Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 8 Justice Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.
PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 8 Justice
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Define the term ‘Justice’. Discuss the fundamental postulates of Justice.
Answer:
‘Justice’ is of utmost importance in Political Science. Its existence is as ancient as human society. Several scholars have defined justice differently in every age.
Meaning and definitions of Justice. The word ‘Justice’ has been derived from Latin word ‘ Jus’ which means, Bond or Tie. It means, Justice is that system where in all individuals are related to each other. In modern Political Science, Justice stands for that state of social life in which personal rights are combined with social welfare. Main definitions of justice are mentioned below :
1. To quote J.S. Mill, “Justice is the name for certain classes of moral values, which concern the essentials of human well-being more clearly and are, therefore, of more absolute obligations, than any other rules for the guidance of life.
2. According to Barker, “Justice is an order of persons and an order of the principles regulating the distribution of rights to persons, which is measured and determined by a final and ultimate value.”
3. According to Salmond, “Justice means to give every individual his due share.”
4. Merriam opines, “Justice consists in a system of understandings and procedures through which is accorded what is agreed upon as fair.”
Merriam’s definition highlights the following four aspects:
- Justice is concerned with moral values and conceptions of society.
- Justice is related to procedures also. Law and Courts are set to get justice.
- The aim of Justice is to arrange rights and conveniences for people.
- Different classes of society at a time can have different conceptions of rights and conveniences.
On the basis of above-mentioned definitions, we can conclude that Justice is that state in which a man can lead a well-set and disciplined life.
Fundamental Postulates Of Justice:
Arnold Brecht has described the following Fundamental Postulates of Justice-
1. Truth: Truth is the basic postulate of justice. Truth means exact presentation of an incident. Truthfulness of the facts stated in courts is of primary importance.
2. Generality of the Systems of Value: It means that the same conception of justice should be applied to every matter.
3. Equality before Law: All the citizens should be equal before law. The citizens should not be discriminated in the name of caste, colour, creed and sex.
4. Freedom: Justice and freedom are co-related. The Liberals are of the view that man can get justice only in a free atmosphere. Freedom should be restricted for the welfare of society and nation.
5. Respect for the Essentials of Nature: It is against the spirit of justice to compel a man to do some work which is beyond his capacity naturally. For example, to expect an old and ill man to put in physical labour is purely injustice.
These above-mentioned five fundamental postulates are necessary to be followed to get justice at the local, national and international level.
Question 2.
What are the socio-economic dimensions of Justice ? Explain fully.
Or
What do you understand by the phrase, ‘Justice, Social and Economic’? Indicate five of its major implications.
Answer:
Two forms of Justice- Moral and Legal were prevalent traditionally. But these days Justice has various aspects – legal, political, social and economic. The importance of social and economic justice is increasing day-by-day and both are inter-connected. Social and economic justice is the very basis of present welfare states.
Social Justice:
Social justice is extremely popular in modem age. Innumerable people, all over the world, have adopted Socialism and Marxism only because of social justice. Once Pandit Nehru expressed his view that Marxism is extremely popular not because of its scientific principle but for its readiness for social justice.
According to Gajendra Gadker, “ Social Justice means the abolition of all social inequalities and provision of equal opportunities to all the individuals living in society.” Allen says, “ Social justice means removal of inequalities and discrimination amongst the members of the society.” Thus social justice means that all the people living in society are equal. The people should not be treated discriminately on the basis of caste, religion, colour and sex.
All the people should have equal opportunities to develop their personalities, all should have equal facilities to use public places, religious places and the places of entertainment. The State shouldn’t adopt the policy of untouchability and the interests of the minorities should be. safeguarded.
According to Barker, it is the main objective of society to give opportunity to each individual to develop his inborn talent. So establishment of adequate conditions for all is Social Justice.
Laski is of the view that to provide equal social rights is social justice. Establishment of social justice is the responsibility of the State. Social justice has been strongly emphasised in Indian Constitution and the Government of India has passed general laws to establish Social Justice.
Economic Justice:
Social justice and Economic Justice are intimately related to each other. Aristotle considered economic inequality to be improper. Kautilya suggested that the State would provide means to live to the orphans, helpless and the disabled. The State would organise economic system in such a way as to provide justice to its citizens.
Karl Marx, the expounder of Communism, called Economic Justice to be the basis of social, political and cultural justice. Now-a-days social justice without economic justice is thought to be sheer imagination. M.C. Chagla has rightly commented, freedom is meaningless if it obstructs the realization of economic justice. Social justice has no value for a hungry and unemployed person.
According to Setalvad, “Economic justice is the provision of equal opportunities to the citizens to acquire wealth and use it for their living, it is applied to those persons who are disabled or old or unemployed and therefore not in a position to acquire wealth and should be helped by society to live.”
Important elements of economic justice are mentioned below:
- The bare necessities of all the citizens should be provided with.
- Every individual should be given the sources of livelihood. Adequate wages for their work should be given.
- Under special circumstances citizens have the right to get government aid. The State should protect the old, unemployed and economically infirm.
- Men and women should get equal wages for equal work.
- The scholars differ in their views about the control over property and sources of production.
It is the State’s responsibility to establish economic justice. The State aims at eliminating economic inequality. Economic justice is the very foundation of modem state. A just society can’t he established without economic justice. The Government of India is trying its best to maintain economic justice.
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Explain the term Justice.
Answer:
The word ‘Justice’ has been derived from Latin word ‘Jus’ which means, Bond or Tie. It means, Justice is that system where in all individuals are related to each other. Justice is connected with the fact as to what type of moral, social, economic, political and legal relations an individual has with the other individual. In Modern Political Science, Justice stands for that state of social life in which personal rights are combined with social welfare.
- According to Salmond, “Justice means to give every individual his due share.”
- Merriam opines, “Justice consists in a system of understanding and procedures through which is accorded what is agreed upon as fair.”
Question 2.
Distinguish between legal and moral justice.
Answer:
The difference between legal justice and moral justice is as follows:
1. Legal justice deals with Principles and procedures as laid down by the system of law prevailing in a state whereas moral justice deals with what is right and what is Wrong. What are our rights and what are our duties as human beings.
2. The coercion power of state works behind legal justice whereas the strength of morality is behind moral justice.
3. The scope of legal justice is limited than moral justice.
4. Legal codes are defined and fixed but this is not so with moral justice.
Question 3.
Discuss the meaning and importance of Social Justice.
Answer:
Meaning of Social Justice:
Social Justice means that all the people living in a society are equal. Social Justice implies that there should not be any discrimination among citizens from social point of view. No discrimination should be made on the basis of religion, caste, colour, sex, etc. All the people should have equal opportunities to develop their personalities.
Importance of Social Justice:
The importance of social justice is increasing day-by-day in a modern democratic state. Social justice is the very basis of present Welfare state. Once Pandit Nehru expressed his view that Marxism is extremely popular not because of its scientific principles but for its readiness for social justice. Social justice is very essential for the maintenance of social harmony and peace in the society. To make democracy a success, social justice is essential.
Question 4.
What do you mean by Social Justice? Do you agree that majority of the people are denied social justice in India?
Answer:
Meaning of Social Justice:
Social Justice means that all the people living in a society are equal. Social Justice implies that there should not be any discrimination among citizens from social point of view. No discrimination should be made on the basis of religion, caste, colour, sex, etc. All the people should have equal opportunities to develop their personalities.
Majority of the People are denied Social Justice in India:
Though the makers of the Indian constitution have made a provision for social justice through Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy, yet majority of the people are being denied social justice in India. The citizens enjoy right to equality which is the very basis of the social justice, but in practice economic equality does not exist which is the pre-condition for social and political equality.
Though Article-17 had abolished untouchability yet in practice untouchability is followed in many parts of the country. Poor people are not getting social justice and more than thirty per cent of the people are living below poverty line. Children, women and weaker sections of the society are still exploited and they do not enjoy social justice.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Discuss the term Justice.
Answer:
The word ‘Justice’ has been derived from Latin word ‘Jus’ which means, Bond or Tie. It means, Justice is that system where in all individuals are related to each other. In Modem Political Science, Justice stands for that state of social life in which personal rights are combined with social welfare.
Question 2.
Define Justice.
Answer:
- According to Salmond, “Justice means to give every individual his due share.”
- Merriam opines, “Justice consists in a system of understanding and procedures through which is accorded what is agreed upon as fair.”
Question 3.
Discuss the meaning of Social Justice.
Answer:
Social Justice means that all the people living in a society are equal. Social Justice implies that there should not be any discrimination among citizens from social point of view. No discrimination should be made on the basis of religion, caste, colour, sex, etc. All the people should have equal opportunities to develop their personalities.
One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
From which language has the word ‘Justice’ been derived?
Answer:
The English word ‘Justice’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘Jus’.
Question 2.
Write down the meaning of Justice.
Answer:
The Enghsh word Justice means a Bond or tie.
Question 3.
Give a definition of Justice.
Answer:
According to D.D. Raphael,“Justice protects the rights of the individual as well as the order of society.”
Question 4.
Write down the definition of Justice given by Salmond.
Answer:
According to Salmond,“Justice means to provide everybody his share.”
Question 5.
Mention two basic postulates of Justice.
Answer:
- Truth
- Liberty.
Question 6.
Mention any two dimensions or forms of Justice.
Answer:
- Legal Dimension of Justice.
- Social Dimension of Justice.
Question 7.
What is the meaning of Political Justice?
Answer:
Political Justice means that every individual, without any discrimination, should have the right to participate in the governance of the state.
Question 8.
Write down any two means to get political justice.
Answer:
- Democratic System
- Political Rights.
Question 9.
What is meant by Social Justice?
Answer:
Social Justice means that all individuals living in a society are equal and there should be no discrimination in their mutual relations.
Question 10.
What is the meaning of Economic Justice?
Answer:
There should be a proper division of the material means of the country. They should be used for the benefit of more and more people. They should serve the interest of maximum people.
Question 11.
What is Legal Justice?
Answer:
Legal Justice is concerned with the principle and process established by law in a state.
Fill in the blanks
1. Justice is that state in which a ……………… can lead a well-set and disciplined life.
Answer:
Man
2. The word justice has been derived from ……………… word.
Answer:
Latin
3. According to ……………… “justice means to give every individual his due share.”
Answer:
Salmond
4. Truth is the basic postulate of ……………… .
Answer:
Justice
5. All citizens should equal before ……………… .
Answer:
Law.
True or False statement
1. Justice and freedom are co-related.
Answer:
True
2. Social justice is extremely popular in modem age.
Answer:
True
3. Social justice -and Economic justice are not related to each other.
Answer:
False.
4. Men and women should get equal wages for equal work.
Answer:
True
5. It is not the state responsbility to establish economic justice.
Answer:
False.
Choose The Correct Answer
Question 1.
Justice require:
(A) Committed judiciary
(B) Fearful judges
(C) Independent judiciary
(D) Dishonest judges.
Answer:
(C) Independent judiciary
Question 2.
People get proper justice in:
(A) Dictatorship
(B) Totalitarian state
(C) Monarchy
(D) Democracy.
Answer:
(D) Democracy.
Question 3.
Which one of the following Is not the fundamental postulate of justice:
(A) Truth
(B) Equality before law
(C) Freedom
(D) Property.
Answer:
(D) Property.
Question 4.
Justice la administered by:
(A) Executive
(B) Judiciary
(C) Legislature
(D) Political Parties
Answer:
(B) Judiciary
Question 5.
Justice Is essentially a:
(A) Legäl concept
(B) Moral concept
(C) Socia) concept
(D) All of the Above.
Answer:
(D) All of the Above.