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Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Groups Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Groups

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is not the feature of Primary Groups?
(a) Stability
(b) Formal relations
(c) Individual relations
(d) Small in size
Answer:
(b) Formal relations

2. What is the social importance of Primary Groups?
(a) They play an important role in socialisation
(b) An individual gets security in primary groups
(c) They are the important means of social control
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. What does not exist in secondary groups?
(a) Primary control
(b) Competition
(c) Formal control
(d) Individualism
Answer:
(a) Primary control

4. Primary groups are ……………. in size.
(a) large
(b) indefinite
(c) small
(d) unlimited
Answer:
(c) small

5. Which of these is the feature of social groups?
(a) Own structure of the groups
(b) Group- an organisation of individuals
(c) Functional division of society
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

6. Family is a type of ………………
(a) Outgroup
(b) Secondary group
(c) Primary group
(d) Conscious group
Answer:
(c) Primary group

7. Which of these is large in size?
(a) Primary group
(b) Secondary group
(c) Conscious group
(d) Unconscious group
Answer:
(b) Secondary group

8. Which of these is a primary group?
(a) Peer group
(b) Play group
(c) Family
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

9. Which of these is a secondary group?
(a) Trade union
(b) Political party
(c) Group of scientists
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

10. What is necessary among the members of a primary group?
(a) Physical proximity
(b) Formal relation
(c) Social system
(d) Conflict
Answer:
(a) Physical proximity

11. Which of these groups is quite helpful in socialisation?
(a) Reference groups
(b) Horizontal groups
(c) Secondary groups
(d) Unconscious groups
Answer:
(c) Secondary groups

Fill in the Blanks:

1. ……………. gave the classification of In group and Out group.
Answer:
Summer

2. …………….. is an important example of In group.
Answer:
Family

3. The concept of reference group was given by ………………
Answer:
Robert Merton

4. Members of a group have ……………. feeling.
Answer:
We

5. Groups that are quite close to an individual are known as ……………… groups.
Answer:
primary

6. Membership of …………….. group is taken when required.
Answer:
secondary

7. …………… groups have a formal organisation.
Answer:
Secondary

True/False:

1. Group of people, who have relations among them, is known as a social group.
Answer:
True

2. There is no need for relations in groups.
Answer:
False

3. The Classification of primary and secondary groups is given by cooley.
Answer:
True

4. There is no physical proximity in primary groups.
Answer:
False

5. Membership of secondary groups is taken to achieve certain goals.
Answer:
True

6. Formal relations are there in secondary groups.
Answer:
True

7. Close relations are there in primary groups.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
What do we call if 10 persons stand together at a place?
Answer:
It will be just aggregate of people.

Question 2.
What is group?
Answer:
Aggregate of individuals who have social relations among them is known as group.

Question 3.
What is necessary for a group?
Answer:
Relations between humans are necessary to become a group.

Question 4.
What is the importance of group?
Answer:
Group fulfills all the needs of individuals.

Question 5.
Give one definition of social group.
Answer:
According to Maclver, “By group we mean any collection of human beings”.

Question 6.
Who used the term ‘Reference Group’?
Answer:
H.H. Hyman was the first to use the term ‘Reference Group’.

Question 7.
Who gave the classification of primary and secondary groups?
Answer:
This classification was given by Charles Herton Cooley.

Question 8.
What type of relations are there in primary groups?
Answer:
Primary groups have close, intimate and informal relations.

Question 9.
Give any feature of primary groups.
Answer:
People have physical proximity. They are small in size and permanent.

Question 10.
Give examples of primary groups.
Answer:
Family, neighourhood, play groups are the examples of primary groups.

Question 11.
What are secondary groups?
Answer:
Such groups whose membership is taken to achieve certain objective is known as secondary group.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Social Group.
Answer:
In Sociology, a group is a collection of similar people who have relations among them based on action-reaction, common objectives, personal interests etc. They are very much connected with each other.

Question 2.
Definition of Social Group.
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “Whenever two or more individuals come together and influence one another, they may be said to constitute a social group.”

Question 3.
Meaning of we-feeling.
Answer:
Members of a group have we-feeling among them and as a result, they help each other. That’s why a feeling of affinity develops among them and they protect each other’s interests.

Question 4.
Similarity of behaviour in group.
Answer:
Members of a social group have similarity of behaviour among them because they have common ideals, habits, views etc. So, their behaviour is quite similar to each other and they never work against each other.

Question 5.
Cooley’s classification of Primary Groups.
Answer:
Charles Herton Cooley gave three types of primary groups:

• Family
• Play Group
• Neighbourhood.

Question 6.
What are primary groups?
Answer:
The groups which are quite close to us, in which we interact on daily basis and with which we have physical proximity are known as primary groups. These are small in size and have informal relations.

Question 7.
Give one feature of primary groups.
Answer:
Primary groups are small in size so people know each other very well. People have regular contacts and they have close and informal relations among them. It greatly affects their relations.

Question 8.
What are secondary groups?
Answer:
These groups are large in size. People do not have physical proximity. They hardly know each other personally and formal relations exist among them. These are known as secondary groups.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Meaning of Social group.
Answer:
The meaning of Social group is the contact and relation of one person with other people. If some persons will stand at one place then they cannot be called as a group because there is one conscious condition in the group. In this only physical proximity is not there but mutual feeling and relations are also necessary and members should have commonness, common consciousness and common interests are necessary.

Question 2.
Name the book of Cooley and his classification of the group.
Answer:
Charles Horton Cooley has written a book called ‘Social Organization’ and in this book, he has classified groups in two parts:

• Primary groups: Members have closed and informal relations in them.
• Secondary groups: Members have formal relations in them.

Question 3.
Classification of Sumner of Social group.
Answer:
Sumner has written his book ‘Folk Ways’ and has given the classification of the group in this way.

• In group and we group: These are those groups of which person is the member and he thinks them as his group like my city, my home etc.
• Outgroup and the group: It is that group of which person is not the member and whom he thinks to be external like other’s house, other’s community, other’s country etc.

Question 4.
The elements of a social group.
Answer:

• The similarity of aims. Members of these groups are tied with each other to attain the common aims of the group.
• Two or more than two individuals. In a group collection, two or more two groups exist. A person cannot make a group.

Question 5.
Classification of groups given by Dwight Sanderson.
Answer:

• Voluntary group. Voluntary groups are those groups in which a person takes membership according to his wish and whenever he wants, he can leave membership of this group.
• Involuntary group. Involuntary groups are those groups in which a person cannot select himself. It means that this group is not according to the wish of men like family, caste, race etc.
• Delegate group. In these groups, a person takes part as the representative of the people.

Question 6.
Primary Group.
Answer:
According to Cooley, “By primary groups, I mean those characterized by intimate face to face association and cooperation. They are primary in several senses but chiefly in that they are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual. The result of intimate association is a certain confusion of individualities in a common whole, so that one’s very self, for many purposes of least, is the common life and purpose of the group. Perhaps the simplest way of describing this wholeness is by saying that it is a ‘fae. It involves the sort of sympathy and mutual identification for which ‘we’ is the natural expression.

Question 7.
Importance of Primary groups.
Answer:

• Primary groups play an important role in the process of socialization of man.
• A man comes to know about himself in the primary group.
• They are very important in the personality development of an individual.
• Individual gets protection only in these groups.
• Primary groups are the important base of social control.
• The psychological needs of an individual are also fulfilled in these groups.
• Members of these groups are freely related to each other.

Question 8.
Secondary Groups.
Answer:
In modern society, the needs of the persons have been increased up to the extent that man cannot fulfil his needs by becoming members of the primary groups alone. He has to take membership of other secondary groups. The aim of a person is to achieve his objective. Formal relations exist in them and they are large in size. These are known as secondary groups,

Question 9.
Characteristics of Secondary groups,
Answer:

• The area of these groups is wide because the number of members of these groups is quite big.
• These groups have been made to achieve any specific purpose.
• Members have indirect relations in secondary groups.
• Formal organization is there in these groups and some specific rules have been made for these groups.
• Relations in these groups are formal and indirect.
• Membership is optional and a man can leave his membership at any time.

Question 10.
Importance of Secondary groups.
Answer:

• Secondary groups satisfy different needs.
• These groups develop the personality of an individual.
• These groups contribute to social progress.
• Secondary groups make the outlook wider.
• They are helpful in cultural development.

Question 11.
Out Group.
Answer:
People generally use the term ‘They group’ to denote out-group. These are the groups of which an individual is not the member and consider them unknown or out-group. Generally, while living in society, an individual is associated with many members and he considers them as in-groups. But the group with which he is not connected is out group for him. So we can say that the out-groups are other groups with which one is not directly attached. The organisation of such groups is quite loose and unorganised. In comparison to in groups, such groups are of no importance for him. These groups are versal and exist everywhere.

Question 12.
Membership Group.
Answer:
If we need to understand the meaning of the reference group, we need to understand the meaning of the membership group. An individual is a member of any group and he participates in its activities by considering it as his own group. This group is his membership group. Everyone is a member of any group and as a member of this group, he considers it as his own. He even grasps the group’s ideas, values etc. He even starts to consider himself as an indispensable part of this group. His every activity is according to the values of this group. Values, ideals of the group become a part of his identity and while evaluating others, he keeps such ideals in mind. In this way, he is a member of this group.

Question 13.
Reference Group.
Answer:
An individual is a member of any group and this group is a membership group for him. Sometimes it is observed that his behaviour is not according to the values of his membership group but is according to the ideals, values of any other group. Here the question arises that why is this so? As a result, the concept of a reference group came into being. Actually, most individuals are influenced by the ways, values, ideals of any other group. He tries to grasp the values, ideals of the other group and even starts behaving according to this group. He is not a member of this group but many parts of his behaviour are according to that group. Sociologists call it a reference group. That other group that influences our behavioural pattern is a reference group for us. An individual regulates every part of his life according to the ideals of his reference group.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are Social groups? What are their features?
Answer:
Meaning of Social Group: See Textual Question IV-(1).

Characteristics of a Group:

1. Feeling of Unity: A group can be maintained if the feeling of unity will exist among the members of a group. Because of this feeling, they understand each other. The feeling of cooperation is produced among them. If this feeling of unity will not be there among them then that will not be a group but will be just a collection of people.

2. We feeling: Members of a group help each other if any need arises and with this, we feeling increases. They also protect their own interests by helping each other. With this, the sense of unity also increases among them.

3. Social relations: The most important feature of a group is that its members have mutual social relations. These relations are permanent and come out of the result of their mutual interactions.

4. Membership: Group cannot be made with one person only but the group can be made with two or more than two people. In some groups, membership is limited like in a family where membership is limited only to wife, husband and their children. No other person can be included in this. That’s why the size of the group also depends upon the number of its members.

5. Division of status and role. Group status and roles have been generally divided because of which every member has its role and status in the group. For the functions of the group, some written and non-written rules are also there and the group works according to those rules. Yet some quarrels are also there among the members for their personal interests but they also have some quantity of cooperation which is a special characteristic of the group.

6. Social control. It is necessary for a group to control and regulate the behaviour of its members. Every group has its own traditions, rules which have to be obeyed by every person. If anyone tries to break them then he is punished by the group.

7. Closeness. The relations of members of a group are so close that they have interaction among them. It means that members of the group are closely related to each other. Because of this closeness, they have mutual interaction among them because of which relations increase among them. Members of the group are affected by these relations also.

8. Similar ideas. There is a feeling of closeness among the members of the group. They don’t have the feeling of personal welfare and they are doing joint efforts for the attainment of common objectives. With this, the organization of the group also exists. They have some equality in their outlook and thoughts and this equality of thoughts is also the base of their ideas.

Classification Of Groups:

Question 2.
What do you know about the Classification of Groups? Write in detail. Answer: Many sociologists have tried to classify the groups on the basis of their own points of view. According to Cuber, “Sociologists have developed a great deal of effort to the different problems of classifying groups into types. At first thought, it would seem easy to do but perhaps after further reflection, it will be found to represent numerous difficulties. These difficulties are so great, in fact, that at present we have no overall systematic classification of groups which is entire, acceptable to all sociological scholars.” Different sociologists classify groups on different bases. Some have been classified on the basis of religion, some on an economic base and some on the basis of entertainment.

Some of these types are given below.

A. Charles Horton Cooley, in his book “Social Organization”, has classified groups in two parts and these are:

1. Primary Group
2. Secondary Group

In the Primary group, close and direct relations are there and in Secondary groups, indirect and artificial relations are there.

B. Sapir has classified groups on the basis of physical closeness and common aims ‘and these are:

1. Family
2. Racial group
3. Agricultural group
4. Conflicting group

C. Sumner has classified groups in his book ‘Folk Ways’ and these are:

1. In-group
2. Out-group

In,- In-group we feeling and community welfare feeling is there. Its size is also small. In the out-group feeling of individualism is there. Man is not a member of this group and their size is also big.

D. Sorokin has also classified it in two parts and these are:

1. Horizontal group
2. Vertical group

In Horizontal groups; groups of big size can be included like country, political party, cultural organization, religious organization etc. In the vertical group, man is related to his achieved status by the horizontal group. That’s why he is one part of the Horizontal group.

E. Maclver and Page have also classified it and their classification is:

1. on the basis of size
2. on the basis of intimacy
3. on the basis of interest
4. on the basis of organization
5. on the basis of duration.

F. In his book ‘Cultural Sociology’, Gillin and Gillin has classified group and his classification is:

1. on the basis of blood relations
2. on the basis of physical features
3. on the basis of area
4. on the basis of duration
5. cultural group

G. Classification given by George Dawson is given below:

1. Unsocial groups
2. Pseudo-social groups
3. Anti-social group
4. Pro-social group

H. Dwite Sanderson has divided the group into three parts:

1. Voluntary group
2. Involuntary group
3. Delegate group

A voluntary group is a group in which a man includes himself voluntarily. It depends on him that of which group he should be a member of. An involuntary group is that in which a man’s wish is of no value and he cannot select these groups. For example; family, caste etc. In the delegate group, he includes himself as the representative of the people.

I. Charles A. Ellwood, in his book ‘Psychology of Human Society’ has classified the group into two parts:

1. Voluntary and involuntary
2. Institutional and non-institutional.

In the first type of group family, city, political party, a religious group generally come. In institutional groups, he has included permanent groups like schools, religious institutions etc. In non-institutional groups, he has taken crowds as this type of group.

J. Giddings has divided groups into two parts:

1. Genetic group %
2. Congregate group.

Membership of man in the genetic group is based on his birth and the membership of the congregate group is used on the will of the members. He can leave its membership according to his wish.

K. Miller has classified the groups into two parts:

1. Horizontal group
2. Vertical group.

Horizontal groups are big like country, political parties etc. In vertical groups, small groups are included like an economic group. This group is also a part of the horizontal group. That’s why man is a member of both groups.

L. Tonnies has classified Social groups into two parts:

1. Communities
2. Associations.

M. Park and Burges have also given the classification of group:

1. Territorial group
2. Non-territorial group.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Primary Groups? Explain their features.
Answer:
Meaning of Primary Groups: See Textual Questions IV-(2).

Characteristics of Primary Groups:

1. Physical proximity among members. It is necessary for any primary group that people should have physical proximity among them and that they should sit together. This physical proximity creates an exchange of thoughts among them and people start to understand each other. Cooperation and love increase with the daily meetings, sitting with each other and talking to each other. That’s why close relations are also there among them. If they are equal in position, occupation, gender, caste and age then more closeness can be established.

2. There is stability among these groups. Primary groups are stable in nature. For example, the family in which the child takes birth lives for the whole life. This life of relation also exists in the neighbourhood. That’s why these groups are more stable. These groups have not been made for any specification. When new friends are included in these groups then they become unstable.

3. They are limited in size. Primary groups are limited in size and that’s why their relationships are very close in nature. The less no. of people in the group will increase the understanding capacity of different members. For example when a teacher teaches to a class with less few students then he knows every child personally. In the same way, if more students are there in class then the closeness of teacher with students will be less. Except this we can take the example of joint family. In this type of family, closeness is very less but in the nuclear family, family members have personal and close relations because of less numbers. Limited size always increases closeness and feeling of cooperation. That’s why because of small size in primary groups members are closely related to each other.

4. They have limited self-interests. In primary groups aim of the welfare of group is always kept as primary base. It means that*the interest of the group is kept important. For example, there is no feeling of personal selfishness among the members of the family. If feelings of selfishness will be developed then the family will be disintegrated. Every member of the family works for the welfare of the family and its members. Sometimes in this type of group members have to sacrifice their individual interests because group is not established for a specific purpose. That’s why there are very limited self-interests in primary groups.

5. They have similarity of background. Because of similarity of background there exists some exchange of ideas among people. Members understand each other. If there will be any difference of culture and ideals then even on this base, relations will be at another level. More difference will decrease mutual relationships and less difference will lead to more understanding and strengthening of group.

6. They have mutual cooperation among them. Members of the primary group generally have feeling of mutual cooperation. That’s why if they are less in number even then they move forward with the community feeling. It is so because he thinks that welfare of the group is his welfare. For example every member of the family works for each other’s welfare. Sometimes even after a lot of sufferings a person cooperates with others. It means that a person never thinks about his personal profit but he thinks of collective profit.

Question 4.
Explain in brief the importance of Primary Groups.
Answer:

(1) Primary groups play an important role in the process of socialization of man. First of all man comes in contact with society because of these groups as man depends upon these groups to fulfil his basic needs. According to Kingsley Davis, “The complex process of socialization is that it is handled in those concrete groups- notably the family and the play group-where an emphasis is placed on the conditions and the qualities of primary association.”

(2) Man comes to know about his self in primary group and he gets basic education with the help of members of primary group.

(3) These groups are also very important in the personality development of an individual. Behaviour of the members of these groups always affects an individual. In the friendship type atmosphere of primary groups personality of individual generally develops. In these groups only, man gets many qualities of love, cooperation, sympathy, toleration etc. These qualities help him to become a good citizen of society. In these groups only, man gets norms, values, ideals, traditions of group.

(4) An individual gets protection only in these groups. Members of these groups accept other members’ as a part of the group and help each other whenever any need arises. When child takes birth then he feels protected under the love and affection of family members. A child expresses his views crudely only in primary groups.

(5) Primary groups are the main base of social control. All humans are different by nature. If they will live without any control then the whole structure of the society will be destroyed. That’s why society controls its members. In primary groups an individual learns to live in control which is very helpful for the society. To accept the norms of family, respect of elders, to live under rules, to love everyone, to accept the culture of the family all these things he learns under the effect of these groups. When these qualities are developed in an individual then he contributes properly in the functions of society.

(6) Psychological needs of an individual are also fulfilled in these groups. Man learns to live with others only by living in the main primary groups like family, play group and neighbourhood.According to Maclver and Page, “It is the group through which, as playmates and comrades we first give creative expression to our social impulses. It is the breeding ground of our moves, the nurse of our loyalties. It is the first and generally remains the chief focus of our social satisfaction.”

(7) Members of primary groups are freely related with each other. They don’t have any type of formal pressure. The development of self in an individual is only because of these groups. Man gets mental satisfaction only in these groups. Because of the relations of these groups man is motivated to do many functions. Members of primary groups save its member to go in a wrong way. Man starts to feel that he is not alone and others are with him who will help him when any need arises. This feeling helps him to do more efforts. Co-operation is also an important feature of these groups.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Secondary Groups? Explain their features or characteristics.
Answer:
Meaning of Secondary Groups: See Textual Questions-IV-(2).
Characteristics of Secondary Groups

(1) Humans have indirect relations. Members of secondary groups have indirect relations among them. The process of cooperation is developed indirectly. Members of these groups don’t know each other. Their function is to do the duty and to do their role; for example, thousands of persons work in a factory. The man just works for the pay and even sometimes he is hardly aware of the fact that who is the owner of the factory. They are indirectly related to each other by doing different functions. They play different roles for the attainment of any objective.

(2) They are large in size. Secondary groups are large in size. Membership of people is not definite. They are scattered everywhere. For example members of any political party are scattered everywhere in the country. Except this many other organizations are also there where members are scattered everywhere. Now the needs of a man have increased and he cannot fulfil these needs by living only in primary groups. That’s why he solves his problems by taking membership of these groups. He even uses letters, telephone, telegrams also for his objectives.

(3) They have a formal organization. Some specific rules are generally made for the formation of secondary groups and man has to obey these rules. That’s why the problems of these groups are generally solved by experts. It means that the work of a secondary group is done in an organized way. Man gets status and role according to his ability and qualification. If anyone wants to join these groups then he cannot work according to his wish. For example, if anyone does job in any office then he needs to obey the orders of his officers. He needs to obey rules of the government. In this way we can say that secondary groups have a formal organization.

(4) They have formal and impersonal relations. The mutual relations among individuals are generally formal. They don’t have any impact of primary groups. Man does his work, obeys the rules, gets his pay and still they don.’t know even other employees of their office; for example, when we go to any bank, meet the clerk, do our work and come back. We are not related with any part of the life of that clerk. We have impersonal relations in these groups.

(5) People have option of membership. Membership of secondary group depends upon the will of an individual because these groups have been developed to fulfil any special objective. It means that every person is not the member of every secondary group; for example there are many clubs in our society. When any person wants then only he becomes the member of that group. It is also not necessary that he should be the member of every club. In this way these groups are optional. Man can leave their membership after the achievement of his objectives.

(6) They have active and inactive members. Size of secondary groups is very big. Members of these groups don’t have personal relations because of which all members of the group do not take part in all the activities of the group. For example whenever any function is there then there are many members who take part in the function. Some members do a lot of work and some just become members of the group. This type of members just give fees for their membership.

Question 6.
What is the importance of Secondary Groups?
Answer:
(1) These satisfy different needs. In modern times man cannot fulfil his basic needs by just depending upon primary groups. Man’s needs are increasing day by day. These needs are just not related with area but are related with many area. That’s why for the fulfilment of these needs secondary groups are developed. Every one wants to establish his relations in every sphere so that whenever any need arises his works should be done. That’s why he wants to become the member of these groups.

(2) These groups develop the personality of an individual. Secondary groups help in increasing capacity and personality of an individual. In the earlier societies man was limited to the four walls of the house. It was necessary for an individual to adopt his father’s occupation. Except in this children were under the control of the elder members of the society. They were unable to do any work of their own wish. But with the passage of time secondary groups were formed. Man came out of the four walls of his house and started to develop his personality and qualification. He got full freedom to show his qualities. He was unable to do progress in primary groups. That’s, why secondary groups have developed his personality and increased his level of living.

(3) These groups contribute in social progress. Social progress was done not only with technological and industrial revolution but was done when man started to join secondary groups: Man came out of his house and started to fulfil his needs. Man got that type of atmosphere in which he started to use his capabilities. Progress of man now depends upon his ability. Man wishes to move farward which is very helpful in social progress.

(4) With these outlook becomes wider. Man is connected with a special place because of his membership of a primary group. His membership of primary groups is permanent. That’s why they are small in size. Every one takes care of his interest. For example member of family, play group or neighbourhood only protects his interests. With this type of outlook, area of primary groups is very tight because members only think of their limited interests. On the other hand members of secondary groups think of everywhere. For example, members of secondary groups are related with different castes, religions, classes etc. Members of secondary group’are also affected by customs, traditions, rules etc. They are quite different from primary group. That’s why people have liberty to make relations any where with any one. Because of common interests they work without any discrimination and toleration is also there in the members of these groups.

(5) They are helpful in cultural development. In secondary groups individuals are related with different background but they have to work jointly at one place. For example when they are working in a factory or office then because of formal cooperation cultural exchange also takes place between them. Every one starts to accept each other’s cultural traits. With this cultural development is also there. Except this whenever any new invention comes in any country then other countries also accept that invention. With this cultural mixture also came into being.

Question 7.
Differentiate between Primary and Secondary groups.
Answer:
(1) Difference on the basis of size. Primary groups are small in size and area is also limited. In this group membership is limited to some members. For example membership of a man in family, playground and neighbourhood is limited to a certain extent. Because of small size mutual relations are also close in nature. Small size also increases elements like love, cooperation, sympathy etc.

On contrary to this secondary groups are large in size. Its membership is very wide. They are connected with each other even if they are scattered everywhere. Because of the largeness of area, the relations among members are formal and non¬personal. They are large in size because they are related with the different needs of man. Anyone can become their member for his needs and can leave them after the attainment of his objective. In this way, we can say that primary groups are small in size and secondary groups are big in size.

(2) Difference on the basis of type of relationship. In primary groups, relationships between members are direct and personal. In these groups, members meet each other daily and because of this nothing is hidden between them. They talk to each other openly without any fear and exchange every type of idea. Even they share their sufferings. That’s why in these groups, the word ‘We’ is used instead of ‘My’. In this way in these groups, members have direct, personal and loveable relations among them and they overlook small things.

Mutual relations among members in Secondary groups are indirect. Members are scattered everywhere. They contact each other with the help of means of communication like Letters, Telephone, Press, Radio, T.V. etc. Members of this group don’t know each other in every aspect but they know only one aspect of another person with which they are related. They hardly know about each other’s sufferings and sorrows. In these, they know each other only for their interests.

(3) Difference on the basis of kind of cooperation. Members of primary groups are having collective cooperation. They directly cooperate with each other. They collectively take part in the processes like playing, working, sitting etc. For example, all members of the family cooperate with each other for the development of family. Sometimes even they sacrifice their own interest for the sake of the interests of the family. They don’t have any feeling of competition among them. Everyone contributes towards each other’s interests. In this way the feeling of cooperation connects each other.

In secondary groups members cooperate just for the sake of their own interests because these groups are formed for any specific purpose. In these formal cooperation exists. For example, if students, teachers, principals, peon etc. cooperate with each other then this cooperation is under certain written rules. Any officer orders his clerks under certain rules and clerks have to obey those rules. If they will not obey then they can be thrown out of their job. That’s why a formal type of cooperation exists in these groups.

(4) Difference on the basis of the status of individuals. In primary groups status of members depends upon their birth and family. It means that he gets the status of that family in which he is born. For example, man gets status of father, mother, grandfather, grandmother etc. only in the family. In this man gets ascribed status. In secondary groups, a person’s status is according to his work. It means that the way in which he does his work, he gets status of that kind. For example, man gets different status when he performs different roles of doctor, engineer, clerk, teacher etc. Man can get higher status from lower-status only by hard work. Status of man in this depends upon his abilities.

(5) Difference on the basis of duration. The duration of mutual relations in the members of primary groups is very lengthy. If you will live separate from any one then relations will be decreased and if you will live together for a long time then relations will be strengthened and proximity will increase. By meeting daily, sitting together and by exchanging of ideas mutual relations will definitely be increased. More togetherness, more proximity will be there. So long duration of relations is there in its members. In secondary groups there is no limit of their duration. It can be less and can be more. Man can become a member only for the duration of time until he achieves his objectives. It means that the duration of time is related with the achievement of objectives. With the achievement of objectives, man can cancel its membership.

(6) Difference on the basis of type of background. In primary groups, members have the same background. According to Maclver and Page, “There is thus a level on which every group must dwell, and the person who is too far above or below it, disturbs the process of group participation.” For example family, neighbourhood and playgroups are permanent because of the same background. They know everything about each other because of which love can be maintained.

In secondary groups, members are related with different backgrounds. These groups are formed for any specific motive. A person becomes a member of that group, which can fulfil his needs. That’s why members are coming from different backgrounds. So the difference is also there on the type of their background.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the arrangements made for the protection of Human Rights in India in detail.
Or
Discuss any six steps taken in India for the protection of Human Rights.
Answer:
India is one of the largest democracy of the world. After Independence the makers of our Constitution had made provision for Human Rights. Not only after independence even before independence our national makers worked for Human Rights. The Fundamental Rights enumerated in the Indian Constitution are the most elaborate in the world. Part III of Indian Constitution provides for Fundamental Rights those are as following:

1. Right to Equality; Articles 14-18
2. Right to Liberty ; Articles 19-22
3. Right against Exploitation; Articles 23-24
4. Right to Freedom of Religion; Articles 25-28
5. Cultural and Educational Rights; Articles 29-30
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies; Article-32.

The Indian Constitution has not only made provision for the Fundamental Rights but also made provision for the machinery to implement the rights properly. A number of legislations have been made to eliminate exploitation of the weaker section of the society. Apart from this the Indian government has set up National Human Rights Commission at the level of the central Government and State Human Rights Commission at the state level. These Commissions look into complaints and incidents of violation of Human Rights. Their function includes protection and promotion of Human Rights.

Following steps have been taken in India for the protection of ‘Human Rights’:
1. Establishment of Human Rights: Indian Constitution has established six human rights. Indian citizens have the right to writ five petitions for the protection of these human rights in the court.

2. Establishment of a Commission for ‘Human Rights’: For the protection of ‘Human Rights’-Indian Constitution has established a commission for ‘Human Rights’.

3. Establishment of Commission for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes: For the protection of Human Rights of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes a special Commission is established.

4. National Women Commission: For the security and safety of women’s rights National Women Commission has been established.

5. National Minority Commission: For the security of rights of minorities a “Minority Commission’ is also established.

6. Independent Judiciary. Independent judiciary works like chowkidar for the protection of ‘Human Rights’. Thus independent judiciary is the strongest step for the protection of all Human Rights.

Question 2.
Discuss the functions of National Human Rights Commission.
Answer:
National Human Rights Commission performs the following functions under the Human Rights Protection Act 1993.

• To investigate complaints regarding the violation of Human Rights.
• To investigate the failure on the part of any public official in respect of his duties for preventing a violation of Human Rights.
• Commission encouraged the functions of non-government institutions for the protection of Human Rights.
• To review the steps taken under the Constitution or law for protecting the Human Rights and to make recommendations for making such steps more effective.
• To encourage research in the field of human rights.
• To visit jails and to examine the conditions of living of the persons undergoing imprisonments or under detentions.
• To study the international treaties and conventions and try to give it practical shape.
• To spread knowledge among various classes of people about their human rights.
  To prepare necessary programmes for the development of human rights.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Disarmament? Discuss the necessity of Disarmament in present world.
Answer:
Present age is an age of Science. Today, armaments and war, because of their totally destructive power, have come to be regarded as the biggest dangers to mankind. The havoc caused by the two World Wars convinced the people over the world that if humanity is to be saved from complete annihilation, something should be done to reduce or limit certain or all types of armaments.

Meaning and Definition of Disarmament:
In simple language the term disarmament is used for reduction or elimination of armaments. In actual practice, it has come to mean everything from total elimination of all the weapons to the regulation or control of only some kind of (offensive and totally destructive) weap¬ons. Disarmament includes everything which has to do something with the limitation, reduction, abolition or control of certain or all armaments through the voluntary agreement of two or more states.

1. According to Morgenthau, “Disarmament is the reduction or elimination of certain or all armaments for the purpose of ending the armament race.”

2. According to V.V. Dyke, “Any regulation or limitation have to do with armed power is treated as a measure of disarmament.”

3. According to Jacob and Atherton, “disarmament seeks to establish conditions that will assure a country that others are neither intending to attack it or capable of doing so, at least in the immediate future. The strategy is to unwind rather then to build up a confrontation of armed forces.”

In its absolute sense, disarmament requires the global destruction of weapons and the dis-establishment of all armed forces. General disarmament means a kind of disarmament in which all the nations participate whereas local disarmament means disarmament by a limited number of nations.

Need and Necessity of Disarmament:
Disarmament is needed due to following reasons:
1. World Peace and Security:
World peace and security is possible only by disarmament. Armaments lead to armament race and armament race leads to war. Arms race can itself be the cause of bloody and costly wars. Disarmament is the most effective means or preventing war and maintaining peace.

2. Disarmament reduces International Tension:
Disarmament reduces international tensions whereas arms race increases international tensions and international tensions encourage war. Disarmament can certainly check the growing war hysteria in international relations.

3. Reduces the Destructiveness of War: Disarmament is needed as it reduces the sufferings and destructiveness of war.

4. Helpful in Economic Development:
Disarmament is needed because it is very helpful in economic development. By disarmament states can save a very large amount of funds and that money can be used for the welfare and economic development of the people of the states. In the timeless dilemma of choosing between ‘guns and butter’, the advocates of arms reduction opt for the latter. It is argued that even if a small portion of millions of dollars now spent on armament everyday is transferred to economic development the world would be entirely different.

5. Helpful in ending Colonialism and Imperialism:
Armaments encouraged Imperialism and Colonialism because states having big stocks of arms used arms for expanding their territories. Hence disarmament is very helpful in ending Colonialism and Imperialism.

6. Moral Reasons:
Disarmament is needed for moral reasons also. Philosophically most solid argument is that war is morally wrong and hence armaments as the means of war are also evil. It is always rational and moral to nip the evil in the bud. Thus elimination of war demands the elimination of arms and armament races.

7. Social Reasons:
Disarmament is also needed due to social reasons. Money saved by disarmament can be utilised for solving the problems of poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, housing etc.

Question 4.
What do you understand by the concept of Globalization? Discuss its main features.
Or
What do you mean by Globalization? Explain four features of Globalization in India.
Answer:
In the late 20th century the revolution in the means of communication has changed the world in ‘global village’ by lessening its distances. It has encouraged the emergence of world society. Although the concept of globalisation became popular in the last phase of the 20th century but its background is quite old. The ill effects of the two world wars on the rich nations led them to think about the ways and means of coming out of the economic recession.

To achieve this aim they made full use of the international organisations such as General Agreement on Trade and Tariff, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund and World Bank etc. All these organisations brought the countries of world close to each other. Martin Shaw has observed, “Society has been globalised not because human beings thought or act 1 globally, but because in pursuit of other suit – profit, power communication worldwide connectedness has developed.”

Definition and Meaning of Globalization:
Scholars differ regarding the meaning of globalization. Their views are given below:
1. According to Anthony Giddens, “Globalisation means the intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings shaped events occurring many miles away and vice-versa.”

2. According to Robertson, “Globalisation is a concept that refers to the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”

3. According to Mild and McGrew, “Globalisation refers to a historical process which transforms the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions, generating, transcontinental or inter-regional networks of interaction and the exercise of power.”:

In general we can say that globalisation is a process by which the planet Earth is:
considered to be one single unit where social and economic interaction among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation. Globalisation can also be explained as globalisation of world market and to link the economy of all the countries of the world with world market. It is also manifest in the rapid flow of information capital and goods. Different cultures and societies have come face to face with each other.

It has created global electronic communications. Observing the impact of globalization Martin Shaw said, “With the development of global relations, the understanding of human relations in common world wide frame comes to predominate over other, more partial understanding.”

Thus, globalization is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world peace. It is a step towards socio-economic, scientific and technological development of the whole mankind. It has made easier to solve the world problems.

Features of Globalization: Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomenon-
It’s features are as given below:
1. Global Economy:
Global economy is the most important feature of globalization. In the process of globalization, it has been observed that national economies have been integrated into global economy. Trade has come out of national boundaries. Global economy promotes international harmony.

2. Expansion of Industrialisation and MNC’s:
Expansion of industrialisation is another feature of globalisation. Globalisation has increased the value of multi-national business organisations. The output of multi-national corporations is more than a state corporation, that’s why now MNC’s dominate the world market. The notable examples of MNC’s are General Motors and Ford in the automotive industry. ESSO, Shelt and B.P. in Oil industry, McDonald’s fast food-chain AT & T, and International News Corporation in the communication sector.

3. World Wide Institutions:
Establishment of world wide institutions is one of the features of globalisation. Globalisation has brought the countries of the world close to each other. These countries have formed institutions those have global appeal and those work to resolve global problems such as U.N.O. It is an international system of states and they are committed to the cause of universal welfare and upliftment. U.N.O. tries to fight against natural calamities as well as man-made problems.

4. Global Movements:
Global movements is the another feature of globalisation. The members of the global village have come out of their national boundries and fences and started thinking about welfare in broader terms including national and international concern. Women’s liberation movement has been launched on global level. Various other global movements have been launched to eradicate economic inequality, environment problems and armaments.

5. Competitive Economy:
Competitive economy is another important aspect of globalisation. The developing countries are trying to compete with the developed countries. The developed countries are trying to advance and strengthen their economy more and more and developing countries are trying to improve their performance, products and industries to compete with the industry of developed countries.

6. World Trade Organisation:
The emergence of WTO is another feature of globalisation. WTO is an indication of globalisation process. Martin Shaw observes that although, “The WTO remains dominated by the west and is partly a forum for resolving intra-western economic differences, it is now more or less universally accepted as the frame work for regulating trade, as China’s admission in 1999 recognised.”

7. The declining relevance of geographical distance and the insignificance of territorial boundries is the feature of globalisation.

8. International Law for the security of international peace and to resolve trade problems is another important aspect of globalisation.

9. Increase of Foreign Investment in countries is another feature of the process of globalisation.

10. Technological Innovations is another feature of globalisation.

11. Information Revolution is an important aspect of globalisation. Information technology has brought countries closer.

Thus, the process of globalisation has changed the world scenario. It has brought nations closer to each other and has formed world wide society.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Globalisation? Why India adopted the policy of Globalisation?
Answer:
Meaning of Globalisation:
In the late 20th century the revolution in the means of communication has changed the world in ‘global village’ by lessening its distances. It has encouraged the emergence of world society. Although the concept of globalisation became popular in the last phase of the 20th century but its background is quite old. The ill effects of the two world wars on the rich nations led them to think about the ways and means of coming out of the economic recession.

To achieve this aim they made full use of the international organisations such as General Agreement on Trade and Tariff, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund and World Bank etc. All these organisations brought the countries of world close to each other. Martin Shaw has observed, “Society has been globalised not because human beings thought or act 1 globally, but because in pursuit of other suit – profit, power communication worldwide connectedness has developed.”

Definition and Meaning of Globalization:
Scholars differ regarding the meaning of globalization. Their views are given below:
1. According to Anthony Giddens, “Globalisation means the intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings shaped events occurring many miles away and vice-versa.”

2. According to Robertson, “Globalisation is a concept that refers to the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”

3. According to Mild and McGrew, “Globalisation refers to a historical process which transforms the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions, generating, transcontinental or inter-regional networks of interaction and the exercise of power.”:

In general we can say that globalisation is a process by which the planet Earth is:
considered to be one single unit where social and economic interaction among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation. Globalisation can also be explained as globalisation of world market and to link the economy of all the countries of the world with world market. It is also manifest in the rapid flow of information capital and goods. Different cultures and societies have come face to face with each other.

It has created global electronic communications. Observing the impact of globalisation Martin Shaw said, “With the development of global relations, the understanding of human relations in common world wide frame comes to predominate over other, more partial understanding.”

Thus, globalisation is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world peace. It is a step towards socio-economic, scientific and technological development of the whole mankind. It has made easier to solve the world problems.

Features of Globalization: Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomenon-
It’s features are as given below:
1. Global Economy:
Global economy is the most important feature of globalisation. In the process of globalisation, it has been observed that national economies have been integrated into global economy. Trade has come out of national boundaries. Global economy promotes international harmony.

2. Expansion of Industrialisation and MNC’s:
Expansion of industrialisation is another feature of globalisation. Globalisation has increased the value of multi-national business organisations. The output of multi-national corporations is more than a state corporation, that’s why now MNC’s dominate the world market. The notable examples of MNC’s are General Motors and Ford in the automotive industry. ESSO, Shelt and B.P. in Oil industry, McDonald’s fast food-chain AT & T, and International News Corporation in the communication sector.

3. World Wide Institutions:
Establishment of world wide institutions is one of the features of globalisation. Globalisation has brought the countries of the world close to each other. These countries have formed institutions those have global appeal and those work to resolve global problems such as U.N.O. It is an international system of states and they are committed to the cause of universal welfare and upliftment. U.N.O. tries to fight against natural calamities as well as man-made problems.

4. Global Movements:
Global movements is the another feature of globalisation. The members of the global village have come out of their national boundries and fences and started thinking about welfare in broader terms including national and international concern. Women’s liberation movement has been launched on global level. Various other global movements have been launched to eradicate economic inequality, environment problems and armaments.

5. Competitive Economy:
Competitive economy is another important aspect of globalisation. The developing countries are trying to compete with the developed countries. The developed countries are trying to advance and strengthen their economy more and more and developing countries are trying to improve their performance, products and industries to compete with the industry of developed countries.

6. World Trade Organisation:
The emergence of WTO is another feature of globalisation. WTO is an indication of globalisation process. Martin Shaw observes that although, “The WTO remains dominated by the west and is partly a forum for resolving intra-western economic differences, it is now more or less universally accepted as the frame work for regulating trade, as China’s admission in 1999 recognised.”

7. The declining relevance of geographical distance and the insignificance of territorial boundries is the feature of globalisation.

8. International Law for the security of international peace and to resolve trade problems is another important aspect of globalisation.

9. Increase of Foreign Investment in countries is another feature of the process of globalisation.

10. Technological Innovations is another feature of globalisation.

11. Information Revolution is an important aspect of globalisation. Information technology has brought countries closer.

Thus, the process of globalisation has changed the world scenario. It has brought nations closer to each other and has formed world wide society.

Why India Adopted the Policy of Globalisation:
Following are the factors responsible for India’s globalisation policy:

• India’s economy will become competitive due to globalisation policy.
• Foreign Wealth and technique both will be imported in India due to globalisation and this will be helpful for the development of India.
• The policy of globalisation will encourage a good competition in production and consumers will get better quality of production.
• With the globalisation process Indian economy will automatically link with the world economy and it will be beneficial for Indian economy.
• Industrial development will take place due to globalisation.
• Globalisation will create more employment.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Globalisation? Discuss the demerits of policy of Globalisation adopted by India.
Answer:
Meaning of Globalisation:
In the late 20th century the revolution in the means of communication has changed the world in ‘global village’ by lessening its distances. It has encouraged the emergence of world society. Although the concept of globalisation became popular in the last phase of the 20th century but its background is quite old. The ill effects of the two world wars on the rich nations led them to think about the ways and means of coming out of the economic recession.

To achieve this aim they made full use of the international organisations such as General Agreement on Trade and Tariff, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund and World Bank etc. All these organisations brought the countries of world close to each other. Martin Shaw has observed, “Society has been globalised not because human beings thought or act 1 globally, but because in pursuit of other suit – profit, power communication worldwide connectedness has developed.”

Definition and Meaning of Globalization:
Scholars differ regarding the meaning of globalization. Their views are given below:
1. According to Anthony Giddens, “Globalisation means the intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings shaped events occurring many miles away and vice-versa.”

2. According to Robertson, “Globalisation is a concept that refers to the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”

3. According to Mild and McGrew, “Globalisation refers to a historical process which transforms the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions, generating, transcontinental or inter-regional networks of interaction and the exercise of power.”:

In general we can say that globalisation is a process by which the planet Earth is:
considered to be one single unit where social and economic interaction among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation. Globalisation can also be explained as globalisation of world market and to link the economy of all the countries of the world with world market. It is also manifest in the rapid flow of information capital and goods. Different cultures and societies have come face to face with each other.

It has created global electronic communications. Observing the impact of globalisation Martin Shaw said, “With the development of global relations, the understanding of human relations in common world wide frame comes to predominate over other, more partial understanding.”

Thus, globalisation is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world peace. It is a step towards socio-economic, scientific and technological development of the whole mankind. It has made easier to solve the world problems.

Features of Globalization: Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomenon-
It’s features are as given below:
1. Global Economy:
Global economy is the most important feature of globalisation. In the process of globalisation, it has been observed that national economies have been integrated into global economy. Trade has come out of national boundaries. Global economy promotes international harmony.

2. Expansion of Industrialisation and MNC’s:
Expansion of industrialisation is another feature of globalisation. Globalisation has increased the value of multi-national business organisations. The output of multi-national corporations is more than a state corporation, that’s why now MNC’s dominate the world market. The notable examples of MNC’s are General Motors and Ford in the automotive industry. ESSO, Shelt and B.P. in Oil industry, McDonald’s fast food-chain AT & T, and International News Corporation in the communication sector.

3. World Wide Institutions:
Establishment of world wide institutions is one of the features of globalisation. Globalisation has brought the countries of the world close to each other. These countries have formed institutions those have global appeal and those work to resolve global problems such as U.N.O. It is an international system of states and they are committed to the cause of universal welfare and upliftment. U.N.O. tries to fight against natural calamities as well as man-made problems.

4. Global Movements:
Global movements is the another feature of globalisation. The members of the global village have come out of their national boundries and fences and started thinking about welfare in broader terms including national and international concern. Women’s liberation movement has been launched on global level. Various other global movements have been launched to eradicate economic inequality, environment problems and armaments.

5. Competitive Economy:
Competitive economy is another important aspect of globalisation. The developing countries are trying to compete with the developed countries. The developed countries are trying to advance and strengthen their economy more and more and developing countries are trying to improve their performance, products and industries to compete with the industry of developed countries.

6. World Trade Organisation:
The emergence of WTO is another feature of globalisation. WTO is an indication of globalisation process. Martin Shaw observes that although, “The WTO remains dominated by the west and is partly a forum for resolving intra-western economic differences, it is now more or less universally accepted as the frame work for regulating trade, as China’s admission in 1999 recognised.”

7. The declining relevance of geographical distance and the insignificance of territorial boundries is the feature of globalisation.

8. International Law for the security of international peace and to resolve trade problems is another important aspect of globalisation.

9. Increase of Foreign Investment in countries is another feature of the process of globalisation.

10. Technological Innovations is another feature of globalisation.

11. Information Revolution is an important aspect of globalisation. Information technology has brought countries closer.

Thus, the process of globalisation has changed the world scenario. It has brought nations closer to each other and has formed world wide society.

Demerits of Globalisation in India. Following are the demerits of policy of globalisation adopted by India:

• Due to Globalisation multinational companies are interfering in the political system of India.
• This policy has encouraged economic inequality which has increased the unemployment in India.
• Critics advocate that this policy is a forceable but not an accepted one. The objective like welfare of all is just out of the scene from this.
• This is an undemocratic process. This process has weakened the democratic set up by limitation of the labour, limited role of the welfare state.
• Deduction in subsides etc. by the Government which has indirectly hit the poor category.
• Globalisation has created a cultural crisis. By it encouragement is given to the Constitutism. The young generation is mad for Pepsi, Coca-cola and other brand of western products.
• Critics say that the Policy has also influenced the education system, which has established dominance of English language. This education has led to commercialization and has stressed on the markets which has made fall in values and ethics.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down the composition of National Human Rights Commission.
Or
Write down composition of National Commission for Human Rights.
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission started on 12th October 1993. It has eight members, a chairperson, a present or former judge of the Supreme Court, a present or former Chief Justice of a High Court; two members knowledgeable in the area of human rights and the chairperson of the National Commission for Women, National Commission for SCs and STs and the National Commission for Minorities. It protects and promotes Human Rights. It looks into the complaints of violation of human rights and works to protect the rights of all the members of society.

Question 2.
Write down four main functions of National Commission for Human Rights.
Or
Write four main functions of National Human Rights Commission.
Answer:
Following are the main functions of National Commission for Human Rights.

• To investigate complaints regarding the violation of human rights.
• To investigate the failure on the part of any public officials in respect of his duties for preventing a violation of Human Rights.
• Commission encouraged the functions of non-government institutions for the protection of human rights.
• To visit jails and to examine the condition of living of the persons undergoing imprisonments or under detentions.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Globalisation?
Answer:
The term global literally means, belonging to the globe which in turn implies connected with the natural habitat of humankind i.e., ‘global planet earth’. Globalisation is a process by which the planet earth is considered to be one single unit where social and economic interactions among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be solved with global efforts and co-operation. Globalisation can also be explained as globalisation of world market. In simple words, globalisation means free flow of goods, services, people, capital and cultures across national borders. It has created global electronic communications. Globalisation is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Disarmament?
Answer:
Disarmament is the need of present age. The term disarmament is used for reduction or elimination of armaments. In actual practice, it has come to mean everything from total elimination of all the weapons to the regulation or control of only some kind of weapons. Disarmament includes everything which has to do something with the limitation, reduction, abolition or control of certain or all armaments through the voluntary agreement of two or more states. Morgenthau says, “Disarmament is the reduction or elimination of certain or all armaments for the purpose of ending the armament race. In its absolute sense, disarmament requires the global destruction of weapons and the disestablishment of all armed forces.”

Question 5.
Why is disarmament necessary? Give four reasons.
Answer:
Disarmament is necessary due to following reasons:

• World peace and security. World peace and security is possible only by disarmament.
• Disarmament reduces International tension. Disarmament reduces international tension whereas arms race increases international tension and international tension encourages war. Disarmament can certainly check the growing war hysteria in international relations.
• Reduces the destructiveness of war. Disarmament is needed as it reduces the sufferings and destructiveness of war.
• Money saved by disarmament can be utilised for solving the problems of poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, housing etc.

Question 6.
Mention any four hindrances in the way of Disarmament.
Answer:
Following are the major hindrances in the way of Disarmament:

1. Fear and Security. Nations preferred security than disarmament. Until some system can be evolved whereby nations will be secure with less arms, disarmament will remain a far cry. Fear of insecurity is a big hindrance in the way of disarmament.

2. Faith in Armament. For security of the nations states have more faith in armament than in disarmament.

3. Mutual Distrust. Every state views with suspicion the disarmament proposals put forth by others. Mutual distrust among nations makes it difficult for the international community to go in for disarmament and arms control.

4. The political rivalry between the superpowers served as a stumbling block in the way of disarmament.

Question 7.
What do you mean by New International Economic Order (NIEO)?
Answer:
New International Economic Order constitutes a framework for eliminating the existing era of international economic system which is mostly catering to the needs and interests of the developed countries to the deterrence of the under-developed third world. The NIEO is based on assumption that the prevalent international order perpetuates and aggravates international inequalities and that new relationship of interdependence should replace the order patterns of interdependence and unequal exchange.

NIEO stands for making the international system fairer, just and equitable by adopting a code of conduct for the developed countries. It stands for reducing the gap between the developed countries and under-developed countries. It seeks to end the existing imbalance and inequalities in the economic relationship between the under-developed and developed world.”

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down the composition of National Human Right Commission.
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission started on 12th October 1993. It has eight members, a chairperson, a present or former judge of the Supreme Court, a present or former Chief Justice of a High Court; two members knowledgeable in the area of human rights and the chairperson of the National Commission for Women, National Commission for SCs and STs and the National Commission for Minorities.

Question 2.
Explain the term ‘Colonialism’.
Answer:
According to the Western concept, Colonialism is the establishment and maintenance of an extended rule over an alien people that is separate and subordinate to the ruling power. It implies rule over people of different races inhabiting lands separated by salt waters from the imperial centre.

Question 3.
Explain the meaning of the term Cold War.
Answer:
After Second World War, cold war started between U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. A cold war is a state of tension between countries in which each side adopts policies designed to strengthen itself and weaken the other. A line falling short of actual hot war. The cold war has been a predominant factor in determining the conduct of international affairs in post-second world war.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Disarmament?
Answer:
The term disarmament is used for reduction or elimination of armaments. In actual practice, it has come to mean everything from total elimination of all the weapons to the regulation or control of only some kind of weapons. Disarmament includes everything which has to do something with the limitation, reduction, abolition or control of certain or all armaments through the voluntary agreement of two or more states.

Question 5.
Why is disarmament necessary? Give two reasons.
Answer:
1. World peace and security. World peace and security is possible only by disarmament.

2. Disarmament reduces International tension. Disarmament reduces international tension whereas arms race increases international tension and international tension encourages war. Disarmament can certainly check the growing war hysteria in international relations.

Question 6.
Write two obstacles in the way of Disarmament.
Answer:
1. Fear and Security. Nations preferred security than disarmament. Until some system can be evolved whereby nations will be secure with less arms, disarmament will remain a far cry. Fear of insecurity is a big hindrance in the way of disarmament.

2. Faith in Armament. For security of the nations states have more faith in armament than in disarmament.

Question 7.
What do you mean by New International Economic Order (NIEO)?
Answer:
The NIEO is based on assumption that the prevalent international order perpetuates and aggravates international inequalities and that new relationship of interdependence should replace the order patterns of interdependence and unequal exchange. NIEO stands for making the international system fairer, just and equitable by adopting a code of conduct for the developed countries.

Question 8.
Write down any two basic principles of New International Economic Order.
Answer:
Following are the main principles of New International Economic Order:

1. NIEO is based on, the principles of sovereign equality of states, territorial integrity and non-interference in the internal affairs of other states.

2. NIEO is based on the principle of co-operation of all the member-states of the international community.

Question 9.
Write down any two Human Rights mentioned in Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Answer:
1. Right to Liberty and Equality. According to Article of Human Rights Declaration, all human beings are free by birth.

2. Equality before Law and Equal Protection of Law. Human Rights Declaration guarantees all persons equality before law and equal protection of laws. All human beings should have the right to an effective judicial remedy.

Question 10.
Discuss the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Answer:
Following points show the importance of this declaration :
1. The Declaration of Human Rights has exercised profound influence on the constitution of new nations. The Declaration also deeply affected treaties and agreements between the nations.

2. The Declaration has served a very useful purpose at the international level. The Declaration has been often cited in support of human rights.

Question 11.
Mention any two defects of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Answer:
1. The Declaration of Human Rights lacks legality. This is not a legal declaration but a moral document. No legal sanction can be imposed on member states for the violation of the declaration.

2. This Declaration is neither any international policy nor any agreement.

Question 12.
Name any four Human Rights.
Answer:

1. Right to life
2. Right to freedom
3. Right to work
4. Right to family.

Question 13.
Explain any two merits of globalization.
Answer:

• Globalisation gives rise to the worldwide information, which has effected every class of society. This has encouraged the social mobility.
• Possibilities of employment in Multinational companies have increased.

Question 14.
Name two nuclear treaties on which India refused to sign.
Answer:

1. N.P.T.
2. C.T.B.T.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of Human Rights.
Answer:
According to Laski, rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek himself to be at his best or make full growth.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Disarmament?
Answer:
Disarmament means the abolition of all material and human resources, for physical violence. Any control or restriction on military power is called as disarmament.

Question 3.
Why is disarmament necessary?
Answer:
During the cold war, both the sides developed modem weapons. If all these weapons are not destroyed through disarmament, they can prove detrimental to human race.

Question 4.
Give one difficulty in the way of Disarmament.
Answer:
The great powers have lust for modernisation of weapons.

Question 5.
What is the meaning of New International Economic Order?
Answer:
New International Economic Order means to provide food-items to the developing countries and to migrate resources from the developed countries to the developing countries.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation means the unhindered flow of material, service, capital and intellectual property-from one country to another.

Question 7.
Write one effect of Globalisation on India.
Answer:
Because of Globalisation, the investment of foreign capital has increased in India. It has generated new opportunities of employment.

Question 8.
‘Initiative of Six Nations’ Conference was held in.
Answer:
‘Initiative of Six Nations’ Conference was held in 1985.

Question 9.
Give one argument in favour of Globalisation.
Answer:
Because of Globalisation, the dependence of developing countries on International Monetary Fund and World Bank has reduced.

Question 10.
When is the Human Rights Day celebrated every year?
Answer:
Human Rights Day is celebrated on 10th December every year.

Question 11.
Name the forms of Disarmament
Answer:

1. Complete Disarmament,
2. Partial Disarmament,
3. Compulsory Disarmament,
4. Voluntary Disarmament,
5. Unilateral Disarmament,
6. Bilateral Disarmament.

Fill in The Blanks

1. National Human Rights Commission was established on
Answer:
12 Oct. 1993

2. New International Economic Order means to provide food to
Answer:
Developing Countries

3. Initiative of Six Nations Confrence was held in
Answer:
1985

4. India is committed to the use of Nuclear Energy for purposes
Answer:
Peaceful

5. India is fully committed to the rights and liberties included in the Declaration of Human Rights
Answer:
U.N.

True Or False Statement

1. Disarmament means the total abolition of arms.
Answer:
True.

2. Due to Globalisation, the investment of foreign capital has increased in India.
Answer:
True.

3. Human Rights Day is celebrated on 10th December.
Answer:
True.

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The National Human Rights Commission was formed on
(a) 12 October, 1991
(b)12 October, 1992
(c) 12 October, 1993
(d)12 October, 1994.
Answer:
(c) 12 October, 1993

Question 2.
Main problems of world are
(a) Terrorism
(b) Problem of Human Rights
(c) Problem of Disarmament
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of Above.

Question 3.
Main hindrances in the way of disarmament are :
(a) Fear and Security
(b) Faith in armament
(c) Mutual distrust
(d) All of Above.
Answer:
(d) All of Above.

Question 4.
When was ‘Six Nations Initiative Conference’ held ?
(a) 1985
(b) 1986
(c) 1990
(d) 1991.
Answer:
(a) 1985

Question 5.
World Trade Organisation was formed on
(a) 24 October, 1945
(b)1 January, 1995
(c) 10 December, 1948
(d) 29 April, 1954..
Answer:
(b)1 January, 1995

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Examine Indo-American relationship.
Or
Analyse India’s relations with U.SA.
Answer:
India’s relations with America were not friendly in the beginning. America intended to dominate India and so adopted the policy of pressure and assistance. Both the countries differed from each other because of the following reasons:

1. Different Views:
The main cause of the tense relations between both the countries was their varied attitudes towards international communism and colonialism.

2. India’s policy of non-alignment:
When India became free, America and Russia had inimical relations. America expected India to join its bloc like other newly liberated countries.

3. Kashmir:
When the Kashmir issue was put forth in the U.N.O. in December, 1947 because of Pak aggression, America fully supported Pakistan. This attitude was completely opposed to the spirit of justice.

4. Recognition of Communist China:
When Communist China came into existence, America didn’t want India to grant recognition to China. But India recognised China in December, 1949.

5. Korean War: America didn’t approve India’s policy in case of Korean War.

6. Military Assistance by America to Pakistan:
America signed a military pact with Pakistan in 1954 and started providing military assistance to Pakistan on the pretext of stopping expansion of communism by using war- weapons. But the wars which took place in 1965 and 1971 proved that these weapons were used against India.

Pt. Nehru visited America in 1957, and consequently, relations between both the countries improved. Eisenhower, the President of America, paid a visit to India in Dec., 1959, to strengthen friendly ties. President Eisenhower signed an agreement with India’s Food Minister S.K. Patil in Washington on 4th May, 1960.

Indo-American relations during Lai Bahadur Shastri Period (1964-65):
The Indo-Pak War of 1965 completely worsened relations between India and America because Pakistan used the American military aid against India. America didn’t check it, and rather favoured Pakistan. America sympathised with India at the sudden death of Shri Shastri at Tashkent.

Indo-American relations during Indira Period (From 1966 to March 1977):
Mrs. Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India on 16th Jan., 1966 after the death of Shri Shastri. Mrs. Gandhi visited America on 18th March, 1966, but the visit didn’t prove fruitful.

The year 1971 proved worst for Indo-American relations because of Bangladesh issue. America supported Pakistan on Bangladesh issue. The Government of India emphatically condemned the unfriendly attitude of America on 7th Aug., 1971. The ‘foreign policy of America suffered a great set-back as India signed a friendship treaty with Russia on 9th Aug., 1971.

America presented anti-India resolution before the Security Council during Indo-Pak war but Russia exercised its veto power. America sent its Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal to pressurise India. But Russian Naval forces warned America by declaring that it would not tolerate any action against India. Afterwards, when India was reckoned as a great power in South Asia after winning Bangladesh war, America stopped giving economic assistance to India.

Janata Government and Indo-American Relations:
President Jimmy Carter visited India in January, 1978 and had discussions with Indian leaders. The Government of India valued this visit the most and extended a warm welcome to President Carter.
Prime Minister Morar Ji Desai and External Affairs Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited America in June, 1978 and President Carter assured them to supply uranium to India.

Indo-U.S. Relations During 1980-85:
In December, 1980 the U.S. President Mr. Ronald Reagan, affirmed the desire of his administration to forge closer ties with India. Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s visit to U.SA. In July 1982, Mrs. Gandhi visited U.S.A. The U.S.A. and India reached a compromise so that India could keep getting nuclear fuel for Tarapur Atomic Power Plant. The agreement ended a dispute that had soured relations between the two countries for four years.

In June 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited U.S.A. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and President Reagan urged all governments to take appropriate steps to combat the ‘new danger of organised terrorism’ which they noted was a ‘threat to peace and democracy’. With regard to science and technology collaboration, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi and Mr. Reagan decided to initiate two new efforts.

Prime Minister Narasimha Rao Visits U.S.A. :
Prime Minister Narasimha Rao visited U.SA. in May, 1994. American President Bill Clinton expressed satisfaction with his wide ranging talks with Narasimha Rao and described his meeting with the Indian Prime Minister as productive. The American President extended full support to the Prime Minister in economic reforms and the liberalisation process and dubbed them as an ‘engine of growth’ for building new bilateral economic relations and giving India a ‘rightful place’ in the comity of nations as a major economic power.

Nuclear Proliferation Treaty and CTBT:
The Nuclear Proliferation Treaty was given permanent and indefinite expansion in May, 1995, but India refused to sign the treaty. India firmly vetoed the draft text of the controversial CTBT on the ground that it did not serve the purpose of promoting the realisation of the universal disarmament.

Nuclear Tests and Relations With U.S A-
India conducted five nuclear tests at Pokhran, three on May 11, 1998 and two on May 13, 1998 in order to develop a full- fledged nuclear deterrent to safeguard India’s security. American President Bill Clinton ordered tough sanctions against India in retaliation for its underground nuclear tests. The sanctions include an end to U.S. assistance to India, a prohibition of the export of certain defence and technology material, an end to U.S. credit and credit guarantee to India etc. Mr. Jaswant Singh, special emissary of Prime Minister, visited America in June, 1998 and held talks with U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott.

On 25th July, 1999 U.S.A. asked Pakistan to pull out its forces from the remaining areas of Kargil and immediately stop acts of terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir, showing for the first time Washington’s greater understanding of India’s concern on cross-border militancy.

U.S. President Bill Clinton’s Visit to India:
On 19th March, 2000 U.S. President Mr. Bill Clinton visited India. India’s tension with Pakistan and nuclear disarmament were the two major issues which dominated Mr. Clinton’s talks with the Prime Minister, Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Both leaders signed a ‘Vision Document’ on the future of Indo-U.S. relations in the new millennium. After signing ‘Vision 2000’, Mr. Clinton described it as laying the foundation for a dynamic and lasting partnership between two growing economic powers. The US President Clinton advised India to move towards nuclear non-proliferation and begin a dialogue with Pakistan to establish a ‘working relationship’ with it.

On 23rd March, 2000 India and U.S.A. entered into agreements worth over $ 1.4 billion on various sectors, including information technology, power and environment. Companies from both sides signed 11 business agreements. President Clinton anounced a $ 5 million aid to India to undertake projects to fight the dreaded Aids and TB diseases. He also announced a $ 10 million U.S. aid package for the development of Internet in rural areas. Describing his visit as ‘remarkable and wonderful’, Mr. Clinton said, “It would help in developing a new partnership at higher levels than in the past 22 years.”

Prime Minister Vajpayee’s Visit to U.SA. :
Prime Minister Vajpayee visited U.S.A. in Sept. 2000. In a stirring speech at the Joint session of U.S. Congress, Mr. Vajpayee spoke of the deleterious impact of cross border terrorism and was emphatic that India and the U.S.A. should close ranks in combating state-sponsored terrorism as distance offered no insulation. The American Congress adopted a resolution unanimously imploring Bill Clinton administration to lift the remaining sanctions against New Delhi. India signed five commercial agreements totalling $ 6 billion in key sectors like power, e-commerce and banking. India’s ties with U.S.A., so goes the Vajpayee strategy, rest on two pillars : anti-terrorism and close economic co-operation.

Sanctions Lifted: On September 23, 2001 President Bush lifted sanctions imposed on India in the wake of 1998 nuclear tests.

Powel’s visit to India:
The Secretary of State Mr. Powell visited India in October 2001 and expressed support to India’s fight against terrorism. He endorsed the Indian stand that the Kashmir issue could not be resolved on the basis of a two-nation theory. On October 17, 2001 the two countries signed a new bilateral treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in criminal matters.

Prime Minister Vajpayee’s Visit to U.S.A. :
Prime Minister Vajpayee visited U.S.A in November 2001. Prime Minister Vajpayee and President Bush pledged to fight terrorism. Mr. Bush said that his administration is committed to develop a fundamentally different relationship with India, one based upon trust and mutual values.

Indo-US Relations in the year 2004:
In January 2004 taking a step ahead towards co-operation India and U.S. has agreed to increase co-operation on three issues-civilian nuclear programme, civilian space programmes and high technology.

Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh’s Visit to U.S.A. :
In July 2005 Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited United States. India and U.S.A. sign 10 years defence agreement.
Nuclear Deal. United States had agreed to the nuclear deal with India because both sides stood to benefit from it.

Bush Signs US-India Nuclear Bill. U.S. :President George W. Bush on 18 December, 2006 signed the historic legislation allowing Civilian Nuclear Trade with India.

Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear Co-operation Agreement 2008:
The Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear Co-operation agreement consists of 22 pages and 17 articles. The agreement will remain in force for 40 years. The purpose of the agreement is to enable full civil nuclear energy co-operation between India and the United States. This agreement would help to address the problem of energy deficit that has emerged as one of the primary constraints on accelerating India’s growth rate. The agreement does not hinder India’s military nuclear programme and provides for uninterrupted supply of fuel.

India Signs Naval Reconnaissance Deal with U.S.A. :
India-U.S. defence co-operation received a big boost with India formalising a mega deal with U.S.A. for the supply of eight long-range naval-reconnaissance aircraft. This deal will fill a vital gap in India’s maritime domain awareness and will be followed by another deal for medium range maritime reconnaissance planes.

Purchasing the sophisticated reconnaissance aircraft from the U.S.A. : instead of from Russia despite the fact that the latter was the old supplier of the same aircraft to India there seems a clear cut shift in India’s focus from Russia to U.S.A.

Barack Obama 44th President of the U.S.A. :
20th January, 2009 witnessed a new dawn of history in the U.S.A. when Barack Obama took oath as the 44th President and dismantling racial barriers as the first black leader of a country.

In Nov., 2009 Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited U.S.A. where he held meeting with President of U.S.A., Mr. Barack Obama. In their Joint Declaration, both leaders announced to abolish terrorist Camps which were activated in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In Nov. 2010 U.S. President Barack Obama visited India. During his visit, Obama supported India’s claims for permanent member seat in U.N. Security Council.

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and American President Obama meet on September 28, 2013 at White House:
The U.S. and India sought more intensive engagement on a gamut of issues, including defence, security, bilateral trade and efforts to dismantle terrorist safe havens and promote clean energy. Both leaders emphasised the need for more intensive defence cooperation. Defence trade between the two nations has reached nearly $9 billion. The U.S. and Indian sought expansion of cooperation to address 21st century challenges in the areas of counter-terrorism, cyber, space and global health security.

Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narender Modi and American President Obama met in September 2014:
During this meeting, both leaders discussed Terrorism, Trade and Civil Nuclear Agreement. In Jan. 2015, American President visited India. During this visit both countries discussed Civil NuLcear Deal and other economic and world issues. In June 2016 and 2017, Indian Prime Minister visited U.S.A. During this visit both countries discussed bilateral Trade, Regional Security clean energy and climate change.

In Sept. 2019, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narender Modi visited U.S.A, to attend U.N.O. conference. During this visit the U.S.A. President Donald Trump attented ‘Howdy Modi’ Programme on 24 Sept. 2019. Dining their joint press conference, both leaders showed concern on Terrorism and climate change. In Feb. 2020, American president Sh. Donald Trump visited India During this visit both countries discussed Biletral trade, climate change and terrorism.
This shows that both the countries are doing their level best to maintain healthy and lasting relationship.

Question 2.
What are the main six points of disagreement between India and U.S.A.?
Answer:
Following are the main issues of disagreement between India and U.S.A.
1. Different Views:
International Communism and Colonialism are the subjects of disagreements and differences between the two countries.

2. Policy of Non-Alignment:
Policy of Non-Alignment is another issue of disagreement between India and U.S.A. U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. were not having co-ordial relations at the time of India’s independence in 1947. America was eager to have India in its group, whereas India adopted a policy of Non¬Alignment and it was not appreciated by U.S.A.

3. Kashmir Issue:
Kashmir issue remained a main issue of disagreement between both the countries, as U.S.A. always sided with Pakistan and it is never relished by India.

4. Recognition of Communist China: India gave recognition to Communist China in 1949. U.S.A. did not favour this act of India.

5. Korean War: U.S.A. disagreed with India’s attitude toward Korean War.

6. Military Assistance to Pakistan: U.S.A. is continuously assisting Pakistan with military help and India has always disliked this assistance of Pakistan by U.S.A.

Question 3.
Describe in detail Indo-Russia Relations.
Answer:
After the disintegration of the U.S.S.R. in December 1991, Russia emerged as the legal successor state of the former super power in world politics. Russian President Yeltsin assured, the Indian Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao that Russia’s relationship and co-operation with India would continue. In early 1992 India and Russia took first firm steps to rebuild economic relations. The decision to end Rupee trade and to switch over to hard currencies was taken. Russia also favoured strategic co-operation with India. Russia also decided to supply another three million tonnes of oil to India in 1993. Indian Defence Minister Sharad Pawar visited Russia and Russia agreed to finance both trade and defence projects.

Visit of Russian President Boris Yeltsin:
In the last week of January, 1993, Russian President Boris Yeltsin visited India. President Yeltsin announced that Russia would support India in the United Nations’ Security Council bn the Kashmir issue. India and Russia agreed to co-ordinate their activities and exchange information and experience to combat different manifestations of terrorism, organised crime and illegal arms trade. The signing of a new Treaty of Friendship and co-operation was designed to guide the path of Indo-Russian relations in the next 20 years.

P.M. Narasimha Rao’s Visit to Russia:
In June, 1994, the then P.M. Narasimha Rao visited Russia. The visit produced two significant declarations and nine agreements. Both the countries denounced the efforts to weaken the unity of pluralisation states through religious extremism. Both agreed to jointly fight the forces of aggressive nationalism and religious fanaticism. The agreement signed related to increased defence co-operation, extension of the $ 830 million defence credit, peaceful space research, etc.

Russian P.M.’s Visit to India:
In December, 1994, the Russian Prime Minister visited India and during his visit, India and Russia signed 8 agreements covering such vital areas as defence, technology and space exploration. Russia assured India that it has no desire to supply arms to Pakistan. The Russian leader voiced support for India’s demand for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.

P.M. H.D. Deve Gowda’s Visit to Russia:
In March, 1997, the Indian P.M. led a powerful delegation to Russia for holding Summit level talks with Russian President and other top leaders. P.M. Gowda and Russian President Boris Yeltsin declared their commitment to further strengthen their bilateral co-operation. The Prime Ministers of both the countries further cemented this foundation by concluding bilateral agreements for checking double tarriffs, co-operation in respect of custom matters and promotion of cultural and sports co-operation.

India, Russia Sign N-Pact:
On 21st June, 1998, in a far reaching nuclear deal, India and Russia signed an accord for construction of two 1000 mw light-water nuclear power reactors at Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu.

Russian P.M.’s visit to India:
In the end of December, 1998, Russian P.M. Yevgeny Primakov visited India. Traditional Indo-Russian relations got a further boost with the two sides signing seven bilateral agreements ranging from military and technical co-operation to a wide array of economic areas. The agreements signed included a long-term agreement on military technical co-operation upto the year 2010, one on extradition treaty, a joint document on development of trade, economic, industrial, finance, science and technology co-operation between the two countries.

Defence Agreement:
On 22nd March, 1999, India and Russia further cemented their defence ties with the signing of defence agreement on training of Indian service officers in military educational institutions of the Russian federation.
In March 2000 Mr. Vladimir Putin was elected President of Russia. On April 15, 2000, President Putin ratified extradition treaty with

India aimed at curbing terrorism:
A senior Russian atomic energy official called for recognition of India and Pakistan as nuclear weapon states. On June 28, 2000, India and Russia decided to set up a commission on Military—Technical Co-operation to impart greater impetus to defence ties and accelerate decision making. India agreed to buy $ 1 billion worth of Russian arms. On June 29, 2000, India and Russia signed a number of agreements on Indo-Russian defence co-operation.

Russian President Vladimir Putin’s Visit to India:
On 2nd October, 2000, President Putin visited India. India and Russia forged a strategic partnership that proposes structured co-operation in the fields of nuclear sciences, defence, space and in fight against international terrorism, separatism, religious extremism, organised crime and illegal drug-trafficking. India and Russia signed 10 agreements to enhance their bilateral ties in various fields.
Russia also declared its unqualified support for India’s permanent membership of an expanded United Nation’s Security Council. On Oct. 4, 2000 a new era dawned in the Indo-Russian defence ties with the two countries signing multi-billion dollar agreements for sale of armaments. They also decided to set up an Inter-governmental Commission on defence and technical co-operation.

Defence Accord:
Indian Foreign and Defence Minister visited Moscow in June 2001. On June 6, India and Russia signed a ‘ground breaking’ accord on bilateral defence co-operation.

Accord on Terrorism:
Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Moscow in November 2001. India and Russia signed the far reaching Moscow Declaration on international terrorism declaring that the struggle against this scourge had become one of the priority tasks of the world community. The two sides reaffirmed the central role of the United Nations in the efforts of the international community in the struggle against terrorism. India and Russia rejected any role for the Taliban, moderate or otherwise, in the post-conflict government structure in Afghanistan.

Visit of Russian Deputy Prime Minister to Delhi (February 2002):
On February 8, 2002 India and Russia signed four key protocols and decided to develop satellite global surveillance system and fifth generation combat aircraft.

Defence Agreement:
On 20th January 2004, India and Russia signed the historic and their biggest ever defence deal of almost ? 7,000 crore. The defence ministers said that the military and technical co-operation between India and Russia has reached a higher level.

Visit of Russian President (Dec. 2004):
Russian President Vladimir Putin visited India in Dec. 2004. India and Russia moved closer vowing to reconcile their positions on two contentious issues of Russian entry into the W.T.O and New Delhi according market economy status to Moscow. The two countries signed 10 agreements and Memorandum of understanding to strengthen bilateral co-operation in banking, energy, space exploration, navigation and visa sectors. Russian President supported India’s Candidature for a permanent seat in U.N. Security Council with veto power.

Visit of Indian Prime Minister to Moscow (December 2005):
Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Moscow on Dec. 6, 2005. Moscow agreed to help India in acquiring the latest nuclear energy generation technology to meet the country’s growing power requirements. India and Russia have identified three key areas—nuclear energy, defence and trade and industry to give special attention to while transforming their buyer-seller relationship into one that aims at joint planning and manufacture of high technology arms and armaments. The agreements have opened the doors for the production of the multi-role transport aircraft and the fifth generation fighter planes which India needed urgently. The new thrust on Joint production has its own significance.

Recent relations between India and Russia:
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh’s Visit to Russia in Nov. 2007:
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Russia in November 2007. India and Russia signed four agreements on November 12, 2007.

India and Russia have resolved a long pending issue on utilization of the rupee debt fund totalling ₹ 80 billion for Russian investments and trade and signed an accord on development and production of a multi-role transport aircraft.

At the joint press conference with Russian President Putin, Dr. Manmohan Singh said the two countries have agreed to redouble their efforts to achieve a bilateral trade target of 10 billion dollars by 2010.

Top Priority to ties with India:
Russia’s new foreign policy doctrine assigns priority to relations with India. The passage on India gives greater emphasis to political and economic co-operation between India and Russia.

Uranium from Russia:
Due to Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement India has been successful in clinching a deal with Russia for the supply of 2000 tonnes of uranium from there. With the adequate availability of uranium from Russia, India’s nuclear power plants will now be able to run on nearly full capacity. Russia will also help India in setting up four additional nuclear plants at Kudankulam, where two plants are already functioning with Russian help. Under the accord signed by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in New Delhi (7-12-2008), the two countries will work on establishing more such plants keeping in view India’s fast growing energy requirement.

In Dec., 2009: Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Russia, where he held talks with Russian President and Prime Minister. During this visit both countries strengthened their military, economic and cultural relations.

In March, 2010: Russian Prime Minister Mr. Valdimir Puntin visited India. During his visit, India and Russia signed a siew of a agreement in by areas like Defence, Nuclear Energy, Petroleum and Aviation.

Visit of Indian Prime Minister to Moscow (2011):
In Dec. 2011, Indian Prime Minister visited Moscow. During his visit, Prime Minister confirmed that India and Russia had concluded negotiations and agreed on terms and conditions for Russian credit for unit 3 and 4 of the Kundalkulam Project.

Visit of Russian President to India:
In Dec. 2012, Russian President Baldimir Putin visited. During this visit, both countries signed 10 pacts related to cooperation and security. ,

Visit of Russian President to India:
In December 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 20 importaht agreements. In Oct. 2016, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited to attend ‘BRICS’ Summit. During this visit both countries signed 16 Agreements.

In June 2017, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Russia. During this visit, both countries signed 5 agreements.
In Oct. 2018, Russian President Sh. Vladimir Putin visited India. During this visit both countries signed eight important agreements.
In Sept. 2019, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi Visited Russia. During this visit, both countries signed 15 important agreements.

Thus, India-Russia relations are cordial and friendly. Both the nations have always helped each other in the hours of need.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the relations between India and United States of America.
Answer:
The end of the cold war marked significant changes in Indo-US relations. Both the countries realised the importance of each other. They have increased co-operation in various spheres of bilateral relations—economic, political, technological and military. America has recognised the economic strength of India and felt that the economic and political growth of India can never be ignored.

The economic and political potential of India has changed the shape of India’s economic and defence relations with America. But after the nuclear test in 1998 USA imposed sanctions on India. But after Kargil issue, USA recognised the necessity of an international war against terrorism. In Oct, 2008 India and U.S.A. signed Civil Nuclear Agreement. Now USA looks India as the potential part of global surveillance that USA wants to build against terrorism.

Question 2.
Write a note on Indo-American Nuclear Treaty.
Answer:
The Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear co-operation agreement consist of 22 pages and 17 articles. The agreement will remain in force for 40 years. The purpose of the agreement is to enable full civil nuclear energy co-operation between India and the United States. This agreement would help to address the problem of energy deficit that has emerged as one of the primary constraints on accelerating India’s growth rate. The agreement does not hinder India’s military nuclear programme and provides for uninterrupted supply of fuel.

Question 3.
What were the main provisions of Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971?
Answer:
On 19th August 1971, India and Soviet Union signed a treaty of peace, friendship and co-operation. This treaty was for twenty years and its documents were exchanged at Moscow. It led to intimate relations between both the countries. The 1971 treaty was the first political-treaty concluded by India with one of the super powers. There were 12 Articles in this treaty and following were the main among 12 articles:

• Both the countries are desirous of maintaining and developing the present mutual friendly relations.
• Both the countries believe that mutual friendship and co-operation will be in the interests of Asia and world peace, apart from the mutual benefit of both the countries.
• Faith in the peaceful co-existence and co-operation.
• Solution of international problems with peace and mutual co-operation.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a short note on US aid towards Pakistan.
Answer:
America has a soft corner for Pakistan: America has always supported Pakistan against India because India adopted the Non-Aligned Movement against
America’s wish: America provided military alliance to Pakistan, against India, during two Indo-Pak wars of 1965 and 1971.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Post Cold War relationship between India and USA. .
Answer:
The end of the cold war marked significant changes in Indo-US relations. Both the countries realised the importance of each other. They have increased co-operation in various spheres of bilateral relations—economic, political, technological and military. America has recognised the economic strength of India and felt that the economic and political growth of India can never be ignored.

Question 3.
Describe India’s changing relations with the United States of America.
Answer:
1990s heralded a new era in Indo-US relations. The two countries have shown eagerness to improve their relations.

• In 1999, U.S. Supported India’S Stand On Kargil Issue.
• In October 2008, India And U.S.A. Signed A Civil Nuclear Co-Operation Agreement.

Question 4.
What were the main provisions of Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971?
Answer:

• Both the countries are desirous of maintaining and developing the present mutual friendly relations.
• Both the countries believe that mutual friendship and co-operation will be in the interests of Asia and world peace, apart from the mutual benefit of both the countries.

Question 5.
What are the two causes of tension between India and U.S.A.?
Answer:

• India did not sign Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). For this, American attitude towards India is not positive.
• Another cause of tension between the two countries is the military assistance by America to Pakistan since Pakistan uses its weapons against India.

Question 6.
Write two main features of Indo-US Civil Nuclear Co-operation Agreement.
Answer:

1. The agreement between two states (India and U.S.) possessing advanced nuclear technology, both parties having the same benefits and advantages.
2. The purpose of the agreement is to enable full civil nuclear energy co-operation between India and the United States.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1
Mention any one main point of the treaty signed between India and Soviet Union in 1971.
Answer:
Both the countries will try their best for the establishment of World Peace and disarmament.

Question 2.
Write one reason for the discordant relations between India and America.
Answer:
American supply of modem weapons to Pakistan.

Question 3.
Write one reason for change in the foreign policy of America in the context of India.
Answer:
India is the largest democratic country of the world.

Question 4.
1, 2, 3 Nuclear treaty was signed between which two countries?
Answer:
India and U.S.A.

Question 5.
Write one cause because of which America needed to be a friend of India.
Answer:
Both America and India are the two big democratic countries of the world.

Question 6.
Mention any one reason for differences between India and America in 1954.
Answer:
In 1954, the main reason for differences between India and America was the problem of Indo-China.

Question 7.
In which year disintegration of Soviet Union took place?
Answer:
Disintegration of Soviet Union took place in 1991.

Question 8.
What is the importance of Russia for India?
Answer:
Russia is important for India’s Nuclear Energy Plans and India’s space industry.

Fill in The Blanks

1. A very important treaty between India and …………….. was signed in 1971.
Answer:
U.S.S.R.

2. Disintegration of Soviet Union took place in …………….. .
Answer:
1991

3. Both America and …………….. are the two big democratic countries of the world.
Answer:
India

4. During Indo …………….. War of 1971, USSR supported India.
Answer:
Pak.

True Or False Statement

1. India and America signed friendly treaty in 1971.
Answer:
False

2. Russia is giving no assistance to India’s Nuclear Energy Plan.
Answer:
False

3. India is the largest democratic country in the world.
Answer:
True.

4. India and Russia are having friendly relations.
Answer:
True.

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
India and Soviet Union signed friendly treaty in:
(a) 1988
(b) 1971
(c) 2004
(d) 1990.
Answer:
(6)

Question 2.
Disintegration of Soviet Union took place in:
(a) 1989
(b) 1990
(c) 1994
(d) 1991.
Answer:
(d) 1991.

Question 3.
Which country is more closer in the context of relationship to India than other?
(a) Pakistan
(6) U.S.A
(c) Russia
(d) France.
Answer:
(c) Russia

Question 4.
When was World Trade Center attacked?
(a) Dec. 13, 2001
(6) Sept. 15, 2002
(c) Sept. 11, 2001
(d) Dec. 25, 2002.
Answer:
(c) Sept. 11, 2001

Question 5.
When was Civil Nuclear Treaty signed between India and U.SA.?
(a) Oct. 2008
(b) Oct, 2009
(c) Oct, 2009
(d) Oct, 2006.
Answer:
(a) Oct. 2008

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Make a survey of Indo-Pak relations.
Or
Explain the relationship between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
India attained freedom on 15th Aug., 1947 but it was partitioned at the same time and so Pakistan came into existence. Pakistan was the result of a policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ of British rulers. Pakistan is India’s neighbouring country and that is why Indo-Pak relations are significant.

Relations between India and Pakistan remained tense because of persistent clashes on the issues of Displaced Property, constitutional place of Indian States, determination of boundary line and disputes over Junagarh, Hyderabad, Kashmir. All the other disputes except Kashmir problem have been solved. Two wars took place between both the countries on Kashmir issue first in 1948, and then in 1965. In 1971, India and Pakistan fought another war on Bangladesh issue.

America supported Pakistan whereas Russia favoured India and used Veto. Mrs. Gandhi announced the origin of the Republic of Bangladesh in Parliament on 6th December. General Niazi signed the documents of surrender on 16th December, 1971 and one lakh Pak-soldiers surrendered. Mrs. Gandhi announced unilateral Ceasefire on 17th December at 8 a.m. and requested Yahya Khan to accept the appeal for ceasefire. India’s victory in war heightened its prestige and badly discouraged Pakistan.

Shimla Conference:
Mrs. Gandhi, without exploiting the defeat of Pakistan, held a summit conference at Shimla in June, 1972 to discuss the problems of both the countries. Pak President Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi participated in this conference. The agreement was reached between Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Z.A. Bhutto on 3rd July and it is known as Shimla Agreement.

The Principles of bilateral talks were encouraged after Shimla Agreement.
After the formation of Janata Government in March, 1977, Indo-Pak relations all the more improved.

India’s External Affairs Minister visited Pakistan on 6th Feb., 1978. Shri Vajpayee, then External Affairs Minister coming back from Pakistan said, “It was foggy when we took off but there was sunshine when we landed in Islamabad.”

No War Pact:
On 15th Sept., 1981 Pakistan offered a No War Pact between the two countries. India suggested seven points for a No War Pact between the two countries. Mrs. Gandhi categorically assured Pakistan that India would never attack it, irrespective of whether the two countries signed a non-aggression pact or not.
Joint Commission. On March 10, 1983 foreign ministers of both the countries signed an agreement to set up a Joint Commission. The first meeting of the Joint Commission took place at Islamabad on June 1, 1983. The Joint Commission agreed to reduce the postal rates, provide easier travel facilities to passengers both ways and promote trade, commercial and cultural contacts.

Pact on Drug Trafficking:
On Sept. 10,1993 India and Pakistan signed a Charter of agreements to combat the ever-increasing trafficking in drugs across the border.

Pakistan’s Support to Terrorists:
For almost a decade Pakistan has been fighting a proxy war on India’s blood-shattered border states. Pakistan is giving all sorts of help to Punjab militants and Kashmir terrorists. On February 22, 1994 the Indian Parliament unanimously condemned Pakistan’s abetment of and encouragement to terrorist activities in Kashmir.

Nuclear Tests:
India conducted three underground nuclear tests on May 11, 1998 and two tests were conducted on May 13, 1998. On 28th May, 1998 Pakistan conducted five nuclear tests to equalise the five tests conducted by India.

Indo-Pak Pact on Bus Service:
On Feb. 17, 1999 India and Pakistan signed a formal agreement for launching the Delhi-Lahore bus service. On Feb. 20, 1999 heralding a new ‘Chapter’ in Indo-Pakistan relations the Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, rode on the bus to Lahore.

Kargil Issue:
After showing limitless patience, India gave a moderate answer on 26th May, 1999 to Pakistan sponsored aggression in the Kargil-Dras sector. Indian government made it very clear that they will continue the operation till ‘our defence forces reoccupy our territory.’ The External Affairs Minister of India, Mr. Jaswant Singh, made it clear to the External Affairs Minister of Pakistan that ‘Aggression has to be undone’. On June 20, 1999, G-8 leaders condemned violation of the line of control and called for an immediate end to fighting in the region and termed as ‘irresponsible’ any military action to change the status quo of the LOC. G-8 leaders asked Pakistan to end infiltration.

Summit between Prime Minister and President, 2001:
In July 2001, the summit between Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pakistan’s President Pervez Musharraf crashed down because the two sides failed to reconcile their differences on the critical Kashmir issue and cross-border terrorism.

Terrorist Attack on Indian Parliament:
On December 13, 2001 terrorists attacked Indian Parliament and 12 persons were killed. Terrorist outfits based in Pakistan-Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad were responsible for the attack on Parliament.

India Recalls High Commissioner:
On 21st December 2001, India recalled its High Commissioner from Islamabad and terminated the Delhi-Lahore bus service as well as the Samjhauta Express train running between the two countries for the last 25 years. On December 27, 2001 India banned the use of Indian airspace by the Pakistani planes and gave an ultimatum for reduction of its High Commission staff by 50 per cent.

Ban on LeT, Jaish-e-Mohammad:
On January 12, 2002 Pakistan’s President Pervez Musharraf banned the Jaish-e-Mohammad and the Lashkar-e-Toiba but ruled out handing over their leaders to India.

Indian Prime Minister’s Visit to Islamabad:
In January, 2004 the Indian Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Islamabad to attend 12th SAARC summit. Mr. Vajpayee met Pakistani President and Prime Minister during his visit. The conflict between the two countries has reduced during this SAARC summit and both the countries agreed to solve their conflicts with peaceful means and mutual talks.

Indo-Pak Relations in 2004:
After the Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s visit to Islamabad in 2004 both the countries have decided to improve their relations. The bus service, train services and air services have been resumed between India and Pakistan.

Pakistani Prime Minister’s Visit to New Delhi (Nov. 24, 2004):
Pakistani Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz visited New Delhi in Nov. 2004. India and Pakistan stuck to their respective state position on Kashmir. But both the countries agreed to set up banks in each other’s country on reciprocal basis.

Bus to Muzaffarabad:
On 16th February, 2005 India and Pakistan agreed to start a bus service between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad from April 7, 2005. Travel will be by entry permit system for all nationals of both countries once identities are verified. Both countries agreed to start a bus service between Amritsar and Lahore and also to religious places such as Nankana Sahib. On April 7, 2005 bus service started between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad.

General Musharraf s Visit (2005):
In April 2005 General Musharraf visited India. The two leaders decided to revive the Indo-Pak Joint Commission. India and Pakistan decided to enlarge economic and commercial ties.

Pact on Ballistic Missiles:
On August 6, 2005 India and Pakistan reached an understanding on the proposed agreement on Pre-Notification of Flight Testing of Ballistic Missiles.

Release of Fishermen and Civilian Prisoners:
On September 12, 2005 India and Pakistan released fishermen and civilian prisoners.

India, Pak exchange relief material:
In November 2005 Indian and Pakistani officials from both sides of the LOC supervised the exchange of relief material for the quake affected population.

Recent relations between India and Pakistan:
Pakistani President General Musharraf declared emergency rule on November 3, 2007.
Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf was sworn in as a Civilian President on November 27, 2007.

Terrorists Attack on Mumbai:
Terrorists attacked Mumbai on November 26, 2007. Nine terrorists were killed and one terrorist Amir Kasab was arrested. These terrorists were supported by Pakistan. Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh stated clearly involvement of Pakistan official agencies in the Mumbai attacks and asked Pakistan to take actions against the perpetrators of the attack so that such strikes do not take place in the future. Pakistan rejected India’s demand for extradition of the perpetrators of the Mumbai terrorist attack, saying there was no extradition treaty between the two countries.

Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee asked Pakistani government to take tangible action against the perpetrators of the Mumbai attack. “All that we want is action and not words from Pakistan. But so far there is no evidence of it.”
Foreign Secretary Shiv Shankar Menon said so far India has not seen any action at all’ from Pakistan.

If Pakistan allows its territory to be used for attacks on India on the unacceptable plea that those involved in the attacks are the so labelled non-state actors, it does not absolve it from the responsibility of allowing its territory to be used by the Jihadis.

In Feb, 2010, India and Pakistan resumed their Foreign Secretary Level Talks. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met the Pakistani P.M. Gilani at Addu on Nov- 2011. Both the leaders described the relationship as moving in a positive direction. Like Pakistani P.M. Gilani, Indian P.M. also referred to “opening a new chapter in the history of the relationship between the two countries.” Both leaders had a hope that the second round of talks will be more productive.

In May 2014, Pakistani Prime Minister Sh. Nawaz Sharif visited India to attend oath ceremony of Sh. Narender Modi as Prime Minister of India. During this visit both leaders discussed bilateral issues. In Dec, 2015, Sh. Nareder Modi, Prime Minister of India, visited Pakistan. In Nov. 2018, India-Pakistan agreed to open the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor for the Sikh Community.

Terrorists, supported by Pakistan, attacked on military base areas of Uri. It resulted in the martyrdom of 21 Indian soldiers. India on 29 Sept. 2016, in reply to this attack, made surgical strike in P.O.K. and killed about 40 to 50 terrorists. Again on Feb. 14, 2019, Pak supported terrorists made a terrorist attack in Pulwama. It resulted in the deaths of 40 Central Reserve Police Force personnel. In response to this Pulwama attack, Balakot airstrike was conducted by India in the early morning hours of February 26, 2019. The Indian warplanes crossed the border and dropped bombs in the vicinity of the town of Balakot. Due to this air stike more than 250-300 Jaish-e-Mohammad terrorists were killed in Balakot.

Conclusion:
We can conclude that given the political will and a spirit of give and take, most problems can be solved through bilateral negotiations. Pakistan should stop helping terrorists immediately and should realise that Kashmir is an integral part of India.

Question 2.
Describe reasons of hostile and suspicious relations between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
Following are the major areas of conflict between India and Pakistan:
1. Kashmir Problem:
Kashmir is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan. Before Independence Jammu and Kashmir was one of the 565 princely states, ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh. On October 20, 1947 several thousand tribesmen armed with machine guns, mortars, etc., attacked the frontiers of the state. These tribesmen were aided by Pakistan. On 26 October, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession and Indian troops dashed to Kashmir. Pakistan refused to recognise this accession and the war continued for 14 months. On
January 1, 1949 India lodged a complaint with U.N. Security Council and on January 5, 1949 ceasefire was announced by both the countries.

In September 1965, Pakistani forces attacked India. Indian forces gave them a crushing defeat. A U.N. Security Council resolution adopted on Sept. 20, 1965 called for a ceasefire. Pakistan again attacked India on 3rd Dec. 1971 and after the war, the Shimla Agreement was signed between the two countries. On 5-6 August, 2019, Article 370 was abrogated in Jammu and Kashmir and nowadays India’s stand is that P.O.K. will be the centre point of India-Pakistan dialogue.

2. Terrorists activities by Pakistan in India. Another important conflict is the terrorists activities, which Pakistani government encourages. It trains and helps the militants by arms training and money to carry out terrorist strikes in India. Its spy agency ISI is alleged to be involved in India’s north-east operating secretly through Bangladesh and Nepal. Terrorists activities on India’s sea-shore, Pathankot attack, 26/11 Bombay Taj attack, attack in Uri and Pulwama attack are the few examples of it.

3. Violation of Shimla Pact and Lahore Pact:
Pakistan, often violates the terms and conditions of Shimla Pact and Lahore Samjotha and thus increases the tension between two nations.

Question 3.
Explain in detail the relationship between India and Bangladesh.
Or
Examine the phases of cordial and strained relations between India and Bangladesh.
Answer:
Bangladesh, which was a part of Pakistan and was known as East Pakistan, emerged as an independent state in 1971. East Bengal was not given fair treatment by the rulers of Pakistan and it was made virtually a colony. In an election held early in 1971, Sheikh Mujib’s Awami League got majority in Pakistani Parliament. But Sheikh Mujib was not called to form a government and he was arrested. East Bengal declared independence and the liberation war started. India helped Awami League in the war. War took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. India was the first country to grant recognition to the People’s Republic Bangladesh.

India got Sheikh Mujib Rehman, the first President of Bangladesh, released from detention in Pakistan. India signed a treaty with Bangladesh for friendship, peace and co-operation for twenty five years in 1972. A trade agreement was reached in March 1972 for the economic reconstruction of Bangladesh. There was mutual agreement on Farakka barrage and sharing of Ganga waters. But the assassination of Sheikh Mujib followed by military dictatorship in Bangladesh created tension between India and Bangladesh.

Dispute started between them over Ganga waters. This dispute was settled by an agreement in Oct. 1977. Chief Martial Law Administrator H.M. Ershad visited India on October 6, 1982. India and Bangladesh decided to terminate the 1977 Farakka agreement to undertake feasibility studies. Both agreed on an interim arrangement on the question of Sharing the Ganga water and augmenting its flow. The Summit decided to set up an Indo- Bangladesh joint Economic Commission.

The summit talks between Mrs. Gandhi and General Ershad covered a wide area of understanding and mutual accommodation which augured well for future relations between India and Bangladesh. The joint communique issued at the end of General Ershad’s visit to Delhi conveyed much more than an interim accord on Farakka and a settlement of the Tin Bigha lease issue.

Tin Bigha Corridor:
A major irritant in Indo-Bangladesh relations was removed when the Tin Bigha Corridor was opened on June 26, 1992 amidst heavy security by central paramilitary forces and the state Armed Police. According to the modalities of the agreement formalised by the governments of the two countries on March 26, 1992 the movement of Bangladesh nationals along the corridor would be regulated to avoid intermingling with Indian nationals.

Chakma Refugees:
The repatriation of Chakma refugees, which was to have begun on June 8, 1993 on the basis of an understanding reached between India and Bangladesh during Bangladesh Communication Minister’s visit to New Delhi and Tripura, remained a non-starter. The repatriation of Chakma refugees started on 15th Feb., 1994. The 12 years old Chakma problem came to an end on Feb. 27, 1998 with all remaining refugees being repatriated to their ancestral homeland in Bangladesh.

Ganga Water Pact:
On Dec. 11,1996 Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed visited India. On Dec. 12, India and Bangladesh signed the Ganga Water sharing treaty leaving behind a long period of mutual distrust and suspicion. Prime Ministers of both the countries almost in the same words said that the treaty was tribute to the special quality of Indo-Bangladesh relations. India and Bangladesh formally started sharing Ganga waters on Jan. 1st, 1997.

The first ever trilateral business summit, which brought together the Prime Ministers of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh in Dhaka on 15th Jan., 1998, pledged their commitment to consolidate and strengthen the ongoing efforts for achieving sustainable development. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh reaffirmed their goal of achieving a free trade area in South Asia by the year 2001 and reiterated their commitment to liberalisation of commerce within the region.

Visit of Bangladeshi Prime Minister to India:
Bangladeshi Prime Minister, Mrs. Sheikh Hasina visited India on 16th June, 1998. India and Bangladesh stressed that bilateral problems should be resolved within a bilateral framework. Bangladesh reiterated its commitment that its territory would not be allowed to be used for anti- Indian activities.

Bus Service:
India and Bangladesh entered a new era of bilateral relationship with the launch of bus service linking Kolkata with Dhaka on June 19,1999. India also agreed to provide Bangladesh a credit of? 200 crore. India and Bangladesh agreed to start a new bus link between Agartala and Dhaka on April 9, 2000.

Train Service:
India and Bangladesh signed an agreement to run goods train which revived an old route through the Benapole- Petrapde border points on July 4, 2000.

Indian troops die in Border Clashes:
In April 2001, suddenly the border with Bangladesh had exploded into shooting, killing and high voltage tension. India lodged a strong protest with Bangladesh. India asked the Bangladeshi government to act against the perpetrators of crimes against the Border Security Force personnel saying that acts of criminal adventurism should not be permitted to affect ties between the two countries.

Joint Boundary Working Groups Meeting
In July 2001, a three day meeting between India and Bangladesh ended on a positive note as both sides reiterated their commitment towards expeditious resolution of all pending matters.

Visit of Indian External Affairs Minister:
In August 2002, long standing bilateral issues were discussed at the official talks between visiting Indian External Affairs Minister and Foreign Minister of Bangladesh. But they failed to make any breakthrough in settling any of the bilateral irritants.

Border Patrolling:
On August 6, 2005 India and Bangladesh decided to intensify border patrolling and work out ways to enhance trade and economic co-operation.

India’s Relations with Bangladesh:
Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee’s Visit to Bangladesh (2008):
Indian external affairs minister Pranab Mukherjee visited Bangladesh in Feb. 2008. He visited areas affected by Cyclon Sidr and India provided $ 1 million aid to Bangladesh. Mr. Mukherjee assured he would look into Bangladesh’s concern about the bilateral trade imbalance, river management and non-tariff barriers. He also announced ‘unconditional duty’ free access for two million ready-made garments from Bangladesh to India.

Maitree Express and Refurbishing India-Bangladesh Relations:
A new chapter was opened in Indo-Bangladesh relationship on April 14, 2008 when the Maitree Express rolled out of the Kolkata station on its inaugral journey to Dhaka. Railway Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav said, “This historic day will be written in golden letters in the histories of India and Bangladesh.”

In Jan. 2010 Bangladesi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited India. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina favours strong ties with India and vowed not to allow Bangladesh’s territory to be used for terrorism against its neighbours. Her proposal of forming a South Asian task force to fight terrorism in the region merits to be taken up earnestly by all countries because today the scourge threatens almost every country—including those which promoted it in the past. India and Bangladesh on August 20, 2011 signed joint border maps, finalising the 4156 km. long frontier between the neighbours. The long standing border related discord between the two bodies was settled through the signing of the map.

In Sept. 2011, Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh paid a two day visit to Bangladesh. During this visit India lifted tariffs oh 46 textile items from its sensitive list.

In Oct. 2016, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited India to attend ‘BIMSTEC’ Summit. During this, both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In April 2017, Bangladesh Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 22 agreements.
In May 2018, Bangladesi Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries discussed bilateral issues including Rohingya issue.
In Oct. 2019, Bangladeshi Prime Minister visited India. During this, visit both countries signed 7 important Agreements.

No doubt both Bangladesh and India have their grievances against each other, but these can be redressed in an amicable atmosphere. Both countries will gain immensely by promoting a relationship of goodwill and trust. Given goodwill and understanding between New Delhi and Dhaka, most bilateral problems can be solved without any difficulty.

Question 4.
Explain in detail the Indo-China relations.
Or
Write a critical note on the changing relationship between India and China.
Answer:
India and China had cordial relations earlier, but China attacked India in 1962 and became hostile to India. China still occupies some territory of India. India is inclined to improve relations with China but Chinese attitude is still inimical.

Indo-China Relations During Nehru Era (1949 to May 1964):
Policy of friendship towards China:
India, since the beginning, adopted the policy of friendship towards Communist China. India first recognised China, and then supported its induction in U.N.O. In 1951, India opposed the resolution of declaring China, an invader in Korea, in U.N.O. India didn’t attend San Francisco conference at the time of Japanese Peace Treaty in 1950 as China was not invited.

India’s Policy of Contentment crossed limits when India gave its extra-territorial rights enjoyed in Tibet, to China by signing a trade-agreement on 29th April, 1954. Both the countries at the time of agreement expressed their faith in the Principles of Panchsheel. These Principles were elaborated in 1953 at Bandung Conference. The Chinese Prime Minister Chou-En-Lai visited India in 1954 and Pt. Nehru also went to China. China attacked India on 20th Oct., 1962 and ‘avenged’ India’s friendly attitude. It badly affected Pt. Nehru’s policies.

Chinese invasion over India:
China attacked both the Western and Eastern sectors of the Indian Border on 20th Oct., 1962. The Chinese soldiers overpowered the military posts till Indian forces balanced themselves after this sudden attack. Britain and America immediately sent military equipment on India’s request. China declared unilateral ceasefire on 21st Nov. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian area which is still in its possession.

Colombo Resolution and attitude of China:
Ceylon, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Egypt organised Colombo conference in December, 1962 to facilitate Indo¬China talks. Mrs. Bhandarnaike brought this resolution to Delhi and Peking. This resolution was passed on 19th January 1963.

Sino-Indian relations during Shastri Period:
(May 1964 to January 1966). After the death of Pt. Nehru, Shri Lai Bahadur Shastri remained the Prime Minister of India till 10th January, 1966. Sino-Indian relations didn’t improve during this period. China adopted hostile attitude during Indo-Pak war in 1965. China fully supported Pakistan and declared India an invader.

Problems of Bangladesh and Chinese attitude towards Indo-Pak war:
The year 1971 was replete with problems for India. China disliked India’s co-operation in Bangladesh movement and it fully supported the dictators of Pakistan. China favoured Pakistan in the meetings of Security Council during Indo-Pak war and held India responsible for invasion. China again threatened India but these threats proved hollow.
Indo-China relations remained tense till April, 1976

Indo-China relations from May 1976 to 1979:
With the deaths of Chou-En- Lai, Chu Teh and of Mao in 1976, Indo-China relations slightly improved. On 15 April, 1976 Shri K.R. Narayanan was sent to Peking as an ambassador to China. China, too, sent its ambassador to India.

The external affairs minister, Mr. A.B. Vajpayee reached Peking on February 12, 1979. India raised the border question at the first ever ministerial dialogue with China since 1960. India arid China agreed to maintain the existing tranquillity along their common borders. But Mr. Vajpayee cut short his China visit by a day due to Chinese attack on Vietnam. .On September, 5, 1979 New Delhi strongly protested to Peking against the violation of Bhutan’s borders.

Indo-China Relations from January, 1980 to 1991:
The Chinese Prime Minister Mr. Hua Kuofeng told Prime Minister Indira Gandhi at Belgrade (Yugoslavia) on May 9, 1980 that his country was more than ready to improve its relations with India.

The three rounds of talks with China-First in Beijing in December, 1981, second in Delhi in May, 1982 and third in January 1983-on the border dispute failed to make any progress. Two more rounds of talks took place between India and China between 1983 and 1985.
Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited China in 1988 and many misunderstandings were removed. A joint working group was formed.

The Joint working groups have held six rounds of talk:
The latest round of talks at the Joint working groups was held in Beijing in early November, 1992. India and China agreed to establish high level contacts in order to maintain peace and tranquillity along the line of actual control. Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao visited China in Sept. 1993 and signed four agreements that would respect the Line of Actual Control (LAC) along the border and renounce the use of force against each other.

Visit of the Chinese President to India:
On 28th Nov., 1996 Chinese President, Mr. Jiang Zemin visited India on a four day State visit. Mr. Jiang was the first Chinese head of the State who has visited India. Chinese President, Mr. Jiang Zemin said, “My visit will further promote friendship between the two countries.” On 29th Nov. ,1996 India and China signed a historic agreement pledging themselves not to attack each other or cross the Line of Control and reduce troops and armaments along the common border. The agreement contained a series of confidence building measures in the military field to ensure a peaceful border.

Post-Pokhran Sino-Indian Relation:
India conducted underground nuclear test, at Pokhran on May 11, 1998—after 24 years of its maiden nuclear test. On 14th June, 1999 Indian External Affairs Minister Mr. Jaswant Singh visited China. India and China decided to establish a security dialogue mechanism and decided to give new impetus to the decisions of the Joint Working Group. It was also decided to celebrate the 50th anniversary of establishment of Indo-China diplomatic relations in an appropriate manner.

Visit of the Indian President to China:
Indian President K.R. Naryanan visited China on May 28,2000 (May 28 to June 3). India and China favoured a ‘fair and reasonable boundary dispute’ and decided to set up an Eminent Persons Group (EPG) to enhance over-all bilateral ties. The President invited China to work with India to eliminate the threat of international terrorism. Chinese President Jiang Jemin also condemned international terrorism.

Chinese Leader Li Peng’s Visit to India (Jan. 2001):
Chinese Leader Li Peng said, “The purpose of my visit is to enhance trust, boost friendship and strengthen co-operation.”

Visit of the Chinese Prime Minister to India:
Chinese Premier Zhu Ronglji visited India in January 2002. The two countries discussed a number of confidence building measures.

Visit of the Indian Prime Minister to China:
In June, 2003, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited .China. During his visit India and China signed the Cross Border Trade Agreement.

China’s stand on Sikkim:
Sikkim has been an issue of conflict between India and China. But in May, 2004 China put a step towards friendship and mutual trust. Beijing for the first time officially stopped showing Sikkim as a separate country in Asia. China’s this step has raised Indo-China relations to a qualitatively new plane.

Improvement in Indo-China Relations:
During these years of Indo-China relations the level of mutual trust between the two countries has been raised. Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister Wang Yi has said during an interview that “China-India relations are developing very well. Especially we have improved our mutual trust, which is important for bilateral relations.”

Recent Relations Between India and China:
India and China Sign 13 Agreements. Chinese:
President Mr. Hu Jintao visited India in November 2006. India and China signed 13 agreements in New Delhi on November 21, 2006.

Joint Indo-China Military Exercise:
The first Indo-Chinese Joint Military exercise began on December 21, 2007 and came to a conclusion on December 25, 2007 in Kunming (China). The focus of the exercise was on the anti-terrorism drill.

Visit of Indian Prime Minister to China:
Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited China on January 13, 2008. Indian Prime Minister and Chinese Premier signed a joint statement titled ‘A Shared Vision for the 21st Century’ on 14th Jan. 2008. The shared vision contains some new issues such as bilateral co-operation in civil nuclear energy. Chinese support for India’s desire to play a greater role in the United Nation Security Council, etc. Moreover, both the countries signed 11 agreements for co-operation in rail, housing, geo-sciences, land resources management and other sectors.

China’s stand on Arunachal Pradesh:
Arunachal Pradesh is an integral part of India. But on November 11, 2008 Qin Gang, Foreign Ministry spokesman rejected India’s assertion that Arunachal Pradesh is its an integral part and insisted that China never recognised the illegal Mac Mohan line and that the status of the border state was never officially demarcated. But Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh rejected China’s claim and stated Arunachal is ‘our land of rising sun’.

Improvement in Indo-China Relations:
During these years of Indo-China relations the level of mutual trust between the two countries has been raised.

Visit of Vice-foreign Minister:
Chinese Vice-foreign minister He Yafei visited India in January 2009, India shared evidence with China about involvement of Pakistan-based elements in the Mumbai terror attacks and urged Beijing to use its influence with its alley Islamabad to co-operate on the issue.

Visit of Chinese Prime Minister of India:
Chinese Prime Minister Mr. Wen Jiabao visited India in Dec, 2010. During his visit both countries signed 6 pact. India and China agreed to raise the bilaternal trade to 100 billion dollar by 2015.

Leaving aside their bilateral problems like boundary issue, at present both have entered into an intensive phase of trade and economic co-operation. Since India has not changed its stand on Tibet, the March 2008 uprising in Tibet is not likely to influence their bilateral relationship.

P.M. Manmohan Singh’s visit to China:
On 23rd October, 2013 India and China took a leap towards reducing tension across the border and promised to strengthen cooperation on trans-border rivers, even as New Delhi delayed pact for a liberalised visa regime. The Border Defence Cooperation Agreement was among the nine pacts that the two countries signed at Beijing.

Chinese President’s visit to India:
In September 2014, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 12 Agreements.
In Oct, 2016, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited India to attend ‘BRICS’ Summit. During this visit, both countires discussed bilateral issues.
In September 2017 and June 2018 Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited China. During this visit, both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In Oct., 2019 Chinese President visited India. During this visit, both countries discussed on Trade, Regional Security and Terrorism.

Conclusion:
The relations between the two countries should be based on complete equality and mutual respect in the spirit of the U.N. Charter. Both could learn from each other’s experience since the two countries were in need of rapid development.

Question 5.
Assess relationship between India and Nepal.
Or
Discuss the main issues of conflicts and co-operation in the relationship between India and Nepal.
Answer:
India and Nepal are not only neighbours but they have also had long cultural, political and religious links. In language and religion, gods and goddesses, food and clothing the two countries, India and Nepal, have more in common with each other than with any third country of the world. Both have been living as good and friendly neighbours.
Issues of Conflicts in Indo-Nepal Relations. The following factors can be described as the factors which negatively influenced to course of Indo-Nepal relations.

1. Nepal’s Fears:
Being a small state, Nepal feared India. Nepal feared that India could attempt an intervention in Nepal for securing its interests vis-a-vis China. Nepal lived with fear of the Indian interference in its internal affairs.

2. India’s Initial Lack of Interest in Nepal:
During the initial years of her independence, the Indian Foreign Policy did not give much importance to relations with Nepal.

3. The Thesis of ‘Special Relation with Nepal’:
Indian thesis of ‘special relation with Nepal’ gave the impression that India regarded Nepal as an area of India’s influence.

4. The China Factor in Indo-Nepal Relations:
In China, Nepal saw an opportunity of finding a counterpoise to India. India as such viewed with concern any attempt that was being made by Nepal for cultivating friendship and co-operation with China.

5. The Issue of Zone of Peace:
Since 1975, Nepal has been trying to get recognition as a zone of Peace. But India felt that Nepal did not really need such a status, Nepal, however, regarded this proposal as a vital necessity for securing its national interests and world peace.

6. Hijacking of Indian Airlines Plane:
The hijacking of Indian Airlines plane on the Kathmandu-Delhi route in December 2000 created tension and security concern.

7. ISI Activities:
Nepal has been used by the ISI in a big way for carrying out acts of sabotage in India.

8. Eight Thorny Issues:
According to Nepalese experts there are at least eight thorny issues—(i) India’s illegal construction of the Laxmanpur barrage in Bharauch district within 300 metres of the border ; (ii) the silent demographic aggression by Indians taking advantage of the open border ; (iii) Indian occupation of Kalapani ; (iv) Denial of market access to Nepalese businessmen ; (v) Four per cent special additional tax levied on Nepalese goods ; (vi) Lack of provisions in the Mahakali Project agreement to sell hydel power to other countries ; (vii) India’s unwillingness to get involved in the Bhutanese refugees problem and (viii) the murder of Nepalese citizens by ULFA militants in Assam.

9. 1950 Friendship Treaty:
Nepal believes that this treaty places it on an unequal footing with India. Nepal has desired a review of the treaty.

Areas of Co-operation between India and Nepal:
A large number of Nepalese youth received higher education in the Indian Universities. Under the Colombo Plan Agreement 1954, the Indian Govt, undertook to contribute towards the development of communications, irrigation and water supplies projects in Nepal. Indian Public Works Department has constructed several roads in Nepal. India has given a lot of economic aid to Nepal in its development.

The king of Nepal visited India many times and leaders of India went to Nepal. In 1977, the Prime Minister of India, Mr. Morarji Desai visited Nepal. The Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. Surya Bahadur Thapa, visited Delhi in February, 1983. India and Nepal agreed to take up three major river projects of benefit to both countries by harnessing their common water resources. Both countries agreed to set up a Joint Commission at the ministerial level to promote economic co-operation. On March 2, 1983 India agreed to provide Nepal with an assistance of? 8.7 crores for the expansion of Bir Hospital.

Nepal’s first-elected government in 32 years was sworn on May 29, 1991. Mr. Girija Prasad Koirala became the Prime Minister of Nepal. In his first policy announcement Mr. Koirala said that his Nepali Congress Government would maintain very close and cordial relationship with India.

On 21st Oct. 1992 India and Nepal decided to expand bilateral co-operation. In April, 1995, India agreed to provide additional transit facilities for Nepalese goods at Kandha and Mumbai. Successful Indo-Nepal talks on water services were held.
In 1996 India and Nepal signed a treaty on exploiting the Mahakali river basin for electricity and irrigation.
On 5th June, 1997 the Prime Minister of India Mr. I.K. Gujral visited Kathmandu on three day official visit.
India accepted Nepal’s request for an additional transit route to Bangladesh via Phulbari (India).

Visit of Nepalese Prime Minister:
On 31st July, 2000 the Prime Minister of Nepal Mr. Girija Prasad Koirala came to India for a week long visit. Both the countries agreed on a wide-ranging package of confidence building measures to remove irritants and give a new dimension to bilateral ties.

On 1st February, 2005 King Gyanendra removed popular prime minister and also put all other political party leaders under house arrest and suspended fundamental freedoms. India decided not to intervene in Nepal internal affairs but advised King to restore democracy in Nepal.

Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic:
With the passage of the Constitution amendment bill by the Parliament, Nepal on December 28,2007 turned into a Federal Democratic Republic.

First President of Nepal:
The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal gets its first President on July 21, 2008 when the Constituent Assembly elected Nepali Congress Leader Dr. Ram Baran Yadav as President of Nepal.

Nepalese President Visits India:
Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav visited New Delhi on Feb. 16,2010. India went out of the way to make Nepalese President visit to New Delhi a truly sucessful event by offering a 250 million Dollar soft loan through EXIM Bank and signing four major accords with Nepal. India also agreed to supply 50,000 tonne of wheat, 2000 tonne of rice and 10,000 tonne of yellow peas to Nepal.

Indian Prime Minister’s Visit to Nepal:
In August 2014, Indian Prime Minister Mr. Narender Modi visited Nepal. During this visit, he announced $1 billion credit to Nepal. In Oct, 2016, Nepali Prime Minister visited India to attend ‘BIMSTEC’ Summit. During this visit both countries discussed bilateral issues.

In August 2017, Nepal’s Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 8 agreement.
In August 2018, Indian Prime Minister visited Nepal to attend to BIMSTEC Summit. During this, both countries discuss bilateral issues.

These days relations between the two countries are very cordial. The bases of friendship between the two countries are : non-interference in each other’s international affairs, frequent consultations on matters of common interest and financial and technical aid by India for Nepal’s economic development.

Question 6.
Evaluate Indo-Sri Lanka relations.
Or
Give a brief account of India’s relations with Sri Lanka.
Answer:
India-Sri Lanka relations stretch over a period of more than two thousand years. At the Asian Relations Conference in Delhi 1947, both India and Sri Lanka declared to fight against colonialism, imperialism and racialism. Both are active members of the Non-Aligned Movement. India in co-operation with Ceylon, held a conference at Colombo in 1950. Both the countries participated in Sanding Conference in 1951. The Government of India assisted Ceylon, in its revolution in 1971.

The dispute over Kachcha their island was solved in June 1974 and this land was handed over to Sri Lanka, Despite cordial relations there has been occasional tension between India and Sri Lanka and the cause of tension was the problem of nearly one million people of origin in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka was not prepared to grant full citizenship rights to all the Indian immigrants in Sri Lanka. The government of Sri Lanka passed the India and Pakistan Residents (Citizenship) Act in 1949. About 8 lakhs people of Indian origin applied for citizenship but only one lakh 34 thousands were able to secure citizenship (upto Oct., 1964). The rest were asked to go back to India.

But India’s stand was that those who were living in Sri Lanka for generations or had been born there, are the citizens of Sri Lanka and not of India. Ultimately, Lai Bahadur Shastri and Smt. Bandarnaike of Sri Lanka reached an agreement on the question of citizenship of Indian people there. In Feb.,1979 Prime Minister Morarji Desai visited Sri Lanka and he advised Indian immigrants to regard Sri Lanka as their own land. The President, N. Sanjiva Reddy, visited Sri Lanka in February, 1982. Mr. Reddy’s visit symbolised friendship between two neighbouring and friendly countries.

Due to Tamil problems tension was there between Sri Lanka and India. In June, 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and the Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene held discussions to find a political solution to the ethnic problem in the island nation. The most significant achievement of the summit meeting between Mr. Rajiv Gandhi and Mr. Jayewardene has been the latter’s belated admission of the fact that a political solution of Sri Lanka’s ethnic crisis is impossible without India’s co-operation.

On July 29, 1987 India and Sri Lanka entered into an unprecedented accord aimed at national reconciliation in the island-nation to end the five year old ethnic conflict and opening up a new era in their bilateral relations.

The agreement signed by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and President J. R. Jayewardene envisaged cessation of hostilities between the Tamil Militants and the security forces within the next 24 hours, surrender of arms within 72 hours, return of the army to barracks and merger of Tamil majority northern and eastern provinces. It provides general amnesty for all political prisoners now in jails and also facilitates the rehabilitation of militants who would surrender arms and return to normal civilian life. Mr. Jayewardene on his part promised to meet India’s concern over the possible use of Trincomalee as a foreign military base.

Indian Peace Keeping Force. In accordance with the accord, the government of Sri Lanka requested the Indian government to send Indian Peace Keeping Force to oversee the surrender by the Tamil militants, and the IPKF was sent to Sri Lanka. President Jayewardene was succeeded by Mr. Premadasa. In response to the wishes of Sri Lankan new President, India agreed to withdraw the IPKF and by March, 1990 the process of withdrawal was completed.

Joint Commission. On April, 10, 1991, both the countries agreed for setting up a joint commission by the year-end and agreed to take a series of initiatives in the field of trade, culture and consultancy projects. The two countries also decided to take immediate steps to conclude a cultural exchange programme for 1991-93. The new Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mr. Ranil Wickremesinghe in June, 1993 had set the tour for the economic relations between two countries. The new Sri Lankan Prime Minister’s talks in New Delhi could mark the beginning of a genuine reconciliation between the two neighbours. The bitterness caused in Sri Lanka by the involvement of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in its ethnic strife began to dissolve after its complete withdrawal.

Indian External Affairs Minister’s visit to Sri Lanka. In Jan, 1997 Indian External Affairs Minister I.K. Gujral visited Sri Lanka. On 22nd Jan., 1997 India and Sri Lanka signed a landmark investment promotion and protection agreement to boost bilateral economic ties and decided to bury their political differences. An External Affairs Minister, Mr. Kadirgamar, of Sri Lanka described the agreement as a “Confidence Building Measure”. Indian External Affairs Minister reiterated that New Delhi would not interfere in the internal affairs of Sri Lanka.

Sri Lankan President’s Visit to India. The close friendship between the two nations had been further boosted by the visit of Sri Lankan President, Chandrika Kumaratunga on Dec. 27, 1998. The visit was of paramount significance as it heralded a new era in
bilateral economic relations through the signing of the first-ever landmark Free Trade Area pact between the two countries.
Tamils of Indian Origin to get Lankan Citizenship. On July 21, 2000 Sri Lankan President Mrs. Chandrika Kumaratunga agreed to give Sri Lankan citizenship to those Indian Origin Tamils who were forced to take Indian citizenship in 1964 as a result of the India-Sri Lanka pact on the stateless people of Indian origin in Sri Lanka.

Sri Lankan President’s Visit to Indiai. In 2002 Mrs. Chandrika Kumaratunga, the Sri Lankan President visited India. The Indian Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee reaffirmed India’s support for the peace process in Sri Lanka.
Sri Lankan President’s Visit to India. Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapakse visited New Delhi in December 2005 and urged New Delhi to take a more upfront role in the peace process : An acknowledgment that no solution to the Tamil-Sinhala ethnic conflict would be implementable without India’s support.

Action Against LTTE. Sri Lanka’s war on the terrorist outfit LTTE entered its last phase. The Sri Lankan government has described ts successes against the LTTE as its major victory on terrorism.
In 2009 Tamil Nadu Assembly passed a resolution calling upon the central government to do something to stop war in Sri Lanka as it was compromising the future and safity of the Tamil population there. But Indian government has rightly decided not to involved in the controversial scenario.

During the SAARC conference held in nepal in 2014, Indian Prime Minister Mr. Narender Modi and Sri Lankan President Mr. Mahindera Rajapakshe met in Nepal. During this meeting both leaders discussed bilateral issues.
In Oct. 2016, Sri Lankan President visited India to attend ‘BIMSTEC’ Summit. During this visit both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In May 2017, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Sri Lanka. During this visit, both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In Oct. 2018, Sri Lankan Prime Minister visited India. During this visit both countries agreed to speed up infrastructure projects.
In June, 2019, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Sri Lanka. During this visit, both countries discussed the progress of various programmes supported by India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Kashmir Problem?
Or
Write a note on ‘Kashmir Problem’.
Answer: Kashmir is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan. Before Independence Jammu and Kashmir was one of the 565 princely states, ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh. On October 20 1947 several thousand tribesmen armed with machine guns, mortars etc. attacked the frontiers of State. Tribesmen were aided by Pakistan. On 26th October Maharaja Hari Singh sent a letter to Lord Mountabatten, then Governor-General of India about his decision to join India. Indian troops were dashed to Kashmir. Pakistan refused to recognize this accession and war continued for 14 months. On January 1, 1948 India lodged a complaint with U.N.

Security Council and on January 5, 1949 Ceasefire line was accepted by both the countries. In September 1965, Pakistan forces attacked India. Indian forces gave them a crushing defeat. A U.N. Security Council resolution adopted on Sept. 20, 1965 called upon India and Pakistan for a ceasefire. Pakistan attacked India again on 3rd Dec. 1971 and after War Shimla Agreement took place between the two countries. On 5-6 August 2019, Article 370 was abrogated from Indian Constitution, and nowadays India is stand is that P.O.K. will be the centre point of India-Pakistan dialogue.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Shimla Agreement.
Answer:
On 3rd December, 1971 Pakistan attacked India. India faced it bravely and defeated Pakistan very badly. One lakh Pak-Soldiers surrendered and General Niazi signed the document of surrender. But Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Gandhi, without exploiting the defeat of Pakistan, held a summit conference at Shimla in June, 1972 to discuss the problems of both the countries. Pak President Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Gandhi participated in this conference. The agreement was reached between Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Bhutto on 3rd July and it is known as Shimla Agreement. Important points of this agreement are given below:

• Both the countries are resolved to solve their conflicts and confrontations through bilateral peaceful talks.
• Both the countries would respect each other’s national unity, territorial integrity, political independence and sovereign equality.
• Both countries won’t use force against each other’s territorial integrity.

Question 3.
Write a short note on India-China border dispute.
Answer:
The relations between India and China are very ancient. Till 1962, the relations between the two countries were very cordial and friendly. China attacked both the Western and Eastern sectors of the Indian border on 20th Oct. 1962. China declared unilateral ceasefire on 2lst November 1962. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under China’s possession. On July 9, 1979 the External Affairs Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee said that the possibility of a satisfactory settlement with China is not seen unless China agreed to settle the boundary question.

During the last 25 years the leaders of both the countries have emphasised many times that better relations between the two countries are Very necessary in the cause of peace in Asia and the world. The need is to solve the boundary dispute. The relations between the two countries should be based on complete equality and mutual respect in the spirit of the U.N. Charter.

Question 4.
Explain relationship between India and China.
Answer:
In 1962, China attacked India and avenged India’s friendly attitude. Again in 1965, China adopted hostile attitude during Indo-Pak War. But India again in 1966 during Indira era tried to resolve Indo-China boundary dispute. However in 1976 Indo-China relations slightly improved. In 1976, Mr. K.R. Narayanan and in 1978 and 1979, Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited China as Ambassadors of peace and friendship. In 1988, Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China started a new era in Indo-China relations and the diplomatic visits made by both the countries further improved the relations of the two countries. During these years of Indo¬China relations the levels of mutual trust between the two countries have been increased.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1
Discuss India’s policy towards her neighbour countries.
Answer:
India’s policy towards her neighbour is based on the principles of Panchsheel. India respects the sovereignty and territoral integrity of neighbouring states. India is always ready to have friendly relations with neighbouring states. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but also with other countries of the world.

Question 2.
Shimla Samjhauta (Agreement) was signed when and between which two countries?
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed in 1972 between India and Pakistan.

Question 3.
List any two areas of conflict between India and Pakistan.
Answer:

• Pakistan considers Kashmir a disupted area whereas India considers Kashmir a part of India.
• Pakistan is helping the terrorists of Kashmir with arms and other materials. Even training is given to terrorists on Pakistan’s soil.

Question 4.
Write down two features responsible for tension between India and China Relations.
Answer:

• Major disputes are regarding the border issue and the demarcation of the 4,200 km long border at the foot of the Himalayas.
• Chinese aggression on Indian border on October 20, 1962 and the continuing violations of Indian border.

Question 5.
Mention .any one area each of Co-operation and Disagreement between India and Bangladesh.
Answer:

• Area of Co-operation. Bus service, Train service and Commerce and Trade between the two countries.
• Area of Disagreement. Chakma Refugees is an area of disagreement between the two countries.

Question 6.
Name two countries which attacked India.
Answer:

1. Pakistan
2. China.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the names of two countries which are neighbours of India.
Answer:
Pakistan and Nepal.

Question 2.
Write one cause of tension between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
An important cause for strained relations between India and Pakistan is the issue of cross border Terrorism by Pakistan.

Question 3.
What is the importance of the treaty between India and Nepal formalised in February, 1996?
Answer:
In February, 1996, India and Nepal signed an important treaty for the harmonious development of Mahakali Valley. It paved way for development.

Question 4.
Mention any one important point of the treaty signed between India and China in November, 1996.
Answer:
According to this Agreement, both the countries will not commit any aggression on each other. Both the countries will reduce their military power on the actual line of control. They will also stop military exercises.

Question 5.
In which year China attacked India?
Answer:
China attacked India in 1962.

Question 6.
When was Bangladesh established?
Answer:
Bangladesh was established in 1971.

Question 7.
Between which two countries Tashkent Pact took place?
Answer:
India and Pakistan.

Question 8.
What is the future of Indo-Pak Relations?
Answer:
The future of Indo-Pak relations is not good.

Question 9.
In which year Mac Mahan line boundry line was determined between India and China?
Answer:
In 1914 Mac Mahan line was determined.

Question 10.
Who proposed partition of Kashmir?
Answer:
M.C. Naughton.

Question 11.
In which year Shimla Agreement took place?
Or
When Shimla Agreement took place?
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed on 3rd July, 1972.

Question 12.
Who signed Shimla Agreement?
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed by Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Z.A. Bhutto.

Question 13.
Write one major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
Kashmir is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan.

Question 14.
Mention one basic principle of India’s foreign policy.
Answer:
The most important basic principle of India’s foreign policy is Non-alignment.

Question 15.
When was ‘Panchsheel Agreement’ signed between India and China?
Answer:
In 1954.

Question 16.
Write one provision of Shimla Agreement.
Answer:
Both the countries had resolved to solve their conflicts and confrontations through bilateral peaceful talks.

Question 17.
Write one major point of dispute with China.
Answer:
Major dispute is border dispute. Main issue is demarcation of the 4200 km. long border at the foot of Himalayas.

Question 18.
When was Pakistan established?
Answer:
Pakistan was established on 14 August, 1947.

Question 19.
Which two countries signed Shimla Agreement.
Or
‘Shimla Pact’ took place between which two countries?
Answer:
India and Pakistan.

Fill In The Blanks

1. People’s Republic of China was established in ……………. .
Answer:
1949

2. Farakka Treaty was signed between India and ……………. .
Answer:
Bangladesh

3. India became an independent state on ……………. .
Answer:
August 15, 1947

4. Shimla Agreement was signed on ……………. .
Answer:
3rd July, 1972.

True Or False Statement

1. In 1924 Mac Mahan line was determined.
Answer:
False

2. Bangladesh was established in 1965.
Answer:
False

3. China attacked India in 1962.
Answer:
True

4. Shimla agreement was signed by Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Bhutto.
Answer:
True

5. India and Pakistan signed Farakka Treaty.
Answer:
False

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Bangladesh was established in:
(a) 1965
(b) 1971
(c) 1972
(d) 1990
Answer:
(b) 1971

Question 2.
When India and Pakistan became independent states?
(a) 26 Jan. 1950
(b) 15 August 1947
(c) 26 Jan. 1947
(d) 14 August 1947.
Answer:
(b) 15 August 1947

Question 3.
Which countries entered into Free Trade Agreement in Dec. 1998?
(a) India and Sri Lanka
(b) Pakistan and Bangladesh
(c) India and Pakistan
(d) India and China.
Answer:
(a) India and Sri Lanka

Question 4.
Mac Mahan Rekha (Line) demarcates the Border between which two countries?
(a) India-Pakistan
(b) India-China
(c) India-America
(d) Pakistan-China.
Answer:
(b) India-China

Question 5.
In which year India sent peace-keeping force in Sri Lanka?
(a) 1985
(b) 1989
(c) 1991
(d) 1987.
Answer:
(d) 1987.

Question 6.
Shimla Agreement was signed on:
(a) 3rd July 1972
(b) 3rd July 1971
(c) 3rd July 1966
(d) 3rd July 1975.
Answer:
(a) 3rd July 1972

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Source Based Questions

Question 1.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Nineteenth-century was also the period in which natural sciences made much progress. The success attained by those working in the field of natural sciences inspired a good number of social thinkers to follow them. The belief was that if the methods of natural sciences could be successful in the physical world to understand the physical or natural phenomena, the same methods could be applied successfully to the social world to understand the social phenomena. Scholars like Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and other sociologists advocated the methods of science to study society as they were inspired by the discoveries of natural scientists and wanted to study society in a similar way.

1. Why were social thinkers inspired to follow natural sciences?
2. Which sociologists studied society?
3. What were the views of sociologists about the methods of natural sciences?

Answer:

1. In the 19th century, natural sciences made great progress, and this inspired social thinkers to follow them.
2. Scholars like Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and others studied society.
3. Sociologists started believing that if the methods of natural sciences could be successful in the physical world to understand the physical or natural phenomena, the same methods could be applied successfully to the social world to understand the social phenomena.

Question 2.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

In Europe and America, Sociology developed as a subject after the 19th century. However, in India, it not only emerged a little late but was also given secondary importance as a subject of study. Nevertheless, after India attained independence, Sociology has risen in stature and has found a place as an independent subject in the curriculum of almost all the universities of the country. In addition, it has also been recognized as a subject for different competitive examinations. Radha Kamal Mukherji, G.S. Ghurye, D.P. Mukherji, D.N. Majumdar, K.M. Kapadia, M.N. Srinivas, P.N. Prabhu, A.R. Desai, etc. are some important scholars who have contributed to the development of Indian Sociology.

1. As a subject, when did Sociology develop in Europe?
2. Name a few Indian Sociologists, who contributed to the development of Indian Sociology.
3. How did Sociology develop in India?

Answer:

1. As a subject, Sociology rapidly developed in Europe only after the 19th century.
2. Radha Kamal Mukherji, G.S. Ghurye, D.P. Mukherji, D.N. Majumdar, K.M. Kapadia, M.N. Srinivas, P.N. Prabhu, A.R. Desai, etc. were a few Indian Sociologists who contributed to the development of Indian Sociology.
3. Before 1947, Sociology did not develop much in India as our country was under the occupation of the British. But after Independence, Sociology developed quite rapidly in India and almost all the universities started teaching as a subject. Except this, all the competitive exams used Sociology as a subject and that’s why it developed very quickly.

Question 3.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

According to Morris Ginsberg, historically Sociology has its roots in politics and philosophy of History. For that reason, Sociology depends on Political Science. Each and every social problem has a political cause. Any change in the political system or nature of power structure brings changes in society. To understand different political events Sociology takes help from Political Science. Similarly, Political Science also depends on Sociology. The State frames its rules, regulations, and laws on the basis of social customs, tradition, and values. Thus, without sociological background, the study of Political Science will be incomplete. Almost all political problems have a social origin and for the solution of these political problems, Political Science takes the help of Sociology.

1. According to Morris Ginsberg, how is Sociology dependent upon Political Science.
2. According to Ginsberg, why is the study of Political&gience incomplete without social background?
3. How is Political Science taking the help of Sociology?

Answer:

1. According to Morris Ginsberg, historically Sociology has its roots in politics and philosophy of history. That’s why Sociology depends upon Political Science.
2. Ginsberg was of the view that whenever a state forms new laws, it always keeps in mind social values, customs, traditions, etc. That’s why the study of Political Science is incomplete without social background.
3. According to Ginsberg, almost all the political problems originate in society which is studied by Sociology. That’s why whenever Political Science needs to study society, it always takes the help of Sociology.

Question 4.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Society has different meanings in different social sciences, but in Sociology, it is used to refer to various kinds of social units. The main focus of Sociology is on human society and the network of relationships in it. In a society, sociologists study the interpersonal relationships of social beings and discover how a person behaves in a particular situation, what should be expected of others and what do others expect of her/him.

1. Why is the meaning of society different in different social sciences?
2. What is the meaning of society in Sociology?
3. What is the difference between ‘Society’ and ‘A Society’?

Answer:

1. Different social sciences study a particular aspect of society such as economics study economic part of society. That’s why they take the meaning of society from a different perspective.
2. In Sociology, society is the web of social relationships. When relations are established among individuals, society is formed. In this way, the web of social relationships is known as society.
3. Whenever we talk about ‘society’, we talk about it in collective terms i.e. all the societies are included in it and we study it in an abstract form. But whenever we talk about ‘A Society’ we refer to a particular society such as Indian society or American society. That’s why it becomes a concrete society.

Question 5.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

A community is a social group of any size whose members inhabit a particular geographical area, share a government, and frequently share a cultural and historical legacy. If may also refer to a collection of people who perform or engage in similar kind of work or activities such as racial community, religious community, a national community, a caste community, or a linguistic community, etc. this sense indicates a social, religious, or occupational group having common features or concerns and perceived as or perceiving itself as different in some way from the larger society within which its exists. The community can thus, refer to people spread over a vast area but sharing similarities in one or another way. For instance, the terms ‘international community or ‘NRI community’ are used in literature to refer to some coherent group based on supposedly some characteristics.

1. What is meant by Community?
2. Give a few examples of Community.
3. Differentiate between Community and Association.

Answer:

1. A community is a social group of any size whose members live in a particular geographical area, share a government, and frequently share a cultural and historical legacy.
2. The international community, Indian Community, Punjabi Community, etc. are a few examples of Community.
3. ⇒ Community develops automatically but Association is deliberately formed for a particular objective.
   ⇒ Every individual automatically becomes a part of any Community but the membership of the Association is optional. It means that one can take or leave membership according to his wish.

Question 6.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

A social group is a collection of individuals, made up of two or more persons having interaction among them.’ It consists of people who interact with one another and recognize themselves as a distinct social unit. The number of members in a group can range from two to hundreds of individuals. In addition, the social group is dynamic in nature as it expands its activities from time to time. The interaction within social groups motivates them to identify with one another. Groups are mostly stable and enduring social units, for example, family, community, village, etc. Groups carry out many organized activities which are necessary for a society.

1. What do you mean by Social Group?
2. Can we call a crowd a social group? If no then why?
3. What is meant by Primary and Secondary groups?

Answer:

1. A social group is a collection of individuals, made up of two or more persons having interaction among them. It consists of people who interact with one another and recognize themselves as a distinct social unit.
2. No, we can not call a crowd a social group as people do not interact with each other. If there will be no interaction, they won’t be able to make relations and that’s why we cannot call it a group.
3. ⇒ Primary group. That group with which we have direct and close relations is known as a primary group such as family, school, playgroup, etc.
   ⇒ Secondary Group. That group with which we don’t have direct and close relations is known as a secondary group such as the father’s office, political party, etc.

Question 7.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Secondary groups are opposed to the primary groups. Although Cooley has not mentioned the second group while, explaining the primary group, later scholars assumed the idea of the second group from the primary group. Secondary groups are the groups that are large in size and are of relatively short duration. The interaction among the members is formal, utility-oriented, specialized, and temporary because the members are interested in one another mainly in terms of the roles and the function they perform. The classic examples of secondary groups are the buyers and sellers in a shop, the people at a cricket match, and the people belonging to a trade union. A corporation, a factory, an army, a students’ union, a university, a political party, and so on can be cited as some of the examples of secondary groups.

1. What is meant by Secondary group?
2. Give a few examples of Secondary groups.
3. Give two differences between Primary and Secondary groups.

Answer:

1. That group with which we don’t have direct and close relations, whose membership is always optional, is known as the secondary group.
2. Father’s office, Mother’s office, Father’s friend group, Political Party, Labourers in an industry are a few examples of secondary groups.
3. ⇒ Primary groups are small in size but secondary groups are large in size.
   ⇒ Members of primary groups have informal and direct relations with each other but members of secondary groups have formal and indirect relations.

Question 8.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Cultures vary from society to society and each culture has its own specific values and norms. Social norms are the rules of behavior approved by society while values refer to general standards of what is right and desired behavior and what ought not to be done. For example, in one culture hospitality has an f high social value whereas in some others it may not be so. Similarly, in some societies polygamy is a customary form of marriage whereas, in many other societies, it is not accepted as an appropriate practice,

1. What do you mean by culture?
2. Is it possible to have the same culture of the two countries?
3. Give types of culture.

Answer:

1. Right from ancient times till today, whatever man has achieved with his experience is known as culture. Our views, experiences, science, technology, goods, values, traditions, etc. are the parts of culture.
2. No, two countries cannot have the same culture. It may be possible that people may follow the same religion but there must be some differences between their views, ideas, values, etc. That’s why their culture is also different.
3. Culture is of two types.
   ⇒ Material Culture. That part of the culture that we can see or touch is known as material culture. For example car, table, chair, books, pen, buildings, etc.
   ⇒ Non-Material Culture. That part of the culture that we cannot touch or see is known as non-material culture. For example our values, traditions, views, ideas, etc.

Question 9.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

During the various stages of one’s life the individual comes into contact with different groups, institutions, communities, and individuals, She/he learns quite a lot from them during her/his entire life. Various institutions and organizations play important roles in developing one’s personality and institutionalizing the various elements of culture.

Every society has agents of socialization—individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions—which provide substantial amounts of socialization during the life course. Agents are the mechanism by which the self learns the values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of the culture. Agents of socialization help new members find their place, just as they prepare older members for new responsibilities in society.

1. What is meant by Socialisation?
2. Name a few means of Socialisation.
3. What do you mean by the Agents of Socialisation?

Answer:

1. Socialization is a process of learning. Right away after his birth, till his death, an individual learns a lot, and this process of learning is known as socialization. It includes ways of living, ways of behavior, etc.
2. Family, school, playgroup, political institutions, values, traditions, etc. act as the means of socialization.
3. Agents of Socialisation are the mechanism by which the self learns the values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of the culture. Agents of socialization help new members find their place, just as they prepare older members for new responsibilities in society.

Question 10.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Although religion is somewhat less important in people’s lives now than it was a few generations ago, it still continues to exert considerable influence on our beliefs, values, and behaviors. In a country like India, religion governs every aspect of our life and can therefore be a very powerful agent of socialization.

Several types of rituals and rites, beliefs and faith, values and norms have been transmitted from one generation to another through religion. Religious festivals are generally performed collectively which helps in the process of socialization. It has been seen that the biggest determinant of adult religiosity is parental religiosity. If a person’s parents are religious, one is likely to be religious as well.

1. What is Religion?
2. What is the role of religion in Socialisation?
3. ‘Religion’s influence on individual life is decreasing’. Why?

Answer:

1. Religion is nothing but faith in any supernatural power that is beyond our existence and imagination. It is a collection of beliefs, values, traditions, etc. in which followers of that religion keep a strong faith.
2. Religion is of great importance in socialization because an individual never
   does any work against religious values. Right from his childhood, an individual is told about religious values and is unconsciously attached to his religion. He never does any work against religious beliefs. In this way, religion keeps control of him and socializes him as well.
3. It is true that Religion’s influence on individual life is decreasing. Now people are getting an education and they are more inclined towards science. But there is no place of reason in religion that is most important in science. That’s why now people have started giving preference to science.

Question 11.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Marriage is an institution created to satisfy the physical, social, psychological, cultural, and economic needs of men and women. It permits man and woman to establish a relationship with each other in order to form a family. Regulation of sexual activities through stable relationships is the primary aim of marriage. In simple words, marriage can be defined as an institution that allows men and women entry into family life, sanctions the birth of children, and lays the foundation of the various rights and obligations of husband, wife, and children. Society gives its approval to the. the marital relationship between a man and woman generally in a civil or religious ceremony. Married couples have to fulfill many obligations towards each other and society in general. Marriage also serves an important economic function as it defines property rights of inheritance. Thus, we can see that marriage includes a multi-dimensional relationship between a man and a woman.

1. What is meant by marriage?
2. What do we call marriage in Hinduism?
3. Why is the importance of marriage decreasing?

Answer:

1. Marriage is an institution created to satisfy the physical, social, psychological, cultural, and economic needs of men and women. It permits the couple to establish a relationship with each other in order to form a family.
2. In Hinduism, marriage is known as a religious sacrament because it is completed by performing many religious ceremonies.
3. There is no denying the fact that marriage’s importance is decreasing. Now marriage is not considered a religious sacrament but a contract that can be broken at any time. These days many young boys and girls live with each other without doing married. That’s why the importance of marriage is decreasing.

Question 12.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

The study of family is significant as it plays a vital role in the formation of human society by binding men and women and children in a stable relationship. Transmission of culture takes place within the family. Cultural wisdom and knowledge about social norms, customs, and values are passed on from one generation to another. The family in which one is born is called the ‘family of orientation’. Another term for such a family is a consanguine family which consists of members among whom there exists blood relationship brother and sister, father and son, etc. The family which a person sets up after marriage is called the ‘family of procreation’ or the conjugal family which consists of adult members among whom there exists sexual relationship.

1. What do you mean by family?
2. What are ‘Family of Orientation’ and ‘Family of Procreation’?
3. Why is the study of family important?

Answer:

1. A family is an institution created by males and females to establish sexual relations, to produce children, and to bring them.
2. A family in which a child takes birth is known as the Family of Orientation. The family which a person sets up after marriage is called the ‘Family of Procreation’.
3. The study of family is important as it plays a great role in the formation of human society by binding men, women, and children in a stable relationship. Transmission of culture takes place only in the family. Cultural wisdom and knowledge about social customs, norms, values, etc. are passed on from one generation to another.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Source Based Questions

Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Question 1.
The tribal population in India as per the 2011 Census constitutes 68% of the country’s total population. The state with the highest population of tribal is Mizoram; the state with the lowest population of tribes is Goa. The Union Territory (U.T.) with the highest population of tribals is Lakshadweep and the U.T. with the lowest population of tribals in Andaman and Nicobar Island. The largest tribal community in India is the Santhals, who are found mainly in West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Orissa.

1. In which Indian region, tribals reside the most?
2. Which different names are given to tribes?
3. What is a tribe?

Answer:

1. Although the tribal population lives more in Central India if we look into their population percentage, their percentage in population is more in the north-eastern region of India.
2. Tribals are called by different names in different regions such as Adivasi, Vanvasi, Tribe, Pahari, Scheduled tribe etc.
3. A tribe is a group of people that lives very much away from our civilisation such as forests, mountains or valleys whose members are blood relatives, which is endogamous and which is different from other tribes on the basis of language, religion and other features.

Question 2.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Deforestation is one of the major causes of environmental degradation. It implies the cutting down of trees. Besides, the expansion of cropped areas and pastures are also the major sources of deforestation. During earlier times, the tribals were able to survive because of the availability of forest and natural resources. They were totally dependent on forests for their livelihood. But due to industrialisation, urbanisation, agriculture, commercial logging, increase in population, fuel-wood collection, etc. the deforestation has increased and affected the tribal’s livelihood directly and indirectly. The loss of forest covers also influences the climate and contributes to loss of the biodiversity.

1. What is meant by deforestation?
2. What are the reasons for deforestation?
3. What is the impact of deforestation on tribal life?

Answer:

1. When naturally grown trees are cut down due to different reasons, it is known as deforestation.
2. ⇒ Forests are cut down to increase agricultural and pastoral areas.
   ⇒ The land is needed to make dams and to make houses for an increasing population which comes by cutting forests.
   ⇒ We need wood to make furniture and food and that’s why forests are cleared.
3. ⇒ It reduces the habitat for the tribal people.
   ⇒ Tribals get a lot many things from forests and now they can’t get all these things.
   ⇒ Tribal economy is mainly dependent upon forests. Deforestation completely destroys the tribal economy.

Question 3.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

The term ‘rural’ is the opposite of ‘urban’. The term ‘rural society’ is used almost interchangeably with the term Village’. As per census 2011, out of 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crore population lives in the rural areas. The rural community has a long history of its own. It is a group of about 5000 people depending on agriculture and allied occupations, permanently residing in a particular geographic area and participating in common socio-economic and cultural activities.

1. Give the meaning to the word ‘Village’.
2. Give three features of a village.
3. Give three differences between a village and a town.

Answer:

1. A village is a geographical area that is close to the natural environment, whose most of the population is engaged in agricultural-related occupations and which is different from urban areas due to its distinct features.
2. ⇒Rural people have direct and primary relations.
   ⇒ Most of the rural population is engaged in agriculture or related occupations.
   ⇒ Villages are small in size and that’s why they have social uniformity.
3. ⇒ Villages are small in size but towns are large in size.
   ⇒ Rural people have direct and primary relations with each other but urban people have indirect and secondary relations.
   ⇒ Most of the rural population is directly or indirectly engaged in agriculture or related occupations but more than 75% urban population is engaged in industrial work or non-agricultural occupations.

Question 4.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

One of the major problems of rural society is indebtedness. The reasons for the chronic indebtedness are poverty and a deficit economy. This problem is not related to just one individual but is passed on from one generation to the next generation. Taking debt for the purpose of agricultural production is indeed necessary as it contributes to production. However, the rural people incur debts for non-productive purposes such as, to meet the family needs, to perform social functions (related to marriage; birth and death), litigation, etc. Since money borrowed does not contribute to production but rather to consumption, it drags the rural people into indebtedness. Thus, it becomes impossible to repay these loans and the rural population becomes. an easy victim of exploitation by greedy moneylenders and middlemen who take advantage of the situation and earn money at a very high rate of interest. As a result, the moneylenders snatch whatever little property these people have, such as, house or land, etc. This system is prevalent in most parts of our country.

1. What is meant by Indebtedness?
2. Give reasons for indebtedness.
3. Give three effects of indebtedness.

Answer:

1. When an individual takes some loan from another individual, money lender, or bank and is unable to pay it back on time, it is called indebtedness.
2. People take loans due to many factors such as to fulfill family needs, to solve legal problems, to do agriculture, to do marriage or to complete death ceremony, etc.
3. ⇒ Due to indebtedness, an individual is exploited by the moneylenders.
   ⇒ His land and house are captured by a moneylender and he becomes homeless.
   ⇒ All his means of living and livelihood are taken away by the moneylender and occasionally rural people commit suicide.

Question 5.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Urbanism is an important element of the urban society which separates the identity or personality of the people from rural society and tribal society. It represents a way of living. It also denotes the diffusion of urban culture and the evolution of urban society. It reflects an organization of society in terms of complex division of labor, high level of technology, high mobility, the interdependence of its members in fulfilling economic functions, and impersonality in social relations. Louis Wirth has mentioned four characteristics of urbanism: Transiency, Superficiality; Ahbrtymity and Individualism.

1. What is meant by urbanization?
2. Give three elements of urbanization.
3. Which four features of urbanism are given by Louis Wirth?

Answer:

1. When rural people start to migrate to urban areas to settle there or to find occupation, it is called urbanization.
2. Following are the elements of urbanization:
   ⇒ Population of more than 5000.
   ⇒ The density of population is up to 400 persons per square kilometer.
   ⇒ 75% population is engaged in agriculture or related occupations. Transiency Superficiality Anonymity Individualism.

Question 6.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

The growth of population in cities is so fast that it has become impossible to provide adequate residential accommodation to all. Hence, the housing problem or what is known as ‘ho, uselessness’ has become one of the serious problems of the urban setting. The pressure on space in cities is so tremendous that large numbers of people are forced to live on roads, buts ‘stands, railway stations and in poorly equipped houses. It is said that around half of the city population in India is either ill-housed or has to pay more than twenty per cent of their income on rent. Megacities like Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, and Chennai are suffering from acute housing problems. ”

1. Why is the urban population increasing?
2. What are the demerits of the increasing urban population?
3. Is the increasing urban population a major problem?

Answer:

1. There is a conception among rural people about more facilities in urban areas and the availability of more occupations that’s why rural people are moving towards urban areas. That’s why the urban population is continually increasing.
2. ⇒ There is a lack of living space in urban areas.
   ⇒ Lot many people are forced to live under the open sky or in slums.
   ⇒ 20% of people’s earning is spent on paying rent which reduces their savings.

It is true that the increasing urban population is becoming a major problem. People migrate to urban areas in search of occupations and more facilities ‘ and when they are unable to get the things, they become mentally sick. That’s why crimes are increasing in urban areas which itself is becoming a major problem.

Question 7.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:
transformed into the same group activity with the help of some organ or instrument. A political party is one such organ. Hence, Vladimir Lenin added the idea of a party in Marxism to prepare the workers for class struggle.

1. Who was Karl Marx?
2. What is meant by class consciousness?
3. Explain in brief Karl Marx’s concept of class struggle.

Answer:

1. Karl Marx was a German philosopher who gave a great contribution to the development of Sociology. His concepts became the basis of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and paved the way for the making of laborers’ government in Russia.
2. When a group becomes conscious about its existence, features, etc., and starts to consider itself separate from other groups, it is called class consciousness. According to Marx, class consciousness leads to class identification and class solidarity.
3. According to Marx, there are two groups in society-Capitalist and Labourer class. There exist a struggle between both groups. Capitalist always exploits the laborers with the help of their money. He wants to get more work from labourers by paying less money and labourer wants to get more money by doing less work. This leads to a struggle between the both which is known as class struggle.

Question 8.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

In rural India th£ big landlords, the absentee landlords, the upper and middle peasantry and the capitalist farmers basically belong to upper and middle castes. And low peasantry, marginal farmers and landless agriculturists belong to lower castes. The class of moneylenders in rural India is basically composed of castes related to Vaishya-Varna. At the same time it is also a reality that because of protective discrimination (e.g. reservations), new opportunity structures based on industries and education and spatial mobility, some sections of lower castes have entered into the sphere of middle and upper classes. However, class status can be altered since it is usually achieved but caste status can never be changed due to its ascriptive nature.

1. Which classes are available in rural areas?
2. Which reasons gave chances to different groups to do progress in society?
3. Is it possible to change status in class?

Answer:

1. In rural India, big landlords, upper and middle-class peasants, big capitalist farmers, and landless laborers live and they are divided into the upper class, middle class, and lower class according to their landholding.
2. Although many facilities are available in society in the present age and one can do progress with his hard work but many groups are provided with reservations and other protective measures with which they can progress in society.
3. Yes, status can be changed in the class system. If an individual has the ability, he can do hard work and earn more money or can get any higher post. It increases his status in society.

Question 9.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Gender relations as we have already discussed refer to men-women relations on the basis of ideological, cultural, political and economic issues. In gender relations, we examine gender subordination. Issues relating to women empowerment and exploitative trends about women are found differently in different societies. In gender relations, it becomes important to talk about the institution of marriage, family, pre-marital, marital, and extramarital relations, the issues of homosexuality, issues related to transgenders, the nature of intimate relations as human sexuality, etc. It is generally accepted that men and women are naturally different because of physiological distinctiveness. But such biological or physiological differences with the support structure of society and culture are converted into social differences. Anthropological and historical evidence has proved that cultural revivalism establishes and re-establishes these differences in relation to vital roles of social interaction.

1. What is meant by Gender Relations?
2. Differentiate between Sex and Gender.
3. How does gender difference become social difference?

Answer:

1. Gender relations tell us about men-women relations on the basis of cultural, ideological, economic, and political issues.
2. Sex differences are understood as biological whereas gender differences refer to that behavior and attitudes which are constructed through social practices.
3.  It is believed that males and females have different natures due to their natural and physical differences but biological and physical differences get converted into social differences with the help of society and culture. Physical differences establish social differences in social interactions.

Question 10.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

In order to understand the socio-cultural changes, one needs to comprehend the meaning of Westernisation. According to M.N. Srinivas, westernization refers to “the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels – technology institutions, ideology, values”. It can therefore be said that the growth of westernization can be traced from the period of the British Raj. No doubt colonial rule lead to exploitation and suppression of the masses. But at the same time, it had also brought a few radical changes in the society and culture of India.

1. Who gave the concept of Westernisation?
2. What is meant by Westernisation?
3. What were the reasons for Westernisation?

Answer:

1. The concept of Westernisation was given by a famous Indian Sociologist M.N. Srinivas.
2. According to Srinivas, “Westernisation refers to the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels technology, institutions, ideology, values”.
3. The British brought many changes to Indian society. They established an army, police, and court system where people of different castes started working together. They also established railways, post and telegraph systems, roads, rivers, etc. They also brought a printing press and established factories in India. People started imitating the British living style which increased the process of westernization a great deal.

Question 11.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Reference group means a group to which we compare ourselves. That group becomes the benchmark according to which one starts changing its opinion, behavior, attitude, and beliefs. For example, Ram is a below-average student in a class. He got inspired by the group of intelligent students in his class and decided to improve himself. There onwards he starts observing their peculiar traits, behavior, and orients himself making them his reference group. He become punctual, disciplined, and improved in his studies. In our day-to-day life, we rely on many reference groups. It may be family, peer group, actor etc.

1. Who gave the concept of Reference Group?
2. What is meant by Reference Group?
3. Does every person have a reference group? If yes then why?

Answer:

1. The concept of Reference Group was given by Herbert Hyman in 1942.
2. Reference group means a group to which we compare ourselves. That group becomes an ideal group according to which one starts to change his opinion, behaviour, attitude and beliefs.
3. Yes, every individual has an ideal group or reference group. Actually, it is human nature that everyone wants to do progress and we start to follow any individual or group. We try to imitate the values, ideas of that group and then it becomes a reference group for us.

Question 12.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Sanskritisation is a broader term and it can include in itself the narrower process of Brahminisation. For instance, Brahmins are vegetarians and teetotallers by and large. But some of them like Kashmiris, Bengali, Brahmins etc. eat non-vegetarian food, as well. If the term Brahminisation had been used, it would have become essential to specify which particular Brahmin group was being discussed Moreover, it has also been asserted by Srinivas that the reference groups of Sanskritisation are not always Brahmins.

The process of imitation need not necessarily be oriented on the model of Brahmins. He has given the example of low castes of Mysore who adopted the way of life of lingayats who are not Brahmins but who claim equality with Brahmins. The lower caste has made not only Brahmins their reference group but also tend to imitate the way of life of Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Jats, etc. in different parts of the country. Hence, Sanskritisation means not only adaptation of new customs and habits, but also exposure to new ideas, values, and behavior patterns of the upper caste.

1. Who gave the concept of Sanskritisation?
2. What is meant by Sanskritisation?
3. Which castes became ideal castes to be imitated in Sanskritisation?

Answer:

1. M.N. Srinivas gave the concept of Sanskritisation.
2. When lower castes start to imitate the living styles, habits, values, etc. of any upper caste or nearby caste, it is called Sanskritisation. It means not only adaptation of new customs and habits, but also exposure to new ideas, values, and behavior patterns of the upper caste.
3. In the process of Sanskritisation, lower castes started adopting customs, habits, values of upper castes or nearby castes and in the process, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas became model castes or ideal castes.

Question 13.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Class-based movements include both worker’s movements as well as peasant movements. The main demand of workers as well as of peasants was freedom from economic exploitation. The trade union movement in India illustrates a study of the working class, their demands, the response of their owners, and measures taken up by the government. With the growth of cotton mills, jute mills, and the tea industry in India the poor Indian masses got employment in these factories as workers. Low wages, long working hours, unhygienic conditions, exploitation at the hands of native and foreign capitalists made their conditions miserable.

A number of Factory Acts came at various points of time but they too, could not improve the plight of the working-class people. Further, peasants were also exploited economically. Well, known peasant revolts were the Bengal revolt against the indigo plantation system and the peasant movement in Punjab.

1. What is meant by class-based movement?
2. Why were class-based movements started in Indian industries?
3. Give examples of class-based movements.

Answer:

1. When a movement is started by keeping in mind the demands of a particular class, it is known as a class-based movement.
2. The condition of laborers in the Indian industries was miserable. They were paid fewer wages, had more working hours, and were exploited by the local and foreign industrialists. That’s why workers movements were started in the Indian industries.
3. In class-based movements, we can include the movement of Trade Union Organisation, Peasant movement, etc. but the Peasantry Movement of Punjab, the Workers Movement of Mumbai textile mills, and Indigo Plantation of Bengal are very important.

Question 14.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Drug addiction is a problem that has been increasing immensely in our society today. Young people are more vulnerable to drug abuse because of poor self-esteem, low achievement at school, family history, and peer pressure. On the other hand, sometimes they feel that they are too bright, too powerful and are too much in control to become addictive and hence get into the habit of taking drugs. Thus, addiction can trap anyone. It can lead to harming one’s health, causing problems in family structure, and contributing to delinquency in society. The persons who get addicted often lose interest in other activities of their life. As a result, they are not able to take care of their responsibilities and may become a liability for their families as well as their society.

1. What is meant by drug addiction?
2. Why do people consume drugs?
3. What is the result of drug addiction?

Answer:

1. When an individual becomes so addicted to using liquor, opium, or any other drug that he can’t live without it, this is known as drug addiction.
2. Many people consume drugs for fun sake, many consume them to reduce stress, many people use them due to any pressure, etc. Gradually, they become so addicted to the drug that it becomes impossible for them to live without it and become victims of a trap.
3. ⇒ It is having a bad impact on their health as they are unable to do anything.
   ⇒ All of his economic resources get exhausted and economically, he becomes quite weak.
   ⇒ It is having a direct impact on social progress.

Question 15.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

During the course of old age, metabolism processes slow down. People become weak both physically and mentally. They are more prone to sickness, diseases, syndromes, etc. The immunity of a person diminishes. Older people are most vulnerable to non-communicable diseases. Declining health due to increasing age is complicated by the non-availability of good quality age-sensitive health care for a large proportion of older persons. In addition to this, lack of information and knowledge in combination with high costs of disease management puts old-age care beyond the reach of older persons, especially those who are poor and disadvantaged.

1. Who is an old-age person?
2. Which three problems are faced by an old-age person?
3. How can we remove the problems of an old-age person?

Answer:

1. Anyone who is retired from his Job or is above the age of 60 years is known as an old age person.
2. ⇒ He is suffered from many diseases such as sugar, high blood pressure, etc.
   ⇒ After retirement, his income gets exhausted and now he becomes dependent upon his children to meet his daily needs.
   ⇒ His physical ability to fight diseases becomes so low. He is unable to clearly listen or see things.
3. ⇒ Laws must be strictly implemented so that no one could harass them.
   ⇒ Government must provide excellent and free medical facilities to the elders.
   ⇒ Government must provide them good old age pension to reduce their financial dependency on children.

Question 16.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

There are more than one billion people in the world who live with one or the other form of disability. Many of us have people with disabilities as friends or family, who have difficulties in day-to-day life. People with disabilities are subject to multiple deprivations with limited access to basic services, including education, employment, rehabilitation facilities, etc. Additionally, widespread social stigma plays a major role in hindering their normal social and economic life.

The term disability carries with it a connotation of a lack or deficiency whether mental, physical, or sensory. It has been defined primarily in terms of medical deficit. Moreover, the word disability is itself not a homogenous category as it includes different kinds of bodily variations, physical impairments, sensory deficits, and mental or learning inadequacies which may be either congenital or acquired.

1. What is meant by disability?
2. Which problems are faced by disabled people?
3. Give types of disability.

Answer:

1. The term disability carries with it a connotation of a lack or deficiency whether mental, physical, or sensory. It is primarily defined in terms of medical deficit.
2. ⇒ Disable people are unable to get a proper education.
   ⇒ Their chances of getting jobs become quite limited.
   ⇒ They cannot do any work fast the way which a normal person can do.
   ⇒ It becomes an obstacle to their economic growth.
3. Disability is of many types such as:
   ⇒ Locomotor Disability
   ⇒ Visual Disability
   ⇒ Hearing Disability
   ⇒ Mental Disability
   ⇒ Speech Disability.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 12 Western Sociological Thinkers Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Chapter 12 Western Sociological Thinkers

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Western Sociological Thinkers Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each:

Question 1.
The formal study of society as an academic discipline originated in which country and in which century?
Answer:
The formal study of society as an academic discipline originated in France (Europe) during the 19th century.

Question 2.
Name the three factors responsible for the development of Sociology as an independent discipline.
Answer:
The industrialist Revolution, the French Revolution, and the ideas of Enlightenment are responsible for the growth of sociology.

Question 3.
State the names of two thinkers associated with enlightenment.
Answer:
Charles Montesquieu and Jean Jacques Rousseau were the two thinkers associated with enlightenment.

Question 4.
French Revolution took place in which year?
Answer:
The French Revolution took place in 1789 A.D.

Question 5.
What does the term ‘positivism ’ stand for ?
Answer:
Positivism says that society works according to certain fixed laws which can be discovered.

Question 6.
Who named two branches of Sociology as social statics and social dynamics ?
Answer:
Auguste Comte gave the names of social statics and social dynamics as two

Question 7.
Make a chart of Auguste Comte’s law of three stages.
Answer:

Question 8.
Karl Marx’s theory of class is based on which determinism ?
Answer:
Karl Marx’s theory of class is based on the ownership of means of production. One group owns all the means of production and the other doesn’t have any.

Question 9.
Who wrote the book ‘Communist Manifesto’ ?
Answer:
Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engles.

Question 10.
What are the stages of social change given by Karl Marx ?
Answer:
Communism and then socialism are the stages of social change given by Karl Marx.

Question 11.
Who classified the society by the nature of solidarity existing in the society? .
Answer:
Emile Durkheim classified the society by the nature of solidarity existing in the society.

Question 12.
Name the two kinds of solidarities discussed by Emile Durkheim.
Answer:
Mechanical and organic solidarity are the two kinds of solidarities discussed by Emile Durkheim.

Question 13.
List the types of social action given by Max Weber.
Answer:
Max Weber gave four types of social action and these are-Zweckrational, Wertrational, affective action and traditional action.

Question 14.
Name the types of authority mentioned by Max Weber.
Answer:
Max Weber mentioned three types of authority-Traditional authority, Legal authority and Charismatic authority. „

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
What is enlightenment ?
Answer:
Enlightenment was the age when great intellectual development took place and many changes came in the philosophical ideas. This time was around 17th-18th centuries. Major thinkers of this age were Montesquieu and Rouseau. These thinkers stressed on the supremacy of science and reason over belief. Due to these thinkers, people started giving stress on using scientific method in social phenomenon.

Question 2.
Write a short note on theological and metaphysical stage.
Answer:
Comte says that in theological stage, human ideas were imaginative. He considered every thing as a form of God. Concept was that yet all the things are lifeless but ultimate power exists in them. Second stage continued from 14th to 16th century.During this age, the right of uninterrupted observation came forward which was having no limit. That’s why spirituality declined and it also affected the metaphysical aspect.

Question 3.
What do you mean by animism ?
Answer:
Animism is a theory which says that people believe that God exists only in living things. The meaning of word ‘Anima’ is ‘soul’ or ‘movement’. That’s why people started worshipping animals, birds, land and air as well.

Question 4.
Discuss class as defined by Karl Marx.
Answer:
According to Karl Marx, “Classes are large groups of people differing from each other by the place they occupy in a historically determined system of social production, by their relation to the means of production, by their role in the social organisation of labour and consequently by the dimensions of the share of social wealth of which they dispose and their mode of acquiring it.”

Question 5.
What do you mean by class consciousness ?
Answer:
Each class is aware about its members, their position and social status. Such awareness is called class consciousness. Members of all the classes are conscious about their groups and that’s why they generally like to keep relations with the members of their own class.

Question 6.
Define historical materialism.
Answer:
Historical materialism is understanding history in terms of the relations of the people to the means of production. In simple words historical materialism is the philosophical theory of social development.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on social facts.
Answer:
Durkheim gave the concept of social fact. According to him, social fact is the every permanent or temporary way of doing action which is capable of exerting external pressure on an individual or every way of repeating action which is available everywhere but keeps independent existence from individual ideas.

Question 8.
Discuss organic solidarity.
Answer:
Organic solidarity is available in modern societies and is based on the differences existing among its members. It prevails in the societies with more population and poeple have formal relations among them. Repressive laws prevail in such societies.

Question 9.
What do you mean by Zweckrational action ?
Answer:
It is a type of rational action which is performed while keeping in mind the final goal. In these actions, an actor clearly knows about the goals and select particular means to attain his goals. These are planned and taken after evaluating the goal. These are also known as instrumental action.

Question 10.
What is affective action ?
Answer:
This action is emotional. It is determind on most of the occassions, by the state of mind of the actor. In this case, the action is not aimed towards a goal but is determined by an emotional reaction of the actor in a given set of circumstances.

Question 11.
Define Authority.
Answer:
Authority is a particular form of power supported by the rules of a social system. It is generally accepted as legitimate by those who participate in it.

Answer the following short answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
Explain the law of three stages as propounded by Auguste Comte.
Answer:
Auguste Comte gave the law of three stages and said that there are three stages of social evolution-theological stage, metaphysical stage and positive stage. In theological stage, all the human ideas were imaginative and he considered all the things as a reaction to the actions of a supernatural power.

Thought was that yet all the things are lifeless but that supernatural power exists among them. Second stage was metaphysical stage which continued from 14th to 19th century.

In this stage, revolutionary movement started and protestent religion originated. In 16th century, negative concept emerged whose main aim was social change. In this, people had the right of unlimited observation. In positive stage, industrial society emerged and science came forward. In this stage there is no conflict in social system and progress.

Question 2.
Discuss the features of mechanical solidarity.
Answer:

1. Members in such societies have homogeneity of behaviour and they behave in a similar way.
2. Common beliefs and feelings are the symbols of mechanical solidarity. Collective consciousness exists among the members of society.
3. Repressive laws prevail in mechanical societies where there is a system of punishment for criminals.
4. Morality is the base of mechanical societies and consequently solidarity prevails in society.
5. Religion, as well, is one of the important bases of such societies and individuals
   behave according to religion.

Question 3.
Discuss the features of organic solidarity.
Answer:

1. Societies with organic solidarity have differentiation and specialisation amongst them. Many classes prevail in such societies.
2. Division of labour is of great importance over here and people depend upon each other to fulfil their basic needs.
3. Many organisations and groups prevail over here and that’s why restitutive laws are of great importance.
4. In organic societies, contractual relations are the source of social solidarity and individuals are hired on contract.
5. In such societies religion is of very less importance.
6. Such societies are modern societies.

Question 4.
Differentiate between theological and metaphysical stage.
Answer:
(i) Theological Stage : This stage started with the beginning of humanity when humans were afraid of natural forces. He considered all the things as a result of action of any supernatural power. He believed that yet all the things are lifeless but god prevails among all.

(ii) Metaphysical Stage : Comte calls this stage as a revolutionary stage of modern society. This state started in 14th century and continued till 19th century. It is divided into two parts. In first part, revolutionary movement started and revolutionary philosophy came after the advent of Protestent religion. Second stage started in 16th century and negative theories started in it whose main objective was social change.

Question 5.
Do you think capitalism will be replaced by communist societies in near future ?
Answer:
No, we don’t think that capitalism will be replaced by communist societies in near future. Actually capitalist system is based on open market but communist economy is under government’s control and presently no one likes such control. In 1917 A.D, Russian monarchy was replaced by communism but after few decades, economy reached its worst ever condition. That’s why in 1990 A.D., U.S.S.R. was disintegrated and divided into many countries. So we can say that communist societies cannot replace capitalist economies.

Answer the following short answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
Has Sociology developed as a full fledged science as envisioned by Auguste Comte ?
Answer:
Auguste Comte was the one who coined the term sociology in 1839 A.D. He wrote a book ‘The Course of Positive Philosophy’ which got published in six parts. In this book, he wrote that different parts of society are studied by different social sciences. For example, Political Science studies the political aspect of society, economic aspect is studied by economics. So, there must be a science which could study society.

He imagined a science which could study society, social relation etc. and according to his imagination, a new science emerged which is known as Sociology. After Comte, Herbert Spencer gave many a- concept with which the scope of Sociology started expanding. Emile Durkheim was the first Sociologist who tried to establish Sociology as a Science. During his studied, he used scientific method and said that society can be studied with these methods such as observation etc.

Tie gave many concepts to sociology such as social fact, suicide, division of labour, religion etc. and the use of scientific method is clearly visible in his concepts. He was the first professor of Sociology. Karl Marx and Max Weber also gave great contribution in establishing sociology as a science. Karl Marx gave conflict theory and most of the other theories are centered around this theory. Marx studied society from economic point of view and that the history of society is the history of class struggle.

He gave a detailed description of two classes and the continuing conflict between them. He gave many concepts to sociology such as historical materialism, dialectical materialism, class and class struggle, theory of alienation etc. Max Weber also tried to do the same and gave the theory of social action.

He gave scientific explanation of sociology and gave other theories such as social action, authority, domination, religion, bureaucracy etc. After these founding fathers of Sociology, many other philosophers came forward and we cannot neglect their contribution in establishing Sociology as a science.

Among them, Talcott Parsons, J.S. Mill, Malinowaski, Robert Merton, Gillin and Gillin, G.S. Ghurye are quite important.
Since the last few decades scientific methods are used in sociology so that the study could remain objective. With this, it will be possible to implement the findings of one region into another.

After using hypothesis, observation, sampling, interview, schedule, questionnaire, classification, tabulation, use of statistics etc. Sociology has definitely established itself as a science.

Question 2.
What is Marx’s theory of class struggle ?
Answer:
In Marx’s developed scientific theories, one thing is included and that is he has explained the existence of class before different social classes. Most important thing is that Marx gave a very good explanation of classes. The main aim of Marx was to know about that society, in which we are living and the face which we can see today, why it is so and with which forces changes came in it ? Not only this he has also explained that in future which type of changes will come in this society.

Marx and Angles both concluded after their research that there is a lot of exploitation in the society. So the another aim of their research was to find a conceptual way to establish exploitationless society. On the basis of his study Marx was of the view that the changes which are coming in nature and in human society they are not coming at once. An internal struggle is always going on in nature and society. With this struggle, phenomena are developing and the cycle of natural and social evolution is going on.

The main philosophical concept of Marx is Dialectic materialism. With Dialectic system the explanation of society is known as Historical Materialism. According to him, the development and change in society is not coming because of any king, leader, divine’s mind and courage but it comes due to some specific socio-economic reasons. The ways of thinking, doing work and systerhs are coming from the development level of production system and by the ways of exchange.

Man always tries to produce more with less labour. Internal struggle is always there in the human society and in opposite things of nature. Because of this process man always changes old system of production with new system of production with new natural and®social knowledge. With this the social structure also changes which was based on economic structure. So to understand and to solve the problems of society of any age we have to study the oppositions of socio-economic structure of that age.

What is Class ? Before understanding the concept of class struggle of Marx, first of all we should understand what class is. After analysing history, Marx has strongly advocated that we should study from the point of view that we should find those laws which govern human history and for this we should observe the work and behaviour of common people instead of few specific people.

Every type of society was divided in different groups. In this way different classes form a special socio-economic unit. This unit is known as class. Marx was of the view that in every type of society we can see a number of classes which are divided in different units. According to Marx’s explanation of class, Lenin gave definition of class.

Lenin wrote, “Class is a big group of those people which in any method of social production of history, from their own point of view, from the point of view of their relations with means of production, from the point of view of their role in social structure of labour and because of result of which of how much they are owner of social property, and from the point of view of getting that property they are different from each other.”

According to Marx in any of the ages because of division of labour and because of getting different means of livelihood humans are divided in different classes and every class has its different and special class consciousness. By class, Marx doesn’t mean concept of Indian caste system. By class, he means that group of people which can be defined from their role in production process.

In simple words, “Class is a group of those people which earn their livelihood in the same manner.” The birth of class is based on the ways of production. The way in which production system changes, old classes are also replaced by the new classes.

Class Struggle:
Marx has explained that there are two classes in every type of society. After understanding the detailed concept of class, now we are in a position to understand the concept of ‘class struggle’. Marx wrote that in every society there are two opposite classes, one who exploits and second which is exploited and the struggle is always there in these two classes.

To this struggle Marx gave the name of ‘class struggle’. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx wrote that with the existence of society, class struggle was also started side by side. According to Marx in the processes of production different classes have different roles to play. So for the interests of the needs of these classes the condition of struggle is must and this struggle gives a base for different and opposite ideologies.

A conflict started in developing powers of production and in functionalist and in relations of static property and with this the speed of struggle increased. Speed of history is determined by the role of classes and we can find social economic classes in all those societies where general principle of division of labour is applied.

According to Marx, class struggle is starting from that production system which divides the society into different classes. In this one class produces after a lot of hard work like slaves, half slaves, farmers, labourers etc. and other class without doing any hard work and any work, uses quite large part .of production like masters of slaves, feudal lords, owners of land, capitalists etc.

This helps in reaching class struggle at its highest stage. Marx believes that when any revolution becomes successful then with this a new socio-economic system emerges. We should keep in mind that according to Marx there is a difference in ‘Class Opposition’ and ‘Class Struggle’. Generally people mix these with each other.

In struggle there is a definite consciousness but in all ‘Class Oppositions’ theTe is no class consciousness. For example, in America before civil war, black slaves had limited opposition against their white masters and in India the social opposition against caste system cannot be called as class struggle.

Class opposition will be mixed in class struggle when in the process of production exploited class will start to feel that now it is impossible for them to live in that condition. In this the role of political parties is quite significant. So for this according to Marx it is the duty of revolutionary political parties that they should speed up class struggle for the development of class consciousness.

In this way in his concept of Historical Materialism, Marx clarified that the history of evolution of society, history of evolution of production system means is the history of production forces and evolution of production relations of man. While studying history we should keep in mind that history is not only about some events, phenomenon, life sketches of kings and queens, greatness or braveness of military generals and it is not only the collection of all these things.

History cannot be a science after analysing all these things. History can be a science when it should have analysis of production system and inter-related social and political institutions of art, religion, behaviour, philosophy, literature and with them the analysis of those producers of material things – common people.

So on this base Marx has divided the whole human history in these parts :
1. Primitive Communal Society: Primitive communal society was the first stage of social history. In this the means of production were underdeveloped like tools of stones, arrow, bow etc. To produce essential commodities joint labour was used. So for this every one had the right over production and there was no economic exploitation and there was no class difference.

2. Slave Society: Second stage of social history was slave society. With the development of agriculture, cattle rearing and tools of metal the production system and relations started to change and slave system was started. With developed means of production the concept of private property came into being and different classes of slaves and slave masters also came into being. In this way class struggle came into being. According to Marx class-struggle was started in this society because in this society masters started to exploit slaves.

3. Feudal Society: This was Feudal Society. In this stage means of production i.e., land came under occupation of some land owners and some feudal lords. Large number of landless half slaves became farmers. The concept of private property also strengthened in this age. We can see the remains of this stage even today in the developing country like India and in underdeveloped countries. In this stage two classes of farmers and feudal lords were made. Class struggle also increased in this stage.

4. Capitalist Society: This age was of the capitalist society. Actually at the end of 15th century when science started to develop then an opposition was started between new means of production and between relations of production system. With the invention of new machines and with the establishment of large industries this age of capitalism was started which prevails even today. In this age two classes were made.

One was capitalist class which was exploiting other class and other was class of labourers which were forced to sell their labour at no cost or very less pay to the owner of means of production i.e. capitalist. In this age with the development of science education increased and because labourers were working with each other in large industries they got organized and gradually class consciousness was developed. Today exploited class is not ready to be exploited by other class. Class struggle is at its best.

This is the last system based on exploitation. Today the destruction of capitalism has started. Human society is going towards socialism in a rapid speed. Example of this is the governments of Russia, China and other countries. According to Marx, the root cause behind exploitation is private property and because of this thing only there are two main classes in every sphere of production in society.

Out of these two classes, one class has all the means of economic production because of which this class is exploiting poor people and other class is that which doesn’t have any means of production. In every age of society we can find struggle (except primitive communism) between these two. It was the assumption of Marx that with the help of its money and means of production capitalist class always tries to force the people to adopt its thinking and life style and system.

According to Marx, “That class which has the material force, all means of production and intellectual power always controls means of mental production also.” For this type of control it uses every type of force. The religion, philosophy, politics, economy, morality etc. which it has forced the people to adopt become slaves of capitalists. To maintain this condition of exploitation it is must to suppress the everything of classes with force.

Social evolution is given by different stages. The evolution of any society, system or historical age depends upon circumstances of that country. No social system lives forever. All processes are dialectic. There is always an internal struggle between new processes of production (Thesis) and old processes of production (Anti Thesis).

It is must to adopt new processes instead of old processes. The qualitative changes happen slowly and slowly, but quantitative changes happen at once. So according to law of evolution revolutionary changes are automatic and compulsory. These changes are based on force. In the process of evolution there is a conflict between opposite forces. In the end class struggle will speed up and it is must for exploited class or labour class to win this struggle.

According to Marx because of this opposition capitalism will automatically come to an end. In capitalist system, poverty, striveness and unemployment will increase very quickly. When it will be beyond the range of labourer class then they will break all the chains and revolutionary age will start. According to Marx capitalism will be the last Social system based on exploitation.

Capitalists will not leave their rights. With peaceful methods exploitation cannot be stopped. So for this revolution is must. A part of society will change into labour class and this revolutionary change will be good for every one. Under the leadership of labour class and after‘the class struggle when the machinery of the state will be under their control then the age of Socialism will start. According to Marx, state is the biggest weapon in the hands of capitalist class to exploit.

Even after revolution the mediocres of feudalism and capitalism will try and go for anti-revolution. So after going to socialism from capitalism it will be the temporary stage of dictatorship of labour class. After the establishment of sqcialism and after the end of exploitation, all the classes will come to an end and every one will get according to his labour but in the developed stage of communism every one will get according to its needs.

Slowly and slowly the state, which was the weapon of exploitation in the hands of capitalist class, will also come to an end and instead of state those institutions will come into being which will be based on cooperation. Classes and class struggle will come to an end. The end of class struggle between labourers and capitalists will come with the end of capitalism. When the means of production will come in the hands of society then the ban on production will go and destruction of production forces will also come to an end.

The idea of end of classes through class struggle is not a dream in present age. World is going very fast towards the establishment of classless socialist society. With the revolution of labourers all the opposition will be solved. It is the historical duty of modern labour class to fulfil this wish of labour class. After this with conscious mind, man will make his history himself. In this way beginning of Marxism is the new step towards development of class struggle of movement of labour class.

Not only Marx and Engles have given a scientific ideology of labourers but also they have given a new conceptual tool in the hands of labour class and they have established a new type of class system of labourers. Firstly they had established a communist league and then they collected all the organizations of labourers in the world and made ‘International Association’ of working class. In this way Marx and Engles have given the concept of class and class struggle.

Question 3.
Write a note on communist revolution in Russia and China.
Answer:
(i) Russian Revolution: Before 1917, Russia was controlled by the Romanov dynasty. At the beginning of First World War (1914), Tzar Nicholas II had his empire on Russia. Except the area around Moscow, many other areas were included in the Russian empire such as present day Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, part of Poland, Ukraine and Belaroos. Georgia, Agminia and Azerbaijan were also included in this.

Before 1914, political parties were not allowed in Russia. In 1898, socialists started Russian Democratic Workers Party and they supported the ideas of Karl Marx. But according to official policies, it had to illegally start its activities. It published its own newspaper, collected labourers and started doing strikes.

Russia was under a monarch who acted as a dictator. Unlike other European nations, Tzar was not responsible to the Parliament. Liberals started a movement to remove such practice. Liberals along with socialists, democrats and social revolutionaries, collected farmers and labourers and during the 1905 revolution, demanded the constitution. Russian workers were influenced by this and they also started demanding less hours of work and more pay.

When they were getting ready for the revolution, police attacked them. More than 100 workers died and more than 300 wounded. As this event happened on Sunday, it-is known as ‘Bloody Sunday’ in the Russian history. In 1914 A.D., the First World War started and the Tzar forced Russia into the war. Russian economy was already not in a good shape.

It started showing the signs of decline. Russia involved a great deal in the war. On one side, the Tzar was trying to dissolve the Parliament (Duma) and on the other side, the members of Parliament were trying to save the country from such situation. Under’ these circumstances, on 22 February, 1917, One factory was shut down in Petrograd and all the workers became unemployed. Other workers of 50 more factories, showed them their sympathy and started their strike.

Till then, there was no political party leading the movement. Workers surrounded the government buildings and the government imposed curfew. Workers got scattered till evening but they again came forward on 24th and 25th February. Government called the military and police was asked to observe them.

On 25th February, Sunday, Government dismissed the Parliamant (Duma). Leaders started opposing it and strikers came out on roads, with full force on 26th February. On 27th February, Police Headquarters was destroyed. People came out of their houses and they started raising slogans for bread, pay, less hours of work and democracy. Government again called the military but military refused to shoot the common people. Army men also joined the strikers and they collected in the building in which last time Duma was sitting.

Next day, a workers group met the Tzar. Army Generals also advised the Tzar to accept the demands of strikers. Finally on 2nd March, 1917, he accepted the demands of strikers and his rule in Russia came to an end. In October, Lenin controlled Russia and Russian Revolution come to an end.

(ii) Chinese Revolution : On 1st October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao- Tse-Tung declared to establish people’s Republic of China (PRC). With this declaration, the war between the Chinese Communist Party and Nationaliste Party come to an end which started after the second world war. With the establishment of PRC, the official chaos started in 1911 with the Chinese Revolution coming to an end. With the defeat of Nationalist Party, U.S.A severed all its political ties with China.

Chinese Communist Party was established in 1921 at Shanghai. Chinese communists supported the Nationalist Party in 1926-27 at the time of northern attack. This support contiuned till White Terror of 1927 when the Nationalists started killing the communists. In 1931 A.D. Japan captured Manchuria. At this time, govt, of Republic of China had fear of three sided attack-Japanese attack, Communist revolt and attack of the northern people.

Few Generals of Chinese army were fedup with the behaviour of Nationalist leader Chiang-Kai-Shek that he was more interested in internal dangers instead of caring about the Japanese attack. They captured Shek and asked him to cooperate with the communist army. This was the first attempt of having cooperation between the Nationalist Govt, and the Chinese Communist Party (C.C.P.). But this effort remained for a very small period of time. Nationalists started thinking about the Japanese and Communists started spreading their influence in the rural areas.

During the Second World Was, support for the communists increased to a great extent. American officers in China tried to suppress this support in the Nationalist region. Due to these undemocratic policies and the prevailing corruption during the war, Chinese govt, become weak against the communists. In 1945, Japan lost the war and the danger of civil war increased in China. American govt, continued its support to Chiang-Kai- Shek’s govt, as it was only Shek who could reduce the communist influence in China.

In 1945, Chiang-Kai-Shek and Mao-Tse-Tung met to discuss about the formation of govt, post war. Both agreed to restore democracy, collective army and freedom for political parties. Treaty was on the cards but due to the American intervention, it failed and in 1946, civil war started in China.

During the civil war from 1947-1949, the victory of communists was on the cards as they had public support, better army and the weapons captured from the Japanese army in Manchuria. In October, 1949, after winning many areas, Mao-Tse-Tung declared to establish People’s Republic of China. So in 1949, Chinese Revolution came to an end.

Question 4.
What is the contribution of Durkheim to Sociology ?
Answer:
Famous sociologist and philosopher Emile Durkheim was born on 15 April, 1858 at Lorraine region of north eastern France at a place called Epinel. Durkheim’s initial education was completed in an educational institution at Epinel. Right from his childhood, Durkheim was an intelligent child.

His family was quite famous in their field and that is why he received brilliance from his family. He received education till graduation at Epinel and then he migrated to Paris for getting higher education.

At Paris, his journey of getting higher education started. Here he tried to get admission in the world famous institution ‘Ecole Normale Superieure’. Here only brilliant students were able to get admission. After two unsuccessful attempts, Durkheim was able to get admission over here in 1879 A.D. This institution provided education on the French, Latin and Greek philosophy and these subjects were included in whole of its curriculum.

But Durkheim did not take interest in all these because he was more interested in studying actual political, intellectual and social conditions of society. Durkheim believed that positivism is must in knowledge. He believed that until present political, intellectual and social problems are not studied, while studying any subject or philosophy, that knowledge is not useful.

Due to such ideas of his, Durkheim was so dissatisfied with the atmosphere of this world famous institution that most of the times, he went against his teachers. Even then, he got his son Andre admitted in this institution. In 1880, famous positivist and historian Prof. Fustel de Coulanges became director of this institution. He was one of the teachers of Durkheim who had special feelings for him. Prof. Coulanges changed curriculum over here and Durkheim became very happy.

Durkheim greatly respected Prof. Coulanges. He wrote a book ‘Montesquieu’ in Latin language and dedicated this book to Prof. Coulanges. Here Durkheim met Emile Boutroux. Durkheim was very much influenced by him and he wrote his research paper of Doctrate under his guidance. Here, Durkheim met few more world famous scholars.

He also got many students over there who later on became famous Sociologists. His intellectual and mental thinking increased a lot when he came in contact with these famous scholars. In 1882 A.D., he left Ecole Normale Superieure and for next five years, he taught in different High Schools near Paris. With his influence, he started a new curriculum of Sociology in these schools. Durkheim became famous as a very good teacher.

In 1885-86, he took leave of one year and left for Gerfnany for higher studies. In Germany, Durkheim deeply studied Psychology, Economics, Cultural Anthropology. Here he studied the essays of Comte and came under his influence. Later on he gave birth to Sociological Positivism. .
In 1887, Bordeavux University opened up a new department of Sociology and Durkheim was invited to come over here to study. After studying for next 9 years, in 1896, he became Professor at the same department.

In 1893, Paris University gave him his Doctrate for writing his research paper ‘De la Division du Travail Social’ (Division of Labour in Society). This book got published and he became quite famous ater this. In 1895, Durkheim created his second important book ‘Les Regies da ea Methode Sociologique’ (The Rules of Sociological Method).

In 1897, Durkheim wrote his third famous book ‘Le Suicide : Etude de Sociologie’ (Suicide : A Study of Sociology). After publishing these world famous books, Durkheim’s name was started to consider as a major philosopher, Sociologist and a great writer.

In 1898, Durkheim started a sociology related magazine ‘L Annee Sociologique’ and remained at the post of its editor till 1910 A.D. This magazine of Durkheim became quite famous in the intellectual environment of France. In this magazine, many of the great philosophers such as Georges Devy, Simond, Levi Strauss etc. got their essays published.

In 1902, Durkheim was called in Paris University at the post of Professor and he took charge over here. After Durkheim’s efforts in 1913, Education department’s name was changed to Education and Sociology department. Here Durkheim taught moral education, origin of religion, beginning of family, social philosophy of Comte and Saint Simon.

In 1912, Durkheim, wrote another book ‘Les Formes Elementairs Delavie Religieuse’ (Elementary Forms of Religious Life).
Durkheim got married when he was appointed at Bordeaux University. His wife’s name was Lauise Drefus. He had two children, daughter Marie and son Andre.

His wife helped him a lot. There were many functions such as editing, checking, communication etc. which she did with great labour. First World War started in 1914. Durkheim sent his son Andre in the war and himself started writing essays in newspaper to uplift the morale of people. But war made him mentally weak. During the war, he received the news of his son’s death. He completely broke down after his son’s death. In 1916, Durkheim became sick and on 15th November, 1917, he died at the age of 59 years.

Writings Of Durkheim:
During his lifetime, Durkheim wrote many books which are given below:

1. The Division of Labour in Society – 1893
2. The Rules of Sociological Method – 1895
3. Suicide – 1897
4. Elementary Forms of Religious Life – 1912
5. Education and Philosophy (After death) – 1922
6. Sociology and Philosophy (After death) – 1924
7. Moral Education (After death) – 1925
8. Sociology and Saint Simon (After death) – 1925
9. Pragmatism and Sociology (After death) – 1955

After Durkheim’s death, his wife and friends got published his essays and speeches which increased sociological literature.

Question 5.
Discuss the types of social actions given by Weber. .
Answer:
Weber gave four types of social action and these are :
1. Zweckrational behaviour : Weber says that by Zweckrational social behaviour we mean by that social behaviour which are directed by for the fulfilment of many objectives rationally while keeping in mind its usage. In this we not only keep in mind the selection of means but here values are also kept in mind. Means are checked fully and the action is edited and directed on that base.

2. Wertrational behaviour : In Wertrational behaviour a good available place is given to any clear and special value. We do not take care of other values. In this rational base is not possible but on moral, religious or beautiful basis it can be accepted. To maintain moral and religious assumption wertrational behaviour can be done. To accept these actions there is no need of any reason or rational base. Just they are accepted as it is because while doing a thing social status increases and personal peace also comes.

3. Affectual behaviour : These types of action can happen due to human sentiments and behaviour. While living in society we have to go through a number of feelings like love, hatred, anger etc. Because of these feelings the state of peace and violence comes in society. While doing these types of behaviour we do not take help of tradition and reason.

4. Traditional behaviour. Traditional actions can be done on the basis of already existing definite traditions. To make social life easy and peaceful traditional actions are quite important. It is quite possible that any situation of conflict can come in society but generally in this type of action there is no need of taking help of rationals or any other influence. These actions are directed and controlled by customs of society.

Question 6.
How does Weber relate economic activity to religion?
Answer:
Essence of Capitalism:
The early study of Weber was centred on that habit which can be seen particularly in modern society. To explain the religious influence on economic behaviour Weber has written many essays from 1904 to 1905 and on the basis of those essays his most famous book ‘The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism’ was published.

In this book Weber explained that how the development of capitalism was influenced by the thoughts and policies of Protestant Religion. These thoughts were a challenge to Marx’s concept that the social and religious conciousness of man is determined by its social class.

According to Weber’s view the clear cut thing for modern industrial world’s man. is that he should work hard. According to Weber, “Hard work is a duty and its result is inherent in it.” This thought is an extraordinary quality of modern industrial world’s man. Man does not do his work efficiently, because he has to do this work he does so because he wants to do this work.

This is the base of his personal satisfaction. It is expected from a man to do his duty for his livelihood and he does so. It doesn’t matter in which field he is. There is one quotation of America, “If any one is able to do any work then he should do his work in the most efficient manner.” This quotation is the essence of capitalism According to Weber, this concept does not belong to any supernatural aim, in fact it is related with the success of the man which he gets in economic life.

It doesn’t matter that in a particular time this concept was related with religious morality. To clarify the essence of capitalism Weber compared it to other economic process called Traditionalism. In economic processes, traditionalism is that stage in which man wants to earn more and more profit and wants to do less work.

He wants to take more rest during his time of work and he doesn’t want to accomodate with the new methods of work. They can be satisfied with the simple ways of living life and wants to earn profit at once. The accumulation of money is an another part of economic traditionalism. All these characteristics are totally opposite to the essence of capitalism.

Actually modern capitalism is a big complex of interrelated institutions whose base are economic efforts not the efforts of book makers (betting). Capitalism is the complex of lawful forms of business corporations, centre of organizational exchange, the system of giving public loan in the form of government debt letters and the organization of industries whose aim is to produce things on rational basis.

According to Weber, the quality of essence of capitalism is not only the quality of western societies. In many societies many people came into being who had organised their business in quite an efficient way, who were the hard workers than their servants, whose life was simple and who were using their saving to increase their business.

But even after this the effect of the capitalist characteristics was there in western societies. It’s reason was that in west this quality was not developed as a personal quality but was developed as a simple way of living life. In this way the hard working life of people, business behaviour, public loan system, the investment of capital in business continuously and the wish towards hard work is the essence of capitalism.

In contrary to that effort get profit at once, to see hard work as a curse, accumulation of money and to be satisfied with the simple way of living are general economic habits.

Protestant Ethics:
After clarifying that the aim of his study was essence of capitalism, Weber has given a number of reasons on the basis of which he wants to find its origin into the religious thoughts of reform movement. Weber asked his one student ‘Badan’ to study religious relations in state and selection of education.

After studying this he concluded that in comparison to catholic students, protestant students are taking more admissions in those educational institutions which are related to industrial life. One another reason also was there that in European time to time less populated groups have completed their social and political losses by their economic hardwok but Catholics were unable to do this.

With the influence of these circumstances Weber’s thought got strength that there must have been a relation between religious policy and economic activities. After this he also had seen in 16th century so many rich states and cities had accepted Protestant religion. Because of so many reasons Protestant religion was increasing its efforts of economic profit.

On this base Weber tried to know that whether Protestant religion was spread in economic backward countries and whether after developed capitalist economy Catholic religion became influencial or not. The main aim of Weber in writing ‘The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism’ was to explain these contradictions and to clarify the influence of religious- policies on economic life.

Wiber here wants to clarify that how the policies of Protestant religion became source of motivation for those people who were in favour of getting economic profit from rational point of view. So according to Weber concepts related to any religion should be analysed from that point to view that how any concept motivates the behaviour of its followers.

While keeping in mind this question Weber analysed the essays written by priests of Protestant religion and clarifies the influence of Kalvinism’s concepts on the daily behaviour of group. As a policy of the Protestant religion the order of Saint Paul was accepted widely: “Whoever will not work will not eat food and like poor, rich also do any work or business to increase the prestige of god.”

In this way hardworking life is according to the religious belief of Protestant religion. Richard Baxter has written, “Just for work god protects us and our actions. Hard work is the moral and natural aim of power. Just with hard work only any one can serve god.” Another Saint John Banian has written, “It will not be said that what you believe but it will be said that whether one was working hard or just talking with other.”

In this way in the Protestant religion working life was accepted as service to god. The praise of hard work has given birth to new laws and rules in Protestant religion. According to it, the wastage of time is a sin. Life is short and valuable, so man should use its surplus time to increase the prestige of god by using it in useful works.

Useless talking, to meet people a lot, sleeping a lot and to keep oneself busy in religious functions by giving loss to daily functions is a sin. It is so because god has given us a work to earn livelihood and we are not doing this. From this point of view the policies of Protestant religion are against ideal of personal policy that ‘the rich should not do any work or religious functions are more valuable that wordly functions.’ This is Protestant Ethic.

Relationship of Capitalism and Protestant Ethics:
After analysing Protestant Ethics and the spirit of capitalism Weber found many equalities in its different basis. These equalities have motivated Weber to clarify that which conditions were the reasons in economic behaviours and religious politics and which conditions were results. First of all Weber studied the religious guilds in 16th and 17th centuries and the influence on human behaviour of changes which came in its assumptions.

First of all many religious guilds stressed on the getting and accumulation of materialistic things and after some time accumulation of money was kept in the category of non religiousness in which to finish all wishes in front of hard work was good enough. These religious guilds had clarified it was an obstacle in the way of hard work.

When this concept of finishing of wish came out of limit of religious centres and started to influence worldly morality then it also started to contribute in the creation of modern economy i.e. capitalism. This change has given direction to Weber’s study that the religious policies are basic reasons which influence person’s economic and secular behaviours.

In this way with the help of many historical proofs Weber tries to clarify that how the policies or Ethics of Protestant religion were helpful in the development of early capitalism. The reform movement of Protestant religion gives right to those people to enter in religions festivals who have full faith in the policies of this religion.

The members of religious councils had to prove that they have the full capabilities to give practical form to the ethics of religions. This tradition to give importance to earn means of livelihood becomes very helpful in the development of capitalism. Slowly and slowly these moral beliefs of Protestant religion were changed as the system of life in the life of its followers.

Weber has accepted this condition as that phenomena with the help of which rationalization increased in the different aspects of western life. This rationalization came in western civilization as different forms and it has direct relation with the development of capitalism. In this Weber has explained the Protestant Ethics and spirit of capitalism and he clarified and understood religion on this base.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 11 Social Change Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Chapter 11 Social Change

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Social Change Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each:

Question 1.
Define social change.
Answer:
Many changes often come in social relations and this is social change.

Question 2.
Name the basic sources of social change.
Answer:
There are three basic sources of social change-innovation, Discovery and Diffusion.

Question 3.
Give two features of social change.
Answer:

1. Social change is a universal process which comes in everxf society.
2. Comparison is must in social change.

Question 4.
What is endogenous change ?
Answer:
The changes which develop within a society are known as endogenous change.

Question 5.
Name some factors responsible for social change.
Answer:
Natural factors, beliefs and values, social reforms, demographic factors, tech-nological factors, educational factors etc.

Question 6.
What is progress ?
Answer:
When we proceed in a desired direction to achieve our goal s then the change is known as progress.

Question 7.
Give examples of planned change.
Answer:
To give education and training to the people ig planned cha nge.

Question 8.
Give two examples of unplanned change.
Answer:
Natural calamities such as flood, earthquakes with which complete change comes in society.

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of social change.
Answer:
When change comes in different parts of society and this ch; mge affects lives of most of the people living in society, it is known as social changi. It means that structural change comes in the living style of the people.

Question 2.
What is diffusion ?
Answer:
The meaning of diffusion is spreading of something more wid< sly. For example when cultural ideas spread from one group to the second group it is known as diffu¬sion. Social change in most of the society often comes due to diffusion.

Question 3.
State a brief note on evolution and revolution.
Answer:
(i) Evolution. When change comes in a definite direction ar id change comes in traits and composition of an element, it is evolution.
(ii) Revolution. The sudden and spontaneous change is revolution. Existing sys¬tem comes to an end and is replaced by a new system.

Question 4.
List out the three basic ways in which change takes place.
Answer:
Change in three basic things brings change in society and these are :

1. Behaviour of the group
2. Social structure
3. Cultural attributes.

Question 5.
What are t he three sources from which change can originate ?
Answer:
(i) Innovation:
The meaning of innovation is creating something new by using an already known elememt. In this, new technique is innovated by using an already existing technology.

(ii) Discovery:
‘In means the ,act of finding for the first time or to invent something new about which we don’t know anything.

(iii) Diffusion:
It means to spread something widely. If cultural ideas of one group spread into the other, it is known as diffusion.

Question 6.
Briefly outline the difference between social and cultural change.
Answer:
(i) Social change can come consciously or unconsciously but cultural change alsways comes with conscious efforts.
(ii) Social change is the change which comes only in social relations but in cultural change, a major change comes in religion, ideas, values etc.

Answer the following short answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
What are t he main types of social change ? Briefly discuss them.
Answer:
Evolution, progress, development and revolution are the main types of social change. When internal, gradual and sequal change comes and social institutions start to become complex., it is known as evolution. When change comes in any thing in a desired direction, it is known as development. When people proceed towards a desired direction to achieve something and goal is achieved, it is known as progress. When sudden and quick change comes and the existing system is replaced by the new one, it is known as revolution.

Question 2.
Disc uss briefly the demographic factor of social change.
Answer:
Demogra phic factor also exerts a great influence on social change. Social organisation, traditions, institutions, customs etc. are also influenced by the demo graphic factor. Increase or decrease in population, change in sex ratio affect social relations. Change: in population becomes an obstacle in the way of society’s economic progress and a reason of many social problems. Increase in population often creates the situation of n alemployment and poverty which leads to the increase in corruption and disturbance in society.

Question 3.
Describ e any four factors responsible for social change.
Answer:

• Natural Factor: Due to natural factor such as flood, earthquake etc. soci¬ety completely cl langes and social change takes place.
• Demogrs iphic Factor: Increase or decrease in population, change in sex ratio also becomes a r eason of social change.
• TechnoHogical Factor: If change takes place in most of the existing tech¬niques in society, social change takes place.
• Educational Factor: When most of the society’s population starts to take education, it becomes one of the factors of social change.

Question 4.
Highlight the few points of differences between educational factor and technological factor.
Answer:

1. Educational factor can become a reason of tecnological factor but techno-logical factor cannot become a reason of educational change.
2. With the increase in literacy rate, every one in society gets affected but techno-logical factors have a very slow impact on the people.
3. With education planned change can take place but with technological factors, both planned and unplanned change takes place.

Answer the following short answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
Define Social Change. Discuss its features in detail.
Answer:
Word ‘Change’ is value free word. It never tells us about good or bad or about any rule. In general sense change is that difference which is there in the present state and earlier state of any thing. Like any one has money today but was poor yesterday. His position has been changed due to money.

Comparison is necessary in change be-cause if we want to clarify any change then it can be clarified only by comparison. In this way, social change is related with society. When change comes in society or social relationships then it is known as social change.

Every type of change in the human society cannot be called as social change. Social change is related with the change which comes in social relationships. We can include mutual actions and relations in different parts of society in social relationships. Meaning of change is the difference in existing conditions and earlier condition of any thing.

That’s why when we compare the existing condition and earlier condition of anything then we observe some difference. This difference is social change. In this way we can say that social change is related with the difference in social structure, actions, relations,organizations etc. Man is dynamic by nature and no society can live without change.

Definitions:
1. According to Gillin and Gillin, “Social change as variations.from the modes of life, whether due to alteration in geographical conditions in cultural equipment, composition of the population or ideologies, and whether brought by diffusion or invention within the group.”

2. According to Kingsley Davis, “By social change, I meant only such alterations as occur in social organization that is structure and function of society.”

3. According to Jones, “Social change is a term used to describe variations or modifications of any aspect of social process, social patterns, social interactions or social organization.”

4. According to Eldridge and Marril, “In its concrete sense, social change in activities that differ from those which they (or their immediate forefathers) engaged in some time before, society is compared of vast and complex network of patterned human relationships in which all men participate. When human behaviour is in the process of modification, this is only another way of indicating that social change is occurring.”

On the basis of given definitions, we can conclude that according to all sociologists, when any change or difference comes in any aspect of social interactions, social organization, social relationships, social process etc. then it is called a social change. In this way, we can say that every change is not a social change. Social change exists in the social relationships of society or organizations or actions.

Features of Social Change:
1. Social change is universal : Social change is that change which comes in every society. No society is completely static because change is the law of nature. It doesn’t matter which society it is, whether it is ancient or modern, it exists in every culture and society. Demographic change in society, change because of inventions, change in values and ideals etc. always exists in society. It is right that the speed of social change is different in different societies but change is always universal.

Social change is a universal phenomenon which occurs in all societies and in all ages. The time from which human society has started, changes have come in it and will remain forever. Every stage of human society has gone through changes, yet the speed of change in them might be different. Change is law of nature and no one can be prevented from this.

2. Definite prediction is not possible in social change : Any type of definite prediction is impossible in social change. It is so because social relationships are not definite. They keep on changing. For example, if we predict that caste system, untouch ability or dowry system etc. will come to an end in the coming ages and may be we’ll not be able to find complete end of these evils in society. That’s why if we will predict definitely-then it can be proved wrong.

We cannot imagine definitely about behaviour of a person. That’s why prediction is impossible in social change. Social change is a community change. It doesn’t mean that there is no rule of social change or we cannot imagine about it. It’s meaning is only that sometimes because of any reason change comes at once about which we have never thought of.

3. Speed of social change is not uniform: Yet social change is universal but its speed is different in different societies. It comes very quickly in some societies and in some societies its speed is very slow. For example, if we compare ancient and modern societies then we can see that speed of change is very fast in modern societies as compared to ancient societies.

Even this speed is very fast in metropolitan cities and very slow in smaller cities . The reason of difference of speed is that the factors, which bring social change, are different in different societies. We can imagine about change by comparing two societies.

4. Social change is community change : If any change comes in the life of one person or some people then it cannot be called as social change. It is so because social change is not personal. It is that change which comes in the life style of majority of persons living in a large community. So if change will affect only few persons, then it can be called as individual change.

But when majority of the people of a group are affected by the change then it can be called as social change. In this way, the nature of social change is social. It is not related with the change in any specific group, institution or caste but it is related with the changes which comes in whole community.

5. Social change is the result of interaction of number of factors : Social change is not the result of only one factor. Our society is complex in nature. Change comes in every sector of society because of many factors. Generally we can see that change comes because of economic progress, development in technology, change in atmosphere or change in demography. Yet it is right that change comes because of any factor but other factors are also reasons of change.

6. Change is law of nature : Existence of social change is law of nature. Change comes even against our wish. We cannot control natural forces which often brings change. Man is dynamic by nature. Change in society either comes because of natural forces or because of planned ways of humans to fulfil their needs. We always want new things and try to achieve them. So the dynamic nature of person is also responsible for social change.

Question 2.
Explain in detail the sources of social change.
Answer:
W. G. Ogburn has given a detailed description about the sources of social change. Accordings to Ogburn, out of three factors, one or more sources are the reasons of social change and these three sources are :

1. Innovation
2. Discovery
3. Diffusion

(i) Innovation:
The meaning of innovation is to prepare a new thing by using the existing elements. It means to prepare a new system of knowledge by using existing knowledge. For example by using the technology of an old car, innovating a new tech¬nology, finding technology for increasing its speed and to increase its mileage. Innova¬tion can be technological as well as social. In this, change can come in form, function, meaning or principle and consequently whole of society can change.

(ii) Discovery:
Discovery is the act of finding something for the first time. It means that when any thing is found for the first time, it is known as discovery. For example, some one made car or scooter for the first time or any scientist finds a news species of plant. It can be called as discovery. It means that elements are already existing in this world but we are not aware about it.1 With discovery, a new thing is added to the culture.

In reality, elements may have existed in the world but after its discovery, it becomes a part of our culture. However, it becomes a factor of social change at the time when it is put to use when it is merely known. Social and cultural circumstances either encourage or discourage the capacity of culture.

(iii) Diffusion:
The meaning of diffusion is the spreading of something. For example when cultural ideas of one group spread to another it is called .diffusion. Social change in almost all the societies come due to diffusion. It operates both within and between societies. Diffusion takes place at the time* when relations are made between societies. It is a two way process.

Due to diffusion elements of one culture are spread into the other, it changes and adopts the elements of other. For example the English used in England is very much different from the English used in India. When India was under the British occupation, many of their cultural elements were adopted by the Indian people. In this way during diffusion, change comes in the ele-ments.

Question 3.
Write down the factors influencing social change.
Answer:
1. Physical Environment. Change in physical environment comes through those processes which are out of control of humans. New directions open for humans due to these changes which indirectly affect the culture of humans. All these inani-mate phenomena are included in physical environment which affects social life in one way or the other. Change in climate like rain, heat, cold, change of season, earth-quakes, thundering, changes related to topography availability of minerals, rivers, stones etc.

affects greatly the social life. Physical changes affect the human ability to do work. Behaviour of humans is different in winter and summer. Human way of working changes with the change in climate. Humans work very quickly in winter and people get angry in summer. People like to live in those physical conditions where they should be able to spend their life very easily. People don’t like to live at those places where natural calamities like earthquake, flood etc. frequently come.

People live at those places where all the facilities of living life are easily available. Balance of population disturbs due to changes in physical environment because of which many problems occur. Physical environment affects the culture also. Where land is fertile, people do agricultural work and people living near coastal areas catch the fish.

2. Biological Factor. Some sociologists are of the view that biological factor is the important factor of social change. Meaning of biological factor is that quantitative aspect of population which occurs due to heredity. Like human sex is determined at the time of birth and on this base different physical differences exist in males and females.

Their social behaviour is also different due to this change. Females take care of house and children but males go out for work to earn money. If the proportion of males and females is not the same in any society then many social problems occur due to this.

Physical features are determined by heredity and these features create the similarities and disimilarities like being white or black. In U.S.A. jealousy is there due to colour. White female is known as beautiful and black female never gets that respect which any white female can get. Behaviour of the person is also related with the features of heredity.

Behaviour of the child is according to the behaviour of parents. Humans have more or less anger. Heredity and mental level both are inter related. Human behaviour and mental level are veiy important in social life. In short, we can say that individual traits of a person are determined by his hereditary traits. These traits affect the interactions of humans.

Human relations occur due to interactions on the basis of which social system and structure are determined. If any change comes in it then that is social change. In this way we can say that biological factors become the reason of social change. Great people help in bringing social change due to qualitative aspect of population.

3. Demographic Factors. Structure, size, distribution etc. of population affect the social structure. Countries with more population have to face many problems like poverty, unemployment, lower standard of life etc. Like India and China have to face many types of problmes. Countries with less population like U.K., Canada etc. have less problems and higher standard of life.

Countries with more population have many types of customs to reduce birth rate. For example, family planning prevails in India. Small families came into being due to family planning and social relations change due to smaller families. Those countries, where population is less, have different types of relations. Status of females is higher in them and there is no concept of family planning. In short, changes come in the patterns of interactions of people due to size of population.

In this way change also comes due to structure of population. In structure of population change comes due to age division, regional division of population, sex ratio, social structure, rural-urban ratio, ratio of population on technical level, immigration, emigration etc. These traits of population put a great effect on social structure and no problem can be solved without taking care of it.

4. Cultural Factors. Change in the material and non-material culture affects the social relations. Concept of family planning has put a great effect on the institution of family. Because of less number of children, they can upbring their children in a proper way. Direction of social change is also determined due to cultural factors. This not only determines the direction of social change but it also determines its limits by giving it speed.

5. Technological Factors. Yet the technical factors are the part of material aspect of cultural but it has its own important. These technological factors give a great contribution in social change. Technology changes our society. This change yet comes in our material environment, but change also comes in customs, traditions, institutions of the society with this factor. Means of transport and communication, machines of daily use etc. have completely changed our life and society.

Production on the large scale was started due to invention of machines, division of labour and specialization was increased. Cities were developed very quickly, standard of life became higher, industries were developed but quarrels, accidents were also increased, villages were changed into towns and cities.

Effect of religion was decreased, conflict was increased. In this way some aspects of social life are there which are greatly affected by technology. So in modern times technological factor is a very big factor of social change.

6. Ideological Factor. Except these factors different types of ideologies also bring a lot of change in society. For example, social change has come due to change in the institution of marriage, dowry system, increasing education among women, decreasing effect of caste system, change in gender relations etc. So many changes have come in social relations and individual relations due to new .ideologies. In short, new ideas and theories affect the inventions and economic conditions. Actually new ideology comes due to revolution.

Question 4.
What do you mean by social change ?’Highlight the demographic factor of social change.
Answer:
Demogarphic Factor : If we look at the society carefully then we will’see that population in our society is increasing or decreasing. Many problems of society are related only with more or less population. If we look at the 19th century then we can see that demographic factor was responsible to bring social change to a certain extent.

The effect of demographic factor is not related only with India but the whole world is affected by this. It is right that the increasing population in our country is producing many problems like to weaken the country from economic side, to produce social evils etc. but its effect is different in different countries.

In this way, we can see that demographic factors bring many changes in structure, organizations, functions, actions, ideals etc. of society. Social change is also related with this. Now we will look at the meaning of demographic factor. Meaning of Demographic Factor : Demographic factor is related to population. It means that we include size, density and distribution of population in this.

Demographic factor is that factor of social change which directly affects our society. Richness or poorness of society depends upon demographic factor. It means that the country with more population will have lower standard of living and countries with less population will have higher standard of living.

For example the countries like India and China have more population and that’s why their problems of poverty, unemployment etc. are increasing. But the countries like Canada, Australia, Britain etc.

have less population because of which their standard of living of people is higher than others. So from this example we can imagine that population plays an important role in bringing social change in society. In demographic factor, the increasing-decreasing birth rate and death rate affect our society.

From this description we come to conclusion that many changes in our society are because of more or less population. Increasing population of a country can create many problems for it. Now we will see that how demographic factor affects our social life.

1. Poverty : With increasing population people are unable to meet their daily needs. According to the theory of Malthus, the increase in population is like Geometry means 8 x 8 = 64 but increase in production is Arithmetically means 8 + 8 = 16. It means that 64 people are there to eat when production will meet the demand of only 16.

That’s why problems like poverty and starvation are increasing. It means that development in economic means is generally very slow but birth rate increases very quickly. Thus it affects the economy of the country adversely.

(а) Hereditary occupation or agriculture : India is basically an agriculturist country because of which most of the population is engaged in agriculture. Agriculture is that occupation in which more number of people are required. One person alone cannot control every work of agriculture. That’s why children in more number are required because if the family will be big then agriculture will be possible.

(b) Illiteracy : In a country like India, illiteracy is also a reason of increasing population. Most of the people in India are illiterate. Illiterate people are surrounded by many types of superstitions like son is necessary because of which they are without any conciousness about small family. They hardly see any benefit of small family because of which their standard of living is generally low. They are not conscious about getting education, raising their standard of living, health of children etc. It is all because of illiteracy.

(c) Cultural restrictions : People in India are very much influenced by culture that they cannot free themselves from the restrictions of culture. For example, according to Vedas, son will give fire to the body of the father. That’s why son is necessary. Even person gets more respects after the birth of son. In this way these cultural restrictions pressurise the person and he hardly thinks about progress.

(d) Protection : Actually every person is thinking that when he gets old then his children will take care of him. More numbers of children give more satisfaction to person that they will take care of him in his old age.

The traditional outlook, importance of having a son or lack of education are some of the reasons which are responsible for more population. For the development of country control over population is necessary. For this person should be educated so that he should be aware about the problems of increasing population.

2. Unemployment: With the development of industrialization and urbanization, unemployment has also been increased. People had to come out of their houses to get education. People of villages started to live in cities, because of which population of cities was increased and the number of houses were decreased.

Inflation started to go up. Function of domestic production was gone in the hands of factories. Machines started to do more work in minimum time. That’s why humans were replaced by machines and unemployment was increased.

3. Low Standard of Living : With the increase in population, poverty and unemployment also started to increase with which the standard of living of people became low. Earning members are decreasing and consumers are increasing. With increasing inflation it is difficult for people to give all the facilities to their children. Value of things has also increased which has resulted in low standard of living.

After looking at the growing problems related to population Indian Government took many steps. It was seen that the growing population is the main reason behind poverty. That’s why programmes of family planning were started.

With this help of films and T.V. steps were taken to change the attitude of people regarding having son or daughter. Government has given sanctions to small family as compared to bigger families. So the solution of problem of increasing population can be found in the programmes of family planning.

4. Immigration : Immigration and emigration also affect the population. For example, people from Bangladesh, Tibbet, Nepal, Sri Lanka are coming to India and start to live in India. With this immigration population increases very quickly. Poverty, starvation, inflation and many other problems are coming due to this.

5. Emigration : If .people are coming to India through immigration then people are also going out of India through emigration. Emigration means when people are leaving their country and started to live in another country. Specially the people with better education like Doctors, Engineers, Scientists etc.

are going to another country to live for better future. Country spends a lot of money to train and educate them but other countries are taking the benefit of their intelligence.

One reason of emigration is that our country is not giving them money according to their ability and even some don’t have any employment. Whichever country gives them employment and better facilities, they are going to that country. Even they break their family to go abroad. No one takes care of their parents. It affects the whole social structure of our society.

Question 5.
Discuss the role of educational factor in the process of social change in detail.
Answer:
Education is also one of the important factors of bringing social change. Actually education is the main base of progress. Knowledge of person increases after getting education. That’s why person finds solution of problems, which exist in society, after getting education. Countries with more educated people develop more as compared to other countries.

It is so because literate person gives his cooperation in removing problems of society. The percentage of illiterate people is more in Indian society. That’s why people are still related with superstitions. To remove these superstitions it is necessary that the person should be educated. To know about the effects of educational factor on society, first of all it is necessary that we should know about the meaning of education.

Word Education has come out of Latin word ‘Educere’ whose meaning is ‘to bring up’. Meaning of education is not only to give bookish knowledge to person but also to prepare him for future by putting good habits in him. According to Anderson, “Education is the social process by which an individual learns the things necessary to fit him for the life of his society.”

In this way on the basis of given description we can say that mores, customs, traditions, culture etc. of society are transmitted to other generation by education. This is given in informal and formal both ways. Formal education is given in educational institutions like school, college and universities.

Educational Factor and Social Change:
1. Educational factor and family:
Educational factor has put a great effect on the institution of family. Man has to arrange for bread and butter in ancient society just to live. All the members of the family were engaged in same occupation. Standard of living was very low because people were unconscious about the progress.

People started to live according to the changed values with the advent of formal education. Earlier all the members of the family were engaged in same occupation but now they started to adopt new occupations according to their wish and ability.

With this the new system of nuclear family came into being instead of traditional joint family. If person does hard work in modern societies then he can raise his standard of living. Now he achieves his position with his ability. Now his status is not ascribed but is achieved.

In this way educational factor has changed the structure and functions of family. In modern families where both husband and wife are doing work, children are generally taken care in cretches. That’s why the control of family on its members has been reduced.

Family is also very much affected by western education. Individualistic senses were developed in the person. Members of joint family started to go towards city for job after coming out of villages. People started to adopt new ideas instead of ancient ideas. Today it is right that some people are doing agricultural work jointly or with each other but their family life is certainly different.

A Conflicting situation has come in the views of old generation and younger generation. People became materialistic due to changes in the ways of living of the people. That’s why joint families have started to disintegrate. Number of literate persons in the family now has been increased.

2. Effect of educational factor on caste system: Caste system in’Indian society is that social evil which has produced obstacles in its progress. Education in the caste system was restricted only to the members of higher caste and the type of education was religious. Caste system started to weaken with the advent of British empire because all the people were Indians for Britishers.

They treated all the Indians in similar way. They gave emphasis to western education in the field of education. That’s why education became secular. Modern educational system gave emphasis on values like liberty, equality and fraternity. School, colleges of formal education were started. Person of every caste started to get education in these institutions. All members of higher and lower castes started to get education in same school with which the sense of untouchability was reduced.

3. Effect of educational factor on marriage: Institution of marriage has also been changed under the effect of educational factor. Outlook of educated persons towards marriage has been changed. In earlier times family was arranging the marriage and the bride or bridegroom was determined by the elder members of the family. They were of the view that marriage should be done in the family with equal status. They hardly considered the qualities of boy or girl instead they were considering the status of family.

But now the individual qualities of boy or girl are considered. Now marriage is not considered as religious sacrament but is considered as a contract which can be broken at any time. Now number of love marriages and court marriages are increased. Child marriages were popular in ancient times which have many demerits. But now the age of marriage is fixed by law that marriage is possible at a specific age.

Now the element of adjustment is there in the relations of husband and wife instead of religious sacrament. Now educated female is not the slave of male. If husband misbehaves with wife then she can give divorce to husband and can five separately. Educated youth never do haste in doing marriage. In fact they give preference to their career. Except this, love marriage and court marriages are increasing day by day.

4. Effect of education on social stratification : Education is one of the- important factors of social stratification. It has divided the whole society in two parts (i) literate and (ii) illiterate. A person gets position in society by education. Person gets higher education to achieve higher status. Educational qualification leads to the achievement of position in society. In this way the population of modern society is divided on the basis of education. Literate person gets respect in society.

Status of a person,was ascribed in ancient society. In means that the person was getting status from his family in which he is bom. But with the development in educational sector, status of a person is achieved. It means that person gets social position in modern societies according to his qualities and ability. Person can achieve higher status with “his will, hard work and ability.

5. Effect of education on position of women; Educational factors have played an important role in changing status of woman. Educated woman in modern society is taking part in every sector of society. Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India and ruled over it for many years. With the spread of education, the age of marriage of a girl has been increased.

Now she is free to choose her partner of life. Love marriage is given importance and number of divorces has been increased. Position of women has been improved due to education. Family of small size is preferred. When a female starts to do job after getting education then she prefers to produce less number of children.

Upbringing of children is out of family these days and the wish of higher standard of living has put economic pressure on them. It is easy to give education to one or two children. Now female in Indian society is standing equally with males in every sector of society. Now she does not spend her life as a slave of male but spends her life as his friend.

6. Effect of education on social values : Education not only produces personal values but also develops the values like equality, democracy. It is education because of which all humans are equal in front of law. Under the effect of education many social evils like Sati System, child marriage, caste system, No to widow remarriage etc.

either are finished or are on the verge of finishing. Many good customs like widow remarriage, Inter caste marriage etc. are coming forward due to education. Now discrimination has been finished, position of women has been improved considerably due to education. Modern society and all the values of modem society are the contribution of education.

7. Effect of education on occupations : The basis of occupation in ancient societies was not education but was caste system. Person had to adopt the occupation of his caste in which he is born. There was no effect of education. But under the effect of modern education the importance is given to individual’s abilities instead of caste system. Now the occupation of a person is not dependent upon his caste but is dependent upon what he is and what is his educational qualification.

In modern times if a person wants to increase his ability then he should be educated. If any person wants to achieve higher status then it is necessary for him to be educated. Education has decreased the importance of caste system. Equality related to caste has been reduced to a great extent. Now any one can achieve any status after getting education.

Question 6.
Write a detailed note on technological factors of social change.
Answer:
Technological factors are very important in bringing social change in Indian society. Many new things are invented in society daily which greatly affects the whole society. In modern society the speed of these inventions has been increased because of which change often comes in society. Progress of any society is related with the technology of that society. Lot of progress has come in means of transport, communication, post etc. from technological point of view.

Today’s age is known as Machine Age because of which we can see the effect of machines in every sector,of society. Even according to many sociologists technological factor is the main factor in bringing social change in society. Actually all those machines, tools and things are included in technological factor in which human force is used.

Technology and Social change : Now we will see that how technology has played an important role in bringing social change.

1. Changes in the area of production :
Technology has greatly influenced the sector of production. Domestic production was affected by the opening of industries Biggest change was that the domestic production has been changed in the factories production. Thousands of persons are working in big industries, females came out of houses due to end of domestic production. Social life of females is changed with this.

Now more production is there at less cost and the quality is much better than the domestic quality. Females have got employment in big industries. People were making cloth and sugar in their houses. But now this production has come in the hands of factories. Now many textiles and sugar industries are there where thousands of people are working.

2. Development in means of communication : With the development of factories, machines and more production, development in the communication system was also necessary.

With the development of means of communication relations were established with other countries. With the help of modern techniques like Telephone, Radio, T.V., Magazines, Printing Press etc. dependence in interrelations was produced. Because of development of means of communication exchange of cultures was started with which proximity was produced in different countries.

In earlier societies communication was there only with talking and symbols, but when the writing was started with talking then different groups started to understand each other. With this speed came in daily life of the people. It was very helpful in establishing relations with the people of other countries. Now person is doing work according to his ability and his standard of living has been changed.

Development of communication has not only done progress in our society, but our social life has also been greatly affected by this. Instead of primary relations, secondary relations among humans has been established. It became easy for the person to come out of houses because person can talk from anywhere with his family members. But privacy has come to an end and family control has been reduced. .

3. New techniques of agriculture : Now new techniques are used in the field of agriculture, like new tools, use of chemical manure, new machines etc. are used by different people with which the standard of living of the people has been changed. With the use of chemical manures production in agriculture has been increased.

Now people are using new types of seeds. In ancient times, whole family was doing agricultural work. With machines people have been able to do more work with less human force. India’s business is also increased due to more production of agriculture. Number of people from villages started to work in industries.

4. Development of means of transportation : With the development of means of communication, means of transport also developed. They developed because people came in contact with each other. Planes, Buses, Cars, Cycles, Raliways, Ships were invented with which it became easy to go from one country to another. People started to go to work to far off places because they got a number of facilities at far off places. Because of this the mobility in humans has also increased.

The discrimination in Indian society was also decreased with the development of means of transport. People started to go in same means of transport with which the equal relations were established in the people of different castes.

5. Changes in Family : Under the effect of technological factors the institution of family has completely changed. Modern family has been changed completely. All the members of the family have to come out of house to earn bread and butter. That’s why all the functions of the family are taken away by other institutions. Small children are taken care of by cretches.

Functions related to health are taken away by Hospitals. Recreational functions of the family are taken away by cinema, T.V., pictures etc. Now the attitude of person is personal. Structure of the family has been changed. Now small families are developed. Now small and nuclear families are developed in place of joint families.

6. Changes in Marriage System : Marriage was a religious sacrament in the ancient society. Marriage of the person was generally fixed by his elders. But because of technical factors the outlook of people towards marriage has been changed. Now marriage is not a religious sacrament but is accepted as a social contract. Base of marriage is contract which can be broken at any time.

First of all now marriage is not considered as a religious sacrament but now it is considered as a social contract. Now base of the marriage is contract which can be broken at any time. The institution of marriage has been completely changed. Area of selection of mate has been increased. Person can marry out of caste with his wish.

If husband and wife are having opposite views then they can separate from each other. Now woman does not consider herself inferior to man. Now they are economically not dependent upon males. That’s why their status is considered as equal to man.

7. Changes in Caste System : In ancient times, caste system was so effective that person could neither adopt occupation of his choice nor he was allowed to establish contacts with other castes. Society was divided in four parts. Humans were getting social status according to their caste. But with the progress in technological sector, caste system has weakened to a great extent.

Now society has been divided on the basis of classes not on castes. Now the household production has gone in the hands of factories instead of houses. Person had to come out of house to earn money. People of all the castes have to work with each other in factories with which untouchability is reduced to a great extent.

Now humans get job on the basis of their ability. Even at some places people of lower castes are at higher positions and people of higher castes are at lower position and they have to work under them. Now relations between all the castes are on equal terms.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Idioms Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary Idioms

I. Use the following idioms in sentences of your own :

1. Off and on
2. In the air
3. To come to light
4. Call it a day
5. In a nutshell
6. Early bird
7. To go to the dogs
8. Cry wolf
9. Down to earth
10. To end in smoke
11. Tooth and nail
12. Hat-trick
Answer:
1. Off and on– Our principal addresses the students off and on
2. In the air — Corruption is in the air all over the country.
3. To come to light – Many strange facts came to light during course of enquiry.
4. Call it a day — It is very late now; we should call it a day.
5. In a nutshell – He explained everything to me in a nutshell.
6. Early bird — He is an early bird. He goes for a morning walk every day.
7. To go to the dogs — Without discipline, any organisation go to the dogs.
8. Cry wolf — Do not trust him. He is in the habit of crying wolf.
9. Down to earth — His down to earth proposal attracted immediate attention.
10. To end in smoke — All my efforts to reform him have ended in smoke
11. Tooth and nail — We shall oppose corruption tooth and nails
12. Hat-trick — Which Indian bowler performed a Hat-trick m the last World Cup?

II. Match the idioms in column A with their meanings in column B :

A — B
1. hard and fast — (a) in detail
2. ill at ease — (b) to happen
3. go up in flames — (c) to bribe
4. to lose face — (d) to blame
5. to foot the bill — (e) rigid
6. to find fault with — (f) uncomfortable
7. to grease the palm — (g) to pay the bill
8. to come to pass — (h) to be destroyed
9. on the cards — to lose prestige
10. at length : — (j) probable
Answer:
1. — (e) 2. — (f) 3. — (h) 4. – (i) 5. — (g) 6. — (d) 7. —(C) 8. — (b) 9. (j) 10. — (a)

शब्दों के ऐसे समूह को idiom या मुहावरा कहा जाता है जिसका अर्थ उसके अलग-अलग शब्दों से स्पष्ट न हो, अपितु पूरे समूह को ही याद करना और उसके अर्थ को जानना होता हो। इस तरह के कुछ शब्द – समूह (idioms) नीचे दिए जा रहे है

1. Above board
This shopkeeper is above board in his dealings.

2. Adam’s ale
Adam’s ale is very necessary for good health.

3. An eyewash
This enquiry is only an eyewash; nothing will come out of it.

4. At par
Death treats the rich and the poor at par.

5. In the air
Terrorism is in the air all over the world.

6. All in all
Our father is all in all in our family.

7. At a discount
They are selling everything at a discount.

8. Apple of one’s eye
The only son was the apple of his parents’ eye.

9. Apple of discord
Kashmir has become an apple of discord between India and Pakistan.

10. All Greek
He spoke in English which was all Greek to the villagers.

11. At a stretch
She can speak for hours at a stretch. At a low
Morality is at a low ebb these days.

13. As easy as ABC
Mathematics for me is not difficult. It is as easy as ABC.

14. Again and again
I have warned him again and again, but he does not care.

15. All of a sudden
He got up all of a sudden and left the room.

16. At large
Her killer is still at large.

17. At length
He talked about his problem at length.

18. Behind one’s back
You should not abuse him behind his back.

19. A bed of roses
Life is not a bed of roses for the poor.

20. Borrowed plums
Borrowed plums don’t make one rich in the real sense.

21. Blue blood
Princess Diana was never proud of her blue blood.

22. A bosom friend
Is he your bosom friend ?

23. To beat about the bush
Do not beat about the bush; come to the point.

24. By virtue of
She got the job by virtue of her greater experience.

25. By leaps and bounds
Our school is progressing by leaps and bounds under the present principal.

26. On the cards
It is on the cards that Indian cricket team will win the World Cup this time.

27. To carry the day
Indian team carried the day against Pakistani team.

28. A cat and dog life
He has been living a cat and dog life with his wife.

29. To call a spade a spade
I have no fear and always call a spade a spade.

30. A clean state
After her divorce she started her life with a clean state.

31. A close shave
They had a close shave in the car accident last night.

32. A cock and bull story
He made up a cock and bull story for being absent.

33. To come to light
During the enquiry, many new facts have come to light.

34. To come to pass
All that you told me has come to pass.

35. Crocodile tears
The wicked wife shed crocodile tears over the death of her husband.

36. Call it a day
After playing for his country for ten years, he decided to call it a day.

37. Call the shots
It is the manager who calls the shots in our company.

38. Charity begins at home
For all politicians these days, charity begins at home.

39. Clear the deck
The Principal asked the students to clear the deck for the welcome of the Chief Guest at the Annual Function of the school.

40. Close-fisted person
He is a close-fisted person and won’t give you any money.

41. Coin money
He is coining money from his new business.

42. Cut one’s coat according to one’s cloth
If you don’t want to get into debt, always cut your coat according to your cloth.

43. Dark horse
The lean and thin boy proved a dark horse when he won the long-distance race.

44. To go to the dogs
His business has gone to the dogs and his family is starving.

45. Down to earth
My approach to life is always down to earth.

46. A dead language
Sanskrit is now a dead language.

47. Die by inches
The poor old man died by inches.

48. Do a good turn
Try to do a good turn every day.

49. To give ear
Give ear to what I am saying.

50. To make both ends meet
It is very difficult for the poor to make both ends meet these days.

51. To end in smoke
All my efforts to reform him have ended in smoke.

52. An eye-opener
You should take your failure as an eye-opener.

53. Now start working hard. Early bird
She is an early bird and goes for a morning walk.

54. To lose face
As a result of his mistakes, he has lost face in his office.

55. To save face
She was dismissed, but she saved face by telling everyone that she had resigned.

56. Face-to-face
I came face-to-face with a burglar when I opened the door of my house.

57. To find fault with
We should not find fault with others.

58. With flying colours
Those who work hard always come off with flying colours in their exams.

59. To foot the bill
Who will foot the bill of this party ?

60. Tooth and nail
We shall oppose the new taxes tooth and nail.

61. To gain ground
Madhuri is gaining ground in her popularity day-by-day.

62. To throw out of gear
Life was thrown out of gear because of the floods.

63. To grind one’s teeth
She grinds her teeth when she is asleep.

64. To grease the palm
In India, you can have anything done by greasing the palm.

65. Go up in flames
The whole house went up in flames with a cracker.

66. A hen-pecked husband
He is a hen-pecked husband; his wife leads him by the nose.

67. A Herculean task
It is a Herculean task to bring up one’s children these days.

68. To lay hands on
No one can dare to lay hands on our soil.

69. To take heart
He took heart, tried again, and was successful.

70. To take to one’s heels
On seeing the policeman, the thief took to his heels.

71. Hard and fast
There are no hard and fast rules of reading a book.

72. To hush up
The minister tried to hush up the bad acts of his son.

73. Ins and outs
He quickly learnt all the ins and outs of his father’s business.

74. Ill at ease
Phatik felt ill at ease at his uncle’s house.

75. To keep an eye on
We requested our neighbours to keep an eye on our house while we were away.

76. To look sharp
Look sharp, or you will miss the train.

77. In a nutshell
Tell me the whole story in a nutshell.

78. To cry over spilt milk
It is no use crying over spilt milk.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Pairs of Words Generally Confused Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary Pairs of Words Generally Confused

Choose the correct word for each blank.

1. He went for a walk in the ………..(wood, woods)
2. She always ……………. good clothes. (wares, wears)
3. Please …………… here for some time. (wait, weight)
4. Bad …………….. of drugs was soon felt. (affect, effect)
5. He was set free on …………….. (bale, bail)
6. Can you ……………… this stick ? (break, brake)
7. ……. off your old shoes. (Caste, Cast)
8. Lata is my ………………. friend.(dear, deer)
9. He does not …… good clothes (wear, ware)
10. The child wanted me to tell a …………(tail, tale)
11. I …………….. whose house is this ! (wander, wonder)
12. He felt .. ……………. after illness. (weak, week)
13. Do not go out in bad ……. (weather, whether)
14. She gave …………….. to a baby girl. (birth, berth)
15. He noted it down in his (diary, dairy)
16. He is opening the garden …………… (gate, gait)
17. If a man is not …………….. he can hardly expect to succeed. (industrious, industrial)
18. He fell a ………………. to disease. (pray, prey)
19. Newton formulated the …………… of gravitation.(principal, principle)
20. He wanted to …………….. an educated girl. (marry, merry)
21. Make a list of all the ……………… members in our staff. (male, mail)
22. She never lost her …………… (tamper, temper)
23. ……………… out the damp clothes. (Ring, Wring)
24. He is in the ……………… of smoking after meals. (custom, habit)
25. Do not ……………… in the class. (doze, dose)
Answer:
1. woods
2. wears
3. wait
4. effect
5. bail
6. break
7. Cast
8. dear
9. wear
10. tale
11. wonder
12. weak
13. weather
14. birth
15. diary
16. gate
17. industrious
18. prey
19. principle
20. marry
21. male
22. temper
23. Wring
24. habit
25. doze.

अंग्रेजी भाषा के कुछ शब्द प्रायः विद्यार्थियों के मन में उलझन पैदा कर देते हैं क्योंकि कई बार वे बोलने में एक जैसे प्रतीत होते हैं, किन्तु उनके अर्थ एक-दूसरे से बहुत भिन्न होते हैं। इस तरह के शब्दों के अर्थ और उनके प्रयोग विद्यार्थियों को अच्छी तरह से समझ लेने चाहिएं। ऐसे कुछ उदाहरण प्रयोग सहित नीचे दिए जा रहे हैं।

1. Accept – He accepted my offer.
Except – All except Mohan were present.

2. Alter – Don’t alter your decision now.
Altar – He bowed his head at the altar.

3. Adapt – You should adapt yourself to new system.
Adopt – Rajni says she will adopt this child.
Adept – She is adept in painting.

4. Access – I have no access to the minister.
Excess – Excess of everything is bad.

5. Advise – He advised me to work hard.
Advice – I shall follow your advice.

6. Angle – Make an angle of 30°.
Angel – Gandhiji was an angel of peace.

7. Incident – It was a sad incident of my life.
Accident – He was killed in a bus accident.

8. Amiable – She has an amiable nature.
Amicable – They reached an amicable settlement.

9. Affect – Overwork affected her health.
Effect – My advice had no effect on him.

10. Artisan – A blacksmith is an artisan.
Artist – A singer is an artist.

11. Bail – He was released on bail.
Bale – I bought two bales of cotton.

12. Bare – Don’t walk around in bare feet.
Bear  – I can’t bear this insult.

13. Battle – Our army won the battle.
War – The world is living in the fear of war.

14. Born – When were you born?
Borne – I have borne many difficulties.

15. Bridal – She has gone for bridal make-up.
Bridle – Can you bridle this horse?

16. Birth – What is your date of birth?
Berth – I got a berth in the train.

17. Break – You shouldn’t break the rules.
Brake – The brakes of my bike don’t work.

18. Canon – It is against the canons of morality.
Cannon – He was killed by a cannon ball.

19. Canvas – He is good at canvas painting.
Canvass – He was canvassing for votes.

20. Carrier – My bicycle has no carrier.
Career – He was successful in his career.

21. Cast – Cast off your old dress.
Caste – He is a Brahmin by caste.

22. Childish – I don’t like her childish ways.
Childlike – Your childlike simplicity is in fact your beauty.

23. Cite – He cited an example to prove his point.
Site – This site is good for a factory.
Sight – The sight of the hills was very lovely.

24. Cord – I want a piece of cord to hang this picture.
Chord – A chord joins two points on a circle.

25. Course – The question paper was out of course.
Coarse – This cloth is very coarse.

26. Custom – The dowry is a bad custom.
Habit – Smoking is a bad habit.

27. Check – The teacher checked my homework:
Cheque – I gave her a cheque for one thousand rupees.

28. Council – He is a member of the students council.
Counsel – Listen to the counsel of your elders.

29. Dear – Arun is my dear friend.
Deer – A deer can run very fast.

30. Dose – Take your dose of medicine.
Doze – He was dozing in the class.

31. Discover – America was discovered by Columbus.
Invent – Who invented telephone?

32. Disease – Is Diabetes not a serious disease?
Decease – After her father’s decease, she joined the family business.

33. Drown – The boy was drowned in the river.
Sink – The boat sank in the flooded river.

34. Due – This loss was due to your carelessness.
Dew – The dew drops looked very beautiful.

35. Dying – The old man was dying.
Dyeing – He has a dyeing factory

36. Diary – Diary writing is a good habit.
Dairy – We buy milk from a dairy.

37. Envelop – He was enveloped blanket.
Envelope – She received a letter with a torn envelope.

38. Fair – Our prices are always fair.
Fare – Children travel half fare.

39. Feet – I have pain in my feet.
Feat – The magician showed us many feats.

40. Farther – I am tired and can’t go any farther.
Further – Have you any further questions?

41. Flour – The bread is made of flour.
Floor – There was a carpet on the floor.

42. Fore – There was fire in the fore part of the ship.
Four – Two and two make four.

43. Foul – Never play a foul game.
Fowl – The goose is a water fowl.

44. Forth – They set forth at dawn.
Fourth – She got the fourth position.

45. Farm – Mr. Gill has a very big farm.
Form – Please help me fill in this form.

46. Gate – This big building has an iron gate.
Gait – She has a lovely gait.

47. Goal – What is your goal in life?
Gaol – The thief was sent to gaol.

48. Hail – He hails from Delhi.
Hale – He looked hale and hearty.

49. Heel – I have pain in my left heel.
Heal – Your wound will take time to heal.

50. Human – To err is human.
Humane – She has a very humane nature.

51. Hair – She has very long hair.
Hare – The hare can run very fast.

52. Idle – Don’t sit idle…
Idol – Sachin is the idol of many cricket lovers.

53. Industrial – Ludhiana is an industrial town.
Industrious – Punjabis are industrious people.

54. Loose – I like loose clothes.
Lose – Be brave and don’t lose heart.

55. Lesson – I have learnt my lesson.
Lessen – This tablet will lessen your pain.

56. Loin – Let us gird up our loins.
Lion – He is as brave as a lion.

57. Liar – He is a liar by nature.
Lawyer – His father is a lawyer.

58. Mail – I received a letter by mail.
Male – She has one male child.

59. Miner – Seven miners were killed in the accident.
Minor – It is not a minor mistake.

60. Merry – Eat, drink and be merry.
Marry – She doesn’t want to marry.

61. Meet – I meet him almost daily.
Meat – I do not eat meat.

62. Pail – The pail is full of water.
Pale – She turned pale at the sight of a thief in the house.

63. Pain – I have pain in my head.
Pane – Who has broken the window-pane ?

64. Pair – I have bought a pair of shoes.
Pare – Pare your nails.

65. Piece – I gave him a piece of bread.
Peace – We want to live in peace.

66. Practice – Practice makes a man perfect.
Practise – You should practise every day.

67. Quite – I am feeling quite well today,
Quiet – Keep quiet, please.

68. Pray – I pray to God daily.
Prey – The lion is a beast of prey.

69. Principal – The principal of our school is a gentle person.
Principle – He is a man of high principles.

70. Right – He is right in saying this.
Rite – Old rites must go now.
Write – She writes to me off and on.

71. Route – We took the shortest route.
Rout – The enemy was put to rout.

72. Role – She played her role nicely.
Roll – The teacher took the roll.

73. Ring – She was wearing a gold ring.
Wring – Wring out the towel, please.

74. Sale – This house is for sale.
Sail – The ship was in full sail.

75. Sore – My eyes are sore.
Sour – These grapes are sour.
Soar – Prices are soaring these days.

76. Soul – The soul is immortal.
Sole – The sole of my shoe needs mending.

77. Stationary – The sun is stationary.
Stationery – He deals in stationery.

78. Steal – Knowledge is a thing that none can steal.
Steel – The knife is made of steel.

79. Story – He told us a false story.
Storey – This house has three storeys.

80. Son – His son is a doctor.
Sun – The sun gives us light and heat.

81. Tail – A monkey has a long tail.
Tale – She related her sad tale.

82. Their – They have finished their work.
There – We waited there for an hour.

83. Throne – The king was sitting on his throne.
Thrown – Rotten eggs were thrown away.

84. Tamper – Someone has tampered with my books.
Temper – Do not lose your temper.

85. Vacation – We went to Shimla during the summer vacation.
Vocation – Nursing is a noble vocation.

86. Waste – Don’t waste your time. e
Waist – I have pain in my waist.

87. Weak – The old man was too weak to walk.
Week – He is coming here next week.

88. Wonder – I wonder what he wants.
Wander – He keeps wandering all day.

89. Whet – Hard work whets the appetite.
Wet – Don’t wear these wet clothes.

90. Weather – The weather was fine on the hills.
Whether – I want to know whether he will come.

91. Weight – What is your weight ?
Wait – I had to wait for a long time.

92. Ware – He goes from street to street selling his wares.
Wear – She loves to wear loose clothes.

93. Wood – This chair is made of wood.
Woods – He left home and went to live in the woods.

94. Which – Which class are you in ?
Witch – I don’t believe in ghosts and witches.