PSEB Notes

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 16 Origin and Growth of the Sikh Misls and their Nature of Organization will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 16 Origin and Growth of the Sikh Misls and their Nature of Organization

Meaning of the word Misl:

• According to Cunningham and Princep “Misl’ is an Arabic word, which means equal.
• David Octerlony says that the word ‘Misl’ means such tribe or community as had established its independent rule over certain regions of Punjab.
• Some historians feel that the word ‘Misl’ means to file.

Origin of the Misls:

• The origin of the Misls did not take place with any pre-conceived plan at some fixed time.
• A new era of atrocities on the Sikhs by the Mughal Governor began.
• Nawab Kapoor Singh organised the different Jathas into two groups.
• Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.
• On 29th March 1748 A.D., the. Dal Khalsa was found on the Baisakhi day at Amritsar.
• Twelve Jathas were organised under the Dal Khalsa.
• These Jathas began to be called the ‘Misls’.

Growth of Sikh Misls:
A brief description of the growth and history of the Misls are as follows:

Faizalpuria Misl:

• Nawab Kapoor Singh was the founder of Faizalpuria Misl.
• It included the areas of Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Patti, Nurpur, and Behrampur.

Ahluwalia Misl:

• The founder of the Ahluwalia Misl was Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
• It included the areas of Sirhind and Kapurthala.

Ramgarhia Misl:

• The founder of Ramgarhia Misl was Khushal Singh.
• It included the areas of Dipalpur, Kalanaur, Batala, Hargobindpur, Quadian, Urmur Tanda, Kartarpur and Haripur.

Shukarchakia Misl:

• The founder of the Shukarchakia Misl was Charat Singh.
• He made Gujranwala his capital.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh also belonged to this Misl.

Other Misls:

• The other Misls were Bhangi Misl, Phulkian Misl, Kanahia, Misl, Dallewalia Misl, Shahid Misl, Nakkai Misl, and Karorsinghia Misl.

Administration of the Misls:

• The Gurmata was the central organisation of the Misls Its decisions were considered by the Sikhs as the dictates of their Guru.
• The leader of each Misl was called Sardar.
• Each Sardar had a number of Misldars under him.
• The Misls were divided into many districts.
• The village was the smallest unit of the Misl administration.
• During the times of the Misls, the chief source of income was land revenue.
• The judicial system of the Sikh Misls was simple.
• According to modern historians, during the Misl period, the total strength of the Sikh army was 1 lakh.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab

Causes of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s Invasions:

• Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to conquer Punjab and other parts of India to expand his empire.
• He wanted to plunder the unlimited wealth of India.
• The unstable political condition of India too was inviting Abdali.
• Shahnawaz Khan, the Governor of Punjab also sent an invitation to Abdali to attack India.

Invasions of Abdali:

• The first invasion of Abdali in 1747-48 A.D.
• Here he had to face defeat at the hands of Muin-ul-Mulk alias Mir Mannu.
• Abdali defeated Muin-ul-Mulk in 1748-49 A.D. during his second invasion.
• It was during his third invasion in 1752 A.D. that he annexed the whole of Punjab to his empire.
• During his fourth invasion in 1756 A.D., Abdali took strict action against the Sikhs in Punjab.
• In 1757 A.D, Baba Deep Singh, Ji attained martyrdom while fighting against the Afghans.
• During his fifth invasion, Abdali terribly defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat.
• This battle was fought on 14th January 1761 A.D.
• It was during the sixth invasion that on 5th February 1762 A.D. that the incident of Wadda Gallughara (Great Holocaust) took place.
• Approximately 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were killed in this battle.
• Abdali undertook two more invasions after this to crush the power of the Sikhs but was unsuccessful.

Causes of Failure of Abdali:

• The Sikhs of Punjab displayed great tenacity.
• The Sikhs used guerilla war tactics.
• The representatives appointed by Abdali in Punjab were incapable.
• The people of Punjab gave the Sikhs every possible support.
• Those leaders who led the Sikhs were highly capable.
• Abdali did not have much interest in Punjab.
• The numerous repeated revolts that took place in Afghanistan also were responsible for his failure.

Effects of Abdali’s invasions on the Punjab:

• The Mughal rule came to an end in Punjab.
• The defeat inflicted on the Marathas by Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat led to the end of the Maratha power in Punjab.
• The Sikhs started emerging as a new power.
• There was chaos and disorder in Punjab everywhere.
• A change came about in the character of the people of Punjab and they became more fearless and extravagant in nature.
• There was a great loss of trade in Punjab.
• It also dealt a severe jolt to Punjabi art and literature.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 14 Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 14 Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals

Social Condition:

• The society in Punjab was primarily divided into two sections, the Muslims and the Hindus.
• The Muslim society was divided into three classes – upper, middle, and lower.
• The upper class comprised of mansabdars and the elite class.
• The middle class was comprised of peasants and government officials.
• The lower class comprised of servants and labourers etc.
• The Hindu society was divided into several castes and sub-castes not so good.
• The diet of the people of the upper class was quite rich whereas the people of the lower class merely could afford frugal meals.
• The Hindus were mostly vegetarian.
• The people of the upper class wore costly clothes.
• Both men and women were fond of wearing jewellery.
• The people of the upper class entertained themselves by hunting, taking part in chariot races, playing polo, holding pigeon flights, watching elephant and cockfights, and chess.
• Education was not a responsibility of the State.
• It was imparted by temples and mosques.

Economic Condition:

• The main occupation of the people of Punjab was agriculture.
• 80% of the population of Punjab was engaged in this occupation.
• There were bumper crops in Punjab.
• Next to agriculture, the industry was the main occupation of the people of Punjab.
• The cotton industry was the most important industry of Punjab.
• The other important industries were the silk industry, woolen industry, leather industry, etc.
• Several people did the job of animal rearing.
• the domestic and foreign trade was quite prosperous.
• Foreign trade took place with the Arab countries and Asian countries Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, Bhutan, and China Lahore and Multan were important commercial centres.
• Prices being low, the poor people could easily make both ends meet.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 13 Rise of the Dal Khalsa and its Mode of Fighting will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 13 Rise of the Dal Khalsa and its Mode of Fighting

Causes of the Rise of the Dal Khalsa:

• After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Mughal Governors began to persecute the Sikhs vigorously.
• Nawab Kapoor Singh organized Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal in 1734 A.D. in order to consolidate the Sikh power.
• By taking the opportunity of the anarchy in Punjab the Sikhs established 25 Jathas each consisting of 100 Sikhs in 1745 A.D.
• These Jathas formed the basis of the Dal Khalsa.

Establishment of the Dal Khalsa:

• The Dal Khalsa was established on Mar. 29, 1748 A.D. at Amritsar.
• It was established by Nawab Kapoor Singh.
• He organized the Sikhs into 12 Jathas.
• Each Jatha had its own leader and flag Jassa.
• Singh Ahluwalia was appointed the Chief Commander of the Dal Khalsa.

Military Features of the Dal Khalsa:

• Cavalry was the main constituent of the Dal Khalsa.
• No Sikh was forced to join the army.
• Any member could leave one squad to join another.
• There was no provision of military training and regular salary.
• The members of the Dal Khalsa adopted guerilla tactics in their raids on the enemy.
• Swords, lances, spears, axes, and arrows were used in fighting.

Significance of the Dal Khalsa:

• The Dal Khalsa unified the scattered powers of the Sikhs.
• It taught the Sikhs to live in the discipline.
• It was due to the creation of the Dal Khalsa that Sikhs were enabled to form independent Misls in Punjab.
• Undoubtedly, the establishment of the Dal Khalsa proved a milestone in the History of the Sikhs.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 12 Abdus Samad Khan, Zakariya Khan and Mir Mannu: Their Relations with the Sikhs will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 12 Abdus Samad Khan, Zakariya Khan and Mir Mannu: Their Relations with the Sikhs

Abdus Samad Khan:

• Abdus Samad Khan was made the Governor of Lahore in 1713 A.D.
• He inflicted grave atrocities on the Sikhs.
• Pleased with him, the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar honoured him with the title of word of the State’.
• To safeguard themselves against the Mughal atrocities, the Sikhs had organised themselves into Jathas.
• Despite his best efforts, Abdus Samad Khan failed to crush the power of the Sikhs.
• He was deposed in 1726 A.D.

Zakariya Khan:

• Zakariya Khan was appointed the Governor of Lahore in 1726 A.D.
• Hundreds of Sikhs began to be martyred every day at Delhi gate in Lahore.
• In 1726 A.D., Bhai Tara Singh Van along with 22 companions inflicted a heavy loss on the Mughal army.
• The Sikh Jathas adopted the guerilla warfare strategy and gave Zakariya Khan sleepless nights.
• In order to placate the Sikhs Zakariya Khan presented a Jagir worth 1 lakh rupees to Sardar Kapoor Singh, the Sikh leader, and bestowed upon him the title of Nawab.
• When the relations got strained again Zakariya Khan established his control over Harmandir Sahib.
• In 1738 A.D., Zakariya Khan got the Head Granthi of Harmandir Sahib i.e. Bhai Mani Singh Ji executed.
• In the same period, the executions of Bhai Bota Singh Ji, Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji, Bhai Sukha Singh Ji, Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji, and Bhai Taru Singh Ji infused a new vigour among the Sikhs.
• Consequently, the Sikhs did not let Zakariya Khan have any respite till his death.
• Zakariya Khan died on July 1, 1745 A.D.

Yahiya Khan:

• Yahiya became the Governor of Lahore in 1746 A.D.
• He took strict steps against the Sikhs.
• In May 1746 A.D., Yahiya Khan and Diwan Lakhpat Rai executed approximately 7,000 Sikhs at a place near Kahnuwan.
• This incident is often referred to as the First Holocaust.
• In 1747 A.D. Yahiya Khan’s younger brother Shah Nawaz Khan imprisoned him.

Mir Mannu:

• Mir Mannu was also known by the name of Muin-ul-Mulk.
• He was the Governor of Punjab from 1748 A.D. to 1753 A.D.
• He proved a worse foe of the Sikhs than his predecessors.
• In 1752, Mir Mannu was appointed the Governor of Punjab by Abdali.
• Despite his untiring efforts, Mir Mannu could not succeed in crushing the power of the Sikhs.
• He died in 1753 A.D.

Causes of failure of Mir Mannu:

• The Sikhs organised the Dal Khalsa.
• The Sikhs had firm determination, unlimited zeal, bravery, and a spirit of sacrifice for their Panth.
• The Sikhs used guerilla war tactics.
• Diwan Kaura Mai who was the adviser of Mir Mannu was compassionate towards his Sikhs.
• During his rule, Mir Mannu was surrounded by several problems pertaining to the state.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 11 Banda Singh Bahadur will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 11 Banda Singh Bahadur

Early Career:

• Banda Singh Bahadur was born on 27th October 1670 A.D.
• His childhood name was Lachhman Dev.
• He belonged to a very poor family.
• Moved by the incident of the killing of the she-deer who was pregnant he decided to renounce the world.
• He changed his name to Madho Das.
• He took the knowledge of occultism from Aughar tyath and settled in Nanded.
• In 1708 A.D. Madho Das had a chance to meet Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji baptized him according to Sikh traditions and renamed him Banda Singh Bahadur.

Military Exploits of Banda Singh Bahadur:

• After becoming Sikh, Banda Singh Bahadur decided to go to Punjab to avenge the Mughal atrocities committed against Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• As a result of the JjJukamnamas issued by Guru Sahib, thousands of Sikhs gathered under his flag.
• Banda Singh Bahadur started his victory spree from Sonepat in 1709 A.D.
• The second victory of Banda Singh Bahadur was over Samana.
• After Samana, he conquered Ghuram, Mustafabad, Kapuri, Sadhaura, and Ropar.
• The most important victory of Banda Singh Bahadur was over Sirhind on 22nd May 1710 A.D.
• Banda Singh Bahadur defeated Wazir Khan, the Faujdar of Sirhind.
• Banda Singh Bahadur made Lohgarh his capital in 1713 A.D.
• Farrukh Siyar, the new Mughal Emperor commanded Abdus Samad Khan, the Subedar of Lahore to crush the power of
• Sikhs and capture Banda Singh Bahadur.
• After a long siege, Banda Singh Bahadur had to surrender on December, 17,1715 A.D. at Gurdas Nangal.
• Banda Singh Bahadur was brutally executed on June 9, 1716 A.D.

Causes of Banda Singh Bahadur’s Early success:

• There was a great discontentment against the Mughals for their unbearable atrocities over the Sikhs.
• As a consequence of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s Hukamnamas, the Sikhs gave complete support to Banda Singh Bahadur.
• The successors of Aurangzeb were weak.
• The initial military exploits of Banda Singh Bahadur were against petty local Mughal officials.
• Banda Singh Bahadur was an intrepid and efficient military commander.
• The Sikhs fought with great religious fervour.

Causes of Banda Singh Bahadur’s Ultimate Failure:

• The Mughal empire was very powerful and had unlimited resources.
• There was a lack of organisation among the Sikhs.
• Banda Singh Bahadur began to violate instructions given to him by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• He tried to bring about changes in Sikhism.
• The Hindu Chiefs and landlords started opposing him.
• There was a surprise attack on the Sikhs by the Mughals at Gurdas Nangal.
• Differences between Banda Singh Bahadur and Binod Singh weakened the position of Banda Singh Bahadur.
• Hence Banda Singh Bahadur had to face defeat in the end.

Estimate of Banda Singh Bahadur’s Character:

• Banda Singh Bahadur was very brave and courageous.
• His personality was very impressive.
• Banda Singh Bahadur was a great warrior and a General of a high order.
• He had set up an efficient administration in the areas conquered by him.
• He was a great organiser.
• Banda Singh Bahadur occupies an important place in the history of Punjab.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 10 Guru Gobind Singh Ji: The Foundation of Khalsa, His Battles and Personality will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 10 Guru Gobind Singh Ji: The Foundation of Khalsa, His Battles and Personality

Early Career:

• Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born on 22nd December 1666 A.D. at Patna.
• The name of his father was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and the name of his mother was Gujari Ji.
• Kirpal Chand, the maternal uncle of Guru Gobind Singh Ji was his virtual guardian when he was a minor.
• Before his martyrdom, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji appointed him as his successor.
• On 11th November 1675 A.D., he assumed Guruship according to the Sikh tradition.
• Guru Sahib was blessed with four Sahibzadas.
• Sahibzada Ajit Singh Ji, Sahibzada Jujhar Singh Ji, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji.

Battles of Pre-Khalsa Period:

• After assuming Guruship in 1675 A.D., Guru Gobind Singh Ji organized an army.
• Because of his activities, the Hill Chiefs started opposing.
• The first battle between Guru Sahib and the Hill Chiefs was fought on 22nd September 1688 A.D.
• It is also called the Battle of Bhangani.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji convincingly won this battle.
• After the Battle of Bhangani, Guru Sahib constructed the forts of Anandgarh, Lohgarh, Fatehgarh, and Keshgarh.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji defeated the Mughals- in the Battle of Nadaun fought on 20th March 1690 A.D.
• Aurangzeb sent several military expeditions to crush the growing power of Guru Gobind Singh Ji but remained unsuccessful.

Creation and Importance of the Khalsa Panth:

• To put an end to the Mughal atrocities and render a new shape to society, Guru Gobind Singh Ji established the Khalsa Panth on 30th March 1699 A.D. on the day of Baisakhi at Keshgarh in Sri Anandpur Sahib.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji announced Bhai Daya Ram Ji, Bhai Dharam Das Ji, Bhai Mohkam Chand Ji, Bhai Sahib Chand Ji, and Bhai Himmat Rai Ji as the Panj Payaras Some special principles of the Khalsa were laid down.
• It led to the creation of an ideal society.
• It infused unprecedented courage and bravery among the Sikhs.
• The creation of the Khalsa Panth heralded a new era in the history of the Sikhs.

Battles of Post-Khalsa Period:

• The creation of the Khalsa in 1699 A.D. rendered sleepless nights to the Hill Chiefs.
• In 1701 A.D., the First Battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib was fought between the Hill Chiefs and Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• The battle remained inconclusive.
• In 1704 A.D., the Second Battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib was fought.
• On the insistence of the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh Ji left the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib.
• In 1704 A.D. the Battle of Chamkaur Sahib was fought where the two elder sons of Guru Ji i.e. Sahibzada Ajit Singh and
• Sahibzada Jujhar Singh was martyred.
• The Battle of Khidrana fought in 1705 A.D. was the last decisive battle fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji came out victorious in this battle.

Immersed in Eternal Light:

• In 1708 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji came to Nanded.
• Faujdar Wazir Khan of Sirhind who was Guru Ji’s sworn enemy sent two Pathans to Nanded, one of whom stabbed Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji succumbed to the wounds on 7th October 1708 A.D.
• Before he was immersed in Eternal Light Guru Gobind Singh Ji advised the Sikhs to regard Guru Granth Sahib Ji as their Guru thereafter.

Character and Personality of Guru Gobind Singh Ji:

• Guru Gobind Singh Ji is counted among the great personalities of the world.
• His personality was extremely impressive and attractive.
• He was an obedient son, a thoughtful father, and an ideal husband.
• He was a poet and writer of a high order.
• He was a great warrior and commander-in-chief of his times.
• Even during the times of battles, he did not forget his religious duties.
• He was a great social reformer and an organizer of a high order.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 9 Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and His Martyrdom will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 9 Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and His Martyrdom

Early Career:

• Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was born on April 1, 1621 A.D. at Amritsar.
• The name of his father was Guru Hargobind Ji and the name of his mother was Nanaki.
• Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was imparted education by Baba Buddha Ji and Bhai Gurdas Ji.
• Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was married to Gujari, the daughter of Lai Chand, a resident of Kartarpur.
• On the instructions of his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji lived at Bakala for 20 years.
• It was Makhan Shah Lubana who found him out and the Sikhs accepted him as their Guru.
• He assumed Guruship in 1664 A.D.

Travels of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji:

• After assuming Guruship, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji undertook the travels of several areas within and outside Punjab.
• The main objective of these travels was to propagate Sikhism and spread the message of truth and love.
• First, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji travelled to Aipritsar, Walla, Ghukewali, Khadur Sahib, Goindwal Sahib, Tarn Taran, Khemkaran, Kiratpur Sahib, Bilaspur, etc. in 1664 A.D.
• After this, he travelled to Eastern India i.e. Saifabad, Dhamdhan, Delhi, Mathura, Brindaban, Agra, Kanpur, Banaras, Gaya, Patna, Dhaka, and Assam.
• In 1673 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji travelled to the Malwa and Bangar regions of Punjab for the second time.
• These travels led to the glory of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib and Sikhism.

Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji:
The main facts associated with the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji are as follows:

Causes:

• The enmity between the Sikhs and Mughals was increasing.
• Aurangzeb was an orthodox Sunni Muslim.
• Naqshbandis tried to instigate Aurangzeb against the Sikhs.
• Ram Rai was using all measures to get hold of Guruship.
• Kashmiri Pandits pleaded help from Guru Sahib for their defence.

Martyrdom:

• Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji along with his three companions.
• Bhai Mati Das Ji, Bhai Sati Das Ji, and Bhai Dayala Ji were brought before the court of Delhi on November 6, 1675 A.D.
• They were asked to embrace Islam which they outrightly refused.
• After his three companions were martyred, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was also martyred on November 11, 1675 A.D. at Chandni Chowk in Delhi.

Importance:

• The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji sent a wave of hatred and revenge in the whole of Punjab against the Mughal empire.
• Hinduism was protected against extinction.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji was inspired to establish the Khalsa Panth.
• It marked the beginning of the tradition of sacrifice among the Sikhs for the protection of Sikhism.
• It sounded the death knell of the Mughal Empire.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 8 Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Har Krishan Ji will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 8 Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Har Krishan Ji

Guru Har Rai Ji:

• Guru Har Rai Ji was born on 30th January 1630 A.D. at Kiratpur Sahib.
• He was the grandson of Guru Hargobind Ji.
• He was married to Sulakhni, the daughter of Daya Ram of Anup city.
• He assumed Guruship on March 8, 1645 A.D.
• He established three centres for the propagation of Sikhism which he called ‘Bakhshishes’.
• Dara, the son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan often came for the darshan of Guru Har Rai Ji.
• Guru Har Rai Ji helped Dara against Aurangzeb.
• On being summoned to Delhi by Aurangzeb, Guru Har Rai Ji sent his son Ram Rai to Delhi.
• Because, he deliberately misinterpreted the Gurbani in Delhi Darbar, he was declared unworthy of Guruship by Guru Har Rai Ji.
• He appointed his younger son Har Krishan as his successor.
• He immersed in Eternal Light on October 6, 1661 A.D.

Guru Har Krishan Ji:

• He was born on July 7, 1656 A.D. at Kiratpur Sahib.
• The name of his father was Guru Har Rai Sahib and the name of his mother was Sulakhni.
• He assumed Guruship at a small age of 5 years in 1661 A.D.
• He is often remembered as the Bal Guru.
• He was summoned by Aurangzeb to Delhi.
• He went to Delhi in 1664 A.D. where he tirelessly served the people suffering from smallpox and cholera.
• He himself fell a victim to smallpox.
• He immersed in Eternal Light on March 30, 1664 A.D. at Delhi.
• He uttered the words “Baba Bakala” before breathing his last which meant that the next Guru of the Sikhs is at Baba Bakala.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 7 Guru Hargobind Ji and Transformation of Sikhism will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 7 Guru Hargobind Ji and Transformation of Sikhism

Early Career:

• Guru Hargobind Ji was born on 19 June 1595 A.D. at village Wadali in Distt. Amritsar.
• The name of his father was Guru Arjan Dev Ji and the name of his mother was Ganga Devi.
• Five sons and one daughter were born to him He assumed the Gurgaddi in 1606 A.D.

New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji:
The main features of the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji are as follow:

Causes:

• The Mughal emperor Jahangir could not tolerate the flourishing of any other religion except Islam.
• Jahangir got Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyred in 1606 A.D.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji himself had instructed Guru Hargobind Ji to adopt the New Policy.

Features:

• Guru Hargobind Ji wore the two swords known as Miri and Piri.
• Guru Hargobind Ji organized an army.
• He instructed the Sikhs to bring him offerings of arms and horses.
• He undertook the construction of the Akal Takht Sahib.
• He adopted several paraphernalia of sovereignty and assumed royal symbols.
• The city of Amritsar was fortified The fort of Lohgarh was constructed.
• Guru Ji made several changes in his daily life.

Importance:

• The Sikh saints became soldiers.
• The Sikhs were united.
• The propagation and preaching of Sikhism were enhanced.
• The relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals were strained.
• The New Policy established the basis of the Khalsa Panth.

Guru Hargobind Ji and Jahangir:

• Jahangir took Guru Hargobind Ji as a prisoner in 1606 A.D.
• He was kept in the fort of Gwalior.
• There is a diverse opinion among the historians regarding the period of imprisonment of Guru Ji.
• When Guru Ji was freed, then he insisted on the freedom of the other 52 imprisoned kings.
• For this reason, Guru Hargobind Ji began to be called Bandi Chhod Baba.
• After the release, the relations between Guru Hargobind Ji and Jahangir took a friendly turn.

Guru Hargobind Ji and Shah Jahan:

• In 1628 A.D., when Shah Jahan became the Mughal emperor, the relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs got strained again.
• Shah Jahan’s fanaticism sent a wave of resentment among the Sikhs.
• In 1634 A.D., the first battle between the Mughals and the Sikhs was fought at Amritsar.
• The Sikhs were victorious in the battle.
• The battles fought between the Sikhs and the Mughals at Lahira, Kartarpur, and Phagwara were won by the Sikhs.
• These victories spread the fame of Guru Hargobind Ji far and wide.

Immersed in Eternal Light:

• In 1635 A.D., Guru Hargobind Sahib built a new town called Kiratpur Sahib.
• He spent the last ten years of his life here.
• Before his death, Har Rai Ji was nominated by him as his successor.
• Guru Hargobind Ji was immersed in Eternal Light on March 3, 1645 A.D.