PSEB Notes

PSEB 7th Class Science Notes in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 7th Class Science Notes Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 7.

PSEB 7th Class Science Notes in English Medium

PSEB 7th Class Science Notes in Punjabi Medium

PSEB 7th Class Science Notes in Hindi Medium

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 7th Class Computer Science Notes Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 7.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Science Notes in English Medium

PSEB 7th Class Computer Science Notes in Punjabi Medium

PSEB 7th Class Computer Science Notes in Hindi Medium

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 6.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes in English Medium

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Geography: The Earth – Our Habitat

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes History: People and Society in the Ancient Period

Social Science Notes for Class 6 PSEB Civics: Community and its Development

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 6th Class Computer Science Notes Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 6.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Science Notes in English Medium

PSEB 6th Class Computer Science Notes in Punjabi Medium

PSEB 6th Class Computer Science Notes in Hindi Medium

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 6.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes in English Medium

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes in Punjabi Medium

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes in Hindi Medium

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Crop Diversification

by

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Crop Diversification will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Crop Diversification

→ Crop diversification is also known as multiple cropping.

→ Crop diversification is to reduce some area under rice-wheat crops and to increase the area under alternate crops like maize, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, potato, etc.

→ Crop diversification helps in natural resource sustainability.

→ Maincrop rotation in Punjab is wheat-rice.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Crop Diversification

→ There is a consumption of 215 cm water for the wheat-rice cycle in Punjab in a year, but 80% of this water is consumed by rice alone.

→ Punjab is divided into three agroclimatic zones-sub mountainous zones, central zone, and southwestern zone.

→ Kandi belt is included in the sub-mountainous zone.

→ The sub-mountainous zone receives heavy rainfall and there persist problem of soil erosion in this zone.

→ Crops cultivated in, sub-mountainous zones are wheat, maize, paddy, basmati, potato, oilseed, etc.

→ The crop cycle in the central zone of Punjab is wheat-paddy rotation.

→ The crop cycle in the southwestern zone is cotton-wheat rotation.

→ An intensive cropping system means growing more than two crops in a year.

→ Green manuring must be done before cultivating Kharif crops like basmati rice and maize.

→ Maize-based cropping cycle is maize-potato-Summer Moong. or sunflower, maize-potato or Toria-sunflower, etc.

→ The soybean-based cropping system is soybean-wheat-cowpea. This cycle helps in maintaining soil fertility.

→ Groundnut-based cropping system is groundnut-potato or toriya or pea or wheat, groundnut-potato-bajra (fodder), groundnut- toria, or gobhi sarson.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Crop Diversification

→ Fodder-based cropping system is maize-berseem-bajra, maize-berseem-maize, or cowpea (rawanh).

→ Vegetable-based cropping system: potato-onion-green manure-potato-ladyfinger-early cauliflower, potato (seed)- radish or carrot (seed)-ladyfinger (seed).

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

by

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

→ Any substance which is no more useful is called waste.

→ Solid waste is called garbage. It is generated by human activities.

→ Garbage has both useful and non-useful components.

→ There are many types of wastes like industrial waste, domestic waste, agricultural waste, biomedical waste, etc.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

→ Two types of garbage or solid waste are biodegradable wastes and non-biodegradable waste.

→ For proper disposal of garbage, we must do segregation before disposing of the garbage. We can do this by using differently colored dustbins.

→ To manage the waste there is the 4R’s i.e. reuse, reduce, recycle, refuse.

→ Some parts of the garbage can be reused.

→ Usually, garbage is collected and thrown in landfills.

→ Composting or vermicomposting can be done of useful components or biodegradable components of garbage.

→ Dry leaves, husk of wheat, and part of crops should not be burnt as they produce lots of smoke and harmful gases.

→ Red worms are good for vermicomposting of vegetable and fruit waste, coffee and tea leaves, weeds, etc. but oily, pickled, salty food, and milk products are not good for red worms.

→ Some types of plastics, paper, glass, and metal can be recycled.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

→ Plastics bum with a foul smell and produce lots of harmful gases.

→ Plastic bags cause choking of drains and sewer systems.

→ Plastic bags eaten by animals are the cause of their death.

→ Plastic is useful as things made of them last long.

→ The incineration method releases harmful gases and causes pollution.

→ e-waste includes discarded mobiles or any electronic device.

→ Garbage: The solid waste is called garbage.

→ Dump: A large low-lying area used to dispose of garbage.

→ Landfill: A low-lying area to be filled by garbage is a landfill.

→ Biodegradable Waste: Waste material that can be decomposed by the action of microorganisms into harmless substances.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

→ Non-biodegradable Waste: The waste materials that cannot be decomposed easily.

→ Incineration: The process of burning waste in closed containers.

→ Compost: The decomposition of organic material into useful material is compost.

→ Vermi-Composting: The method of preparing compost with the help of red worms is vermicomposting.

→ Gizzard: The teeth like hard structures present in red worms for grinding purposes is called the gizzard.

→ Recycling: The process of using a few materials, again and again, is recycling.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 15 Air Around Us

by

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 15 Air Around Us will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 15 Air Around Us

→ All living things require air to live.

→ Air is present everywhere around us however we cannot see the air.

→ Our earth is surrounded by a thin layer of air that extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earth. This is known as the atmosphere.

→ Air is made up of water vapours, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, dust, and smoke.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 15 Air Around Us

→ Nitrogen and Oxygen are the main constituents of air and are present in large quantities.

→ In the air, nitrogen is 78% and oxygen is only 21%.

→ Oxygen is required for burning.

→ Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

→ The balance of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is maintained by the presence of living organisms (man, animals) and plants.

→ Carbon dioxide is used by plants for producing food by photosynthesis. They release oxygen.

→ Oxygen is consumed by animals and humans for respiration. They produce carbon dioxide.

→ Carbon dioxide is used as a fire extinguisher because carbon dioxide does not support g burning.

→ Air can be compressed and it also exerts pressure.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 15 Air Around Us

→ Moving air is called wind.

→ Moving air has the power to rotate a windmill which produces electricity.

→ Windmills are very useful as they produce electricity.

→ Air helps in the dispersal of seeds, pollens, and movement of sailing boats, yachts, gliders, aeroplanes, etc.

→ Dispersal of pollens is known as pollination.

→ Ozone present in the upper layer of the atmosphere protects us from the UV rays of the sun.

→ Air: It is a mixture of many gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapours, etc.

→ Wind: The moving air is wind.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 15 Air Around Us

→ Windmill: A device that is being rotated by air and is used for producing electricity.

→ Atmosphere: The thin blanket of air surrounding the earth constitutes the atmosphere.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 14 Water

by

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 14 Water will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 14 Water

→ Water is a vital resource and is considered a boon to live.

→ Water is present all over the earth.

→ Around the 3/4th part of the earth, the surface is covered with water.

→ The human body consists of 70% of water.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 14 Water

→ We need water for our daily activities and for producing other things.

→ Two main sources of water are surface water and groundwater.

→ Water exists in three states i.e. solid, liquid, and gas.

→ We get water from ponds, lakes, rivers, wells, etc.

→ Sea or Ocean water is salty. It is not fit for drinking and for domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs.

→ As water is a vital resource so it must be conserved.

→ Judicious use of water and saving it is conservation of water.

→ Rainwater is a pure form of water and is safe for drinking.

→ Rainwater harvesting is a technique that conserves water by storage of rainwater. This water can be reused for different useful purposes.

→ The water cycle is a cyclic process in which water is circulated between the earth and the atmosphere.

→ Ocean water supplies water to the water cycle and thus plays an important role.

→ Water from oceans, lakes, wet clothes and plants gets evaporated.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 14 Water

→ Clouds are just the condensation of evaporated water in the air.

→ Clouds cause rains and water returns to earth, oceans, lakes, etc.

→ Snow on mountains melts and water runs into rivers.

→ Water is also absorbed by the ground and becomes available to us as groundwater.

→ Heavy rains and no rains cause too many problems.

→ Heavy rains cause floods which destroy lives and properties.

→ Overflow of water in a large amount beyond its normal limits is known as a flood.

→ A flood is a natural disaster.

→ No rain or very little rain in a region is caused by the drought.

→ In drought conditions availability of food, fodder, and water become negligible.

→ With the increase of population, industries, and agriculture also increase which lay stress on the use of water.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 14 Water

→ Melting: The process of conversion of solid into liquid is called melting.

→ Freezing: The process of converting liquid into solid is called freezing.

→ Evaporation: The process of converting liquid into its vapours is called evaporation.

→ Transpiration: The process by which plants lose their water in the air is called transpiration.

→ Condensation: The process of conversion of water vapours into water is called condensation.

→ Precipitation: Falling of water in the form of rain and snow is called precipitation.

→ Clouds: The condensed water droplets join together to form clouds.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 14 Water

→ Water cycle: The evaporation of water to air, formation of clouds by condensation, and falling of rain on the earth constitutes the water cycle in nature.

→ Rainwater harvesting: Collection of rainwater for use at a time when it is not available otherwise is rainwater harvesting.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets

by

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets

→ Magnetite is a natural magnet.

→ Some rocks have the property of attracting pieces of iron and these are called natural magnets.

→ Magnet has the property of attracting iron, cobalt, and nickel. Such substances are called magnetic substances.

→ Every magnet has two poles:

  • North Pole
  • South pole

→ A freely suspended magnet sets itself in a North-South direction.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets

→ Unlike (opposite) poles of two magnets attract each other whereas like poles repel each other.

→ Man-made magnets are called artificial magnets.

→ Magnets made from iron pieces are called artificial magnets.

→ Magnets are of different shapes such as Bar magnet, Horseshoe shaped (U-shaped) magnet, cylinderical magnet, or spherical magnet.

→ Compass is used to find direction.

→ When a magnet is brought near a compass, its needle gets deflected.

→ On heating a magnet, striking it with a hammer, or dropping it from a height it loses its property of magnetism.

→ If a magnet is not properly stored then it loses its property with time.

→ To store bar magnets with safety the opposite poles of two magnets are placed facing each other.

→ The magnet should be kept away from cassettes mobiles, TVs, CDs, and computers, etc.

→ Compass: Compass is a device that is needed to determine direction.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets

→ Magnet: Such substances which have the property of attracting iron are called magnets.

→ Magnetite: Magnetite is a natural magnet that was first discovered by a Shepherd named Magnus.

→ North pole: That end of a freely suspended magnet that points towards the geographical north direction is called its North pole.

→ South pole: That end of a freely suspended magnet that points towards the geographical south direction is called its South pole.