फिर भी उसने पानी में छलांग लगा दी। वह पानी के अंदर ईंट न देख पाया। उसे तालाब की तली पर एक ईंट जैसी चीज़ मिल गई। उसने उसे कीचड़ से खोद कर निकाल लिया। वह पानी के नीचे तैरता हुआ काफ़ी दूर चला गया था। वह अब जितनी जल्दी हो सके, सतह पर आना चाहता था। वह काफ़ी डर गया। विभिन्न प्रकार के भय उसके मन में आ गए। उसने सोचा कि वह समय से सतह पर नहीं पहुंच पाएगा। उसने ऊपर जाना जारी रखा। अचानक वह सतह पर पहुंच गया। जब उसने अपना चश्मा पहना तो उसने पाया कि वह तल से ईंट के स्थान पर टीन का एक पुराना बक्सा ले आया था। कठिन शब्दार्थ और सम्पूर्ण कहानी का हिन्दी अनुवाद.

Return to Air Summary & Translation in Hindi:

(Page 51-52)
The ponds are ………. never get it.”

Word-meanings : 1. pond-तालाब; 2. bald-गंजे; 3. squeeze-तंग जगह में घुसना; 4. wade –मुश्किल से चलना; 5. float-सतह पर तैरते रहना; 6. sausage-मांस से बनाया हुआ एक प्रकार का कबाब जैसा पदार्थ; 7. glasses—(नज़र का) चश्मा; 8. upend-उल्टा हो जाना।

अनुवाद- तालाब बहुत बड़े हैं, इसलिए एक सिरे पर लोग नहाते हैं और दूसरे सिरे पर मछली का शिकार करते हैं। गंजे सिरों वाले बूढ़े आदमी फोल्डिंग स्टूलों पर बैठे रहते हैं और डंडी और डोरी की सहायता से मछलियों का शिकार करते रहते हैं और छोटे-छोटे बच्चे जंगलों में अपने को सिकोड़ कर घुसते रहते हैं और फिर पानी में धीरे-धीरे चलते हुए अपने जाल से मछलियां पकड़ते हैं। किन्तु तालाब के हमारे वाले सिरे पर पानी ज्यादा

अन्य चीज़ के बारे में नहीं सोचा, सिवाए इसके कि उस ईंट को लिए हुए ऊपर उठू और (पानी से बाहर) हवा में पहुंच जाऊं। तली को मेरे उस तरह छुने ने कीचड़ को हिला दिया था इसलिए इसके एक बादल में से होते हुए मैं ऊपर की तरफ जाना शुरू हो गया। मुझे महसूस हुआ कि मैं खो जाऊंगा। शायद मैं पानी के अन्दर-अन्दर तैरते हुए बहुत दूर तक चला गया था – शायद मैं भटकते हुए उस जगह पर पहुंच जाऊंगा जहां लोग मछली का शिकार कर रहे थे और मेरे गाल के मांस में मछली वाला कांटा फंस जाएगा, या शायद मुझे ऊपरी सतह और बाहर की हवा फिर से नहीं मिल पाने वाली थी

(Page 53)
I was quite ……….. to be hundred.

Word-meanings : 1. exploded—एक तेज़ आवाज़ के साथ पानी से बाहर निकल आया था; 2. for a while – कुछ समय के लिए; 3. trickling down—पतली धाराओं की शक्ल में बह रहा था; 4. mantelpiece – अंगीठी के ऊपर सजावटी चीजें रखने की जगह।

अनुवाद- मैं काफ़ी डरा हुआ था यद्यपि मैं काफ़ी तेज़ी से ऊपर आ रहा था, और पानी अब भूरे-काले से हरा-भूरा और फिर चमकदार लैमनेड के रंग का होता जा रहा था; मैं पानी के अन्दर से सूरज को चमकते हुए भी देख पा रहा था, मैं सतह के नज़दीक आता जा रहा था। मैं काफ़ी धीरे-धीरे जा रहा था; मैं जान गया था कि मैं समय रहते फिर से हवा तक नहीं पहुंच पाऊंगा। अब मैं हवा में कभी नहीं पहुंच सकूँगा फिर अचानक ही मैं सतह पर था – मैं एक धमाके के साथ पानी से दुबारा हवा में आ पहुंचा था। कुछ समय के लिए मैं किसी भी चीज़ के बारे में नहीं सोच सका; और मैं कुछ भी नहीं कर सका, सिवाए इसके कि उस पुरानी सांस को छोड़ दूं, जिसे मैंने अन्दर रोक कर रखा हुआ था और कुछ ताज़ी और तेज़ सांसें लूं और ईंट को पकड़े रखू।

तालाब का पानी पतली धारों में मेरी नाक में से बह रहा था और मेरे मुंह में आ रहा था, जिससे मैं घृणा करता हूं किन्तु मेरे चारों तरफ़ और ऊपर की तरफ़ हवा थी, मेरे सांस लेने के लिए, जीवित रहने के लिए; और अब मैं शायद सौ साल का होने तक ज़िन्दा रहूं और मेरी अपनी हलवाई की दुकान हो, और मैं चांद पर चलं और कुत्तों को पालूं और किसी को डूबने से बचाऊं और इसके लिए मुझे पदक दिया जाए और टी०वी० पर मेरा इंटरव्यू लिया जाए। और फिर मैंने गौर किया कि वे किनारे पर खड़े चिल्ला रहे थे। वे ताली बजा रहे थे और चिल्ला रहे थे, “कबाब! कबाब!” प्रशिक्षक अपने हाथों को मुंह के गिर्द रखे हुए कह रहा था, “अरे, वह तुमने क्या पकड़ रखा है?”

तो उस समय मैं समझा कि मैं लगभग तालाब के दूसरे सिरे पर आ पहुंचा था। मैं पीछे मुड़ा और तैर कर किनारे पर पहुंच गया। उन्होंने मुझे मेरा चश्मा दिया ताकि मैं देख सकूँ कि मैं तली से क्या ले आया था। क्योंकि वह ईंट नहीं थी; उतनी ही बड़ी चीज़, पर वह एक टीन था – एक पुराना टीन – ऐसा बक्सा जिस पर कुछ भी पेंट बाकी नहीं रहा था और उस पर वह काला-भूरा कीचड़ जमा हुआ था जो तालाब की तली में से आया था। वह ईंट जितना ही भारी था क्योंकि इसमें कीचड़ भरा हुआ था – कीचड़ के सिवा कुछ नहीं। वह टीन तली में कई सालों से पड़ा रहा होगा।

मैंने उस टीन को साफ़ कर लिया है और घर में अंगीठी के ऊपर वाली जगह रख दिया है और उसमें मैंने सिक्कों का अपना संग्रह डाल दिया है। मुझे बाद में फिर से एक अन्य ईंट के लिए वह बत्तख-गोता लगाना पड़ा था, और मैं ईंट को लाने में सफल हो गया था तथा मैं बिल्कुल भी डरा नहीं था। मैं उस टीन को रखे रहूंगा जब तक मैं जीवित रहूंगा, और मैं शायद सौ साल की उम्र तक जीवित रहूं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Literature Book Chapter 5 How Much Land Does A Man Need? Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Literature Book Chapter 5 How Much Land Does A Man Need?

Question 1.
What did the two women discuss ? Were they related to each other ?
Answer:
The two women discussed about town life and village life. Both of them were sisters. The elder one spoke in praise of town life. The younger one praised country life.

उन दोनों औरतों ने शहरी जीवन और ग्रामीण जीवन के बारे में विचार-विमर्श किया। वे दोनों बहनें थीं। बड़ी ने शहरी जीवन की प्रशंसा की। छोटी ने ग्रामीण जीवन की प्रशंसा की।

Question 2.
What did one woman say in defence of rural life ? What was the counter argument ?
Answer:
She said that rural life could be rough, but it was free from anxiety. Villagers might never grow rich, but they always had enough to eat. But the other woman boasted of the town life.

उसने कहा कि ग्रामीण जीवन कठिनाई-पूर्ण हो सकता है, परन्तु यह चिन्ता मुक्त होता है। ग्रामीण. लोग चाहे कभी धनी न बन सकें, परन्तु उनके पास खाने के लिए सदा काफी रहता है। परन्तु दूसरी औरत ने शहरी जीवन की डींग मारी।

Question 3.
Pakhom listened to the women’s chatter. He started brooding and reached a conclusion. What was the conclusion ?
Answer:
Pakhom did not have enough land. He thought that if he had plenty of land, he would not fear the Devil himself. And he decided to buy some more land.

पाखोम् के पास पर्याप्त ज़मीन नहीं थी। उसने सोचा कि यदि उसके पास काफ़ी ज़मीन हो जाए तो वह स्वयम् शैतान से भी नहीं डरेगा। और उसने कुछ और ज़मीन खरीदने का मन बनाया।

Question 4.
What did the Devil decide when he heard Pakhom’s musings?
Answer:
The Devil decided to give Pakhom enough land. And by means of that land, he decided to get Pakhom into his power.

शैतान ने पाखोम् को काफी ज़मीन देने का फैसला किया। और इस भूमि के द्वारा उसने पाखोम् को अपने पंजे में करने का फैसला किया।

Question 5.
The estate-owner, on whose land Pakhom was a tenant, sold her land. Who bought the land ?
Answer:
One of Pakhom’s neighbours bought fifty acres of the land. Pakhom also arranged to buy forty acres of that land.

पाखोम् के एक पड़ोसी ने उस ज़मीन के पचास एकड़ खरीद लिए। पाखोम ने भी चालीस एकड़ खरीदने का प्रबन्ध कर लिया।

Question 6.
How did Pakhom manage to put together the money for buying the land ?
Answer:
Pakhom sold his colt and one half of his bees. He hired out one of his sons as a labourer and took his wages in advance. He also borrowed some money from his brother-in-law.

पाखोम् ने अपना बछेड़ा (घोड़े का बच्चा) और आधी मधुमक्खियां बेच दी। उसने अपने पुत्र को कहीं मज़दूर लगवा दिया और उसका वेतन पेशगी ले लिया। उसने अपने बहनोई से भी कुछ पैसा उधार लिया।

Question 7.
Pakhom met a stranger one day. Who was this stranger ? What information did he give to Pakhom ?
Answer:
This stranger was a peasant. He told Pakhom that he had come from beyond the Volga. He said that the land there was very fertile. The rye sown on it grew as high as a horse.

यह अजनबी एक किसान था। उसने पाखोम् को बताया कि वह वोल्गा नदी के पार से आया था। उसने कहा कि वहां पर की जमीन बहुत उपजाऊ थी। इस पर उगाई गई राई एक घोड़े जितनी ऊंची हो जाती थी।

Question 8.
A trader told Pakhom something about the land of Bashkirs. What was it ?
Answer:
He told Pakhom that the Bashkirs had plenty of land. It was near a river and was very fertile. They sold it at a very low price – 13,000 acres for only 1,000 roubles.

उसने पाखोम् को बताया कि बशकीर लोगों के पास काफ़ी ज़मीन थी। यह एक नदी के नज़दीक थी और बहुत उपजाऊ थी। वे इसे बहुत कम कीमत पर बेच देते थे -.13,000 एकड़ केवल 1,000 रूबल में।

Question 9.
Who were the Bashkirs ? How did Pakhom make friends with them ?
Answer:
The Bashkirs were very simple people. They lived in tents. They had plenty of land. Pakhom made friends with them by giving them various gifts.

बशकीर लोग बहुत सीधे-सादे थे। वे तम्बुओं में रहते थे। उनके पास काफ़ी ज़मीन थी। पाखोम् ने उन्हें विभिन्न उपहार देकर उनसे मित्रता कर ली।

Question 10.
Bashkirs wanted to repay Pakhom for his gifts. What did Pakhom want from them ?
Answer:
Pakhom wanted from them their land. It was for this purpose only that he had come there.

पाखोम् उनसे उनकी ज़मीन चाहता था। वह केवल इसी उद्देश्य के लिए वहां पर आया था।

Question 11.
‘Our price is always the same : one thousand roubles a day, the chief said. What did he mean ?
Answer:
The Bashkirs did not sell their land by acres. They sold it by the day. It meant one could have for one thousand roubles as much land as one could walk round in one day.

बशकीर लोग अपनी ज़मीन एकड़ों के हिसाब से नहीं बेचते थे। वे इसे दिन के हिसाब से बेचते थे। इसका मतलब था कि व्यक्ति एक हज़ार रूबल में उतनी ज़मीन प्राप्त कर सकता था, जितनी ज़मीन का वह पैदल चल कर एक दिन में चक्कर काट सकता था।

Question 12.
On what condition did the chief agree to sell land to Pakhom ?
Answer:
For one thousand roubles, Pakhom could have as much land as he could walk round in a day. But there was one condition. He had to come back to the starting point before sunset.

एक हज़ार रूबल देकर पाखोम् एक दिन में जितनी भी जगह का चलकर चक्कर काट सकता था, उसे प्राप्त कर सकता था। परन्तु वहां एक शर्त थी। उसे सूर्यास्त से पहले उसी जगह पर वापस आना था, जहां से वह चला था।

Question 13.
What is the moral of the story ?
Answer:
Man’s physical needs on this earth are not many. Yet he keeps hungering for them all his life. He never feels satisfied till he meets his end.

इस धरती पर मनुष्य की भौतिक आवश्यकताएं अधिक नहीं होती हैं। फिर भी वह सारा जीवन उनके लिए तड़पता रहता है। वह सन्तुष्ट नहीं होता जब तक उसकी मृत्यु नहीं हो जाती।

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
The two women discussing about village and town life were
(i) friends
(ii) sisters
(iii) neighbours
(iv) enemies.
Answer:
(ii) sisters

Question 2.
The Bashkirs had plenty of ……………
(i) cattle
(ii) money
(iii) land
(iv) gold.
Answer:
(iii) land

Question 3.
How much land did Pakhom manage to buy from the estate owner ?
Answer:
Forty acres

Question 4.
Pakhom was a very …………… man.
(i) helpful
(ii) greedy
(iii) kind
(iv) selfish.
Answer:
(ii) greedy

Question 5.
Pakhom was dead in the end. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Pakhom borrowed some money from his brother-in-law. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Pakhom met a stranger who was a peasant. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who is the writer of the story ?
Answer:
Leo Tolstoy.

Question 2.
What is the story about ?
Answer:
About the sin of greed.

Question 3.
Were the two women discussing about the town and village life ?
Answer:
Yes, they were.

Question 4.
How were the two women related to each other ?
Answer:
Both of them were sisters.

Question 5.
What did Pakhom decide ?
Answer:
To buy some more land.

Question 6.
Who purchased the estate-owner’s land ?
Answer:
Pakhom.

Question 7.
How did Pakhom arrange to buy the land ?
Answer:
By selling his colt and half of his bees.

Question 8.
Who told Pakhom something about the land of Bashkirs ?
Answer:
A trader.

Question 9.
Who were Bashkirs ?
Answer:
They were very simple people.

Question 10.
What sum was agreed upon to sell land to Pakhom ?
Answer:
One thousand roubles.

Complete the following:

1. The elder woman spoke ……….. .. town life.
2. Pakhom thought if he had plenty of land, he would not fear …………..
3. The Devil decided to give Pakhom ….
4. The stranger told that he had come from beyond …………..
5. One of Pakhom’s neighbours bought ……………… acres of land.
6. Pakhom was supposed to come back to the starting point before the sun had …
7. Pakhom met a stranger one day. The stranger was a ………..
Answer:
1. in favour of
2. the Devil
3. enough
4. the Volga
5. fifty
6. set
7. peasant.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Pakhom did not have enough land.
Answer:
True

2. The younger woman praised town life.
Answer:
False

3. Pakhom purchased the estate-owner’s land.
Answer:
True

4. The Bashkirs lived in palaces.
Answer:
False

5. The Bashkirs did not sell their land by acres.
Answer:
True

6. Man never feels satisfied till his death.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

1. Man wants more and more of ……………..
(a) greed
(b) wealth
(c) education
(d) satisfaction.

2. What were the two women discussing ?
(a) The town life and village life.
(b) Domestic problems
(c) Military life.
(d) Kashmir issue.

3. Pakhom borrowed money from his …..
(a) maternal uncle
(b) neighbour
(c) colleague
(d) brother-in-law.

4. Pakhom wanted from the Bashkirs ……………
(a) their land
(b) their clothes
(c) their guns
(d) their horses.

How Much Land Does A Man Need? Summary & Translation in English

How Much Land Does A Man Need? Introduction:
This story by Leo Tolstoy is about the sin of greed. Man’s material needs on this earth are not many. Yet he troubles himself all his life. He wants more and more of wealth. He runs from one sin to the other till he meets his end. Tolstoy has illustrated this idea through the story of Pakhom. Pakhom had an insatiable greed for land.

The more land he had, the more greedy he grew. Once he said, “If I had plenty of land, I shouldn’t fear the devil himself.” On hearing this, the devil decided to try his strength against Pakhom. He thought that he would give Pakhom as much land as he desired, and thus get him into his power. In course of time, Pakhom came to have 125 acres of land, yet he was not satisfied.

He came to know about the land of Bashkir people. There he could get for 1000 roubles as much land as he could go round on his feet in one day. In his greed, he exerted himself too much. Yet he did not stop. He fell down dead just when he had completed the circuit. A grave was dug for him. Six feet from head to heels was all that Pakhom needed. Thus Tolstoy shows that greed brings man’s ruin.

How Much Land Does A Man Need? Summary & Translation in Hindi

How Much Land Does A Man Need? Introduction:
लियो टालस्टाए द्वारा लिखित यह कहानी लालच की बुराई के सम्बन्ध में है। इस धरती पर मनुष्य की भौतिक आवश्यकताएं अधिक नहीं होती हैं। फिर भी वह आयु-भर अपने आप को तड़पाता रहता है। वह अधिकाधिक दौलत प्राप्त करना चाहता है। वह एक पाप से दूसरे पाप की ओर भागा चला जाता है तथा अन्त में अपने अन्त को प्राप्त हो जाता है। टालस्टाए ने इस विचार को पाखोम् की कहानी द्वारा स्पष्ट किया है। पाखोम् के मन में ज़मीन प्राप्त करने के लिए न सन्तुष्ट हो सकने वाला लालच भरा हुआ था।

उसके पास जितनी अधिक ज़मीन होती जाती, वह उतना ही अधिक लालची होता जाता। एक बार उसने कहा, “यदि मेरे पास बहुत-सी ज़मीन हो जाए, तो मैं स्वयम् शैतान से भी नहीं डरूंगा।” यह सुनकर शैतान ने अपनी शक्ति उस पर आज़माने का निश्चय किया। उसने सोचा कि वह पाखोम् को जितनी भी ज़मीन वह चाहेगा, दे देगा और इस प्रकार उसे अपने शिकंजे में फंसा लेगा। कुछ समय के बाद पाखोम् के पास 125 एकड़ भूमि हो गई, परन्तु फिर भी वह सन्तुष्ट न हुआ। उसे बशकीर लोगों की जमीन के विषय में पता लगा।

वहां पर वह 1000 रूबल में उतनी ज़मीन प्राप्त कर सकता था जितनी ज़मीन का वह पैदल चल कर एक दिन में चक्कर काट सकता था। अपने लालच में उसने स्वयम् को बहुत थका लिया। परन्तु वह फिर भी नहीं रुका। ठीक उसी समय, जब उसने अपना चक्कर पूरा कर लिया था, वह मर कर गिर पड़ा। उसके लिए कब्र खोदी गई। सिर से पांव तक पाखोम् को केवल छः फुट की ज़रूरत थी। इस प्रकार टालस्टाए यह दिखाता है कि लालच मनुष्य का विनाश ले आता है।

How Much Land Does A Man Need? Summary & Translation in Hindi:

कहानी का विस्तृत सार

दो बहनें थीं। बड़ी का विवाह शहर में एक व्यापारी के साथ हुआ था। छोटी का विवाह गांव में एक किसान के साथ हुआ था। एक बार बड़ी बहन अपनी छोटी बहन से मिलने के लिए उसके गांव में आई। दोनों बहनें चाय पीते हुए बातें करने लगीं। बड़ी बहन ने शहरी जीवन के लाभों के बारे में डींगें मारनी शुरू कर दी। उसने कहा कि वे शहर में खाने और पहनने को बहुत अच्छी चीजें प्राप्त कर सकते थे। वहां मनोविनोद के बहुत- से साधन थे।

छोटी बहन को बहुत बुरा महसूस हुआ। उसने बदले में एक व्यापारी के जीवन में दोष निकालने शुरू कर दिए तथा उसकी अपेक्षा एक किसान के जीवन को बेहतर ठहराया। उसने यह स्वीकार किया कि शहरी लोग अधिक धन कमा सकते हैं, किन्तु उनका जीवन चिन्ताओं से भरा होता है। उसने कहा कि यद्यपि किसान का शरीर मोटा नहीं होता, किन्तु उसका जीवन लम्बा अवश्य होता है। उसने कहा, “हम कभी धनी तो नहीं बन सकते हैं, किन्तु हमारे पास खाने के लिए सदा पर्याप्त रहेगा।”

छोटी बहन का पति, जिसका नाम पाखोम् (Pakhom) था, पास बैठा दोनों बहनों की बातें सुन रहा था। अपनी पत्नी के मुंह से किसान के जीवन की जोरदार प्रशंसा सुन कर उसे बहुत गर्व महसूस हुआ। वह एक किसान के जीवन से पूरी तरह सन्तुष्ट था। यद्यपि किसान का जीवन व्यस्त तथा कठिन परिश्रम वाला होता है, किन्तु यह प्रत्येक प्रकार की बुराई से मुक्त होता है। पाखोम् ने अपने मन में सोचा, “हमारी एकमात्र कठिनाई यह है कि हमारे पास पर्याप्त भूमि नहीं है। यदि मेरे पास बहुत-सी ज़मीन होती, तो मैंने स्वयं शैतान से भी नहीं डरना था।” इस सारे समय के दौरान शैतान पाखोम् के पिछली ओर बैठा हुआ था। उसने वे सब बातें सुन ली जो वहां की जा रही थीं। उसे इस बात पर बहुत प्रसन्नता हुई कि किसान की बीवी ने अपने पति के मन में घमंड पैदा कर दिया था। शैतान ने पाखोम् पर अपनी शक्ति परखने का निश्चय कर लिया। उसने सोचा कि वह पाखोम् को बहुत-सी ज़मीन दे देगा और इस प्रकार उसे अपने पंजे में फंसा लेगा।

पाखोम् के गांव के समीप ही एक औरत रहती थी। उसके पास 300 एकड़ ज़मीन की जायदाद थी। वह एक बहुत भद्र और दयालु-हृदय स्त्री थी। एक शीत-ऋतु के दिनों में यह समाचार फैल गया कि वह औरत अपनी ज़मीन बेच रही थी। पाखोम् को बहुत ईर्ष्या महसूस हुई जब उसे पता चला कि उसका पड़ोसी पचास एकड़ जमीन खरीद रहा था। उसके पास केवल एक सौ रूबल (रूस में प्रचलित मुद्रा) थे। उसने अपनी एक घोड़ी और आधी मधुमक्खियां बेच दीं। उसने अपने लड़कों में से एक को कहीं नौकर लगवा दिया और उसका वेतन पेशगी ले लिया। शेष धन-राशि उसने अपने एक सम्बन्धी से उधार ले ली।

यह सब करने के बाद पाखोम् उस औरत के पास गया। उसने 40 एकड़ भूमि के एक टुकड़े के लिए उसके साथ सौदा कर लिया। उसने आधे पैसे नकद दे दिए और शेष राशि दो वर्ष के अन्दर चुकता करने का वचन दे दिया। इस प्रकार पाखोम् के पास अब अपनी निजी भूमि हो गई। उसने कहीं से बीज उधार ले लिए और ज़मीन में बो दिए। फसल बहुत अच्छी हुई और एक ही वर्ष के भीतर पाखोम् ने पूरा ऋण चुकता कर दिया।

एक दिन पाखोम् अपने घर में बैठा हुआ था कि वहां एक किसान आया। पाखोम्. ने किसान को अपने पास रात गुजारने की इजाजत दे दी। उसने किसान को भोजन भी खिलाया। किसान ने पाखोम् को बतलाया कि वह एक किसान था तथा वोल्गा नदी के दूसरी ओर से आया था। बहुत-से लोग वहां आ कर बस रहे थे। कोई भी व्यक्ति जिसके पास धन हो, वह दो शिलिंग प्रति एकड़ की दर से जितनी ज़मीन चाहे, खरीद सकता था। उसने बताया कि वहां ज़मीन इतनी उपजाऊ थी कि इस पर बोये हुए अनाज की फसल एक घोड़े जितनी ऊंची उग आती थी।

पाखोम के दिल में प्रबल इच्छा भर आई। उसने अपना मकान, अपने पश तथा अपनी सारी ज़मीन बेच डाली। वहां उसने नई भूमि खरीदी। यह भूमि अनाज की उपज के लिए बहुत अच्छी थी। पाखोम् ने वहां अपनी आवश्यकतानुसार इमारत खड़ी कर ली और पशु भी खरीद लिए। वह अब पहले की अपेक्षा दस गुणा धनी हो गया था।

आरम्भ में तो पाखोम् अपने नए जीवन से बहुत प्रसन्न था। किन्तु जब वह इस का आदी हो गया तो वह सोचने लग गया कि यहां भी उसके पास पर्याप्त ज़मीन नहीं थी। वह गेहूं बोने के लिए अधिक, तथा और अधिक जगह प्राप्त करना चाहता था। हर वर्ष वह अन्य लोगों से ज़मीन किराए पर ले लेता था। मौसम ठीक होने के कारण उसे फसलें बहुत अच्छी प्राप्त हुईं। उसने पैसे बचाने शुरू कर दिए। किन्तु पाखोम् हर वर्ष अन्य लोगों की ज़मीन किराए पर लेने की मजबूरी से तंग आ गया। उसने गेहूं बोने के लिए अधिक भूमि खरीदने का निश्चय कर लिया। अचानक उसे एक ऐसा किसान मिल गया जो अपनी 1300 एकड़ जमीन बेचना चाहता था। पाखोम् ने सौदा कर लिया और 1500 रूबल पर मूल्य निश्चित हो गया। इस में से कुछ राशि नकद तथा शेष राशि बाद में दी जानी थी।
ठीक जिस समय सौदा पक्का किया जाना था, उस गांव में से एक व्यापारी गुजरा। वह अपने घोड़ों के वास्ते चारा प्राप्त करने के लिए पाखोम् के यहां आ कर रुका। उसने पाखोम् के साथ बैठ कर चाय पी, और उन्होंने

एक-दूसरे से बातें कीं। व्यापारी ने पाखोम् को बतलाया कि वह बशकीर लोगों के प्रदेश से आ रहा था जहां उसने केवल 1000 रूबल में 13000 एकड़ जमीन खरीदी थी। पाखोम् ने तुरन्त बशकीर लोगों के प्रदेश जाने का निश्चय कर लिया। उसने अपनी पत्नी को घर की देखभाल करने के लिए छोड़ा, और एक नौकर को साथ लेकर अपनी यात्रा पर निकल पडा।

पाखोम् तथा उसका नौकर सात दिन तक यात्रा करते रहे। अन्त में वे बशकीर लोगों के प्रदेश में पहुंच गए। ज्योंहि बशकीर लोगों ने पाखोम को देखा वे अपने तम्बुओं में से बाहर निकल आए। वे बहुत प्रसन्न लग रहे थे। उन्होंने अपने अतिथि का बड़े स्नेह से स्वागत किया। पाखोम् ने कुछ उपहार अपने छकड़े में से निकाले और बशकीर लोगों में बांट दिए। इसी दौरान बशकीर मुखिया भी वहां आ पहुंचा। पाखोम् ने कुछ सुन्दर उपहार मुखिया को भी दिए। फिर उसने उन लोगों को अपने वहां आने का उद्देश्य समझाया। मुखिया ने पाखोम् से कहा कि वह 1000 रूबल प्रति दिन के हिसाब से जितनी ज़मीन चाहे, खरीद सकता था। पाखोम् को मुखिया की 1000 रूबल प्रति दिन के हिसाब वाली बात समझ में न आई।

उसने मुखिया से पूछा, “जमीन मापने की यह कौन-सी इकाई होती है ? इसमें कितने एकड होते हैं ?” मुखिया ने उत्तर दिया कि उन्हें एकड़ों में मापना नहीं आता था। इसलिए वे दिनों के हिसाब से ज़मीन बेचते थे। मुखिया ने अपनी बात को इस प्रकार से कह कर स्पष्ट किया, “तुम अपने पैरों से चल कर एक दिन में जितनी भी जगह का चक्कर काट लोगे, वह तुम्हारी हो जाएगी, इसकी कीमत 1000 रूबल प्रति दिन होगी। किन्तु इसमें एक शर्त है। यदि तुम उसी दिन उस स्थान पर वापस पहुंच नहीं पाते जहां से तुम चले थे तो तुम्हारे पैसे ज़ब्त कर लिए जाएंगे। तुम जितना बड़ा चक्कर चाहो, काट सकते हो किन्तु सूर्य डूबने से पहले तुम्हें उस स्थान पर लौटना होगा जहां से तुम चले थे। वह सारी ज़मीन, जिस का तुम चक्कर काट लोगे, तुम्हारी हो जायेगी।” __ पाखोम् को यह सब सुन कर बहुत प्रसन्नता हुई। यह फैसला हो गया कि अगली प्रातः पाखोम् चलना शुरू करेगा। पाखोम् इतना उत्तेजित था कि उस रात को वह सो न सका। वह अपने मन में यही हिसाब-किताब लगाता रहा कि वह कितनी जगह का चक्कर काट पाएगा। वह रात-भर जागता रहा और प्रभात होने से थोड़े ही समय पहले उसकी आंख लग गई। सुबह उसने तुरन्त अपने नौकर को जगाया और बशकीर लोगों को बुलाने के लिए चल पड़ा।

वे सभी एक पहाड़ी पर पहुंच गए। चारों और असीमित भूमि फैली थी जो अति उपजाऊ थी। मुखिया ने पाखोम् से कहा, “जितनी दूरी तक तुम्हारी आंखें देख रही हैं, यह सब जगह हमारी है। तुम इसका जो भी भाग चाहो, ले सकते हो।” पाखोम् की आंखें चमकने लगीं। मुखिया ने टोपी उतारी, इसे ज़मीन पर रखा तथा कहने लगा, “यह निशान होगा। यहां से शुरू हो जाओ और लौट कर यहीं पहुंच जाओ। जितनी भी जगह का तुम चक्कर काट लोगे, तुम्हारी हो जाएगी।”

पाखोम ने अपने पैसे निकाल कर टोपी पर रख दिए। ज्योंहि सूर्य क्षितिज से ऊपर उठा, उसने चलना शुरू कर दिया। उसने अपने साथ कुछ रोटी और पानी की एक सुराही ले ली। ज़मीन के हर मोड़ पर निशान खोदने के लिए उसने अपने साथ एक फावड़ा भी ले लिया। आरम्भ में पाखोम् न तो बहुत धीरे और न ही बहुत तेज़ चला। एक हज़ार गज़ चलने के बाद उसने एक गड्ढा खोदा। इस निशान को और अधिक नज़र आ सकने योग्य बनाने के लिए उसने वहां घास वाली मिट्टी की एक ढेरी बना दी। पाखोम् ने अब अपनी गति और तेज कर दी।

गरमी बढ़ रही थी। उसने अपना कोट उतार कर कन्धे पर रख लिया। पाखोम् तीन मील तक चलता गया। फिर उसने मुड़ कर पीछे देखा। वह पहाड़ी मुश्किल से ही दिखाई दे रही थी। इस पर खड़े लोग काली चींटियों जैसे लग रहे थे। पाखोम् ने एक गड्ढा खोदा और वहां घास वाली मिट्टी की एक और ढेरी बना दी।

पाखोम् को अब थकावट महसूस होने लगी।
उसने सूर्य की ओर देखा तो पता चला कि अब दोपहर हो गई थी। वह कुछ आराम करने के लिए बैठ गया। बाद दोपहर पाखोम् ने शेष दूरी सीधी रेखा में दौड़ कर पूरी करने का निश्चय कर लिया।

पाखोम् ने जल्दी से एक गड्ढा खोदा और फिर सीधा पहाड़ी की ओर चल पड़ा।
वह अब मुश्किल से ही चल पा रहा था। गर्मी की वजह से उस का बुरा हाल हो गया था। उसके पैर कट गये थे और उनमें घाव हो गए थे। उसकी टांगें जवाब देने लगीं और उसे यह भय हो गया कि कहीं थकावट से उसकी मौत न हो जाए। फिर भी पाखोम् रुका नहीं। उसने अपना कोट, अपने बूट, अपनी सुराही और अपनी टोपी – सब फेंक दिए। उसने अपने पास केवल फावड़ा ही रखा क्योंकि इससे उसे चलने में सहारा मिलता रहा था। जब वह पहाड़ी के समीप पहुंचा तो सूर्य डूबने ही वाला था। पाखोम् ने एक लम्बी सांस भरी और पहाड़ी के ऊपर की ओर दौड़ पड़ा।

पाखोम् चोटी पर पहुंच गया और उसने वहां पड़ी हुई टोपी देखी। वह आगे की ओर गिर पड़ा और उसके हाथ टोपी तक पहुंच गये। मुखिया ने चिल्ला कर कहा, “वाह, कितना अच्छा आदमी है। उसने बहुत सारी जगह हासिल कर ली है।”

पाखोम् का नौकर दौड़ता हुआ आगे आया। उसने अपने स्वामी को ऊपर उठाने की कोशिश की, किन्तु पाखोम् तो मर चुका था। उसके मुंह से खून बह रहा था।

नौकर ने फावड़ा लिया और इतनी बड़ी कब्र खोदी जिसमें पाखोम् को दफनाया जा सके।
फिर उसने अपने स्वामी को इस में दफना दिया। पाखोम् को अपने सिर से लेकर एड़ियों तक के लिए केवल छ: फुट जगह की ही ज़रूरत थी।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Heredity and Evolution Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet flowers with short pea plants bearing white flowers. The progeny all bore violet flowers, but almost half of them were short. This suggests that the genetic make-up of the tall parent can be depicted as :
(a) TTWW
(b) TTww
(c) TtWW
(d) TtWw.
Answer:
(c) TtWW.

Question 2.
An example of homologous organs is :
(а) our arm and a dog’s fore-leg
(б) our teeth and an elephant’s tusks
(c) potato and runners of grass
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 3.
In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with :
(а) a Chinese school-boy
(b) a chimpanzee
(c) a spider
(d) a bacterium.
Answer:
(a) a Chinese school-boy.

Question 4.
A study found that children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes. On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive? Why or why not?
Answer:
On this basis we cannot say that light eye colour is dominant or recessive until a cross is made between parent having light eye colour and another with dark eye colour. Only then it will be possible to predict the dominant or recessive nature of the gene.

Question 5.
How are the areas of study of evolution and classification interlinked?
Answer:
Evolution and classification are interlinked as evident from following points :

• Characteristics are shared by most of the organisms. The characteristic in the next level of classification will be shared by most and not by all.
• Cell designs also indicate this relationship.
• Groups formed during classification are related to their similarities.

Question 6.
Explain the terms homologous and analogous organs with example.
Answer:
Homologous organs: The organs of different classes have different forms because they have to perform different functions but their structures basically remain similar. Such organs are called homologous organs.

Example:

• Fore limbs of amphibians, birds and mammals have same fundamental structural plans but perform different functions.
• In plants, the homologous organs may be a thorn of Bougainvillea or a tendril of cucurbita both arising in axillary position.

Analogous organs: The organs are quite different in their structure and origin but similar in function. Such organs are known as analogous organs. The presence of analogous organs proves that different structures can be modified to perform a similar function. Analogy indicates convergent evolution.
Examples. The wings of insects and vertebrates perform the same function.

Question 7.
Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs.
Answer:
Make a chart or thermocol sheet showing the following monohybrid cross

Dominance of black coat colour in dogs

Question 8.
Explain the importance of fossils in deciding evolutionary relationship.
Answer:

Question 9.
What evidence do we have for the origin of life from inanimate matter?
Answer:
Urey and Miller provided experimental evidence regarding origin of life from inanimate matter. They assembled an atmosphere similar to that, thought to exist on early earth.

In a spark flask they collected ammonia, methane and hydrogen sulphide, but no free oxygen over water at a temperature just below 100°C and sparks were passed through the mixture of gases to stimulate lightning. At the end they obtained organic molecules such as amino acid, urea, sugars. Amino acids which make up protein molecules. Thus they showed life originated from inanimate matter.

Question 10.
Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable Variation than asexual reproduction. How does this affect the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually?
Answer:
Genetic variations arise in nature as a result of following mechanism during sexual reproduction are more viable and raw materials of evolution.

• Crossing over during gamete formation.
• Random segregation of chromosome during meiosis at the time of gamete formation has decreased.
• Random rejoining of gametes having different genetic set up in the chromosomes during fertilisation.

Question 11.
How is equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny?
Answer:
During sexual reproduction fusion of gametes having haploid set of chromosomes belonging to male and female parents ensure equal contribution.

Question 12.
Only variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism will survive in a population. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?
Answer:
Yes. The organism with useful variations will adapt and survive. Moreover they leave behind more offsprings and populations with such genetic variations will survive.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Heredity and Evolution InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
If a trait A exists in 10% of population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exists in 60% of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier?
Answer:
In asexually reproducing organism trait B originated earlier. The variations in a population are only due to inaccuracies of DNA copying.

Question 2.
How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival?
Answer:
The useful variation in individuals of a species will enable them to adapt according to the changes and new needs. Thus they will enable the survival of species.

Question 3.
How do Mendel’s experiments show that gene may be dominant or recessive?
Answer:
Mendel conducted experiments on garden pea plant selecting seven visible contrasting characters. He selected and crossed homozygous tall pea plant having the genotype TT with a homozygous dwarf pea plant having the genotype tt. Fx generation consists only of tall plants, having genotype Tt. Since they have an allele for dwarfness also, they are all hybrids. The expressed allele T for tallness is dominant over the unexpressed allele t for dwarfness. The fact that the allele for dwarfness is present in the F1 plants can be verified by interbreeding them when F2 progeny will consist of both tall and dwarf plants in the ratio of 3 : 1. On this basis he proposed “Law of Dominance.”

Question 4.
How do Mendel’s experiments proved that traits are inherited indepen dently?
Answer:
Mendel proposed a law on the basis of a dihybrid cross between two homozygous parents. He selected a dominant plant with round and yellow seeds and a recessive plant with wrinkled and green seeds, yields Fx offspring showing the dominant form of both traits, viz. round and yellow. Fx plants, on selling, produce F2 progeny with two parental and two new recombinant phenotypes, that is round yellow: round green: wrinkled yellow: wrinkled green in the ratio of 9 : 3 : 3: 1. This ratio is called Mendel’s dihybrid phenotypic ratio. The factors (genes) of different traits are independent of each other in their distribution into the gametes and in the progeny. This is Mendel’s law of independent assortment.

Question 5.
A man with blood group A married a person with blood group O. Their daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the blood group trait A or O is dominant. Why or why not?
Answer:
As blood groups is hereditary character, the knowledge of blood groups of parents can give information about the possible blood groups of children and vice-versa.

In this case illustration is as follow :

In the above cross, 50 per cent of progeny will have A blood group and 50 per cent O blood group.
At the same time this data is insufficient. It is not mentioned father has homozygous or heterozygous A blood group. If it is homozygous A then 100 per cent of progeny will have A blood group as Gene IA is dominant over Gene I°.

Question 6.
How is the sex of child determined in human beings?
Answer:
Determination of the sex of child. Sex chromosomes determine sex in human beings. In males, there are 44 +
XY chromosomes, whereas, in female there are 44 + XX chromosomes. Here,
X and Y chromosomes determine sex in the human beings.

Sex determination in man (Note that all the eggs carry X-chromosome but one-half of the sperm carry an X-chromosome and one half carry a Y-chromosome)

Two types of gametes are formed in male, one type is having 50%
X-chromosome, whereas the other type is having Y-chromosome. In female, gametes are of one type and contain X-chromosome.

The females are homogametic. If male gamete having Y-chromosome (androsperm) undergoes fusion with female gamete having X-chromosome the zygote will have XY chromosomes and this gives rise to male child.

If the male gamete having Fig. 9.1. Sex determination in man (Note X-chromosome undergoes fusion with that all the eggs carry X-chromosome but female gamete having X-chromosome, one-half of the sperm carry an the zygote will be having XX-chromosome X-chromosome and one half carry a and this gives rise to female child. Y-chromosome)

Question 7.
What are different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population?
Answer:
A particular population with specific traits will increase due to following reasons :

• Sexual reproduction which results into variations.
• Inheritance of variations.
• Natural Selection. The individuals with special traits survive the attack of their predators and multiply while the others will perish.
• Genetic drift provides diversity without any adaptation.

Question 8.
Why are traits acquired during life-time of an individual not inherited?
Answer:
Change in non-reproductive tissue (somatic cells) cannot be passed on to the DNA of germ cells. Thus the acquired trait will die with the death of individual. It is non- heritable and cannot be passed on to its progeny. Changes that occur in DNA of germ cells are inherited.

Question 9.
Why are the small number of surviving tigers is a cause of worry from the point of view of genetics?
Answer:
As the population of tigers is decreasing, there is loss of genes from the gene pool. There cannot be recombinations and variations. Hence no evolution. If number falls suddenly they may become extinct.

Question 10.
What factors could lead to the rise of new species?
Answer:
Factors leading to rise of new species

• Genetic variations
• Mutations
• Natural selection
• Reproductive isolation
• Origin of new species.

Question 11.
Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation by a self- pollinating plant species? Why or why not?
Answer:
No, m self-pollinating species, geographical isolation will not play any role for speciation because the self-pollination is occurring on the same plant.

Question 12.
Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of an organism that reproduces asexually? Why or why not?
Answer:
No, as there is neither genetic drift nor gene flow play any role during speciation. Moreover asexual reproduction involves single parent and natural geographical barrier can occur between different organisms.

Question 13.
Give an example of characteristic being used to determine how close two species are in evolutionary terms.
Answer:
Homologous organs helps to identify the relationship between organisms. These characteristics in different organisms would be similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor. Example. Fore limbs of mammals having same basic structural plans in birds, reptiles and mammals however the functions get modified in different species.

Question 14.
Can the wing of butterfly and wing of a bat be considered homologous organs? Why or why not?
Answer:
Wings of insects and wings of birds have different basic structural plan and origin. They perform the same function. Thus they are analogous organs and not homologous organs.

Question 15.
What are fossils? What do they tell us about the process of evolution?
Answer:
Fossils are preserved remains, tracks or traces of organisms that lived in the past. Fossils have been found linking all major groups of vertebrates.

Significance of fossils

• Fossils are direct evidence in support of evolution.
• Living forms with simple organization appeared earlier than the complex forms. We can conclude this because fossils of lower layers of the earth are simple as compared to fossils of the upper layers.
• Several forms bearing intermediate characters indicate the transition from an earlier simple to a later complex.
• Fossils of Archaeopteryx serve as a missing link between reptiles and birds. This bird has wings and unlike birds, it had teeth and a long tail.
• On the basis of the fossil records, the complete evolutionary history of present-day horse has been studied.

Question 16.
Why are human beings which look so different from each other in terms of size, colour, and looks are said to be belonging to the same species?
Answer:

• DNA studies have shown that human beings belong to the same species.
• The number of chromosomes is the same.
• All have originated from a common ancestor.
• They interbreed among themselves to produce fertile young ones of their own kind.

Question 17.
In evolutionary terms can we say that which among bacteria, spiders, fish, and chimpanzees have a ‘better’ body design? Why or why not?
Answer:
Chimpanzees have a better body design as compared to the other three mentioned. They are better adapted for locomotion, communication, and thinking.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 1 दोहावली Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 1 दोहावली

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB दोहावली Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
तुलसीदास जी के अनुसार राम जी के निर्मल यश का गान करने से कौन-से चार फल मिलते हैं ?
उत्तर:
तुलसीदास जी के अनुसार राम जी के निर्मल यश का गान करने से धर्म, अर्थ, काम और मोक्ष नामक चार फल मिलते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
मन के भीतर और बाहर उजाला करने के लिए तुलसी कौन-सा दीपक हृदय में रखने की बात करते हैं?
उत्तर:
तुलसी हृदय में श्रीराम नाम रूपी मणियों के दीपक को रखने की बात करते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
संत किस की भाँति नीर-क्षीर विवेक करते हैं?
उत्तर:
संत हंस की भाँति नीर-क्षीर विवेक करते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
तुलसीदास के अनुसार भव सागर को कैसे पार किया जा सकता है?
उत्तर:
तुलसीदास के अनुसार श्रीराम से स्नेह, सांसारिक प्राणियों से समता तथा राग, रोष, दोष, दुःख आदि का त्याग करने से भव सागर को पार किया जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 5.
जो व्यक्ति दूसरों के सुख और समृद्धि को देखकर ईर्ष्या से जलता है, उसे भाग्य में क्या मिलता है?
उत्तर:
जो व्यक्ति दूसरों की सुख-समृद्धि से ईर्ष्या में जलता है उसे अपने जीवन में कभी सुख की प्राप्ति नहीं होती।

प्रश्न 6.
रामभक्ति के लिए गोस्वामी तुलसीदास किसकी आवश्यकता बतलाते हैं?
उत्तर:
गोस्वामी तुलसीदास रामभक्त के लिए ईश्वर की भक्ति, नीर-क्षीर विवेकी होने और परम आस्तिकता के भावों की आवश्यकता बतलाते हैं। रामभक्ति के लिए संत समागम और हृदय की पवित्रता आवश्यक है।

II. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या कीजिए

(1) प्रभु तरुतर कपि डार पर, ते किए आपु समान।
तुलसी कहुँ न राम से, साहिब सील निधान।
(2) सचिव, वैद, गुरु तीनि जो, प्रिय बोलहिं भयु आस।
राज, धर्म, तन तीनि कर, होइ बेगिही नास।
उत्तर:
(1) कवि कहता है कि प्रभु श्री राम जी तो वृक्षों के नीचे और बंदर वृक्षों की डालियों पर रहते थे, परंतु ऐसे बंदरों को भी उन्होंने अपने समान बना लिया। तुलसीदास जी कहते हैं कि श्रीरामजी जैसे शीलनिधान स्वामी अन्य किसी स्थान पर कहीं भी नहीं हैं।

(2) कवि कहता है कि स्वामी से तो वह सेवक बड़ा होता है जो अपने धर्म के पालन को करने में निपुण होता है। इसीलिए स्वामी श्रीराम तो सागर पर पुल बंधने के बाद ही समुद्र पार कर सके परंतु उनका सेवक हनुमान तो बिना पुल के ही समुद्र लांघ गया था।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विपरीत शब्द बनाएं-

शब्द = विपरीत शब्द
संपत्ति = ——–
सेवक = ——–
भलाई = ——–
लाभ = ———-
उत्तर:
शब्द = विपरीत शब्द
संपत्ति = विपत्ति।
सेवक = स्वामी।
भलाई = बुराई।
लाभ = हानि।

2. निम्नलिखित शब्दों की भाववाचक संज्ञा बनाएं-

दास = ——–
निज = ——–
गुरु = ——–
जड़। = ———
उत्तर:
शब्द . विपरीत शब्द
दास = दासता।
निज = निजता।
गुरु = गुरुत्व।
जड़ = जड़ता।

3. निम्नलिखित के विशेषण बनाएँ-

धर्म = ——–
मन = ———
भय = ———
दोष। = ———
उत्तर:
शब्द – विशेषण शब्द
धर्म = धार्मिक।
मन = मानसिक।
भय = भयनक।
दोष = दोषी।

(ग) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
अपने विद्यालय के पुस्तकालय से गोस्वामी तुलसीदास से संबंधित पुस्तकों से उनके जीवन की अन्य घटनाओं के बारे में जानकारी प्राप्त करें।
उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।)

प्रश्न 2.
तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित दोहों की ऑडियो या वीडियो सी०डी० लेकर अथवा इंटरनेट से इन दोहों को सुनकर आनंद लें और स्वयं भी इन को याद कर लय में गाने का अभ्यास करें।
उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।)

प्रश्न 3.
इंटरनेट के माध्यम से राष्ट्रीय दूरदर्शन पर दिखाए ‘तुलसीदास’ के जीवन पर आधारित सीरियल को ग्रीष्म अवकाश में देखें। उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।)

(घ) ज्ञान विस्तार

रामभक्त गोस्वामी तुलसीदास जी द्वारा रचित हनुमान चालीसा का प्रथम दोहा ‘श्री गुरु चरन सरोज रज’ कवि की हनुमान जी के प्रति श्रद्धा-भक्ति का प्रतीक है। हनुमान जी को केसरी नंदन तथा अंजनि पुत्र भी कहते हैं। केसरी इनके पिता तथा अंजना माता थी। लंका में सीता का समाचार लाते समय ये एक ही छलांग में समुद्र लांघ गए थे और जब इनकी पूंछ में आग लगा दी गई थी तब इन्होंने रावण की सारी लंका ही जला दी थी। लक्ष्मण मूर्छा के समय ये ही लंका से सुषेण वैद्य को तथा उसके कहने पर संजीवनी बूटी को लाए थे। इन्होंने ही सुग्रीव की श्रीराम जी के साथ मित्रता करवा कर उसे उसका राज्य दिलवाया था। इस प्रकार हनुमान महाबली तथा श्री राम जी के अनन्य सेवक माने जाते हैं।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide दोहावली Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
कवि के अनुसार श्रीराम जी जैसा शीलनिधान अन्य कोई क्यों नहीं है?
उत्तर:
श्रीराम जैसा शील निधान अन्य कोई भी नहीं था क्योंकि श्रीराम ने वानरों को भी पूरा सम्मान दिया था।

प्रश्न 2.
बिना हरि कृपा के क्या प्राप्त नहीं हो सकता?
उत्तर:
हरि कृपा के बिना संत-समागम नहीं प्राप्त हो सकता।

प्रश्न 3.
ईर्ष्यालु व्यक्ति की क्या दशा होती है?
उत्तर:
ईर्ष्यालु व्यक्ति सदा ईर्ष्या की आग में जलता रहता है तथा उसका कभी भी भला नहीं होता है।

प्रश्न 4.
भगवान् से भक्त को बड़ा बताने के लिए तुलसीदास ने कौन-सा उदाहरण दिया है?
उत्तर:
श्रीराम को लंका जाने के लिए समुद्र पर पुल बंधवा कर जाना पड़ा जबकि उनके भक्त हनुमान छलांग लगा कर ही समुद्र पार कर लंका पहुँच गए थे।

प्रश्न 5.
चापलूस दरबारियों से क्या हानि होती है?
उत्तर:
चापलूस दरबारी सदा राजा की हाँ में हाँ मिलाते हैं, उसकी आलोचना कभी भूलकर भी नहीं करते जिससे राजा अपने राज्य, धर्म और अपने शरीर का भी नाश झूठे अभिमान के कारण कर देता है।

प्रश्न 6.
कैसी भक्ति के बिना श्रीराम अपने भक्तों पर कृपा नहीं करते?
उत्तर:
जिस भक्ति में श्रीराम के प्रति विश्वास नहीं होता उन भक्तों पर श्रीराम कृपा नहीं करते।

(क) एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
तुलसी ने हृदय में कैसे दीपक को रखने की बात कही है?
उत्तर:
तुलसी ने हृदय में श्रीराम नाम रूपी मणियों के दीपक के रखने की बात कही है।

प्रश्न 2.
राम की कृपा के बिना स्वप्न में भी क्या नहीं मिलता ?
उत्तर:
राम की कृपा के बिना स्वप्न में भी जीवन में चैन नहीं मिलता।

प्रश्न 3.
श्रीराम ने सागर कैसे पार किया था ?
उत्तर:
श्रीराम ने सागर पर बने पुल से सागर पार किया था।

प्रश्न 4.
हंस की भांति नीर-क्षीर विवेक कौन करते हैं?
उत्तर:
संत हंस की भांति नीर-क्षीर विवेक करते हैं।

(ख) निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
‘श्री गुरु चरन सरोज रज’ में सरोज है
(क) सरोवर
(ख) कमल
(ग) सरिता
(घ) धूल।
उत्तर:
(ख) कमल

प्रश्न 2.
‘निज मन मुकुरु सुधारि’ में मुकुरु है
(क) मुकरना
(ख) मौसम
(ग) शीशा
(घ) सुधरना।
उत्तर:
(ग) शीशा

प्रश्न 3.
भगवान् पर क्या किए बिना भक्ति नहीं हो सकती
(क) दया
(ख) विश्वास
(ग) प्रार्थना
(घ) समझौता।
उत्तर:
(ख) विश्वास

प्रश्न 4.
‘दोहावली’ किसकी रचना है
(क) तुलसीदास
(ख) वृन्द
(ग) बिहारी
(घ) रहीम।
उत्तर:
(क) तुलसीदास

(ग) एक शब्द/हाँ या नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
संत किस की भाँति नीर-क्षीर विवेक करते हैं? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए)
उत्तर:
हँस

प्रश्न 2.
राम जी का निर्मल यशगान करने से चार फल मिलते हैं। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 3.
अपने धर्म में निपुण सेवक साहब से बड़ा नहीं होता। (सही या गलत लिख कर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 4.
तुलसीदास राम के भक्त थे। (सही या गलत लिख कर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 5.
बरनऊं रघुबर ……. जसु।
उत्तर:
बिमल

प्रश्न 6.
गिरिजा संत ……….. सम।
उत्तर:
समागम

प्रश्न 7.
राज, धर्म, तन तीनि कर, होइ ……. नास।
उत्तर:
बेगिही।

दोहावली दोहों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. श्री गुरु चरन सरोज रज, निज मन मुकुरु सुधारि।
बरनऊँ रघुबर विमल जसु, जो दायकु फल चारि॥

शब्दार्थ:
चरन = पैर। सरोज = कमल। रज = धूल। मकरु = दर्पण। बरनऊँ = वर्णन करूँ। विमल = निर्मल, उज्ज्वल। जसु = यश। दायकु = देने वाले। फल चारि = चार फल-धर्म, अर्थ, काम और मोक्ष।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘दोहावली’ से लिया गया है। यह दोहा हनुमान चालीसा का प्रारंभिक दोहा है। इस दोहे में गुरु वंदना के बाद श्रीराम के पवित्र चरित्र के गुणगान करने की कवि ने कामना की है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि मैं श्री गुरु महाराज के चरण कमलों की धूल से अपने मनरूपी दर्पण को स्वच्छ और पवित्र करके श्री रघुवीर रामजी के निर्मल पवित्र यश का वर्णन करता हूँ, जो चारों फलों धर्म, अर्थ, काम और मोक्ष को देने वाला है।

विशेष:

1. कवि अपने सद्गुरु की कृपा प्राप्त कर श्रीराम के उज्ज्वल चरित्र का गुणगान करने की कामना कर रहा है।
2. भाषा ब्रज मिश्रित अवधी, दोहा छंद, अनुप्रास, उपमा तथा रूपक अलंकार हैं।

2. राम नाम मनी दीप धरु, जीह देहरी द्वार।
तुलसी भीतर बाहरु हुँ, जौ चाहसि उजियार॥

शब्दार्थ:
मनी = मणियाँ। दीप = दीपक। जीह = जीभ । देहरी = दहलीज। चाहसि = चाहता है। उजियार = उजाला।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘दोहावली’ से लिया गया है, जिसमें कवि ने श्रीराम के नाम स्मरण की महिमा का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
तुलसीदास जी कहते हैं कि हे मानव, तू राम नाम रूपी मणि-दीपक को मुखरूपी द्वार की जीभरूपी दहलीज पर रख। यदि तू भीतर और बाहर दोनों ओर उजाला चाहता है। भाव यह है कि राम नाम रूपी मणियों से बने दीपक को हृदय में धारण करने से अज्ञान रूपी अंधेरा नष्ट हो जाता है तथा ज्ञान रूपी उजाला हो जाता है।

विशेष:

1. राम नाम के स्मरण से समस्त दोषों का नाश हो जाता है तथा हृदय के बाहर और भीतर उजाला हो जाता है।
2. ब्रज भाषा में अवधी के शब्दों का मिश्रण है। दोहा छंद, रूपक अलंकार है।

3. जड़ चेतन गुन दोषभय, बिस्व कीन्ह करतार।
संत हंस गुन गहहिं पय, परिहरि बारि विकार॥

शब्दार्थ:
जड़ = निर्जीव। चेतन = सजीव। बिस्व = संसार। करतार = ईश्वर, परमात्मा। गहहिं = लेकर। पय = दूध। परिहरि = छोड़कर। बारि = पानी। विकार = बुराई।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘दोहावली’ में से लिया गया है, जिसमें कवि ने संतों की विशेषता का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
तुलसीदास कहते हैं कि परमात्मा ने इस जड़-चेतन संसार को गुण और दोष से युक्त बनाया है, परंतु संत हँसों के समान नीर-क्षीर विवेकी होने के कारण दोष रूपी जल को त्याग कर गुण रूपी दूध को ग्रहण करते हैं।

विशेष:

1. संत सदा सद्गुणों से युक्त होते हैं। वे विकारों से रहित होते हैं।
2. अवधी भाषा, दोहा छंद, अनुप्रास तथा रूपक अलंकार का प्रयोग सराहनीय है।

4. प्रभु तरुतर कपि डार पर, ते किए आपु समान।
तुलसी कहुँ न राम से, साहिब सील निधान। 

शब्दार्थ:
तरुतर = वृक्ष के नीचे। कपि = वानर। आयु = अपने।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा तुलसीदास के द्वारा रचित ‘दोहावली’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने श्रीराम द्वारा वानरों को दिए गए सम्मान का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि प्रभु श्री राम जी तो वृक्षों के नीचे और बंदर वृक्षों की डालियों पर रहते थे, परंतु ऐसे बंदरों को भी उन्होंने अपने समान बना लिया। तुलसीदास जी कहते हैं कि श्रीरामजी जैसे शीलनिधान स्वामी अन्य किसी स्थान पर कहीं भी नहीं हैं।

विशेष:

1. श्रीराम की सबके प्रति समतावादी दृष्टि का उल्लेख किया गया है। वे कोई भी भेदभाव न करते हुए सबको अपने समान बना लेते थे।
2. अवधी भाषा, दोहा छंद, अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

5. तुलसी ममता राम सो, समता सब संसार।
राग न रोष न दोष दुःख, दास भए भव पार॥

शब्दार्थ:
ममता = स्नेह, प्रेम। समता = बराबर। राग = प्रेम। रोष = क्रोध। भव = संसार।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘दोहावली’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने श्रीराम के प्रति आस्था रखने तथा सांसारिक प्राणियों से समभाव रखने की प्रेरणा दी है।

व्याख्या:
तुलसीदास जी कहते हैं कि श्रीराम से ममता रखो तथा संसार के प्राणियों के प्रति समभाव रखो, इससे मनुष्य राग, रोष, दोष, दुःख से मुक्त हो जाता है तथा श्रीराम का दास होने के कारण इस संसार रूपी सागर से पार हो जाता है।

विशेष:

1. सांसारिक माया-मोह के बंधनों से मुक्त होकर भव-सागर पार करने के लिए श्रीराम के प्रति ममता होनी आवश्यक है।
2. अवधी भाषा, दोहा छंद, अनुप्रास तथा रूपक अलंकार हैं।

6. गिरिजा संत समागम सम, न लाभ कछु आन।
बिनु हरि कृपा न होइ सो, गावहिं वेद पुरान॥

शब्दार्थ:
गिरिजा = पार्वती। सम = समान। आन = अन्य, दूसरा।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘दोहावली’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने संत-समागम की महिमा का वर्णन किया है।_

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि शिव जी पार्वती को संतों के सम्मेलन की महिमा का वर्णन करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे पार्वती, संतों के साथ मिल बैठकर उनके विचार सुनने के समान संसार में अन्य कुछ भी लाभकारी नहीं है तथा संत-समागम भी श्रीराम की कृपा के बिना नहीं मिलता। ऐसा वेद-पुराणों में भी कहा गया है।

विशेष:

1. संत-समागम प्रभु कृपा से प्राप्त होता है तथा इसके समान लाभदायक संसार में और कुछ भी नहीं है।
2. भाषा अवधी, दोहा छंद तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार हैं।

7. पर सुख संपत्ति देखि सुनि, जरहिं जे जड़ बिनु आगि।
तुलसी तिन के भाग ते, चलै भलाई भागि॥

शब्दार्थ:
पर = पराया, दूसरे का। जरहिं = जलना, ईर्ष्या करना। जड़ = मूर्ख भाग = भाग्य। भागि = भाग जाना, चले जाना।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘दोहावली’ से लिया गया है, जिसमें कवि ने ईर्ष्यालु व्यक्ति की दुर्दशा का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
गोस्वामी तुलसी दास कहते हैं कि दूसरे के सुख और संपत्ति को देख-सुन कर जो मूर्ख बिना आग के ही जलते रहते हैं, उन लोगों के भाग्य से भलाई स्वयं ही भाग जाती है। भाव यह है कि दूसरों की उन्नति को देखकर ईर्ष्या करने वाले व्यक्ति का कभी भी भला नहीं होता है।

विशेष:

1. ईर्ष्यालु व्यक्ति का कभी भी भला नहीं होता है और न ही सुख की प्राप्ति होती है।
2. भाषा अवधी-ब्रज का मिश्रण, दोहा छंद, अनुप्रास अलंकार हैं।

8. सचिव वैद गुरु तीनि जो, प्रिय बोलहिं भयु आस।
राज, धर्म, तन तीनि कर, होइ बेगिही नास॥

शब्दार्थ:
सचिव = मंत्री। वैद = वैद्य। प्रिय बोलहिं = मीठा बोलना, मुँह देखी बोलना। भयु = डर से। तीनि = तीनों। बेगिही = शीघ्र ही। नास = नाश, विनाश।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘दोहावली’ से लिया गया है, जिसमें कवि ने राजा के भय से उसकी हाँ में हाँ मिलाने वाले चापलूसों के परिणाम का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि यदि किसी राजा का मंत्री, वैद्य और गुरु–ये तीनों राज-भय से अथवा किसी लोभलालच से उसकी बात जैसी है वैसी ही मान लेते हैं अथवा उसकी हाँ में हाँ मिलाते हैं तो उसके राज्य, धर्म और शरीर तीनों का शीघ्र ही विनाश हो जाता है।

विशेष:

1. तुलसी दास का मानना है कि रावण के भय से उसके सभासद सदा उसकी हाँ में हाँ मिलाते थे, इसलिए उसका विनाश हो गया था। इसलिए ऐसे चापलूसों से बचना चाहिए।
2. भाषा अवधी और ब्रज है। दोहा छंद तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

9. साहब ते सेवक बड़ो, जो निज धरम सुजान।
राम बाँध उतरै उद्धि, लांघि गए हनुमान॥

शब्दार्थ:
साहब = स्वामी। उद्धि = समुद्र। बाँध = पुल। सुजान = निपुण।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित दोहावली से लिया गया है, जिसमें कवि ने भगवान् से अधिक उनके भक्त की प्रशंसा की है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि स्वामी से तो वह सेवक बड़ा होता है जो अपने धर्म के पालन को करने में निपुण होता है। इसीलिए स्वामी श्रीराम तो सागर पर पुल बंधने के बाद ही समुद्र पार कर सके परंतु उनका सेवक हनुमान तो बिना पुल के ही समुद्र लांघ गया था।

विशेष:

1. स्वामी की कृपा से सेवक स्वामी से भी बड़ा काम कर सकता है।
2. भाषा अवधी, ब्रज, दोहा छंद, अनुप्रास अलंकार हैं।

10. बिनु बिस्वास भगति नहिं, तेहि बिनु द्रवहिं न राम।
राम कृपा बिनु सपनेहुँ, जीवन नहिं विश्राम।

शब्दार्थ:
द्रवहिं = द्रवित होना, पिघलना, दया करना। लह = प्राप्त करना, लेना।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘दोहावली’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने अपने आराध्य पर पूर्ण विश्वास रखते हुए भक्ति करने का संदेश दिया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि बिना भगवान् पर विश्वास किए उनकी भक्ति नहीं हो सकती। विश्वास से रहित भक्ति से श्रीराम अपने भक्त पर दया नहीं करते और राम की कृपा के बिना स्वप्न में भी जीवन में चैन नहीं मिलता है। भाव यह है कि विश्वासपूर्वक भक्ति करने से ही परमात्मा की प्राप्ति होती है।

विशेष:

1. ईश्वर की भक्ति उस पर पूर्ण विश्वास रख कर ही करनी चाहिए तभी ईश्वर की कृपा होती है।
2. भाषा अवधी, ब्रज हैं। दोहा छंद और अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

दोहावली Summary

दोहावली  कवि परिचय।

राम-भक्त कवियों में तुलसीदास का नाम विशेष आदर से लिया जाता है। उनका जन्म सन् 1532 ई० में राजापुर, ज़िला बाँदा में हुआ था। कुछ विद्वान् उत्तर प्रदेश के एटा जिले में सोरों नामक ग्राम को उनका जन्म स्थान मानते हैं। इनके पिता का नाम आत्मा राम तथा माता का नाम हुलसी था। मूल नक्षत्र में उत्पन्न होने के कारण माता-पिता ने इन्हें त्याग दिया था। इनका बचपन दर-दर की ठोकरें खाते हुए अनेक कष्टों में बीता। बाद में बाबा नरहरिदास ने उन्हें सहारा दिया। उनके पास रहकर उन्होंने शिक्षा प्राप्त की थी। बाद में काशी के महान् विद्वान शेष सनातन से उन्होंने वेद-शास्त्रों और इतिहास-पुराण का ज्ञान प्राप्त किया। विद्वान बनकर वे वापस राजपुर लौटे थे। तब दीनबंधु पाठक ने अपनी पुत्री रत्नावली से इनका विवाह करवा दिया था। वे अपनी पत्नी रत्नावली से बहुत प्यार करते थे। एक दिन वह इनको बताए बिना अपने मायके चली गई। तुलसीदास जी को जब पता चला तो अन्धेरी रात तथा मूसलाधार वर्षा में रत्नावली के पास पहुँच गए। इस पर रत्नावली ने उन्हें फटकार सुनाई और राम के चरणों में स्नेह लगाने की प्रेरणा दी।

लाज न लागत आपको दौरे आयह साथ,
धिक धिक ऐसे प्रेम को कहां कहौ हौं, नाथ।

इस घटना से तुलसीदास का हृदय ग्लानि से भर गया। उन्होंने संसार को त्याग कर अपना सारा जीवन भगवान राम की आराधना तथा भक्तिपरक साहित्य लिखने में लगा दिया। सन् 1623 ई० में तुलसीदास जी का स्वर्गवास हुआ।

रचनाएँ-तुलसीदास के नाम से 37 पुस्तकें स्वीकार की जाती हैं। लेकिन इनमें से तुलसी के प्रामाणिक ग्रन्थ बारह ही हैं, वे हैं–रामचरितमानस, वैराग्य संदीपनी, रामललानहछू, बरवै रामायण, पार्वती मंगल, जानकी मंगल, रामाज्ञा-प्रश्न, दोहावली, कवितावली, गीतावली, कृष्ण गीतावली और विनय पत्रिका।

तुलसीदास ने अपने काव्य में राम को विष्णु का अवतार मान कर उन्हें ईश्वर पद प्रदान किया है-‘सोई दशरथ सुत हित, कौसलपति भगवान्।’ उन्होंने माना है कि राम ही धर्म का उद्धार करने वाले हैं तथा उनमें शील, शक्ति और सौंदर्य के गुण विद्यमान हैं। राम के माध्यम से कवि ने अपने काव्य में आदर्श समाज की कल्पना की है। उन्होंने राम, सीता, भरत, लक्ष्मण, कौशल्या, हनुमान आदि के द्वारा आदर्श गृहस्थ, आदर्श समाज और आदर्श राज्य की कल्पना को साकार रूप दिया है। इनकी रचनाओं का मूल रस शांत है। लेकिन स्थान-स्थान पर अन्य सभी रसों का सुंदर प्रयोग दिखाई दे जाता है। कवितावली के बालकांड में वात्सल्य रस के सुंदर उदाहरण दिए गए हैं। तुलसीदास एक श्रेष्ठ कवि और सच्चे लोकनायक हैं।

इन्होंने अपने काव्य में जीवन के विविध रूपों को प्रस्तुत किया है। इन्होंने अवधी और ब्रज भाषाओं का संदर प्रयोग किया है। इनकी अधिकांश रचनाएँ अवधी में हैं। लेकिन ‘विनय पत्रिका’ में ब्रज भाषा का प्रयोग किया गया है। इनके प्रबंध काव्य में दोहाचौपाई छंदों का प्रयोग अधिक है तो मुक्तक काव्यों में गीति शैली’ की प्रधानता है। इन्होंने आवश्यकतानुसार उर्दू, फ़ारसी, बुंदेली, भोजपुरी आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग किया है। तुलसीदास वास्तव में ही उत्कृष्ट कोटि के भक्त कवि हैं।

दोहावली दोहों का सार

पाठ्यपुस्तक में तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित दस दोहे संकलित हैं, जिनमें कवि की भक्ति एवं नीति से संबंधित भावनाएँ व्यक्त हुई हैं। पहले दोहे में कवि अपने गुरु की वंदना कर अपने पवित्र मन से चारों फलों को देने वाला श्रीराम के पावन चरित्र के गुणगान करने की कामना करता है। दूसरे दोहे में श्रीराम रूपी मणियों के दीपक के प्रकाश से मन के अंधकार को दूर करने तथा तीसरे दोहे में संतों को नीर-क्षीर विवेकी हँसों के समान बताया गया है जो गुणों को अपना कर समस्त विकार त्याग देते हैं। चौथे दोहे में श्री राम की वानरों को सम्मान देने, पांचवें दोहे में श्रीराम के प्रति ममता तथा संसार के सभी लोगों से समता का व्यवहार रखने और छठे दोहे में संतों के समागम के लाभ का वर्णन किया गया है।

सातवें दोहे में दूसरों की संपत्ति को देखकर ईर्ष्या करने वालों की दुर्दशा का वर्णन है। आठवें दोहे में कवि ने राम भक्त हनुमान की प्रशंसा की है। नौवें दोहे में चापलूस सभासदों से राजा को सावधान रहने के लिए कहा गया है क्योंकि जी हजूरी करने वालों से धर्म, शरीर और राज्य का नाश हो जाता है। दसवें दोहे में कवि ने स्पष्ट किया है कि पूर्ण आस्था से भक्ति करने पर ही श्रीराम अपने भक्तों पर कृपा करते हैं तथा श्रीराम की कृपा के बिना स्वप्न में भी शांति नहीं मिलती है।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Literature Book Chapter 4 The Dying Detective Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Literature Book Chapter 4 The Dying Detective

Question 1.
Who was Mrs. Hudson ? Why did she go to Watson’s house ?
Or
Who was Mrs. Hudson ? Where did she go ? Why did she go there ?
Answer:
Mrs. Hudson was Sherlock Holmes’ landlady. She went to Watson’s house to tell him that his friend, Sherlock Holmes, was critically ill. She wanted Watson to come and save his friend’s life.

श्रीमती हडसन शरलॉक होम्ज़ की मकान-मालकिन थी। वह वाटसन के घर उसे यह बताने के लिए गई कि उसका मित्र, शरलॉक होम्ज़, सख्त बीमार था। वह चाहती थी कि वाटसन आए और अपने मित्र की जान बचाए।

Question 2.
Where did Holmes get the illness from ? When did he get it ?
Answer:
Holmes got the illness from some Chinese sailors. He got it when he was working on a case at a place near a river. But as we know, it was all a made-up story.

होम्ज़ को यह बीमारी कुछ चीनी नाविकों से लगी। उसे यह तब लगी जब वह एक नदी के समीप किसी जगह पर एक मामले पर काम कर रहा था। किन्तु जैसा कि हम जानते हैं, यह सब एक गढ़ी हुई कहानी थी।

Question 3.
What was Holmes’ condition when Watson saw him ?
Answer:
Holmes’ eyes had the brightness of fever. There was red flush on his cheeks. His thin hands were twitching all the time.

होम्ज़ की आंखों में बुखार वाली चमक थी। उसके गालों पर लाली थी। उसके पतले हाथ लगातार फड़क रहे थे।

Question 4.
Why did Holmes not let Watson examine him ?
Answer:
Holmes’ illness was a feigned one. Watson was a doctor by profession. He would have known the truth if he had examined Holmes. That was why, Holmes did not let Watson examine him.

होम्ज़ की बीमारी बनावटी थी। वाटसन व्यवसाय से डॉक्टर था। उसे सच्चाई का पता चल जाता यदि वह होम्ज़ की जांच कर लेता। इसी कारण से होम्ज़ ने वाटसन को खुद की जांच न करने दी।

Question 5.
Till when was Watson asked to stay in Holmes’ house ?
Answer:
He was asked to stay in there till 6 o’clock.

उसे वहां छ: बजे तक रुकने के लिए कहा गया।

Question 6.
Why did Holmes not let Watson touch his things ? What did Watson think about Holmes then ?
Answer:
Watson picked up an ivory box. Holmes knew it had a poisonous spring in it. Therefore, Holmes told him to put it down. He said that he hated to have his things touched. Watson thought that illness had affected Holmes’ mind.

वाटसन ने हाथीदांत की बनी एक डिबिया उठा ली। होम्ज़ जानता था कि इसमें एक ज़हरीला स्प्रिंग लगा था। इसलिए होम्ज़ ने उसे इसे नीचे रखने के लिए कहा। उसने कहा कि उसे पसन्द नहीं था कि उसकी चीजें छुई जाएं। वाटसन ने सोचा कि बीमारी ने होम्ज़ के दिमाग पर असर डाल दिया था।

Question 7.
What did Holmes ask Watson to do before leaving his room ?
Answer:
He asked Watson to light the gas-lamp, but only half on. Then he asked him to put on the table some letters, paper and the ivory box and the tongs.

उसने वाटसन से कहा कि वह गैस-लैंप को जला दे, किन्तु केवल आधी रोशनी पर। फिर उसने उसे मेज पर कुछ पत्र, कागज़, हाथीदांत वाली डिब्बी और चिमटी रखने को कहा।

Question 8.
Who was Culverton Smith ? Why did Holmes want him for the treatment of his disease ?
Answer:
Culverton Smith was a resident of Sumatra and a tea planter. Holmes wanted him for the treatment of his disease only to have him in his trap.

कल्वर्टन स्मिथ सुमात्रा का रहने वाला और चाय-बागानों का मालिक था। होम्ज़ उसे केवल अपने जाल में फंसाने के लिए उससे अपनी बीमारी का इलाज करवाना चाहता था।

Question 9.
What did Holmes ask Watson to say to Mr. Smith ?
Answer:
Holmes asked Watson to tell Mr. Smith how critically Holmes was ill and was at the point of death. Holmes wanted Watson to persuade Mr. Smith to come to Holmes’ house.

होम्ज़ ने वाटसन से कहा कि वह मिस्टर स्मिथ को बताए कि होम्ज़ कितना भयानक बीमार था और मरने के किनारे पर था। होम्ज चाहता था कि वाटसन मिस्टर स्मिथ को होम्ज़ के घर पर आने को सहमत करवा ले।

Question 10.
Did Smith welcome Watson calling on him ? How do you know ?
Answer:
No, Smith did not welcome Watson calling on him. He asked his butler to tell Watson that he was not at home.

नहीं, स्मिथ ने वाटसन के आने का स्वागत न किया। उसने अपने खानसामे से कहा कि वह वाटसन से कह दे कि वह (स्मिथ) घर पर नहीं था।

Question 11.
Why did Watson not come back with Smith ?
Answer:
Watson did not come with Smith because Holmes had asked him to do so. Watson pretended that he had some other appointment.

वाटसन स्मिथ के साथ इसलिए न आया क्योंकि ऐसा करने के लिए उसे होम्ज़ ने कहा था। वाटसन ने बहाना बना दिया कि उसे कोई दूसरा काम था।

Question 12.
What did Smith ask Watson when he finally met him ?
Answer:
Smith asked Watson if he was coming from Holmes’. He also asked him how Holmes was.

स्मिथ ने वाटसन से पूछा कि क्या वह होम्ज़ के यहां से आ रहा था। उसने उससे यह भी पूछा कि होम्ज़ का क्या हाल था।

Question 13.
Did Smith go near Holmes to examine him ? How do you know ?
Answer:
No, Smith did not go near Holmes to examine him. He well knew what had happened and only wanted Holmes to die.

नहीं, स्मिथ होम्ज़ के नज़दीक उसकी जांच करने के लिए नहीं गया। वह अच्छी तरह जानता था कि क्या हुआ था और केवल यही चाहता था कि होम्ज़ की मृत्यु हो जाए।

Question 14.
Who was Victor Smith ? What had happened to him and how ?
Answer:
Victor was Culverton Smith’s nephew. He had been murdered by Culverton Smith by the use of a poisonous spring.

विक्टर कल्वर्टन स्मिथ का भतीजा था। उसकी हत्या कल्वर्टन स्मिथ ने एक जहरीले स्प्रिंग का प्रयोग कर के कर दी थी।

Question 15.
“You did it. I’ll forget everything,” Holmes said to Smith. What did Smith do and how ? Did Holmes really mean what he said ? Give examples in support of your answer.
Answer:
Smith had conspired to kill Holmes by sending him a poisoned spring-box by post. Holmes did not really mean what he said. He was not ill at all. He was only laying a trap for Smith and trying to make him confess his crime.

स्मिथ ने डाक द्वारा एक जहरीले स्प्रिंग वाली डिब्बी होम्ज़ को भेज कर उसे मारने की योजना बनाई थी। होम्ज़ का वास्तव में वह अर्थ नहीं था जो उसने कहा। वह बिल्कुल भी बीमार नहीं था। वह स्मिथ के लिए केवल एक जाल बिछा रहा था और उससे उसका अपराध स्वीकार करवाने की कोशिश कर रहा था।

Question 16.
Why did Smith send an infected sharp spring in an ivory box ?
Answer:
Smith had killed his nephew. Holmes knew this fact. He was gathering evidence to prove it. That was why Smith sent him an infected spring to kill him.

स्मिथ ने अपने भतीजे को मार डाला था। होम्ज़ यह बात जानता था। वह इसे सिद्ध करने के लिए सबूत इकट्ठे कर रहा था। इसी कारण से स्मिथ ने उसे मारने के लिए एक संक्रमित स्प्रिंग भेज दिया।

Question 17.
Why did Holmes ask Smith to turn up the gas ?
Answer:
Holmes asked Smith to turn up the gas. It was, in fact, a signal for Inspector Morton to come in and arrest Smith.

होम्ज़ ने स्मिथ को गैस तेज़ करने को कहा। वास्तव में यह इंस्पैक्टर मार्टन के लिए एक इशारा था कि वह अन्दर आए और स्मिथ को गिरफ्तार कर ले।

Question 18.
Who arrested Smith ? What were the charges against him ?
Answer:
Inspector Morton arrested Smith. The charges against Smith were the murder of Victor and the attempted murder of Sherlock Holmes.

इंस्पैक्टर मार्टन ने स्मिथ को गिरफ्तार किया। उसके विरुद्ध आरोप थे – विक्टर की हत्या और शरलॉक होम्ज़ की हत्या का प्रयास।

Question 19.
Why did Holmes pretend to be ill ? What did he do and say to appear ill ?
Answer:
Holmes’ pretended illness was all a trap laid for Mr. Smith. In order to look ill, he did not eat for three days. He also applied a little make-up on his face. He also talked deliriously.

होम्ज़ की बीमारी का बहाना मिस्टर स्मिथ के लिए बिछाया गया मात्र एक जाल था। बीमार दिखने के लिए उसने तीन दिन तक कुछ न खाया। उसने अपने चेहरे पर थोड़ा-सा मेकअप भी लगाया। उसने
बड़बड़ाते हुए बातें भी की।

Question 20.
Should Holmes have spoken so rudely to Watson ? Why ?
Answer:
Holmes’ show of rudeness was a dramatic necessity. It was necessary to make Watson believe that Holmes was really critically ill and at the point of death.

होम्ज़ द्वारा उद्दण्डता का दिखावा करना एक नाटकीय आवश्यकता थी। यह वाटसन को विश्वास दिलाने के लिए ज़रूरी थी कि होम्ज़ सचमुच भयानक रूप से बीमार था और मरने के किनारे पर था।

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
What was Watson by profession ?
Answer:
Watson was a doctor by profession

Question 2.
Holmes got the illness from some …
(i) Chinese sailors
(ii) Indian sailors
(iii) English sailors
(iv) Russian sailors.
Answer:
(i) Chinese sailors

Question 3.
Smith sent Holmes an infected sharp spring in …..
(i) a silver box
(ii) an ivory box
(iii) a golden box
(iv) a red box.
Answer:
(ii) an ivory box

Question 4.
Victor smith killed Culverton Smith. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Holmes did not want Watson to touch his things. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Who was charged with the murder of his nephew ?
(i) Mrs Hudson
(ii) Morton
(iii) Smith
(iv) Watson.
Answer:
(iii) Smith

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the story, ‘The Dying Detective’ ?
Answer:
Arthur Conan Doyle.

Question 2.
Who was the detective in this story ?
Answer:
Sherlock Holmes.

Question 3.
Give the name of Sherlock Holme’s landlady ?
Answer:
Mrs Hudson.

Question 4.
Who was Dr Watson ?
Answer:
Sherlock Holmes’ friend.

Question 5.
Where did Sherlock get the illness from ?
Answer:
From some Chinese sailors.

Question 6.
Sherlock did not let the doctor examine him. Why ?
Answer:
Because his illness was a feigned one.

Question 7.
Who was asked to stay in Sherlock’s house till 6 o’clock ?
Answer:
Dr Watson.

Question 8.
Who had murdered Victor Smith ?
Answer:
Culverton Smith.

Question 9.
Who was Victor Smith ?
Answer:
Culverton’s nephew.

Question 10.
What were the charges against Culverton Smith ?
Answer:
The charges were the murder of Victor and the attempted murder of Sherlock.

Complete the following :

1. Culverton Smith was a resident of ………..
2. Victor was a nephew of ………..
3. Holmes asked Watson to tell Culverton …….
4. …… arrested Culverton Smith.
5. The ivory box contained an ……………..
6. Holmes was the only person who knew that Culverton ………….
Answer:
1. Sumatra
2. Culverton Smith
3. about his illness
4. Inspector Morton
5. infected spring
6. had killed Victor.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Holmes’ show of rudeness was a dramatic necessity.
2. Smith had not murdered his nephew
3. Culverton Smith did not go near Holmes to examine him.
4. Watson came back with Smith.
5. Holmes was a doctor by profession.
6. Holmes requested Dr Watson to examine him.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False
6. False.

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
Dr Watson did not come back with Culverton Smith because ……..
(a) he had to go to his clinic
(b) Sherlock had asked him to do so
(c) he was not feeling well
(d) he went to meet Mrs. Hudson.
Answer:
(b) Sherlock had asked him to do so

Question 2.
Watson was asked to stay in Holmes’ house till …………
(a) 9 o’clock
(b) 8 o’clock
(c) 6 o’clock
(d) 4 o’clock.
Answer:
(c) 6 o’clock

Question 3.
Culverton Smith confessed before Holmes that
(a) he had killed Victor
(b) he had sent Holmes an ivory box by post
(c) the ivory box contained a killer spring
(d) all of these three.
Answer:
(d) all of these three.

Question 4.
Holmes wanted Watson to persuade Smith to …………
(a) come to Holmes’ house
(b) confess his crime
(c) go back to Sumatra
(d) kill Victor Smith.
Answer:
(a) come to Holmes’ house

Question 5.
Victor Smith had been murdered by Culverton Smith by the use of ……….
(a) a poisonous ring
(b) an ivory box
(c) a poisonous spring
(d) a sharp spring.
Answer:
(d) a sharp spring.

The Dying Detective Summary & Translation in English

The Dying Detective Introduction:
Sherlock Holmes was a detective. He had a friend named Dr Watson. One day, Holmes’ landlady came to Watson’s house and told him that Holmes was critically ill. Watson lost no time in coming to the flat where Holmes lived. He found Holmes lying in bed and feeling very restless. He tried to know about Holmes’ disease and its symptoms. But Holmes didn’t let Watson come near him. He said that it was a horribly contagious disease and Watson knew nothing about it. So he asked Watson to fetch one Mr. Culverton Smith who, he said, had all the knowledge of this disease. Then he told him to come back to him before Mr. Smith reached there. “This is very important,” he said. “Make any excuse so as not to come back with him. Don’t forget, Watson.”

Watson met Mr. Smith and told him about Holmes’ trouble. Mr. Smith at once agreed to go with Watson. But Watson remembered what Holmes had said. So he made an excuse that he had another appointment. When Watson came back, Holmes asked him to go to another room. While Watson was hiding there, he heard the footsteps upon the stairs.

Then he heard the opening and closing of the door. It was Mr. Smith who had come into the room. He felt quite delighted on seeing Holmes in a critical condition. Holmes was the only person who knew that Mr. Smith had killed his nephew Victor, but he had not been able to prove it. Now seeing Holmes dying, Smith confesses it to him that Victor had died the same way Holmes was dying now. He confesses that he had sent Holmes an ivory box by post. The box contained a killer spring. While talking thus, Mr. Smith picks up the box and puts it into his pocket.

At once, Holmes gives up his pretence of a dying man. He applauds his successful acting. This acts as a signal for Inspector Morton who at once comes in. He arrests Mr. Smith on the charges of Victor’s murder and Holmes’ attempted murder. Mr. Smith tries to deny his confession to Holmes, but there is Watson who has witnessed the entire drama.

The Dying Detective Summary & Translation in Hindi

The Dying Detective Introduction:
शरलॉक होम्ज एक जासूस था। उस का डॉक्टर वाटसन नाम का एक मित्र था। एक दिन होम्ज़ की मकान-मालकिन वाटसन के घर पर आई और उसे बतलाया कि होम्ज़ बहुत सख़्त बीमार था। वाटसन ने उस फ्लैट पर पहुंचने में कोई देरी न की जहां होम्ज़ रहता था। उसने देखा कि होम्ज़ बिस्तर पर पड़ा हुआ था और बहुत बेचैन था। उसने होम्ज़ की बीमारी और इसके लक्षणों के बारे में जानने की कोशिश की। किन्तु होम्ज़ ने उसे अपने नज़दीक न आने दिया। उसने कहा कि यह एक भयानक छूत का रोग था और वाटसन इसके बारे में कुछ नहीं जानता था। इसलिए उसने वाटसन को कलवर्टन स्मिथ नामक एक व्यक्ति को बुला लाने को कहा जो उसके अनुसार उस बीमारी के सम्बन्ध में सब कुछ जानता था। फिर उसने उससे कहा कि वह मिस्टर कलवर्टन स्मिथ के वहां पहुंचने से पहले ही वापस उसके पास आ जाए। “यह बहुत ज़रूरी है,” उसने कहा। “उसके सामने कोई भी बहाना बना देना। वाटसन, भूलना नहीं।”

वाटसन मिस्टर कलवर्टन स्मिथ से मिला और उसे होम्ज़ की बीमारी के बारे में सब कुछ बता दिया। मिस्टर स्मिथ वाटसन के साथ जाने को तुरन्त सहमत हो गया। किन्तु वाटसन को याद था कि होम्ज़ ने क्या कहा था। इसलिए उसने बहाना बना दिया कि उसे किसी दूसरी जगह जाना था। जब वाटसन वापस आया तो होम्ज़ ने उसे वहां से दूसरे कमरे में जाने को कहा। जब वाटसन वहां छिपा हुआ था तो उसे सीढ़ियों पर कदमों की आवाज़ सुनाई दी। फिर उसे दरवाज़े का खुलना और बन्द होना सुनाई दिया। यह कलवर्टन स्मिथ था जो कमरे में आया था। होम्ज़ को नाजुक हालत में देखकर उसे बहुत खुशी महसूस हुई। होम्ज़ एकमात्र व्यक्ति था जो जानता था कि स्मिथ ने अपने भतीजे विक्टर का वध किया था, किन्तु वह इसे साबित करने में असफल रहा था।

अब होम्ज़ को मरते हुए देखकर स्मिथ उसके सामने स्वीकार करता है कि विक्टर की मृत्यु उसी तरह से हुई थी जैसे अब होम्ज़ मर रहा था। वह स्वीकार करता है कि उसने होम्ज़ को डाक द्वारा एक डिबिया भेजी थी। इसमें एक जानलेवा स्प्रिंग लगा हुआ था। इस तरह बातें करते हुए स्मिथ मेज़ पर से वह डिबिया उठा लेता है और इसे अपनी जेब में डाल लेता है। वह कहता है कि सबूत का मात्र यही एक अंश था जो उसके विरुद्ध जा सकता था।

तुरन्त होम्ज़ एक मरते हुए आदमी वाला अपना नाटक समाप्त कर देता है। वह अपने सफल अभिनय पर तालियां बजाता है। इन्स्पेक्टर मार्टन के लिए यह एक इशारे का काम करता है, जो तुरन्त अन्दर आ जाता है और स्मिथ को विक्टर के वध और होम्ज़ के वध की कोशिश के दोष में गिरफ्तार कर लेता है। स्मिथ होम्ज़ के सामने अपना अपराध स्वीकार करने की बात से इन्कार करने की कोशिश करता है, किन्तु वहां वाटसन है जो पूरे नाटक की गवाही दे सकता है। कठिन शब्दार्थ तथा सम्पूर्ण कहानी का हिन्दी अनुवाद

The Dying Detective Summary & Translation in Hindi:

(Page 25-26)
Mrs. Hudson, the ……………… back !” he cried.

Word-meanings : 1. sinking-कमज़ोर होता जा रहा है; 2. last-चल सकना, जीवित रहना; 3. stand -सहन करना; 4. horrified-डर से भर गया; 5. details-विस्तृत विवरण; 6. foggy-कोहरे से भरी; 7. gloomy-अन्धेरा, उदासी-भरा; 8. gaunt-पतला, मरियल; 9. chill-ठण्डक, डर; 10. flushed—लाल पड़े हुए थे; 11. twitch-फड़कना; 12. listless-निर्जीव-सा, उत्साहहीन।

अनुवाद- श्रीमती हडसन, शरलॉक होम्ज़ की मकान-मालकिन, मेरे पास आई और बोली, “मिस्टर होम्ज़ मर रहा है, मिस्टर वॉटसन। तीन दिनों से वह कमज़ोर होता जा रहा है, और मुझे सन्देह है कि वह एक भी दिन और जिन्दा रह पाएगा। वह मुझे किसी डॉक्टर को भी लाने नहीं देता था। मैंने उससे कह दिया कि अब मैं ज़्यादा सहन नहीं कर सकती और एक डॉक्टर को ले ही आऊंगी। उसने उत्तर दिया, “ठीक है, फिर वह डॉक्टर वॉटसन ही होना चाहिए।’

मैं डर से भर उठा क्योंकि मैंने उससे पहले उसकी बीमारी के विषय में नहीं सुना था। मैं जल्दी से अपना हैट और कोट लेने भागा। जब हम कार में वापस जा रहे थे तो मैंने श्रीमती हडसन से पूरा ब्यौरा मांगा। “ज़्यादा कुछ नहीं जो आप को मैं बता सकू, श्रीमान। वह (पिछले कुछ समय से) नदी के पास स्थित रौदरहाइथ में एक मामले को सुलझाने के लिए काम करता रहा है और वहीं से यह बीमारी अपने साथ ले आया है। बुधवार को उसने बिस्तर पकड़ लिया और तभी से वह वहां से हिला तक नहीं है। तीन दिनों से कोई भोजन या पेय उसके होंठों से नहीं गुज़रा है।”

“आपने किसी डॉक्टर को क्यों नहीं बुलाया?” मैंने पूछा। “वह मुझे लाने नहीं देता था, श्रीमान। उसका कहना न मानने की हिम्मत मैं नहीं कर पाई।” होम्ज़ को देखना सचमुच बहुत कष्टदायक था। नवम्बर के एक कोहरे-भरे दिन की धुन्धली रोशनी में वह रोगी-कक्ष एक उदास कर देने वाला स्थान था किन्तु बिस्तर से एक मरियल-सा चेहरा मेरी तरफ़ टकटकी बांध कर देख रहा था जिसने मेरे मन को डरा कर रख दिया। उसकी आंखों में बुखार वाली चमक थी, उसके गाल लाल हो रहे थे और उसके हाथ लगातार फड़क रहे थे। वह निर्जीव-सा पड़ा हुआ था। “मेरे प्रिय मित्र!” उसके नज़दीक पहुंचते हुए मैं चीखा। “पीछे खड़े रहो! बिल्कुल पीछे ही खड़े रहो!” वह चिल्लाया।

(Page 26-27)
“But why …….. in his bed.

Word-meanings : 1. for your own sake-तुम्हारे ही भले के लिए; 2. deadly-जानलेवाः 3. contagious-छूत की, संक्रामक; 4. good heavens-हे ईश्वर; 5. advancing-आगे बढ़ते हुए; 6. give in-हार मान लेना; 7. aroused—जागृत हो उठी थी; 8. symptoms—लक्षण, निशानियां; 9. ignorant-अज्ञानी; 10. groan-कराहट; 11. admitted—स्वीकार कर लिया; 12. bolt—छलांग लगाकर जाना।

अनुवाद- “परन्तु क्यों? मैं तो तुम्हारी मदद करना चाहता हूं,” मैंने कहा। “वह मैं मानता हूं वाटसन, परन्तु यह सब मैं तुम्हारे ही भले के लिए कर रहा हूं।” “मेरे भले के लिए?” मैं चकित हो उठा।
“मैं जानता हूं कि मुझे क्या हुआ है। यह बीमारी सुमात्रा से आई है। यह बहुत जानलेवा है और यह छूत की बीमारी है, वॉटसन, सचमुच यह छूने मात्र से अन्य व्यक्ति को लग जाती है।”
“हे ईश्वर, होम्ज़! क्या तुम सोचते हो कि यह सुनकर मैं रुक जाऊंगा?” मैंने उसकी तरफ़ बढ़ते हुए कहा।

“यदि तुम वहीं खड़े रहोगे तभी मैं तुमसे बात करूंगा। अगर नहीं, तो तुम्हें कमरे से जाना होगा,” मेरे उस्ताद ने कहा। मैं हमेशा होम्ज की इच्छाओं के सामने सिर झुकाता रहा हूं। किन्तु उस समय मेरी डॉक्टरों वाली भावनाएं जाग उठीं। कम-से-कम रोगी-कक्ष में मैं उससे ऊंचा दर्जा रखता था। “होम्ज़,” मैं बोला, “तुम अपने आपे में नहीं हो, तुम चाहे इसे पसन्द करो या न करो। मैं तुम्हारे लक्षणों की जांच करूंगा और तुम्हारा इलाज करूंगा।”

“यदि मझे किसी डॉक्टर ने देखना ही है.” उसने कहा, “तो मेरे पास कम-से-कम कोई ऐसा डॉक्टर लाओ जिस पर मुझे विश्वास हो।”
“तो मुझ पर तुम्हारा कोई विश्वास नहीं है?”

“तुम्हारी दोस्ती पर निश्चित रूप से हैं। परन्तु सच्चाई सच्चाई होती है, वॉटसन। तुम एक सामान्य डॉक्टर मात्र हो, इस बीमारी के स्पेशलिस्ट नहीं हो।” “यदि ऐसा है तो मुझे सर जैस्पर मीक या पैनरोज़ फिशर को लाने दो या फिर लंन्दन के किसी अन्य सर्वोत्तम डॉक्टर को।” “तुम कितने अज्ञानी हो! वॉटसन,” एक कराह के साथ उसने कहा, “तुम टारपौनली बुखार या ब्लैक फारमोसा प्लेग के बारे में क्या जानते हो?”
“मैंने इन बीमारियों के बारे में कभी नहीं सुना,” मैंने स्वीकार किया।

“पूर्वी देशों में बीमारी की बहुत-सी समस्याएं हैं। मैंने हाल में किए गए अपने अनुसन्धानों से इतना ही सीखा है। और उसी दौरान इस बीमारी ने मुझे जकड़ लिया,” वह बोला।

“फिर मैं डॉक्टर आइनस्ट्री को ले आता हूं,” दरवाज़े की तरफ जाते हुए मैंने कहा। मुझे आज तक इतना घोर आश्चर्य नहीं हुआ था जब वह मरता हुआ आदमी छलांग लगाकर दरवाजे पर पहुंचा और उसे ताला लगा दिया और चाबी अपने हाथ में ले ली। अगले ही क्षण वह अपने बिस्तर में वापस पहुंच गया।

(Page 27-28)
“You won’t have ………. with him, watson.”

Word-meanings : 1. by force-बलपूर्वक, ज़बरदस्ती; 2. choice-पसन्द, चुनाव; 3. settle down to reading-पढ़ने में मन लगाना; 4. ‘mantelpiece-अंगीठी के ऊपर की तरफ़ सजावटी चीजें रखने की जगह; 5. ivory-हाथीदांत; 6. sliding-एक तरफ़ को हटाया जा सकने वाला; 7. dreadful डरावनी;

“उसका क्या हाल है?” उसने पूछा। “वह सख़्त बीमार है,” मैंने जवाब दिया। मैं मिस्टर कलवर्टन स्मिथ के घर पहुंच गया। खानसामा दरवाज़े पर दिखाई दिया। आधे-खुले दरवाजे से मैंने एक आवाज़ को खानसामा से कहते सुना, “मैं घर पर नहीं हूं, ऐसा कह दो।” मैं धक्का देकर खानसामा से आगे चला गया और कमरे में घुस गया। मैंने एक गंजे सिर वाले दुबले-पतले व्यक्ति को बैठे हुए देखा। “मुझे अफ़सोस है,” मैंने कहा, “किन्तु ऐसे मामले में देर नहीं की जा सकती। मिस्टर शरलॉक होम्ज ………..”

उसके नाम को सुनने मात्र से ही उस व्यक्ति पर एक भिन्न प्रभाव पड़ा। “क्या तुम होम्ज़ के पास से आ रहे हो? वह कैसा है?” उसने पूछा। “वह सख़्त बीमार हैं। इसी कारण से मैं यहां आया हूं। मिस्टर होम्ज़ आपके विषय में बहुत ऊंची धारणा रखते हैं और वह सोचते हैं कि लन्दन में आप एकमात्र व्यक्ति हैं जो उसकी मदद कर सकते हैं।”

वह छोटे कद का व्यक्ति चौंक उठा। “वह ऐसा क्यों सोचता है?” उसने पूछा। “पूर्वी देशों की बीमारियों के विषय में आप के ज्ञान के कारण,” मैंने उत्तर दिया। “उसे यह बीमारी कैसे लगी?” उससे पूछा। मैंने उसे सब कुछ बता दिया। वह मुस्कराया और आने के लिए सहमत हो गया। यह बहाना बनाते हुए कि मुझे कोई दूसरा ज़रूरी काम था, मैं उसके घर से निकल आया। मन-ही-मन में घबराते हुए मैं होम्ज़ के कमरे में पहुंचा। मैंने उसे बता दिया कि मिस्टर स्मिथ आ रहा था। “बहुत अच्छा किया! वॉटसन,” उसने कहा। “तुमने वह हर काम कर दिया है जो एक अच्छा दोस्त कर सकता था। अब तुम जल्दी से अगले कमरे में चले जाओ। और कुछ भी न बोलना और यहां मत आना।”

(Page 29-30)
I heard the ……….. “What’s all this per

Word-meanings : 1. footsteps-कदमों की आवाज़; 2. whispered-धीमी आवाज़ में बोला; 3. coincidence-संयोग; 4. indeed—सचमुच; 5. groaned—कराहा; 6. my mind is gone-मेरा दिमाग़ काम नहीं कर रहा; 7. pleaded—विनय की, बिनती की; 8. sharp-तीखा, नुकीला; 9. evidence -सबूत।

अनुवाद-मैंने कदमों की आवाज़ सुनी। मैंने एक आवाज़ को कहते सुना, “होम्ज! होम्ज़! क्या तुम मेरी आवाज़ सुन सकते हो?”
“क्या यह आप हैं, मिस्टर स्मिथ?” होम्ज़ ने बहुत धीमी आवाज़ में कहा। “आप अच्छी तरह जानते हैं कि मुझे क्या बीमारी है। लन्दन में आप ही एक अकेले व्यक्ति हैं जो मेरा इलाज कर सकते हैं।” . “क्या तुम्हें लक्षणों का पता है?” स्मिथ ने पूछा। “हां, बहुत अच्छी तरह, मिस्टर स्मिथ,” और उसने लक्षणों का वर्णन किया।

“ये लक्षण बिल्कुल वैसे ही हैं, होम्ज,” स्मिथ ने कहा। “बेचारा विक्टर (इस बीमारी से) चौथे दिन ही मर गया था – वह एक शक्तिशाली और स्वस्थ युवक था। सचमुच कैसा संयोग है!” “मैं जानता हूं कि तुमने ही वह सब किया था,” होम्ज़ बोला।
“ठीक है, लेकिन तुम इसे साबित नहीं कर सकते।” “कृपया मुझे पानी दो,” होम्ज़ कराहा।। “लो,” मैंने स्मिथ की आवाज़ सुनी।
“मुझे ठीक कर दो, कृपा करके। अब विक्टर सैवेज की मृत्यु के विषय में (बात करें)। तुम्हीं ने उसे मारा था। मैं इस विषय में सब कुछ भूल जाऊंगा, लेकिन मुझे रोगमुक्त कर दो। मैं वह सारा मामला भूल जाऊंगा।”

“तुम उसे भूल जाओ या याद रखो, जैसा चाहो, वैसा करो। अब मेरे लिए इस बात का कोई महत्त्व नहीं है कि मेरा भतीजा कैसे मरा। वॉटसन ने बताया था कि तुम्हें यह बीमारी चीनी नाविकों से लगी है। क्या इसका और भी कोई कारण हो सकता है?” “मैं सोच-विचार नहीं कर सकता। मेरा दिमाग बिल्कुल भी काम नहीं कर रहा, मेरी मदद करो,” होम्ज़ ने बिनती की।
“क्या कोई चीज़ डाक से आई थी? एक डिब्बा, संयोग से? बुधवार को?”

“हां. मैंने वह डिबिया खोली और उसके अन्दर एक तीखा स्प्रिंग था। शायद वह एक मज़ाक मात्र था। उस स्प्रिंग ने मेरा खन निकाल दिया,” होम्ज़ बोला।
“नहीं, वह मज़ाक नहीं था। ऐ बेवकूफ़ आदमी, तुम्हें वही बीमारी लग गई है। तुम्हें किसने कहा था कि मेरे रास्ते में आओ? तुम विक्टर की मौत के बारे में बहुत कुछ जान गए थे। तुम्हारा अन्त निकट आ पहुंचा है, होम्ज। अब मैं इस डिबिया को अपनी जेब में डालकर ले जाऊंगा। यही एक आखिरी सबूत बचा है !”

“गैस (की रोशनी) को तेज़ कर दो, स्मिथ,” होम्ज़ ने अपनी स्वाभाविक आवाज़ में कहा।
“हां, मैं रोशनी को तेज़ कर दूंगा ताकि मैं तुम्हें बेहतर ढंग से देख सकू।” उसके बाद खामोशी छा गई। फिर मैंने स्मिथ को कहते सुना, “यह सब क्या है?”

(Page 30)
“successful acting, said …………. Watson,” he said.

Word-meanings : 1. charge-आरोप; 2. scuffle-झगड़ा, हाथापाई; 3. rude-अशिष्ट; 4. undermine-कम कर के आंकना; 5. capability-योग्यता, सामर्थ्य; 6. fasting-भूखे रहना; 7. signal-इशारा।

अनुवाद- “एक सफल अभिनय,” होम्ज़ बोला, “तीन दिन से मैंने किसी चीज़ का स्वाद नहीं लिया है -न भोजन का, और न ही किसी पेय का।” बाहर से कदमों की आवाज़ आई। दरवाजा खुला और मैंने इंस्पैक्टर मार्टन की आवाज़ सुनी। “मैं तुम्हें हत्या के आरोप में गिरफ्तार करता हूं,” उसने कहा।

“और शरलॉक होम्ज की हत्या करने के प्रयास के आरोप में भी,” होम्ज़ ने हंसते हुए कहा। फिर इधर-उधर भागने और हाथापाई की आवाजें आई, फिर उसके बाद लोहे की खनक और अचानक पीडा की आवाज़ सुनाई दी। हथकड़ियों को बन्द करने का खटका हुआ। होम्ज़ ने मुझे अन्दर आने के लिए आवाज़ दी।

“मुझे अफ़सोस है, वॉटसन, मैंने तुम्हारे साथ बहुत अशिष्टता की। मैंने एक डॉक्टर के रूप में तुम्हारी योग्यता का मजाक उड़ाया था। वह स्मिथ को यहां लेकर आने की एक चाल मात्र थी। और मैं नहीं चाहता था कि तुम्हें पता लग जाए कि मैं वास्तव में बीमार नहीं था।”
“किन्तु आपकी वह शक्ल ……..?” मैंने पूछा।

“वह तीन दिन भूखे रहने और सही मेक-अप का ही कमाल था और मॉर्टन को अन्दर आने का इशारा देने के लिए गैस को तेज़ किया गया था।” “और वह सिक्कों वाली बातें?”

“ओह! वह सिर्फ इस बात को सिद्ध करने के लिए की गईं थीं कि मैं उन्मादी प्रलाप (बीमारी में अनाप-शनाप बोलना) कर रहा था,” वह हंसा। “अब मुझे कुछ खाने की ज़रूरत है, वॉटसन। मिस्टर स्मिथ ने अपने भतीजे की हत्या की थी और कैद से बचने के लिए मुझे भी उसी तरीके से मार देना चाहता था। अब मुझे खाने की ज़रूरत महसूस हो रही है, वॉटसन। और तुम्हारा बहुत धन्यवाद है, वॉटसन,” वह बोला।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Poem 5 Where the Mind is Without Fear Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Main Course Book Poem 5 Where the Mind is Without Fear

Question 1.
Give the central idea of the poem.
Answer:
The poet prays to God to turn his country into a heaven of freedom. He prays that his countrymen should give up all that is evil. They should not be narrow-minded. Only then can his country gain freedom in the real sense.

कवि ईश्वर से प्रार्थना करता है कि वह उसके देश को स्वतन्त्रता का एक स्वर्ग बना दे। वह प्रार्थना करता है कि उसके देशवासी वह सब त्याग दें जो बुरा हो। वे संकीर्ण विचारों के न हों। तभी उसका देश वास्तविक अर्थों में स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त कर पाएगा।

Question 2.
Write a summary of the poem.
Answer:
The poet wants his country to be a heaven of freedom. He wants it to be free from all evils. People should be free from the narrow thoughts of caste and creed. They should ever strive for perfection.

कवि चाहता है कि उसका देश स्वतन्त्रता का एक स्वर्ग बने। वह इसे सब प्रकार की बुराइयों से मुक्त चाहता है। लोग जात-पात के तंग विचारों से मुक्त हों। वे श्रेष्ठ बनने के लिए सदा प्रयत्नशील रहें।

Question 3.
What is the meaning of the line ‘where knowledge is free’?
Answer:
The poet wants that knowledge should be free in his country. It should be free for one and all. It should not be sold in schools and colleges. Everyone should have the right to free education.

कवि चाहता है कि ज्ञान उसके देश में बिना किसी शुल्क के हो। यह सभी के लिए निःशुल्क हो। यह स्कूलों और कालिजों में बेचा न जाए। प्रत्येक को निःशुल्क शिक्षा का अधिकार होना चाहिए।

Question 4.
Why is the world broken by narrow domestic walls ? What can we do about it ?
Answer:
The walls of religion, caste and creed divide the world. These walls exist everywhere in the world. We can pull them down only through love and non-violence.

धर्म, जाति और पंथ की दीवारें संसार को बांटे हुए हैं। ये दीवारें संसार में सभी जगह हैं। हम उन्हें केवल प्यार और अहिंसा के द्वारा गिरा सकते हैं।

Question 5.
What does the poet desire for his country ?
Answer:
The poet wants his country to be a true heaven of freedom. He wants that knowledge should be free in his country. People should be broad-minded. They should follow truth and reason. They should be self-respecting.

कवि चाहता है कि उसका देश स्वतन्त्रता का एक वास्तविक स्वर्ग बने। वह चाहता है कि उसके देश में ज्ञान निःशुल्क हो। लोग उदार हों। वे सत्य और तर्क के मार्ग पर चलें। वे आत्म-सम्मान वाले हों।

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Everyone should have right to education. (True/False)
Answer:
True

Question 2.
The poet prays for a land where the ………….. is without fear.
(i) mind
(ii) body
(iii) knowledge
(iv) truth.
Answer:
(i) mind

Question 3.
To whom does the poet pray in this poem ?
(i) People
(ii) King
(iii) God
(iv) None of them.
Answer:
(iii) God

Reading Comprehension

(1) Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high;
Where knowledge is free;
Where the world has not been broken up into fragments
by narrow ‘domestic walls.

1. Name the poem and the poet.
2. What does the poet mean by ‘narrow domestic walls’ ?
3. Why does the poet want knowledge to be free ? 4. What kind of life does the poet want for his people ?
Answer:
1. The name of the poem is ‘Where the Mind is Without Fear’ and its. poet is Rabindranath Tagore.
2. By narrow domestic walls, the poet means the walls of narrow-mindedness.
3. Knowledge is essential to make the country truly free. That is why the poet wants it to be free.
4. The poet wants his people to live a life of self respect with no fear in their heart.

(2) Where the clear stream of reason
has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit;
Where the mind is led forward by Thee
Into ever-widening thought and action Into that Heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.

1. What is ‘dreary desert sand’ that the poet speaks of ?
2. What does the poet want ?
3. Who leads the people into the Heaven of freedom ? How ?
Answer:
1. ‘Dreary desert sand’ is the bad course of useless customs and dead habits.
2. The poet wants that the people should be guided by reason. They should not be led by dead habits and outdated customs. They should be broad-minded.
3. God leads the people into the heaven of freedom. He does so by kindling the light of truth and reason in the people.

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the poem, ‘Where the Mind is Without Fear ?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 2.
What divides the world ?
Answer:
The walls of religion, caste and creed.

Question 3.
Why does Tagore want knowledge to be free ?
Answer:
Because knowledge is essential to make the country truly free.

Question 4.
What kind of life, according to the poet, should his people live ?
Answer:
They should live a life of self-respect with no fear in their heart.

Question 5.
What should man strive for ?
Answer:
For perfection.

Complete the following :

1. According to the poet, ‘narrow domestic walls’ are, in fact, the walls of ……………………
2. Knowledge should be ……………… in the country.
3. Tagore wants his country to be a true heaven of …….
Answer:
1. narrow-mindedness
2. free
3. freedom.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. The walls of religion, caste and creed exist everywhere in the world.
2. Tagore wants his country to be a heaven of love..
3. People should be free from the narrow thoughts of caste and creed.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
The clear stream of reason takes us ……
(a) out of dead customs
(b) out of bad habits.
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) neither (a) nor (b).
Answer:
(c) both (a) and (b)

Question 2.
We can pull down the walls of religion, caste and creed only through ………………….
(a) love and violence
(b) hate and violence
(c) love and non-violence
(d) hate and non-violence
Answer:
(c) love and non-violence

Where the Mind is Without Fear Poem Summary in English

Where the Mind is Without Fear Introduction:
In this poem, the poet makes a prayer to God to turn his country into a heaven of freedom. He wants his country to be free from all evils. He wants it to be a country where there is no fear in the minds of people. It should be a place where knowledge is free. People should not be divided by narrow thoughts of caste and creed. The poet prays that his countrymen should give up all that is evil, and absorb all that is good. They should work tirelessly towards perfection. They should be guided by reason alone. They should not follow dead habits and useless customs. They should be broadminded. They should be generous in their thoughts and actions. The poet prays that God should lead his countrymen into such a heaven of freedom.

Where the Mind is Without Fear Summary in English:

Tagore wants his country to be free from all evils. The poet prays that his countrymen should be fearless. They should be brave and courageous. They should have no fear in their minds. They should be honourable. They should be able to hold their heads high with honour. They should do nothing that is mean or low. The poet wants his country to be a place where knowledge is free. It should be a place where people live in love and unity. They should not be divided by the narrow considerations of caste and creed. It should be a casteless society. People should love truth. Their words should spring from the depth of their hearts. They should be truthful in their thoughts and actions. Truth should be their only guide.

The poet prays that his countrymen should strive towards perfection. They should become ideal human beings. They should give up all that is evil and imbibe all that is good. They should be guided by reason. They should not be led astray by dead habits and useless customs. They should give up harmful customs.

The poet prays that his countrymen should become broad-minded. They should not · be narrow-minded. They should be generous in their thoughts and actions. The stream of their thoughts should be ever-widening.

Where the Mind is Without Fear Poem Summary in Hindi

Where the Mind is Without Fear Introduction:

इस कविता में कवि ईश्वर से प्रार्थना करता है कि वह उसके देश को स्वतन्त्रता रूपी स्वर्ग में बदल दे। वह चाहता है कि उसका देश सभी बुराइयों से मुक्त हो। वह इसे एक ऐसे देश के रूप में देखना चाहता है जहां पर लोगों के मन भय-रहित हों। यह ऐसा स्थान बने जहां ज्ञान मुफ्त बांटा जाए। लोग जात-पात के संकीर्ण विचारों के कारण आपस में बंटे हुए न हों। कवि प्रार्थना करता है कि उसके देशवासी उन सभी चीजों का त्याग कर दें जो बुरी हों, और उन सभी चीजों को अपना लें जो अच्छी हों। वे अपने आपको आदर्श रूप बनाने के लिए अथक प्रयास करते रहें। वे केवल तर्क का ही सहारा लें। वे घिसी-पिटी आदतों और बेकार के रीति-रिवाजों में न फंसें। वे विशालहृदय वाले बनें। वे अपने विचारों और कर्मों में उदार बनें। कवि प्रार्थना करता है कि ईश्वर उसके देशवासियों को स्वतन्त्रता के एक ऐसे स्वर्ग में ले जाए।

Where the Mind is Without Fear Summary in Hindi:

कविता का विस्तृत सार इस कविता में रबिन्द्रनाथ टैगोर ईश्वर से प्रार्थना करता है कि वह उसके देश को स्वतन्त्रता का एक स्वर्ग बना दे। वह चाहता है कि उसका देश प्रत्येक प्रकार की बुराई से मुक्त हो। कवि यह प्रार्थना करता है कि उसके देशवासी निडर हों। वे वीर तथा उत्साही हों। उनके मन में कोई भी भय न हो। वे सम्मान योग्य हों। वे अपने सिरों को सम्मान सहित ऊंचा रखने के योग्य हों। वे ऐसा कोई काम न करें जो घटिया अथवा निम्न स्तर का हो। कवि चाहता है कि उसका देश एक ऐसा स्थान बने जहां पर ज्ञान नि:शुल्क हो। यह एक ऐसा स्थान हो जहां लोग एक-दूसरे के साथ प्यार और एकता में रहते हों। वे जात-पात के संकीर्ण विचारों के कारण आपस में बंटे हुए न हों। यह एक ऐसा समाज हो जो जाति के भेद-भावों से रहित हो। लोग सच्चाई से प्यार करने वाले हों। उनके शब्द उनके दिलों की गहराइयों से निकलते हों। वे अपने विचारों और कामों में सत्यपूर्ण हों। केवल सच्चाई ही उनकी एकमात्र पथ-प्रदर्शक हो। कवि यह प्रार्थना करता है कि उसके देशवासी श्रेष्ठता की ओर अग्रसर होने का प्रयत्न करने वाले बनें। वे आदर्श मानव बनें। वे उन बातों को छोड़ दें जो बुरी हैं तथा उन सब चीज़ों को अपना लें जो अच्छी हैं। वे तर्क का सहारा लेने वाले हों। वे घिसी-पिटी आदतों और बेकार के रीति-रिवाजों के कारण कुमार्ग पर न पड़ें। वे हानिकारक रिवाजों को छोड़ दें। कवि यह प्रार्थना करता है कि उसके देशवासी विशाल हृदय वाले बनें। वे संकीर्ण विचारों के न हों। वे अपने विचारों तथा कार्यों में उदार हों, तथा उनके विचारों रूपी नदी लगातार विशाल बनती रहे। इस प्रकार कवि ईश्वर से सच्चे दिल से प्रार्थना करता है कि वह उसके देशवासियों को प्रकाश दिखलाए। उसकी प्रार्थना है कि उसके देशवासी अपनी धरती को स्वतन्त्रता के एक स्वर्ग के रूप में बदल दें।

Where the Mind is Without Fear Poem Translation in Hindi

(1) Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high;
Where knowledge is free;
Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls;
Where words come out from the depth of truth,

Word-meanings :
1. held-रखे होना; 2. broken up-बंटे होना; 3. fragments-छोटेछोटे टुकड़े; 4. narrow domestic walls-तंगदिली के कारण घर के अन्दर पड़ी हुई दीवारें या विभाजन; 5. depth of truth-पूरी तरह से शुद्ध और सच्चा दिल।

व्याख्या-कवि ईश्वर से प्रार्थना करता है कि वह उसके देश को एक स्वर्ग में बदल दे। यह एक ऐसा स्वर्ग हो जहां उसके देशवासी निडर हों। वह चाहता है कि वे वीर और उत्साहवान बनें। वे अपने सिरों को सम्मानसहित ऊंचा रखने के योग्य हों। वे ऐसा कोई काम न करें जो तुच्छ अथवा घटिया हो। कवि चाहता है कि उसका देश एक ऐसा स्थान बने जहां ज्ञान नि:शुल्क हो। यह एक ऐसा स्थान हो जहां लोग प्यार और एकता में रहते हों। वे जात-पात के संकीर्ण विचारों के कारण आपस में बंटे हुए न हों। लोग सत्यवादी हों। उनके बोल दिलों की गहराइयों से निकलते हों। संक्षेप में, उसके देश के लोग सभी बुराइयों से मुक्त हों। वे आदर्श मानव हों। कवि चाहता है कि उसका देश एक ऐसा ही स्वर्ग बने।

2. Where tireless strivingl stretches its arms towards perfection;
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit;
Where the mind is led forward by Thee into ever-widening thought and action
Into that Heaven of freedomo, my Father, let my country awake.

Word-meanings :
1. tireless striving-अथक या असीमित यत्न; 2. perfection—बिना किसी दोष वाली श्रेष्ठतम स्थिति; 3. dreary-रूखा और सूखा; 4. dead habit-पुराने बेकार के रीतिरिवाज; 5. Thee-तुम अर्थात् ईश्वर; 6. heaven of freedom—एक ऐसा स्वर्ग जो सभी बुराइयों से मुक्त हो।

व्याख्या-कवि ईश्वर से प्रार्थना करता है कि वह उसके देश को वास्तविक स्वतन्त्रता का एक स्वर्ग बना दे। वह चाहता है कि उसका देश प्रत्येक बुराई से मुक्त हो जाए। यह श्रेष्ठता का प्रतीक बने। उसके सभी देशवासी उस श्रेष्ठता को प्राप्त करने के लिए अथक रूप से यत्न करें। वे केवल तर्क से ही काम लें। वे किसी अन्ध-विश्वास में न पड़ें। वे घिसी-पिटी आदतों और रीति-रिवाजों के कारण कुमार्ग पर न पड़ें। कवि चाहता है कि उसके देशवासी खुले विचारों के हों। वे अपने विचारों और कार्यों में उदार बनें। उनके विचार और उनके काम सदा सदा के लिए विशाल बनते जाएं। वे अपने विचारों और अपने कृत्यों में संकीर्ण न रहें। कवि सच्चे हृदय से प्रार्थना करता है कि ईश्वर उसके देशवासियों के लिए मार्ग को रोशन कर दे। वह प्रार्थना करता है कि उसका देश स्वतन्त्रता का एक सच्चा स्वर्ग बन जाए।