PSEB Notes

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 9 Care and Maintenance of Farm Machinery will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 9 Care and Maintenance of Farm Machinery

→ After the cost of land, the next heavy investment is in farm machinery.

→ Proper maintenance of the machinery increases in working life.

→ Farm machines are of three types.

→ The first category of machines is of prime movers e.g. tractors, engines, motors, etc.

→ The second type of machine is tractor or engine operated equipment, like, cultivators, happy seeder, disc harrows, seed cum fertilizer drill Etc.

→ The third type of machine is self-propelled machines, like, combine harvesters, paddy transplanted, etc.

→ The tractor is the head of the farm machinery.

→ Servicing of the tractor should be done after 10 hours, 50 hours, 125 hours, 250 hours, 500 hours, and 1000 hours.

→ The tractor should be got overhauled from a good workshop after using it for 4000 hours.

→ When the tractor is not required for the long term it should be stored properly.

→ Combine harvester should be maintained and stored like a tractor.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Organic Farming will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Organic Farming

→ Organic farming helps in maintaining natural balance and also in conserving natural resources.

→ Inorganic farming we do not use chemical fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides, etc.

→ Organic farming is based on the concept that feeds the soil and not the plants.

→ Advantages of organic farming are fertility of the soil is increased, lower production cost, good income from organic produce, availability of pesticide residue-free food, etc.

→ Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, burning of rice and wheat straw, etc. have deteriorated greatly the soil health and the environment.

→ Due to the adoption of the Rice-Wheat cropping system for many years, it has reduced the area under the traditional pulse and oilseed crops.

→ There is a huge demand for tea, basmati rice, vegetables, fruits, pulses, etc. which are grown by adopting organic farming practices, in the world organic food market.

→ The government of India has established a National Centre for Organic Fanning (NCOF) at Ghaziabad to promote organic farming. Its Regional centre in North India is situated at Panchkula, Haryana.

→ In the year 2004 India has formulated certain organic standards which are also acceptable in other countries.

→ Agricultural practices followed in organic farming are the same as that of conventional farming e.g. seeds, sowing method, varieties, etc.

→ Nutritional requirements of crops are met by using compost, vermicompost, farmyard manure, bio-fertilizers, non-edible cakes like castor cakes, etc.

→ Protection of crops from pests and insects is done by using beneficial insects, birds, etc.

→ Extract of neem is also used against pests and insects etc.

→ Organic certification guarantees that organic products are produced as per the organic set standards.

→ Information about organic standards can be obtained from site www.apeda.gov.in.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 BeeKeeping will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

→ Earlier, beekeeping was practiced mainly in hilly and southern states of India and the reared bee species was the Indian honey bee Apis cerana.

→ PAU, Ludhiana successfully introduced the Italian honey bee in 1965.

→ We may get 20 kg of honey per colony per year from stationary beekeeping and 60 kg of honey per colony per year from migratory beekeeping.

→ Products that are obtained from beekeeping are bee wax, propolis, bee venom, pollen, royal jelly, etc.

→ The body of honey can be considered divided into three parts – head, thorax, and abdomen.

→ There are mainly four species of honey bee Apis dorsata (rock bee), Apis florea (little bee), Apis cerana (Indian bee), and Apis mellifera (European/Italian bee)

→ A honeybee can lay nearly 2000 eggs in a day.

→ Rock bees and little bees are wild species.

→ Indian bee and Italian bee are hive bees.

→ Rock bee is very aggressive.

→ Italian and Indian bees are reared in boxes.

→ There are three castes of honey bees-queen, drones, and worker bees.

→ The life cycle of honey bees has four stages – egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

→ The life cycle of the queen bee completes in 16 days that of a worker in 21 and of drone in 24 days.

→ A colony has nearly 8000 to 80,000 worker bees.

→ Good sources of nectar and pollen for bees are berseem, toria, Sarson, arhar, eucalyptus, Sheesham, pear, etc.

→ The suitable season for starting beekeeping is February-March and November.

→ Honey bees seal the ripe honey with a layer of beeswax.

→ We should not extract unripe honey.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

→ There are 400 mushroom-growing places in Punjab.

→ Annual production of mushrooms is about 45000-48000 tonnes.

→ Nutrients found in mushrooms are Protein, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Potash, Minerals, and Vitamin-C.

→ It contains low amounts of fats and carbohydrates. Mushrooms are good for patients with blood pressure and sugar.

→ According to the environment of Punjab, there are five varieties of mushrooms-Button mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, Chinese mushrooms, Milky, Oyster mushrooms.

→ In winter two crops of Button, mushrooms can be taken from September to March.

→ Three crops of oyster mushrooms can be taken from October to March and one crop of shiitake can be taken from September to March.

→ Turn the stack after every fourth day and add molasses, gypsum, Lindane, and furadan respectively at first, third, fifth, sixth, and seventh turning.

→ The seed rate is 300-gram spawn per square meter.

→ In summer four crops of paddy straw mushroom are taken from April to August and of milky mushroom three crops are taken from April to October.

→ Mix FYM and garden soil in the ratio of 4 : 1 or spent compost and FYM in the ratio of 1 : 1 to get casing mixture.

→ Use 4-5% formalin for disinfecting casing mixture.

→ Use dichlorvos as a preventive measure against mushroom flies and do not harvest up to 48 hours after spraying.

→ Mushroom seeds are known as spawn.

→ Within 2-3 weeks 80-100% of trays are filled with mycelium which is white like cotton.

→ The mushroom yield obtained is 8-12 kg per sq metre.

→ 200 grams of fresh mushrooms are packed in poly bags having small holes in them.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Solar Energy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Solar Energy

→ The sources of energy in nature are of two types conventional (non-renewable) and non-conventional (renewable).

→ Conventional sources of energy are limited. These are coal, electricity, petroleum etc.

→ Non-conventional sources of energy are Biogas solar energy, chemical energy, etc.

→ The solar cell can be used to produce electricity using solar cells.

→ The solar dryer is used for drying vegetables, fruits, etc.

→ Solar dryers are of two types domestic solar dryers, multi-product solar dryers.

→ The solar cooker is used for cooking food using solar energy.

→ The solar water heater is used to heat water using solar energy.

→ Solar water heaters are of two types thermosiphon solar water heater, storage cum collector solar water heater.

→ A solar lantern is an emergency light. It is charged using solar energy and it can be used for 3-4 hours.

→ Solar energy is also used to light street lights and house lights.

→ The solar water pump is used to lift water from a depth of 35-40 feet.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

→ In India, the measurement of land started in the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar and Todarmal played an important role in this work.

→ Emperor Akbar started receiving taxes in cash in 1580 A.D.

→ Land measurement improved after independence and the Land consolidation act (Murababandhi act) was one of such reforms.

→ Zagreb is a chain made up of iron rings and is used to measure land.

→ The land is measured in acres, Kanal, maria, etc.

→ Zareeb is 10 Karms Jong or 5.5 feet long.

→ Shijra/Latha is a piece of cloth on which a map of the village is carved, Khasra numbers of all land are printed on it.

→ According to the Land consolidation act, the whole land was divided into pieces each of 25 acres in measurement.

→ The total of all cultivated crops in the form of a table is called Goshwara.

→ Transfer of ownership rights from one owner of land to another owner is called Intkaal.

→ Jammabandi or Fard is an important document of the Punjab Land Revenue Act regarding ownership of land.

→ Earlier, Jammabandi was carried out after every four years and now it is carried out after every five years.

→ There are 1-12 columns in Jammabandi Fard.

→ Girdawary or Gardaury is a survey of land and of cultivated land.

→ We can check the records online from the website: www.plrs.org.in.

→ 1 foot = 12 inch, 1 yard = 3 feet.

→ 1 Marla = 9 Sarsahian = 272 square feet.

→ 1 Kanal = 20 Marla.

→ 1 Acre = 8 Kanal.

→ Hectare = 2.5 acre = 20 Kanal.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Nursery Raising will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

→ A small land piece is required for nursery raising. It is a remunerative occupation.

→ One can get more income from the nursery raising of vegetables, flowers, and fruits.

→ Seeds are expensive and can be used efficiently through nursery raising.

→ Farmers having less land can gain more by nursery raising than by the cultivation of vegetable crops.

→ Nursery of those vegetables can be raised successfully which can tolerate the. transplanting shock.

→ Land in which the nursery is raised should get at least 8 hours of sunshine.

→ The seedbed for nursery raising should be 15 cm higher than ground level.

→ Treat the soil with formalin before sowing the seed.

→ Treat the seed with captain or thiram before sowing.

→ Transplant the seedlings in the main field after 4-6 weeks of sowing in the nursery.

→ Flowers are grown in the summer season are Sunflower, Zinnia, Kochia, etc.

→ Flowers grown in the winter season are Marigold, Gulashrafi, Ice plant, Garden pea, Phlox, etc.

→ Nursery for seasonal flowers is ready in 30-40 days.

→ Important agroforestry trees are Poplar, Eucalyptus, Drake, Sisham.

→ Drake nursery is propagated from seeds.

→ Sisham is the state tree of Punjab.

→ Treat the cuttings by chlorpyriphos and Remi san against white ants (termite) and diseases.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

→ Soil means an upper layer of earth in which plant roots grow and plants take water and other nutrients from it.

→ Soil provides physical strength to the plants.

→ According to soil scientists, the soil is a dynamic natural body that has developed under the effect of natural forces.

→ Soil is a living thing according to scientists, it contains many microbes, it provides nutrients to plants.

→ Basic constituents of soil – 45% minerals, 25% air, 25% water, 0 to 5% of organic matter. Water, air, and water content can vary.

→ Soil has two types of properties-Chemical and Physical properties.

→ Main Physical Properties of soil-size of soil particles, pore size, and water holding capacity, etc.

→ When sandy soil is rubbed between thumb and finger it feels gritty.

→ Clayey soil has 40% of clay particles.

→ Loamy soil has characteristics between sandy and clayey soil.

→ In areas with high rainfall, soils are found to be acidic.

→ If pH is less than 7 then the soil is acidic.

→ Salt-affected soils are of three types.

→ Salt affected soils are saline, alkali, saline-alkali soils.

→ For improvement of sandy soil – green manure, farmyard manure, leguminous crops are incorporated.

→ Clayey soils are most suited for paddy sowing.

→ Acidic soils are reclaimed by adding lime to them.

→ Reclamation of Saline soil can be done by flooding and ploughing or by scrapping the top layer by using a leveler (Karaha).

→ For reclamation of alkali soils, use gypsum after getting tested on the soil and water.

→ The water table is high in waterlogged soils that it reaches upto the roots of the plants.

→ If a water table is found at a level of 0 to 1.5 m below the surface of the earth it is called waterlogged soil.

This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 18 Pollution of Air and Water will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 18 Pollution of Air and Water

→ Undesirable change in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of air, water, and land, that may harmfully affect human life and other living organisms is termed pollution.

→ The agents or substances which cause pollution of air, water, and land, are called pollutants.

→ Types of Pollution:

• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Noise pollution
• Soil pollution

→ Air Pollution is the occurrence of or addition of particulate matter, gases, and other pollutants into the air, which can be harmful to human beings, animals, vegetation, buildings, and other assets.

→ Water Pollution is the addition of organic, inorganic, biological, or radiological substances or factors like heat in water which degrades its quality so that it becomes a health hazard and unfit for use.

→ Water pollution is a serious health hazard in India, especially in villages.

→ Ozone depletion has resulted in UV radiations reaching the earth and causes skin cancer, damage to eyes, and defense mechanisms. Acid rain is the result of air pollution.

→ Global warming is due to the slow rise in the earth’s temperature due to an increase in CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere.

→ Global warming can be stopped by cutting down the use of fossil fuels and by reforestation.

→ Industrial processes lead to pollution, this pollution can be controlled and prevented.

→ The heating up of the earth’s atmosphere due to the trapping of infrared radiations by carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is called the greenhouse effect.

→ The main gases present in the air are nitrogen and oxygen.

→ The various gases present in the air are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, helium, krypton and xenon, water vapours.

→ Air contains 78% by volume of N₂ and 21% by volume of O₂.

→ Air Pollution: We can define air pollution as the introduction into the atmosphere of materials more than the required amount that will produce or contribute to an adverse effect on the health and well-being of man. Air pollution is not only a general nuisance, but it is also a hazard to the health of plants, animals, and the man himself.

→ Contamination: It is the presence of harmful substances or micro-organisms that may cause disease or discomfort to human beings.

→ Pollution: It is defined as the addition of extraneous constituents to water, air, or land, which adversely affects the natural quality of the environment. Polluted material need not necessarily be contaminated.

This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 17 Stars and the Solar System will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 17 Stars and the Solar System

→ The sky is dotted with countless stars, some bright and some not so bright. Some of them twinkle, too.

→ Moon is the brightest object in the sky.

→ Moon, stars, planets, and other objects in sky are known as celestial objects.

→ On full moon day, the moon is fully round, while on new moon day, no moon is visible in the sky.

→ The moon changes its shape from crescent moon to full disc and then disc to no moon. This cycle goes on. These are phases of the moon.

→ The moon reflects the light of the Sun falling on it, as it has not had its own light.

→ The moon revolves around the earth and the earth along with the moon revolves around the Sun.

→ The moon completes one rotation on its axis, as it completes one revolution around the earth.

→ Moon’s surface is dusty, barren, and is full of craters of different sizes.

→ Moon has neither atmosphere nor water.

→ Neil Armstrong was the first human being to set foot on the moon on July 21, 1969.

→ The distance between Sun and the earth is about 150 million kilometers.

→ The nearest star to the earth (next to the Sun) is Alpha Centauri, nearly 40 billion kilometers away.

→ A light-year is a distance traveled by light in one year.

→ Time taken by light to reach from Sun to earth is 8 minutes.

→ Alpha Centauri is 4.3 light-years apart from the earth.

→ Stars are invisible in day time due to bright Sunlight.

→ Stars appear to move from east to west.

→ The movement of stars is due to the rotation of the earth from west to east about its axis.

→ Pole star appears to be stationary in the sky, as it is situated in direction of the earth’s axis.

→ A constellation is a group of stars having a recognizable shape.

→ Ursa major/Saptarishi/Big dipper/The Great Bear is a common constellation during summertime.

→ All stars in the sky revolve around the pole star.

→ Orion, Cassiopeia, etc. are other important constellations.

→ The sun and the celestial bodies (planets, asteroids, comets, meteors, meteorites, satellites) which revolve around the sun form a solar system.

→ Planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Pluto, and Neptune.

→ Sun is the biggest star which is continuously emitting heat and light.

→ Planets are like stars, but without their own light and they revolve around the sun in fixed orbits and rotate around their own axes, too.

→ Any celestial body revolving around another celestial body is called a satellite. Moon is a natural satellite of the earth.

→ Artificial satellites are man-made satellites, which revolve around the earth.

→ Mercury is the nearest planet to the sun. It has no satellites.

→ Venus is neighbour to the earth and shows phases just like the moon.

→ The earth is the only planet with the existence of life on it.

→ Jupiter is the largest planet having 318 times the mass that of earth.

→ Saturn is yellowish in colour. It is beautiful due to the presence of rings around it.

→ Saturn is less dense than other planets and has a large number of satellites.

→ Uranus and Neptune are outermost planets and can be seen only with large powerful telescopes.

→ Inner Planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, which are near to the sun and are also known as terrestrial planets.

→ Outer Planets or Jovian planets are far from the Sun and include Jupiter.

→ Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

→ The gap between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter is occupied by a large number of small objects called asteroids.

→ Comets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits and their period of revolution around the sun is very large.

→ Halley’s Comet was seen in 1986. It will again appear after 76 years.

→ Shooting Star or a meteor is a small celestial body revolving around the sun and appears like a streak of light in the earth’s atmosphere.

→ Large meteors which do not evaporate completely in the earth’s atmosphere are meteorites.

→ Aryabhatta (the first), INSAT, IRS, Kalpana-1, EDUSAT are Indian artificial satellites.

→ Weather forecasting, television and radio transmission, communication and remote sensing, etc. are some practical applications of artificial satellites.

→ Artificial satellites that revolve around the earth are much closer than the moon.

→ Celestial Objects: The objects found in the sky such as stars, moons, planets, sun, etc are called celestial objects.

→ Light year: The distance travelled by light in one year is called a light year.

→ Satellites: The celestial bodies which revolve around another celestial body are called satellites.

→ Planets: Celestial body revolving around another celestial body.

→ Asteroids: Small objects lying between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

→ Constellation: A group of stars having a recognizable shape.