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Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 3 Citizen and Citizenship Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Citizen and Citizenship

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the definition of a citizen? What are the differences between a citizen and an alien?
Or
Give the definition of a citizen.
Answer:
Definition of a Citizen. The word ‘Citizen’ is sometimes loosely used in the sense of a man living in a city and possessing a polished tongue and refined manner. This is not the sense in which the term citizen is used in Civics. A citizen is that member of population of a State who enjoys all the rights civil as well as political under the protection of the State in return for the allegiance he owes to the State.

1. According to Aristotle, “He, who has the power to take part in deliberative of judicial administration of any State does not make a person a citizen of the the State.” Mere residence in the territory of a State does not make a person a citizen of foreign States.

2. Vattal has defined citizen as “the members of a. civil society bound to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

3. According to Sri Niwas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is a member of a state and tries to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

4. According to A.K.Siu, “A citizen is one who owes allegiance to the State, has access to the Civil and Political right and is inspired with Spirit of Service to the Community.”

5. According to Miller, “Citizens are the member of the Political Community to which they belong. They are the people who compose the State and who in their associate capacity have established or subjected themselves to the domination of governmeiit for the protecfion of the individual and collective rights.”

The state protects the citizens’ life, liberty and property and his political rights. It provides himself opportunities for developing his personality and leading a useful and happy life.’

Citizen and Alien:

An Alien:
As has been noted above that all the people living in a State are not citizens. Citizens are only the members of the State. Besides the citizen so many foreigners live in the State. These foreigners are infact the citizens of other States. These foreigners are of three types:

1. Resident Aliens:
There are so many persons in each State who leave their country and reside in another State. They start their business in that country. Such like residents have no desire to go back to their country. They break off their relations with their country and consider themselves the citizens of the State where they reside. But they will become the citizens of the resident State only when the government will grant them political rights. So, many Indians live in Sri Lanka, South Africa, Canada and Australia and they are not the citizens of these countries.

2. Temporary Residents:
Foreigners who come to another country for a short period and after the completion of their business go back, they are called temporary residents. Such like foreigners come for some particular business or on a pleasure trip. Foreign students also come under this category.

3. Diplomatic Representatives:
They include ambassadors, ministers counsels, agents and the subordinate staff attached to them. Until other aliens, they entitled to special privileges and immunities. These are not amenable to the jurisdiction of the laws of the State where they are appointed.

Distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.:

• A citizen is a member of state whereas an alien is not member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state wheras the alien does not enjoy this right.
• The main difference between a citizen and alien is that a citizen enjoys political rights i.e. the right to vote, the right to be elected, the right to hold public office and the right to be protected abroad and whereas the alien does not enjoy political rights.
• An alien owes allegiance to his own State and not to the country wherein he lives.
• In time of war foreigners can be asked to leave the country but not the citizens.
• In time of war military service can be made compulsory for the citizens but not for the foreigners.
• The status of a citizen is superior to that of an alien.

Question 2.
Define citizen. How Citizenship is acquired?
Or
Discuss the methods of acquiring and losing Citizenship.
Or
What is the meaning of Citizenship? Describe the methods of acquiring Citizenship.
Answer:
Definitions of Citizenship:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is a member. Laski offers more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public goods.” This definition assigns a positive role to the citizen, viz his duty to contribute his mite towards material and moral advancement of his fellow citizens and that humanity as a whole.

According to Gettel, “Citizenship is that condition of individual due to which he can use national and political right in his ready to fulfil obligation.”
According to Boyd, “Citizenship consists in the right ordering of loyalties.

Kinds of Citizens. There are two types of citizens:
1. Natural Citizen:
A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a State by birth. He enjoys all the civic and political rights and owes allegiance to the State.

2. Naturalized Citizen:
A naturalized citizen is an alien who acquires the citizenship of the State after fulfiling certain conditions. In certain States, however, no distinction is made between natural and naturalized citizens. But in some States a naturalized citizen does not enjoy a status equal to that of a natural citizen.

Acquisition Of Citizenship:

A. Natural Citizenship:
Natural citizens are citizens by birth. There are two practices which are observed regarding the acquisition of citizenship by birth-jus- Sanguin is and jus Soli.

1. Jus-Sanguinis (Blood relationship):
The citizenship of a child is determined by the nationality to which his parents belong irrespective of the place of child’s birth. For instance, if Kenya follows this principle and child is born to an Indian couple in this country, he will acquire the Indian citizenship irrespective of the place where he is born. This principle prevails in Switzerland, Sweedon, Germany, France, Rome, Austria, and Italy.

2. Jus-Soli (Place of birth):
A child acquires the citizenship of a State in which he is bom. Citizenship is acquired according to the ‘Soli’ without any consideration of the nationality to which the child belongs. Under this rule if American citizens’ child bom in Great Britain or even in a ship flying the British flag should become a citizen of Great Britain. With the growth of the feudal idea that birth created a relationship between the individual and the land, the rule of Jus-Soli came to be adopted in most countries of Europe.

Double Citizenship:
Different countries follow different practices and there is no uniformity of the system. In Britain and U.S.A. both the systems are followed. In case of the children of the citizens born in the country itself, the principle Jus- Soli is applied. In case of the children of citizens born abroad, the rule of Jus- Sanguinis is applied. Some states slike Argentina follow the principle of Jus-Soli and claim the children of foreigners born in their territories as their own citizens. Some others like Switzerland, Italy and Sweeden follow the rule of
Jus-Sanguinis and claim the childrefi of their own citizens born outside the country as their citizens.

B. Naturalized Citizenship:
Naturalized citizens are citizens by adoption. It is a special device for the acquistion of foreign citizenship. It is process by which the foreigners acquire citizenship of any other State in which they wish to settle permanently. Naturalization takes place through the following ways:

1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is clearly stated by the law of England, the U.S.A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopts the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.

4. Government Service:
In certain States there is a principle that if any foreigner joins government service in that State then he gets the citizenship of that state.

5. Property: In some States as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchaser.

6. Conquests:
During war weak States are conquered by the powerful ones. But the question of citizenship arises when the citizen of a defeated territory surrender all their rights of citizenship to the conquering States. Still it is the general practice States that the members of a defeated territory acquire the citizenship of a conquering State.

7. Legitimation:
An illegitimate child of a citizen father and an alien mother when legitimatised by subsequent marriage, acquires the same citizenship as the father’s.

8. To Scholars: In certain countries certain special facilities are given to scholars for acquiring citizenship.

Loss of Citizenship:

Citizenship may be lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the lawr of many States to exclude one for the fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their States for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many States a woman marrying to a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double citizenship:
Sometimes a person acquires double citizenship. But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Government Service in other State: Some States deprive their citizens of citizenship if they accept government service in some other State.

5. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of henous crime.

6. Adoption: If a child is adopted by a foreigner he loses the citizenship of his country and the child acquires the citizenship of his parents.

7. Self-renunciation of Citizenship: A person may remove the citizenship of his original State and may become citizen of a foreign State by naturalization.

8. Conquest:
If the territory of a country is conquered by another State, then persons living in the conquered territory lose the citizenship of that country.

Question 3.
Explain the qualities essential for ideal citizenship.
Or
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A good citizen is one who makes all the possible efforts for the welfare of the community and State. Good citizenship lies in living for other. No country can progress unless its citizens are good. The progress of a State depends on its citizens. A person becomes a good citizen if he possesses the following qualities:

1. Education:
A good citizen in the modern society should be well educated. Mere literacy is not sufficient but he should have a thorough knowledge of what is happening around him. He should be intelligent enough to sift good from bad. His education enables him to pay his part in the society more successfully and usefully. Education makes him understand the problems of the State.

2. Social Spirit:
A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the interest of the community. He is imbued with the spirit of service and common good. A citizen is firstly an individual and that also a social one. His needs cannot be satisfied and his personality cannot develop without society. Good citizens are never selfish but they always think in the terms of the good of society. They co-operate with others in helping them in achieving the goal. If a man always thinks about his personal interest, he is not an ideal citizen.

3. Dutifulness:
A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to Support others in the discharge of their duties. He should pay his taxes regularly and must be ready to render all possible services to the community. He should be ready to suffer for his country. His activities should be inspired by a spirit of service to the community and by strong devotion to his duties. A citizen should feel that he has to do whatever he can in order to increase the welfare of the community.

There are many civic duties such as voting intelligently and honestly, performance of which cannot be enforced by law but must depend solely on the citizen’s sense of duty. A citizen must carefully discharge his duties to the various social groups like family, locality, city, State and the world. He should be honest, fearless and straightforward in the performance of his duties.

4. Self-control and Gentlemanliness:
It is the sacred duty of a citizen not be indifferent to public affairs. He must not be guided solely by his private self-interest. It is his duty to aviod petty quarrels. He should be constanly on the guard for the protection of his rights and liberties. Self-control lies behind the spirit of obedience without which there can be no good citizenship. A good citizen is sober in temperament and exercises self-control in his public dealings. He possesses a disciplined character: He does not indulge in vicious habits. He is self¬confident without being vain.

5. Good Health:
A healthy citizen can serve the society in a nice way An unhealthy and a sick citizen would be a burden not only on his family but also to his neighbours and society. The foremost duty of the citizen, therefore, is that he should be very careful about his diet and physical exercises so that he should have perfect health and be in a position to help society. A good citizen must be inspired with an urge to maintain a sound body. A good citizen is always careful about the rules of health and body. A good citizen is always careful about the rules of health and observes them scrupulously. A sound mind is contained only in sound body.

6. Proper use of Vote:
In democarcy every adult is given the right to vote. Right to vote is very important right. Members of legislatures are elected by the electorate. Ministers are taken from the members of legislature. A citizen should exercise his right to vote quite intelligently. He should cast his vote in favour of a deserving candidate. In case a voter casts his vote to an undeserving candidate then the administration may pass into wrong hands. A citizen should make proper use of all the rights granted to him by the State.

7. Patriotism:
A good citizen is always a patriot to the backbone. He loves his country deeply and is always ready to sacrifice his lot for the State. He very willingly shows due respect to the laws of the State. He co-operates with administraion and it helps in the maintenance of peace and order.

8. Good Character:
A good character is very important for good citizenship. So many qualities automatically develop in a person who has the strength of character. Good character influences a man to great extent in his efforts for making progress and for making a name. A country cannot progress if its citizens are morally corrupt, dishonest and selfish. Character is given utmost importance in Indian culture.

9. Vigilance:
A good citizen should be always alert and vigilent. A man should not be indifferent to what is happening in his neighbourhood. He should take active interest in public matters. A good citizen should not be a passive being who has only to enjoy the advantages which the State offers. He should play an active part in the affairs of the State. Indolence and carelessness are the enemies of a good citizen.

Question 4.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship? How can these hindrances be removed?
Answer:
Everybody should try to become a good citizen. But it is too difficult to become a good citizen. An individual has to face many difficulties for becoming a good citizen. In a modern democracy, it is necessary that the government should be a government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Therefore, the quality and the contribution of the individual is important. If the citizen is illiterate, if he is dishonest and careless, he would cause a setback to the progress of the State. For hindrances to good citizenship are hindrances to the efficient working of the State. Following are the hindrances in the way of a citizen:
1. Illiteracy:
Education is the basis of good life. Without education an individual remains in the darkness. The uneducated citizens generally fail to discharge their duties properly. According to Laski citizenship consists in contribution of ones’ instructed judgement to the public good. An uneducated person is unable to make any such contribution. In the absence of education a citizen cannot have intelligent interest in public affairs.

An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties. He does not extend proper co-operation to administration. Moreover, it is the age of democracy and the uneducated voters may not elect deserving people of the State legislatures. Education of the masses is very essential to make democracy s success. Citizens must be able to form their own opinions on public question.

2. Indolence:
The citizen should not be stupid or ignorant. An ignorant and indolent citizen cannot be a good citizen. He will fail to understand and judge public affairs. It has been said that what is everybody’s business is nobody’s business. There is thus a tendency on the part of the ordinary citizen to become apathetic with regard to public affairs, because he feels that the duty is shared by numerous others. But such a neglect of public duties is most harmful to the community.

So many persons do not take interest in elections and do not care to vote. They do not care to give (any) though to the important public question of the day. Every good citizen should take a lively interest in the affairs of the State.

3. Selfishness:
Citizens are sometime guided by selfish motives. They neglect public interest and strive to promote their own interest even at the cost of public good. In order to further their own interest they may bribe the voters so as to get themselves elected. They forget the interest of the public and absorb themselves in activities that get their own taxes reduced provide jobs for their own relatives, use public money for the promotion of their own trade and commerce-thus seeking to deprive the community of its due share. There are various other ways in which selfishness may be a hindrance to the honest performance of civic duties.

4. Poverty:
Many social evils crop up because of poverty. Those who cannot have enough to spare cannot develop their personalities. They cannot take active part in public affairs because they are always worried about keeping the wolf away from the door. They cannot afford time for usual hobbies and cannot educate their children. They cannot take interest in the social, political and economic problems of the State.
They sell their votes. Good citizenship cannot develop in a country where there aye gross inequalities of wealth. Poverty must be rooted out for building up the character of a nation.

5. Partymanship:
Partymanship is another serious hindrance to good citizenship. A democratic government connot be carried on without parties and party spirit, in so far as it is healthy, is conducive to better political organizations. But rivarly between the parties may not be always healthy. Each party strives to promote its own interests at the cost of the general interest of the country.

Such measures and politics are adopted as are likely to promote the interest of the party even though they may bring great harm to the country. The members of the party think only iin terms of their party interest-Loyalty to the party is; often encouraged at the expense of loyalty to the State.

6. Communalism:
Communalism is a great hindrance in the path of good citizenship. It hampers social and political solidarity of a country. It brings about a discord among the people. Communalism disturbs the peace of the State. For citizens should not create obstacles in the way of propagation of other religions. Communal riots start in a country if the different communities do not show the spirit of toleration and compromise.

7. Capitalism and Imperialism:
Capitalism is a great hindrance to good citizenship. It ignores the many and favours the few. It favours gross inequalities of wealth and is not based on equality and justic and is a source of a good deal of frustration and discontenment in modem times. The rich get the biggest part of income without doing any work. The capitalists make slaves of the citizens and as a result of this they cannot develop their faculties. Capitalism acts as a serious hindrance to good citizenship. Imperialism also hampers the growth of good citizenship. It is imperialism which causes war among different countries of the world. War is never in the interest of any country.

8. Old Customs:
Old customs and traditions are often a great hindrance to good citizenship. It is not bad to follow old customs and traditions but it is not a healthy practice to follow them blindly. Customs must undergo change with the change of times and circumstances. Besides this unhealthy customs should be done away with. Casteism and other unhealthy social customs are a great hindrance to good citizenship.

Remedies For Hindrances:
The State and the people must make full and joint efforts to do with the causes that act as hindrances to good citizenship. Some of the remedies are as follows:
1. Spread of Education:
The State should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. School and colleges should be opened in large numbers and they should be given liberal financial aid by the State. Primary education should be made free and compulsory.

2. Spread of Civic Virtues:
Propagation of civic ideals through press radio and public meetings, too can elevate a nation and so these should also be fully utilized in producing good citizens. Civic ideals can also be preached in religious gatherings and religious places such as churches temples, gurudawara and mosques can be used for the main purpose.

3. Economic Reforms:
The state should take all the the possible measures to remove poverty. It should create ample employment opportunities for the citizens. Measures should be taken for the removal of gross inequalities of wealth. Reasonable wages should be given for reasonable hours to both men and women. All possible comforts should be provided to the citizens so they may feel themseleves at their best.

4. Equal Rights:
All the individuals should be equally given economic, social and political rights. There should be no discrimination against anybody on the basis of caste, creed, color, sex and blood. Nobody should enjoy special privileges and nobody should be above the law of the land.

5. Social Spirit:
Citizens should be told about the importance of social spirit. They should not be guided by selfish motives and should do everything for the welfare of the community and the State. The citizens for this personal interest should sacrifice the interest of the State.

6. Proper Organisation of Political Parties:
Political parties should be formed on political and economic basis. They should never be formed on communal or class lines. The parties should not disrupt the unity and solidarity of the State. They should be above corruption or nepotism. The main interest of the parties should be the general welfare of the masses.

7. Establishment of Health Centres:
Government should establish health centres in large numbers and there the citizens should be told the rules of maintaining a sound health. Ill health is a great weakness in a good citizen. If the citizens are not healthy they connot contribute enough to the welfare of the society.

It is the sacred duty of every citizen to make all possible efforts to remove all the hindrances. It is only in the absence of these hindrances that the citizens of a country become ideal citizens. A country can progress only if its citizens are good.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is member. Laski offers a more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.” According to Gettell, “Citizenship is that condition of individual due to which he can use national and political right in his ready to fulfil obligation.

Question 2.
Give any three definitions of citizen.
Answer:

1. According to Sri Nivas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is member of a State and triee.to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

2. According to Vattal, “A citizen is the member of a civil society bond to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

3. According to Aristotle, “He who has the power to take part in delibrative or judicial administration of any state is said by us’ to be a citizen of the state.”

Question 3.
Discuss the distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.
Answer:

• A citizen is a member of a state whereas an alien is not a member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state whereas the alien does not enjoy this right.
• A citizen enjoys political rights whereas the alien does not enjoy political rights.
• An alien owes allegiance to his own state and not to the country wherein he lives.

Question 4.
Describe the kinds of citizens.
Answer:
There are two types of citizens:
1. Natural citizens:
A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a state by birth. He enjoys all the civic and political rights and owes allegiance to the state.

2. Naturalized citizens:
A naturalized citizen is an alien, who aquires the citizenship of the state after fulfulling certain conditions. In certain states, however, no distinction is made between natural and naturalized citizens. But in some states, a naturalized citizen does not enjoy a status equal to that of a natural citizen.

Question 5.
Write down any four methods of acquiring citizenship.
Answer:
1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is cleanly stated by the law of England, the U.S A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopt the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.

4. Property: In some states as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchase.

Question 6.
Mention four methods of Losing Citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship may lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the law in many states to exclude one from fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their states for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many states a women marrying a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double Citizenship:
Sometime a person acquire double citizenship. But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of heinous crime.

Question 7.
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A person becomes a good citizen if he possess the following qualities:

1. Education: A good citizen in the modem society should be well educated. Education makes him understand the problem of the state.
2. Social Spirit: A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the community.
3. Dutifullness: A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to support others in the discharge of their duties.
4. Good Character: A good character is very important for good citizenship. A country can not progress if its citizens are corrupt.

Question 8.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship?
Answer:

1. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is the biggest hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties.
2. Indolence: Indolence is another hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An ignorant and indolent citizen can’t be a good citizen.
3. Poverty: Many social evils crop up because of poverty. A person can’t take part in public affairs. He can’t be a good citizen.
4. Communalism: Communalism is a great hinderance in the path of good citizenship. Communalism creates the feelings of hatred among citizens.

Question 9.
How the hinderances in the way of good citizenship can be removed?
Answer:

1. Spread of Education: The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. Schools and colleges should be opened in large number and they should be given liberal financial aid.
2. Economic Reforms: The state should take all possible measures to remove poverty.
3. Social Spirit: Citizens should be educated about the importance of social spirit.
4. Equal Rights: All the citizens should be equally given economic, social and political rights.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is member. Laski offers a more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.”

Question 2.
Give any two definitions of citizen.
Answer:
1. According to Sri Nivas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is member of a State and tries to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

2. According to Vattal, “A citizen is the member of ai civil society bond to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

Question 3.
Discuss the distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.
Answer:

• A citizen is a member of a state whereas an alien is not a member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state whereas the alien does not enjoy this right.

Question 4.
Describe the kinds of citizens.
Answer:
There are two types of citizens:

• Natural citizens: A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a state by birth.
• Naturalized citizens: A naturalized citizen is an alien, who aquires the citizenship of the state after fulfulling certain conditions.

Question 5.
Write down any four methods of acquiring citizenship.
Answer:
1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is cleanly stated by the law of England, the U.S.A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopt the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.
4. Property:In some states as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchase.

Question 6.
Mention four methods of Losing Citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship may lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the law in many states to exclude one from fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their states for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many states a women marrying a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double Citizenship Sometime a person acquire double citizenship:
But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of henous crime.

Question 7.
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A person becomes a good citizen if he possess the following qualities:

1. Education: A good citizen in the modem society should be well educated Education makes him understand the problem of the state.
2. Social Spirit: A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the community.
3. Dutifuilness: A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to support others in the discharge of their duties.
4. Good Character: A good character is very important for good citizenship. A country can not progress if its citizens are corrupt.

Question 8.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship?
Answer:

1. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is the biggest hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties.
2. Indolence: Indolence is another hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An ignorant and indolent citizen can’t be a good citizen.

Question 9.
How the hinderances in the way of good citizenship can be removed?
Answer:

1. Spread of Education: The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. Schools and colleges should be opened in large number and they should be given liberal financial aid.
2. Economic Reforms: The state should take all possible measures to remove poverty.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give an etymological meaning of citisenship.
Answer:
The. etymological meaning of the word citizen is “one who lives in a town.”

Question 2.
Mention the meaning of citizen in the present age.
Answer:
These days citizenship is considered the birth-right of all. A modern citizen is that man who has been granted political and social rights by the state. He also performs his duties towards the state.

Question 3.
Who is a natural citizen?
Answer:
The natural citizens are those citizens who are the citizens of the state since their birth.

Question 4.
Who is Naturalised citizen?
Answer:
Naturalised citizens are those citizens who by birth are the citizens of some other country but they acquire citizenship by fulfilling legal conditions and obligations of some other country.

Question 5.
Define Citizenship.
Answer:
According to Laski, “Citizenship is the contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.”

Question 6.
How can citizenship he ended?
Answer:
When an individual remains absent in his country for most of the time and he lives in another country for a long time and acquires its citizenship, then his citizenship of the earlier country is ended.

Question 7.
Distinguish between a citizen and an alien.
Answer:
Citizens are only those individuals who get political, social and other kind of rights. The aliens are given only social rights but they are denied political rights.

Question 8.
Discuss the role of illiteracy as an obstacle in the way of ideal citizenship
Answer:
An illiterate person is neither familiar with his rights nor with his duties.

Question 9.
Discuss the role of indolence as an obstacle in the way of ideal citizenship.
Answer:
An indolent person neither does anything for his own development nor does he share work with others for the progress of society.

Question 10.
How is communalism a big hindrance in the way of ideal citizenship? Explain.
Answer:
The communal people ignited the communal flame to such an extent that thousands of innocent persons were burnt in it.

Question 11.
Describe the two methods to acquire citizenship.
Answer:

1. Marriage
2. Government Service.

Fill in the blanks

1. The …………………….. projects the citizens’ life.
Answer:
State

2. Foreigners are known as …………………….. residents.
Answer:
Temporary

3. A …………………….. is a member of state, whereas an alien is not a member of state.
Answer:
Citizen

4. Long Residence is a method to acquire …………………….. .
Answer:
State

5. Everybody should try to become a …………………….. citizen.
Answer:
Good.

True or False statement

1. Citizenship is a legel relationship which binds an individual to the state of which he is member.
Answer:
True

2. Citizen enjoy all the rights given by state.
Answer:
True

3. Citizen do not obey their duties.
Answer:
False

4. Poverty is not a hindrance in the way of good citizenship.
Answer:
False

5. The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
“He who has the power to take part in deliberative or judicial administration of any state is said by us to be a citizen of that state”, who said this-
(A) Aristotle
(B) Plato
(C) Gettell
(D) Boyd.
Answer:
(A) Aristotle

Question 2.
“Citizenship consists in the right ordering of loyalties.” Who said this?
(A) Gettel
(B) Laski
(C) Boyd
(D) Aristotle.
Answer:
(C) Boyd

Question 3.
“Citizenship can be acquired by:
(A) Long Residence
(B) Marriage
(C) Government Service
(D) All the above.
Answer:
(D) All the above.

Question 4.
“Which of the following is not a quality of good citizenship?
(A) Educatin
(B) Patriatism
(C) Good health
(D) Ignorance.
Answer:
(D) All the above.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 2 Relations of Political Science with other Social Sciences Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Relations of Political Science with other Social Sciences

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the relationship of Political Science with other Social Sciences i. e. History, Economics, Sociology and Ethics.
Answer:
Political Science is a social science and it is closely related to all other social sciences. Man is a social animal and his social life has various aspects like the political, religious, economic and moral etc. These various aspects are studied by different social sciences i.e., Political Science, Sociology, Economics, Ethics, Psychology etc.

Political Science is concerned with the study of political aspects of the social life of man. But the economic condition greatly influences the political condition of a man. In other words, various aspects of men’s life are closely related to one another. There all the social sciences cannot be completely separated from one another. Political Science being a social science is related to other social sciences such as History, Economics, Philosophy, Psychology etc.

Question 2.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and History.
Answer:
Political Science and History are closely related to each other. According to Prof. Seeley:
“History without Political Science has no fruit,
Political Science without History has no root.”

Freeman also endorses the view-point when he says that, “History is past Politics and Politics is present History”. Explaining the intimate relationship between the two Burgess has remarked, “Separate them and the one becomes a cripple, if not a corpse, the other a will-o’-the-wisp.” According to Lord Acton, “The Science of Politics is one-science that is deposited by the stream of History like the grains of gold in the stands of a river.”

Points Of Mutuality:
1. Contribution of History to Political Science:
From the above-mentioned quotations it is clear that both the subjects are complementary and suplementary to each other. History is a collection of facts that happened in the past and therefore it acts as a laboratoy and library for the students of Political Science. History supplies useful knowledge and material to Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other Political institutions.

For instance, for the formation of an ideal governmental system we must go deep into the past to get the record and facts on the basis of which an ideal system can be formed. If we are interested in knowing the nature of British monarchy today, we have to study the history of England. First, in England there was an absolute monarchy and the powers of the monarch were unlimited.

But during the 17th century struggle continued between the Parliament and the monarchy for supremacy. In 1688 ‘Glorious Revolution’ took place and with this limited monarchy an supremacy of the Parliament was established. Today, in England there is a limited monarchy and sovereignty of the Parliament, but to understand this nature we have to depend upon History.

Moreover, History is the laboratory for Political Science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined, after experimenting on the principles of politics. History provides such facts from which the writers construct the principles of Political Science. If History does not guide us for the future, it becomes a useless record of the past facts and no person likes to read it.

History is a teacher of Political Science: History is a record of achievements and failures of a man.
History provides us with the causes and events of revolutions which occurred in the past and by studying them we can take measures to prevent the occurrence of revolution in the present and in the future. If we compare the rule of Akbar with that of Aurangzeb we conclude that a secular State is more progressive than a theocratic State.

In the end we can say that in the absence of History, the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical. Laski says, “As a priori Politics of any kind is bound to breakdown simply because we never start with a clean state.” Burns called History as the bibliography of ideals. Political Science without history would miss the grandeur and elevation and lose an important dimension. As Willoughby succinctly comments, “History gives us the third dimension to Political Science.” According to Bryce, “Political Science stands midway between History and Politics, between the past and the present. It has drawn its materials from the one, it has to apply them to the other.

2. Contribution of Political Science to History. Political Science has also contributed much to History. The present Politics will become the part of the History of tomorrow. It is correct that History is not only the record of political events but also of social, economic, political, religious and moral conditions of the past, History is also the record of the culture and civilization of the past, But political ideals influence all aspects of human life. Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. Indian History would have been different from as it is- now if Muslim League had not been organized in India in 1906.

The influence of Nationalism, Imperialism and Individualism in 17th century is also felt on the History of Europe. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the French Revolution of 1789 are the result of political ideals and influences of that period. Marxism has influenced the history of the world. The two, World Wars were the result of the political deals of the rulers of Germany of tlje particular period.

If historians, while studying Indian History of the 20th century, ignore the imporance of the Congress party, Non-cooperation Movement, Swaraj Party, Quit India Movement of 1942, Cripps Plan, Cabinet Mission Plan, WavelTs Plan and Shimla Conference artition of India, Invasion of India by China and other political events the subject would lose all interest and it would jupt be a collection of few dates. Seeley has compared this type of History with a fruitless tree.

It is one of the tasks of the historian to comprehend the political implications of historical events. A historian, for instance may Write a history of contemporary Asia. But if he fails to realise the impact of nationalist upsurge on the contemporary Asian history, his record will be incomplete. The political scientist deals with the nature and forces of nationalism and helps the historian to identify the nationalist character of a movement.

Thus it is very clear that History depends on Political Science for understanding historical facts fully and thoroughly. Seeley aptly remarked, “History fades into mere literature when it loses sight of Political Science.” It means that Political Science elucidates the facts of History.

In the end, a writer has explained the dependence of History on Political Science in this way. If History is a philosophy providing guidance on the basis of experience the philosophy which it teaches is to a great extent Political Philosophy.

Points Of Difference:
Notwithstanding the close relationship between History and Political Science, both the subjects have points of difference beween them. In the words of Barker, “History and Poiltical Science march together for all the length of their frontiers but they are separate and independent studies.” Following are the differences between the two:
1. Scope of History is wider than that of Political Science:
It is difficult to agree with Freeman when he says that all History is past Politics and Politics is present History. In History every event is included. In History, the development of whole life of mankind is included. But Political Science is only the record of political life of the individual.

In History we study all types of social, political, economic, cultural, religious and moral aspects of man’s personality in various ages. But Political Science has nothing to do with all these aspects. For a political scientist that two World Wars are important because these wars were fought to save democracy in the world but for a historian each and every event of two World Wars is important. Thus the scope of History is wider.

2. Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only:
In Political Science we study the past, present and future of the political institutions. What was State, what it is and what it ought to be? Answers to these three questions are available in Political .Science. But History is basically a study of the past and it has nothing to do with the present and the future.

3. History is descriptive, while Political Science is analytical:
Method which is adopted in Histoiy is descriptive. It describes data-wise all types of events whether good or bad, in a particular State. But the study of Politics is not descriptive, it is analytical. Political scientist uses historical facts to discover general laws and facts of History in order to extract the permanent principle of political life. For example, war took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971. Historian’s function is only to narrate the event of the war. He is not concerned with how prisoners of war were treated, whether any international law was violated or not. But political scientist are also concerned with these problems.

Conclusion:
Though there are some differences between History and Political Science, yet they are closely related to each other. In the words of Gamer, “As studies they are mutually contributory and supplementary. According to Seeley, “Politics are vulgar when not liberalised by History and History fades into mere literature when it loses sight of its relation to Politics.”

In the end we can say that the students of Political Science should not depend more on the study of History than it is required. Lord Bryce claims that, “Political Science stands midway between History and Politics, between the past and the present. It has drawn its material from the one, it has to apply them to others.” According to Barker, “History and Political Science march together for all the length of their frontiers but they are separate and independent studies.”

Question 3.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
There is a close relationship between Political Science and Economics. In the beginning, Economics was considered a part of Political Science. The Greek philosophers called Economics as Political Economy and they considered it an art for making money for the state. Chanakya, a famous writer of ancient India, has also made a reference about relationship between Political Science and Economics in his book ‘Arthshashtra’.

Adam Smith, the father of Economics, also makes a reference about intimate, relationship between Political Science and Economics, in his book ‘Wealth of Nations’. According to Senior, upto 18th century, Economics was considered an inseparable part of Political Science. Now-a-days, Economics is not, of course, considered a part of Political Science but it is said that the two subjects are very intimately related to each other.

What is Economics?
Economic is concerned with the economic activities. It studies human activities relating to production, consumption, distribution and exchange etc. According to Marshall, “Economics is a study of man in ordinary business of life, it enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on one side a study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man.”

1. Contribution of Economics to Political Science:
1. Economics is a science which deals with the economic needs of man and their satisfaction. A man can never feel happy and comfortable unless his economic condition is good. It is only a happy man that can be a gpod citizen. The state makes efforts to rise the standard of living of the people and this cannot be done without the help of Economics.

2. The economic organization of a state profoundly influences its power allocation:
Those who control the economic level are apt to exert pressure on the operation of the government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of the nation is determined by economic factor. In Marx’s words, it is not the consciousness of men which determines the material conditions of life but these are the material conditions of life which determine their consciousness. Human history has, therefore, a material basis.

To Marx, politics, law and all else have their roots in the material conditions of human life. In Sabine’s words. “The most important part of Marx’s social philosophy was the theory that the system of economic production is a foundation on which the institutional and ideological superstrucutre of society is built.” In Marx’s words, the sum total of production relation forms the economic structurer of society, which serves as the foundation, on which legal and political system arises and which Marx character as ‘superstructure’.

According to Engles, “The ultimate causes of all social changes and political revolutions are to be sought not in the minds of men, in their increasing insight into eternal truth and justice, but in changes in the mode of production and exchange. They are to be sought not in the philosophy but in the economics of the period concerned.

3. The economic conditions of a country greatly affect its political conditions:
Whenever there is some remarkable change in the economic organisation of the country, it is bound to affect all other organisations exisiting in the State. The saying ‘Flag follows trade’ is an important proof of close relationship between the economic conditions and political conditions.

4. Political ideologies are influenced by economic conditions:
Individualism, communism, socialism, colonialism, imperialism etc. are main political ideologies, but they are mainly the product of economic conditions.

5. Systems of production and distribution also influence the policies of the government:
There are basic differences between Chinese and American systems of production and distribution and due to this policies of both the governments are also different. Right to property is a basic right in U.S.A. but in China this right is restricted very much.

6. Economic conditions of the country also influence the foreign policy of a country:
After Second World War many European countries depended upon America for economic help to improve their economic condition. Hence, foreign policies of these European countries were influenced by the politics of U.S.A. and in international sphere these countries became the members of American Bloc. Similarly, many countries of Eastern Europe had to take economic and technical help from Soviet Russia and their foreign policy was influenced by Russian politics. Today, there is a economic imperialism of America and Japan.

Influence of Political Science on Economics. Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics. The political organizations affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the economic condition of the people will be quite good. According to Nicholson, “ Economic history furnishes endless examples of injurious effects of bad government, production and distribution of wealth are affected by the regulation of the State.

An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws. Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes. Our economic life is conditioned by political institutions and ideas. Some of the important questions of present day political are at the same time question which vitally concern Economics: e.g,. questions relating to tariff laws, labour legislation, national planning and government ownership. All the political principles have their economic aspect also. It is why that all the political parties put forth before the public their economic programme. During elections there is instability in the Stock Market.

Points of difference:
Although the two sciences are closely related there are still some fundamantal differences between them.
1. Approach:
According to Ivor Brown, Economics is concerned with commodities whereas Political Science is concerned with human beings. Economics is concerned with the study of prices whereas Political Science is concerned with the study of moral values. Economic studies man in relation to production, distribution and consumption of wealth but Political Science also studies man in relation to his moral and spiritual advancement.

2. Method of study:
The real difference between Political Science and Economics lies in their methods of study. Economics can be studied in a more scientific way as compared with Political Science. The conclusions drawn in case of Economics are more accurate and correct. The main reason for this is Economics is mainly concerned with man’s needs and their satisfaction.

3. Economics fixes the prices of commodities while Political Science determines the moral values:
One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the price of everything but the value of nothing.”

4. Economics is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative: Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Conclusion:
Inspite of differences the two subjects are closely related to each other. In the words of Lipson ‘Welfare state and planning have brought about a approachment between economics and political studies to the mutual benefit of both.’ According to William Esslinger. “The integration of Economics and Politics must be taught in the coures and in seminars.”

In 1952 in a conference convened by UNESCO, the scholars laid stress on this point. In the end we can say that, “They co-operate and yet maintain their autonomies.” Prof. Garner has rightly said that the solution of many economic problems must come through political action, while on the other hand some of the fundamental problems of government have their origin in economic conditions.

Question 4.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:
Political Science and Sociology are closely related to each other. Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In Sociology all aspects of man’s life such as political, religious, economic etc., are studied while Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comte was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Points Of Mutuality:
Contribution of Sociology to Political Science:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science. According to F.H Giddings, “To teach the theory of the State to men who have not learned the first Principle of Sociology is like teaching Astronomy or Thermodynamics to men who have not learned Newton’s Law of Motion.”

The entire basis of Political Science rests on the idea that “Man is a social and political animal’. The state came into existence because of social nature of man. Therefore, in order to understand State and its various other organizations thoroughly well we must understand the social nature of man first of all. The state and all other organisations do not come into existence in isolation but their development is always influenced by the social forces.

Therefore, Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology. Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State. It has also helped a lot in understanding the formation of public opinion and political parties in the State. Political Sociology is coming up as a branch of Political Science, and it is a clear proof of the fact that the study of Sociology is most essential for understanding political facts.

In Sociology we study customs and traditions of the society and law of the state cannot succeed unless they are according to the customs of the society. If any law is opposed to the customs of the society people won’t obey it. In the words of Gettell, “Many of the changes that have taken place in political ideas in recent years have been along the lines marked out by Sociology, specially in the theory of law.”

According to G.N.Singh, “Sociology investigates into the origin and growth of groups, their forms, laws, customs, institutions, modes of life, thought and action and their contribution to human culutre and civilization, Sociology, therefore, supplies to Political Science (which deals with the most important association, the State) both valuable material and guidance in judging the worth of laws, customs and institutions.”

Contribution of Political Science to Sociology:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.

While living in society, the individual and various other groups of individuals cannot escape the influnces of the exisiting political organisation of their time. It is most essential to understand the existing political systems in order to study the social phenomena, social events and social institutions politically. Sociology will not be able to make a thorough study of its subject matter without the help of Political Science. Modren age of welfare State and in such an age the study of Political Science is of utmost importance. Now-a- days the social life of man fully controlled by the State. State interference in the social life of man is increasing day by day. In the modem age the study of Political Science has become most essential for a sociologist.

Dr. Gamer has rightly pointed out, “Sociology derives from Political Science knowledge of the facts regarding the organisation and activities of the State.”
Differences between Political Science and Sociology:
Following are the differences between the two-
1. Different Subject-matter Sociology is the science of society:
Political Science studies man as a social being and as political organisation is a special kind of special organisation: Political Science is a more specialized science than Sociology.

2. The scope of Sociology is wider than that of Political Science:
The scope of Sociology is much wider than that of Political Science. Sociology is concerned with the study of all types of social relationship of man whereas Political Science is concerned only with the political relations of man. Political Science studies the State and government only whereas Sociology studies all the social institutions.

3. Sociology is general science, Political Science is a special science:
Political Organisation is a special kind of social organisation and that is why political Science is a special science while Sociology is general science.

4. Sociology is prior to political Science:
Sociology studies man even before the development of political consciousness. Sociology studies all periods of human existence with greater emphasis. But Political Science beings much later. It is pointed out that 90% of human existence had elapsed before human beings began to lead an organised political life.

5. Sociology is the study of both organized and unorganized communities:
Sociology is concerned with the study of organized as well as unorganized groups of human beings whereas Political Science is concerned only with the study of organized groups, Organization is not essential for society, whereas organization of people is essential for the formation of the state.

6. Difference regarding conscious and unconscious relations:
Sociology is concerned both with the conscious and unconscious activities of man whereas Political Science is concerned only with the conscious activities of man.

7. Political Science concentrates its attention on the analysis of the phenomena of the State and the mechanism by which the government enforces its control on its subject. Sociology is primarily concerned with tracing the origin and development of customs, manners, behaviour and institutions of mankind as such with a special reference to the remote past.

8. Sociology is concerned with the past, and present while Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future also.

9. Sociology is descriptive while Political Science is normative:
Sociology does not lay down ideals and principles. It is an impersonal study of human institutions as they had been and as they are. It is concerned only with what has happened and not with what ought to happen. Political Science is normative to some extent. It studies the State as it had been as it is, and as of ought to be. Political Science is very much concerned with what the State ought to be.

Conclusion:
On studying the common grounds and the points of difference of both the sciences we can well conclude that there is very intimate relationship between Political Science and Sociology. Both are inter related and inter-dependent. With the development of the idea of welfare State the relationship between the two is on the increase. Dr. Garner is very right when he says: “The political Scientist, therefore, ought to be at some Sociology and vice versa.”

We fully agree with the views expressed by Dr. Garner regarding the relation between the two. According to him, “While their respective fields are largely separate and distinct, Political Science and Sociology are mutually contributory, the one to other. Sociology derives from Political Science knowledge of the facts regarding the organisation and activities of the state, while political science derives in large measure from Sociology its knowledge of the origin of political authority and the laws of social control. The Political scientists, therefore, ought to be at the same time a sociology and vice versa.

Question 5.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
Ethics is the science of moral order and Political Science is the science of political system. Ethics is also known as the science of character formation.
The relationship between Political Science and Ethics is as old as the study of the State. Plato has called Political Science as branch of Ethics. According to Plato, the aim of the State is moral development of the citizens. Aristotle does not consider Political Science as the branch of Ethics but he agrees with his master regarding the object of the State. In the modern age all the idealist philosophers and scholars of Political Science maintained the relationship between the two subjects. These scholars are, Rousseau, Kant, Hegal, Green, Bradley and Bosanquet etc. Mahatma Gandhi also considered Ethics as the basis of Political Science.

It will be wrong to conclude on the basis of above mentioned discussion that all the scholars of Political Science are of the opinion that there exists a close relationship between Political Science and Ethics. There is no small a number of scholars who think otherwise.

Machiavelli, a famous Italian scholar, is the first to say that there is no intimate relationship between the two subjects. Besides Machiavelli, so many other political thinkers like Bodin, Grotius, Hobbes and Locke are. also of the opinion , that there is no intimate relationship between Political Science and Ethics.

Now a days there are some scholars who keeping in view another object want to break the relationship between Political Science and Ethics. These scholars aim at making Political Science, a value-free Science. According to these writers the measuring rod aside on morality is an obstacle in bringing scientific objectivity in political analysis.

Some of the famous scholars who support this view-point are Max Weber, Lasswell and Jouvenel. This view- point is generally not accepted. Most of the scholars are of the opinion that “Politics divorced from Ethics rests on a foundation of shifting sand; Ethics divided from Politics is narrow and abstract.”

Common Grounds And Mutual Contribution:
Common grounds and mutual contribution between Political Science and Ethics can be studied in the following ways.
1. Common Object:
The object of both the subjects is man and both the subjects aim at advancing the welfare of man. The State is the central figure of Political Science. It is the State which finds out means for the welfare of the individual. According ro Aristotle, the State came into existence for the sake of life and continues to exist for the sake of good life. Political Science cannot turn a deaf ear to ethics. Fox has very rightly remarked, “If a thing is morally wrong, it can never be politically right.” Iyor Brown says, “Politics is but Ethics writ large.”

2. Common End:
Political Science is concerned not only with the present of the State, it is also ultimately concerned with the future of the State. Political Science is to think that what type of State ought to be. Lord Acton says, “The great question is to discover not what governments prescribe, but what they ought to prescribe. Ethics is also ultimately concerned with what ought to be.” This common end brings the two subjects quite closer to each other.

3. Common Development:
The mutual relationship between Political Science and Ethics can be explained on the basis of relationship between laws and morals. The beginning of laws and moral codes in social life took place in the form of customs and traditions. With the development of social life, the two aspects of individual life became separate from each other; these two aspects are:private life and public life. The customs and traditions which regulated social life came to be known as morality of moral codes and the customs and traditions which regulated public life came to be known as laws.

4. Mutual Contribution:
The subject matter of political Science is the State and the language of the State is the law. The subject matter of Ethics is morality and the language of morality are the moral codes. The relationship between the two can be explained in the following manner:

(i) The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle or a moral code is very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

(ii) Moral codes are the tounchstone of good and bad laws.

(iii) International law is also very much based on moral came. This law came into existence in order to save humanity from the courage of war. Some scholars call international law by the name of international morality.

(iv) The political ideal cannot be absolutely separated from ethical ideal. Laws should be formulated with a view to strengthening the moral ideas of the people. The actions of the government are to be justified on political ground and every action that violates the principle on morality is to be condemned.

(v) ‘It is in the State and State alone that a man becomes a moral being.” The justification of what the State does is to be sought in the moral values it helps us to realise.

Differences Between The Two:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.
1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.

2. Ethics deals both with the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with the outward actions of man.

3. Ethics depends upon social sanction, whereas Political Science depends upon political sanction. For example, if any person disobeys the law of the state, he can be physically punished by the State. But a person, disobeying the moral laws cannot be punished by the State, though he can be morally condemned by the people.

4. Political Science takes Ethical discussion for granted whereas the discussion of various virtues forms the backbone of Ethics.

5. Emphasis on the study of ethics is on the individual whereas the emphasis on the whole life of man.

6. Political Science is a practical science whereas Ethics is theoretical science. According to Catlin, “From ethics statesman may learn those courses (among several) which are desirable and from political science those which are feasible.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the contribution of History, to Political Science
Answer:

• History supplies useful knowledge and material to poltical science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other political institutions.
• History is the laboratory, for political science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined after experimenting on the principles of politics.
• History is a teacher of Political Science because history is a record of achievements and failures of a man.
• In the absence of history, the study of political science will only be imaginative and theoretical.

Question 2.
‘History without Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without History has no root.’ Justify briefly.
Answer:
Political Science and History are closely related to each other. Sir John Seelay has expressed the relation of History with political Science as trader:
History without Political Science has no fruit:
‘Political Science without History, has no root.’-
History supplies useful knowledge and material of Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of state and other Political Institutions. In the absence of History the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical.
Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. The influence of Nationalism and Individualism in the 17th century is also felt on the Hisotry of Europe. If historians, while studying Indian History of the 20th century, igonre the importance of the Congress Party, Non-co-operation Movement, Quit India Movement of 1942, Cripps Plan, Cabinet Mission Plan and other political events the subject would lose all interest. Seeley has compared this type of History with a fruitless tree.

Question 3.
Discuss the difference between History and political Science.
Answer:
Not withstanding the. close relationship between History and Political Science, both the subjects have points of difference between them. Following are the difference between them:
1. Firstly, scope of History is wider than that of Political Science. In History every event is included. But Political Science is only the record of Political life of the individual.

2. Secondly, Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only.

3. Thirdly, History is descriptive, while Political Science is analytical. Method which is adopted in History is descriptive. It describes data-wise all types of events whether good or bad, in a particular state. But the study of Political Science is not descriptive, it is analytical. Political Scientists uses historical facts to discover general laws and facts of history is order to extract the permanent principle of political life.

Question 4.
Discuss the contribution of Economics to Political Science.
Answer:
1. The economic organisation of a state profoundly influences its power allocation. Those who control the economic forces are apt to exert pressure on the operation of government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of nation is determined by economic factor.

2. The economic conditions of country greatly affect its political conditions.

3. Political ideologies are influenced by economic conditions.

4. System of production and distribution also influence the policies of the government.

Question 5.
Give four points of differences between the Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
1. Approach:
According to Ivor Brown, Economics is concerned with commodities whereas political Science is concerned with human beings. Economics is concerned with the study of prices whereas Political Science is concerned with the study of moral values. Economics studies man in relation to production, distribution and consumption of wealth but Political Science also studies man in relation to his moral spiritual advancement.

2. Method of Study:
The real difference between Political Science and Economic lies in their method of study. Economics can be studied in a more scientific way as compared with Political Science.

3. Economic fixes the prices of commodities, while Political Science determines the moral values. One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the prices of everything but the value of nothing.”

4. Economic is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative. Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Question 6.
Describe the contribution of Political Science to Economics.
Answer:
Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics:
The political organization affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the -economic condition of the people will be quite good. An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws.

Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes. Our economic life is conditioned by political institutions and ideas. Some of the important Question s of present day politics are at the same time Question s which vitally concern Economics; e.g., Question s relating to tariff laws, labour legislation, national planning and government ownership. All the political principles have their economic aspect.

Question 7.
It is true that Sociology is the parent science of all social Sciences?
Answer:
Political Science deals mainly with state, government and human beings. According to Gilchrist, “Sociology is that general science which deals with the fundamental fact of social life.” Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In sociology all aspects of man’s life such as Political, religious, economic, etc. are studied. Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comet was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Question 8.
Discuss the difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:

1. The scope of Sociology is wider than the Political Science.
2. Sociology is a general science. Political Science is a special science.
3. Sociology is the study of both organised or unorganised communities, whereas Political Science is concerned only with the study of organised groups.
4. Sociology studies all periods of human existence with greater emphasis. But political science begins much later.

Question 9.
Explain the contribution of Sociology to Political Science.
Answer:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help in understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology.

Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State. It has also helped a lot in understanding the formation of public opinion and political parties in the State. Political Sociology is coming up as a branch of Political Science, and it is a clear proof of the fact that the study of Sociology is most essential for understanding political facts.

Question 10.
Discuss the contribution of Political Science to Sociology.
Answer:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.While living in society, the individual and various other groups of individuals cannot escape the influences of the existing political organisation of their time.

It is most essential to understand the existing political systems in order to study the social phenomenon, social events and social insitutions politically. Sociology will not be able to make a thorough study of its subject-matter without the help of political Science. Modern age of welfare State and in such an age the study of Political Science is of utmost importance. Now-a-days the social life of man is fully controlled by the state.’ State interference in the social life of man is increasing day-by-day.

Question 11.
Explain mutual constributions between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
1. The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle is a very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

2. Moral codes are the touchstone of good and bad laws.

3. International law is also very much based on moral codes. Some scholars call international law by the name of international morality.

4. The political ideal cannot be absolutely separated from ethical ideal. Laws should be formulated with a view of strengthening the moral ideas of the people.

5. It is in the state and state alone that a man can become a moral being: The justification of what the state does is to be sought in the moral values helps us to realise.

Question 12.
Discuss the differences between the Ethics and Political Science.
Answer:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.

1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.
2. Ethics deals both the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with outward action of man.
3. Ethics depends upon social sanction, whereas Political Science depends upon political sanction.
4. Political Science takes Ethical discussions for granted whereas the discussion of various virtues forms the backbone of Ethics.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the contribution of History, to Political Science.
Answer:

1. History supplies useful knowledge and material to poltical science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other political institutions.
2. History is the laboratory, for political science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined after experimenting on the principles of politics.

Question 2.
‘History without Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without History has no root.’ Justify briefly.
Answer:
History supplies useful knowledge and material of Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of state and other Political Institutions. In the absence of History the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical.

Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. The influence of Nationalism and Individualism in the 17th century, is also felt on the History of Europe.

Question 3.
Explain the difference between History and political Science.
Answer:
Following are the difference between them:

1. Firstly, scope of History is wider than that of Political Science. In History every\event is included. But Political Science is only the record of Political life of the individual.
2. Secondly, Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only.

Question 4.
Explain the contribution of Economics to Political Science.
Answer:
1. The economic organisation of a state profoundly influences its power allocation. Those who control the economic forces are apt to exert pressure on the operation of government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of nation is determined by economic factor.

2. The economic conditions of country greatly affect its political conditions.

Question 5.
Discuss two points of differences between the Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
1. Economic fixes the prices of commodities, while Political Science determines the moral values.
One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the prices of everything but the value of nothing.”

2. Economic is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative. Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Question 6.
Explain contribution of Political Science to Economics.
Answer:
Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics. The political organization affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the economic condition of the people will be quite good. An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws. Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes.

Question 7.
It is true that Sociology is the parent science of all social Sciences?
Answer:
Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In sociology all aspects of man’s life such as Political, religious, economic, etc. are studied. Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comet was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Question 8.
Discuss the difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:

• The scope of Sociology is wider than the Political Science.
• Sociology is a general science. Political Science is a special science.

Question 9.
Explain the contribution of Sociology to Political Science.
Answer:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help in understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology. Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State.

Question 10.
Discuss the contribution of Political Science to Sociology.
Answer:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.

Question 11.
Explain mutual contributions between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
1. The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle is a very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

2. Moral codes are the touchstone of good and bad laws.

Question 12.
Discuss the differences between the Ethics and Political Science.
Answer:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.

1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.
2. Ethics deals both the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with outward action of man.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention relation of Political Science with Sociology,
Answer:
Sociology is like the foundation of Political Science and its principles are quite helpful in comprehending the principles of Political Science. Political Science has also a great impact on Sociology.

Question 2.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:
Political Science is mainly concerned with State and Government whereas Sociology is mainly concerned with Society.

Question 3.
Give any one point of difference between Political Science and History.
Answer:
Political Science is concerned with Past, Present and Future whereas History deals with only the past.

Question 4.
Mention any one similarity between Political Science and Ethics,
Answer:
The objective of both the subjects is to make citizens ideal.

Question 5.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
Political Science is concerned with outer actions of individuals whereas Ethics is concerned with both outer activities and inner motives.

Question 6.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Law.
Answer:
Scope of Political Science is comprehensive rather than Law.

Question 7.
Who said, “History without Political Science has no fruit, and Political Science without History has no root?”
Answer:
Seeley.

Question 8.
Who said, “History is Past Politics and Politics is Present History?”
Answer:
Freeman.

Question 9.
Who called History as the bibliography of ideals?
Answer:
Bums.

Question 10.
Name the author of ‘Arthshashtra’.
Answer:
Kautxlya.

Fill in the blanks:

1. “History is past politics and ………….. is present History.
Ans.
Politics

2. History is the ………….. for Political Science.
Ans.
Laboratory

3. Scope of History is ………….. than that of Political Science.
Ans.
Wider

4. The Greek philosopers called ………….. as Political Economy.
Ans.
Economics

5. System of ………….. and distribution also influence the Policies of the government.
Ans.
Production.

True Or False Statement:

1. Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics.
Answer:
True

2. Economics did not fix the prices of commodities.
Answer:
False

3. Political Science and Sociology are closely related to each other.
Answer:
True

4. Man is not a social and political animal.
Answer:
False

5. Sociology is descriptive while Political Science is normative.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is the parent of all social sciences:
(A) Sociology
(B) History
(C) Economics
(D) Political Science
Answer:
(A) Sociology

Question 2.
Political Science is the branch of:
(A) Social Science
(B) Physical Science
(C) Natural Science
(D) Economics.
Answer:
(A) Social Science

Question 3.
Who said “History gives us the third dimension to political science.”?
(A) Bryee
(B) Willoughby
(C) Laski
(D) Freeman.
Answer:
(B) Willoughby

Question 4.
Who called, “Sociology, the mother of all social science”.
(A) Freeman
(B) Gettell
(C) August comte
(D) Laski
Answer:
(C) August comte

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who among the following is more influential in Socialisation?
(a) An individual
(b) Society
(c) Family
(d) Group
Answer:
(c) Family

2. What is a necessary element of socialisation?
(a) To grasp the culture
(b) Language
(c) Ways of living
(d) Society
Answer:
(a) To grasp the culture

3. Socialisation is not possible without ………………
(a) ways of living
(b) language
(c) body
(d) ability
Answer:
(b) language

4. Socialization ends with …………………
(a) marriage
(b) after 50 years
(c) death
(d) retirement
Answer:
(c) death

5. Which of these is a feature of socialisation?
(a) Life long process
(b) Process of learning
(c) Slow process
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

6. The first relation of child is with ……………..
(a) family
(b) country
(c) society
(d) world
Answer:
(a) family

7. The best means of socialisation is ……………..
(a) family
(b) neighbourhood
(c) society
(d) play group
Answer:
(a) family

8. With which process, a child learns the ways of living in society?
(a) Socialisation
(b) Acculturation
(c) Sanskritisation
(d) Assimilation
Answer:
(a) Socialisation

9. Who gave the social self theory of socialisation?
(a) Cooley
(b) Freud
(c) Merton
(d) Weber
Answer:
(a) Cooley

10. Who used the word Id, Ego and Super Ego in socialisation?
(a) Cooley
(b) Weber
(c) Merton
(d) Freud
Answer:
(d) Freud

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The process of …………… starts with the birth of a child.
Answer:
socialisation

2. The process of socialisation ends with the ………………… of an individual.
Answer:
death

3. The meaning of …………….. particular identity of an individual.
Answer:
self

4. School, Law etc. are the ……………….. means of socialisation.
Answer:
formal

5. ……………. is the basic agency of socialisation.
Answer:
Family

6. Young age comes after ……………… age.
Answer:
adolescent

True/False:

1. The process of socialisation starts with the birth of a child.
Answer:
True

2. There are five stages of socialisation.
Answer:
True

3. Main aim of socialisation is to make an individual anti-social.
Answer:
False

4. The process of socialisation is not a learning process.
Answer:
False

5. In school, a child learns the ways of living in society.
Answer:
True

6. In play group, leadership qualities emerge in a child.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
What is Socialisation?
Answer:
It is a process of learning in which a child learns ways of living and all the rules of society.

Question 2.
What is the objective of the process of socialisation?
Answer:
The main objective of this process is to make an individual a social individual and a good citizen of society.

Question 3.
When does the process of socialisation start?
Answer:
This process starts with the birth of a child.

Question 4.
When does the process of socialisation end?
Answer:
This process ends with the death of an individual.

Question 5.
What is the most important agency of socialisation?
Answer:
Family is the most important agency of socialisation.

Question 6.
How many stages of socialisation are there?
Answer:
There are five stages of socialisation-infant stage, childhood stage, adolescent stage, adulthood stage and old age.

Question 7.
When does childhood stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts with, the age of 1/4 years and goes on till 12-13 years.

Question 8.
When does infant stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts with the birth of a child and goes on till VA years.

Question 9.
When does adolescent stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts in 14-15 years and goes on till 20-21 years.

Question 10.
Name the stage that comes after adolescent stage.
Answer:
The next stage after the adolescent stage is young age.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Meaning of Socialisation.
Answer:
Each society is having some of its definite cultural objectives and some definite ways to achieve such objectives. An individual needs to learn such ways and this process of learning is known as socialisation.

Question 2.
Definition of socialisation.
Answer:
According to Fitcher, “Socialisation is a process of mutual influence between a person and his fellow men, a process that results in an acceptance of, and adaptation of the patterns of social behaviour.”

Question 3.
One element of Socialisation.
Answer:
Socialisation is very much necessary for an individual, society and group and in this process, he learns and adopts values, norms, traditions, knowledge, ways of behaviour etc. This process of learning goes on for the whole of one’s life.

Question 4.
One base of Socialisation.
Answer:
Human child depends upon others for more time as compared to animals. He is dependent upon others to fulfil all of his needs. This dependency makes relations with others and consequently, society is formed.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Socialization.
Answer:
Every society has some of its definite cultural goals and there are fixed ways to achieve those goals. Man cannot achieve these goals without learning them and neither the personality of the man can be developed. All this he can learn through the process of socialization. According to Bogardus, “Socialization is the process of working together of developing group responsibility of being guided by the welfare needs of others.”

Question 2.
What is Absence of Instinct?
Answer:
This instinct man gets by birth in his heritage which animals also get by birth but humans learn every thing in this world. If we will leave any child alone then he will not be able to learn any thing. With the help of education man adapts himself to the situation. That’s why man’s behaviour is not known as natural but known as social. This instinct is learned.

Question 3.
Name the four stages of process of Socialization.
Answer:
Harry M. Johnson has divided the process of Socialization in four stages and these are:

• Oral stage (from birth to 1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) years)
• Anal stage (1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) to 4 years)
• Latency stage (4—12 years)
• Adolescence stage (13-21 years).

Question 4.
Main biological bases of Socialization of Individual.
Answer:
There are 4 ftiain biological bases of Socialization of Individual.

• Absence of instinct .
• Childhood dependence of individual
• Physical structure of man
• More learning capacity.

Question 5.
Family-As a means of Socialization.
Answer:
There are many means of socialization but family is the best of them. Child takes birth in family and his socialization starts from there. While living with family child learns to live with other members of family. Family tells him to how to live in society, how to behave in society and how to behave with others. In family, child learns a number of things. In family child learns a number of norms, values, rules of the family and society. Family makes a person a socialized person. No other institution can take place of family in the socialization of a person. While living in family, a person learns for the whole life. Family gives him many statuses and roles with which he gets many rights and duties. In this way family plays an important role in socialization of a person.

Question 6.
School-As a means of Socialization.
Answer:
School is also one of the most important means of socialization. School changes an uncivilized child into a civilized person. Child spends most part of his early childhood in the school. In school, he lives with other children from whom he learns a lot. Other children are generally from different cultures and the child learns many things of their cultures from them. In school, he is generally influenced by the characters of many teachers and children as well. He studies many subjects in school with which he comes to know about many things in the world. School makes his personality. He makes other teachers as his ideals with which his personality develops to a great extent. All in all school moulds the child in a proper way and prepares him to live in the complex modem world.

Question 7.
Importance of Socialization.
Answer:
Socialization is of great importance in our society because through this process, one becomes able to live in society. When a child takes birth then he hardly knows anything. He is dependent upon family members to fulfil his basic needs. Family fulfills all of his needs and tells him how to live a better life. He is being told about how to live and behave in society and this process of learning is the process of socialization. In this way socialization plays a very important role in making a child a good citizen.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you mean by Socialization? Explain with definitions.
Answer:
Meaning of Socialization. A child enters in this world in a very small body and he just knows about the fulfilment of his basic physical needs and in fact he does so. But slowly and slowly with the passage of time he grows up and becomes a man who has his own ideas, feelings, wishes, likings, dislikings and he knows about his ideas. A man cannot get all these by birth but he learns all these things while living in society and this process of learning is known as the process of socialization. In this way we can say that socialization is a process with which a child learns some qualities of human personality and becomes a complete person. The process of socialization is the process of learning social rules, norms, qualities etc. In this way process of socialization makes an animal like child a complete man. With this an individual not only learns to behave according to the needs of society but he also learns other things like language, art, techniques, norms, values etc.

Definitions of Socialization:

• According to Fichter, “Socialization is a process of mutual influence between a person and his fellow men, a process that results in an acceptance of, and adaptation to the patterns of social behaviour.”
• According to Kingsley Davis, “Socialization is a process through which human child grasps the culture and enters in the structure of society.”
• According to Horton and Hunt, “Socialization is the process whereby one internalizes the norms of the groups among whom one lives so that a unique self emerges.”
• According to Harry M. Johnson, “Socialization is learning that enables the learner to perform social roles.”

So after looking at the above definitions of Socialization we can say that socialization is that process of learning in which a child learns all the rules, norms, ways of behaviour of the society. With this process, culture is transmitted from one generation to another. Man learns to adjust with the organized and effective ways of life whichever ways, discipline, qualities, wishes, values, ways of living etc. man needs to live his life. All those things he learns with the process of socialization. This process not only affects a new born baby but it also affects the man for his whole life. This process also continuously goes on even inside the man. That’s why child learns to adapt himself with the rules of society even from his childhood and mixes with the society. In short, culture of the society is transmitted from one generation to another with the process of socialization.

Question 2.
What are the elements and bases of Socialization?
Elements of Socialization
Answer:
1. First of all socialization is very necessary for a man, society and the group and man learns and grasps the values, norms, ways, knowledge, way of behaviour of society. This process of learning and grasping starts from the birth of the child and goes on for the whole life and ends at the death of the individual.

2. Because of the process of socialization, elements of the culture become a part of the personality of the individual. They both cannot be separated. Even we cannot see that how many elements of culture have been grasped by man. These elements are different in every individual but when these have been grasped by man then they become rules for the man and man works according to them. All these elements of culture connect with the personality of the man because man hardly knows about the effect of control of society. Unconsciously he bends towards the ways of social control. He loves to work according to these rules, gets satisfaction that whatever he is doing that is-right and is according to the rules of society.

3. The result of the process of socialization is that man accommodates with his social environment, tylan is a part of social environment and is related with his different groups as ohe of the their part. He is aware of the thing that he has some definite position in these groups. That’s why many things are common between him and other persons and he can transmit them to next generation, can share his sorrows and sufferings. Humans are different physically-hut they are mentally connected with each other. As a member of any group they have the sense of commonness because of which they make their identity with their group.

4. With socialization man comes to know about reality. Even exactly after sometime of his birth child starts to realise the reality. There is no difference between himself and others for a new born baby. Slowly and slowly, with interaction with elders he not only comes to know about that difference but he also comes to know about himself and others. This ability is known as self.

Bases of Socialization:

There are some bases of the process of socialization which are as follows:

1. Absence of basic Instincts. From a biological point of view every physical structure is different. Behaviour of man is not related with basic instinct. For example birds build their nest to live, this instinct they get by nature from their birth. They know all this by nature but humans are not getting this thing by nature. He gets education of everything. How to build a house or how to do any work, all this depends upon his education. He moulds himself according to his education.

2. Childhood Dependency. A human child is much more dependent upon other persons and even for a longer time as compared to the infants of animals. He is so helpless that he cannot live without depending upon others. He is dependent upon others to fulfil his every type of need. This dependency forms the relationships in society because the persons who help the child during his dependency period, child comes closer to them and he loves them a lot. This need of dependency of human child for a long time upon others becomes the base of the process of socialization.

3. Physical Structure. Physical structure of humans is such that it is more organised than the animals. Human brain is more complex from the point of view of formation and structure. Many processes done by it are possible for humAnswer: That’s why humans send their ideas to others with the help of language with proper thinking. In this way man uses brain and brain takes him to that place which he has never thought of. Day by day he moves towards progress. That’s how human culture is also developed. In this way physical structure of human motivates him to do many types of actions.

4. Learning Capacity. Humans have more learning capacity as compared to other organism. Yet it is right that the infants of animals also have some ability of learning. We can expect from them to learn something but the capacity which humans have animals don’t have. Infant of animal cannot do any of the actions done by humAnswer: Mental actions of animals are limited. They cannot go beyond a definite limit.

Actually the ability pf a person is related to his linguistic ability. Animal is without any language. Only humans have the capacity to use language. With the medium of language man transmits his social heritage from one generation to another. Ability of language makes him a social man. That’s why socialization of man is easy and with this man establishes contacts with others. People living at far off places are connected with each other just because of language. Man socializes its next generation by giving it knowledge of every thing. Absence of ability language is a great obstacle in the socialization of animals.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 Meaning, Scope and Significance of Political Science Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Meaning, Scope and Significance of Political Science

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the definition and scope of Political Science.
Or
Define Political Science and discuss its scope.
Answer:
Man is a social animal. For the satisfaction of his needs he depends upon society. While living in society, man is to abide by certain definite rules and regulations because in the absence of these rules there will be no peace and order in the society. Some sort of political organisation or political arrangements are required for making and enforcing these rules.

In the absence of discipline in society there will be anarchy and disorder. There is a great truth in Aristotle’s saying that “Man is a social and political animal.’ That is why it is most essential for man to five in the State. In fact, State is a poilticallv organised society. According to Aristotle, “The State comes into being for the sake of mere life; it continues to exist for the sake of good life.” The State is the pivot or subject-matter for the study of ‘Political Science’. Political Science studies everything concerning the State.

In ancient.times the word ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived form the Greek word ‘Pohs’ which means the City-State, the general form of political organisation obtaining in ancient Greece. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. ‘Politics’ therefore, meant to an ancient Greek the science of the ‘City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. In place of ‘City-States’ we have big territorial States now-a-days.

Now-a-days Political Science is the science which studies the origin, necessity, development, nature and future of the State; It is also said that ‘Political Science begins and ends with the State’. Some writers are of the opinion that Political Science is not only the study of the State but also of the Government. But the Government is an organ of the State and the study of the State also’includes the study of the Government. Therefore, it is not essential to make use of the word ‘Government’ alongwith the word ‘State’.

Different Definitions of Political Science. The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science which are given as follows:
1. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the State.”

2. According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is that part of Social Science which treats the foundations of the State and principles of Government.”

3. According to Bluntschii, “Political Science is the science which is concerned with
the State, which endeavours to understand and comprehend the State in its fundamental conditions, its essential nature, its various forms of manifestations, its development.” ‘

4. According to Sir John’R. Seeley, “Political Science investigates the phenomena of government as Political Economy deals with Wealth, Biology with Life, Algebra with Numbers and Geometry with Space and Magnitude.”

5. According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with Government only.”

6. According to Gettell, “Political Science may be defined as the Science of the State. It deals with the associations of human beings that form political units, with the orgnisations of their governments, and with the activities of these governments in making and administering law and in carrying on inter-State relations. The topics in which it is mainly interested are State, government and law.”

7. According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the State and government.”

8. According to Lord Acton, “Political Science is concerned with the State and with the conditions essential for its development.”

9. According to Leacock, “Political Science deals with Government.”

10. According to Demock, “Political Science is concerned with the State and its means and Government.”

Modern Definitions:
But modern scientists have started looking at Political Science from a different point of view. According to Lasswell anti Kaplan, “Political Science is an empirical inquiry in the study of the shaping and sharing of power.” According to Haszar and Stevenson, “Political Science is the field of study concerned primarily with the power relationship among men, between men and the State and among States.”

David Easton says, “Political Science is the study of authoritative allocation of values as it is influenced by the distribution and use of power.”

According to William Robson, “The focus of interest of Political is clear and unambigious. It centres on the struggle to gain or retain power, to exercise power or influence others and to resist that exercised.”

Writers like Kaplan, Dahl and Almond and many others regard Political Science to be a study of the political system as a whole. Political Science is also concerned with human elements. In short major concerns of Polititfhl Science are State, Government, Man, Power and Authority. Penock and Smith have rightly said that “Political Science refers to all that has to do with the forces, institutions and organisational forms in any society, that are recognised as having the most inclusive and final authority existing in that society for the establishment and maintenance of order, the effectuation of other joint purposes of its members and the reconciliation of their differences.”

Scope Of Political Science:
The writers on Political Science differ regarding its scope. Gamer is of the opinion that Political Science is only the study of the State. According to Gettell, Political Science mainly studies the State, the government and the law. Dr. Leacock is of the view-point that it is concerned only with the study of the government. In fact the scope of Political Science is very wide. It studies man in connection with organised political society.

The scope of Political Science can be explained in the following way:
1. Study of the State. State is the pivot round which Political Science revolves. The main object of Political Science and sphere of its activity is the State. It deals with the analytical study of the State i.e., its origin and end. According to Bluntschli, “Political Science is the science which is concerned with the State, which endeavours to undertsand, and comprehend the State in its fundamental conditions, its essential nature, its various forms of manifestations, its development.”

According to Gettell, “Political Science is the historical investigation of what the State has been, an analytical study of what the State is and a politico-ethical discussion of what the Stage ought to be.” This way we can study the present, the past and the future of the State.

(i) The State:What it has been?
The ‘present’ of a thing is the result of certain things happened in the past. Therefore, the present position of the State cannot be understood completely and thoroughly unless we come to know about the past of the State. With the help of the study of history we are to find out, how the .State came into existence, why did it come into existence? At the time of its origin, what the nature of the State was, what rights and duties were enjoyed by it and through what stages it had to pass to reach the present form. We are to see this thing also that with what institutions the State was concerned in the past and with which things they were confronted with in the past.

(ii) The State: What it is?
We study in Political Science, the nature and objects of the State and its relationship with the citizens. What means are adopted by the State for the satisfaction of its needs? The individual seeks the help of various social, political, economic and cultural groups for the development of his personality and the State is considered superior and . powerful to all these groups and associations. The study of the present State also includes its welfare activities.

(iii) The State: What it ought to be?
The present form of the State is not its final form, The State has continuously progressed and even at present its progress is continuous. Political Science also studies what the State ought administration of political affairs and determines the proper province and functions of the State. It aims at improving political institutions and organisations in the light of changing ideas and political theories.

2. Study of Political Thought:
What is State? Why should the people obey the orders of the State? Is there any limit to the powers and the right of State? Under what circumstances and on what grounds have the people the right to disobey and violate the ordeirs of the State? It is a very fundamental and basic question. From time to time the political philosophers have answered these questions. These answers have come to us in the form of ism, like the Idealism, Individualism, Utilitarianism, Socialism, Communism, Anarchism, Facism and Gandhism etc. The study of all the above mentioned theories is an important part of the scope of Political Science.

3. Study of Government:
]The study of government is most essential in Political Science. The government is that agency of the State through which it formulates and expresses its will. The study of the State without the study of the government is incomplete. The government is one of the essential elements of the State.

How the government is formed, what are its various forms, what are the merits and demerits of the various forms of government, what are the various organs of the government and what are their relations to one another? How are the civil and military officials appointed and what are their duties? Political Science also studies all these things. Besides this, it also studies the relationship between the central and the local government. It also studies the methods of distribution of powers between the Centre and the States.

4. Study of Politcal Institution:
The scope of Political Science also includes the study of political institution. This covers a study of constitutions of different countries of the world and national, regional an’d local governments.

5. Study of Political Theory:
Political theory is the most important branch of Political Science. Political Science studies Political theory, Political philosophy and Political ideas of great political thinkers e.g., Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, Gandhi etc.

6. Study of Political Forces:
Political Science does not study the State from the formal point of view but it also studies it from the informal point of view. In the State so many groups and organisations function to influence its policies and its working. There are pressure groups, interest groups and other political economic, social and religious organisations which function in each State and influence its working.

Each group which influences the policies of the government either directly or indirectly has an important place in Political Science. Political Science also studies the electoral system, organisation of public opinion, public relationship and the means of propaganda in the State.

7. Study of International Relations and International Organisations:
Political Science studies State not only as institution but also as a personality of entity in the family of the States. It studies the behaviour of State in relation to other States. Political Science also studies various international organisations like League of Nations, United Nations, I.L.O., U.N.E.S.C.O., W.H.O. etc. It studies aims, functions, organs and role of the United Nations. ‘

8. Study of Man:
Today it is beyond all doubts that State is the only agency for individual happiness and is in-fact its end. It has rightly been said that it is the foremost duty of modem State to be an instrument for happiness of man. Political Science studies the nature of relationship between the individual and the State. It examines how man should adjust himself with the society. The problem is how to reconcile the authority of the State with the liberty of rW- individual. Political

Science studies this problem also. Political Science is concerned not only with the political aspect of the life of the individual but it is also concerned with the social, economic and intellectual aspect of his life. In other words Political Science studies the individual as a whole.
9. Study of Power and Authority:
Today Power and Authority have become very popular elements of political science. These factors play very important role. That is why power and authority are the subjects of political science.

10. Study of Political Parties:
Political Parties especially in a democratic system play a very important role. No democratic system is possible without political parties. We study the ideology, basis, principles, policies and programmes of political parties.

11. Study of Controversies:
Controversies and conflicts among person to person, group to group, party to party and nation to nation etc. are also the subject matter of political science. Wasby says that, “Where there is politics, there is controversy; where there is no controversies there is no politics.” Why controversies and conflicts arise and what is their solution is also the scope of political science.

12. Study of Leadership:
Another important subject of politics is leadership.Leadership means to have capacity to organize human means for achievement of particular goals. Leadership is important in politics and plays an important role in taking decisions.

13. Study of Influence:
According to some political scholars among with power, influence is also a central subject of politics. According to Laswell, “The study of politics is the study of influence and the influential.” Eric Rowe has regarded influence instead of power as the main subject of politics.

14. Study of Legitimacy: We also study in politics the concept of Legitimacy and crisis of Legitimacy.

15. Study of authoritative allocation of values:
Values are also one of the important subject matter of politics. According to David Easton, “Politics is concerned with the authoritative allocation of values for society.”

Conclusion:
The above mentioned facts clearly indicate that the scope of Political Science is very vast. Gettell is right when he says that, “The topics in which it is mainly interested are State, Government and law. Political Science is concerned not only with political institution but also with political ideas.” Garner’s saying that “Political Science begins and ends with the State” is absolutely correct. The study of Political Science, in fact, revolves round the State.

Question 2.
What is the significance of studying Political Science?
Or
Discuss the utility of studying Political Science.
Answer:
Some scholars attach no importance to the principles of Political Science in this scientific era, but it is a wrong conception. According to Ivor Brown, “Sensibly handled with a commonsense attitude to the real value of social life, political theory is both a concrete and fruitful study.”

Every individual is a citizen of the State and thereby an inseparable part of the State. So the study of Political Science is essential for every inhabitant. Administration used to be in the hands of kings, wazirs and a few officials in the ancient time, but people themselves are the rulers and the subjects in the modern age. So every citizen is naturally interested in Political Science. Its importance is enhancing every day and following are few benefits of studying Political Science:

1. True Knowledge of the Political Terminology:
The first and foremost advantage of studying Political Science is that .one gets a true knowledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the Terms State, Government, Society, Nation and Nationalism etc. without studying Political Science. The citizens rightly conceive the meaning of freedom and equality through the study of Political Science.

2. Knowledge of State and Government:
The main subject of Political Science is State and Government. Each individual is an inhabitant of the State and he can progress only by remaining in the State. The State, now-a-days, is a welfare State and so influences every aspect of an individual. By studying Political Science, one can understand as to how the State originated. What are the aims of a State? How can these objects be fulfilled? What is a Government? etc.

3. It shows relationship between the State and Man:
One understands the true relationship between State and Man by studying Political Science. What is the relation between an individual and State has been a ticklish question since the ancient times. Previously people considered State to be all in all. State could treat the individuals the way it liked to and that is why individuals were cruelly treated in the past. But now, through the study of Political Science, we understand the true relationship between the State and Man.

4. Knowledge of Rights and Duties:
The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowledge is very essential for becoming a good citizen. A citizen can develop his personality fully only if he is having full knowledge about his rights and duties. This knowledge is given by the study of Political Science.

5. Success of Democracy:
With the advent and popularity of modern democracies, the study of Political Science has become almost indispensable. In a democratic State the government is not run by experts but it is manned by ordinary citizens. It is the citizens who choose their legislators and administrators. If the citizens are -hot educated and they are not conscious of their rights and duties, it is impossible to expect from them to elect right type of legislators and administrators.

Bad government is bound to do great harm to the society. If the people do not get political education, they will remain ignorant about their rights and duties. They will not have the knowledge of electoral process and their participation in the government. In the absence of political education the people do not elect right type of representatives.

6. Selection of Political Ideas:
Political Science helps us in selecting good ideas. There are so many political ideals and political philosophies in the world. Different philosophers at different times have advocated different political philosophies. There are various political movements in different countries of the world at different times.

By studying Political Science we can come to know about the merits and demerits of various political ideals. We can judge the effects of a political movement on the political conditions of the country. We can go into the various aspects of political ideals and can select the best one. In a democratic form of government the study of Political Science is of great advantage.

7. Formation of healthy Political Parties:
A democratic government cannot function without the existence of political parties. The study of Political Science helps in understanding the formation, the nature and the working of political parties. Sometimes there exist various groups in a country, some groups are formed on the basis of religion and some are formed with a particular selfish motive. An ordinary citizen cannot properly understand the nature of these groups.

These groups are not political parties in the strict sense of the term. These groups do not in any way promote national interest. The study of Political Science reveals that political parties should be formed on economic or political basis. People having the knowledge of Political Science will form political parties on healthy grounds, and these parties will always function in the best interests of the nation. The parties based on healthy grounds will function in the best interests of nation whether they form the government or sit in the opposition.

8. Knowledge of the governmental systems of other countries:
In the modem age nobody can lead an isolated life. Each country is to maintain relations with other countries of the world. The study of Political Science helps us a lot in undertsanding international relations. We come to know about the forms of government prevailing in other countries and the political ideals which these countries have adopted. We maintain our relations with all these countries on the basis of their political ideologies.

Different countries have adopted different forms of governments. Some countries have adopted monarchy, some dictatorship, some unitary form of government, some federal type of government, some parliamentary and some have adopted presidential form of government. We come to know about the advantages and disadvantages of all these forms of governments by the study of Political Science. We make the maximum use of the experiences of other countries.

9. Solution of Current Problems:
The study of political science helps people to acquire habits of clear thinking, keen observations and fair dealings. The study also gives them a thorough knowledge of the political institutions of the country. In course of time as their knowledge and experience increase they will find themselves able to find out the solution of various current problems.

Political Science is based on sound principles and these principles can be of great use in solving various political problems. If the citizens and the administration understand the problems, they can frame suitable laws to solve them. If the administrators take suitable steps, there is no reason why the country does not make progress.

10. Toleration:
Political Science teaches the lesson of toleration to the people. In the modern age it is most essential that the people should possess the spirit of toleration. No country today can maintain relations with other countries of the world without developing the spirit of peaceful co-existence.

Political Science teaches that all the countries in the world should live in harmony with one another. The sovereignty and territorial integrity of each country should be respected by all other countries. If the different countries of the world do not develop the spirit of toleration, the world is bound to become a battlefield.

The citizens should also develop the spirit of toleration. Most of the countries have adopted the democratic form of government and in democracy every individual gets the freedom of speech and expression. Everybody can have his say. It is just possible that the view-point of a person is not liked by others, but it does not mean that person should not be allowed to express his opinion.

Political Science teaches us that we must listen to the view-point of others very carefully even if we do not agree to that view-point. This always helps in tolerating the view-point of our opponents and in the development of the spirit of co-existence. The spirit of co-existence and toleration develops only by studying the subject of Political Science.

11. Efficiency in Administration. Now-a-days it is an age of democracy and the government of the country is run by the people themselves. The study of Political Science gives the knowledge of nature, forms, functions and various organs of government to the individual. If an individual gets the opportunity of entering into government service he will run the administration very efficiently. If a person gets the chance of serving as an administrator, as a minister or as a legislator the study of Political Science will help him a lot in running the administration smoothly.

The study of Political Science makes an individual a good man, a good citizen, a good administrator and a good legislator. He will make constructive criticism of the government and will contribute his best to the administration of the State. Conclusion; The above-mentioned facts clearly indicate that this subject is of utmost importance for the citizen of a State. Hie study of the subject is most essential for each and every individual.

The study of this subject helps in the development of individual personality and he reaps the fruit of the study of the subject throughout his whole life. An individual having the knowledge of this subject contributes his best to the development and progress of the country. The entire human race is benefited by the study of Political Science. It is more useful for the students because the student of today is the administrator, minister, legislator and government official of tomorrow. Most of the problems of our country can be solved by the study of this subject.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define the term “Political Science”.
Answer:
The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the state.” According to Dr. Lea cock, “Political Science deals with government only.” According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the state and government.” Writers like Kaplan, Dahl and Almond and many others regard political science to be a study of the political system as a whole. In short, political Science deals with state, government, Man, Power and Authority.

Question 2.
Describe the origin of the world ‘Political Science’.
Answer:
In ancient times the world ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ which means the City state, the general form of Political organisation obtaining in ancient Greece. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. “Politics’ therefore meant to be in ancient Greece the Science of the City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. Aristotle concentrated his study on these City-States. He drew his practical and therorical conclusion in his study in the famous book ‘Politics’. In place of City-State we have big territorial states now-a-days.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Politics and Political Science.
Answer:

• Politics is the practical aspect of Political Science while Political Science is the academic aspect of Politics.
• Political Science originated earlier than Politics.
• Political Science is moral-based while Politics is based on convenience.
• Political Science and Politics have different aims.

Question 4.
Give any four definitions of Political Science according to traditional view.
Answer:
Four Traditional definitions are:

• According to Garner, ‘Political Science begins and ends with the state.”
• According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is that part of Social Science which treats the foundations of the state and the principles of Government.”
• According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the State and government.
• According to Willoughby, “Political science has to deal with state, government
  and law.”

Question 5.
How was Political Science viewed by the traditional Political thinkers?
Answer:
Garner, Paul Janet, Bluntschli, Seeley, Leacock, Gettell and Gilchrist are traditional Political scientists.

1. Traditional Political Science thinkers viewed Political Science as a study of the State. According to Gamer, “Political Science begins and ends with the State.”
2. According to traditional political thinkers, Political Science is the government. According to Dr. Leacock, ‘Political Science deals with Government only.”
3. Traditional political thinkers viewed Political Science as the study of both state and government. According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of state and government.”
4. According to traditional political thinkers like Willoughby, “Political Science has to deal with state, government and law.”

Question 6.
Give any four definitions of Political Science according to modern view.
Answer:

1. According to Lasswell and Kaplan, ‘Political Science as an empirical inquiry is the study of the shaping and sharing of power.”
2. According to Haszar and Stevenson, “Political Science is the field of study concerned primarily with the power relationship among men between men and the State and among States,”
3. David Easton says, ‘Political Science is the study of authoritative allocation of values as it is influenced by the distribution and uses of power,”
4. Robert Dahl says, “Political analysis deals with power, rule or authority.”

Question 7.
Explain the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Political Science deals with the analytical study of the state. It studies the past, present and future of the state.
• In Political Science, we study various theories i.e., Individualism, Socialism, Communism, Fascism, Gandhism etc.
• Political Science deals with the government. It studies all aspects of government.
• Political Science studies International relations and International organisations like United Nations.

Question 8.
Explain the modern view regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:
Modem Political Science regard Political Science as the study of power. According to Lasswell and Kaplan, ‘Political Science as an empirical inquiry is the study of the shaping and sharing of power.” Political Science studies political system. Dahl, Almond and many others regard Political Science to be a study of the Political System as a whole.
According to Arnold Brecht, Political Science studies-

1. Group,
2. Equibirum,
3. Power, Control and influence,
4. Action,
5. Elite,
6. Decision,
7. Anticipated Action and
8. Functions.

In short the scope of Political Science includes the study of Power, Authority, Legitimacy, Influence, Pressure Groups, Politicals System, etc.

Question 9.
What is the modern view of Political Science?
Answer:
After 2nd World War, many important changes took place in the field of the study of political science. Modem political scientists have launched a ‘Protest Movement’ against the traditional view of political science. Modem view of Political Science is very broad and comprehensive. It covers a wide range of Political, social, economic and culture activities of a ‘political’ man. It studies all kinds of problems, conflicts, stuggle for power, decision-making process leadership, political behaviour, the politics of caste, politics of religion, etc.

Question 10.
Political Science is infact a Science. Give four arguments in support of it.
Answer:
Many writers call political science a Science. Aristotle was the first to call it the Master Science.
1. Political Science is a Science because knowledge of political science is systematic. The facts regarding the life of the State are collected from history and these facts are classified, co-ordinated and systematised.

2. The scholars of Political Science agree on certain fundamental principles and conclusion of Political Science. For examples there is no denying the fact that democratic government is the best form of government. It is more permanent that most other forms of government.

3. In political science conclusions are based on deep study and deservation.

4. There is scope for predicting things in Political Science.

Question 11.
Political Science is not a science. Give four arguments.
Answer:
The writers who do not accepts Science as a science have put forth the following agruments.
1. Lack of Unanimity on Fundmentals: The scholars of Political Science do not hold unanimous opinions regarding the theories, subject matter and conclusions of Political Science.

2. Unsystematic:
The knowledge of this subject is not systematic. Its growth is very slow, irregular and unsystematic. Sometimes it is very difficult to co-relate different aspects of the subject-matter. Like other physical science its knowledge is not systematic and results are not uniform or universal.

3. Prediction is difficult:
The claim of Political Science as a science is also ruled out on the ground that prediction is difficult in this subject. It cannot predict the coming events. In all other physical sciences prediction is possible.

4. Impartial and objective investigation or research is not possible.

Question 12.
Write four significances of study of Political Science.
Answer:
The significance of Political Science is enhancing every day and following are the benefits of studying political science:-
1. The first advantage of studying Political Science is that one gets true knoledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the terms State, Government, Society, Nation, Nationally, etc. without styding Political Science.

2. The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowldege is very essential for becoming a good citizen.

3. By studying Political Science one can understand as to how the state originated? What are the aims of a state? How can these objects be fulfilled? What is a government, etc.?

4. The study of a Political Science help us in understanding the true relationship between state and individual.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the definition of the term “Political Science”.
Answer:
The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the state.” According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with government only.”

Question 2.
Describe the meaning of ‘Political Science’.
Answer:
In ancient times the world ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ which means the City state. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. ‘Politics’ therefore meant to be in ancient Greece the Science of the City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. In place of City-State we have big territorial states now-a-days.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Politics and Political Science.
Answer:

• Politics is the practical aspect of Political Science while Political Science is the academic aspect of Politics.
• Political Science originated earlier than Politics.

Question 4.
Explain the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Political Science deals with the analytical study of the state. It studies the past, present and future of the state.
• In Political Science, we study various theories i.e., Individualism, Socialism, Communism, Fascism, Gandhism etc.

Question 5.
Political Science is infact a Science. Give two arguments in support of it.
Answer:
Many writers call political science a Science. Aristotle was the first to call it the Master Science.
1. Political Science is a Science because knowledge of political science is systematic. The facts regarding the life of the State are collected from history and these facts are classified, co-ordinated and systematised.

2. The scholars of Political Science agree on certain fundamental principles and conclusion of Political Science. For examples there is no denying the fact that democratic government is the best form of government. It is more permanent that most other forms of government.

Question 6.
Political Science is not a science. Give two arguments.
Answer:
The writers who do not accepts Science as a science have put forth the following agruments.
1. Lack of Unanimity on Fundmentals. The scholars of Political Science do not hold unanimous opinions regarding the theories, subject matter and conclusions of Political Science.
2. Unsystematic. The knowledge of this subject is not systematic. Its growth is very slow, irregular and unsystematic.

Question 7.
Write two significances of study of Political Science.
Answer:
The significance of Political Science is enhancing every day and following are the benefits of studying political science
1. The first advantage of studying Political Science is that one gets true knoledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the terms State, Government, Society, Nation, Nationally, etc. without styding Political Science.

2. The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowldege is very essential for becoming a good citizen.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down any one traditional definition of Political Science.
Answer:
According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with government only.”

Question 2.
Write down any one modern definition of Political Science.
Answer:
According to David Easton, “Politics is the authoritative allocation of values.”

Question 3.
Political Science is a science. Give any one argument in its favour.
Answer:
The principle of cause and effect relationship applies in Political Science.

Question 4.
Political Science is not a science. Give any one argument in its favour.
Answer:
There is a lack of uniformity among scholars regarding its principles.

Question 5.
On the basis of traditional view, mention the names of any two subjects regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Study of the past, the present and the future of the State.
• Study of the Government.

Question 6.
On the basic of modern view of politics, mention the names of any two subjects regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

1. Groups
2. Balance.

Question 7.
Which scholar has called Political Science ‘A Universal Science’?
Answer:
Aristotle, the father of Political Science, has referred to Political Science as a universal science.

Question 8.
Who is considered the father of Political Science?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 9.
From which word has the word ‘Politics’ been derived?
Answer:
‘Politics’ word has been derived from ‘Polis’.

Question 10.
From which language has the word ‘Polis’ been derived?
Answer:
The word ‘Polis’ has been derived from Greek language.

Question 11.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Polis’?
Answer:
The meaning of the word ‘Polis’ is city state.

Question 12.
Write down any one significance of Political Science.
Answer:
We get true knowledge of political terminology.

Fill in the blanks:

1. …………… is the writer of book ‘Republic’.
Answer:
Plato

2. …………… do not accept Political Science as a Science.
Answer:
Maitland

3. State and …………… are the pivot round which Political Science revolves.
Answer:
Government

4. The government is that …………… of the state through which it formulates and expresses it will.
Answer:
Agency.

True or False statement:

1. State is the Pivot round which political science revolves.
Answer:
True

2. In ancient times the word ‘Politics’ was used for the term Economics.
Answer:
False

3. The meaning of word ‘Polis’ is city-state.
Answer:
True

4. According to Gamer, Political science only concern to govt.
Answer:
False

5. Political science also studies U.N.O, I.L.O, UNESCO and W.H.O.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct Answer

Question 1.
The term Politics is derived from:
(A) Latin word ‘Polis’
(B) Greek word ‘Polis’ Greek
(C) English-word ‘Political’
(D) word city-state.
Answer:
(B) Greek word ‘Polis’ Greek

Question 2.
Political Science deals with:
(A) Society
(B) Government only
(C) State only
(D) State and Government.
Answer:
(D) State and Government.

Question 3.
The term ‘Politics’ for political science had been used first by
(A) Catlin
(B) Hobbes
(C) Morhiavelli
(D) Aristole.
Answer:
(D) Aristole.

Question 4.
Aristole is famous book on political science is the:
(A) Republic
(B) Prince
(C) Politics
(D) Laws.
Answer:
(C) Politics

Question 5.
Who is the father of Political Science.
(A) Plato
(B) Aristotle
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Laski.
Answer:
(B) Aristotle

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 15 India and United Nations Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 15 India and United Nations

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on U.N.
Answer:
There breathes nobody in this world who is not acquainted with the name of the United Nations. After long debates and discussions which took place in various World Conferences held from time to time between 1940 and 1945, ultimately the United Nations Conference was held at San-Francisco from April 26 to 25 June 1945. The Conference adopted the U.N. Charter which was signed by delegates of 51 Nations. The U.N. actually started functioning on October 24, 1945. It is an organisation of 193 countries of the world which aims at establishing peace in the world. Peace can be established in the world if all the countries extend willing co-operation to this organization.

Aims and Principles of U.N.
The U.N. Charter contains 111 short articles, prefaced by a preamble, which speaks for the aims of the United Nations. It starts with the words. “We the people of the United Nations,” signifying thereby that the United Nations speak in the name of the people of the world. The basic aims of the U.N. are:

• To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war;
• To re-affirm faith in the fundamental human rights;
• To establish justice and respect for international obligations; and
• To promote social progress and better standards of life.

These aims can be classified as under:

• To maintain international peace and security.
• To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of people.
• To achieve international co-operative for solving international problems of an economic, social and humanitarian character.
• To promote and encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without any distinction of race, sex, language or region.
• To act as a centre for harmonizing the actions of world nations in the achievement of agreed common ends.

Basic Principles of The U.N.
All the members, in order to achieve the main purpose of U.N., will act in accordance with the principles given ahead:

• The organization is based on the principles of sovereign equality of its members.
• All member-States are supposed to fulfil the obligation imposed upon them by Charter.
• All international disputes are to be settled through peaceful means.
• All member-States must refrain from the use of force in any international dispute.
• The organization as far as possible, shall avoid intervention in the domestic affairs of a State.
• The member-States are supposed to assist the organization in any action taken by it in accordance with the U.N. Charter.
• All member-States must give free help to U.N.O. in any action taken according to the Charter.
• All members must act according to the principles of U.N.O. in order to create international peace and security.

Organs of U.N.
The principal organs of U.N. are given as under:
1. The General Assembly
2. The Security Council
3. The Economic and Social Council
4. The International Court of Justice
5. The Trusteeship Council
6. The Secretariat.

1. General Assembly:
The General Assembly consists of all the members of U.N. Each state can send five representatives in the General Assembly. Each member-State has, however, one vote. In the Assembly all the member- States, however big or small, meet on the terms of sovereign equality of all the member-States. It elects its President and Vice-Presidents for each session. The General Assembly meets regularly once every year, commencing usually in September.

Special sessions may be convened at the request of the Security Council or of a majority of the members of the U.N. All decisions on important questions are taken by 2/3 majority of those present. A majority of the.members of the General Assembly constitutes a quorum. The General Assembly does most of its work in Committee’s voting but decision regarding less important questions may be taken by a simple majority of votes. Functions. The General Assembly can be called World Parliament or World Panchayat.

The Assembly elected 10 non-permanent members of the Security Council for a term of two years, 54 members of the Economic and social Council and some members of the Trusteeship Council. A Secretary-General is elected on the recommendations of the Security Council. It is the deliberative body of the organization. Apart from the duties discussed above, it performs the following functions:

• The General Assembly can deal with all matters within the scope of U.N. Charter.
• It can make recommendations to any member or to the Security Council on any question within its jurisdiction.
• It considers principle of co-operation for the creation of world peace and security.
• It can initiate studies and make recommendations for the development of International Law and its codification.
• It can call the attention of the Security Council to such situations which may endanger world peace.
• It is empowered to make suggestions for promoting international co-operation in economic, social, cultural and health fields.
• It receives and considers the annual reports from the Security Council and other organs about the maintenance of world peace.
• It considers and approves the budget of U.N.
• It fixes the amount which each member-State has to contribute for the working of U.N.
• To assist in the realization of fundamental human rights for all without distinction of race, sex, language or religion.

‘The Uniting for Peace Resolution’ confers effective power on the General Assembly for the purpose of maintaining International peace and security.This Resolution was adopted by the General Assembly on 3rd November, 1950.

2. Security Council:
It consists of 15 members, five of which are permanent members. It is the most important and most powerful organ of the U.N. The permanent members are- England, France, U.S.A., Russia and Republic of China. Ten members are non-permanent, These non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for a period of two years. No State can be elected as a member for two consecutive terms.

The Security Council must meet at least twice a month, but its meeting can be held even before if the need arises. Meetings of the Security Council are held at the call of the President at any time he deems necessary, but the interval between meetings must not exceed fourteen days. Each member presides over the meeting of the council for a month turn by turn.

The concurrence of permanent members is necessary for all vital decisions of the Security Council affecting international peace and security. Decisions on all matters are to be made by a majority of nine members (including the five permanent) except on procedural matters which require the decision of any nine members.

By casting a negative vote, any one of the permanent members can veto a decision. But mere abstention from the vote, or the absence of a permanent member from the meeting, does not operate as a veto. No member can cast his vote in a matter with which he is personally connected. The Security Council can invite any State to participate in its meeting but it is not entitled to exercise its vote.

Functions:

• The admission of new States to the organization and the expulsion therefrom can only be done on the recommendation of the Security Council.
• It makes recommendations to the General Assembly for the appointment of the General Secretary.
• It can take any measure necessary to maintain or restore international peace.
• It can ask the contesting parties to solve their conflict by peaceful means, like negotiation, enquiry and mediation.
• The Security Council may decide measures, not involving the use of armed force, to be employed to give effect to its decisions.
• The Security Council may take such action by air, sea or land force, as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security.
• It shares with the General Assembly the function of electing judges to the International Court of Justice and right to request the court for advisory opinion or legal matters.

3. Economic and Social Council:
Before 1965 this body consisted of 18 members who were elected by the General Assembly. From 1st Jan. 1966 its membership was increased to 27 and now-a-days it has 54 members. One- third of its members retire after every one year and this way a member is elected for a period of three years. A retiring member is eligible for immediate re-election. It can have extra members also but these members cannot have the right to vote. It must meet at least twice a year and decisions are taken by ordinary majority. It elects its own President.

Functions:
Its main function is to solve the economic and social problem of the people.

• It initiates studies and makes report about international economic, social, educational, health and cultural matters to the General Assembly and other specialized agencies.
• It sets up commissions in economic and social fields for the promotion of human rights.
• It calls international conferences on matters under its jurisdiction.
• It makes recommendations for the purpose of promoting respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedom of all.
• It helps the nations in their development plans.
• It may take appropriate steps to obtain regular reports from the specialised agencies.

4. International Court of Justice:
It is the judicial organ of the United Nations. It decides the disputes among different member-States of the U.N. It has 15 judges, and they are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, voting independently. Those candidates who obtain an absolute majority of votes in the General Assembly and in the Security Council are considered as elected. The judges are elected for nine years.

After every 3 years, 1/3rd of the judges retire but they can be re-elected. Its meetings are held at the Hague and decisions are taken by a majority vote of the judges present. The Court elects its President and Vice-president for three years. Except for judicial vacations, the Court is permanently in session. A quorum of nine judges is required to constitute the Court. French and English are the official languages of the Court.

Functions:

• It decides disputes among different States. Any State can refer its case to the court for decision.
• It hears and decides disputes on the basis of International Law. United Nations Charter, international treaties and international customs and traditions.
• The General Assembly can ask for legal advice on any issue from the International Court of Justice.
• Its decisions are only in the form of advice and no member is bound to act according to the decision given by it. The Security Council gets its decisions enforced

5. Trusteeship Council:
It consists of members from States which administer Trust territories and such of the five permanent members of the Security Council as do not administer any trust territory. But it has also to include some other representations in such a way that the total becomes equally divided between the trust administering members and the non-trust administering members. All these extra members are to be elected by the General Assembly for a period of 3 years. The Trusteeship Council meets twice a year, generally in January and June. At its summer session each year it elects its President and a Vice-president to preside over its meetings. All the decisions are made by a majority of the members present and voting. Each member of the Trusteeship Council possesses one vote.

Functions:

• The council is to see that trust territories are administered and ultimately get responsible government or independence according to the wishes of the masses.
• It also considers reports which have been submitted by the administering authority.
• It further examines petitions and visits the respective trust territories in order to promote world peace.
• It makes efforts for the promotion of moral, social and economic welfare of the trust territories.
• It formulates a questionnaire on the political, economic, social and educational advancement of the inhabitants of each trust territory.

6. Secretariat:
A Secretariat has been established for working out the administration of the various organs of the U.N. It functions under the Supervision and direction of a Secretary General. He is appointed for a period of five years. The General Assembly appoints the Secretary General on the recommendations of the Security Council. Secretary General can be re-elected. He is the Chief Administrative Officer of the United Nations. Antonio Guterres of Portugal is the present Secretary General. The international staff is required by him under the rules and regulations laid down by the General Assembly.

The Secretariat is located at the Headquarters of the U.N. in New York. It has branch offices at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi.
Functions:

• The Secretariat maintains the records of the proceeding of the various organs of the U.N.. It collects information and materials needed by them and conducts correspondence with States on behalf of the U.N.
• It calls the meeting of the various organs of the U.N.
• It enforces the decisions taken by various organs of the U.N.
• It prepares the annual report of each organ of the U.N. and presents it to the General Assembly.
• It brings to the notice of Security Council any matter which in its opinion may threaten the international peace and security.
• It produces statistical publication, information bulletins and analytical work in accordance with the decisions of the General Assembly.
• It organises conferences, expert group meetings, seminars on topics of concern to the international community.
• It is to run the working of the U.N. smoothly and efficiently.

Question 2.
Describe India’s role in the United Nations.
Or
Describe the role of India in United Nations Organisation (U.N.O.).
Answer:
India has been a member of the U.N.O from the very beginning. She is among those countries which signed the U.N. Charter first of all. As India is a peace- loving country so its policies are very much in tune with the policies of the U.N.O. After the attainment of Independence, India took a keen interest in the activities of the U.N.O. She co-operated with the U.N.O. in all its activities. She helped the U.N.O. in its aim of maintaining world peace. India also became the member of the specialised agencies of U.N.O. and helped in its co-operative efforts. Whenever the U.N.O. was faced with a problem, India extended her full support for solving it. India performed the following functions for helping the U.N.O. in the fulfilment of its objects:

1. Policy of Neutrality:
India had adopted the policy of neutrality in international affairs. India is always anxious for maintaining friendly relations with all countries of the world. Today the entire world is divided into two blocs and each bloc is opposed to the other. This division of the – world into two blocs is a hindrance in the fulfilment of the objectives of the U.N.O. It increases the chances of war and decreases the chances of co- 1 operative efforts on the part of member countries. India has kept itself aloof from these power-blocs and has always stood for the policy of neutrality. India has also made efforts to bridge the gap in these two power-blocs and has done its best in reducing the tension between them.

2. Panchsheel:
India had propagated the principles of Panchsheel for the maintenance of world peace. By following the principles of Panchsheel the chances of war are much reduced and all the countries of the world live in co-operation with one another. The principles of Panchsheel have been accepted by Asian, African and many European countries. It has helped a great deal in the maintenance of world peace. The maintenance of world peace is one of the main aims of the U.N.O.

3. Peaceful solution of her disputes with other countries:
India has always tried to find out a peaceful solution of her disputes with other countries.
Just after the attainment of Independence, India had a dispute with Pakistan over the Kashmir issue, and the dispute was referred to the U.N.O. by India.
In 1962, China attacked India and we put in our best to solve the problem peacefully. In 1965, India was attacked by Pakistan, but it accepted the cease-fire and respected the resolution on cease-fire of Security Council of the U.N.O. Whatever differences we have with other countries, we are always: desirous of solving them peacefully.

4. Co-operation in ending wars in other countries:
India has always; co-operated with U.N.O. in ending wars in other countries. It helped in bringing to an end the civil war in Korea. India had a hand in the maintenance of peace in Laos and Indo-China. India was given the responsibility of defending the ceasefire line in Korea. Indian representative headed the Commission appointed for the maintenance of peace in Indo-China. India helped U.N. to the maximum in ending the civil war in the Congo. India was substantially associated with the conversion of the United Nations Operation in the Congo from a non-military to a military force.

India was:also appointed a member of the Advisory Committee on the Congo. India; made every possible effort to bring the dispute between England and Egypt over Suez Canal to an end. Speaking in the debate on the question of Cyprus in the General Assembly on May 11, 1983, India called for the withdrawal of foreign military forces from Cyprus and appealed to both parties to resume the inter-community talks. India declared, Cyprus cannot be divided or partitioned The identity and integrity of this island republic must be preserved at all costs.” Thus whenever world peace is threatened, India takes a keen interest in solving the issues peacefully.

5. Help in the freedom of dependent countries:
India has always helped the dependent countries in the attainment of freedom. India helped Indonesia -in the attainment of freedom. Whenever any country started the movement for attaining independence, India always supported the cause.

6. Anti-Colonialism:
India stood for anti-colonialism. India is for stepping up fight against Colonialism. Speaking during a General Assembly debate on decolonisation on Nov. 23, 1982, India called for combating colonialism and its new manifestations like Namibia and Palestine with renewed vigour. On April 8, 1987, India asked the U.N. Security Council not to ‘shy away’ from its responsibility in getting Namibia freed from its illegal occupation bySouth Africa against whom it demanded comprehensive mandatory sanctions.

7. Criticism of Injustice-rand Aggression. Whenever any country committed aggression against any other country or did injustice to any other country, India always raised its voice against the aggressor. It criticised the aggressive designs of powerful nations. When Russia attacked Hungary; Britain and

France attacked Egypt and Britain attacked Cyprus, India criticised their actions without any hesitation. India condemned South Africa’s unprovoked and wanton aggression against Lesotho and acts of subversion and aggression against Angola. On Dec. 13, 1982 India called for the total isolation of South Africa to compel it to end its illegal occupation of Namibia as well as its terrorist activities against other countries in the region. India has always supported a measure on its merits and has always sided with truth. It had adopted the policy of neutrality.

8. Support of Disarmament:
India has also supported disarmament for lessening the possibility of wars. India is against the policy of performing nuclear experiments. In principle, India has stood for general and complete disarmament within the framework of the United Nations.
Addressing the General Assembly, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, asked nuclear powers to eliminate all nuclear weapons by the year 2010.

India proposed a Comprehensive Global Security System that would ensure “peaceful co-existence for a new, just, equitable and democratic world order.” On January 14, 1993 India signed along with other countries the Chemical Weapons Ban Treaty. After India conducted nuclear tests in May, 1998 United States and other countries urged India to sign CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) unconditionally. But India reiterated its stand that since the treaties are discriminatory, they are not acceptable to the nation without any change.

9. Admission of New States:
India tried her best for the admission of Communist China and Bangla Desh into the United Nations.

10. Against Racial Discrimination:
India has always spoken fearlessly against the racial discrimination to which the ‘Coloured people’ (as in South Africa) are being subjected by the ‘White’ ruling class. India was the first country to impose comprehensive voluntary sanctions against the apartheid regime of South Africa in 1946. India urged the United Nations to treat the problem of racial discrimination as a threat to international peace and security and carry out the responsibility enjoined by the Charter. Consequently, the United Nations adopted a number of resolutions calling upon the government of South Africa to end racial discrimination. In this way India has become the friend of the black people.

11. Protection of Human Rights:
India is a great supporter of human rights. India has always made great efforts that U.N. should adopt proper measures to safeguards the human rights.

12. India in Space Committee of U.N. India is a member of space committee of U.N. India has always made efforts that space should be used for world peace.

13. Restructuring the U.N. Security Council:
India has raised the question of restructuring the Security Council. Addressing the General Assembly on Sept. 26,1998 Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee proposed induction of fresh blood in the Security Council so as to make it more representative of the membership of the United Nations. The Prime Minister made a passionate plea that some developing countries should be made permanent members at par with the present members. Mr. Vajpayee also put India’s claims for a permanent seat in the Security Council.

The Secretary-General expressed appreciation of India’s role in furthering the efforts of the non-aligned movement for peace, security and development. Thus India has played a significant role in U.N.O.’s peace keeping role.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by United Nations?
Or
When did India become the member of the U.N.O.?
Answer:
United Nations Organisation is an international organisation which was established after Second World War on October 24,1945. India is the founder member of this organisation. The United Nations represents the second major effort in the twentieth century to achieve the goal of a better world through a general international organisation of the states. U.N.O. is an association of states and its primary objective is maintenance of international peace and security. At present 193 States are the members of the United Nations.

Question 2.
Write the main objectives of United Nations.
Or
Write the main objects of U.N.O. (United Nations Organisation.)
Answer:
The aims and purposes of the United Nations as laid down in Article 1 of the Charter are as follow:

1. To maintain international peace and security.
2. To develop friendly relations among nations.
3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian character and to promote respect for human rights and humanitarian freedoms.
4. To promote and encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without any distinction of race, sex, language or region.

Question 3.
What role has India played in the United Nations in the maintenance of world peace?
Or
What role has India played in maintaining the world peace?
Answer:
The main aim of the United Nations is maintenance of international peace and security. India is a peace-loving country and India has played a very important role in the United Nations in maintaining world peace. India has given its full co¬operation to U.N. to settle international disputes such as:
1. Korean problems:
In 1950 North Korea attacked South Korea. India supported the resolution of the U.N. by which North Korea was declared the aggressor. To stop war U.N. sent forces of sixteen countries and India also participated. ,

2. Indo-China problems. Indian representatives headed the Commission appointed for the maintenance of peace in Indo-China.

3. Congo and Gaza crises. India helped U.N. to the maximum in ending theCivil War in Congo. India was substantially associated with the conversion of the United Nations’ operation in Congo from a non-military to a military force. Lt. General P. S. Gyani from India was the commander of the U.N. forces in Gaza.

4. Iran-Iraq War. India played a very important role in ending Iran-Iraq war.

Question 4.
What do you mean by United Nations? Write its main organs.
Or
When was United Nations formed? Write the names of its organs.
Answer:
Meaning of United Nation:
United Nations Organisation is an international organisation which was established after Second World War on October 24,1945. India is the founder member of this organisation. The United Nations represents the second major effort in the twentieth century to achieve the goal of a better world through a general international organisation of the states. U.N.O. is an association of states and its primary objective is maintenance of international peace and security. At present 193 States are the members of the United Nations.

Main organs of United Nations:
There are six organs of U.N-

1. General Assembly
2. Security Council
3. The Economic and Social Council
4. International Court of Justice
5. Trusteeship Council
6. The Secretariat.

Question 5.
What are the major organs of the United Nations?
Or
Write down names of the four organs of United Nations.
Answer:
There are six organs of the United Nations. The brief description of these organs is given below:
1. General Assembly:
General Assembly is the biggest organ of the U.N. and it consists of all the members of the U.N. At present 193 states are the members of the General Assembly. Mainly General Assembly is the deliberative body and it also approves the annual budget of the United Nations.

2. Security Council:
Security Council is mainly responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council is the executive body of the United Nations. At present it consists of fifteen members. Five big powers (England, U.S.A., France, Russia, China) are the permanent members of the Security Council and ten are the temporary members elected by the General Assembly for a period of two years.

3. Economic and Social Council:
Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members and they are elected by the General Assembly for a period of three years. This Council is mainly responsible for solving economic and social problems of the world.

4. Trusteeship Council:
Trusteeship Council is responsible for supervising the administration of trust territories. The Trusteeship Council consists of an equal number of administering and non-administering powers.

5. International Court of Justice:
It consists of fifteen judges who are elected by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for nine years. International Court of Justice decides the cases between the states.

6. Secretariat:
Secretariat comprises a Secretary General and such staff as the organisation may require. Secretary General is the Chief Administrative Officer of the Secretariat.

Question 6.
Write the names of five countries having veto power in U.N.O.
Or
Write down the names of four permanent members of the Security Council of United Nations.
Answer:
The Security Council of the U.N. consists of 15 members, five of which are permanent. The permanent members are- England, France, U.S.A., Russia and People’s Republic of China. Ten members are non-permanent or temporary. These non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for a period of two years. The permanent members of the Security Council enjoy the power of Veto. Veto power is a special power of permanent members by which they can affect the decisions of the Security Council.

Question 7.
Enumerate three main organs of the U.N which are considered to be as Legislature, Executive and Judiciary of the U.N.
Answer:
1. General Assembly:
General Assembly is the largest organ of the U.N. It can also be called world parliament, world panchayat or the legislature of the U.N. The General Assembly consists of all the members of U.N. All the deliberative functions are performed by it.

2. Security Council:
Security Council is the executive body of the U.N. consisting of 15 members, of which 5 members are permanent and 10 members are temporary. No decision can take place without the consensus of the Security Council.

3. It considers and approves the budget of U.N.O.

4. International Court of Justice:
It is the Judicial organ or the Judiciary of the U.N. It decides the disputes among different member-states of the U.N. It has 15 Judges.

Question 8.
Mention the main functions of the General Assembly.
Answer:
The General Assembly performs the following functions:

• The General Assembly can deal with all matters within the scope of the U.N. Charter.
• It considers and approves the budget of U.N.O.
• The General Assembly can call the attention of the Security Council to such situations which may endanger world peace.
• It is empowered to make suggestions for promoting international co-operation in economic, social, cultural and health fields.

Question 9.
Write the names of five countries having Veto Power in United Nations.
Answer:

1. U.S.A.
2. Russia,
3. China,
4. England
5. France.

Question 10.
Write important specialised Agencies of United Nations.
Answer:

• UNESCO
• World Health Organisation (W.H.O)
• International Labour Organisation (I.LO)
• Food and Agriculture Organisation (F.A.O).

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by United Nations?
Answer:
United Nations Organisation is an international organisation which was established after Second World War on October 24, 1945. India is the founder member of this organisation. U.N.O. is an association of states and its primary objective is maintenance of international peace and security. At present 193 States are the members of the United Nations.

Question 2.
Write two objectives of United Nations.
Answer:
The aims and purposes of the United Nations as laid down in Article 1 of the Charter are as follow:—
1. To maintain international peace and security.
2. To develop friendly relations among nations.

Question 3.
Write down the names of the principal organs of the United Nations.
Answer:
There are six organs of U.N.

1. General Assembly
2. Security Council
3. The Economic and Social Council
4. International Court of Justice
5. Trusteeship Council
6. The Secretariat.

Question 4.
Write the names of five countries having veto power in U.N.O.
Answer:
The Security Council of the U.N. consists of 15 members, five of which are permanent. The permanent members are-England, France, U.S.A., Russia and People’s Republic of China.

Question 5.
Mention two functions of the General Assembly.
Answer:
The General Assembly performs the following functions:

• The General Assembly can deal with all matters within the scope of the U.N. Charter.
• The General Assembly can call the attention of the Security Council to such situations which may endanger world peace.

Question 6.
When was United Nations Organisation formed? What is the number of its founder member countries?
Answer:
United Nations organisation was formed on 24th October, 1945. The number of its founder member countries was 51. India is the founder member of this organisation.

Question 7.
Write down the names of four specialised agencies of the U.N.O.
Answer:

1. UNESCO
2. World Health Organization (W.H.O.)
3. International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)
4. Food and Agriculture Organization (F.A.O.)

Question 8.
Write two organs of U.N.O. which are called respectively legislature and executive.
Answer:

1. Legislature – General Assembly.
2. Executive – Security Council.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why was U.N.O. established?
Answer:
The United Nations Organisation was established to stop wars in the world and to promote international peace and security.

Question 2.
Give any one basic principle of the United Nations.
Answer:
A basic principle of the United Nations is to establish the United Nations on the basis of equity of nations.

Question 3.
Write down any one objective of establishing the United Nations.
Answer:
The main objective of the United Nations Organisation is to maintain international peace and security.

Question 4.
Write one important specialised Agency of the United Nations.
Answer:
International Labour Organisation (I.L.O.).

Question 5.
Write names of two organs of the United Nations.
Or
Write two main organs of the United Nations.
Answer:

• General Assembly
• Security Council.

Question 6.
When was the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights adopted?
Answer:
The U.N. Declaration of Human Rights was adopted on 10 December, 1948.

Question 7.
When was United Nations founded?
Or
When was United Nations established?
Answer:
United Nations was established on 24 October, 1945.

Question 8.
How are the temporary members of the Security Council elected? Answer: The temporary members of the Security Council are elected by the General Assembly.

Question 9.
Who is the present Secretary General of the United Nations Organisation?
Answer:
The present Secretary General of the United Nations is Shri Antonio Guterres.

Question 10.
When did India become member of the United Nations?
Answer:
India became member of the U.N.O. in 1945.

Fill in The Blanks

1. India is a founder member of ……………………..  .
Answer:
U.N.O.

2. U.N.O. was established in ……………………..  .
Answer:
1945

3. The U.N.O. has …………………….. principal organs.
Answer:
Six

4. Security Council of …………………….. U.N.O consists of members.
Answer:
15.

True Or False Statement

1. U.N.O was established after Second World War.
Answer:
True

2. All members of the U.N.O are sovereign state.
Answer:
True

3. The U.N.O has 10 principal organs.
Answer:
False.

4. Kofi Annan is a General Secretary of U.N.O.
Answer:
False.

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
India became the member of U.N.O. in:
(a) 1945
(b) 1947
(c) 1950
(d) 1960.
Answer:
(a) 1945

Question 2.
The number of nations which gathered at San Francisco to formulate U.N. Charter was:
(a) 51
(b) 49
(c) 50
(d) 52
Answer:
(a) 51

Question 3.
Who was the first Woman President of the U.N. General Assembly?
(a) Sarojini Naidu
(b) Aruna Asaf Ali
(c) Vijay Luxmi Pandit
(d) Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur.
Answer:
(c) Vijay Luxmi Pandit

Question 4.
Which one of the following is not a permanent member of U.N. Security Council?
(a) Russia
(b) India
(c) China
(d) France.
Answer:
(b) India

Question 5.
How many organs has U.N.O.?
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 7
(d) 8
Answer:
(b) 6

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 14 Foreign Policy of India-Determinants and Basic Principles Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 14 Foreign Policy of India-Determinants and Basic Principles

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the various determinants of India’s Foreign Policy.
Or
What do you mean by foreign Policy? Explain the main factors that determine India’s Foreign Policy.
Answer:
Meaning of Foreign Policy. Foreign policy is the set of principles and means adopted by a nation for defining, justifying and securing the objectives of national interests. According to Dr. Mohinder Kumar, “Foreign Policy is a thought out course of action for achieving objectives in foreign relations as dictated by the ideology of national interest.”
Norman Hill defines foreign policy “As the substance of Nation’s efforts to promote its interests vis-a-vis other nations.”

Factors determining India’s Foreign Policy:
A number of factors influence the foreign policy of a nation. India had to formulate its foreign policy after attaining freedom in 1947. The Directive Principles of State Policy have been described in the Constitution of free India and they are to be followed. Following are the principles related to foreign policy:
1. To contribute to international peace and security.

2. To establish just and respectable relations with various nations.

3. To create the feeling of devotion and trust in the nation for international laws and treaties.

4. To encourage the settlement of international disputes by arbitration. Indian leaders, even before attaining independence, started thinking about the principles which the Government of India would follow in its foreign policy after independence. Congress, in 1925, expounded the following four principles with regard to foreign policy:

• To oppose imperialistic and colonialistic Governments.
• To support people’s struggle for freedom and equality.
• To establish world-peace and to develop hatred for wars.
• To remain aloof from foreign groupism.

Free India has adopted that foreign policy which is based on national interest. Various factors given below have contributed in determining this policy:
1. Geographical Factors:
The geographical factors have contributed a lot in determining India’s foreign policy. India has enormous coastal dimensions- its length is about 3,500 miles. Any country dominating Indian Ocean can easily overpower Indian trade and can pose danger to India politically. The Britishers could rule over India by their sea-power only. So, strong naval forces are required for the security of India and efforts are being directed in this direction. But Indian naval forces will take a long time to be at par with the English, American and Russian naval forces. That is why India has friendly relations with Great Britain.

India shares its boundaries with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangla Desh and Myanmar. Some of the provinces of Kashmir State, though under Pakistan at present, have common boundaries with Afghanistan and Russia. China is situated in the north of India. The Himalayas are situated between India and China and they have performed the role of a watchman in the ancient and middle ages. Now the situation has undergone a change because of scientific inventions and production of war weapons. But Chinese aggression in 1962 disillusioned India. India had always tried to improve its relations with Communist China. Besides, India has followed the policy of non¬alignment to avoid strained relations with China.

The Communist and Western Blocs in international politics have tried to maintain friendly relations with India. India’s geographical situation is in the middle of Indian Ocean. It is equally connected with West Asia and South East Asia by sea route. It is not far from China and Russia situated in North. So under these circumstances, it is not safe for India to join either of the two Blocs. India’s policy of non-alignment, in fact is the result of these geographical factors.

2. Historical Background:
Every nation’s foreign policy is under the impact of its historical background. India’s foreign policy, too, is not devoid of this effect. India remained under the British rule for two hundred years and as a result it has more contacts with Great Britain as compared to other nations. After the Second World War and because of changed circumstances, the British themselves ended their rule. Both the countries are friendly with each other even today because of this background.

Historical background has played important role in Indo-Pak relations. Kashmir problem has not been solved so far because Pakistan claims its right over the majority of Muslims whereas Kashmir is an inseparable part of India. The welfare of both the nations lies in the policy of co-operation from geographical point of view, but their historical background embitters their relations.

India’s exploitation and slavery because of imperialism has influenced its foreign policy and how its main principle is to oppose imperialism and colonialism.

3. Economic Factors:
The economic factors of a developing country play a major role in shaping the foreign policy of a nation. Economic considerations influence the foreign policy of even advanced nations like the U.S.A., the Russia, Britain, France etc. India depends on advanced countries for scientific and technological assistance. India has trade links mainly with England and United States of America. India imports machinery and foodstuffs mainly from these countries. Enough of the capital of America and Britain has been invested in Indian factories. India’s foreign policy is favourably inclined towards western capitalistic states. India, during the last few years, has increased its trade relations with Russia also. As Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru once remarked, “The foreign policy of a country is the outcome of her economic policy.”

(i) Population:
Population, too, affects foreign policy. The progress of a nation can be slack because of its over-population as it has to get assistance from other nations also. A big nation having over-population is weaker than a small nation with less population. We have to depend upon foreign countries for food-stuffs because of growing population. According to Morgenthau, “India’s foreign policy has weakened because of food crisis.”

The return of immigrants from South-East Africa, Sri Lanka, South East Asia and other countries added to India’s population problem which influences India’s foreign policy. The population of immigrants in India is less in proportion to its total population but their number is large in the countries accepting them. Because of this, various problems have arisen between natives and Indian immigrants.

(ii) Natural Resources:
The foreign policy of a nation is undoubtedly, affected by its natural resources. These natural resources play an important role in developing the industry and trade of that nation. America and Russia, because of their abundant natural resources, are self-dependent economically and possess huge military power. These natural resources hold an important place in India’s independent foreign policy.

The proper use of natural resources depends upon other co-factors such as capital, labour, organisation, new social set-up and values. Japan progressed sufficiently even in the absence of these factors and raw-material whereas Myanmar, with all these facilities, didn’t make a headway. The availability of natural resources for a long time properly influences the foreign policy of a nation.

(iii) Technology:
Every nation in the beginning has to depend upon foreign assistance or technology for economic development. For example America depended upon foreign monetary help or technology and Japan took assistance from other countries to strengthen itself. Similarly, Russia depended on foreign help to be an industrial nation. Russian capital made China prosperous after 1949. So India’s dependence on other countries for economic and industrial progress is not surprising but with the economic and industrial development, dependence on other countries lessened. India’s foreign policy will certainly be influenced by capitalistic and technologically prosperous countries as it becomes self-sufficient.

4. National Interest:
National interest has played a remarkable role in formulating foreign policy. On 4th Dec. 1947 while addressing Constituent Assembly, Pt. Nehru said, “Whatever policy you may lay down, the art of conducting the foreign affairs of a country lies in finding out what is most advantageous to the country. We talk about international goodwill and mean what we say but in the ultimate analysis, a Government functions for the good of the country; it governs and no Government dares to do anything which is disadvantageous to the country.
Therefore, whether a country is Imperialist or Socialist or Communist, its foreign minister thinks primarily in the interest of that country.”

Pt. Nehru based India’s foreign policy on non-alignment and establishment of world-peace and paved a way for economic and industrial development. Had India got involved in one of the two power Blocs, it wouldn’t have enjoyed economic help. Thus the policy of non-alignment was adopted, keeping in view the national interests.

India preferred to remain a member of Commonwealth of Nations for national advantage. For the safety of India’s sea boundaries and economic and trade development, it was essential to have relations with British Commonwealth. India, for national interest, indulged in certain activities which can’t be appreciated.

5. Impact of Ideology:
All ideology of a country leaves its deep impact on its foreign policy. The Congress, during national movement, presented various ideologies before the world in international spheres. Congress always favoured world peace, peaceful co-existence and strongly opposed imperialism and colonialism. Congress, on assuming office, had to formulate a foreign policy based on these ideals. Congress was under the impact of Gandhian ideals and principles and so India’s foreign policy was bound to be affected by Gandhism. India’s sympathies for Communist countries are attributed to the influence of Marxism. Pt. Nehru, the maker of India’s foreign policy, was under the impact of western democratic traditions. He liked the qualities of Western democracy and Communism and preferred to avoid their evils. So the policy of non-alignment was adopted.

6. National Struggle:
India’s national movement contributed a lot in the making of its foreign policy.

• Indians were determined not to make national movement a pawn in the hands of great powers.
• An awakening was created to play an important role in international politics inspite of remaining a non-aligned state.
• People were encouraged to oppose colonialism, socialism and colour discriminations
• People got inspired to participate in freedom struggle.

7. Personal Factors:
The foreign policy of India has been influenced by the individual trait of its great leaders. Pt. Nehru’s ideology has sufficiently affected India’s foreign policy. He was deadly against imperialism, colonialism, fascism and supported peaceful way of solving problems. He favoured friendly co-operation and peaceful co-existence but at the same time he supported the use of power against injustice.

Besides Pt. Nehru, the ideology of Dr. Radhakrishnan, Krishna Menon, Pannikar etc. left its impact on India’s foreign policy in relation with Chinese, in the beginning, was influenced by Pannikar’s personality. So India couldn’t properly judge the nature of its relations with China. As a result of the false reports given by Pannikar, India’s ambassador to China, Pt. Nehru remained in illusion and India faced defeat in Chinese aggression. But the events of 1962 gave realistic touch to India’s foreign policy. The basic as well as practical elements lying in India’s foreign policy were preserved during the regime of late Prime Ministers Shri Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, P.V. Narasimha Rao, Mr. Atal Bihari Vajapyee and at present by Sh. Narinder Modi.

8. Promotion of World Peace:
One of the basic determinants of Indian Foreign policy is world peace. India has always formulated its foreign policy to promote world peace.

9. Principle of Non-alignment:
Principle of non-alignment has played a very important role in formulating foreign policy. India itself is a non-aligned country and so its foreign policy is also based on non-alignment.

Love for peace, toleration, friendly behaviour, co-operation, co- existence are the very pillars of our foreign policy even today but they are based on realism and practicality. Mere slogans for peace are futile-a strong nation with immense military force and capability are essential to give a true meaning to these slogAnswer: India is not interested in aggression and expansion, rather it needs strong military base for self-protection.

Question 2.
Describe main basic principles of the Foreign Policy of India.
Or
Write down any six features of India’s Foreign Policy. Explain.
Or
What do you mean by ‘Foreign Policy’? Write any four features of Indian Foreign Policy.
Or
What do you mean by ‘Foreign Policy’? Discuss the principles of ‘Non-Alignment’ and ‘Panchsheel’ under Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
Meaning of Foreign Policy:
Foreign policy is the set of principles and means adopted by a nation for defining, justifying and securing the objectives of national interests. According to Dr. Mohinder Kumar, “Foreign Policy is a thought out course of action for achieving objectives in foreign relations as dictated by the ideology of national interest.”
Norman Hill defines foreign policy “As the substance of Nation’s efforts to promote its interests vis-a-vis other nations.”

Factors determining India’s Foreign Policy:
A number of factors influence the foreign policy of a nation. India had to formulate its foreign policy after attaining freedom in 1947. The Directive Principles of State Policy have been described in the Constitution of free India and they are to be followed. Following are the principles related to foreign policy:
1. To contribute to international peace and security.

2. To establish just and respectable relations with various nations.

3. To create the feeling of devotion and trust in the nation for international laws and treaties.

4. To encourage the settlement of international disputes by arbitration. Indian leaders, even before attaining independence, started thinking about the principles which the Government of India would follow in its foreign policy after independence. Congress, in 1925, expounded the following four principles with regard to foreign policy:

• To oppose imperialistic and colonialistic Governments.
• To support people’s struggle for freedom and equality.
• To establish world-peace and to develop hatred for wars.
• To remain aloof from foreign groupism.

Free India has adopted that foreign policy which is based on national interest. Various factors given below have contributed in determining this policy:
1. Geographical Factors:
The geographical factors have contributed a lot in determining India’s foreign policy. India has enormous coastal dimensions- its length is about 3,500 miles. Any country dominating Indian Ocean can easily overpower Indian trade and can pose danger to India politically. The Britishers could rule over India by their sea-power only. So, strong naval forces are required for the security of India and efforts are being directed in this direction. But Indian naval forces will take a long time to be at par with the English, American and Russian naval forces. That is why India has friendly relations with Great Britain.

India shares its boundaries with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangla Desh and Myanmar. Some of the provinces of Kashmir State, though under Pakistan at present, have common boundaries with Afghanistan and Russia. China is situated in the north of India. The Himalayas are situated between India and China and they have performed the role of a watchman in the ancient and middle ages. Now the situation has undergone a change because of scientific inventions and production of war weapons. But Chinese aggression in 1962 disillusioned India. India had always tried to improve its relations with Communist China. Besides, India has followed the policy of non¬alignment to avoid strained relations with China.

The Communist and Western Blocs in international politics have tried to maintain friendly relations with India. India’s geographical situation is in the middle of Indian Ocean. It is equally connected with West Asia and South East Asia by sea route. It is not far from China and Russia situated in North. So under these circumstances, it is not safe for India to join either of the two Blocs. India’s policy of non-alignment, in fact is the result of these geographical factors.

2. Historical Background:
Every nation’s foreign policy is under the impact of its historical background. India’s foreign policy, too, is not devoid of this effect. India remained under the British rule for two hundred years and as a result it has more contacts with Great Britain as compared to other nations. After the Second World War and because of changed circumstances, the British themselves ended their rule. Both the countries are friendly with each other even today because of this background.

Historical background has played important role in Indo-Pak relations. Kashmir problem has not been solved so far because Pakistan claims its right over the majority of Muslims whereas Kashmir is an inseparable part of India. The welfare of both the nations lies in the policy of co-operation from geographical point of view, but their historical background embitters their relations.

India’s exploitation and slavery because of imperialism has influenced its foreign policy and how its main principle is to oppose imperialism and colonialism.

3. Economic Factors:
The economic factors of a developing country play a major role in shaping the foreign policy of a nation. Economic considerations influence the foreign policy of even advanced nations like the U.S.A., the Russia, Britain, France etc. India depends on advanced countries for scientific and technological assistance. India has trade links mainly with England and United States of America. India imports machinery and foodstuffs mainly from these countries. Enough of the capital of America and Britain has been invested in Indian factories. India’s foreign policy is favourably inclined towards western capitalistic states. India, during the last few years, has increased its trade relations with Russia also. As Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru once remarked, “The foreign policy of a country is the outcome of her economic policy.”

(i) Population:
Population, too, affects foreign policy. The progress of a nation can be slack because of its over-population as it has to get assistance from other nations also. A big nation having over-population is weaker than a small nation with less population. We have to depend upon foreign countries for food-stuffs because of growing population. According to Morgenthau, “India’s foreign policy has weakened because of food crisis.”

The return of immigrants from South-East Africa, Sri Lanka, South East Asia and other countries added to India’s population problem which influences India’s foreign policy. The population of immigrants in India is less in proportion to its total population but their number is large in the countries accepting them. Because of this, various problems have arisen between natives and Indian immigrants.

(ii) Natural Resources:
The foreign policy of a nation is undoubtedly, affected by its natural resources. These natural resources play an important role in developing the industry and trade of that nation. America and Russia, because of their abundant natural resources, are self-dependent economically and possess huge military power. These natural resources hold an important place in India’s independent foreign policy.

The proper use of natural resources depends upon other co-factors such as capital, labour, organisation, new social set-up and values. Japan progressed sufficiently even in the absence of these factors and raw-material whereas Myanmar, with all these facilities, didn’t make a headway. The availability of natural resources for a long time properly influences the foreign policy of a nation.

(iii) Technology:
Every nation in the beginning has to depend upon foreign assistance or technology for economic development. For example America depended upon foreign monetary help or technology and Japan took assistance from other countries to strengthen itself. Similarly, Russia depended on foreign help to be an industrial nation. Russian capital made China prosperous after 1949. So India’s dependence on other countries for economic and industrial progress is not surprising but with the economic and industrial development, dependence on other countries lessened. India’s foreign policy will certainly be influenced by capitalistic and technologically prosperous countries as it becomes self-sufficient.

4. National Interest:
National interest has played a remarkable role in formulating foreign policy. On 4th Dec. 1947 while addressing Constituent Assembly, Pt. Nehru said, “Whatever policy you may lay down, the art of conducting the foreign affairs of a country lies in finding out what is most advantageous to the country. We talk about international goodwill and mean what we say but in the ultimate analysis, a Government functions for the good of the country; it governs and no Government dares to do anything which is disadvantageous to the country.
Therefore, whether a country is Imperialist or Socialist or Communist, its foreign minister thinks primarily in the interest of that country.”

Pt. Nehru based India’s foreign policy on non-alignment and establishment of world-peace and paved a way for economic and industrial development. Had India got involved in one of the two power Blocs, it wouldn’t have enjoyed economic help. Thus the policy of non-alignment was adopted, keeping in view the national interests.

India preferred to remain a member of Commonwealth of Nations for national advantage. For the safety of India’s sea boundaries and economic and trade development, it was essential to have relations with British Commonwealth. India, for national interest, indulged in certain activities which can’t be appreciated.

5. Impact of Ideology:
All ideology of a country leaves its deep impact on its foreign policy. The Congress, during national movement, presented various ideologies before the world in international spheres. Congress always favoured world peace, peaceful co-existence and strongly opposed imperialism and colonialism. Congress, on assuming office, had to formulate a foreign policy based on these ideals. Congress was under the impact of Gandhian ideals and principles and so India’s foreign policy was bound to be affected by Gandhism. India’s sympathies for Communist countries are attributed to the influence of Marxism. Pt. Nehru, the maker of India’s foreign policy, was under the impact of western democratic traditions. He liked the qualities of Western democracy and Communism and preferred to avoid their evils. So the policy of non-alignment was adopted.

6. National Struggle:
India’s national movement contributed a lot in the making of its foreign policy.

• Indians were determined not to make national movement a pawn in the hands of great powers.
• An awakening was created to play an important role in international politics inspite of remaining a non-aligned state.
• People were encouraged to oppose colonialism, socialism and colour discriminations
• People got inspired to participate in freedom struggle.

7. Personal Factors:
The foreign policy of India has been influenced by the individual trait of its great leaders. Pt. Nehru’s ideology has sufficiently affected India’s foreign policy. He was deadly against imperialism, colonialism, fascism and supported peaceful way of solving problems. He favoured friendly co-operation and peaceful co-existence but at the same time he supported the use of power against injustice.

Besides Pt. Nehru, the ideology of Dr. Radhakrishnan, Krishna Menon, Pannikar etc. left its impact on India’s foreign policy in relation with Chinese, in the beginning, was influenced by Pannikar’s personality. So India couldn’t properly judge the nature of its relations with China. As a result of the false reports given by Pannikar, India’s ambassador to China, Pt. Nehru remained in illusion and India faced defeat in Chinese aggression. But the events of 1962 gave realistic touch to India’s foreign policy. The basic as well as practical elements lying in India’s foreign policy were preserved during the regime of late Prime Ministers Shri Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, P.V. Narasimha Rao, Mr. Atal Bihari Vajapyee and at present by Sh. Narinder Modi.

8. Promotion of World Peace:
One of the basic determinants of Indian Foreign policy is world peace. India has always formulated its foreign policy to promote world peace.

9. Principle of Non-alignment:
Principle of non-alignment has played a very important role in formulating foreign policy. India itself is a non-aligned country and so its foreign policy is also based on non-alignment.

Love for peace, toleration, friendly behaviour, co-operation, co- existence are the very pillars of our foreign policy even today but they are based on realism and practicality. Mere slogans for peace are futile-a strong nation with immense military force and capability are essential to give a true meaning to these slogAnswer: India is not interested in aggression and expansion, rather it needs strong military base for self-protection.

The basic elements of India’s foreign’s policy today are the same what they were previously. The only difference is that idealism was emphasised more in the age of Nehru whereas realism got the upper hand in Shastri-era. But a fine combination of idealism in India’s foreign policy was witnessed under the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi. Shri Morarji Desai, too, preferred to combine idealism and realism in India’s foreign policy. Also under the able leadership Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and at present Sh. Narender Modi, the same old principles are being emphasised.

Following are the features of India’s foreign policy:

1. The policy of non-alignment.
2. Opposition to imperialists and colonialists.
3. Opposition to the policy of caste, colour and discriminations etc.
4. Friendly relations with other States.
5. Unity of Afro-Asian countries to strengthen mutual economic and political relations.
6. Importance of the principles of United Nations,
7. India is not neutral in International Politics.
8. Panchsheel.
9. National consensus.

1. Non-Alignment:
The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non¬alignment. India itself is a non-aligned country and so its foreign policy is also based on non-alignment. In fact India was the first country which initiated the policy of non-alignment which was adopted by most of the countries of Asia and Africa which attained indepedence in the post World- War II period. Pt. Nehru said-as far as possible, we don’t want to associate with power groups which caused two World Wars which can take place in future also. India signed a friendship treaty with Russia in 1971 to make its relations all the more friendly. For this agreement, the critics started condemning India’s foreign policy.

Non-alignment doesn’t mean that India can’t have friendly relations with other countries. The Janata Government, after assuming office in 1977, stressed the policy of real non-alignment. Non alignment is still the best policy for India and in recognition of this fact there is no intention in official or non-official circles to deviate from it. Late Mrs. Gandhi’s foreign policy was truly based on non-alignment. Former Prime Ministers-Rajiv Gandhi, P.V. Narsimha Rao, H.D. Deve Gowda, I. K. Gujral, Atal Bihari Vajpayee followed the principles of non-alignment. At present Sh. Narender Modi is also following the policy of non-alignment.

2. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists:
Since India itself remained a victim of British imperialism it has always opposed imperialism and colonalism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war. So Indian leaders by visiting other countries and delivering speeches in U.N. have tried to liberate slave countries from the clutches of imperialistic countries. India has always supported the national movements in the slave countries. Whenever imperialism tried to dominate, India strongly opposed it. When Holland, after the Second World-War, tried to overpower Indonesia, India protested against it.

When England and France attacked Egypt to capture Suez Canal in 1956, India sided with Egypt. In the same way India strived to liberate countries like Malaya, Algeria, Congo and Morocco. India strongly protested against United States of America when it tried to overpower Cuba.

3. Opposition to the policy of caste, colour, discrimination etc. Another basic principle of India’s foreign policy is that it has always raised its voice against the policy of caste and colour discriminations. India has always favoured the abolition of caste system and it has tried to remove caste- ridden policies from the world also. India has consistently raised the question of the treatment of the people of Indian origin in the Union of South Africa and severely condemned the policy of racial segregation followed by the government of South Africa. India also took up the cause of Negroes in United States and non-white population in Rhodesia.

4. Friendly relations with other States:
India is always ready to have friendly relations with other States of the world. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but with other countries of the world also.

5. Unification of Afro-Asian countries:
India tries to unify Asian and African countries to strengthen economic and political relations. India believes that these countries can unitedly oppose colonialism and create an atmosphere for the freedom of other Asian and African countries. The imperialistic and developed countries believe that Afro-Asian countries will depend upon them for economic and technical help and thus they will dominate them. But the united Afro-Asian countries can successfully face this challenge and safeguard their freedom.

6. Importance to the principles of United Nations:
Much importance has been attached to the principles of United Nations in India’s foreign policy. India has always strived to establish world peace by stopping wars. India has full faith in the capacity of the United Nations to settle the disputes. It was precisely out of this faith that India took the issue of Kashmir to the United Nations. India also extended full support to the United Nations in implementation of its decision by providing military and other personnel. During the Congolese conflict, India made available a large number of contingents to preserve peace in the region.

7. India is not neutral in international politics:
Non-alignment is the very basis of the India’s foreign policy but it doesn’t stand for India’s non¬participation in international politics. Since India has not joined any group, it adopts the policy of rational judgement. In the words of Pt. Nehru-“We can’t and won’t remain neutral when freedom is in danger, justice is challenged or invasion is in progress.”

India is partial neither to Russia nor to America. That is why India, like other non-aligned countries, blamed Soviet Union when Korean war took place and also held America responsible in Vietnam war.

8. Panchsheel:
Panchsheel is another important contribution of India to international politics. The principles became popular when an agreement on the issue of Tibet took place between India and China. Five principles were evolved to maintain friendly ties between the States. These five principles called ‘Panchsheel’ are as given below:

1. The nations should respect each other’s territorial unity and sovereignty.
2. No nation should attack another nation.
3. No nation should interfere in the internal affairs of another nation.
4. All the countries should have peaceful and harmonious co-existence. All the non-aligned countries, including India, participated in

Bandung conference in 1955 and India added five more points to the principles of Panchsheel:
1. To respect fundamental human rights.
2. To protect one’s self alone or collectively, India will retaliate against the attack of another country but won’t initiate war. India heroically faced Chinese attack in 1962 and fought bravely against Pakistan in 1965 and 1971.
3. All the agreements and treaties on the international level will be signed by India independently.
4. India will indulge in secret agreements for its own welfare.
5. India will peacefully settle disputes with different nations.

9. National Consensus:
India’s foreign policy is based on a national consensus. The consensus does not necessarily mean complete indentity of views on all matters but foreign policy issues have seldom been controversial during elections. This has been the case since the days of Jawaharlal Nehru, the prime builder to non-alignment. There have been no wide swings or radical changes in India’s foreign policy, though there has been a shift in emphasis, for instance, on close ties with the U.S.A. or Moscow.

The foreign policy of India under Rajiv Gandhi was based on the basic principles enunciated by Nehru and followed by Shasrti and Mrs. Gandhi. United Front government also followed the same basic principles. Present government is also following the same basic principles.

10. Faith in Disarmament:
India has full faith in disarmament. It means reduction or destruction of armament. India considers race for armaments as a grave threat to the world peace. For the realisation of this end, India has pleaded for disarmament within and outside the United Nations.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Foreign Policy?
Answer:
Foreign policy is the set of principles and means adopted by a nation for defining, justifying and securing the objectives of national interests. According to Dr. Mohinder Kumar, “Foreign Policy is a thought out course of action for achieving objectives in foreign relations as dictated by the ideology of national interest.” Norman Hill defines foreign policy as: “It is the substance of Nation’s efforts to promote its interests vis-a-vis- other nations.”

Question 2.
What is ‘Panchsheel’? Write the principles of Indian Panchsheel.
Or
What do you mean by Panchsheel?
Answer:
Panchsheel is another important contribution of India to international politics. The principles became popular when an agreement on the issue of Tibet took place between India and China. Five principles were evolved to maintain friendly ties between the two States. These five principles called ‘Panchsheel’ are as given below:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Non-aggression.
• Non-intervention in each other’s domestic affairs.
• Mutual benefit and equality.
• Peaceful co-existeqce.

Question 3.
Describe any four determinants of India’s Foreign Policy.
Answer:
1. Geographical Factors:
The geographical factors have contributed a lot in determining India’s foreign policy. India shares its boundaries with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangla Desh and Myanmar. That is why India has always tried to maintain friendly relations with her neighbouring countries.

2. Economic Factors:
Economic factors have largely influenced the Indian policy. Population, national resources, technology etc. have played a remarkable role in determining foreign policy of India.

3. National Interest:
National interest has played a remarkable role in formulating foreign policy. The policy of non-alignment was adopted keeping in view the national interests. India preferred to remain a member of Commonwealth of Nations for national advantage.

4. Promotion of World Peace:
One of the basic determinants of Indian Foreign Policy is world peace. India has always formulated its foreign policy to promote World Peace.

Question 4.
What is the meaning of Non-Alignment?
Or
What do you understand by Non-Alignment?
Answer:
Pt. Nehru, the architect of India’s foreign policy, adopted non-alignment as its base. Following are the meanings derived from the policy of non-alignment.

• India has not joined any bloc nor will it join any group.
• The policy of non-alignment is an independent policy.
• Non-alignment is a policy of peacefulness.
• Non-alignment does not stand for isolationism.
• Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs. Our policy is that there should be active efforts for world peace and it should be given a firm foundation.

Question 5.
What is the role of geographical factors in determining the Indian foreign policy?
Or
Explain the geographical determinant of the Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
The geographical factor has played a very significant role in determining India’s foreign policy. India has enormous coastal dimensions-its length is about 3,500 miles. Strong naval forces are required for the security of India and efforts are being made in this direction. India has friendly relations with Great Britain. India shares its boundaries with Pakistan, China, Nepal and Burma (Myanmar). The Himalayas, situated between India and China, have performed the role of a watchman in the ancient and middle ages. India has always tried to improve its relations with Communist China, Pakistan, Bangla Desh, Nepal etc.

Question 6.
Explain the constitutional provisions with regard to India’s Foreign Policy.
Answer:
Article 51 of Chapter IV of the Indian Constitution lays down certain principles which are the bases of Indian Foreign Policy. Following are the constitutional bases of the Indian Foreign Policy-

• To promote international peace and security.
• To establish just and respectable relations with various nations.
• To foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another.
• To encourage the settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

Question 7.
What is meant by statement that India is opposed to Colonialism and Racialism?
Answer:
1. India has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards colonialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war. India has always supported the national movement in the slave countries. India strived to liberate countries like Malaya, Algeria, Congo, Morocco etc.

2. India has always raised voice against the policy of caste, colour and discrimination. India has always condmned the policy of racial discrimination followed by South Africa on every platform. India has opposed the discrimination against the Negroes in America.

Question 8.
What is Indian Nuclear Policy?
Answer:
India has stood for general and complete disarmament within the framework of the United Nations. Addressing the General Assembly, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister, asked nuclear powers to eliminate all nuclear weapons by the year 2010. India is the sixth country in the world enjoying atomic power by having undertaken a successful experiment in 1974. There are four atomic power centres working in India. But this power is being utilised for peaceful and creative purpose and not for making atomic bomb.

After India conducted nuclear tests in May, 1998 United States and other countries urged India to sign CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) unconditionally. But India reiterated its stand that since the treaty is discriminatory, they are not acceptable to the nation without any change.

Question 9.
Write any four characteristics of Indian Foreign Policy.
Or
Write any three basic principles of India’s Foreign Policy.
Answer:
1. Non-Alignment:
Non-alignment is the basic principle of India’s foreign policy. In fact, India was the first country which initiated the policy of non-alignment which was adopted by most of the countries of Asia and Africa which attained independence in the post world war-II period.

2. Opposition to the policy of Caste, Colour and Discrimination etc. Another basic principle of India’s foreign policy is that it has always raised voice against the policy of caste, colour and discrimination.

3. Opposition to Imperialism:
India has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war.

4. Faith in United Nations: India is a founding member of the United Nations and has full faith in the aims and principles of the United Nations.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Foreign Policy?
Answer:
Foreign policy is the set of principles and means adopted by a nation for defining, justifying and securing the objectives of national interests. According to Dr. Mohinder Kumar, “Foreign Policy is a thought out course of action for achieving objectives in foreign relations as dictated by the ideology of national interest.”

Question 2.
Write down the principles of Panchsheel.
Answer:
Following are the five principles of Panchsheel:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Non-aggression.
• Non-intervention in another’s domestic affairs.
• Mutual benefit and equality.
• Peaceful co-existence.

Question 3.
Mention any two determinants of India’s Foreign Policy.
Answer:

1. Geographical Factors: The geographical factors have contributed a lot in determining India’s foreign policy.
2. Economic Factors: Economic factors have largely influenced the Indian policy. Population, national resources, technology etc. have played a remarkable role in determining foreign policy.

Question 4.
What is the meaning of Non-Alignment?
Answer:
Pt. Nehru, the architect of India’s foreign policy, adopted non-alignment as its base. Following are the meanings derived from the policy of non-alignment.

• India has not joined any bloc nor will it join any group.
• The policy of non-alignment is an independent policy

Question 5.
What is meant by statement that India is opposed to Colonialism and Racialism?
Answer:
1. India has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards colonialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war. India has always supported the national movement in the slave countries. India strived to libterate countries like Malaya, Algeria, Congo, Morocco etc.

2. India has always raised voice against the policy of caste, colour and discrimination. India has always condmned the policy of racial discrimination followed by South Africa on every platform. India has opposed the discrimination against the Negroes in America.

Question 6.
Write any two characteristics of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:

• Non-Alignment. Non-alignment is the basic principle of India’s foreign policy.
• Opposition to the policy of Caste, Colour and Discrimination etc.

Another basic principle of India’s foreign policy is that it has always raised voice against the policy of caste, colour and discrimination.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Foreign policy?
Answer:
Foreign policy is a group of those rules and principles through which a country establishes its relations with the other country.

Question 2.
In which Articles of the Indian Constitution the principles of foreign policy have been mentioned?
Answer:
In Art. 51 of the Directive Principles, the principles of foreign policy have been mentioned.

Question 3.
What are the main basic principles of the Indian foreign policy?
Answer:

• Non-alignment
• Protection of National Interests
• Opposition to the policy of Apartheid.

Question 4.
Who was the main architect of Indian Foreign Policy?
Answer:
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was the main architect of Indian foreign policy.

Question 5.
Mention the main feature of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
The main feature of India’s foreign policy is Non-alignment.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Non-alignment?
Answer:
Non-alignment means not to join any group and to have free domestic and foreign policy. It means that India is free and has not joined any group.

Question 7.
Write down any two determining factors of India’s foreign policy.
Answer:

• Geographical position of India.
• History of Indian struggle for freedom.

Question 8.
What is the meaning of Panch-Sheel?
Answer:
Panch-Sheel is the group of those five principles which were mentioned in the Preamble of an Agreement between India and China in 1954.

Question 9.
Mention any one element of Panch-Sheel.
Answer:

• To honour territorial integrity and sovereignty of each other.
• Peaceful co-existence.

Question 10.
Write down any two objectives of the foreign policy of India.
Answer:

• To defend the territorial integrity.
• To maintain and encourage international peace and security.

Question 11.
Mention any two principles of India regarding establishment of relations with other countries of the world.
Answer:

• To promote international peace and security.
• To establish honourable and peaceful relations among nations of the world.

Fill in The Blanks

1. India became independent in …………………………  .
Answer:
1947

2. ………………………… is main important policy of Indian foreign policy.
Answer:
Non-aligned Movement

3. Baidung conference was held in …………………………  .
Answer:
1955

4. India made its first Nuclear test in …………………………
Answer:
1974

5. So far ………………………… summits have been completed of Non-aligned movement.
Answer:
17.

True Or False Statement

1. India is a peaceful country.
Answer:
True

2. India is an imperialist state.
Answer:
False

3. Economic factor effects the Indian foreign policy.
Answer:
True

4. Non-aligned Movement is a main feature of Indian foreign policy.
Answer:
True

5. India is a supporter of Panchsheel.
Answer:
True

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The principles of Panchsheel were first propounded at international level between:
(a) India and China
(b) India and Pakistan
(c) India and Sri Lanka
(d) India and Japan.
Answer:
(a) India and China

Question 2.
‘The foreign policy of a country is the outcome of her economic policy.’ This remark was made by:
(a) Indira Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Morarji Desai
(d) Charan Singh.
Answer:
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 3.
Main principles of Indian Foreign Policy are:
(a) NAM
(b) Opposition to imperialism
(c) Support to UNO
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 4.
Which out of the following is not the feature of Indian Foreign Policy?
(a) Faith in the aims of UNO
(b) Support for disarmament
(c) Support for colour discrimination
(d) Non-Alignment.
Answer:
(c) Support for colour discrimination

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 13 National Integration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 National Integration

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define National Integration. Write suggestions to solve the problems of National Integration in India.
Or
Define National Integration. Explain the difficulties faced in way of National Integration.
Or
Explain three obstacles in the way of National Integration and also give any three suggestions to maintain National Integration in India.
Answer:
National Integration is our basic need. It means national unity or combining all the people of the nation into a single whole. It is a particular sentiment that binds together all people in one common bond. National integration refers to social and political integration within a nation-state. National integration is identifiable by the psychological or attitudinal criterion of an individual’s sense of belonging to his or her own nation. National integration includes nation-building and state-building.

A psychological and educational process……… involving the development of a feeling of unity, solidarity and cohesion, in the hearts of people, a sense of common citizenship (destiny) and a feeling of loyalty to the nation.

National Integration promotes political stability. It is essential to preserve our hard won independence. This problem has assumed new dimensions due to disruptive and divisive forces of communalism and linguism which are raising their ugly head in different parts of the country.

Today India is free but it is like a house divided against its own self. Instead of national integration or unity there is national disintegration. Anti-social and anti-national forces are gaining ground. Prof. R. Bhaskaran rightly observes that we feel the dire need of national integration as there is every fear that clashes can occur here in India due to casteism, communalism, linguism and provincialism. These are the expressions of narrow outlook and activities of the citizens and groups who pursue personal interests above national interests. Though the Indian government has strived to solve the problem of national integration, yet it exists even today.

Hindrances in The Way of National Integration:
There are innumerable hindrances in the way of National Integration owing to linguistic fanaticism, regionalism, separatist tendencies and communalism. Some of these obstacles are as under:
1. Language:
India is a multi-lingual nation. According to the population statistics collected in 1961, 1018 languages are spoken in India and 26 are prominent. They are Hindi, Punjabi, Assamese, Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali, Urdu, English, Tamil, Sindhi, etc. The states were reorganised in 1956 on the lingual basis to promote national integration. But it too, couldn’t solve the problem. Clashes took place in Mumbai over Gujarati and Marathi languages resulting in the division of Mumbai into two parts—Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960.

Punjab was reconstituted in 1966 on lingual basis, resulting in the formation of Haryana. There is wide-spread grouping in India on the language issue and people are averse to consider this problem open-mindedly, so much so that even now there is no consensus about the national language and though the Constitution has made Hindi the official language, it has been opposed by the southern states in general and by Tamil Nadu in particular.

2. Communalism:
Communalism poses a strong challenge to National Integration. India was partitioned because of Hindu-Muslim communalism and these communal disputes are recurrent even in free India. Communal riots many a time took place in Ranchi, Jabalpur, Indore, Ahmedabad, Aligarh, Muradabad, Jammu & Kashmir. No part of the country is free from communal disturbances. In some parts of the country, religious places are being used for political purposes which is most unfortunate. The communal feelings totally mar the feeling of national unity and hinder the path of National Integration.

3. Casteism:
Casteism is another obstruction in the way of National Integration. Dr. Radhakrishnan, the then Vice-President of India, expressed his view in this context while addressing the first National Integration Conference. He opined that casteism is to be eliminated as a social evil, but it has emerged as a political and administrative evil. Casteism is being staked to win elections and absorb more people in jobs. Shri Jai Prakash Narayan once commented— casteism is the most prominent political party in India. Casteism has crept even into administrative fields.

4. Regionalism:
Regionalism poses another threat to National Integration. Regionalism is largely an outcome of economic and political reasons. The regions which are backward economically launch agitations for their economic development. Even political parties resort to regionalism to strengthen their stand. Akali Dal in Punjab, D.M.K. and Anna D.M.K. in Tamil Nadu, Telgu Desam in Andhra Pardesh —all depended upon regionalism to make themselves strong.

5. Poverty:
Poverty is the greatest hindrance in the way of National Integration. Indian society is replete with poverty. The poor are frustrated to see another class of society being prosperous and so the desperate politicans exploit it to satisfy their political ambitions.

6. Unacceptability of the basic values of the Constitution:
All the political parties do not accept the basic values of the Constitution. The communist and communal parties primarily are opposed to the basic values of Constitution.

7. Lack of Education:Majority of the people in India are illiterate and so the leaders with vested interests easily lead the common people to the path of agitation. Selfish political leaders play with the sentiments of innocent people in the name of religion, caste, language and provincialism to grind, their own axe.

8. Failure of Socialism:
According to Prof. Govind Ram Verma, failure of socialism has all the more complicated problem of National Integration. Had socialism succeeded, all would have enjoyed its fruit. But now unemployment, backwardness, poverty, economic inequality discourage emotional integration creating various political problems.

9. Corruption:
Indian Administration is the very embodiment of corruption which hinders National Integration. People have lost faith in Administration and an atmosphere of chaos and misrule prevails. Such disruptive tendencies severely challenge National Integration.

10. Government’s Policy:
The Government’s policy is considered to be another obstacle in the process of National Integration. The government has miserably failed in curbing disintegrating forces. The Congress leaders have raised voices against casteism, regionalism, communalism from time to time, but it has promoted regionalism and casteism in practice.

11. Sons of the Soil Theory:
Sons of the Soil theory is a serious threat to National Integration. This theory has practically nullified the concept of single Indian citizenship, thereby shaking the very foundation of India’s national unity.

12. Role of Political Parties:
The role of some of the political parties in the process of national integration has been disintegrative and negative. Regional Political Parties have spread the virus of communalism and casteism in the country and thereby they have weakened the process of national integration.

Methods to Remove Hindrances in the way of National Integration:
It is imperative to eliminate all obstacles to achieve National Integration. Here are some of the steps to get rid of these stumbling blocks.

1. Economic Development:
The country should be economically developed to bring about national integration. The possibilities of National Integration can be enhanced by overcoming unemployment, economic inequality, poverty and by properly sharing economic benefits.

2. Reforms in Political Atmosphere:
The political atmosphere in the country should be improved to effect National Integration. The people of different communities, castes and regions lack mutual faith and the same should be inculcated to improve political atmosphere in the country. It will ultimately help in achieving National Integration.

3. Proper Educational System:
Proper Educational System is as vital step to bring about National Integration. The country should have a uniform educational pattern aimed at inculcating the spirit of nationalism among the students who are the future citizens. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.

4. Secularism should be real:
India has been declared a secular state in the Constitution, but it should be put into practice as well. People should be made to develop religious tolerance for other religions.

5. To remove corruption:
The administration should be cleansed of every type of corruption to achieve national integration.

6. Cultural Exchange:
Cultural programmes should be arranged among the people of different communities speaking diverse languages to create national integration.

7. Contribution of Political Parties:
Political parties can significantly contribute to bring about national integration. Political parties should not provoke religious, lingual and regional feelings of the masses for their vested interests, rather they should build a healthy public opinion for national integration.

8. Change in the policies of Government:
The central government must change its policies to create a suitable atmosphere for national integration. The government should give up its discriminatory policies. It should accept the genuine demands of the people without providing an opportunity to launch agitations or movements.

9. Restrictions on Communal Organisations:
Communal organisations should be put under strict control to achieve National Integration. The masses, too, should be enlightened about the propriety of the restrictions imposed upon communal organisations.

Steps taken to achieve National Integration:
The efforts which have been made so far for the achievement of National Integration can be classified under three heads:
1. Legislations passed by the Government.
2. Steps taken by Government and formal organisations.
3. Work done by informal organisations.

1. Legislations passed by the Government:
The government passed two legislations in 1961 to restrict communal propaganda. Any propaganda spreading hatred and enmity among people of different communities was declared a cognizable offence through these legislations. Moreover, there is a provision in the law that if a man is punished under this law, he forefeits his claim to contest elections and to franchise. In 1963, 16th amendment was affected to ensure the unity and sovereignty of the country.

2. Steps taken by Governmental and formal organisations:
A National Integration Conference was held at New Delhi from 28th Sept, to 1st Oct. 1961. The leaders of the political parties, prominent educationists, writers and scientists were invited to participate in it. This conference was of the view that political parties promoted communalism, casteism and regionalism and so they needed a set code of conduct. It contains following points:

(i) No political party should resort to a propaganda creating tension among the communities believing in different religions and speaking different languages.

(ii) The political parties should not launch any movement pertaining to communal, regional and lingual problems.

(iii) Political parties should not disrupt the meeting and exhibitions organised by other parties.

(iv) Political power should not be utilised to fulfil intra-party ends.

(v) The Government shouldn’t impose undesirable restrictions upon the freedom of citizens so that political parties may be able to work freely. The conference formed a National Integration Council consisting of Prime Minister, Home Minister, Chief Ministers of States, seven leaders of political parties, Chairman of University Grants Commission, two educationists, a nominee of scheduled castes and backward classes and seven persons nominated by the Prime Minister.

The Council had to chalk out a code of conduct for the masses, Press and students had to consider the complaints of the minority classes. On 20th June, 1968 the council held its meeting in Srinagar and condemned all tendencies which harm national integration. Communal riots occurred at Ahmedabad in 1969 and at Bhiwandi in May, 1970. The National Integration Council prepared a programme for mass- movement to end communalism. In 1970 the All India Committee of the ruling Congress passed a resolution suggesting that semi-militant and Communal organisations like R.S.S. and Jammait-Islam had no palce in secular society.

In June, 1975, Mrs. Gandhi after declaring internal emergency formed two committees to consider the problem of National Integration. One committee was headed by Brahma Nand Reddy and the second by Prof. Nurul Husan. A meeting was held at Delhi on 28th Nov. 1976, under the chairmanship of Mr. Reddy and seven-point programme was prepared for National Integration. In 1980 National Integration Council was revived. In June, 1987 a meeting of the Committee of National Integration Council was held and it condemned communal and anti-national forces.

Mr. V.P. Singh became Prime Minister on 2nd Dec. 1989. He called meeting of the National Integration Council which at its first meeting in April, 1990 adopted a five-point resolution affirming the resolve of the people to meet the challenges facing the country’s unity, integrity and its secular democratic polity in a united and determined manner.

Reorganisation of National Integration Council 1991. In Oct. 1991 Prime Minister Narsimha Rao reorganised National Integration Council and its members were increased. A meeting of the reconstituted National Integration Council was held on 2nd Nov., 1991 and discussion took place on the methods to maintain communal harmony. In this meeting general consensus was that Babri Masjid should not be touched and Ram Mandir should be built.

Meeting of the Standing Committee of the National Integration Council. On 22nd Oct. 1993 a meeting of the Standing committee of the National Integration Council was held and it supported the actions taken by the government to maintain communal harmony and peace. Reorganisation of National Integration Council-2010. On April, 12, 2010 Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh reorganised National Integration Council. Total members of its organisation is 147. Meeting of National Integration Council was held in Sept. 2013. In this meeting, the Council criticised the communal riots.

3. Work done by informal organisations:
Two informal organisations are prominent
1. Insani Biradri and
2. All India anti-communal committee.
‘Insani Biradri’ was established in 1970. Shri Jai Prakash Narayan was nominated its President and Sheikh Abdullah its Vice-President. But this organisation proved ineffective as it could not define communal organisations. All India Anti-communal Committee was headed by Smt. Subhadra Joshi. This organisation believes that combined forces of communalism are responsible for communal riots and Rashtriya Sawayam Sevak Sangh is prominent of them all.

The sixth conference of this committee was held at Delhi in 1974 and it suggested to put legal restrictions on communal organisations. It is of the view that the representatives of a communal organisation hke Muslim League shouldn’t be given any place in National Integration Council and every effort should be made to secularise educational system.

Conclusion
Thus the way of National Integration is blocked with innumerable hurdles which must be eliminated. It is imperative to develop emotional integration among the diverse communities having diverse languages, religions and diverse customs. So National Integration is necessary because unity is strength. Indians should transcend their petty differences and make Mother India happy, prosperous and united. Let the unity in diversity, the main feature of Indian society, be strengthened for all the times to come.

Question 2.
Discuss the various methods of national integration. What are the four aspects of national integeration?
Answer:
Various methods of National Integration:
National Integration is our basic need. It means national unity or combining all the people of the nation into a single whole. It is a particular sentiment that binds together all people in one common bond. National integration refers to social and political integration within a nation-state. National integration is identifiable by the psychological or attitudinal criterion of an individual’s sense of belonging to his or her own nation. National integration includes nation-building and state-building.

A psychological and educational process……. involving the development of a feeling of unity, solidarity and cohesion, in the hearts of people, a sense of common citizenship (destiny) and a feeling of loyalty to the nation.

National Integration promotes political stability. It is essential to preserve our hard won independence. This problem has assumed new dimensions due to disruptive and divisive forces of communalism and linguism which are raising their ugly head in different parts of the country.

Today India is free but it is like a house divided against its own self. Instead of national integration or unity there is national disintegration. Anti-social and anti-national forces are gaining ground. Prof. R. Bhaskaran rightly observes that we feel the dire need of national integration as there is every fear that clashes can occur here in India due to casteism, communalism, linguism and provincialism. These are the expressions of narrow outlook and activities of the citizens and groups who pursue personal interests above national interests. Though the Indian government has strived to solve the problem of national integration, yet it exists even today.

Hindrances in The Way of National Integration:
There are innumerable hindrances in the way of National Integration owing to linguistic fanaticism, regionalism, separatist tendencies and communalism. Some of these obstacles are as under:
1. Language:
India is a multi-lingual nation. According to the population statistics collected in 1961, 1018 languages are spoken in India and 26 are prominent. They are Hindi, Punjabi, Assamese, Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali, Urdu, English, Tamil, Sindhi, etc. The states were reorganised in 1956 on the lingual basis to promote national integration. But it too, couldn’t solve the problem. Clashes took place in Mumbai over Gujarati and Marathi languages resulting in the division of Mumbai into two parts Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960.

Punjab was reconstituted in 1966 on lingual basis, resulting in the formation of Haryana. There is wide-spread grouping in India on the language issue and people are averse to consider this problem open-mindedly, so much so that even now there is no consensus about the national language and though the Constitution has made Hindi the official language, it has been opposed by the southern states in general and by Tamil Nadu in particular.

2. Communalism:
Communalism poses a strong challenge to National Integration. India was partitioned because of Hindu-Muslim communalism and these communal disputes are recurrent even in free India. Communal riots many a time took place in Ranchi, Jabalpur, Indore, Ahmedabad, Aligarh, Muradabad, Jammu & Kashmir. No part of the country is free from communal disturbances. In some parts of the country, religious places are being used for political purposes which is most unfortunate. The communal feelings totally mar the feeling of national unity and hinder the path of National Integration.

3. Casteism:
Casteism is another obstruction in the way of National Integration. Dr. Radhakrishnan, the then Vice-President of India, expressed his view in this context while addressing the first National Integration Conference. He opined that casteism is to be eliminated as a social evil, but it has emerged as a political and administrative evil. Casteism is being staked to win elections and absorb more people in jobs. Shri Jai Prakash Narayan once commented— casteism is the most prominent political party in India. Casteism has crept even into administrative fields.

4. Regionalism:
Regionalism poses another threat to National Integration. Regionalism is largely an outcome of economic and political reasons. The regions which are backward economically launch agitations for their economic development. Even political parties resort to regionalism to strengthen their stand. Akali Dal in Punjab, D.M.K. and Anna D.M.K. in Tamil Nadu, Telgu Desam in Andhra Pardesh —all depended upon regionalism to make themselves strong.

5. Poverty:
Poverty is the greatest hindrance in the way of National Integration. Indian society is replete with poverty. The poor are frustrated to see another class of society being prosperous and so the desperate politicans exploit it to satisfy their political ambitions.

6. Unacceptability of the basic values of the Constitution:
All the political parties do not accept the basic values of the Constitution. The communist and communal parties primarily are opposed to the basic values of Constitution.

7. Lack of Education:Majority of the people in India are illiterate and so the leaders with vested interests easily lead the common people to the path of agitation. Selfish political leaders play with the sentiments of innocent people in the name of religion, caste, language and provincialism to grind, their own axe.

8. Failure of Socialism:
According to Prof. Govind Ram Verma, failure of socialism has all the more complicated problem of National Integration. Had socialism succeeded, all would have enjoyed its fruit. But now unemployment, backwardness, poverty, economic inequality discourage emotional integration creating various political problems.

9. Corruption:
Indian Administration is the very embodiment of corruption which hinders National Integration. People have lost faith in Administration and an atmosphere of chaos and misrule prevails. Such disruptive tendencies severely challenge National Integration.

10. Government’s Policy:
The Government’s policy is considered to be another obstacle in the process of National Integration. The government has miserably failed in curbing disintegrating forces. The Congress leaders have raised voices against casteism, regionalism, communalism from time to time, but it has promoted regionalism and casteism in practice.

11. Sons of the Soil Theory:
Sons of the Soil theory is a serious threat to National Integration. This theory has practically nullified the concept of single Indian citizenship, thereby shaking the very foundation of India’s national unity.

12. Role of Political Parties:
The role of some of the political parties in the process of national integration has been disintegrative and negative. Regional Political Parties have spread the virus of communalism and casteism in the country and thereby they have weakened the process of national integration.

Methods to Remove Hindrances in the way of National Integration:
It is imperative to eliminate all obstacles to achieve National Integration. Here are some of the steps to get rid of these stumbling blocks.

1. Economic Development:
The country should be economically developed to bring about national integration. The possibilities of National Integration can be enhanced by overcoming unemployment, economic inequality, poverty and by properly sharing economic benefits.

2. Reforms in Political Atmosphere:
The political atmosphere in the country should be improved to effect National Integration. The people of different communities, castes and regions lack mutual faith and the same should be inculcated to improve political atmosphere in the country. It will ultimately help in achieving National Integration.

3. Proper Educational System:
Proper Educational System is as vital step to bring about National Integration. The country should have a uniform educational pattern aimed at inculcating the spirit of nationalism among the students who are the future citizens. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.

4. Secularism should be real:
India has been declared a secular state in the Constitution, but it should be put into practice as well. People should be made to develop religious tolerance for other religions.

5. To remove corruption:
The administration should be cleansed of every type of corruption to achieve national integration.

6. Cultural Exchange:
Cultural programmes should be arranged among the people of different communities speaking diverse languages to create national integration.

7. Contribution of Political Parties:
Political parties can significantly contribute to bring about national integration. Political parties should not provoke religious, lingual and regional feelings of the masses for their vested interests, rather they should build a healthy public opinion for national integration.

8. Change in the policies of Government:
The central government must change its policies to create a suitable atmosphere for national integration. The government should give up its discriminatory policies. It should accept the genuine demands of the people without providing an opportunity to launch agitations or movements.

9. Restrictions on Communal Organisations:
Communal organisations should be put under strict control to achieve National Integration. The masses, too, should be enlightened about the propriety of the restrictions imposed upon communal organisations.

Steps taken to achieve National Integration:
The efforts which have been made so far for the achievement of National Integration can be classified under three heads:
1. Legislations passed by the Government.
2. Steps taken by Government and formal organisations.
3. Work done by informal organisations.

1. Legislations passed by the Government:
The government passed two legislations in 1961 to restrict communal propaganda. Any propaganda spreading hatred and enmity among people of different communities was declared a cognizable offence through these legislations. Moreover, there is a provision in the law that if a man is punished under this law, he forefeits his claim to contest elections and to franchise. In 1963, 16th amendment was affected to ensure the unity and sovereignty of the country.

2. Steps taken by Governmental and formal organisations:
A National Integration Conference was held at New Delhi from 28th Sept, to 1st Oct. 1961. The leaders of the political parties, prominent educationists, writers and scientists were invited to participate in it. This conference was of the view that political parties promoted communalism, casteism and regionalism and so they needed a set code of conduct. It contains following points:

(i) No political party should resort to a propaganda creating tension among the communities believing in different religions and speaking different languages.

(ii) The political parties should not launch any movement pertaining to communal, regional and lingual problems.

(iii) Political parties should not disrupt the meeting and exhibitions organised by other parties.

(iv) Political power should not be utilised to fulfil intra-party ends.

(v) The Government shouldn’t impose undesirable restrictions upon the freedom of citizens so that political parties may be able to work freely. The conference formed a National Integration Council consisting of Prime Minister, Home Minister, Chief Ministers of States, seven leaders of political parties, Chairman of University Grants Commission, two educationists, a nominee of scheduled castes and backward classes and seven persons nominated by the Prime Minister.

The Council had to chalk out a code of conduct for the masses, Press and students had to consider the complaints of the minority classes. On 20th June, 1968 the council held its meeting in Srinagar and condemned all tendencies which harm national integration. Communal riots occurred at Ahmedabad in 1969 and at Bhiwandi in May, 1970. The National Integration Council prepared a programme for mass- movement to end communalism. In 1970 the All India Committee of the ruling Congress passed a resolution suggesting that semi-militant and Communal organisations like R.S.S. and Jammait-Islam had no palce in secular society.

In June, 1975, Mrs. Gandhi after declaring internal emergency formed two committees to consider the problem of National Integration. One committee was headed by Brahma Nand Reddy and the second by Prof. Nurul Husan. A meeting was held at Delhi on 28th Nov. 1976, under the chairmanship of Mr. Reddy and seven-point programme was prepared for National Integration. In 1980 National Integration Council was revived. In June, 1987 a meeting of the Committee of National Integration Council was held and it condemned communal and anti-national forces.

Mr. V.P. Singh became Prime Minister on 2nd Dec. 1989. He called meeting of the National Integration Council which at its first meeting in April, 1990 adopted a five-point resolution affirming the resolve of the people to meet the challenges facing the country’s unity, integrity and its secular democratic polity in a united and determined manner.

Reorganisation of National Integration Council 1991. In Oct. 1991 Prime Minister Narsimha Rao reorganised National Integration Council and its members were increased. A meeting of the reconstituted National Integration Council was held on 2nd Nov., 1991 and discussion took place on the methods to maintain communal harmony. In this meeting general consensus was that Babri Masjid should not be touched and Ram Mandir should be built.

Meeting of the Standing Committee of the National Integration Council. On 22nd Oct. 1993 a meeting of the Standing committee of the National Integration Council was held and it supported the actions taken by the government to maintain communal harmony and peace. Reorganisation of National Integration Council-2010. On April, 12, 2010 Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh reorganised National Integration Council. Total members of its organisation is 147. Meeting of National Integration Council was held in Sept. 2013. In this meeting, the Council criticised the communal riots.

3. Work done by informal organisations:
Two informal organisations are prominent
1. Insani Biradri and
2. All India anti-communal committee.
‘Insani Biradri’ was established in 1970. Shri Jai Prakash Narayan was nominated its President and Sheikh Abdullah its Vice-President. But this organisation proved ineffective as it could not define communal organisations. All India Anti-communal Committee was headed by Smt. Subhadra Joshi. This organisation believes that combined forces of communalism are responsible for communal riots and Rashtriya Sawayam Sevak Sangh is prominent of them all.

The sixth conference of this committee was held at Delhi in 1974 and it suggested to put legal restrictions on communal organisations. It is of the view that the representatives of a communal organisation hke Muslim League shouldn’t be given any place in National Integration Council and every effort should be made to secularise educational system.

The Four Aspects of National Integeration:
1. Psychological Aspect:
Emotional integration of the people forms a key component of National Integration in India and it is taken to mean the development of a strong brotherhood and fraternity among all its people. It essentially stands for psychological and emotional integration of the people into a nation capable of securing its objectives through integrative behaviour.

2. Economic Aspect:
Economic aspect of National Integration means development of all parts of the country and economic disparities should be minimised.

3. Social Aspect:
Social aspect means all classes and communities of India should get equal oppotunities for development. All people should be treated as equal. There should be no discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, religion, sex etc.

4. Political Aspect: Political demands of different regions of the country should be given due consideration.

Conclusion
Thus the way of National Integration is blocked with innumerable hurdles which must be eliminated. It is imperative to develop emotional integration among the diverse communities having diverse languages, religions and diverse customs. So National Integration is necessary because unity is strength. Indians should transcend their petty differences and make Mother India happy, prosperous and united. Let the unity in diversity, the main feature of Indian society, be strengthened for all the times to come.
Aspects of National Integration. Following are the various aspects of National Integration.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down the meaning of National Integration in India.
Or
Write down the meaning of National Integration.
Answer:
National Integration means ur.it” T or combining all the people of the nation into a single whole. It is a particular sentiment that binds together all people in one common bond. National Integration includes nation-building and state-building. In the words of Dr. R.S. Radhakrishnan, “National Integration is not a house which could be built by mortar and bricks. It is not an implementation plan which could be discussed and implemented by experts. Integration, on the contrary, is a thought which must go into the hearts of the people. It is the consciousness which must awaken the people at large.”

Question 2.
What do you know about psychological aspect of National Integration?
Or
What is psychological aspect of National Integration?
Answer:
Emotional integration of the people forms a key component of National Integration in India and it is taken to mean the development of a strong brotherhood and fraternity among all its people. It essentially stands for psychological and emotional integration of the people into a nation capable of securing its objectives through integrative behaviour.

Question 3.
What are the different aspects of National Integration in India?
Answer:

1. Economic Aspect:
Economic aspect of National Integration means development of all parts of the country and economic disparities should be minimised.

2. Social Aspect:
Social aspect means all classes and communities of India should get equal opportunities for development. All people should be treated equal. There should be no discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, religion, sex etc.

3. Political Aspect. Political demands of different regions of the country should be given due considerations.

4. Another aspect of National Integration is psychological.

Question 4.
Explain four hindrances in the way of National Integration.
Or
Write four hindrances in the way of National Integration.
Answer:
1. Language:
India is a multi-lingual nation and in India the role of language has been more disintegrative rather than integrative. So much so that even now there is no consensus about the National Language as Hindi is opposed by some people.

2. Regionalism: Regionalism is a threat to the National Integration. Growing regional feelings have become a burning problem for India.
3. Communalism:
Communalism poses a strong challenge to national integration. Political parties are polluting the political environment by using communal propaganda.

4. Casteism: Casteism is another obstruction in the way of National Integration. The role of caste is growing day-by-day in political affairs.

Question 5.
How are the Communalism and Sons of Soil Principle (Regionalism) important obstacles in the way of National Integration in India?
Or
How does the regionalism influence National Integration in India?
Answer:
Communalism and Regionalism are proving the biggest challenges in the way of National Integration in India.
Communalism:
Communalism poses a strong challenge to National Integration. India was partitioned because of Hindu-Muslim communalism and these communal disputes are recurrent even in free India. Communal riots many a time took place in Ranchi, Jabalpur, Indore, Ahmedabad, Aligarh, Muradabad, Jammu & Kashmir. No part of the country is free from communal disturbances. In some parts of the country, religious places are being used for political purposes which is most unfortunate. The communalistic feelings totally mar the feeling of national unity and hinder the path of National Integration.

Sons of Soil or Regionalism:
Regionalism poses a big threat to National Integration. Regionalism is largely an outcome of economic and political reasons. The regions which are backward economically launch agitations for their economic development. Even political parties resort to regionalism to strengthen their stand.

Question 6.
What is the need of the National Integration in India?
Answer:
National Integration is first and foremost need for any state. Today India is free but it is like a house divided against its own self. Instead of national integration or unity there is national disintegration. Anti-social and anti-national forces are gaining ground. Prof. R. Bhaskaran rightly observes that we feel the dire need of national integration as there is every fear that clashes can occur here in India due to casteism, communalism, linguism and provincialism. These are the expressions of narrow outlook and activities of the citizens and groups who pursue personal interests above national interests. Though the Indian government has strived to solve the problem of national integration, yet it exists even today.

Question 7.
Give any four suggestions to promote National Integration in India.
Answer:
1. Economic Development: The country should be economically developed to bring about national integration.

2. Proper Educational System:
Proper Educational System is a vital step to bring about national integration. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.

3. Reforms in Political Atmosphere:
The political atmosphere in the country should be improved to effect National Integration. The people of different communities, castes and regions lack mutual faith and the same should be inculcated to improve political atmosphere in the country.

4. Secularism should be real: People of India should be made to develop religious tolerance for other religions.

Question 8.
Examine steps taken towards National Integration.
Answer:
After independence many steps have been taken for the achievement of national integration. Following are some of them:
1. In 1961 the government passed two legislations to restrict communal propaganda. Any propaganda spreading hatred and enmity among people of different communities was declared a cognizable offence through these legislations.

2. In 1963, 16th Amendment was effected to ensure the unity and sovereignty of the country.

3. In different meetings of National Integration Council, the issue of National Integration is discussed and suggestions are given for the promotion of National Integration.

Question 9.
What role can Education play in the promotion of National Integration?
Answer:
Proper educational system is a vital step to bring about National Integration. The country should have a uniform educational pattern aimed at inculcating the spirit of nationalism among the students who are the future citizens. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.

Question 10.
What do you mean by political and social aspects of National Integration?
Answer:
For the National Integration of the country, it is very much necessary that full attention should be paid towards the political demands of the people of different 1 parts of India. Political power in the centre should be in the hands of such a party as can have the loyalty and faith of the majority of the people of the country. On the basis of language Indian states were organised. At the centre as well as in all the
states, elected governments are working but still politically, many people are dissatisfied. The demands for the establishment of separate independent states are increasing and creating the atmosphere of political disintegration in the country.

Social aspect of National Integration means that there should be equal justice, treatment and opportunity to all the citizens of India. There should be no social discrimination with any particular community or the people on the basis of caste, religion, creed, sex, property etc. Though untouchability is constitutionally abolished in India, yet practically, in many parts of India, people believe in caste system.

Question 11.
What is National Integration Parishad (Council)?
Answer:
A National Integration Conference was held at New Delhi from 28th Sept, to 1st Oct. 1961. The leaders of the political parties, prominent educationists, writers and scientists were invited to participate in it. This conference was of the view that political parties promoted Communalism, Casteism and Regionalism and so they needed a set code of conduct.

The conference formed a National Integration Council consisting of Prime Minister, Home Minister, Chief Ministers of States, seven leaders of Political Parties, Chairman of University Grants Commission, Two Educationists, a Nominee of Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes and seven persons nominated by the Prime Minister. The National Integration Council in its first meeting gave a direction to the process of National Integration by defining the type of National Integration that was to be secured in India.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by National Integration?
Answer:
National Integration means uniting or combining all the people of the nation into a single whole. It is a particular sentiment that binds together all people in one common bond. National Integration includes nation-building and state-building.

Question 2.
What do you mean by psychological aspect of National Integration?
Answer:
Emotional integration of the people forms a key component of National Integration in India and it is taken to mean the development of a strong brotherhood and fraternity among all its people. It essentially stands for psychological and emotional integration of the people into a nation capable of securing its objectives through integrative behaviour.

Question 3.
Write any one famous definition of National Integration.
Or
Write any one definition of National Integration.
Answer:
According to Dr. R.S. Radhakrishnan, “National Integration is not a house which could be built by mortar and bricks. It is not an implementation plan which could be discussed and implemented by experts. Integration, on the contrary, is a thought which must go into the hearts of the people. It is the consciousness which must awaken the people at large.”

Question 4.
Discuss any two hindrances in the way of National Integration.
Answer:
1. Language:
India is a multi-lingual nation and in India the role of language has been more disintegrative rather than integrative. So much so that even now there is no consensus about the National Language as Hindi is opposed by some people.

2. Regionalism: Regionalism is a threat to the National Integration. Growing regional feelings have beeome a burning problem for India.

Question 5.
Give any two suggestions to promote National Integration in India.
Answer:

1. Economic Development: The country should be economically developed to bring about national integration.
2. Proper Educational System: Proper Educational System is a vital step to bring about national integration. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.

Question 6.
Examine any two steps taken towards National Integration.
Answer:
After independence many steps have been taken for the achievement of national integration. Following are some of them:
1. In 1961 the government passed two legislations to restrict communal propaganda. Any propaganda spreading hatred and enmity among people of different communities was declared a cognizable offence through these legislations.
2. In 1963, 16th Amendment was effected to ensure the unity and sovereignty of the country.

Question 7.
What role can Education play in the promotion of National Integration?
Answer:
Proper Educational system is a vital step to bring about National Integration. The country should have a uniform educational pattern aimed at inculcating the spirit of nationalism among the students who are the future citizens. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.

Question 8.
What do you know about National Integration Parishad (Council)?
Answer:
A National Integration Conference was held at New Delhi from 28th Sept, to 1st Oct. 1961. This conference was of the view that political parties promoted Communalism, Casteism and Regionalism and so they needed a set code of conduct. The conference formed a National Integration Council consisting of Prime Minister, Home Minister, Chief Ministers of States, seven leaders of Political Parties, Chairman of University Grants Commission, Two Educationists, a Nominee of Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes and seven persons nominated by the Prime Minister.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of National Integration.
Answer:
The real meaning of National Integration is to foster the feeling of association with one nation among those who live in a country having different and diverse cultures.

Question 2.
Give one definition of National Integration.
Answer:
According to Mynor Weiner, “National Integration implies observance of divisive forces that would balkanize the nation and presence of attitudes throughout the society that give preference to national and public interests as distinct from parochial interests.”

Question 3.
Mention any two aspects of National Integration.
Answer:

1. Political Aspect
2. Economic Aspect.

Question 4.
What is National Integration Council?
Or
When was National Integration Council formed?
Answer:
National Integration Council is such an institution which aims to promote national development. It was established in 1961.

Question 5.
Who is the founder of the Institution ‘Insani Biradri’?
Answer:
Khan Abdul Guffar Khan.

Question 6.
Why was Insani Biradari formed?
Answer:
To face the dragon of Communalism, an organisation named Insani Biradri was established in 1970.

Fill in The Blanks

1. National integrity depends on ……………..  .
Answer:
National Integration

2. The states were reorganised in 1956 on the …………….. basis to promote National Integration.
Answer:
Lingual

3. According to Sh …………….. caste in India is the most important Political Party.
Answer:
Jai Prakash Narayan

4. There should be planned …………….. development of the whole region of the country for the promotion of national integration.
Answer:
Economic

5. ‘Insani Biradri’ was established in ……………..  .
Answer:
1970.

True Or False Statement

1. Casteism is main hindrance in the way of National Integration.
Answer:
True

2. Poverty is not a hundrance in the way of National Integration.
Answer:
False

3. Illitrate man encourges the National Integration.
Answer:
False

4. Indian administration is the very embodiment of corruption which hinders National Integration.
Answer:
True

5. Insani Biradari was established in 1980.
Answer:
False

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Main hindrances of National Integration are:
(a) Regionalism
(b) Communalism
(c) Casteism
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 2.
Punjab was reconstituted on lingual basis in:
(a) 1947
(b) 1956
(c) 1966
(d) 1975.
Answer:
(c) 1966

Question 3.
What is the suggestion to remove hindrances in the way of National Integration?
(a) Economic Development
(b) Reform in Political Atmosphere
(c) Proper Educational System
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 4.
Which is one aspect of National Integration?
(a) Political Aspect
(b) Social Aspect
(c) Culture Aspect
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 5.
Which among them is to encourage National Integration?
(a) National Integration Council
(b) Insani Biradri
(c) All India Anti-Communal Committee
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 12 Electoral System Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 12 Electoral System

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by people’s participation? What are the reasons of people’s low participation in India?
Or
What is meaning of people’s participation? Explain four reasons of low and poor people’s participation in India.
Answer:
Meaning of People’s Participation:
Political participation broadly refers to a wide spectrum of political activities ranging from the simple act of voting to widespread political activism in the political process. It thus implies several voluntary activities apart from voting during the elections. It may involve joining a political party, participation in a political meeting, demonstration, rally, standing for election to the local bodies, state legislature or parliament, maintaining contacts with the elected representatives, sending petitions to the government for the redressal of grievances of the people and a number of other activities concerned in any way with the political system of the country.

Reasons for Low People’s Participation in Indian Democracy:
India is the biggest demorcratic country in the world. But in India hardly 60% of the voters cast their votes. Following factors are responsible for people’s low participation in elections of India.

1. Poverty: Majority of the people in India are poor. A poor person remains worried about earning his livelihood and has no time to cast his vote. The poor person does not even think about the elections.
2. Illiteracy: Majority of the people in India are illiterate. An illiterate person does not understand the importance of the right to vote. Hence illiterate persons don’t go to cast their votes.
3. Unemployment: Thousands of educated and uneducated people are unemployed in India. They remain indifferent to democracy and do not take interest in elections.
4. Another reason of low people’s participation is indian democracy are indifferent views of the peoples.
5. Corruption is another reason for low people’s participation in India.
6. People do not have enough faith in political parties.
7. Social and political backwardness is another reason for low people’s participation in media.

Question 2.
What is meant by Voting Behaviour? Write main determinants of Voting Behaviour in India.
Or
What is meant by Voting Behaviour? Write the factors which determine the Voting Behaviour in India.
Answer:
Samuel Eldersveld writes, The term ‘voting behaviour’ is not new. But it is used of late to describe certain areas of study and type of political phenomena which previously either had not been conceived or were considered irrelevant. Voting behaviour connotes today more than examination of voting records, compilation of voting statistics and computation of electoral shifts.

Students are deeply immersed in analysis of individual psychological process (perception, emotion, motivation) and their relation to political action as well as of industrial patterns, such as the communication process, and their impact on elections. Today we accept the relevance of a host of variables which, if perceived at all fifteen years ago, certainly did not constitute the focus of inquiry into voting behaviour. The term thus, has expanded in meaning and further is construed as but one area of study subscribed within the broader designation of political behaviour.”

Today voting behaviour is regarded as that area or field of political science which is most suitable for study by the application of scientific techniques. According to Bowman and Boyntion the traditional approaches to the study of this subject were of two kinds: those, which emphasised legal and constitutional aspects, aimed at the description and analysis of election laws, qualifications of voters, delimitation of constituencies and voting machinery. For example, description studies of Negro disenfranchisement. Historical accounts of election campaigns also formed part of this group. In other words, which were the result of traditional approach, were more normative and value laden.

‘Whereas the traditional approach to electoral politics is concerned primarily with assessing the quality of election choice and analysing electoral institutions, the empirical and the behavioural approaches have focussed upon the relationship among the determinants of electoral outcomes. Empirical research has attempted to identify the factors contributing to the voting decision, while behavioural research has attempted to construct theoretical generalisations explaining the interconnections of variable accounting for these decisions, making possible the prediction of future voting patterns.’

Analysis of Voting behaviour began in France in 1913, in the United States during the period between the two world wars and in the United Kingdom after the Second World War.

Factors which influence Voting Behaviour:
It is difficult to ascertain voting behaviour of the voters. Prof. Maya remarks that individual may cast his vote to protect his personal interest or that of a group to which he is loyal; he may merely express his preference for the candidate; he may take part in a ritual because it is the thing to do, like celebrating a national holiday; he may express his faith in democracy and his country; he may pass judgement on the government’s record or show his agreement with a party’s general policy; he may study type of the candidate and his party carefully.

Or he may simply flip a coin. All voting is an emotional experience for ditch-diggers and professors alike; and the people vote in the same election, but not all of them vote on it. Many factors influence the voting behaviour and some important factors which influence the voting behaviour are as below:

1. Social Class:
Social class is one of the most important factors which influence the voting behaviour. Social class is the most important determinant of the voting behaviour in the United Kingdom. While the middle class votes for the conservative party, the workers vote for the labour party. Social class is less significant in American elections than in Western Europe, yet people with low incomes tend to support the democratic party while the rich tend to be republicAnswer:

2. Religion:
Religion also influences the voting behaviour to some extent. The Unionist Party wins the overwhelming majority of protestant votes in Northern Ireland. Conservative parties in France dominate more strongly the areas of Bittany and Alsac. American ethnic minorities have tended to support the democratic party, and voting in Canada, Belgium and South Africa is still based on religious ethnic divisions. With Kennedy the candidate in 1960, four out of the five Catholics voted Democratic Party and analysis of 1964 returns indicates that this Catholic support of the Democratic Party continued. As V. D. Key says, probably the best guess is that Kennedy won because of the fact that he was a Catholic.

3. Age:
Age is also a great factor which influences the voting behaviour. Generally older voters tend to vote for conservative parties. Moreover, age reflects the historical period when the elector’s voting habits were being formed. The Michigan Survey Centre reported in 1960 that two-thirds of its respondents who could recall their first vote still identified with the same party, and 56 per cent claimed never to have crossed party lines in a presidential election.

4. Caste:
Caste is another factor which influences the behaviour of voters. In Indian caste plays a very important role in elections. Prof. Rudolph says, “Within the new context of political democracy, caste remains a central element of India’s society even while adapting itself to the values and methods of democratic politics. Indeed, it has become one of the chief means by which the Indian masses have been attached to the process of democratic politics.”

While emphasising the role of caste in the Kerala elections, Prof. Harrison says: “The success of the Kerala Communist Party as the first regional Communist Party in India to capture control of a state government can be explained, above all, to its ability to manipulate politically strategic caste lobbies within linguistic boundaries as in Andhra. The Kerala Communists were able to transform economic despair into a legislative majority because of their footing on regional caste ground, notable among the numerous Ezhaves who provided the necessary majority of constituencies.” .

5. Effect of Individual Personality:
According to Profs. Carr, Berustein and Murphy, one of the most fascinating aspects of political behaviour is the effect of individual personality traits on the voting decision.

6. The influence of Policy Views:
Key is of the opinion that great number of citizens do in fact vote according to their policy preference. In his examinations of Gallup studies ranging from 1936 to 1960, Key found a marked correlation between voters’ views on public policy issues and their support of one party or the other.

7. Party Propaganda: Party campaign and propaganda is also an important factor which influences the voting behaviour to some extent.

8. Money Power: Voters are also influenced by money power, which plays a major part in the election system.

9. Elite Influence. In every political system, howsoever modern, there are bound to be elitist sections who exercise their influence on the masses.

10. Respected and influential leaders:
Sometimes, the choice of voting is made for the vote by others, such as elders, respected persons and influential leaders.

11. Conscious thinking:
The voting decision of a voter may be the result of his conscious thinking effort to discriminate between the different choices open to him.

12. The voter’s choice is made in a concrete situation and his idea about that situation normally affects his choice and thus the general public opinion is likely to have important bearing on people’s voting choice.

Varma and Bhambari write:
Voting choice is, in one way or the other, the function of a process of political decision-making by each individual voter but that does not mean that the individual voter makes the decision in abstract; all the normal political, social and other forces which influence him and some of them are especially whipped up on the election even exert greater influence on him. As a citizen, a voter has own political and social preferences and prejudices which he must take into account while making his voting choice.

It has been traditional in voting research to emphasise the stability of voter’s behaviour and attribute change to a small group of voters, the ‘floating voters’, who lack a consistent image of the political parties and who fail to identify themselves with a particular party. According to Alan Ball, this view that while the vast majority of electors are stable in their voting behaviour, elections are decided by a relatively small, ill-informed and disinterested minority, has been challenged recently on two fronts.

First, American research has pointed to the possibility that the floating voter may not be as politically illiterate, as the more partisan voter, and secondly,and more importantly, British research has shown that electoral changes may not be due only to this small group of voters, but that in fact there is a far large element of instability in voting behaviour than was believed to be the case.

Question 3.
Explain any six functions of Election Commission of India.
Or
Explain the composition of the Election Commission and explain four functions of National Election Commission in India.
Or
Discuss the six functions of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
India is a sovereign democratic republic. For the successful working of democracy, elections must be held in a non-partisan spirit. The framers of our Constitution were aware of the need to have an independent and impartial agency to conduct free and fair elections in the country. To ensure this, the Constitution has provided an Election Commission to conduct fair elections.

Composition:
The Election Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of other Election Commissioners as the President may from time to time fix. Till 1989, the Election Commission has always been a one man commission in the sense that though the Chief Election Commissioner was always appointed, no other Election Commissioner was appointed. In 1989 the President appointed two Election Commissioners on the eve of the general elections of 1989.

However, the National Front Government, soon after it came to power, decided to abolish these posts and reverted to the earlier position. In October, 1993 the President appointed two Election Commissioners through an ordinance and gave them the same position and status as the Chief Election Commissioner. The Ordinance was challenged by the Chief Election Commissioner T.N. Seshan and the Supreme Court upheld the supremacy of the Chief Election Commissioner over the newly appointed Election Commissioners.

After the judgement given by the Supreme Court on July 1995, the Court has ruled that the Election Commissioners enjoy equal status with the Chief Election Commissioner. The appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners is made by the President. Before every general elections, the President also appoints, in consultation with the Election Commission, such Regional Commissioners as he considers necessary to assist the Election Commission. At present there are one Chief Election Commissioner and two other Election Commissioners.

The tenure and the service conditions of the Election Commission are determined by the President. Generally the Election Commissioner is appointed for a period of six years. The conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. The Chief Election Commissioner may only be removed when 2/3 majority of the Parliament passes a resolution for his removal. Regional Commissioners can only be removed on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner.

The President or the Governor of a State makes available to the Election Commission such staff as may be necessary for the discharge of its functions.
Functions of the Election Commission. Following are the main functions of the Election Commission:
1. Superintendence, direction and control of the electoral roll for election.

2. To conduct elections to Parliament and legislatures of states and also to the offices of the President and Vice-President.

3. The Election Commission fixes the time-table for the elections.

4. The Election Commission orders a fresh elections in a constituency or at a polling booth if it resorted to malpractices, such as intimidation of voters or burning of polling booths etc. or if it has vitiated the electoral process. On 21st May, 1991 Election Commission countermanded elections in two Parliamentary Constituencies.

5. The Election Commission appoints Returning Officers and Assistant Returning Officers to conduct the elections.

6. The Election Commission allots symbols to various political parties and the candidates.

7. The Election Commission is authorised to recognise a political party. It is the Election Commission that determines what political parties will be recognised at both National and state levels. Election Commission gave recognition to Seven National Political Parties and 59 state level parties.

8. The Election Commissioner is to ensure that only those persons cast their votes, who are entitled to it and that there is no impersonation.

9. The Election Commission decides where polling booths should be set up so that electorates are not required to travel a long distance.

10. The Election Commission is responsible for the safe custody of the ballot boxes and the counting of votes before the results are announced.

11. The Election Commission prepares a code of conduct for all political parties and independent candidates who are contesting elections.

12. The Election Commission supervises the staff deputed by the Union government and the State governments for the election purposes.

13. All election results are announced by the Election Commission. So far 17 elections to the Lok Sabha have been conducted. The Election Commission has acquired considerable prestige and reputation for conducting elections in a fair and free manner.

Question 4.
Describe the features of the Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
The main features of Indian Electoral system are:
1. Universal Adult Franchise:
In India the system of universal adult franchise has been adopted for the election of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. Every person who is a citizen of India and who is not less than eighteen years of age has the right to exercise his vote in election of members of the House of the People and State Legislative Assemblies.

2. Direct Election:
The Constitution provides for the system of direct election of the members of the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly of every state by the eligible voters.

3. Joint Electoral System:
The Constitution of India provides for a system of joint electorates. Under the joint electorate system every voter in constituency is entitled to participate in electing representative from the constituency.

4. Single Member Constituency:
The Constitution of India provides for a single member constituency. For this purpose the entire country is divided into 543 constituencies. Belonging voters elect their representatives. But only one representative represents his constituency.

5. Election Commission: The Constitution has provided Election Commission to conduct free and fair elections.

Question 5.
Explain the main steps of Election process in India.
Or
What is election process? Name all the important stages of Indian election process.
Answer:
India is a democratic country. But India has adopted indirect democracy. Administration is run by the representatives of the people, who are elected for a fixed term. In India election procedure is as given below:

1. Constituencies:
The first important task in elections is delimitation of constituencies. Under Article 327 of the Constitution the Union Parliament is empowered to enact legislation from time to time to provide for the delimitation of constituencies for elections to Parliament and to the state legislatures. Parliament passed the Delimitation Commission Act, 1952. The Act provides for the establishment of a Delimitation Commission for the purpose of delimitating constituencies in each state after every census.

2. List of Voters:
First, temporary list of voters is prepared. If anybody’s name is excluded from the list, he can ask for inclusion of his name. But such a request is to be made within a fixed time.

3. Appointment: Senior staff for election purposes is appointed for supervision.

4. Polling Stations: In each constituency polling stations are established and a fixed number of voters are directed to cast their votes there.

5. Filing of the Nomination Papers: After the announcement of the date of elections, nomination papers are filed in favour of candidates.

6. Withdrawal of Nomination: Candidates are allowed to withdraw their names from elections. But this is to be done before the last date for withdrawal.

7. Scrutiny and Objections:
On the fixed date nomination papers are scrutinised and those papers, which are not proper, are rejected and the names of eligible candidates are announced.

8. Propaganda:
With the announcement of elections, political parties and indepedent candidates start propaganda and try to influence the voters. The party propaganda is carried out through election manifesto of the party, public meetings, door canvassing, pamphlets etc. Electioneering ceases forty- eight hours before the closing hour or polling in each constituency.

9. Polling:
On the day of the polling, a holiday is declared so that each voter can cast his vote. At polling booth voters are given ballot papers and the voter stamps against the name of the candidate whom he wants to vote. After that the voter puts the ballot paper in the ballot box.

10. Counting of votes:
After the polling is over the polling officer seals the ballot boxes in the presence of two representatives of the candidates and sends the ballot boxes at a particular place. On the fixed date ballot boxes are opiened in the presence of the representatives of candidates and votes are counted. A candidate getting the highest votes is declared elected. If a candidate fails to get one-sixth of the votes then he loses his security also.

11. Election Expenses:
Each candidate has to submit the accounts of election expenditure to the Election Commission within forty-five days of the declaration of result. The amount of election expenditure is fixed and if any candidate spends more than the fixed limit then his election is nullified.

12. Election Petition:
If any candidate is not satisfied with the impartiality of election or due to some other reason, he may appeal to the court. The court decides the case and an appeal can be made to the Supreme Court against the decision of the High Court.

Question 6.
What is meant by Adult Franchise? Write two arguments in favour and two against Adult Franchise.
Or
Write arguments in favour of and against Adult Franchise.
Or
Give arguments for and against Adult Franchise.
Answer:
What is Adult Franchise or Adult Suffrage? With the advent of democracy, there started a heated controversy as to which category of the people in society should be given the right to elect representatives. Some people are of the opinion that the right to vote is a function and it should be given only to those people who use it properly. Some favour property and some favour education as the basis for giving the right to vote to the people. But the majority is of the opinion that all the people should be equally given the right to vote.

By adult franchise we mean that every person, both male and female, above the age of maturity, irrespective of caste, colour, creed, property, education, profession or sex, is entitled to enjoy the right to vote in the elections. The idea underlying this principle is that the final sovereignty lies with the people as a whole and not with a particular section of society. At present nearly all the civilized countries like Britain, U.S.A., Russia, France, India, etc., have adopted this principle of Adult Suffrage’ and accordingly all the adults enjoy the right to vote. The age of attaining maturity is fixed by the State. In Britain it is 18 years, in India it is 18 years, in Switzerland it is 20 years and in Russia it is 18 years.

How Universal Adult Franchise was accepted in different countries? There has been a long struggle for the acceptance of the principle of Universal adult franchise. Many battles had to be fought, all the world over, for making it a reality. Women were not considered equal, politically, socially and legally. Hence women were not given the right to vote. Till the second decade of the twentieth century, no country had adopted Universal Adult Franchise.

New Zealand was the first country to incorporate the provisions for universal adult franchise in 1893. Manhood suffrage was introduced in Great Britain in 1918 whereas Universal Adult Franchise was introduced in 1928. The United States extended franchise to women by the 19th Amendment of the Constitution in 1919. Soviet Union, the land of the October Revolution 1917, introduced universal adult franchise in 1936. Slogan of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity was popularised by the French Revolution of 1789, but it was only in 1945 that universal adult franchise was introduced. In India Universal Adult Franchise was followed in 1950.

Arguments in Favour of Adult Franchise:
The principle of Adult Franchise possesses some fundamental merits which cannot be ignored in the modern age of democracy. The merits are as follows:
1. It is in accordance with democratic principles:
The principle of adult franchise is in accordance with the democratic principles. Democracy is a government of the people by the people and for the people. If the principle of adult franchise is not introduced then the power to govern will pass on to some section of the people instead of remaining with the people and the administration may not be run in the best interests of the masses.

2. National unity:
The system of Universal Adult franchise is quite essential for the maintenance of national unity. If only a section of the people is given the right to vote, then the entire public could not consider the government as its own. The people would be divided into two groups and the people who do not enjoy the right to vote would not extend willing co-operation to the government. This way national unity cannot be achieved. But if the system of Universal Adult Franchise is introduced, then all the citizens would consider the State as their own.

3. Laws affect all alike:
Whatever laws are framed by the government, they are not meant for a particular community or a section of the people but they affect all alike. Only those people should have the power to frame laws to whom they concern. Therefore, the introduction of the principle of Adult Franchise is essential so that everybody gets the right to participate in the election of the representatives. It is only under such circumstances that laws can be framed in accordance with the wishes of the people.

4. Peace and order:
The application of the principle of Adult Franchise lies ‘ in the establishment of peace and order in the State. The laws are framed
by the representatives of the people in accordance with their wishes. That is why the laws are willingly obeyed by the people. The people fully co-operate with the government and the laws are never violated. All this helps in the maintenance of peace and order.

5. All the people pay taxes to the government:
The government collects money from the people in the form of taxes. Now a days both the direct and indirect taxes are imposed upon the people and hence all the people pay taxes. According to democratic principle that money should be spent by those people only who have given it in the form of taxes. Therefore, all the people should have the right to send representative to that body which has the power to impose taxes upon the people.

6. Political education:
An important merit of Adult Franchise is that it gives political education to the people. If a large number of people get the right to vote, it helps in making them politically educated. When all the people participate in the election they are bound to think about the problems of the country. They will try to find out solution to all the problems which are facing the country.

7. It creates spirit of self-respect:
Through the system of Adult Franchise the people develop the spirit of self-respect. People develop the feeling that they have a share in the government of the State and they have a hand in the making of the government. They think themselves a very important part of the machinery of the State. They do not think themselves in any way inferior to anybody.

8. No danger of Revolution:
Another merit of Adult Franchise is that all the people get the right to vote and there is no danger of revolution. There are many reasons for it. First, because of Adult Franchise the government represents the entire mass of public and nobody ever complains against the government. Secondly, if the government does not function in accordance with the wishes of the people, the people can change it. The government represents all the people and no section of society opposes its actions.

9. Representation to minorities:
Due to Adult Franchise minorities also get some representation. Hence the problem of giving representation to the minorities is solved by Adult Franchise.

10. Essential for civil rights:
Every citizen enjoys civil and economic rights. To protect social and economic rights, political rights are essential and right to vote is the most important political right.

Arguments Against Adult Franchise:
There is a large number of people who find fault with the system of Adult Franchise and they put forward the following arguments in support of their viewpoint:
1. Uneducated should not be given the right to vote:
The right to vote is not a natural or an inherent right which everybody can enjoy. In fact it is a sort of special privilege which is conferred only on those persons who are best fitted to utilize it for the welfare of the State. Some people are of the opinion that the right to vote should be given only to the educated people. The educated persons can make a proper use of their rights. An uneducated person cannot understand who is the best candidate out of all.

2. Government of the fools:
The masses are ignorant and illiterate. They do not even possess the capacity or understanding to elect the best candidates and to judge the worth of governmental policy. Therefore to entrust the right of voting to ignorant masses is to welcome dangerous consequences. The system of Universal Adult Franchise establishes a government of the fools because the fools and the ignorant are in a majority in society.

3. Franchise based on property:
Some people are of the view-point that franchise should be based on property. Those who are propertied persons and who pay the taxes should have the right to elect the representatives so that these representatives could frame the laws in accordance with the wishes of the tax payers. But this argument does not carry much weight. Nowadays all the people pay taxes and the laws are applicable to all the people equally.

4. No franchise to women:
Some people are of the opinion that women should not be given the right to vote. They say that women are physically weak and they are not capable enough to take an active part in politics. Their proper place is home and not political field. Their participation in politics will disturb the peace at home. In the modern age even this argument does not carry weight. The women are taking very active and intelligent part in politics.

5. All citizens are not equal:
It is also wrong that all the people are equal. Nature has not created everybody equal. Some are wise from their very birth and others are fools. All the people cannot be given similar type of work because all are not equally competent. Therefore all the people cannot be given the right to vote and the right to contest election on equal footing.

6. Franchise is not a right but a responsibility:
Many scholars consider that the right to vote is not a right but it is a responsibility. The right can be extended only to those persons who are really capable of using it properly. If it is extended to an incompetent person, it proves very useless. Therefore the right to vote should be extended only to the capable and educated persons.

7. Radical legislation:
Another defect of adult franchise is that it helps in the framing of radical legislation. A large number of people are elected who can influence the ordinary citizens by their progressive views. These people adopt progressive measures and they create a new atmosphere in society. These progressive measures create cultural lag in society and the relationship between the present and the past is completely broken.

Conclusion:
There is no doubt that the system of Adult Franchise has been criticised on various grounds and various arguments have been put forward against it but the fact is that the merits of Adult Franchise outweigh its demerits. In the modern age almost all the countries have adopted the system of Adult Franchise. In the absence of Adult Franchise democracy is incomplete and it cannot be a success.

Question 7.
What do you know of the Direct and Indirect Election system? Also explain their merits and demerits.
Or
Explain the merits and demerits of the system of Direct Election.
Or
Write Merits and Demerits of Direct Election System.
Answer:
In democracy the people elect their representatives and the representatives carry out the wishes of the people. Nowadays almost all the countries have adopted the system of Adult franchise. There are two ways to electing representatives- Direct Election and Indirect Election.

Direct Election:
In the system of Direct election the voters directly participate in election and elect their representatives. The process of direct election is quite simple. Every voter goes to the polling station and records his vote either in favour or against particular candidates. A candidate securing the maximum number of votes is declared elected. This system of election is the most popular and is followed in all democratic countries for electing members of People’s Chamber. All members of the State assemblies and House of People in India are elected directly. Every adult in India exercises the right to vote.

Its Merits.
1. Firstly, direct election is consistent with the principle of democracy. People have direct share in the choice of their representatives and in determining the public policy.

2. Secondly, the system makes the citizens active and alert. Each voter feels that his voice will count in the formation of government and the selection of law-makers. A direct contact between the electors and the representatives stimulates interest in public affairs and develops the sense of public spirit. The system makes people conscious of the rights and duties and is fully in keeping with the democratic principles.

3. Thirdly, the representative elected under this system feels responsible to the people and he tries to keep himself in touch with them and better their conditions.

4. Fourthly, direct election broadens the mental outlook of the citizens since it places before them the national aspects of the social and political problems. The voters are presented the different policies and programmes of the candidates.

5. Fifthly, direct election checks the use of corrupt and unfair means in election.

Its Demerits.
1. Firstly, direct election means political excitement which leads to the election of undesirable candidates. The voters are easily carried away or misled by clever orators. They are swept off their feet by popular passion.

2. Secondly, direct election increases the election expenditure which entails a heavy burden on the public purse.

3. Thirdly, direct election places the final choice of the representatives in the hands of the masses and most of them do not have enough of intelligence or independence to vote for the right type of candidates.

4. Fourthly, direct election means election campaigns and intensive political propaganda for and against different candidates. Many citizens, therefore, who would have proved the best administrators, avoid to contest elections.
This means a great national loss.

Indirect Election:
Indirect election means that the voters do not directly participate in the election of their representatives but choose only an intermediary body which elects the representatives. This intermediary body is usually called the Electoral College. It is a system of Double election. In the first instance, the general mass of voters elect from among themselves a small group of electors. These electors then elect the final representatives who become the members of the legislature.

Thus the final choice of electing the representatives is not that of the general mass of voters but of the intermediary body of electors which the general mass of voters had elected in the first instance. This Indirect Election system is often used for the constitution of second chamber. The Council of States in India, the President of India and the President of U.S.A. are elected by the method of Indirect election.

Its Merits:
1. It is useful where the people are sufficiently educated and politically organized and where the constituencies are very large and unwieldy.

2. The final choice of the representatives is in the hands of a body of select persons who possess superior knowledge and are guided by a keener sense of responsibility. It helps to check popular passion.

3. Clever politicians and orators cannot mislead the few selected people. There is no occasion for any disorder or dislocations taking place as a result of the voters being swayed by political passions. There are neither election campaigns nor party propaganda.

4. This system minimizes the evils of party politics and propaganda.

5. Under this system there are in fact two elections. This involves delay which proves very useful. The Electoral College makes the final choice after cool consideration. The delay makes the situation cool and the electors can vote freely and dispassionately.

Its Demerits.
1. The method of indirect election creates a big gap between the representative and the voters. The representatives do not feel responsible to the primary voters.
2. The voters have no direct participation in the selection of their representatives, and so they take little interest in politics and become negligent on public affairs. The system, therefore, has no educative value.
3. The system gives birth to corruption and political intrigue. The intermediate body of voters has a small membership and can be more easily bribed by a rich and powerful candidate.
4. Actually it leads to more party strifes and in countries where political parties are well organized, election by indirect method has become a mere formality.

Conclusion:
Out of the two methods of elections, the method of Direct Election prevails in most of the countries. In all the democratic countries the representatives to the legislature are elected by the method of Direct Election. The members of the Upper House can be elected through the method of Indirect Election. In India the members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the method of Indirect Election. The President of India and the President of U.S.A. are also elected by the method of Indirect Election.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down the composition of Election Commission in India.
Or
Write down the composition of the Election Commission.
Answer:
The Election Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of other Election Commissioners the President may appoint from time to time. In October, 1993 the President appointed two Election Commissioners through an ordinance. At present the Election Commission consists of Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.

The appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners is made by the President. Before each general election, the President also appoints, in consultation with the Election Commission, such Regional Commissioners as he considers necessary to assist the Election Commission. The tenure and other service conditions of the Election Commission are determined by the President. Generally the Election Commissioner is appointed for a period of six years. The conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.

Question 2.
Explain any two changing characteristics of Indian Electorate.
Answer:
Important changes have taken place in the character of Indian electorate. Two important changes are as follows:

1. The Indian voter has become more politicised. Indian electorate are now taking more interest in the political activities of the country. Indian voters are now more conscious politically.
2. Indian electorate are more concerned with the contemporary events and problems than with the past achievements or activities of the parties.

Question 3.
Suggest four remedies to improve the Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
Following remedies are suggested to improve the Indian Electoral System:
1. The present electoral system of single-member constituencies should be replaced by a system of proportional representation.

2. Strict action should be taken against those who indulge in booth-capturing and bogus voting. The high powered Committee on electoral reforms recommended a series of legislative measures to eradicate booth-capturing, rigging and intimidation. The recommended steps include ordering of repoll or countermanding not only on the report of the returning officer but also otherwise and vesting the Commission with power of appointment of investigating agencies, prosecuting agencies and asking for the constitution of Special Courts.

3. There should be provision for recall.

4. The elections including the polling should be so conducted that the people are in a position to exercise their franchise freely, without intimidation, coercion, interference, undue inducement by political parties and others.

Question 4.
Discuss four techniques of election campaign in India.
Answer:

• Every main political party and sometimes independent candidates issue election manifesto.
• Political parties and candidates arrange public meetings and processions, by which they try to persuade the voters in their favour through their speeches and personalities.
• Wall-paintings, posters and big leaflets are other important techniques of election campaign.
• Slogans is a very popular and influential technique of election campaign.

Question 5.
Write four functions of Election Commission.
Or
Write down any four functions of Election Commission.
Answer:
1. Election Commission supervises, directs and controls the elections. Such elections include election to Parliament, the legislature of every State and the offices of the President and the Vice-President held under the constitution of India.

2. Election Commission prepares electoral rolls and delimitation of constituencies.

3. Election Commission appoints returning officers and assistant returning officers to conduct the election.

4. The allotment of election symbols to a political party and an independent candidate is done by the Election Commission.

Question 6.
Write any four drawbacks of Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
1. Number of Seats:
There is no relationship between the votes secured by a party and its strength in the Assembly or the Parliament. The number of seats secured by a particular party is not proportionate to the voters.

2. Money Power:
Another important drawback of Indian electoral system is the growing influence of money in elections. The expenses incurred on election are so huge that parties tend to give ticket only to a millionaire. The high cost of electioneering has resulted in corrupt practices.

3. Misuse of Public Media:
It is being alleged that the Congress was using the government monopoly in radio and television for the party. This thing has gone a long way in helping the party in power by projecting.its image. These public media have thus been abused.

4. The existing system of election gives more importance to the individual candidate than the’political party.

Question 7.
Write down four facts which determine the Voting Behaviour in India.
Answer:

1. Influence of Religion: Religion influences the voting behaviour to a great extent. In India, many parties seek votes on the basis of religion.
2. Influence of Caste: Caste influences the voting behaviour to a large extent. In India caste plays a very important role in elections.
3. Party Propaganda: Party campaign and propaganda is also an important factor which influences the voting behaviour to some extent.
4. Money Power: Voters are also influenced by money power, which plays a major part in the election system.

Question 8.
Write any four stages of Electoral Process in India.
Answer:
In India election procedure is as follows:
1. Constituencies:
The first important task in election is delimitation of constituencies. Parliament passed the Delimitation Commission Act, 1952. The Act provides for the establishment of a Delimitation Commission for the purpose of delimitating constituencies in each state after every census.

2. List of Voters:
First, temporary list of voters is prepared. If anybody’s name is excluded from the list, he can ask for inclusion of his name. But such a request is to be made within a fixed time.

3. Filing of the Nomination Papers. After the announcement of the date of election, nomination papers are filed in favour of candidates.

4. Withdrawal of Nomination:
Candidates are allowed to withdraw their names from elections. But this is to be done before the last date for withdrawal.

Question 9.
What are the causes of inadequate people’s participation in India?
Or
Why is the level of people’s participation so low in India?
Answer:
India is the biggest democratic country in the world. But in India hardly 60% of the voters cast their votes. Following factors are responsible for people’s low participation in elections of India.
1. Poverty:
Majority of the people in India are poor. A poor person remains worried about earning his livelihood and has no time to cast his vote. The poor person does not even think about the elections.

2. Illiteracy:
Majority of the people in India are illiterate. An illiterate person does not understand the importance of the right to vote. Hence illiterate persons don’t go to cast their votes.

3. Unemployment:
Thousands of educated and uneducated people are unemployed in India. They remain indifferent to democracy and do not take interest in elections.

4. Another reason of low people’s participation in Indian democracy is indifferent view of the peoples.

Question 10.
What do you understand by People’s Participation in a Democracy?
Answer:
Political participation broadly refers to a wide spectrum of political activities ranging from the simple act of voting to widespread political activism in the political process. It thus implies several voluntary activities apart from voting during the elections. It may involve joining a political party, participation in a political meeting, demonstration, rally, standing for election to the local bodies, state legislature or parliament, maintaining contacts with the elected representatives, sending petitions to the government for the redressal of grievances of the people and a number of other activities concerned in any way with the political system of the country.

Question 11.
How does Casteism effect the Voting Behaviour in India?
Answer:
Caste influences the behaviour of voters. In India caste plays a very important role in elections Prof. Rudolph says, “Within the new context of political democracy, caste remains a central element of Indian society even while adapting itself to the values and methods of democratic politics. Indeed, it has become one of the chief means by which the Indian masses have been attached to the process of democratic politics.”

Question 12.
Explain the meaning of voting behaviour. Describe two major determinants of voting behaviour in India.
Or
Explain voting behaviour in India.
Answer:
In the words of J.C. Plano and R.E. Riggs, “Voting behaviour is a field of study concerned with the ways in which people tend to vote in public elections and reasons they vote as they do.”
In brief, the study of voting behaviour implies two things:

• Why people exercise their right to vote and
• Why they exercise their franchise in favour of different candidates.

Some of the important determinants of voting behaviour in India are:

• Caste of the candidate.
• Religion of the candidate.
• Region to which the candidate belongs.
• Influence of money.

Question 13.
What is the salary and term of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners?
Or
Write down the tenure of the members of Election Commission.
Answer:
In December, 1993 the Indian Parliament passed the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1993. As per the provisions of the Act, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners are paid a salary equal to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court. Thus, each of them is paid? 250000 per month as salary.

The Act further provides that the Chief Election Commissioner or an Election Commissioner holds office for a term of six years from the date on which he assumes his office. But if the Chief Election Commissioner or an Election Commissioner attains the age of sixty-five years before the expiry of the term of six years, he shall vacate his office on the date on which he attains the said age.

Question 14.
How is the Chief Election Commissioner removed in India?
Or
Describe the method of appointment, tenure and procedure of the removal of Chief Election Commissioner of India.
Answer:
1. The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President subject to the provisions of any law made on that behalf by the Indian Parliament.

2. The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed for a period of six years.

3. The Chief Election Commissioner is removed from his office by an order of the President after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of the House and by a majority of not less than two thirds of the members of the House present and voting had been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity.

Question 15.
Describe any four features of the Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
The three important features of the Indian Electoral System are the following:

1. Universal Adult Franchise: In India the system of universal adult franchise has been adopted for the election of members of Lok Sabha and of State Legislative Assemblies.
2. Direct Election: The Constitution provides for the system of direct election of the members of the House of the People and of Legislative Assembly of every state by the eligible voters.
3. Joint Electorate System: The Constitution of India provides for a system of joint electorates.
4. There is a provision of Reservation of seats for the SCs and STs.

Question 16.
What do you mean by Universal Adult Franchise?
Or
What do you understand by Universal Adult Franchise?
Answer: By universal adult franchise we mean that every citizen both male and female, above the age of maturity, irrespective of caste, colour, creed, property, education, profession or sex, is entitled to enjoy the right to vote in the election. The age of attaining maturity is fixed by the state. In England and in India it is 18 years.

Question 17.
Give four arguments in favour of Adult Franchise.
Answer:
The arguments in favour of adult franchise are given below:
1. It is in accordance with democratic principles. The principle of adult franchise is in accordance with the democratic principles.

2. National unity. The system of Universal Adult Franchise is quite essential for the maintenance of national unity. If the system of Universal Adult Franchise is introduced then all the citizens would consider the State as their own.

3. Laws affect all alike. The introduction of the principle of Adult Franchise is essential so that everybody gets the right to participate in the election of the representatives. It is only under such circumstances that laws can be framed in accordance with the wishes of the people.

4. An important merits of Adult Franchise is that it gives political education to the people.

Question 18.
Give three arguments against Adult Franchise.
Answer:
1. The uneducated should not be given the right to vote. The right to vote is not a natural or an inherent right which everybody can enjoy. The educated persons can make the proper use of their rights. An uneducated person cannot understand who is the best candidate out of all.

2. Government of the fools. The system of Universal Adult Franchise establishes a government of the fools because the fools and the ignorant are in a majority in the society.

3. All citizens are not equal. It is also wrong that all the people are equal. Therefore, all the people cannot be given the right to vote and to contest election on equal footing.

4. Franchise is not a right but responsibility. Therefore the right to vote should be extended only to the capable and educated persons.

Question 19.
What do you mean by Direct Method of Election?
Answer:
In the system of Direct election the votes directly participate in election and elect their representatives, the process of direct election is quite simple. Every voter goes to the polling station and records his vote either in favour or against particular candidates. A candidate securing the maximum number of votes is declared elected. This system of election is the most popular and is followed in all democratic countries for electing members of People’s Chamber. All members of the State assemblies and House of People in India are elected directly. Every adult in india exercises the right to vote.

Question 20.
What is meant by Indirect Method of Election?
Answer:
Indirect elections means that the voters do not directly participate in the election of their representatives but choose only an intermediary body which elects the representatives. This intermediary body is usually called the Electoral College. It is a system of Double election. In the first instance, the general mass of voters elect from among themselves a small group of electors. These electors then elect the final representatives who become the members of the legislature.

Thus the final choice of electing the representatives is not that of the general mass of voters but of the intermediary body of electors which the general mass of voters had elected in the first instance. This Indirect Election system is often used for the constitution of second chamber. The Council of States in India, the President of India and the President of U.S.A are elected by the method of Indirect election.

Question 21.
Distinguish between Direct election and Indirect election methods.
Or
Differentiate between Direct and Indirect Election System.
Answer:
In the system of direct election the voters directly participate in election and elect their representatives. But in indirect election the voters do not directly participate in the election of their representatives but choose an intermediary body which elects the representatives. This intermediary body is usually called the Electoral College. It is a system of double election. In India all members of the state assemblies and Lok Sabha are elected directly. The Rajya Sabha in India, the President of India and the President of U.S.A. are elected by the method of indirect election.

Question 22.
What is Indirect Democracy?
Answer:
In indirect democracy people participate in law-making indirectly. People elect some representatives and these representatives act according to the wishes of the people. Their main aim is to promote the welfare of the people. They frame laws of the State and run the administration for the best interests of the people. The entire country is divided into equal electoral constituencies and from each constituency one representative is elected. The representatives are elected for a fixed period and after the expiry of their term fresh elections are held. This system prevails in almost all the countries of the world today.

Question 23.
Write four merits of Indirect Election.
Answer:

• It is useful where the people are sufficiently educated and politically organised.
• Indirect election minimizes the evils of party politics and propaganda.
• The method of indirect election is less expensive because the number of voters is small.
• Clever politicians and orators cannot mislead the few selected people.

Question 24.
Write four demerits of Indirect Election.
Answer:

1. The method of indirect election creates a big gap between the representatives and the voters. The representatives do not feel responsible to the primary voters.
2. The voters have no direct participation in the selection of their representatives and so they take little interest in politics and become negligent in public affairs.
3. Indirect election encourages corruption because the number of voters is very small and therefore it is easier to purchase their votes. Besides money other methods are also used to pressurise the voters.
4. Actually it leads to more parties.

Question 25.
Write four merits of Direct Election.
Answer:

1. Direct election is consistent with the principle of democracy. People have direct share in the choice of their representatives.
2. The representative elected directly feels responsible to the people and he tries to keep himself in touch with them and works to better their conditions.
3. Direct election system makes the citizen active and alert. A direct contact between the electors and the representatives stimulates interest in public affairs and develops the sense of public spirit.
4. Direct election checks the use of correct and unfair means in elections.

Question 26.
Write four demerits of Direct Election.
Answer:

1. Direct election means political excitement which leads to the election of undesirable candidates. The voters are easily carried away or misled by clever orators.
2. Direct election increases the election expenditure which entails a heavy burden on the public purse.
3. Thirdly, direct election places the final choice of the representatives in the hands of the masses and most of them do not have enough of intelligence or independence to vote for the right type of candidates.
4. Many citizens, who would have proved the best administrators, avoid to contest elections. This means a great national loss.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the composition of Indian Election Commission.
Answer:
The Election Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and two other Election Commissioners. The appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners is made by the President. Generally the Election Commissioner is appointed for a period of six years. The conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.

Question 2.
Discuss two techniques of election campaign in India.
Answer:

• Every main political party and sometimes independent candidates issue . election manifesto.
• Political parties and candidates arrange public meetings and processions, by which they try to persuade the voters in their favour through their speeches and personalities.

Question 3.
Write down any two functions of Election Commission.
Answer:
1. Election Commission supervises, directs and controls the elections. Such elections include election to Parliament, the legislature of every State and the offices of the President and the Vice-President held under the Constitution of India.
2. Election Commission prepares electoral rolls and delimitation of constituencies.

Question 4.
Which two conditions are necessary for the successful functioning of electoral system in India?
Answer:
The following three conditions are essential for the successful functioning of electoral system in India.
1. Independence of Election Commission:
For the successful functioning of electoral system in India it is essential that the Election Commission should be independent.

2. Check on Money Power:
A major drawback of Indian electoral system is the growing influence of money in election. For fair election it is essential that the role of money power in election should be controlled.

Question 5.
Mention any two drawbacks of Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
1. Number of Seats:
There is no relationship between the votes secured by a party and its strength in the Assembly or the Parliament. The number of seats secured by a particular party is not proportionate to the voters.

2. Money Power: Another important drawback of Indian electoral system is the growing influence of money in elections.

Question 6.
Write any two factors which influence Voting Behaviour.
Answer:

1. Influence of Religion: Religion influences the voting behaviour to a great extent. In India, many parties seek votes on the basis of religion.
2. Influence of Caste: Caste influences the voting behaviour to a large extent. In India caste plays a very important role in elections.

Question 7.
Describe any two preliminary stages of election procedure in India.
Answer:
In India election procedure is as follows:
1. Constituencies:
The first important task in election is delimitation of constituencies. Parliament passed the Delimitation Commission Act, 1952. The Act provides for the establishment of a Delimitation Commission for the purpose of delimitating constituencies in each state after every census.

2. List of Voters:
First, temporary list of voters is prepared. If anybody’s name is excluded from the list, he can ask for inclusion of his name. But such a request is to be made within a fixed time.

Question 8.
What is the reason for people’s low participation in Indian democracy?
Answer:
1. Poverty. Majority of the people in India are poor. A poor person remains worried about earning his livelihood and has no time to cast his vote. The poor person does not even think about the elections.

2. Illiteracy. Majority of the people in India are illiterate. An illiterate person does not understand the importance of the right to vote. Hence illiterate persons don’t go to cast their votes.

Question 9.
What do you understand by Political Participation in a Democracy?
Answer:
Political participation broadly refers to a wide spectrum of political activities ranging from the simple act of voting to widespread political activism in the political process. It thus implies several voluntary activities apart from voting during the elections.

Question 10.
Mention any two features of the Indian Electoral System.
Answer:
The two important features of the Indian Electoral System are the following:

1. Universal Adult Franchise: In India the system of universal adult franchise has been adopted for the election of members to Lok Sabha and to State Legislative Assemblies.
2. Direct Election: The Constitution provides for the system of direct election of the members to the House of the People and to Legislative Assembly of every state by the eligible voters.

Question 11.
What do you mean by Universal Adult Franchise?
Answer:
By universal adult franchise we mean that every citizen both male and female, above the age of maturity, irrespective of caste, colour, creed, property, education, profession or sex, is entitled to enjoy the right to vote in the election. The age of attaining maturity is fixed by the state. In England and in India it is 18 years.

Question 12.
Give two statements in favour of Universal Adult Franchise.
Or
Give two arguments in favour of Adult Franchise.
Answer:
The arguments in favour of adult franchise are given below:
1. It is in accordance with democratic principles. The principle of adult franchise is in accordance with the democratic principles.
2. National unity. The system of Universal Adult Franchise is quite essential for the maintenance of national unity. If the system of Universal Adult Franchise is introduced then all the citizens would consider the State as their own.

Question 13.
Give two arguments against Adult Franchise.
Answer:
1. The uneducated should not be given the right to vote. The right to vote is not a natural or an inherent right which everybody can enjoy. The educated persons can make the proper use of their rights. An uneducated person cannot understand who is the best candidate out of all.

2. Government of the fools. The system of Universal Adult Franchise establishes a government of the fools because the fools and the ignorant are in a majority in the society.

Question 14.
What is meant by Direct and Indirect Election?
Answer:
In the system of direct election the voters directly participate in election and elect their representatives. But in indirect election the voters do not directly participate in the election of their representatives but choose an intermediary body which elects the representatives.

Question 15.
Write any two merits of Indirect Election.
Answer:

• It is useful where the people are sufficiently educated and politically organised.
• Indirect election minimizes the evils of party politics and propaganda.

Question 16.
Mention any two demerits of Indirect Election.
Answer:

1. The method of indirect election creates a big gap between the representatives and the voters. The representatives do not feel responsible to the primary voters.
2. The voters have no direct participation in the selection of their representatives and so they take little interest in politics and become negligent in public affairs.

Question 17.
Write any two merits of Direct Election method.
Answer:

1. Direct election is consistent with the principle of democracy. People have direct share in the choice of their representatives.
2. The representative elected directly feels responsible to the people and he tries to keep himself in touch with them and works to better their conditions.

Question 18.
Write four demerits of Direct Election.
Answer:

1. Direct election means political excitement which leads to the election of undesirable candidates. The voters are easily carried away or misled by clever orators.
2. Direct election increases the election expenditure which entails a heavy burden on the public purse.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Electorate?
Answer:
That part of the total population which participates in election of its representatives is collectively called Electorate.

Question 2.
What is the criterion (basis) for a person to cast vote in India?
Answer:
A citizen, who is eighteen years old or above this age, has the right to cast vote.

Question 3.
What principle of Enfranchisement has been adopted in India?
Answer:
Principle of Universal Adult Frachise.

Question 4.
In which chapter and in which Articles of the Indian Constitution the electoral system has been described?
Answer:
The electoral system has been described in the 15th chapter of the Indian Constitution from Art. 324 to 329.

Question 5.
Write one feature of Indian electoral system.
Answer:
Joint electorate system has been adopted for the election.

Question 6.
Write the composition of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
In the Election Commission, there is a Chief Election Commissioner and a few other Election Commissioners.

Question 7.
How the members of Election Commission are appointed?
Answer:
According to the Constitution, the appointment of the members of the Election Commsission is made by the President.

Question 8.
How is the Chief Election Commissioner appointed?
Answer:
The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President.

Question 9.
Mention the tenure of the members of the Election Commission.
Answer:
The tenure of the members of the Election Commission is fixed by President after framing laws for it. Usually this tenure is six years.

Question 10.
Write one function of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
The main function of the Election Commission is to conduct elections for Parliament and State Legislatures and to prepare electoral rolls.

Question 11.
In India, how many elections have been held so far for the Constitution of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
Till now, there have been 17 elections for the Constitution of Lok Sabha.

Question 12.
In which year, elections to the first Lok Sabha were held in India?
Answer:
The elections for the first Lok Sabha in India were held in 1952.

Question 13.
Which two elections are conducted by Indirect Electoral Process in India?
Answer:
1. President
2. Vice-President.

Question 14.
Which two elections are conducted in India through direct election process?
Answer:
1. Election of Lok Sabha 2. Election of Legislative Assembly.

Fill in The Blanks

1. …………….. number of elections of Lok Sabha have so far been conducted in India.
Answer:
Seventeen

2. Mass political consciousness has been encouraging electoral …………….. in India.
Answer:
Participation

3. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed by the ……………..  .
Answer:
Parliament

4. At present, there are …………….. members in Election Commission.
Answer:
Three

5. For election to the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assemblies, India has adopted a …………….. system of representation.
Answer:
Territorial.

True Or False Statement

1. The Parliament, through 61st Amendment, reduced the minimum voting age from 21 to 18.
Answer:
True

2. 1st Lok Sabha election was held in 1950, and 15th Lok Sabha election was held in 2004.
Answer:
False

3. In India, there is Universal Adult Franchise.
Answer:
True

4. Main drawback of Indian electroal system is the growing influence of money in elections.
Answer:
True

5. The bye election will be held within six months from the date the vacancy occurs.
Answer:
True

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Which is the biggest democratic country in the world?
(a) Japan
(b) India
(c) U.K.
(d) U.S.A.
Answer:
(b) India

Question 2.
The Chief Election Commission is appointed by:
(a) Parliament
(b) President
(c) Prime Minister
(d) Governor.
Answer:
(b) President

Question 3.
How many members are there in Election Commission?
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four.
Answer:
(c) three

Question 4.
Election Commissioner in India is appointed for a period of:
(a) 4 years
(b) 7 years
(c) 6 years
(d) 5 years.
Answer:
(c) 6 years

Question 5.
In India the voting is fixed at the age of:
(a) 14 years
(b) 17 years
(c) 18 years
(d) 15 years.
Answer:
(c) 18 years

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What differentiates humans and animals?
(a) Culture
(b) Group
(c) a + b
(d) Any group
Answer:
(a) Culture

2. What is transmitted from one generation to another?
(a) Society
(b) Scooter
(c) Culture
(d) Car
Answer:
(c) Culture

3. What is not necessary for the diffusion of culture?
(a) Breaking up of the country
(b) Conflict
(c) Cultural barrier
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Cultural barrier

4. What is necessary for Sanskritisation?
(a) Values of group
(b) Psychological preparation
(c) Collective Culture
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Psychological preparation

5. Which sociologist divided culture into material and non-material aspects?
(a) Ogburn
(b) Giddings
(c) Maclver
(d) Parsons
Answer:
(a) Ogburn

6. Non-material culture is
(a) Concrete
(b) Concrete and abstract
(c) Abstract
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Abstract

7. Material culture is
(a) Concrete
(b) Concrete and abstract
(c) Abstract
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Concrete

8. When did Ogburn use the word ‘Culture Lag’?
(a) 1911
(b) 1921
(c) 1931
(d) 1941
Answer:
(b) 1921

9. What is the developed form of culture?
(a) Civilisation
(b) Material culture
(c) Country and society
(d) Non-material culture.
Answer:
(a) Civilisation

Fill in the Blanks:

1. …………….. said that culture is a complete way of living life.
Answer:
Klied Kulkkohan

2. There are …………… parts of culture.
Answer:
two

3. Ideas, ideals, values, etc. are the examples of …………… culture.
Answer:
non-material

4. …………… are the rules which are expected to be obeyed by everyone.
Answer:
Values

5. The concept of cultural lag was given by ……………..
Answer:
William F. Ogburn

6. ………………. is transmitted from one generation to another.
Answer:
Culture

7. Chair, table, car, etc. are the examples of …………….. culture.
Answer:
material

True/False:

Question 1.
Who said that “Man is a social animal.”?
Answer:
These words are of Aristotle.

Question 2.
What differentiates humans from animals?
Answer:
Humans have a culture but animals don’t have.

Question 3.
In what type of environment man lives?
Answer:
Man lives in two types of environment-natural and man-made.

Question 4.
What is culture?
Answer:
Whatever man has achieved till today is his culture.

Question 5.
Of which thing, culture is the result?
Answer:
Culture is the result of interactions between humans.

Question 6.
How many types of culture are there?
Answer:
Culture is of two types—material and non-material culture.

Question 7.
What is material culture?
Answer:
The things which we can see or touch are part of material culture.

Question 8.
What can we include in material culture?
Answer:
Books, chairs, tables, fans, planes, T.V., cars, etc. can be included in material culture.

Question 9.
What is non-material culture?
Answer:
All the things which we can’t see or touch are part of non-material culture.

Question 10.
What can we include in non-material culture?
Answer:
Ideas, norms, values, traditions, etc. can be included in this culture.

Question 11.
What is civilization?
Answer:
The developed form of culture is known as civilization.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is culture?
Answer:
Our ways of living, philosophy, ideas, machines, etc. all the material and non-material things are part of the culture. All these things are created and used by us. So, culture is that on which we can think upon, work upon, and can keep with us.

Question 2.
Give two features of culture.
Answer:

• Culture is transmitted from one generation to another as children from their parents’ behavior.
• Culture fulfills human needs because if anything is invented, it is used by every day.

Question 3.
What is civilization?
Answer:
The developed form of culture is civilization. All the material and useful things that help humans to win over the natural environment and to control nature are part of civilization.

Question 4.
What is Acculturation?
Answer:
Acculturation is a process in which people of two cultures come in contact and if not all then adopt most of each other’s traits. After adopting each other’s most of traits, many changes come in them.

Question 5.
What is Cultural Pattern?
Answer:
When elements and cultural families come in contact and get related to each other, a cultural pattern is formed. Each cultural pattern is having a role to play in society, such as traditions.

Question 6.
What is Subculture?
Answer:
Each specific group has a few cultural traits. Hindus have a particular culture and Hindu culture is a part of Indian culture. This one aspect of culture, which is based on certain characteristics, is known as sub-culture.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is culture?
Answer:
Culture is the main characteristic of human society which differentiates it from animal society. Man becomes a social human because of culture and it differentiates one person from another, one group from another, and one community from another. We include all those things in the culture which a man learns and adopts in this human society like customs, values, laws, ways of wearing, music, language, literature, knowledge, ideas, folkways, mores, etc. All these things which are included in social heritage are known as culture.

Question 2.
Is culture abstract?
Answer:
Culture is concrete as well as abstract. In this material things like chairs, tables, scooters, cars are part of material culture and are concrete things. But when we are talking about values, customs, traditions, then these are part of non-material culture. They are abstract because we cannot see them. So we can say that culture is concrete as well as abstract.

Question 3.
Characteristics of culture.
Answer:

• Culture is transmitted from one generation to another.
• Culture is social.
• Culture can be learned.
• Culture fulfills the needs of society.
• Changes often come in culture.
• Culture maintains the social system of society.
• Every society has its own culture.
• Material and non-material things are also included in culture.

Question 4.
How culture is social?
Answer:
Culture is social because neither one man can make the whole culture and nor it is the property of anyone. When anyone invents anything then this invention is not his personal thing but becomes property of society because that thing will be used by the whole society. In this way, different things of culture are used by society. In this way, the universality of that thing is an essential element of culture. So culture is not individual but is social.

Question 5.
Culture is learned behavior.
Answer:
Culture is learned by humans were: It is not a biological quality that a man gets from his parents by birth. Man learns culture by Socialization. No one brings thoughts and ideas by birth but he learns them by interacting “with other persons of society. Every type of work is learned by society. From this, it is clear that culture is a learned behavior.

Question 6.
Ogburn’s views about culture.
Answer:
According to Ogburn, Social heritage is culture and it is of two types.

• Material Culture: All those things are included in a Material culture which can be seen and can be touched like cloth, table, chair, car, machine, etc.
• Non-material Culture: All those things are included in Non-material culture which cannot be seen and cannot be touched like ideals, traditions, values, etc.

According to Ogburn, “It is necessary to differentiate between material and non-material culture for analysis. But here one thing should be kept in mind that they are the interrelated parts of social institutions and society.

Question 7.
What is Material Culture?
Answer:
The meaning of material culture is by that cultural thing which has been made by man. This culture is concrete because we can see it and can touch it like T.V., scooter, car, chair, table, plane, etc. All these things are concrete and are part of material culture.

Question 8.
What is Non-Material Culture?
Answer:
Non-material culture is that culture in which all those things are included which are abstract. We can neither see them nor touch them. We can only feel them like traditions, customs, values, skills, norms, etc. All these things are abstract and that’s why they are included in Non-material culture.

Question 9.
Cultural lag.
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, change in different parts of culture never comes at the same speed. The speed of change of one part is more as compared to the other. But culture is a system. It is made up of many parts. Its different parts are inter-connected and inter-related. This system of culture can be maintained if the change in all parts of culture will come at the same speed. Actually what happens is that if one part of culture is changed due to any invention then another part of the culture, which depends upon that part, also changes. But the change in the second part comes very late. How much time will this second part will take, depends upon the nature of the second part. This lateness goes on for many years because of which problem comes in the system. This lagging behind one part from another is known as cultural lag.

Question 10.
Civilization.
Answer:
Culture has two parts—material and non-material. In material culture, all those things are included which we can touch and see like table, chair, machine, book, building, car, plane, etc. In non-material culture all those things are included which we cannot touch and see, only can feel like thoughts, feelings, religion, rituals, ideals,s, etc. Material culture is concrete and non-material culture is abstract. We can take out the meaning of civilization from this. The useful things, tools, or organization, with the help of which man has won over nature and the natural environment and controlled them, is known as civilization.

Question 11.
The difference in culture and civilization.
Answer:

• Civilization always develops but culture never develops.
• Civilization can be adopted without any change, but not the culture.
• Culture is internal and civilization is external.
• Civilization can be measured but not culture.
• Civilization can be passed on without effort but not the culture.

Question 12.
Acculturation.
Answer:
Acculturation is a process in which people of two different cultures come in direct contact with each other and adopt most of the elements of each other. With this process of adoption of elements, many changes come in both cultures.

Question 13.
Cultural Pluralism.
Answer:
Cultural Pluralism is the next form of acculturation. When two cultures come in contact with each other then they transmit each other’s elements and slowly and slowly they accommodate with-each other. But in this process of accommodation one thing is important and that is these both cultures have the permission to maintain the elements of their own culture with the elements of other cultures. This condition is known as cultural pluralism.

Long Answer Type Question:

Question 1.
What is civilization? What is the difference between culture and civilization? Write in detail.
Answer:
Culture has two parts: material and non-material. In material culture, all those things are included that we can touch and see like table, chair, machine, book, building, car, plane, etc. In non-material culture, all those things are included which we cannot touch and see but can feel like thoughts, feelings, religion, rituals, ideals, etc. Material culture is concrete and non-material culture is abstract. We can take out the meaning of civilization from this. The useful things, tools, or organizations, with the help of which man has won over the nature and natural environment, are known as civilization. All these things are part of our culture. Civilization is known as the developed form of culture. In culture, all those things are included which man has achieved from the beginning till today. But civilization is that with which man becomes modern.

To know about the exact meaning of civilization let us See the definitions of civilization given by different sociologists.

• According to Fichter, “Civilized people are those people who are sedentary, literate and complex in their behavior.”
• According to Weber, “In civilization, all those useful material things and the methods of their formation and usage are included.”
• According to Ogburn and NimkofT, “Civilization may be defined as the later phase of the superorganic.”
  From this definition, it is clear that according to Ogburn and Nimkoff, civilization is the later and developed form of culture.
• According to. Giffen, “A culture becomes a civilization only when it possesses written language, science, philosophy, a specialized division of labor and a complex technology and political system.”
• According to Gillin and Gillin, “The more or complex and developed form of culture is civilization.”
• According to Maclver and Page, “Civilization is the mean of fulfilling needs.” Maclver says that civilization is the material culture and in this, all those things are included which are useful. In this way again according to Maclver, “Meaning of civilization is from all the mechanism and organization planned by man to control useful things and conditions of life.”

In this way, after looking at these definitions we can say that the developed form of culture is civilization and according to sociologists civilization is the higher level of culture. But here one problem comes and that problem is that Maclver and Page do not agree that only material things are part of civilization. According to him the development of intellectual, religious thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc. should also be part of the culture.

According to Maclver and Page, all these things which were made by man like machines, cars, banks, money, building, etc. are part of civilization but all these things are developed by keeping in mind the social conditions of society. That’s why the things like religion, art, philosophy, literature, feelings should also be included in culture. In this way according to him, material things made by man are civilization and man-made non-material things are culture.

Difference between Culture and Civilization:

1. Civilization always develops but not culture. If we compare ancient society and modern society then it will be clear that civilization develops but not the culture. We can say that development came in machines, cars, motors but we cannot say that religion, art, ideas are also developed which are part of non-material culture. We can’t say that views of today’s people, religion, ideals, feelings are more higher and developed than the people of earlier societies. Maybe not. So in this way we can say that civilization develops but not the culture.

2. Civilization can be adopted without any change but not the culture. Civilization can be adopted without any change but not the culture. We can transmit any machine, tractor, motor car from one generation to another but is it possible with ideas, norms, religion, etc? Maybe not. Ideas, religion, ideals cannot be adopted without any change because when we transmit ideas, religion, ideals to next-generation then the change is necessary. For example, there is a lot of difference between Indian Christians and European Christians.

3. Culture is internal and Civilization is external. In civilization, a number of external things are included and that’s why it is concrete. In culture, many internal things of humans are included like ideas, feelings, religion, ideals, ways of behavior. That’s why it is internal and abstract. Civilization expresses culture.

4. Civilization can be measured but not culture. Civilization can be measured but not culture. All the things coming into civilization are useful for us and that’s why they can be measured on the basis of specific units. But the things which are coming in a culture like ideals, religion, ways of behavior, feelings cannot be measured on any unit because we have not made any unit to measure them. In this way, we can say that civilization can be measured but not culture.

5. Civilization can be passed on without effort but not the culture. In civilization, all those things are included which ard used by a man. Because they are related with external life of man therefore there is no” need of any special effort to transmit it to next-generation or to another country. But culture is opposite to that. Culture is related to all those things which are not external but internal to’ us and no one can see them. If it will not be transmitted to others then these will come to an end with that man only. That is why to transmit them from one person to another we need special efforts. Civilization can be adopted without any special effort but culture cannot be adopted without any specific effort.