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This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 MS Paint Part-2 will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 MS Paint Part-2

Introduction:
There are two types of Ribbon in Paint:

Home Tab Ribbon
Most of the commands in MS Paint are placed in the home tab ribbon. Home Tab Ribbon of MS Paint contains the most usable tools. This Ribbon appears below the menu bar of MS Paint.

Clipboard Menu
The clipboard menu has three options-Cut, Copy and Paste. Cut and Copy icons are shown only when a selection is active.

Image Menu
When we click the down arrow just below the dotted rectangle or just below the word image, a menu offers us further choices.
Before we can use the buttons on the right of this menu, we must select the part of our drawing that we want to work with.

1. Transparent Selection: At the bottom of the Select menu, we can see Transparent selection. This option is useful enough as it removes the white background of selection. We can use our selection with only drawing objects. This option is most frequently used. We can add this option to Quick Access bar for its fast access. There will be a checkbox in front of the Transparent selection.

While that box has a tick in it, selections will be transparent. To make our selections opaque, just click the checkbox to remove the tick.

2. Rectangular Selection: Usually we can make a rectangular selection. After clicking the rectangular selection tool, position the cursor at the top left of the part we want to select, press your mouse button and drag down to its bottom right. A dashed rectangle will appear around our selection. With the Move Cursor we can move our selection or drag while holding the Ctrl key to make a copy of it.

3. Freeform Selection: We may need to make a freeform selection if the part of our drawing that we want to work with is crowded up closely with parts we don’t want to include.

1. Copying a Selection: There is a Copy button on the ribbon for copying, but we can make multiple copies of a selection in a faster way also. For this purpose draw a selection around the part we want to copy, using either the rectangular or the freeform selection tool.
Whenever Move Cursor appears. Hold the Ctrl key and drag your selection to its new location. A new copy of the selection will be moved to the new location. If we want to continue copying, press the Ctrl key again as we begin to drag the second time. Repeat as many times as we needed.

2. Painting with a Selection: Select a small piece from a picture, for example, with more than one color. Hold down the Shift key while dragging it around to make an abstract pattern. We can even write with a small selection.

3. Selection option: To the right of the selection icon we can see three options, Crop, Resize and Rotate flip.
1. Crop: Crop button is like Diamond shape with a line at the top . It helps us to crop our picture to the selected area only. If we click the Save icon after cropping to a selection, our large drawing page will be replaced with the new selection area.

2. Saving a selected area as a drawing:

• Save the picture we are working on.
• Select the part we want to save as a drawing. Click the Crop button.
• Go to the Paint button and open the menu.
• Click Save as.

Type a name for the new Selected drawing and click Save. We will return to the Paint window with the only selected drawing and the name on the Title bar is the name we used when saving the new Selection.

3. Resize and Skew: The second small button to the right of the large Select button will open the Resize and Skew dialog as shown in figure ahead:

Resize and Skew
(а) Resize: We can quickly resize a selection by dragging any of the little blocks or handles on the selection rectangle. However, if we want the size adjustment to be precise, we must use the Resize and Skew dialog box. When we click the Resize icon, the dialog box appears as shown in the figure.
Only the top half of this dialog is concerned with resizing.
Note: While the option Maintain aspect ratio is checked, whatever we type into the Horizontal slot will be repeated in Vertical and our selection will stay exactly in proportion. We can remove the check if we want the selection to be fatter or thinner.

(b) Skew: The bottom part of the Resize and Skew dialog box allows us to skew our selection. When we use this option, it makes our selection include a lot of border areas to avoid having part of the picture cut off. If this does happen, click Undo and make a wider selection before trying again. This blue box is skewed 20 degrees horizontally. We can skew a selection both horizontally and vertically.

(c) Rotate or Flip: This menu helps us in rotating our drawing item to 90 degrees or 180 degrees. We can also make mirror images of selections using this option. We can mirror the drawing either vertically or horizontally. We can use this option for making some systematic designs in MS Paint.

(d) Invert Color: Another set of options are available if we right click on a selection. It includes Cut, Copy, Paste, Crop, Select all, Invert selection, Delete, Rotate and Resize, the only one option that is available on this menu and nowhere else is Invert color. This option makes the light colours darken and vice-versa to create an invert colour pattern.

Tools Menu
The following tools are available in the tools menu of MS Paint:
1. Pencil: The pencil tool is used for free-hand drawing. We can work with pixel editing when using this tool in zoom-in view. When we work with the pencil tool, we must press the left mouse button to draw with Color 1 and with the right mouse button to draw with Color 2.

2. Fill with Color: The Fill with color tool is used to fill an area with a single color. Color 1 is used if we press the left mouse button on the area to be filled. Color 2 is used if we press with the right mouse button. This tool does not work successfully if we are trying to color different shades of one color. The Fill with Color tool always fills with a solid color.

3. Text Tool: The Text tool is used to insert any text. To begin inserting text, click on the text tool. Our cursor will change to an insertion bar. With this cursor we can draw the required size of area for texts. We must not click anywhere outside that area until our text is final from all aspects.

When we are using the Text Tool then the Text Toolbar starts appearing.

Formatting the Text:

• Select the text we have typed.
• Click the down arrow at the end of the Font Name box, so that a list of fonts drops down.
• Run your cursor-without pressing any mouse buttons—up and down in the font list. As we do this, the appearance of the text we have typed will change accordingly. When we like what we see, click on the name of that font.
• The font list will close.
• We can repeat this process with the Font Size list also.
• We can also click the Background from Transparent to Opaque or vice versa.
• We can change both Color 1 and Color 2.

We can also type text in different colors, fonts and size, in the same text box. When we are making changes, only selected text will be affected. When we have completed editing of text, we can click anywhere outside of your text box. After clicking away from the text box, the Text Toolbar disappears and the text becomes part of our picture. Now, it cannot be edited in any way.

4. Eraser: The Eraser tool erases the part of a picture with the left button of the mouse pressed. It changes whatever is dragged across to the background color-Color 2 With the right button pressed, the eraser tool changes pixels of Color 1 to Color 2, but leaves everything else unaffected.

5. Color Picker: The Color Picker Tool is used to set the current foreground or background color and to match any color in our picture. It’s especially useful when colors in the picture are different from those on the palette. By picking a color from the picture, we can make sure that we are using the same color as already used in the drawing.

For example: we are zoomed in and working with the Pencil tool on an area that has many shades of red and we want to use one of those shades. Click the Color Picker and click directly on the shade of red that we want to use. The tool will immediately change back to the Pencil, loaded with the color we want.

6. Magnifier: The Magnifier Tool is used to zoom in on a section of our picture. Magnifier can be clicked over an area of which we want a closer view. The Left click gives a closer view and Right click zoom out.

Brushes
The brush tool is similar to the ordinary brush we use for painting, It shows a similar brush effect on the Canvas. We can work in various widths and textures with the help of Brushes. Widths are controlled by the brushes and the Size Tool together; textures are controlled by the brushes.

Shapes
In the Shapes Gallery several tools like Rectangles, Rounded Rectangles Ellipses and Freehand Polygons, the Line Tool and the Curved Line Tool can be seen. There are number of other shapes such as arrows, speech balloons, various stars and others are also Shapes included.

We can open the Shapes Gallery by clicking the down arrow under the Shapes picture and click the shape we want to draw.

• Straight Lines: Straight lines can be drawn while the left mouse button is pressed and will usp Color 1, those drawn with the right button will use Color 2. Line will be perfectly straight, If we hold down the Shift key while drawing a line. Ellipses, Rectangles, Circles and Squares: If we want to draw an exact shape such as a square or a circle, hold the Shift key while we draw.
• Curved Lines: Click the Curved Line button to draw a curve. Click the Outline button and choose Solid Color or a texture of your choice. Then click under the Size picture and choose a line thickness.
• Freehand Polygons: To draw a freehand polygon, click the Polygon button in the gallery. Hold a mouse button down and draw the first line of the polygon. Then release your mouse button and click where you want the next line to end. Keep clicking end points until you want the last line to finish the shape, then double click.

The Size Tool
This tool becomes active only after we choose either a Brush or a Shape.
After selecting our Brush or Shape we will find the down arrow under Size Tool and can choose a line thickness. The line thicknesses offered varies according to the brush we have chosen.

Colors

• The Color section of the ribbon has three parts: Boxes; showing the active colors – Color 1 and Color 2.
• Color Palette .
• Edit Colors button.

1. Color Box:
Color 1: Color 1 is the Foreground Color and is always black when we open Paint.
Color 2: Color 2 is the Background Color and is always white when we open Paint.

2. Color Palette: The two top lines of the Color Palette show all the colors available. Whenever we are making a picture. The line of blank squares at the bottom shows those colors we have edited during our work. Once Paint is closed, the edited colors vanish away.

3. Edit Colors: The Edit Colors button takes us into the Edit Colors dialog box. We can click any color on an extended palette and click the Add to Custom Colors button.

Here only one color will be added to the squares under the palette. To add more colors, we must return to the dialog box and add them one at a time.

View Tab Ribbon
The following section explains the View Tab Ribbon. It has three main options: Zoom, Show or hide and Display.

Zoom
Zooming in and out can be used alone or in conjunction with the Zoom Tool on the Ribbon or the slider on the Status Bar. Zoom in and Zoom out tools can be clicked repeatedly to get a closer or more distant view. The 100% option brings us back to a normal view of the picture.

Show or Hide
This portion of the View Tab Ribbon includes:

• The Show or Hide option for the status bar. The status bar is very useful while drawing pictures precisely.
• Gridlines are convenient if we want to align shapes accurately
• Rulers can be turned on or off as per our requirement.

Display

• On the Display section, we can click for Full Screen View. We can also get a Full Screen View by hitting Fll. We can come back to a normal view by pressing the Esc key.
• Thumbnail: Thumbnails are active only when we are zoomed in. It helps us see how changes we have made are affecting our picture in a normal view.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 3 Basics of Working with Computers will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 3 Basics of Working with Computers

Introduction
A computer is a combination of hardware and software. We can say that a computer is a machine in itself. There are always some rules which should be followed to work with a machine. Similarly if the user has to work with a computer he must have basic knowledge of working, with computers.

Operating System
Operating system is a system software without which a computer cannot work. IT acts as an interface between the hardware and the user. Each computer has an operating system installed on it. Operating system is displayed in the form of screens, menus, dialogue box, icons and widgets etc.

Definition of Operating System

• An operating system is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. It makes computer hardware work by controlling all the internal processes of the computer.
• There are many types of operating systems. Each operating system is developed for different types of machines. Each operating system has a different set of commands and it understands the machine architecture very well.

Windows
Windows is an operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a graphical user interface. It means it is easy to work with pointing devices such as mice in windows. Most of the computers in this world are using windows operating systems. Everything is displayed in a rectangular frame on the screen in this operating system. That is why operating system is named as windows. It is the most popular operating system in the world.

DOS
DOS stands for Disc Operating System. This operating system is also developed by Microsoft. It is a character user interface operating system. This operating system is not very powerful. The user types commands to instruct the computer. This operating system was used on computers with small memory and low speed hardware. The user has to remember a lot of commands to work in it. That is why it was difficult to work in this operating system. Also the user cannot do a variety of work simultaneously in this operating system.

Android
The Android Operating System is one of the latest operating systems in digital word. It is the operating system which is used in mobile phones. This operating system was developed by Google. This operating system is developed for devices which have touchscreen in them. It provides a very beautiful and convenient interface which can be used by finger touch. The user can do the tasks like pinching, swiping and typing. Now the Android operating system is also used in televisions, cars , wrist watches and many other digital devices. Each of these devices have different user interfaces.

Starting Computer System
The first task to work with an operating system is to make it work. This process is called starting the computer system. To start a computer system is not a difficult task. It is as simple as to start any other machine.

Powering on the Computer System
To start a computer it must be switched on first. Each computer system has a power button on its system case. The user has to press that power button to switch on the computer system. Similarly there is a power button on the monitor also. If the monitor is not powered on then the user has to switch on the monitor.

After switching on the computer, the computer starts to place the operating system in its memory. This process is known as booting. This process takes some time depending on the memory and the hardware attached to the computer system. After the booting process screen is displayed on the monitor.

Logging-in
After the booting process the initial windows screen is displayed. This screen provides the opportunity for the user to connect to the main operating system. This process is known as login.

On the screen all the users are displayed which are created on this computer. To login to the screen the user must know who is username and password.

• To Login to the computer , click on the username.
• Windows will ask to enter the password for you.
• Type in the password of that username.
• Windows will let you in.
• It will display the next screen which is called desktop.

Desktop and its Components
When the user logged into the Windows operating system, he is taken to a screen. This screen is known as the desktop of the computer. It is basically a dashboard of a computer system. All the operations are performed from this screen on. It has various parts. The parts of a desktop are discussed below.

Desktop

Desktop has following three parts:

• Icons
• Taskbar
• Shortcut

Icons
Icons are the small pictures on the desktop. These icons represent a file or a program or folder on the computer. The user has to click on this icon to open.dat file or program. The following types of icons are available on Windows desktop.

1. My Computer: This icon is used to assess the hard disc of the computer. This icon opens a window on the computer screen which displays all the hard disks attached to the computer and other removable media such as pen drives or CDs. The user can work in this window.

2. Network: This icon is used to connect to the network location attached to this computer system. This icon is used when the computer is connected to a local area. This icon displays icons of all the computer systems which are connected to users’ computers through Local area networks. The user can go to the other computer and work on files.

3. Recycle Bin: Recycle Bin is a folder which works like a dustbin. In this folder contains all the deleted files, folder, icons on the computer. When anything is not required on the computer system the user can delete that item. That item is shifted to the recycle bin folder. If the user deletes an item accidentally he can restore that item from the recycle bin.

4. Users File: This icon is used to assess the current user data. Thus it can hold all the default locations for the different types of files. It may include my documents, my pictures, my videos desktop etc. The name of this icon changes as per the user logged in.

Shortcuts
A shortcut is to reach the original file. A shortcut represents a link to the program file folder or any other item on the computer. It is an easy way to assess that item. The program can be opened using that shortcut. If the shortcut is deleted then the original program is not deleted or removed from the computer system. The user can create many shortcuts for a single program or file. The shortcut icon is identified by a small Arrow on a normal icon.

Shortcut

Wallpaper
Wallpaper is an image which is displayed behind the desktop screen. It is also called a desktop background. The user can place a screen as per his requirement. This screen can be a picture colour or pattern. There are some preloaded wallpapers available in the Windows operating system. The user can change the wallpaper as per his requirement.

The following steps are used to change a wallpaper.

• Right-click on wallpaper displaying on Desktop.
• Choose the “Personalize” option from the popup menu.
• A new window will appear.
• Select the required theme from the window. We can alternatively click on the “Desktop wallpaper” option from the bottom and choose the wallpaper.

Taskbar
Taskbar is located at the bottom of the screen. This bar is a part of the Operating System. It allows us to start a program using the Start menu. This bar always remains visible during working in any application. We can navigate through Active programs using the taskbar. The area on the right side of the taskbar is called “Notification Area”. This area allows us to check date and time, items running in the background etc. The taskbar was first introduced with Microsoft Windows 95 and is found in all subsequent versions of Windows. We can have a look of taskbar and it’s all parts as under:

Taskbar

All these parts of the taskbar are having their own functions. Let’s discuss the use of each one of them. It has a logo of windows on it. It is the first item on Taskbar.

Its icon is:

• Start Button: We can start any application and program with the help of the Start button.
• Quick Launch Bar: This section of the taskbar enables us to launch
  programs without locating them from the Start menu. It is located next to the Start button.
• System Tray: It is located at the right side of Taskbar. It contains miniature icons for easy access to system functions such as fax, printer, modem, volume etc.
• Notification Area: This area is a part of the taskbar that provides notifications and status of devices. It can also be used to display icons for system and program features that are not on the desktop.
• Clock: At the end of taskbar, Clock is displayed where Current Time and Date can be seen. We can change Time and Date by clicking on it. It requires Administration access to change the Time or Date.
• Active Programs: This area of taskbar is between quick access bar and System Tray area. In this area of taskbar, all the active programs appeared as an icon and we can easily navigate among them.

Working with Windows Applications
Microsoft Windows 7 provides some of the inbuilt applications which are used for different purposes. These applications are the most basic applications and each one is of a different type. Let’s discuss some of these applications.

Notepad
This is a basic text editor of Microsoft Windows. This is mainly used to type character data. It is the most simple application for creating files with text data only. This application is mainly used for writing codes (Source Files) of programming languages like HTML, Java etc.

Running Notepad

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → Notepad
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Notepad ” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Wordpad
This is a Rich Text Format word processor. We can create a document with formatting using this application. This application can be used to write letters or to create documents with texts data only. Graphics like charts, pictures, clip-art etc. cannot be inserted in it.

Running WordPad

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → WordPad
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “WordPad” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Paint
This is inbuilt graphical applications of Microsoft Windows 7. We can create drawing or other basic graphical objects using this application. It is also known as MS Paint. MS Paint has several tools for drawing and colouring. We can edit an existing picture also using this application.

Running Paint

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → Paint
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Paint” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Calculator
This application of Microsoft Windows 7 is used to do calculation related work. We can use this application as we use a real calculator. Its layout and buttons are also similar to real calculators. We can perform calculations up to 16 digits using this application.

Running Calculator

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → Calculator
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Calculator” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Using Run Box
Run box allows the user to open a program by name. This option of windows is very useful for fast opening of programs. Instead of navigating through menus, we can directly type the name of the program to run. Each program exists in the computer’ as an executable file. For example, MS Paint is named as “pbrush”, Notepad as “notepad”, WordPad as “Wordpad” and Calculator as “Calc”. We must write the correct name of that program which is to start. We can also start any file by typing it’s full path. The picture below shows how the Run box looks like in Microsoft Windows 7.

To open the Run Box in microsoft windows 7, we can use the following steps:
Press Window

button + R together.
Or
Click on the start button and search for “Run”. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Search Box of Start Menu
We can use the Search Box of Microsoft Windows 7 to search files or programs of computers. It can find given file from hard drive. It is located at the bottom of Start Menu of Windows 7. If this bar is missing from the start menu then we can re-enable it from Control Panel. The Search Box of start menu looks as given in the picture bellow.
If this part of start menu is missing then we can use following steps to show Search Box.

Steps to show “Search Box”

• Open the Start menu and click “Control Panel.”
• Click “Uninstall A Program” under Programs.
• Click “Turn Windows features on or off.”
• Click on the checkbox named ‘Window Search”.
• Click “OK” to save your changes.
• Search Box will start showing in Start Menu after restarting your computer.

Shutting Down Computer System
When the user completes its work on the computer system it is necessary to shut it down. The process of shutting down a computer system is as simple as starting it. All the tasks are performed by the computer system itself to shut it down. The user has only to start the procedure. Shutting down a computer is necessary to avoid the data loss. When the computer is in workable condition many files have been opened by it. The process of shutting down closes all those files, saving their data and returning them back to their inactive state.

Windows have given commands to shutdown the computer system. These commands are selected from the start menu of the window.

Following steps are used to shutdown a window based computer.

• Click on the start button.
• Click on the arrow available with the shutdown button.
• It will display many options such as sleep shutdown log of restart lock switch user.
• Window will start the process as per the options selected.

The detail of these options are given below:

Sleep:
This option of Power Off menu can be used when we want to leave a computer for some time. During this mode, the power of Monitor/LCD gets OFF and all your data is kept safe. When we put a computer into sleep mode then its power remains ON and its power light starts blinking. This blinking Red-Colour LED on the CPU shows that the computer is in sleep Mode. We can press the power button to resume the computer from this mode.

Shut Down:
This option of Power menu can be used when we have finished all our work. When we shut-down a computer, all parts of computer systems are turned off and no power remains active in the Computer System. We can switch off the main power-supply of the computer when it is shut down. This process can take some time and we must wait till it is over. This process may take time according to the size of data being used and number of programs currently running.

Log Off:
Windows 7 allows us to access a computer differently among users. We can keep our data secure from other users with the help of user accounts in it. If we have finished our work and want to leave a computer but another user is there to access the same computer for own work in a different user account then we can use the Log-off option of Power Menu.

Restart:
This option of power menu can be used when any new program is installed or any updation in the system is done. Sometimes when a new device or hardware is attached to the computer, it is required to restart our computer. In such a case, we can use the restart option of the Power menu to shut down our computer and start it again. When the restart button is pressed then the computer automatically gets started after being shut-down.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 Computer Components will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 Computer Components

Introduction to Basic Components of Computer System:
Computer is a device which gets input, processes it and gives output to the user. Input processing and output are called basic tasks of a computer system. For doing these tasks computers need various components. For this computer needs Standard Input Output devices and a Processing Unit.

Standard Input devices include keyboard and mouse. Both of these devices are necessary for a computer. If the keyboard is not attached to the computer, the computer will show an error message at the time of booting. The keyboard is used to enter text messages and the mouse is a pointing device. The most common Output device used in computers is a monitor. It is required to see the result of our work.

The combination of these systems is called the Standard Input Output unit.

How Computer Works?
The process of processing the data is called the processing cycle of a computer. It is the way of processing within a computer system.

Three steps are involved in this cycle.
1. Input: This part is related with input of data and instruction. Computers cannot work without proper in. To enter the necessary data and instructions in the computer input unit is required. Man can enter the data and instruction in its own language and that is converted into computer languages by this input unit.

There are many types of input devices used for input. Keyboard is the most common input device, used to enter textual data. The second common device for input is the mouse. This device is used to point a special part on the screen or to select a command your mouse pointer. The other common devices which are used for input are microphone touch screen scanner etc.

2. Processing: Processing is the process of acting according to given instructions. This is the main task done by computer as it gets instructions from the computer. The main aim of Computer is to work as per the given instructions. This task is done by the processor of the computer. The processor is just like the brain of a human being. This processor is also known as the Central Processing Unit.

3. Output: After processing the data is converted into some information. The user of the computer needs that information from the computer as its result. This result is shown to the user using output devices. The most common output device is a monitor. The other output devices are speaker, printer, plotters.

Block Diagram of Computer:
A block diagram of a computer is a Graphical representation of various steps involved in working of a computer. The main parts shown in this block diagram are input unit, processing unit and output unit. The processing unit is divided into three parts namely memory unit, control unit and arithmetic logic unit.

Parts of Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit of a computer system is divided into three parts.

1. Memory Unit
2. Control Unit
3. Arithmetic and Logical Unit

1. Memory Unit: This unit is also known as storage unit. This unit holds the data and instruction in it. It can store data and instruction temporary and permanently. Many types of memories are used in this unit. Type of memory is used for special purposes. These memories vary in size, storage capacity nature of operation, speed and cost.

2. Control Unit: Control unit is meant for controlling all the activities of the computer. This unit works as the brain of a computer. It performs all the operations given in the form of instructions. It also controls the functioning of other components of the computer. It controls both input and output units also.

3. Arithmetic and Logical Unit: This is the third part of the Central Processing Unit. This unit is related to performing all the arithmetic and logical operations. A lot of calculations are done by computer in each type of work. All these calculations are done by this unit of CPU. Part of Central Processing Unit is integrated within the processor.

Types of Computer Memories
Computers can store data in many ways. This is possible due to the use of different types of memory in computers.

Computer memory can be classified into two types.

1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory

Primary Memory:
Primary memory is also called main memory. It is directly accessible by the Central Processing Unit of the computer. All the instructions and data are placed in this memory before processing. This memory is also known as main memory.

Primary memory is of two types.

1. Random Access Memory
2. Read Only Memory

1. Random Access Memory: This memory is also known as RAM. This memory is very fast. All the data and instructions are stored in this memory when the computer is working. It is a volatile type of memory. It means that when the computer is switched off its contents gets destroyed. This memory cannot store the data permanently. But without this memory the computer cannot work.

2. Read Only Memory: It is also known as ROM. It is a permanent type of memory. This memory is placed on computers and other electronic devices in the form of microchips. The ordinary user cannot write in this memory. He can only read from this memory. That is why this memory is called Read Only Memory. Normally this memory stores the data and information which is required to start a computer. Only users cannot write in this memory. Only the manufacture of this memory can write in it.

Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is also known as auxiliary memory or external memory. This memory is used to store data and instructions for a long time. This memory is a non-volatile memory. The storage capacity of secondary memory is higher than primary memory. This memory is not directly accessible from the CPU. Different types of memory storage devices are used in this type such as hard disk, CD, DVD, pendrive, Magnetic tape etc.

Categories of Computer:
The computers can be categorised according to their speed, memory processing capability, storage capacities and generations.

There are four main types of computer.

1. Micro computer or personal computer
2. Mini computer
3. Mainframe computer.
4. Supercomputer

1. Micro Computer or Personal Computer: Micro or Personal Computers are the most common computers. These are the computers which are used in homes, schools and offices. These computers are small in size and the cost of this computer is very less. These computers can be afforded by small businesses, small schools and individuals also. The computer on which we work falls in this category. Examples of computers of this category are desktop computer, laptops, palmtops, tablets, mobile phones etc.

2. Mini Computer: This type of computer has more processing capabilities than a microcomputer.
These computers are also larger in size.
These computers are used by multiple users at a time. The main features of these computers is highest storage capacity sharing of resources and high processing speed. Micro computers are mainly used as small or mid range servers. These computers are used in large businesses, large team based companies and scientific applications.

3. Mainframe Computer: The processing speed of Mainframe computers is higher than micro and mini computers. These computers are capable of handling large amounts of data within less time. These computers are capable of performing operations on large amounts of data with high processing speed. Mainframe computers are used in patience such as government offices, banks etc.

4. Supercomputer: Supercomputer is the most powerful computer invented till now. The processing speed of supercomputers is very fast. It can store a large amount of data. These computers are specially used for complex application. Supercomputers are the most powerful and expensive computers till now. The application areas of these types of computers are weather forecasting climate research, oil and gas exploration and processing of astronomical data.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer

Introduction to Computer:
Computers are used everywhere these days. All the offices, banks, school, colleges use computers for their daily work. Let us try to understand the meaning of computers.

Meaning of Computer:
A computer is an electronic device which gets the data and instructions from the user. It processes the data as per given instructions and gives the result in the desired form. Computer can be defined as:

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data as input from the user and processes the data under the control of a set of instructions and gives the result as an output.

Literally, the word computer is taken from Latin word compute which means to calculate. So in simple words, we can say that a computer is an electronic device which was made to calculate. Earlier their definition was correct as the main work of the computer was to calculate. Now the computer is doing a lot of work to decide the calculation.

Uses of Computer:
Following are the uses of computer in Modern Times:

• We can do mathematical calculations on the computer.
• We can play games on the computer.
• We can draw pictures on the computer.
• We can listen to songs and watch films on the computer.
• We can use computers to print books and newspapers.
• We can use computers to book our tickets to travel in trains, buses and airplanes.
• We can check the arrival and departure time of trains, buses and airplanes with the help of a computer.
• We can check the weather conditions of any place before travelling.
• We can print reports, results of our school or time table.
• We can store our data into a computer for future use.

Applications of Computer
Computers are used in many areas. Some of the application areas of computers are given below:

1. Education: Students and teachers are using computers in their education. Teachers use computers to teach the students and students use computers to prepare their notes making, drawing and making projects etc. The internet is used to search, study material, results, time table and various reports are prepared using the computer. Computers are also used for record keeping, online data, processing etc. Punjab Education Department is using computer on their web portal like www.epunjabschool.gov.in www.pseb.ac.in

2. Entertainment: Computers are a good source of entertainment also. The user can watch movies, listen song and camp. Beautiful presentations can be made on the computer. All the films made in these days use computers for their special effects.

3. Sports: Computers are also used in the sports field. They are used to improve the performance of players to keep data and to evaluate the performance and to display information about various tournaments which will happen in future. Digital scoreboards are also a part of games today. The players can improve their by analysing their record.

4. Communication: Computers have given new ways of communication. The user can make video calls, audio calls, chat using computer data and send email to their friends and relatives. Any type of data can be shared using smartphone, tablet, laptop and computers.

5. Shops: Shopkeepers are also using computers for their various works. They are using computers to manage their stock to generate purchase orders to generate bills to advertise their shop. The use of computers in shops save a lot of time for the shopkeeper and the customer.

6. Hospitals: Hospitals are using computers to maintain patient records and to monitor the health of patients. The medical history of a patient can be stored and communicated by using a computer. Now the doctor is also using a computer to check their patient from a remote place. Computers are also used in Laboratories to do 2x and data analysis.

7. Banks: The hanking system is working by using computers. All types of records of customers are maintained by using computers. Then use a computer to maintain data of accounts withdrawal of money deposit of money, loans etc. Customers can now use e-banking services to do their work from their home. ATMs are totally computer based.

8. Government Offices: Government offices are using computers in governance, bill payment, Income Tax application processing. Most of the government’s work is online these days. The citizens can apply for any government service with the help of using computer and internet from their homes. They can pay to build Taxes and avail other governmental services using the internet.

9. Travel: Computers are also used for travel purposes. The user can book their tickets, get knowledge of some geographical areas, check availability of means of transport, cost, estimation and regional culture etc. The user can also book hotels from their home by using the internet.

Characteristics of Computer
The main characteristics of computer are as given below:

Characteristics of Computer
Speed Accuracy Reliability Diligence Automotion Storage
1. Speed: Computer is a very fast machine. It can do calculation in milliseconds. It can complete days work in seconds. That is why it has reduced human effort.

2. Accuracy: Computer is an accurate machine. It never makes any mistakes. If a mistake is performed in any calculation that is always due to human error. A computer can do any task repeatedly for thousands of times without any error.

3. Reliability: Reliability means the ability of being trusted. A computer is a reliable machine. We cannot doubt the results given by computers because
they are always correct. There is no need of rechecking the results. It gives the same result every time.

4. Diligence: Computer never gets tired. It can to do work for many days or even for years. During this time its efficiency does not decrease and neither it commits errors after long working. In fact, a computer is a hardworking machine.

5. Automation: Automation means to do the work automatically. Computers can be instructed to do the work without any interaction. He can be given the instructions and the computer can do work without asking anything. We just need to start the computer and ask him to do the particular work. After that it will do the whole work without asking anything.

6. Storage: The storage capacity of computers is very large. It can attach many storage devices such as hard disk, pen drive at 17 to it. It can store any type of data such as text, audio, video, animation in it. We can also store the storage capacity of computers. Computers store data for a very long time.

Portable Computing Devices
Portable devices are those devices which can be easily carried from one place to another. Technology has given us many portable devices. Some of them are explained below:
1. Mobile Phone or Smartphone: It is the most common portable computing device used these days. Each one is using their mobile phones these days. Smartphones can do a lot of calculation work and processing.
Their speed is also very fast. Modern mobile phones are equipped with camera large storage capacity and High processing speed.

They can be used in education, business trading, entertainment, gaming etc. Mobile phones are very small devices. It can be carried in our pockets. There are a lot of mobile phones available in the market with different features.

2. Tablet Computer: It is a small computer.
It is mainly known as a tablet. If the battery is used in this tablet. It has a touch screen which is used to give input and get the output. Tablets can be used for many purposes. Most of the students are using tablets in their education at home as well as at their schools.

3. Palmtop Computer: Palmtop computer is a small size computer which can be placed on our palm. This computer has a small screen and small keyboard. It is just like a mobile phone having a keyboard. These computers are not very popular in these days. These computers were used for limited purposes only

4. Laptop Computer: Laptop computer is the most famous computer these days. It is a computer with a big screen and keyboard attached to it. It can be easily taken from one place to another. If the battery is used to give power to the laptop computer. All it had also a touchpad and many other features built in it.

5. Note Book: It is a portable computer. It is smaller than laptop. It is also lighter in weight. It has a battery to work. The battery can be charged again and again. It can be easily taken from one place to another.

Limitations of Computer:

Computers are capable of doing a lot of work. But, after all this is a machine and unable to do some tasks. These kinds of tasks are considered as limitations of computers.

Some of the main limitations of computer are as under:

• A computer cannot take decisions by itself.
• A computer cannot correct wrong instructions.
• Computer cannot do any work without instruction from the user.
• It does not have feelings or IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
• It does not have knowledge and experience like a human being.
• Computer can not start work until asked.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Output Devices will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Output Devices

Introduction
Computer is an electronic device which gets input, processes it and give the output. Input is given to computer by input devices. The result which is provided to the user is called output. This output is given to the user using some devices. These devices are known as output devices.

Output Devices:
Output devices are those devices which are used to get output from the computer. These devices display the information into human readable form. These devices are connected to computer using some wires or wireless media. These devices can show the output in text, audio, video are graphic form. There are a lot of output devices available these days.

Uses of output devices: Output devices are used for following purposes:

• These provide information from the computer.
• These can be used to get hard copy as well as soft copy.
• These give the information whether the computer has completed its work or not.

Types of Output Devices
There are many types of output devices available these days. Output devices can be categorized into following categories:

• Monitor
• Printer
• Speaker
• Headphone
• Plotter
• Projector

Monitor:

Monitor is also called visual display terminal. It is used to get soft copy of the output. It is most common output device. It looks like a television screen.

There are different kinds of monitors available these days.

• Cathode ray tube.
• Flat panel display

1. Cathode ray tube monitor: These monitors were used in earlier days. These monitors use cathode ray technology to display the information. They look like bulky television sets. The size of these monitors is measured by the diagonal length on the screen. Monitors are available in 15, 17, 19 and 21 inches screens. Initially they were black and white but now colored monitors are also available.

2. Flat panel display monitors: These are the monitors which have a thin display portion. They are reduced in volume, weight and Pi requirement. These monitors can be hung up on the walls. We can see these monitors on calculators, video games, laptop computers etc. These monitors consume less power. Some examples of flat panel display monitors are LCD, LED and plasma.

Differences between CRT monitors and Flat panel monitors:

CRT Monitor	Flat Panel Display Monitors
(i) CRT monitors are big in size.	(i) Flat panel monitors are small in size.
(ii) CRT monitors are heavy.	(ii) Flat panel monitors are light weight.
(iii) They produce large amount of heat.	(iii) Flat panel produce very less heat.
(iv) They use more electricity.	(iv) They use less electricity.
(v) CRT monitors are cheaper.	(v) These monitors are costly.

Speaker
Speaker is an output device. Speakers are used to get audio output from the computer. They are connected to the sound card of the computer. Speakers produce audio output in the form of sound waves. Any type of sound can be produced by computer using the speaker.

• These speakers are required if the user wants to listen songs or watch a movie on a computer. There are many types of speakers available in the market.
• These ranges from small size to very big size. Normally a set of two speakers is attached to the computer. These speakers are connected to computers using two wires, one for data supply and second for power supply.

Headphone
Headphones are also an output device. These are nothing but smaller versions of speakers. Headphones are also known as earphones. These devices are portable devices. These devices can be plugged into the computer directly or to the speaker attached to the computer. These devices are used when the user alone wants to listen music.

Headphones are similar to the headphones which we use on our mobile phones. They are also available in a variety of models.

Printer:
Printer is an output device which gives a hard copy of the output. The output given by the printer is permanent in nature.

This output can be preserved in the form of paper. There are a lot of printers available in the market. Printer can be colored as well as black and white.

Printer can be divided into three main categories:

1. Dot Matrix printer
2. Inkjet printer
3. Laser printer

1. Dot Matrix printer: As the name suggests, these printers print any character by combination of various dots. These printers are not very much costly. The speed of these printers is also slow. The printing quality of this printer is not very good. These produce a lot of sound while working. The resolution of printing is also very low. These printers fall in the category of impact printer. These printers are not used in large quantities these days.

2. Inkjet printer: Inkjet printer can be called a non-impact version of Dot Matrix printer.
Similar to Dot Matrix printer inkjet printer also print the text or graphics in the form of small dots. These printers can be colored printers. The printing cost of these printers is very low. The main advantage of these printers is that they do not produce sound while working. These printers are faster than Dot Matrix printers. These printers have small dots of ink on the paper. That is why they are called inkjet printers.

3. Laser printer: Laser printers are the most commonly used printers these days. They use laser technology to print on paper. This printer is black and white as well as colored. The speed of printing in this printer is very high. Their printing quality is also very high. These printers do not produce any sound while working. This printer is costly but the per paper cost is not very much.

Plotter
Plotters also give hard copies of output. These are similar to the printer but plotters are used to print on big sized paper or canvas. Plotters are used in computer aided designs. These are used for some specific areas of application such as engineering design graphical design etc. Plotters use pens for drawing pictures in the media. The most common use of plotter is the big banners which we see in the market. These banners are printed with the help of plotters. Plotter can print black and white as well as color. Plotters are very costly devices. They cannot be awarded by single person.

These are of following types:

• Drum Plotter
• Flatbed Plotter
• Inkjet Plotter.

1. Drum Plotter: In drum plotter, a drum is used to rotate in vertical motion. It contains one or more Horizontal pen holders. These pens are used to draw lines on the paper. Drum and pen draw the design by working together simultaneously. Each pen is program selectable. Pens use different colours to draw.

2. Flatbed Plotter: It draws on flat paper. This paper is spread on flat bet table. Paper is not rotated. The pen moves as per the drawing. It contains many pen holdings of different colours. The plot area is as per bed area. It can range from A4 to 50 feet or more.

3. Inkjet Plotter: These plotters uses inkjet technology instead of pens. They can draw in colour. These plotters are usually faster than other types of plotters.

Projector
Projector is an output device which is used to get visual output. They can be connected to computers.
The projector gives the output big in size. The projectors are mainly used to display something to a large number of people. They are used in office meetings or in classroom teaching by the teachers.

Other Output Devices

Example:

• Digital camera
• Pen Drive
• CD/DVD
• Modem
• Fax

Difference Between Input and Output Devices
Following are the differences between input and output devices:

Input devices	Output devices
(i) Input devices are used to give input to computers.	(i) These devices are used to get output from the computer.
(ii) Data and instructions are given as input using these devices.	(ii) After processing information is taken using these devices.
(iii) Input devices are available in large categories.	(iii) The categories of availability of in output devices is less.