Class 11

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What is the basic unit of society?
(a) Family
(b) Marriage
(c) Kinship
(d) Government
Answer:
(a) Family

2. Society has created an institution to satisfy sexual needs and this is …………….
(a) marriage
(b) family
(c) government
(d) kinship
Answer:
(a) marriage

3. Socialisation of a child starts in ……………..
(a) government
(b) family
(c) neighborhood
(d) playgroup
Answer:
(b) family

4. Who transmits culture from one generation to another?
(a) Neighbourhood
(b) Government
(c) Family
(d) Society
Answer:
(c) Family

5. Sexual needs gave birth to ……………..
(a) family
(b) society
(c) government
(d) marriage
Answer:
(d) marriage

6. Which relative is closer in matrilineal families?
(a) Uncle-niece
(b) Mother-daughter
(c) Father-son
(d) Grandfather-grandson
Answer:
(b) Mother-daughter

7. Blood relatives are relatives.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) primary

8. Primary relatives of our parents are our relatives.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) secondary

9. Primary relatives of our secondary relatives are our …………… relatives.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) tertiary

10. That family is known as ……………. family in which husband wife and their unmarried children live.
(a) nuclear
(b) joint
(c) extended
(d) neo-local
Answer:
(a) nuclear

11. Which of these is the function of the family?
(а) Socialization of children
(b) Control over children
(c) Perpetuation of children
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

12. How many types of kinship are there?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
Answer:
(b) Two

13. What is the importance of kinship in the present age?
(а) Helpful in giving status
(b) Determines the right over ancestral property
(c) Helpful in the socialization of children
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Fill in the Blanks:

1. In …………… family, authority is in the hands of the father.
Answer:
Patriarchal

2. In …………… family, authority is in the hands of mother.
Answer:
Matriarchal

3. In …………… marriage, one needs to marry within his own group.
Answer:
Endogamy

4. In …………… family, members of two or more generations live together.
Answer:
Joint

5. Polyandry marriage is of …………… types.
Answer:
two

6. On the basis of size, family is of …………….. types.
Answer:
three

7. On the basis of authority, family is of …………….. types.
Answer:
two

True/False:

1. In a nuclear family, control is in the hands of the father.
Answer:
False

2. Polyandry takes place due to less few of females.
Answer:
True

3. Polygamy is the most famous type of marriage in the world.
Answer:
False

4. There are two types of kinship.
Answer:
True

5. Family acts as the carrier of culture.
Answer:
True

6. In a matriarchal family, daughters do not get property.
Answer:
False

7. Members of a family are blood relatives.
Answer:
True

One Word/line Question Answers:

Question 1.
What is Monogamy?
Answer:
The marriage of one male with one female is known as Monogamy.

Question 2.
How many types of Polygamy are there?
Answer:
There are two types of Polygamy.

Question 3.
How many wives one male can have in Bigamy?
Answer:
One male can have two wives in Bigamy.

Question 4.
How many husbands one female can frave in Polyandry?
Answer:
One female can have many husbands in Polyandry.

Question 5.
Give meaning of Endogamy.
Answer:
Doing marriage in one’s own caste or group is called endogamy.

Question 6.
Give meaning of Exogamy.
Answer:
Marriage out of one’s own gotra or clan but within one’s own caste is known as exogamy.

Question 7.
Whose words are these, “Marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children.”?
Answer:
These words are of Malinowski.

Question 8.
Which type of marriage is most common in the world?
Answer:
Monogamy is the most common form of marriage in the world.

Question 9.
Give meaning of Polygamy.
Answer:
Marriage of one male or female with many females or males is known as Polygamy.

Question 10.
Polyandry.
Answer:
Marriage of one female with many males is known as Polyandry.

Question 11.
What is Affinity?
Answer:
Social, relations based on marriage are called Affinity.

Question 12.
Marriage.
Answer:
Sexual relations are sanctioned by society through one institution which is known as marriage.

Question 12.
What is Hypergamy?
Answer:
It is a type of marriage in which the girl can marry either in the same caste or with the boy of higher caste.

Question 13.
Give meaning of fraternal polyandry.
Answer:
When husbands of a female are brothers of each other then it is known as fraternal polyandry.

Question 14.
Who are Primary relatives?
Answer:
Blood relatives or direct relatives are our primary relatives like father, mother, brother, sister.

Question 15.
Who are Secondary relatives?
Answer:
Primary relatives of our parents are our secondary relatives like uncle, grandfather, grandmother.

Question 16.
Who are Tertiary relatives?
Answer:
Relations made with the help of secondary relatives are tertiary relatives like cousin, wife of mother’s brother etc.

Question 17.
What is Endogamy?
Answer:
In Endogamy, one has to marry within his own caste or group.

Question 18.
What is Hypogamy?
Answer:
Hypogamy is the marriage in which male of lower caste marries with the female of higher caste.

Question 19.
Institution of marriage is a basic institution. How?
Answer:
Institution of marriage is a basic institution because it is sanctioned by the society.

Question 20.
Give one reason of Monogamy.
Answer:
Monogamy was started to maintain social system.

Question 21.
Give one advantage of Monogamy.
Answer:
It is permanent and it leads to higher social status of family.

Question 22.
Give one disadvantage of Monogamy.
Answer:
If wife becomes ill then there is no one to take care of the family.

Question 23.
Give meaning of Polygamy.
Answer:
Marriage of one male with many females is known as Polygamy.

Question 24.
Give one reason of Polygamy.
Answer:
Keeping more than one wife was a symbol of social status.

Question 25.
Give one advantage of Polygamy.
Answer:
Proper care of children is possible in this type of marriage.

Question 26.
Give one disadvantage of Polygamy.
Answer:
There is always conflict between wives which disturbs peace of the family.

Question 27.
Give meaning of Polyandry.
Answer:
Marriage of one female with many males is known as Polyandry.

Question 28.
How many types of Polyandry are there?
Answer:
Two types-Fraternal Polyandry and Non-Fraternal Polyandry.

Question 29.
Give one cause of Polyandry.
Answer:
Less number of females as compared to males.

Question 30.
Give one advantage of Polyandry.
Answer:
Population remains limited with this type of marriage.

Question 31.
Give one disadvantage of Polyandry.
Answer:
Health of female deteriorates due to sexual relations with more males.

Question 32.
Fraternal Polyandry.
Answer:
When any female is having many husbands and all are brothers of each other then it is called fraternal polyandry.

Question 33.
State any three new trends of marriage.
Answer:

• People are opting for court marriage.
• The number of love marriages is increasing day by day.

Question 34.
How many types of families are there on the basis of members?
Answer:
Three types—Nuclear family, Joint family, and Extended family.

Question 35.
How many types of family are there on the basis of Marriage?
Answer:
Two types—Monogamous family and Polygamous family.

Question 36.
How many types of families are there on the basis of Nomenclature?
Answer:
Four types—Patrilineal, Matrilineal, Bilinear, Non-unilineal.

Question 37.
Nuclear family.
Answer:
That family in which husband, wife and their unmarried children live.

Question 38.
When was Hindu Widow Remarriage Act passed?
Answer:
In 1856.

Question 39.
From which language the word ‘Family9 originated?
Answer:
It originated from Latin Language.

Question 40.
From which Latin word, the word ‘Family’ originated?
Answer:
It originated from the Latin word ‘Famulus’.

Question 41.
Neolocal family.
Answer:
When male and female make their new house after marriage then it is known as Neolocal Family.

Question 42.
What are initial functions of Family?
Answer:
Satisfaction of sexual needs, procurement of children and upbringing of children.

Question 43.
Which type of relations are there among mother-father, brother- sister, mother-son, father-daughter?
Answer:
They have blood relations among them.

Question 44.
Which type of relations are there among Husband-Wife, Son in law- Father-in-law etc?
Answer:
Marital relations.

Question 45.
Initially where Socialization of a child starts?
Answer:
Initially, Socialization of a child starts in the family.

Question 46.
What is Matriarchal Family?
Answer:
That family in which authority remains in the hands of mother.

Question 47.
What is family?
Answer:
Family is a group based on sexual relations which is so small and permanent that it could procure and upbring the children.

Question 48.
Give two functions of family.
Answer:

• Family is formed after marriage.
• Family socializes its children.

Question 49.
What is Joint Family?
Answer:
That family in which people of more than one generation live at one place and eat from the common kitchen.

Question 50.
What is Patriarchal Family?
Answer:
That family in which all the rights are in father’s hands, family runs with father’s name and he controls the whole family.

Question 51.
What is Matriarchal Fatmily?
Answer:
That family in which all the rights are in mother’s hands, family runs with mother’s name and she controls the whole family.

Question 52.
On the basis of Marriage, how many types of Family are there?
Answer:
Two types—Monogamous family and Polygamous family.

Question 53.
Give two characteristics of Family.
Answer:

• family is a universal institution.
• Family is formed only after establishment of relations between husband and wife.

Question 54.
Give any two biological functions of Family.
Answer:

• In family, husband makes relations with his wife.
• Children take birth in family.

Question 55.
Give two Economic functions of Family.
Answer:

• Family arranges food for its members.
• Family acts as a productive unit.

Question 56.
Give meaning of Monogamous Family.
Answer:
That Family in which one male marries with only one female.

Question 57.
Give meaning of Polygamous Family.
Answer:
That Family in which one male has many wives.

Question 58.
What is Polyandrous Family?
Answer:
That Family in which one female has many husbands.

Question 59.
Give any two changes which have come in Family.
Answer:

• Joint Families are disintegrating and Nuclear Families are emerging.
• Powers of father have been reduced.

Question 60.
Which change has come in the structure of the Family?
Answer:
In earlier times, family members were more in number but now it has been reduced to a great extent.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Marriage defines the social status of an individual. How?
Answer:
An individual gets many status due to marriage like husband, father, son- in-law, brother-in-law. All these define social status of an individual. He becomes a responsible member of the society.

Question 2.
What is Nikah?
Answer:
Nikah is a legal contract whose objective is to provide sanction to sexual relations between couple and to their children’s rights and duties. Nikah is a type of marriage that takes place among Muslims.

Question 3.
Restrictions on Marriage.
Answer:
In few societies, there exist certain restrictions that in which group one needs to do marriage or not. Generally marriages between blood relatives and people of same gotra are restricted.

Question 4.
Intercaste marriage.
Answer:
When marriage takes place between members of two different castes then it is known as intercaste marriage. In ancient times this type of marriage was not allowed but today it happens everywhere.

Question 5.
Non-Fraternal Polyandry.
Answer:
It is that type of polyandry marriage in which husbands of a female are not brothers and they live at different places. Wife lives with every husband for a particular time period.

Question 6.
Defirfe Monogamy.
Answer:
According to Piddington, “Monogamy is a form of marriage in which one man may be married to one woman at any time.”

Question 7.
Meaning of Polygymy.
Answer:
Polygymy is a type of marriage in which one male marries more than one female at time. It is of two types—restricted polygymy and unrestricted polygymy. This type of marriage is not allowed in modern society.

Question 8.
Restricted Pqlygymy.
Answer:
This is a type of marriage in which one male was allowed to keep a restricted number of wives. This type of marriage prevails among Muslims and they are allowed to have 4 wives.

Question 9.
Unrestricted Polygymy.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, one male was allowed to keep as many wives as he could. For example, kings in earlier times were allowed to keep many wives. This type of marriage is now legally banned.

Question 10.
Status of woman in Polyandry.
Answer:
Status of woman in Polyandry is quite low as she is forced to marry many males and to keep relations with all. It leads to deterioration of her health. Polyandry is not good for females.

Question 11.
Write a short note on Monogamy.
Answer:
When a female marries a male then this type of marriage is known as monogamy. Until they both are alive or till they both are not divorced, they cannot marry second time because it is a criminal offence.

Question 12.
Write two demerits of Polyandry.
Answer:

• The health of a female deteriorates in such kind of marriage because she is required to satisfy sexual needs of many males.
• In such kind of marriage, there is always some problem between husbands regarding their wife.

Question 13.
Two merits of Monogamy.
Answer:

• Relations between husband and wife are quite strong.
• The better upbringing of children is possible.
• Family problems are quite less in such kind of marriage.
• Balance is always maintained between husband and wife.

Question 14.
Describe the main causes of Polygamy.
Answer:

• More sexual instincts of males led to the advent of such marriages.
• Wish to have a son because many girls also led to such marriages.
• Wish to have a large family led to keep more wives.

Question 15. Socialization of children.
Answer:
Family socializes its children and explains to them the methods to live in society and with this, they become better citizens of society. Socialization of children takes place only in the family.

Question 16.
Matrilineal Family.
Answer:
The family whose name runs with the name of mother and in which mother holds authority in all of its affairs is known as the Matrilineal family. Mother takes all the important decisions in the family.

Question 17.
Describe two functions of a family.
Answer:

• In a family, the property of an individual is transmitted from one generation to another and never goes to any third person.
• It is the duty of the family to bring and protect its children and their better development is possible only in the family.

Question 18.
Any two changes in the functions of the family.
Answer:

• These days, families are becoming more progressive.
• Females move out of the family for jobs and that is why their functions are changing.
• Control of the head’ of the family is decreasing day by day.

Question 19.
Lack of Family Unity.
Answer:
Now family’s control over its members has decreased. Now children care in crutches. One progresses with the help of his ability and he leaves his family. Females are doing jobs and are coming out of their houses. That is why there is a lack of family unity.

Question 20.
“Family is a process.”
Answer:
It is a fact that the family is a process. A child takes birth in the family, lives in the family for the whole of his life, and dies in the family. Family makes a child a civilized person and a social being. Only in family, one come to know how to live in society.

Question 21.
Neolocal Family.
Answer:
In such type of family, husband-wife, after marriage, do not go to their parent’s place to live. Instead, they make their own house to live where they live without any problem. Such families exist in the present age.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Social Institution.
Answer:
The institution is neither the group of people and nor the organization. A social institution is the system of norms to achieve any aim to do any work. The institution is the collection of folkways and mores centered around any specific and important human activity. Institutions are the collected processes through which man does his work.

Question 2.
Two important elements of Institution.
Answer:

• Definite aim. The institution is developed to fulfill the needs of humans were: Without aim, the institution cannot exist. In this way, the institution is made for a definite aim.
• One concept. The concept is also an important element of the institution. One concept comes to fulfill the needs of persons which according to the group is necessary. That’s why to save it the society has developed the institution.

Question 3.
Four characteristics of Institution.
Answer:

• An institution is a unit in the system.
• The institution is generally permanent.
• The institution has clearly defined aims.
• The institution is abstract.
• Every institution has one traditional symbol.

Question 4.
Four functions of Institution.
Answer:

• Institution controls society.
• The institution gives status and role to a man.
• The institution helps in achieving aims.
• The institution is the carrier of culture.
• The institution provides cultural uniformity.

Question 5.
What is Kinship?
Or
Kinship.
Answer:
Kinship. According to Charles Winick, “Kinship System may include socially recognized relationship based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties.” It means that the system of developed social relations made by actual or blood and made by marriage is known as Kinship.”

Question 6.
In how many parts Kinship can be divided?
Answer:
Kinship can “be divided into three parts

• Affinal Kinship.
• Consanguineous Kinship.
• Formal or Imaginative Kinship.

Question 7.
Consanguineous Kinship.
Answer:
The bond of blood is called consanguineous -kinship. The consanguineous kins are related with blood whereas the affinal kind is related through marriage. . The bond between parents and their children and that between siblings is consanguineous kinship. This type of kinship is of great importance if it is sanctioned by society.

Question 8.
Lineage.
Answer:
Lineage is made by taking blood relatives of either mother or father. All these relatives are tied with the actual descent of either male or female. All these members are the children of one common ancestor, that’s why they never marry in their lineage. In this way, a lineage is a group of blood relatives that are the unilineal children of one common ancestor and they can be seen by one line of descent.

Question 9.
What is Clan?
Answer:
A clan is a detailed form of Lineage which has been made by. unilineal blood ‘ relatives of either mother or father. In this way clan is a group of relatives which are the unilineal children of any common ancestor. Ancestors are generally imaginative because one hardly knows anything about them. They are an exogamous group,

Question 10.
Characteristics of Clan.
Answer:

• It is an exogamous group.
• It has one common ancestor.
• Every clan has one name.
• All the members of the clan never reside in one place.
• Membership of the clan depends upon lineage.

Question 11.
Affinal Kinship.
Or
Affinity.
Answer:
Affinal Kinship is based on the marital relations or sexual relations of husband and wife. Yet they don’t have any blood relations but relations between them are established after marriage. After marriage, a man gets a number of statuses like husband, son-in-law, brother-in-law, etc. In this way, a female also gets a number of statuses like wife, daughter-in-law, sister-in-law, aunt, etc. These types of relations are known as Affinal Kinship.

Question 12.
Descent.
Answer:
Descent is that group whose membership is based on birth and people determine that to which aspect, either mother or father, he belongs.

Question 13.
Incest.
Answer:
The meaning of Incest is to establish sexual relations with any specific member of the family. In all societies, incest is not permittable. In incest disacceptance those rules are given in which sexual relations with specific members of the family are given. According to Levi Strauss, “Meaning of Incest is that different families can marry each other and it cannot marry within the family.”

Question 14.
Give the meaning of Marriage.
Answer:
In every society, the sanction is given to the regularisation of sexual relationships of males and females through marriage for the establishment of a family. In this way, marriage is the socially approved relation of male and female which forms a new family. Marriage not only gives sanction to the relationship of male and female but it also gives approval to many other relations. The meaning of family is not the sex alone. Marriage is the basis of the family. With the help of marriage, a man enters into sexual relations, makes a house, produces children, and upbrings them.

Question 15.
Main aims of Marriage.
Answer:

• The main aim of marriage is to establish sexual relations between males and females.
• Children get legal rights with marriage.
• It develops the person.
• Husband and wife bring their children after their marriage.
• Marriage determines the moral rules for a person.
• Religious values are secured with marriage.
• A person gets social status with marriage.

Question 16.
Monogamy.
Answer:
According to Piddington, “Monogamy is a form of marriage in which no man may be married to more than one woman at any time.” So in this type of marriage, one male can marry one female at one time. Relations are more stable, loveable, deep, and are full of sympathy in this. The upbringing of children can be done in a proper way in this type of marriage and children get full love from their parents. Husband and wife have a complete understanding of monogamy and relations are based on equality.

Question 17.
Merits of Monogamy.
Answer:

• Relations of husband and wife are deep in nature.
• The upbringing of children can be done in a proper way.
• Proper understanding is possible in monogamy.
• Family quarrels are less in number.
• The person stays away from the biological and mental tensions.
• Male and females get equal status in this.

Question 18.
Demerits of Monogamy.
Answer:

• Husband cannot establish sexual relations with wife at the time of her illness and her pregnancy because of which husband starts to go out of the house to make sexual relations.
• Extra-marital relations increase immorality in society.
• Many psychological problems increase with this.
• The upbringing of children is not possible in the absence of either one of them, male or female.

Question 19.
Exogamy.
Answer:
The meaning of exogamy is to establish marital relations out of one’s gotra, village, and totem. Males and females of one Gotra, village, and totem are considered as brothers and sisters of each other. According to Westermark, the main aim of exogamy is to restrict the person not to establish sexual relations in close relations. This type of marriage is the symbol of progress and it increases mutual contact in different groups. This type of marriage is considered good from a biological point of view. The major advantage of this type of marriage is that the boy and girl have to face many difficulties in understanding each other’s ideas.

Question 20.
Inter-caste marriage.
Answer:
As it is clear from the name when any male or female marries a female or male with another caste then it is known as inter-caste marriage. This type of marriage was restricted in earlier times because of very little contact between different castes. But today this type of marriage is very famous because of the unavailability of a suitable match in their own caste and due to changes coming in the outlook of the people.

Question 21.
Merits of Exogamy.
Answer:
Marriage is being done out of the group in this type of marriage. It increases contact between different groups and it also increases the exchange of cultures. That is why this is known as progressive and better from a biological point of view. Exogamy and inter-caste marriage increases love, cooperation, and sympathy in different groups and it also encourages national unity.

Question 22.
Demerits of Exogamy.
Answer:

• Selection of the mate is very difficult.
• Quarrels between husband and wife are more because of cultural differences.
• It hampers the family’s peace.
• It also encourages the dowry system and value of the bride.

Question 23.
Endogamy.
Answer:
According to the rules of Endogamy, a man has to marry in his own caste. Castes are divided into sub-castes and a person has to marry in his sub-caste. In the times of the caste system, this rule was strictly applied. If anyone was trying to break this rule then caste was throwing him out of the caste. So every person has to marry in his sub-caste in endogamy. It is so because it maintains the purity of blood, protects the occupation of caste, it fosters the sense of unity within the group.

Question 24.
Bigamy marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage one male marries two females and both the females are the wives of that male. This type of marriage is known as bigamy. In this type of marriage, a person has permission to keep two wives.

Question 25.
Polygyny.
Answer:
It is a type of polygamy. In this type of marriage, one person marries more than one female. According to Kapadia, “Polygamy is that form of union in which one man has more than one wife.” According to Mitchell, “The practice of marriage of one man with two or more women is polygamy.” This type of marriage exists in almost all societies. The sexual instincts of males and the wish to have a big family have encouraged this type of marriage.

Question 26.
Hypergamy.
Answer:
An important example of polygamy in Hindu society is Kuhn Polygamy. Everyone wants that his girl should marry the boy of higher caste but the boys of higher castes are less in number. One Kulin brahmin had to marry hundreds of girls. Many problems were there in finding a suitable match because of which the dowry system and immorality were increased in society.

Question 27.
Sororate Marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, a person marries the sister of his wife. Sororate marriage is of two types—restricted Sororate marriage and simultaneous Sororate marriage. In restricted Sororate marriage, a man marries his sister-in-law after the death of his wife. In simultaneous Sororate marriage person accepts or considers all the younger sisters of his wife as his wives. The first type of this marriage prevails more as compared to the second type.

Question 28.
Levirate Marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, wife marries the younger brother of her husband after the death of her husband. With this type of marriage, property of the family can be secured and family is prevented from breaking. Upbringing of children can be done in an efficient way. Another reason of this type of marriage is that after marriage there is no need to give back the value of the bride.

Question 29.
Anulom marriage.
Answer:
Anulom marriage is a type of Hindu marriage according to which the males of higher castes can marry the girls of lower castes. For example, one brahmin boy can marry the girls of Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra castes. The main reason behind this type of marriage is that the people of lower castes consider it respectful to marry their daughters in the higher castes. It is so because it gives higher position to them in society.

Question 30.
Pratiloma marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage males of lower castes marry the females of higher castes. Manu was strictly opposed to this type of marriage. According to Manu, the children produced from this type of marriage should be considered as untouchables. Manu says that the children produced by brahmin girl and shudra boy are ‘Chandals’. That’s why this type of marriage is seen with the hatredness.

Question 31.
Polyandry Marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage one female marries many males and she is the wife of all of them at the same time. It is of two types—Fraternal polyandry in which all the husbands of that female are the brothers of each other and Non-fraternal polyandry in which all the husbands of that female are not the brothers. She has to live with one husband for a definite period and during that period other husbands are not allowed to make relations with her. This custom prevails in tribes and it was started due to poverty, less number of females, sense of insecurity, bride value etc.

Question 32.
Fraternal polyandry.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, all the husbands of a female are brothers among them. This type of marriage prevails in Khas tribe in India. Eldest brother is known as the father of the child and rest of the younger brothers are known as her husbands. They establish sexual relations with their wife without the permission of their elder brother. If even after the marriage any brother of the husbands will be born then he will also become the husband of that wife. If, except elder brother, any other younger brother will marry anywhere else then other brothers are also permitted to make relations with his wife.

Question 33.
Non-fraternal Polyandry.
Answer:
In this type of polyandry, all the husbands of a female are not the brothers. In fact, they live at different places. Time is determined for the female to live with one husband. After that time period she goes to other husband and this process goes on. If at the time of pregnancy any husband will gift her the bow and the arrow then he will be considered as the father of the child. All the husbands are getting a chance for that and it is their right. Other husbands are not allowed to establish relations for that definite period.

Question 34.
Polygamy.
Answer:
According to Balsera, “The form of marriage .in which there is plurality of partners is called polygamy.” So the meaning of polygamy is to marry more than once. It means that any male or female can marry more than once. It is of twp types- polygamy and polyandry. In polygamy, one male can keep many wives and in polyandry one female has many husbands.

Question 35.
Changes in the institution of marriage.
Answer:

• According to the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, polygamy has been restricted and monogamy has been given both legal and social sanctions.
• Now male and female both can give divorce.
• Now position of women is better than earlier time.
• Love marriages have been increased.
• Many changes have come in the institution of marriage due to education, industrialization, westernization etc.

Question 36.
Types of Polygyny.
Answer:
This type of marriage is of two types:

• Restricted Polygyn: In this type of marriage, one is restricted to keep less than or a specific number of wives. He cannot exceed the limit of the number of wives which is given to him. This type of marriage prevails among Muslims.
• Unrestricted Polygyny: There is no limit on the number of wives in this type of marriage and one can keep as many wives as he can. This type of marriage prevailed among kings of ancient and medieval India.

Question 37.
Meaning of Family.
Answer:
Family is that institution in Which sexual relations of male and female are socially sanctioned. A family is a group of people that is known by its nomenclature. Family is that institution which has permanent sexual relations in male and female, which has a complete system of the upbringing of children, which has blood relations among its members and whose members are living at one place.

Question 38.
What is Nuclear Family?
Answer:
According to Murdock, “The Nuclear family consists of typically of a married man and woman with their offsprings, although in individual cases one or more additional persons may reside with them.” In this way Nuclear family is that family in which husband-wife and their unmarried children are living. After marriage, children are making their own different nuclear families. These are small in size. This type of family is generally progressive because decisions in this are being taken on the basis of reason. Husband and wife have the equal status in it. We can find Nuclear family in today’s modern age.

Question 39.
Give features of Nuclear Family.
Answer:

• Nuclear family is small and limited in size.
• Relations in nuclear families are limited.
• Authority in this is common. It means everyone has the same and equal authority.
• Every member in it gets enough importance.
• The woman has higher status in it.

Question 40.
Merits of Nuclear Family.
Answer:

• A woman has a higher status in a nuclear family.
• The status of living in it is higher.
• A person gets mental satisfaction in it.
• The personality of a person develops in it.
• Members of the family have the feeling of cooperation among them.

Question 41.
Demerits of Nuclear Family.
Answer:

• If anyone, mother or father would fall sick, then the household works would come to halt.
• It is very difficult for an unemployed person to live in it.
• If the wife is illiterate then the family can come to an end if her husband dies.
• Sometimes the conflict between husband and wife occurs because of economic problems.

Question 42.
Merits of Joint Family.
Answer:

• Joint Family protects culture and society.
• The joint family takes care of and upbrings the children.
• The joint family is the centre of social control and recreation.
• The joint family stops the division of property, increases production, and reduces expenditure.
• Joint family gives protection to elders and sick members.

Question 43.
Demerits of Joint Family.
Answer:

• Proper development of personality of the person is not possible in Joint family.
• Females have lower status in Joint families.
• Some members hardly like to work.
• More children are there due to no tension.
• There are many quarrels and conflicts in the family.
• Lack of privacy for husband and wife in this family.

Question 44.
What is a Patriarchal family?
Answer:
As it is clear from the name, power or authority in this type of family is completely in the hands of the father. All the functions of the family are in the hands of the father. He is also the head of the family. He is being obeyed in every type of minor or major decision. All the members of the family are under the control of the father. In this way the family is being run on the name of the father. Son gets nomenclature of the father and nomenclature of the father is of great importance. We can find this type of family in modern times.

Question 45.
Matrilineal family.
Answer:
As it is clear from the name, authority or power in the family is in the hands of mother. Relatives of the mother have more right on the children as compared to relatives of the father. Female is known as the basic ancestor. Legal heir of the property is not the son but is the brother of the mother or son of mother’s sister. Family is run on the name of the mother. It means that children get the nomenclature of the mother. We can find this type of family in some of the tribes of India like Garo and Khasi.

Question 46.
Give the main functions of the family.
Answer:

• It satisfies sexual instincts.
• It produces children.
• It upbrings the children and provides security to them.
• It takes care of the property and arranges for income.
• It gives education about religion.
• It socializes the children.
• It develops and transmits the culture.
• The family also helps in social control.

Question 47.
Changes in the functions of the family.
Answer:

• Families now are being more progressive.
• Sense of fulfilling religious duties is decreasing.
• Importance of traditional occupation has been decreased.
• Women are going out of the house for job, that’s why their functions are changing.
• Joint families are disintegrating.

Question 48.
Consanguine Family.
Answer:
In this type of family, blood relations are at the highest place and there are no sexual relations in it. Husband and wife are also there in this type of family but they are not the base of this family. Membership of this type of family can be attained only on the basis of birth. This type of family never comes to an end after divorce. It is permanent.

Question 49.
Matrilocal Family.
Answer:
This type of family is definitely opposite to Patrilocal family in which girl never leaves her father’s house after marriage but it lives there only. In this, her husband leaves his father’s house and goes to the house of his wife to live. It is known as Matrilocal family. We can find this type of family in Garo and Khasi tribes.

Question 50.
Patrilocal Family.
Answer:
In this type of family, bride leaves her father’s house and goes to the house of her husband to live and establish the family. We can see this type of family very often.

Question 51.
Neolocal Family.
Answer:
This type of family is different from the Patrilocal family and Matrilocal family. In this neither husband nor wife goes to their father’s house to live but they establish their new house at any other place and that’s why it is known as the Neolocal family. We can find this type of family in today’s industrial society.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is Monogamy? What are its causes, merits, and demerits?
Answer:
The type of marriage which exists in the modern age is Monogamy. It means that at one time one male can marry with one female or at one time one female can marry with one male. That’s why it is known as Monogamy. In today’s cultural societies, this type of marriage is of great importance. According to Malinowski, “Monogamy is, has been and will remain the only true type of marriage.”

According to Piddington, “Monogamy is a form of marriage in which no man may be married to more than one woman at any time.” In the Indian society, according to Hindu religion, Monogamy is known as the ideal type of marriage. In ancient times husband was just like a god for the wife. After the death of her husband, wife was preferred to become ‘Sati’ instead of living the life of a widow. According to the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Polygamy was restricted and sanction was given to Monogamy. In modern age laws become so strict that no one can go for second marriage without taking divorce from first partner or only after the death of first partner. Only in some special conditions second marriage was permitted like in the case of no child or husband or wife is suffering from any chronical disease.

(1) In the modern society, only the custom of monogamy exists. Because of this custom social progress becomes possible. Where there is monogamy there society has progressed a lot. So for social progress monogamy is necessary.

(2) Because of equal population of males and females, monogamy is necessary. Because of equality of ratio of their population, stability has come in society.

(3) Because of the sense of monopoly, the type of monogamy cattie into being. In ancient societies when the institution of marriage was not in regulation, then any male was free to have relations with any female. After sometime a feeling of hatred was started among them because a wish came in the mind of every person that his female should not go to the other male. The persons who were physically strong, started to keep monopoly on the females. Slowly and slowly this sense of monopoly was accepted in society and in modern societies this custom of monogamy came into being.

(4) During ancient times price of females was kept. Persons, who were able to pay that value, were given that female. Except this, because of stability of the family the marriage of one male with one female was there.

(5) Position of females is changed in modern societies due to their education and occupational abilities. Now they are able to take decisions about themselves. That’s why also the custom of monogamy has become popular.

Advantages of Monogamy:

1. Change in the status of woman. In ancient times status of woman was very low. Behaviour towards females was very rude. Even in Ashrama Scheme females were restricted to enter in the Brahmacharya Ashram. Their function was limited only to produce children and household works. Except this if we see the caste system then birth of female child was not acceptable. She had no right to live without her husband and was forced to die with the death of her husband. Slowly and slowly changes came in the field of education and now her status is equal to the status of males. That’s why she came in equal terms with males because of monogamy. The status of women has been changed completely with monogamy.

2. Upbringing Of children. Now, the upbringing of children is done in a better way and that is because of this type of marriage. .In other types of marriage the feeling of hatred exists among the children. Even the love among the members of the family is artificial in nature. With this type of marriage children get complete love of their parents. They take care of their ^Very type of needs. Capabilities of children and their knowledge have been increased and their personality is developed.

3. Stability of the family. With the help of this type of marriage, families become more stable. Males and females get more chance to understand each othet. Family cannot progress without the cooperation of both male and female. In the polygamy conflict is always there. Neither man can give complete love to female and nor female can give complete love to male. Tension always prevails in this type of condition. This situation affects the children which results in non-development of children completely. That’s why because of monogamy, family life got more stability.

4. Division of property. Because of division of property, polygamy becomes a problem for society. Even brothers try to kill each other for property. But the custom of monogamy has solved this problem. After the death of the person his property is equally divided among his children.

5. Higher standard of living. The life of modern human being is quite easy and comfortable as compared to ancient times where one male has to take care of only one female and one female has to take care of only one male. Every person can give good education to his children and can give lot of comforts to them. In polygamy upbringing of more number of children is difficult. Because of monogamy, limited number of persons are there in family. Great care is generally given to good food and way of living. That’s why because of this type of marriage standard of living has become higher.

Disadvantages of Monogamy:

1. In monogamy when a woman is pregnant then she cannot cooperate fully with her husband. Except this, even at the time of illness she can hardly cooperate with him. Because of this males started to go out of the house to fulfill their sexual satisfaction and prostitutes came into being. In some conditions, male and female have to live with each other forcefully, even if they hardly love each other. Then also they move out of the house for their biological satisfaction.

2. Second demerit of this type of marriage is that if husband or wife or any one of them is ill then many problems can come in the house. Children have to face the problem of food and many psychological problems occur in the family.

It is right that very marginal demerits are there in this type of marriages but still monogamy is better than other types of marriages and successful also. Today monogamy is known as the ideal type of marriage. Birth rate of male and female is almost equal and if we start giving preference to polygamy then many males and females have to live without marriage. That’s why monogamy is necessary for our society so that the boys and girls may get equal respect in society. According to Malinowski, “Monogamy is, has been and will remain only true type of marriage.”

Polygamy:

Question 2.
What is Polygamy? What are its types, causes, merits, and demerits?
Answer:
By Polygamy we mean when one male or female will marry more than one male or female then the name of polygamy is given.- It means at one time a male can keep more than one wife and a female can have more than one husband. According to Balsera, “The form of marriage in which there is a plurality of partners is called polygamy.”

Further, there are some types of Polygamy which are given below:

1. Bigamy
2. Polygyny
3. Polyandry

Bigamy:

In this type of marriage, a male can have the sanction to marry only two females. This type of marriage was there only in Punjab.

Polygyny:

In this type of marriage one male marries many females. It means that when a male marries many females and have many wives then it is known as Polygyny. According to K.M. Kapadia, “Polygyny is that form of union in which one man has more than one wife.” According to G.D. Mitchell, “The practice of marriage of one man with two or more women is polygyny.” According to Rivers, “It is the commonest form of marriage everywhere. So far as we know, it is not universal but is the privilege of the powerful and rich.”

In ancient times this type of marriage was very famous but today it does not prevail. Even today in some tribes like Hebrids, Babylonian, Tribes of Eskimo, Crow of North America, etc. this type of marriage prevails. In ancient times when members of one group won over the other group then they were accepting the females of the defeated group as their wives. According to Kapadia, to complete religious rituals, religious books of Hindus have given permission to keep four wives. First wife is known as ‘Mahishi’, the second ‘Privriti,’ third “Vakta’, and the fourth wife is known as ‘Plagali’. The status of first wife was higher as compared to the other three. The second was powerful, third was most lovable for husband, fourth was the daughter of lowest officer of the court of the king.

Polygyny can be further divided into two parts.

• Restricted Polygyny marriage
• Unrestricted Polygyny marriage

(a) Restricted Polygyny: In this type of polygamy marriage, the number of wives is limited to a certain number. A person cannot keep wives beyond that limited number. Among Muslims according to this type of marriage, number of wives for a male is the limited maximum up to four.

(b) Unrestricted Polygyny: According to this type of marriage, a man can keep wives as many as he wants. There is no limit to the number of wives. In ancient times, Kings were used to practicing this type of marriage.

Causes of Polygyny:

(1) This type of marriage prevails because of the fact that females become old quite early as compared to males. After the birth of the child health of females also deteriorates. This generally prevails in non-civilized societies.

(2) After some time of marriage, sexual relationships were restricted. For example
at the time of pregnancy sexual relationships are restricted. That’s why more than one marriage is permitted. ‘

(3) More sexual instinct of men is the main reason for this type of marriage. Sometimes men need a change and this is also a reason behind Polygyny.

(4) In ancient societies very big families had good social status in the society. So the wish of a big family also motivated this type of marriage.

(5) In ancient tribal societies Heads of tribes believed in getting prestige in society by marrying more than once because people think that he is from a rich family.

(6) Sometimes economic factor is also a reason for polygamy. In agricultural works, males need more help than females and that’s why they start to marry more than one female.

Merits of Polygyny:

(1) Children’s upbringing is possible in a good and proper manner with polygamy because females can collectively take care of them. If any wife would become sick then others can take care of the children.

(2) Another merit of polygyny is that with this custom there is no need to go to prostitutes to spend money for pleasure. He can get newness only in the family and his sexual instincts can be satisfied. With this practice of polygamy, the family can be saved.

(3) With this custom children become healthy because there is no need for a female to produce many children.

(4) When Kulin Vivaha was started because of this custom then the brotherhood among different castes was increased.

Demerits of Polygyny:

(1) The most important demerit of polygyny is the low status of women in society because women were used as the means of recreation and pleasure for males. Males had no feeling or sense of love towards females. In fact, he was related to her only to satisfy his sexual instincts. Anyone hardly cared about the feelings of females. There was no individual existence of females in society.

(2) When females were left with unsatisfied sexual instincts then they used to establish sexual relations with males except for their husband because a person can satisfy his instincts by marrying many wives but he cannot satisfy all the females.

(3) Because of polygyny the atmosphere of the family becomes uneasy because females are more in number and they are fighting with each other. For example, in Ramayana, queen Kekeyi forced her husband, king Dashrath to send Ram to the forests so that her son Bharata should be the new king. So we want to say that quarrels, fighting, jealousy exist in families with this custom.

(4) Because of Polygyny the head of the family is under a great economic pressure because just one member of the family earns but other members of the family are dependent upon him. So the status of the family becomes very low with this.

(5) Size of the file family becomes too big. That’s why many psychological problems occur in the family.

Polyandry:

Question 3.
What is Polyandry? Explain its causes, merits, and demerits.
Answer:
The custom of polyandry prevails in many societies of the world. The meaning of polyandry is the custom of that marriage in which one female marries many males at a given time and that’s why it is known as polyandry. Generally, in the families of tribes of Tibet, Marcusheim of Polynesia, today’s Malabar, Venzuala, and Malaya this type of custom still prevails. In ‘Mahabharata’, five Pandava brothers had one wife. In the Khas tribe of Dehradun, Toda tribe of Central India, Kot tribe of Kerala this system of Polyandry still prevails. Except this, this custom is also sanctioned in many tribes of hilly areas. Different scholars have given different views about it.

According to K.M. Kapadia, “Polyandry is a form of union in which a woman has more than one husband at a time or in which brothers share a wife or wives in common.” According to G.D. Mitchell, “The practice of marriage of one woman to two or more men, is stated as Polyandry.” In this way, the practice in which one female has more than one husband is known as Polyandry.

There are two forms of polyandrous marriage:

• Fraternal Polyandry
• Non-Fraternal Polyandry

Fraternal Polyandry:

In the custom of fraternal polyandry, all husbands of a female are brothers among them. This type of marriage prevails in the Khas Tribe in India. The eldest brother is known as the father of a child and rest younger brother are her husbands. They establish sexual relations with their wife with the permission of their elder brother. The elder brother is the head of the family and it is his duty to bring the children in a proper way. If even after the marriage any brother of the husbands will be bom then he will also become the husband of that female. If except elder brother, any other younger brother will marry any where else then other brothers also have the permission to have relations with her. If that brother did not permit for this and showed monopoly on her then he was forced to leave his property’s right. This type of marriage also prevails in the tribes of Nilgiri, Laddakh, Sikkim, Assam.

Non-Fraternal Polyandry:

In this type of polyandry, all the husbands of a female are not the brothers. Infact, they live at different places. Time is determined for female that for how much time she has to live with any husband. After the expiry of time period she goes to other husband and this process goes on. If in this type, female will die then all males are forced to live the life of widower. In some tribes, where this system prevails, if at the time of pregnancy any husband gifts her the arrow and the bow then he was accepted as the father of the child. All husbands will get a chance for that and it is their right. In this way according to this custom the rule is that if in a definite period wife lives with any husband then other husbands are not permitted to have sexual relations with the wife.

Causes of Polyandry:

(1) In the ancient times, it was very difficult for a person to take responsibility of the whole family and that’s why some persons were collectively marrying one female. According to Dr. Kapadia, this custom prevails even because of difficult natural conditions. In ancient times when man was moving beyond the range of family in search of food then some persons were engaged in these activities and some persons were living at home to take care of the family.

(2) To control the increasing population, this type of marriage was adopted. It helps in limiting the size of the family because with this the number of produced children will remain less in number.

(3) According to some sociologists less number of females as compared to males was the main reason behind this custom. In Toda tribe this was the main reason behind this type of custom.

(4) In some areas husband has to pay the price of the bride and then only he can make her as his wife. Sometimes this price of the bride was too high that it was beyond the limit of a single man. That’s why some people jointly were able to pay the price of the bride. That’s why they were accepting her jointly as their wife.

(5) Another reason of Polyandry is poverty. Sumner has written about Tibbet that production in Tibbet is very less and because of this it is very difficult for a person to give bread and butter to his family. That’s why collectively they were providing food and other things to the family.

Merits of Polyandry:

(1) With polyandry, the increase of population can be checked because in many areas the main reason of poverty is more population. This custom can reduce the number of children in society.

(2) On one side this custom controls the population and on another side it helps in taking status of living high, because there are less responsibilities on bread earners. The number of bread earners is more and that’s why there is no economic pressure on the family.

(3) With this custom, the custom of joint family also came into being and size of the family remains small. Very less number of quarrels are there because every person of the family works for the collective progress of the family.

(4) With this custom of polyandry, upbringing of children is possible in a proper and permanent way because the responsibility of upbringing of children belongs jointly to all members of the family. Children can get love of both, mother and father, which is necessary for the formation of his character and personality. Very less situation of conflict is there.

(5) With this custom there is no need for division of property of the family because of which the feelings of love, brotherhood and cooperation exist among the members of the society.

Demerits of Polyandry:

(1) The biggest disadvantage of polyandry is the health of the female because one female has to satisfy the sexual needs of many males which results in the deterioration of her health.

(2) This custom helps in reducing birth rate. If this custom will prevail for next few years then in next few years that society will come to an end.

(3) All males cannot be sexually satisfied with this because wife has to live with one husband for a definite period. When she is living with a husband for a definite period then others are restricted to establish sexual relations with her. In this condition man goes out of the house to satisfy his natural instincts. In this way immorality increases in family and the society.

(4) Another demerit of this custom is that when man comes to know that the child is not his, which his wife is producing, then in that condition he started to ignore the child and then the wife has to take the responsibility of that child.

Question 4.
Explain in detail the functions of family.
Answer:
Different sociologists have classified the functions of the family according to their own ways whose description is given below:

1. Biological Functions of Family:

1. Satisfaction of sexual desire. This necessary function of family exists from that time when human society came into being because the satisfaction of sexual desire is the primary function of family. This objective connects the male and female with each other for a long time and it helps also in the formation of the personality. If we will suppress this wish then many types of problems can occur which will result in the breakdown of social relations.

2. Reproduction. For the maintenance and existence of society it is necessary that human race should be perpetuated. According to Hindu religious books, man cannot get salvation until that time when he doesn’t have son. Society never gives sanction to the children which are born out of family. That’s why the reproduction of children is the aim of the family.

3. Provision of shelter. Family provides security to its members. House is provided to the members of the family so that they should live with their family when they will come back to their house from their work. These days man gets rooms to live in clubs, hotels but his house is just like a heaven for him. It is so because of the comfort which he gets in family, he can never get anywhere else.

4. Upbringing of children. The function of the upbringing of children also belongs to family. Actual development of a child is possible only under the control of the parents. It is right that in modern age creaches are taking care of children because females are also employed. But still we can see that the children who grow up under the supervision of their parents have more qualities than the others. In this way we can take care of our children only with the help of family and all-round development of the child is possible.

5. Provision of food and clothing. Humans need food to live and this need is fulfilled by family. Family saves its members from different natural forces. Human child is more dependent upon the family for a very long time. If the new born baby will not wear the clqthes according to the season then he can fall sick. In winter he needs woollen clothes and in summer he needs cotton clothes and the family provides him all these things.

2. Economic Functions of Family:

1. Protection of Property. In family, the property of one generation is given to another generation. In ancient times, in patriarchal families, property was divided only among boys. But in modern times girl can also take the share of her father’s property. If any person dies unmarried then after his death his relatives fight with each other for the property. So property is divided among the members of family according to the wish of the head of family.

2. Provision of Money. We need money to fulfil our needs and the needs of the family. That’s why in ancient societies head of family was providing the money for family. But today husband and wife both are earning to fulfil the needs of the members of family.

Social Functions of Family:

1. Socialization. Child learns ways of living in society only in family and becomes a good citizen. With the help of family child establishes social contacts. Child takes birth in family and first of all he comes in contact with his parents because they fulfil his basic needs. Person gets ascribed status from the family. According to Merrill, “Family is an enduring association of parents and offspring whose primary functions are the socialization of the children and the satisfaction of the members.”

Child’s personality develops only in family. According to Aristotle, “Man is a social animal.” This social quality he gets while living in society. According to Anderson, to control the animal habits of man, to form good habits, to understand responsibilities and to develop self belief are the main functions of family. Qualities like cooperation, love, sacrifice, discipline develop in a person only in the family. If child gets proper education in the family then good citizens will come in society. Person comes to know about every type of behaviour of society only in family.”

2. Protection and transmission of culture. Family protects our culture and this culture is our social heritage and continuity exists in it. Every family understands the responsibilities of giving good habits to next generation, traditions, customs, rituals to the person. Child learns every thing with unconscious mind because he automatically does that thing which he observes in the family. Every family has its own customs on which it is based. Family tells the child to learn something consciously so that the child should move according to the traditions of the family. In this way on the basis of this continuity family protects and transmits the culture to next generation.

3. Social control. Family is an important agency of social control because it is the first agency in which the child is controlled so that the bad habits should not be developed. For example, parents keep control over him to not to tell a lie, not to speak wrong with elders so that the child should follow the rules of the family. Every person wants to do that type of work which helps in increasing the prestige of his family in the society. Family controls every type of behaviour and actions of its members. In this way child becomes disciplined. If child does not behave in a proper way with the members of family then he will definitely misbehave with the other members of the society. For example, child learns the habit of theft only by looking at its elders. If they will not do this then child will also come under control. In this way family controls its members.

4. To provide status. In a family child comes to know about his status and role. In ancient societies child was respected according to family in which he was born. For example, a child born in a rich family, King’s house, Landlord’s house was getting social status automatically. Child born in poor family had low status. Yet in today’s age man gets status according to his ability but still child has to work according to the family in which he is born.

5. Provide occupation. In ancient societies child had to adopt the occupation of family in which he was born. In caste system, child born in Brahmin’s family can adopt the occuption of the brahmins. According to ancient history, division of occupation was based on caste and caste was related with the birth of child. Yet today person can adopt the occupation according to his ability but still in business, person adopts his hereditary occupation.

6. Help in marriage. This function was also done by family in ancient societies. Yet in today’s age man establishes marital relations according to his wish. But still it is necessary that the family members should be present at the time of marriage. Even today it is the duty of the family to get their children married.

Education Functions:

Family is the basic agency for the education of a child because he gets first education only in family. To give good habits and qualities is also related with family. In ancient societies education related to occupation, education related to religion, education related to making a good citizen was given only in family. Yet in present society child’s educational functions have been taken away by other institutions but still many functions related to education are done by family.

Political Functions:

In political area family has an important place. According to Confucius, man firstly is the member of the family then is of state. In primitive societies family’s importance was more than political aspect. Society was divided in different tribes. Eldest members of these tribes were made the head of the tribe. Head of the family was the eldest member of the family and others were working under him. In Indian joint family system head of family is of great importance. This head can be grandfather or great grandfather of the family. Members of family were given different status and roles which everyone had to obey. That’s why stability of family was there. The main reason behind the disorganization of the family in modern society is the lack of political functions of the family. Family helps the person to become a political man so that the man should be able to become a good citizen of the society. Political organization is a powerful organization which regulates the social relations of the person. So organization of the family is responsible for the organization of the society.

Religious Functions:

Child gets knowledge about religious rituals in family only. According to Hindu religious books, religious rituals are incomplete without wife. Family is the centre of religious actions. In Indian society, marriage is known as religious sacrament and it completed by religious actions. Religious rituals are done by the family from the birth till death. Qualities of the person are developed by the family. Religion controls the behaviour of human. It develops many of the good qualities in person like sacrifice, love, cooperation etc. According to Timasheff Cohen, “The structure and status of the family are often reflected in religion, the gods forming families along human lines. In those societies, atleast religious rules serve as instrument of integration, offering common societal values which help to direct the society as. a whole.” Family life depends upon religion. In this way religion tells its ‘members about religious ideals, rules with which social unity is maintained. In modern societies people’s point of view has become scientific but still family maintains its social customs.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 4 Rights and Duties of a Citizen Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Rights and Duties of a Citizen

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Rights. Discuss the characteristics of Rights.
Or
What are rights? How are rights different from claims?
Answer:
The citizen has to seek ‘the good life’ not only for his own sake but also for the community. If he has to live upto his ideals, he needs certain conditions. He can justly claim them, he has right to them for the fulfilment of the common good. Rights are those conditions and guarantees which the State should provide to every citizen in order that he may attain his best self in society.

Man can develop all his mental; physical and spiritual qualities only if he is given certain rights and privileges by the State. Each State gives certain rights to the citizens which are essential for the development of the personality of the individuals. Laski has pointed out that every State is known by the rights, that it maintains.

What is a Right? Different scholars have defined Rights in different ways. Some important definitions of Rights are given below:

1. According to Wilde, “A Right is a reasonable claim to freedom in the exercise of certain activities.”
2. According to T.H. Green, “Rights are those powers which are necessary to the fulfilment of man’s vocation as moral being.”
3. According to Holland, “Right is one man’s capacity of influencing the acts of another by means not of his own strength but of the opinion or the force of society.”
4. According to Bosanquet, “A Right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by the State.”
5. According to John Austin, “Rights mean one man’s capacity of exacting from another of others acts of forbearances.”
6. According to H. J. Laski, ‘Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek to be himself at his best.”
7. According to Dr. Beni Prasad, ‘Rights are the right conditions of life which are essential for the development of the individual. Rights are the essential aspects of social life.”

On the basis of the definitions given before we can say that Rights are those conditions of social life without which human personality cannot develop. Rights are useful both for the individual as well as for the State. The rights are recognized by the State.

Difference between Rights And Claims:
Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society. But all claims are not to be regarded as rights because rights are only those claims which are recognised as such by society and enforced by the State. The claim of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognised by the society. Without such a recognition rights are empty claims. An individual is a part of the society, an individual cannot have any right apart from what the society concedes.

Characteristics of Rights:
On the basis of the definitions of rights given previous we can say that the following are the essential features of rights.
1. Rights are available only in the Society:
Rights can be possible only in the society. The rights cannot be possible outside the society. Whenever, an individual lives in society he is to seek the help of others for various purposes. Outside the society every individual is absolutely free and he makes use of force for achieving his end.

2. Right is a claim of the individual:
Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society. In other words, right means demand for certain facilities.

3. Right is recognized by Society:
Rights are those claims of the individual which are recognized by the society. The claims of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognized by society.

4. Right is reasonable and moral:
The society recognizes only that claim of the individual which is reasonable and moral. The society recognizes only that claim which concerns the welfare of the individual. A claim which is harmful to society cannot be accepted.

5. Right can be used for public good:
A right can be used only for social good and not against the interest of the society. Rights can be had in society and are recognized by the society. Therefore, it is but natural that they should be exercised in the best interest of society.

6. Rights are universal:
Rights are given equally to all the people in society. Right is a claim of the individual and is not the claim of a particular individual but it is a claim of all the individuals. A right which is enjoyed by one individual is also enjoyed by other individuals.

7. Rights and duties go together:
Right is always accompanied by duties. Rights and duties go side by side. A’s right is B’s duty and B’s right is A’s duty. Rights cannot be granted without the performance of certain duties.

Another important feature of right is that it is enforced by the State. The rights are also protected by the State. The State grants rights through laws and those who violate the law are punished by the State. The State is the guardian of the rights of the individuals. Rights change with the changed social, economic and political conditions. For example, in the early phase of industrial expansion, the right to unfettered use of one’s property was recognised. But in the mid-twentieth century the right to property has been considerably curtailed in almost every country. Hence no permanent and unchanging catalogue of rights can be compiled.

Question 2.
Discuss the various rights enjoyed by a citizen in modern State.
Or
Describe any three rights of the individual.
Answer:
Modern age is an age of democracy and each State grants its citizens various types of rights so that they may be able to develop their personality. The rights granted by the State are called legal rights and they are of three types:

(a) Civil Rights:
In the modern democratic states the citizens are granted the following civil rights:
1. Right to Life:
Each State grants its citizens the right to life. Aristotle is of the opinion that the State came into existence for the sake of life and continues to exist for the sake of good life. This right is important both for the State and the individual. The individual personality can develop to the fullest degree only if he is granted the right to life. The State protects the life of the individual. The individual is given the right to self-defence. An individual cannot be allowed to commit suicide.

The State can award death sentence to an individual. If the existence of an individual is dangerous to the lives of others or if an individual works against the interests of the State he can be awarded death punishment. The modem view is against awarding death punishment. Most of the people have started thinking on the line that State should not award death punishment upon anyone. Efforts should be made to reform the criminals.

2. Right to Personal liberty:
The citizens are also given the right to personal liberty. The individual is given complete liberty for the development of his personality. The Government cannot arrest anybody arbitrarily. Nobody can be deprived of his life, liberty and property without a breach of law established in an ordinary court of law.

An individual enjoys complete freedom so far as he obeys the laws of the State. A person can be arrested only when he violates the laws of the State and he can be punished only when the charge against him is established in a court of law. The police cannot keep anybody in its custody more than 24 horn’s without the permission of the judge. Beside this the accused is given complete liberty to defend himself of the charge.

3. Right to Family Life:
Every citizen has the right to maintain a privacy of life in the family without any outside interference. The children possess the right of inheritance in their family property and also have got the right to get full support from their parents upto the age of maturity. Parents have the full rights over their children so long as they remain minors. Every person possesses the full right to marriage in any way he likes but the sanctity of marriage must be maintained in the society.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion:
Right to freedom of religion is most essential for the development of the personality of the individual. Every citizen should be free to profess and practise any religious faith he likes. In ancient times the right was not recognized by the State but modern States generally recognise this right. The recognition of this right by the State presupposes complete religious toleration.

5. Right to Education:
Citizenship has been defined as the contribution of one’s instructed judgement to the public good. The citizen has the right to such education as well fit him for the task of citizenship. Every citizen should have that education which would enable him to weigh, judge, choose and decide for himself.

The State grants the right to education to all its citizens. The individuals should have the right of receiving education according to their sweet will. The State should provide all facilities regarding education to its citizens. Now-a-days the State opens schools and colleges for the spread of education. The State now-a-days opens adult education centres, reading rooms, libraries and research centres. It opens colleges and universities. The spread of education is considered an important function of the State now-a-days.

6. Right to Equality:
In the modern civilized State the citizens are also given the right to equality. Equality is the basis of democracy. All the citizens are considered equal in all aspects of life. Equality does not mean that the income of all the individuals should be equal or all of them should have the same status in life. Equality means that all the individuals should enjoy equal opportunities and nobody should be discriminated against on the basis of sex, caste, creed, colour, blood and religion. Everybody should be equal in the eyes of law. Nobody should enjoy special privileges.

7. Right to Freedom of Movement:
A citizen has the right to freedom of movement and settlement in any part of the country. He cannot be restricted by any exercise of power. This way every citizen can settle at a place which he likes and where he can have his business. Nobody can be compelled to leave a certain place.

8. Right to Contract:
The right to contract enables the citizen to enter into contracts freely with others. Though every State gives the individual this, important civil right, it makes the necessary laws to regulate contracts and to prevent the making of contracts which are injurious to the interests of society.

9. Right to Freedom of Thought and Expression:
Freedom of speech is a valuable right. In all free countries citizens have the right to speak out honestly what view they may hold. Freedom of press is included in this right of free expression of opinion and is merely the right to publish in print what a man can lawfully speak.

Citizens can criticise government measures even severely. Hus freedom is no doubt subject to the law of libel and sedition. Men who are prevented from thinking freely will soon cease to think at all. Freedom of speech and of expression helps to create an enlightened public opinion. It is a powerful weapon against official tyranny as it is one of the most powerful means for the redressal of public grievances. A government which strifles criticism prepares for its own destruction.

10. Right to Freedom of Press:
In the modern age the freedom of press is given great importance. People enjoy the right to speech and at the same time they are given the right to expression. They can get their views published. The newspapers are given freedom and they publish news of their own sweet accord. Articles are published in the newspapers. The newspapers provide every sort of knowledge to the people. The newspapers organize and express public opinion.

They appreciate good actions and condemn bad actions of the government. They protect the rights and liberties of the people. The newspapers are now-a-days called the watch dog of the rights and liberties of the people. If the government imposes restrictions on the newspapers and journals, then it results in the death of democracy. If the freedom of press is denied, the country cannot progress and public welfare cannot be promoted.

11. Right to form Associations:
The individuals are given the right to assemble and form associations in order to promote their interests. Man is a social animal and he performs all his functions in co-operation with others. He forms so many associations in society in order to achieve certain ends. The citizens are given the freedom to form social, political, economic and cultural associations.

The State should not interfere in the functioning of these associations. The citizens from various types of professional associations, for example, trade unions and commercial associations. The people should be given the right to assemble peacefully and to discuss their problems. The government should not impose restrictions on public meetings and associations.

12. Right to Freedom in Domestic Affairs:
The citizens should be given freedom in their domestic affairs. The State should not interfere in the personal life of the individuals. The citizens should be free to use dress and food of their own choice. The State cannot prescribe a particular dress for the people. The State cannot lay down the rules for fashion. The individuals should be left free in their domestic affairs.

(b) Economic Rights:
Some people include economic rights in civil rights, beside the citizens of the State, are also given to the aliens. Economic rights are also given equally to all the people of the State. At so many occasions all the economic rights are not extended to the aliens. In many States the foreigners are not allowed to purchase property. The right to economic security is extended to the citizens and not to the foreigners. The citizens of a State get the following economic rights:

1. Right to Work:
In the modem world, no person can live without doing some work by which he earns his livelihood. Therefore, it is the duty of every State to provide work to all citizens. Since every responsible State shoulders the responsibility of making its citizens morally and materially fit for the struggle of life, it has to see that they have work enough to give them a decent living. Those who are out of employment have a right to demand work from their State.

The right to work does not mean the right to any particular work. It means that there should be no unemployment in the country. In communist countries like China, it is the duty of the State to provide work to its citizens. If the State fails to provide work to its citizens, it then gives them unemployment allowance.

2. Right to Adequate Wages:
The citizens must be given such wages as will enable them to maintain, at least, the minimum standard of living. If the workers do not get adequate wages for their work, they cannot improve their standard of living. According to Laski, “A man has not only the right to work, he has also the right to be paid an adequate wage for his labour.” Now-a-days the State fixes minimum wages for minimum hours so that every individual gets all the facilities of life.

3. Right to Property:
The right to property is most essential for the development of individual personality. Locke has called this right as the natural right. According to him the individual enjoyed this right even in the State of Nature. Therefore, it is the most important duty of the State to protect the right to property.

The individual can purchase, manage and sell property. The property is of two types— movable and immovable. The individuals should have the right to possess property of both the types. The property of a citizen cannot be snatched away by force. The State can acquire the property of a person by paying due compensation. Property inspires a man to make progress.

In most of the States the individuals have been given the right to private property. Property helps in making a man sympathetic, kind and generous. Property is quite essential for the development of individual personality.

4. Right to Economic Security:
In the modem States the citizens are granted the right to economic security. The State should hold responsibility for the satisfaction of the economic needs of the citizen. State should help the needy, the disabled and the old persons. Old age pension should be given. The State should take all possible measures for the economic security of its citizens. According to Laski, ‘To be at his best self, a man must work and the absence of work means provision, until employment again offers the opportunity to work.” The individual should be given old age pension. During illness he should be given free medical aid.

5. Right to Leisure:
Everyone should have leisure after doing work. The individual can race up his energy only by getting leisure. It is only during leisure hours that an individual can think about State and society. It is again during leisure hours that an individual can think about his own betterment.

(c) Political Rights:
Political rights are of great importance. It is with the help of these rights that an individual gets the right to participate in the affairs of the State. In the absence of these rights democracy cannot be real. Political rights are given only to the citizens and not to the foreigners. Generally the political rights mentioned below are given to the citizens:

1. Right to Vote:
Right to vote is the most important political right. It is through the exercise of this right that citizens in a democracy take part in the government of the country. Criminals, bankrupts, lunatics and aliens are not given the right to vote. In most of the modern States every adult person, man or woman is given the right to vote.

The State does not take into consideration the caste, creed, colour and religion while extending the right to vote to its citizens. In India, U.S.A. and in Russia every citizen of the age of 18 years is given the right to vote. By getting the right to vote the people govern over themselves.

2. Right to Contest Elections:
Every voter is normally given the right to be elected to the local boards and State or Central legislatures. Certain States sometimes impose certain restrictions regarding age, education, etc., for being elected to the legislative bodies. The poorest citizen is as eligible, for contesting an election as the richest.

This right is given equally to all the citizens of the State. Nobody is deprived of this right on the basis of caste, religion, creed and colour. Some qualifications for contesting the election can, of course, be laid down. In India no citizen who is below 25 years of age cannot contest election to Lok Sabha. The elected representatives of the people enjoy the right to frame laws and to run the administration.

3. Right to hold Public Offices:
All the citizens are eligible to hold public offices. It does not mean that anybody may assume any office. It simply implies that all citizens in the State should be equally eligible for appointment to offices for which they are qualified by virtue of education, judgement, training and experience.

Merit should be the main rather the sole criterion for all public appointments. Every public office executive, legislative and judicial is equally open to all citizens if they are otherwise duly qualified to hold that office. There is no bar on the ground of social status, wealth, colour, caste or any other such cause. This right means equal fitness of capability of being chosen for public office, political position or government service if otherwise qualified.

4. Right to Criticise the Government:
Every citizen has the right to criticise the government and express his views about any action or policy of the government if it goes against the welfare of the people. In democracy, the administration is run by the representatives of the people. If these elected representatives do not work in accordance with the wishes of the people, the people have every right to criticise them. If the right to criticise the government is denied to the people, then the government will behave arbitrarily. Every citizen can express his opinion on the policy of the government. Let this criticism be constructive and with the best of motives.

5. Right to Petition:
Every citizen is given the right to address petitions or complaints to the competent authorities. This right may be exercised by individuals or by several persons together. This right is important in the sense the people can get their grievances redressed by the government by addressing their petitions.

6. Right to form Political Parties:
In democratic countries citizens enjoy the right to form political parties. Political parties are inevitable in a democratic state. For example, in India citizens enjoy the right to form political parties.

Question 3.
What do you mean by duties? Explain the various kinds of duties.
Or
What is ‘Duty’? Explain.
Answer:
Rights in the absence of duties are meaningless:
A citizen enjoys a number of rights and facilities. He must, therefore, perform a number of corresponding duties and obligations. In return for the protection an other blessings and benefits he receives from the State he must feel grateful and perform a number of duties. It is upon the faithful performance of those duties that success and happiness in life depends.

What is Duty? A duty means an obligation. A man is said to have duty in any matter if he under an obligation to do or not to do something. It is such an obligation by virtue of which we are bound to do something or refrain from doing so because another person has a right to expect some action or mission from us.

In fact “Rights” and “Duties” go side by side and are the two facets of the same coin. If we wish to enjoy the civil and political rights, we must perform certain duties towards the State because it is the duties which create the essential qualities of sacrifice, courage and discipline among the citizens. Therefore, the emphasis today is to be laid as much on the duties of a citizen as on his rights.

Kinds of Duties:
Duties are of two types- Moral and Legal.
When a duty is enjoined merely by our moral sense, the duty is moral. But when a duty is prescribed by the laws of the State, it is a legal duty.
The moral opinion of the community demands of us the performance of certain duties i. e. to help the poor, to the sick and to the suffering. To induce us to perform these duties, there is no pressure other them that of the good opinion of the community. These are moral duties. But legal duties are of an entirely different kind. They have to be performed under the compulsion of law. They are enforced by. the State.

Question 4.
Describe the various duties of a citizen in a modern state.
Answer:
The citizens are concerned both with the State and the society. They cannot do anything in the absence of the State and society. Therefore, the individuals are to perform both the legal and moral duties in life. Following are given both the moral as well as legal duties of the citizens.

(A) Moral Duties Of The Citizens:
1. Duties towards One’s Self:
First of all an individual has so many duties towards his own self. Man as a social being is a member of society and in order that a society be strong, it is necessary that individuals who constitute society should be energetic and strong in mind and body. A citizen should develop to the full of his physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual faculties in order to be able to serve the society. His aim should be to achieve all round fitness. A citizen can serve the society well if he enjoys quite a good health.

2. Duties towards Family:
A citizen has duties towards himself as well as towards his family. In case all the members of a family do not honestly perform their duties, the family is bound to suffer. It is the duty of the parents to bring up, educate and support their children and if they fail in their duties, the children will never be able to develop their personality and hence they will never become good citizens.

The children are the citizens of tomorrow. A country’s future depends upon enlightened citizens. The father should be very particular about the needs of the family. The family should live in perfect peace and harmony. All the members should possess a spirit of sacrifice and selfless love and affection for one another.

3. Duties towards Neighbours:
A citizen should extend fullest degree of co¬operation to his neighbours in all walks of life. He should be sympathetic, kind and useful to his neighbours. If you do something for your neighbours during an hour of trial, they will also do a good turn when you are admist difficulties. Love begets love. Love your neighbours and they will love you in turn. If your neighbour is weak, sick, poor and needy, you cannot feel safe. The undesirable character of a neighbour may spoil your children, a poor neighbour may become a thief. It is the first and foremost duty of a citizen to see to the all round progress of his neighbour.

4. Duties towards Society:
Man is a social animal. Nobody can lead an isolated life. Man is a man among men only. The individual gets all the facilities of life in society. Therefore, he must perform all the duties which are essential for the progress of the society. Every individual should have social spirit and he should do nothing which is harmful to society.

5. Duties towards Humanity:
Every individual has certain duties towards the humanity. The modern age is an age of internationalism. Every citizen should live in co-operation and harmony with the people of other countries. Every citizen should help in the establishment of world peace. The citizens should not develop hatred and distrust for the people of other countries. The citizens should strongly oppose imperialism. The citizens should contribute to the maximum towards the welfare of humanity.

(B) Legal Duties Of The Citizens:
The citizens are to perform so many duties towards the State. The duties which are prescribed by law are called legal duties. The citizens are to perform the following legal duties:
1. Allegiance:
Every citizen has allegiance to the State to which he belongs. He must defend the State against all enemies and dangers and he has a duty to assist the State in the suppression of crimes and revolution. The State can call upon him or even require him to take up arms in its defence. It can prescribe a period of compulsory military training for the citizen. The citizen should be prepared, if necessary, even to lay down his life in defending the State and to discharge the duties involved in his allegiance to the State.

2. Obedience:
Every citizen has the supreme duty of obeying the law. Good citizenship consists more in this obedience to law than in any other thing. Laws are enacted for the welfare of the community, so the man who has a regard for law, has the good of the community, at heart. Respect for the laws and the institutions of the State makes one a good citizen.

There may be occasions when public opinion has to be organised to repeal laws which are anti-social in character.
Disobedience of law may, in exceptional circumstances, be morally justified but even in such cases it ought to be carefully considered whether the object underlying such disobedience could not be better attained by other means.
Respect of law, once undermined may shake the very foundations of our social order.

3. Payment of Taxes:
It is the duty of the citizen to pay taxes which are legally imposed on him. The administration of the government cannot be run without public funds. There is no other source for the government except to collect money from the citizens in the form of taxes. All these taxes are utilized for the payment of salaries to the public servants and other State officials who exist for the welfare of the people. Therefore, the State has the right to tax its citizens who should pay all these taxes without any hesitation because the money thus collected will be spent for their welfare.

4. Protection of Public Property: It is the duty of the citizens to protect public property.

5. Co-operation with Government:
Every citizen should extend fullest degree of co-operation to the government. It is his duty to help the government officials in the proper discharge of their duties. He should help the police, the army and other officials in maintaining law and order in the country. The citizen should not give shelter to or defend criminals. He should rather help the government in getting the law-breakers punished.

Question 5.
What is the relationship between rights and duties?
Or
How are Rights and Duties interrelated? Explain fully.
Or
“Rights imply Duties.” Explain with examples.
Answer:
Just as a citizen enjoys certain rights, he also has to discharge certain duties towards society. Very often the words ‘Right’ and ‘Duty’ are used as if they are opposed to each other and would exclude each other. This impression is quite wrong, because rights and duties are closely connected with each other and they always go together.

There are two ways of proving this, whenever a right is given to one citizen, say ‘A’, then it becomes the duty of all other citizens ‘B’, ‘C’ and so on to respect that right to allow citizen ‘A’ to enjoy that right and not to do anything to destroy it. When I am given the right to property, it is the duty of all other citizens not to take away my property, and to allow me to use my property, in any way I would like to use it. But it should be remembered that the same rights are given to all citizens and can be enjoyed only if each allows all others to enjoy the same.

The right to property is given not only to me but to all other citizens and just as it is their duty to allow me the right of enjoying my property, it is my duty to allow others to enjoy the same right to property. This would mean that I can enjoy my right to property only if I accept at the same time my duty to respect it for others. Thus rights and duties are so closely related with each other that one cannot exist without the other and we can say that rights and duties are only different angles from which we look at things.

Rights are the claim or privileges enjoyed by a citizen recognized by the State. It is the duty of the State to protect your rights otherwise rights are meaningless. Your right imposes a twofold duty on you. You have a duty to see that you do not interfere in any way with the enjoyment of similar rights of others. As you have a right so have others.

It is your duty not to take any action likely to interfere with their rights. Secondly, rights cannot be enjoyed for nothing. You are given certain rights so that you can perform certain duties as citizen. These rights are necessary to enable you to exercise your civic duties. The State by guaranteeing these rights, imposes on you the duty to act as a responsible citizen of the community. It will be your duty to develop your abilities and to try your utmost to further the common good of the country.

Rights and duties are related in the following way:
1. One’s right is another’s duty:
A right belonging to one person imposes a corresponding duty on the others to respect his right. His right is therefore, their duty. For instance, an individual’s right to property implies that it is the duty of others not to take away or steal his property without his consent or to interfere with his enjoyment of it. In this sense, rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin. From the standpoint of man who enjoys, it is a right and from the point of view of others who must allow him to enjoy it is a duty.

But it is necessary that every right should carry a corresponding duty with it. For instance, a landlord has only rights over his tenants and no duties towards them and thjt the tenants have only duties and no rights. In fact, in such a case, no right or duty is involved and it is a case of exploitation, not a right or duty. The landlord really has no rights over the tenants but only a power backed by the wealth and influence. A right can truly be called a right only if it does not hinder the general welfare of other people.

2. One’s right is one’s duty also:
A right is at the same time a duty. If an individual enjoys a right, it must be remembered that the same right belongs to all other individuals. Therefore, it is his duty not to interfere in the enjoyment of other’s rights. For instance, if ‘A’ has the right to express his opinions freely it is also his duty not to deny the same right to ‘B’. Further my right to use public road also implies the duty to admit the fact that others too possess the same right. This right implies one more duty also. If I enjoy liberty to speech, it is my duty not to misuse this right by preaching anything that is against law or that disturbs peace or spreads hatred among different communities.

3. One’s right is one’s duty to use it in a right way:
It is the duty of an individual to make proper use of his rights. The improper use of rights proves harmful for others and society can never tolerate it. If an individual is given the freedom of speech and expression, he should not misuse this right by spreading hatred among different communities. He should not instigate the people against the government.

He should not spread rumours. Misuse of rights by the citizens of a State leads to disorder and anarchy. It leads to setting up wrong precedents. Public welfare is ignored if people do things of their own accord. Every citizen should use his rights in such a way that the interests of the community are promoted to the full.

4. One’s right is one’s duty to use it for social good:
A right is not only the means for furthering self interest but it is also a means for promoting the general interests of society. An individual enjoys right only so long as he contributes his best instructed judgement to the common good of the people. In case an individual misuses his rights, and his activities prove harmful to the welfare of the community, his rights are forfeited and he becomes liable to punishment. For example, if an individual enjoys his right to freedom of speech to spread bitterness between different sections of the community or to preach violence or anarchy, he becomes a hindrance in the way of social development. He should use right to freedom of speech for constructive purposes only.

5. Duties towards the States:
Rights of an individual imply certain duties towards the State. The State gives us rights and they are also safeguarded by the State. State creates such an atmosphere as is necessary for making full use of rights. Rights have no meaning without the State and hence it is the duty of every individual to respect the laws of the State.

He should be ready to sacrifice his all for the State during an hour of crisis. He should pay the State taxes honestly. He should be loyal to the State. State protects the life and property of an individual and it is the duty of the individual to protect the State.
In the end we can say that Rights and Duties go side by side. They are two facets of a coin.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of rights.
Answer:
Rights are those conditions of social life without which human personality can’t develop. The rights are recognised by the state. In general speaking rights are those claims which are recognised by society and enforced by the state.

Different scholars have defined Rights in different ways. Some important definitions of Right are given below:

According to Wilde, “A Right is a reasonable claim to freedom in the excercise of certain activities.”
Accroding to T.H. Green, “Rights are those powers which are necessary to the fulfilment of man’s vocation as moral being.”
According to Bosanquet, “A Right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by State.”
According to H. J. Laski, “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek to be himself at his best.”

Question 2.
Explain the characteristics of rights.
Answer:
1. Rights are available only in the Society: Rights can be possible only in the society. The rights cannot be possible outside the society.

2. Right is a claim of the Individual: Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society.

3. Right is recognized by society:
Rights are those claims of the individual which are recognized by the society. The claim of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognized by society.

4. Right is reasonable and moral;
The society recognizes only that claim of the individual which is reasonable and moral. The society recognizes only that claim which concerns the welfare of the individual. A claim which is harmful to society cannot be accepted.

Question 3.
Explain how rights are different from claims?
Answer:
Rights are those conditions and guarantees which the state should provide to every citizen in order that he may attain his best self in society. Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society. But each and every claim of the individual cannot be termed and accepted as a rights. In order to become right individual’s claims must fulfil certain condition.

A right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state. The claim of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognized by the society. Any claim which is neither acceptable to society nor enforceable by the state cannot be called a right in a true sense. Without recognition rights are empty claims. An individual is a part of the society. An individual cannot have any rights apart from what the society concede. Every right has a corresponding duty. But a claim may or may not have a corresponding duty. Thus in order to become rights, claims of the individual must be recognized by the society and enforced by the State. .

Question 4.
Describe various types of rights.
Answer:

• Natural Rights: Natural Rights are those rights which have been given to man by nature.
• Moral Rights: Moral Rights are those which are based on the ethical rules prevailing among the people.
• Legal Rights: A legal Right is recognised and enforced by the power of the state.
• Fundamental Rights: Legal Rights mentioned in the constitution are called fundamental Rights.
• Civil Rights: Civil Rights are those, which enable an individual to lead a decent civic life.
• Political Rights: Political Rights are those privileges recognised and guaranteed by the law of the State, which enable the citizen to participate in political affairs and governance of the country.
• Economic Rights: Economic Rights are those, which are essential for the economic development of an individual.

Question 5.
What do you understand by Natural Rights?
Answer:
Natural rights are those rights which have been given to man by Nature. Some people are of the view that nature conferred certain rights on man even before the birth of society. Locke also championed the cause of these rights. Right to life, liberty and property cannothe ended by anyone. Some people interpret the meaning of natural rights in a different way. They say that there are certain things to which man has an inherent right. They are natural because they are essential and inherent in the eminent worth of human personality. .

Question 6.
What do you understand by civil rights? Mention any two such rights.
Answer:
Civil Rights. Those rights which relate to the protection and enjoyment of life and property by the individual are known as civil rights. Civil rights are regarded as essential to civilised existence. These rights relate to the achievement of man’s highest self-development. They are granted, protected and enforced by the state. The two important civil rights are:

Right to Life:
It means that the state must afford protection to the individual against all innimical forces.

Right to Personal Liberty:
It means that an individual must be given the freedom to enjoy his personal life. He must not be interfered with by the laws of the state till he remains within the bounds of law.

Question 7.
Mention any four political rights of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Right to vote:
Right to vote is the most important political right. It is through the exercise of this right that citizens in a democracy take part in the government of the country.

2. Right to Contest Elections:
Every citizen is given the right to be elected to the local bodies, state or central legislatures. State sometimes imposes certain restrictions regarding age, education, etc. for being elected to the legislative bodies.

3. Right to hold Public Offices:
Every citizen is given the right to hold public offices. Every public office executive, legislative and judicial is equally open to all citizens if they are otherwise duly qualified to hold that office.

4. Right to form Political Parties. In democratic countries citizens enjoy the right to form Political Parties.

Question 8.
Name any four economic rights of a citizen.
Answer:
The citizens in a Modem State enjoy economic rights for their economic well being. The most important economic rights of citizen are as ahead:
1. Right to Work:
Every citizen enjoys the right to get a job or to take up a profession according to his ability and capacity. It is the duty of the State to provide job to every individual. If the state is unable to provide work to every citizen, it should give monthly allowance.

2. Right to get Proper Wages:
It is not enough to provide work to each individual, rather they should be given proper wages to make both ends meet.

3. Right to Property:
The liberal democratic state recognize the right to property, subject to the limitation that the property may be acquired for public purposes.

4. Right to Economic Security. In the modern welfare state citizens are granted the right to economic security.,

Question 9.
Describe any four safeguards of Rights.
Answer:

• Independent Judiciary: Independent, impartial and honest judiciary is the first and important safeguard of rights.
• Rule of Law: Rights can be enjoyed fully under the shadow of rule of law.
• Eternal vigilance: Prof. Laski has rightly remarked that, “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.”
• Democracy: Only the Democratic form of government can provide all types of rights to the citizens.

Question 10.
State the term Duty.
Answer:
The word Duty has been derived from the word ‘Debt’ which means loan. Literally Duty means a person’s obligation towards the society. A man is said to have duty in matter if he is under an obligation to do or not to do something. It is such an obligation by virtue of which we are bound to do something or refrain from doing so because another person has a right to expect some action or mission from us. Infact, Rights and Duties go side by side and are the two facts of the same coin. Therefore, the emphasis today is to be laid as much on duties of a citizens as on his rights.

Question 11.
Write any four legal duties.
Answer:

• Allegiance. Every citizen has allegiance to the state to which he belongs. He must defend the state against all enemies and dangers. .
• Obedience. Every citizen has the supreme duty of obeying the law.
• Payment of Taxes. It is the duty of the citizen to pay taxes which are legally imposed on him. The state has the right to tax its citizens who should pay all these taxes without any hesitation.
• Protection of Public Property. It is the duty of the citizens to protect public property.

Question 12.
Write any four moral duties of a citizen.
Answer:

• Good Moral character: A citizen must have good moral character.
• Good Health: A citizen can serve the society well if he enjoys quite a good health. A citizen should be energetic and strong in mind and body.
• Obedience towards his Parents: A citizen must obey his parents.
• Duties towards Society: Every individual should have social spirit and he should do nothing which is harmful to society.

Question 13.
Name four duties of a citizen towards his country.
Answer:
A citizen has some duties towards his country

• First duty of a citizen is to be loyal to his country.
• The citizen should obey law of the land.
• The citizen should pay taxes honestly.
• He should protect public property.

Question 14.
What is the relationship between rights and duties?
Or
How are Rights and Duties inter-related? Give two examples.
Answer:
Rights and Duties are two sides of the same coin. Rights and Duties go side by side. They are two aspects of the same thing. Rights and Duties are so closely related with each other that one cannot exist without the other.
1. One’s right is another’s duty:
A right belonging to one person imposes a corresponding duty to the others to respect his right. For instance, an individual’s rights to property implies that it is the duty of others not to take away or steal his property without his consent. A right can truly be called a right only if it does not hinder the general welfare of other people.

2. One’s right is one’s duty also:
A right is at the same time a duty. If an individual enjoys a right, it must be remembered that the same right belongs to all other individuals. Therefore, it is his duty not to interfere in the enjoyment to other’s rights.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of rights.
Answer:
Rights are those conditions of social life without which human personality can’t develop. The rights are recognised by the state. In general speaking rights are those claims which are recognised by society and enforced by the state.

Question 2.
Write any two definitions of rights.
Answer:
Different scholars have defined Rights in different ways. Some important definitions of Right are given below:

1. According to Wilde, “A Right is a reasonable claim to freedom in the excercise of certain activities.”
2. Accroding to T.H. Green, “Rights are those powers which are necessary to the fulfilment of man’s vocation as moral being.”

Question 3.
Discuss any two characteristics of rights.
Answer:

1. Rights are available only in the Society. Rights can be possible only in the society. The rights cannot be possible outside the society.
2. Right is a claim of the Individual. Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society.

Question 4.
Explain any two types of rights.
Answer:

• Natural Rights: Natural Rights are those rights which have been given to man by nature.
• Moral Rights: Moral Rights are those which are based on the ethical rules prevailing among the people.

Question 5.
Define Legal Rights.
Answer:
A legal right is recognized and enforced by the powers of the State. If any individual interferes with such a right of another person, he will be punished by the state.
Legal Rights can further be classified into Fundamental Rights, Civil Rights, Political Rights and Economic Rights.

Question 6.
What do you understand by civil rights?
Answer:
Civil Rights:
Those rights which relate to the protection and enjoyment of life and property by the individual are known as civil rights. Civil rights are regarded as essential to civilised existence. These rights relate to the achievement of man’s highest self-development. They are granted, protected and enforced by the state.

Question 7.
Discuss any two political rights of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Right to Vote:
Right to vote is the most important political right. It is through the exercise of this right that citizens in a democracy take part in the government of the country.

2. Right to Contest Elections:
Every citizen is given the right to be elected to the local bodies, state or central legislatures. State sometimes imposes certain restrictions regarding age, education, etc. for being elected to the legislative bodies.

Question 8.
Name any two economic rights of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Right to Work:
Every citizen enjoys the right to get a job or to take up a profession according to his ability and capacity. It is the duty of the State to provide job to every individual. If the state is unable to provide work to every citizen, it should give monthly allowance.

2. Right to get Proper Wages:
It is not enough to provide work to each individual, rather they should be given proper wages to make both ends meet.

Question 9.
Describe any two safeguards of Rights.
Answer:

• Independent Judiciary. Independent, impartial and honest judiciary is the first and important safeguard of rights.
• Rule of Law. Rights can be enjoyed fully under the shadow of rule of law.

Question 10.
Discuss the term Duty.
Answer:
The word Duty has been derived from the word ‘Debt’ which means loan. Literally Duty means a person’s obligation towards the society. A man is said to have duty in matter if he is under an obligation to do or not to do something.

Question 11.
Write any two legal duties.
Answer:

• Allegiance. Every citizen has allegiance to the state to which he belongs. He must defend the state against all enemies and dangers.
• Obedience. Every citizen has the supreme duty of obeying the law.

Question 12.
Write any two moral duties of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Good Moral Character. A citizen must have good moral character.
2. Good Health. A citizen can serve the society well if he enjoys quite a good health. A citizen should be energetic and strong in mind and body.

Question 13.
Name two duties of a citizen towards his country.
Answer:
A citizen has some duties towards his country-

• First duty of a citizen is to be loyal to his country.
• The citizen should obey law of the land.

Question 14.
Explain the relationship between rights and duties?
Answer:
1. One’s right is another’s duty:
A right belonging to one person imposes a corresponding duty to the others to respect his right. For instance, an individual’s rights to property implies that it is the duty of others not to take away or steal his property without his consent.

2. One’s right is one’s duty also:
A right is at the same time a duty. If an individual enjoys a right, it must be remembered that the same right belongs to all other individuals. Therefore, it is his duty not to interfere in the enjoyment to other’s rights.

One word to One sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the Rights?
Answer:
A man needs some facilities for his development. These facilities are called the rights.

Question 2.
Write down a definition of rights.
Answer:
According to Bosanquet, “A right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by state.”

Question 3.
Describe an important element of the right.
Answer:
Rights are recognised by society and enforced by state.

Question 4.
Mention any one feature of the rights.
Answer:
A right is a claim of independence of a person to do any work. He gets it in society. The demand for facilities is called a right.

Question 5.
How many kinds are of rights?
Answer:

• Natural Rights
• Moral Rights
• Legal Rights.

Question 6.
What are Natural Rights?
Answer:
Natural Rights are those rights which a man gets from nature and which cannot be abolished by the state.

Question 7.
Enumerate kinds of natural rights.
Answer:

• Right to Life
• Right to Property
• Right to Freedom. .

Question 8.
What is the main feature of moral rights?
Answer:
Moral rights are not legally recognised. These rights cannot be enforced by the state.

Question 9.
What are Legal Rights?
Answer:
Legal Rights are those rights which have the recognition of state. If anyone violates these rights, he is sentenced in accordance with the law.

Question 10.
In how many parts can legal rights be divided? Write their names.
Answer:

• Fundamental Rights
• Social Rights
• Political Rights
• Economic Rights.

Question 11.
Mention any two important social rights.
Answer:

• Right to Life
• Right to Family.

Question 12.
Name any two economic rights of a citizen.
Answer:

• Right to Work
• Right to Property.

Question 13.
Write down any two important political rights of a citizen.
Answer:

• Right to vote
• Right to contest an election.

Question 14.
What is the meaning of Fundamental Right?
Answer:
Any legal right which is mentioned in the constitution is named as Fundamental Right.

Question 15.
From which language has the word ‘Duty’ been derived?
Answer:
The word ‘Duty’ has been derived from the English word ‘Debt’.

Question 16.
Write down the meaning of Duty.
Answer:
Etymologically, duty is a kind of our debt towards society. In lieu of the rights that we get in society, duties are performed to pay back our debt to society.

Question 17.
In how many parts can duties be divided?
Answer:

• Moral Duties
• Legal Duties.

Question 18.
What is the meaning of Moral Duties?
Answer:
Moral Duties are based oh good conduct. They are performed on ethical grounds.

Fill in the Blanks

1. Right to vote is a …………………….. right.
Answer:
Political

2. Indian Constitution has now …………………….. Fundamental Right.
Answer:
Six

3. Rights and …………………….. are the two sides of the same coin.
Answer:
Duties

4. Right to life is a …………………….. right.
Answer:
Civil

5. Right implies …………………….. .
Answer:
Duty.

True or False statement

1. Rights are possible only in society.
Answer:
True

2. Duties are claim of a person.
Answer:
False

3. Rights are limited.
Answer:
True

4. People enjoy those rights which are sanctioned by the society and enforced by the state.
Answer:
True

5. In communist countries, economic rights are the part of legal rights.
Answer:
True

Choose the Correct Answers

Question 1.
Natural Rights are those which are given to us by:
(A) Constitution
(B) Parliament
(C) God or Nature
(D) King.
Answer:
(C) God or Nature

Question 2.
Civil Rights are given to the individual by:
(A) Nature
(B) God
(C) The state
(D) The people.
Answer:
(C) The state

Question 3.
What is the Force behind legal Rights?
(A) Force of Public opinion
(B) Force of Morality
(C) Force of Law
(D) Force of Nature.
Answer:
(C) Force of Law

Question 4.
Which of the following is a moral duty?
(A) Payment of Taxes
(B) obedience of Law
(C) Allegiance to the state
(D) Development of Personality.
Answer:
(D) Development of Personality.

Question 5.
The right to hold public office is a/an:
(A) Economic Right
(B) Civil Right
(C) Political Right
(D) Moral Right.
Answer:
(C) Political Right

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 3 Citizen and Citizenship Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Citizen and Citizenship

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the definition of a citizen? What are the differences between a citizen and an alien?
Or
Give the definition of a citizen.
Answer:
Definition of a Citizen. The word ‘Citizen’ is sometimes loosely used in the sense of a man living in a city and possessing a polished tongue and refined manner. This is not the sense in which the term citizen is used in Civics. A citizen is that member of population of a State who enjoys all the rights civil as well as political under the protection of the State in return for the allegiance he owes to the State.

1. According to Aristotle, “He, who has the power to take part in deliberative of judicial administration of any State does not make a person a citizen of the the State.” Mere residence in the territory of a State does not make a person a citizen of foreign States.

2. Vattal has defined citizen as “the members of a. civil society bound to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

3. According to Sri Niwas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is a member of a state and tries to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

4. According to A.K.Siu, “A citizen is one who owes allegiance to the State, has access to the Civil and Political right and is inspired with Spirit of Service to the Community.”

5. According to Miller, “Citizens are the member of the Political Community to which they belong. They are the people who compose the State and who in their associate capacity have established or subjected themselves to the domination of governmeiit for the protecfion of the individual and collective rights.”

The state protects the citizens’ life, liberty and property and his political rights. It provides himself opportunities for developing his personality and leading a useful and happy life.’

Citizen and Alien:

An Alien:
As has been noted above that all the people living in a State are not citizens. Citizens are only the members of the State. Besides the citizen so many foreigners live in the State. These foreigners are infact the citizens of other States. These foreigners are of three types:

1. Resident Aliens:
There are so many persons in each State who leave their country and reside in another State. They start their business in that country. Such like residents have no desire to go back to their country. They break off their relations with their country and consider themselves the citizens of the State where they reside. But they will become the citizens of the resident State only when the government will grant them political rights. So, many Indians live in Sri Lanka, South Africa, Canada and Australia and they are not the citizens of these countries.

2. Temporary Residents:
Foreigners who come to another country for a short period and after the completion of their business go back, they are called temporary residents. Such like foreigners come for some particular business or on a pleasure trip. Foreign students also come under this category.

3. Diplomatic Representatives:
They include ambassadors, ministers counsels, agents and the subordinate staff attached to them. Until other aliens, they entitled to special privileges and immunities. These are not amenable to the jurisdiction of the laws of the State where they are appointed.

Distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.:

• A citizen is a member of state whereas an alien is not member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state wheras the alien does not enjoy this right.
• The main difference between a citizen and alien is that a citizen enjoys political rights i.e. the right to vote, the right to be elected, the right to hold public office and the right to be protected abroad and whereas the alien does not enjoy political rights.
• An alien owes allegiance to his own State and not to the country wherein he lives.
• In time of war foreigners can be asked to leave the country but not the citizens.
• In time of war military service can be made compulsory for the citizens but not for the foreigners.
• The status of a citizen is superior to that of an alien.

Question 2.
Define citizen. How Citizenship is acquired?
Or
Discuss the methods of acquiring and losing Citizenship.
Or
What is the meaning of Citizenship? Describe the methods of acquiring Citizenship.
Answer:
Definitions of Citizenship:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is a member. Laski offers more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public goods.” This definition assigns a positive role to the citizen, viz his duty to contribute his mite towards material and moral advancement of his fellow citizens and that humanity as a whole.

According to Gettel, “Citizenship is that condition of individual due to which he can use national and political right in his ready to fulfil obligation.”
According to Boyd, “Citizenship consists in the right ordering of loyalties.

Kinds of Citizens. There are two types of citizens:
1. Natural Citizen:
A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a State by birth. He enjoys all the civic and political rights and owes allegiance to the State.

2. Naturalized Citizen:
A naturalized citizen is an alien who acquires the citizenship of the State after fulfiling certain conditions. In certain States, however, no distinction is made between natural and naturalized citizens. But in some States a naturalized citizen does not enjoy a status equal to that of a natural citizen.

Acquisition Of Citizenship:

A. Natural Citizenship:
Natural citizens are citizens by birth. There are two practices which are observed regarding the acquisition of citizenship by birth-jus- Sanguin is and jus Soli.

1. Jus-Sanguinis (Blood relationship):
The citizenship of a child is determined by the nationality to which his parents belong irrespective of the place of child’s birth. For instance, if Kenya follows this principle and child is born to an Indian couple in this country, he will acquire the Indian citizenship irrespective of the place where he is born. This principle prevails in Switzerland, Sweedon, Germany, France, Rome, Austria, and Italy.

2. Jus-Soli (Place of birth):
A child acquires the citizenship of a State in which he is bom. Citizenship is acquired according to the ‘Soli’ without any consideration of the nationality to which the child belongs. Under this rule if American citizens’ child bom in Great Britain or even in a ship flying the British flag should become a citizen of Great Britain. With the growth of the feudal idea that birth created a relationship between the individual and the land, the rule of Jus-Soli came to be adopted in most countries of Europe.

Double Citizenship:
Different countries follow different practices and there is no uniformity of the system. In Britain and U.S.A. both the systems are followed. In case of the children of the citizens born in the country itself, the principle Jus- Soli is applied. In case of the children of citizens born abroad, the rule of Jus- Sanguinis is applied. Some states slike Argentina follow the principle of Jus-Soli and claim the children of foreigners born in their territories as their own citizens. Some others like Switzerland, Italy and Sweeden follow the rule of
Jus-Sanguinis and claim the childrefi of their own citizens born outside the country as their citizens.

B. Naturalized Citizenship:
Naturalized citizens are citizens by adoption. It is a special device for the acquistion of foreign citizenship. It is process by which the foreigners acquire citizenship of any other State in which they wish to settle permanently. Naturalization takes place through the following ways:

1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is clearly stated by the law of England, the U.S.A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopts the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.

4. Government Service:
In certain States there is a principle that if any foreigner joins government service in that State then he gets the citizenship of that state.

5. Property: In some States as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchaser.

6. Conquests:
During war weak States are conquered by the powerful ones. But the question of citizenship arises when the citizen of a defeated territory surrender all their rights of citizenship to the conquering States. Still it is the general practice States that the members of a defeated territory acquire the citizenship of a conquering State.

7. Legitimation:
An illegitimate child of a citizen father and an alien mother when legitimatised by subsequent marriage, acquires the same citizenship as the father’s.

8. To Scholars: In certain countries certain special facilities are given to scholars for acquiring citizenship.

Loss of Citizenship:

Citizenship may be lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the lawr of many States to exclude one for the fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their States for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many States a woman marrying to a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double citizenship:
Sometimes a person acquires double citizenship. But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Government Service in other State: Some States deprive their citizens of citizenship if they accept government service in some other State.

5. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of henous crime.

6. Adoption: If a child is adopted by a foreigner he loses the citizenship of his country and the child acquires the citizenship of his parents.

7. Self-renunciation of Citizenship: A person may remove the citizenship of his original State and may become citizen of a foreign State by naturalization.

8. Conquest:
If the territory of a country is conquered by another State, then persons living in the conquered territory lose the citizenship of that country.

Question 3.
Explain the qualities essential for ideal citizenship.
Or
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A good citizen is one who makes all the possible efforts for the welfare of the community and State. Good citizenship lies in living for other. No country can progress unless its citizens are good. The progress of a State depends on its citizens. A person becomes a good citizen if he possesses the following qualities:

1. Education:
A good citizen in the modern society should be well educated. Mere literacy is not sufficient but he should have a thorough knowledge of what is happening around him. He should be intelligent enough to sift good from bad. His education enables him to pay his part in the society more successfully and usefully. Education makes him understand the problems of the State.

2. Social Spirit:
A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the interest of the community. He is imbued with the spirit of service and common good. A citizen is firstly an individual and that also a social one. His needs cannot be satisfied and his personality cannot develop without society. Good citizens are never selfish but they always think in the terms of the good of society. They co-operate with others in helping them in achieving the goal. If a man always thinks about his personal interest, he is not an ideal citizen.

3. Dutifulness:
A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to Support others in the discharge of their duties. He should pay his taxes regularly and must be ready to render all possible services to the community. He should be ready to suffer for his country. His activities should be inspired by a spirit of service to the community and by strong devotion to his duties. A citizen should feel that he has to do whatever he can in order to increase the welfare of the community.

There are many civic duties such as voting intelligently and honestly, performance of which cannot be enforced by law but must depend solely on the citizen’s sense of duty. A citizen must carefully discharge his duties to the various social groups like family, locality, city, State and the world. He should be honest, fearless and straightforward in the performance of his duties.

4. Self-control and Gentlemanliness:
It is the sacred duty of a citizen not be indifferent to public affairs. He must not be guided solely by his private self-interest. It is his duty to aviod petty quarrels. He should be constanly on the guard for the protection of his rights and liberties. Self-control lies behind the spirit of obedience without which there can be no good citizenship. A good citizen is sober in temperament and exercises self-control in his public dealings. He possesses a disciplined character: He does not indulge in vicious habits. He is self¬confident without being vain.

5. Good Health:
A healthy citizen can serve the society in a nice way An unhealthy and a sick citizen would be a burden not only on his family but also to his neighbours and society. The foremost duty of the citizen, therefore, is that he should be very careful about his diet and physical exercises so that he should have perfect health and be in a position to help society. A good citizen must be inspired with an urge to maintain a sound body. A good citizen is always careful about the rules of health and body. A good citizen is always careful about the rules of health and observes them scrupulously. A sound mind is contained only in sound body.

6. Proper use of Vote:
In democarcy every adult is given the right to vote. Right to vote is very important right. Members of legislatures are elected by the electorate. Ministers are taken from the members of legislature. A citizen should exercise his right to vote quite intelligently. He should cast his vote in favour of a deserving candidate. In case a voter casts his vote to an undeserving candidate then the administration may pass into wrong hands. A citizen should make proper use of all the rights granted to him by the State.

7. Patriotism:
A good citizen is always a patriot to the backbone. He loves his country deeply and is always ready to sacrifice his lot for the State. He very willingly shows due respect to the laws of the State. He co-operates with administraion and it helps in the maintenance of peace and order.

8. Good Character:
A good character is very important for good citizenship. So many qualities automatically develop in a person who has the strength of character. Good character influences a man to great extent in his efforts for making progress and for making a name. A country cannot progress if its citizens are morally corrupt, dishonest and selfish. Character is given utmost importance in Indian culture.

9. Vigilance:
A good citizen should be always alert and vigilent. A man should not be indifferent to what is happening in his neighbourhood. He should take active interest in public matters. A good citizen should not be a passive being who has only to enjoy the advantages which the State offers. He should play an active part in the affairs of the State. Indolence and carelessness are the enemies of a good citizen.

Question 4.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship? How can these hindrances be removed?
Answer:
Everybody should try to become a good citizen. But it is too difficult to become a good citizen. An individual has to face many difficulties for becoming a good citizen. In a modern democracy, it is necessary that the government should be a government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Therefore, the quality and the contribution of the individual is important. If the citizen is illiterate, if he is dishonest and careless, he would cause a setback to the progress of the State. For hindrances to good citizenship are hindrances to the efficient working of the State. Following are the hindrances in the way of a citizen:
1. Illiteracy:
Education is the basis of good life. Without education an individual remains in the darkness. The uneducated citizens generally fail to discharge their duties properly. According to Laski citizenship consists in contribution of ones’ instructed judgement to the public good. An uneducated person is unable to make any such contribution. In the absence of education a citizen cannot have intelligent interest in public affairs.

An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties. He does not extend proper co-operation to administration. Moreover, it is the age of democracy and the uneducated voters may not elect deserving people of the State legislatures. Education of the masses is very essential to make democracy s success. Citizens must be able to form their own opinions on public question.

2. Indolence:
The citizen should not be stupid or ignorant. An ignorant and indolent citizen cannot be a good citizen. He will fail to understand and judge public affairs. It has been said that what is everybody’s business is nobody’s business. There is thus a tendency on the part of the ordinary citizen to become apathetic with regard to public affairs, because he feels that the duty is shared by numerous others. But such a neglect of public duties is most harmful to the community.

So many persons do not take interest in elections and do not care to vote. They do not care to give (any) though to the important public question of the day. Every good citizen should take a lively interest in the affairs of the State.

3. Selfishness:
Citizens are sometime guided by selfish motives. They neglect public interest and strive to promote their own interest even at the cost of public good. In order to further their own interest they may bribe the voters so as to get themselves elected. They forget the interest of the public and absorb themselves in activities that get their own taxes reduced provide jobs for their own relatives, use public money for the promotion of their own trade and commerce-thus seeking to deprive the community of its due share. There are various other ways in which selfishness may be a hindrance to the honest performance of civic duties.

4. Poverty:
Many social evils crop up because of poverty. Those who cannot have enough to spare cannot develop their personalities. They cannot take active part in public affairs because they are always worried about keeping the wolf away from the door. They cannot afford time for usual hobbies and cannot educate their children. They cannot take interest in the social, political and economic problems of the State.
They sell their votes. Good citizenship cannot develop in a country where there aye gross inequalities of wealth. Poverty must be rooted out for building up the character of a nation.

5. Partymanship:
Partymanship is another serious hindrance to good citizenship. A democratic government connot be carried on without parties and party spirit, in so far as it is healthy, is conducive to better political organizations. But rivarly between the parties may not be always healthy. Each party strives to promote its own interests at the cost of the general interest of the country.

Such measures and politics are adopted as are likely to promote the interest of the party even though they may bring great harm to the country. The members of the party think only iin terms of their party interest-Loyalty to the party is; often encouraged at the expense of loyalty to the State.

6. Communalism:
Communalism is a great hindrance in the path of good citizenship. It hampers social and political solidarity of a country. It brings about a discord among the people. Communalism disturbs the peace of the State. For citizens should not create obstacles in the way of propagation of other religions. Communal riots start in a country if the different communities do not show the spirit of toleration and compromise.

7. Capitalism and Imperialism:
Capitalism is a great hindrance to good citizenship. It ignores the many and favours the few. It favours gross inequalities of wealth and is not based on equality and justic and is a source of a good deal of frustration and discontenment in modem times. The rich get the biggest part of income without doing any work. The capitalists make slaves of the citizens and as a result of this they cannot develop their faculties. Capitalism acts as a serious hindrance to good citizenship. Imperialism also hampers the growth of good citizenship. It is imperialism which causes war among different countries of the world. War is never in the interest of any country.

8. Old Customs:
Old customs and traditions are often a great hindrance to good citizenship. It is not bad to follow old customs and traditions but it is not a healthy practice to follow them blindly. Customs must undergo change with the change of times and circumstances. Besides this unhealthy customs should be done away with. Casteism and other unhealthy social customs are a great hindrance to good citizenship.

Remedies For Hindrances:
The State and the people must make full and joint efforts to do with the causes that act as hindrances to good citizenship. Some of the remedies are as follows:
1. Spread of Education:
The State should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. School and colleges should be opened in large numbers and they should be given liberal financial aid by the State. Primary education should be made free and compulsory.

2. Spread of Civic Virtues:
Propagation of civic ideals through press radio and public meetings, too can elevate a nation and so these should also be fully utilized in producing good citizens. Civic ideals can also be preached in religious gatherings and religious places such as churches temples, gurudawara and mosques can be used for the main purpose.

3. Economic Reforms:
The state should take all the the possible measures to remove poverty. It should create ample employment opportunities for the citizens. Measures should be taken for the removal of gross inequalities of wealth. Reasonable wages should be given for reasonable hours to both men and women. All possible comforts should be provided to the citizens so they may feel themseleves at their best.

4. Equal Rights:
All the individuals should be equally given economic, social and political rights. There should be no discrimination against anybody on the basis of caste, creed, color, sex and blood. Nobody should enjoy special privileges and nobody should be above the law of the land.

5. Social Spirit:
Citizens should be told about the importance of social spirit. They should not be guided by selfish motives and should do everything for the welfare of the community and the State. The citizens for this personal interest should sacrifice the interest of the State.

6. Proper Organisation of Political Parties:
Political parties should be formed on political and economic basis. They should never be formed on communal or class lines. The parties should not disrupt the unity and solidarity of the State. They should be above corruption or nepotism. The main interest of the parties should be the general welfare of the masses.

7. Establishment of Health Centres:
Government should establish health centres in large numbers and there the citizens should be told the rules of maintaining a sound health. Ill health is a great weakness in a good citizen. If the citizens are not healthy they connot contribute enough to the welfare of the society.

It is the sacred duty of every citizen to make all possible efforts to remove all the hindrances. It is only in the absence of these hindrances that the citizens of a country become ideal citizens. A country can progress only if its citizens are good.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is member. Laski offers a more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.” According to Gettell, “Citizenship is that condition of individual due to which he can use national and political right in his ready to fulfil obligation.

Question 2.
Give any three definitions of citizen.
Answer:

1. According to Sri Nivas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is member of a State and triee.to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

2. According to Vattal, “A citizen is the member of a civil society bond to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

3. According to Aristotle, “He who has the power to take part in delibrative or judicial administration of any state is said by us’ to be a citizen of the state.”

Question 3.
Discuss the distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.
Answer:

• A citizen is a member of a state whereas an alien is not a member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state whereas the alien does not enjoy this right.
• A citizen enjoys political rights whereas the alien does not enjoy political rights.
• An alien owes allegiance to his own state and not to the country wherein he lives.

Question 4.
Describe the kinds of citizens.
Answer:
There are two types of citizens:
1. Natural citizens:
A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a state by birth. He enjoys all the civic and political rights and owes allegiance to the state.

2. Naturalized citizens:
A naturalized citizen is an alien, who aquires the citizenship of the state after fulfulling certain conditions. In certain states, however, no distinction is made between natural and naturalized citizens. But in some states, a naturalized citizen does not enjoy a status equal to that of a natural citizen.

Question 5.
Write down any four methods of acquiring citizenship.
Answer:
1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is cleanly stated by the law of England, the U.S A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopt the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.

4. Property: In some states as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchase.

Question 6.
Mention four methods of Losing Citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship may lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the law in many states to exclude one from fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their states for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many states a women marrying a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double Citizenship:
Sometime a person acquire double citizenship. But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of heinous crime.

Question 7.
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A person becomes a good citizen if he possess the following qualities:

1. Education: A good citizen in the modem society should be well educated. Education makes him understand the problem of the state.
2. Social Spirit: A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the community.
3. Dutifullness: A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to support others in the discharge of their duties.
4. Good Character: A good character is very important for good citizenship. A country can not progress if its citizens are corrupt.

Question 8.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship?
Answer:

1. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is the biggest hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties.
2. Indolence: Indolence is another hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An ignorant and indolent citizen can’t be a good citizen.
3. Poverty: Many social evils crop up because of poverty. A person can’t take part in public affairs. He can’t be a good citizen.
4. Communalism: Communalism is a great hinderance in the path of good citizenship. Communalism creates the feelings of hatred among citizens.

Question 9.
How the hinderances in the way of good citizenship can be removed?
Answer:

1. Spread of Education: The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. Schools and colleges should be opened in large number and they should be given liberal financial aid.
2. Economic Reforms: The state should take all possible measures to remove poverty.
3. Social Spirit: Citizens should be educated about the importance of social spirit.
4. Equal Rights: All the citizens should be equally given economic, social and political rights.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is member. Laski offers a more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.”

Question 2.
Give any two definitions of citizen.
Answer:
1. According to Sri Nivas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is member of a State and tries to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

2. According to Vattal, “A citizen is the member of ai civil society bond to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

Question 3.
Discuss the distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.
Answer:

• A citizen is a member of a state whereas an alien is not a member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state whereas the alien does not enjoy this right.

Question 4.
Describe the kinds of citizens.
Answer:
There are two types of citizens:

• Natural citizens: A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a state by birth.
• Naturalized citizens: A naturalized citizen is an alien, who aquires the citizenship of the state after fulfulling certain conditions.

Question 5.
Write down any four methods of acquiring citizenship.
Answer:
1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is cleanly stated by the law of England, the U.S.A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopt the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.
4. Property:In some states as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchase.

Question 6.
Mention four methods of Losing Citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship may lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the law in many states to exclude one from fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their states for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many states a women marrying a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double Citizenship Sometime a person acquire double citizenship:
But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of henous crime.

Question 7.
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A person becomes a good citizen if he possess the following qualities:

1. Education: A good citizen in the modem society should be well educated Education makes him understand the problem of the state.
2. Social Spirit: A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the community.
3. Dutifuilness: A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to support others in the discharge of their duties.
4. Good Character: A good character is very important for good citizenship. A country can not progress if its citizens are corrupt.

Question 8.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship?
Answer:

1. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is the biggest hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties.
2. Indolence: Indolence is another hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An ignorant and indolent citizen can’t be a good citizen.

Question 9.
How the hinderances in the way of good citizenship can be removed?
Answer:

1. Spread of Education: The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. Schools and colleges should be opened in large number and they should be given liberal financial aid.
2. Economic Reforms: The state should take all possible measures to remove poverty.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give an etymological meaning of citisenship.
Answer:
The. etymological meaning of the word citizen is “one who lives in a town.”

Question 2.
Mention the meaning of citizen in the present age.
Answer:
These days citizenship is considered the birth-right of all. A modern citizen is that man who has been granted political and social rights by the state. He also performs his duties towards the state.

Question 3.
Who is a natural citizen?
Answer:
The natural citizens are those citizens who are the citizens of the state since their birth.

Question 4.
Who is Naturalised citizen?
Answer:
Naturalised citizens are those citizens who by birth are the citizens of some other country but they acquire citizenship by fulfilling legal conditions and obligations of some other country.

Question 5.
Define Citizenship.
Answer:
According to Laski, “Citizenship is the contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.”

Question 6.
How can citizenship he ended?
Answer:
When an individual remains absent in his country for most of the time and he lives in another country for a long time and acquires its citizenship, then his citizenship of the earlier country is ended.

Question 7.
Distinguish between a citizen and an alien.
Answer:
Citizens are only those individuals who get political, social and other kind of rights. The aliens are given only social rights but they are denied political rights.

Question 8.
Discuss the role of illiteracy as an obstacle in the way of ideal citizenship
Answer:
An illiterate person is neither familiar with his rights nor with his duties.

Question 9.
Discuss the role of indolence as an obstacle in the way of ideal citizenship.
Answer:
An indolent person neither does anything for his own development nor does he share work with others for the progress of society.

Question 10.
How is communalism a big hindrance in the way of ideal citizenship? Explain.
Answer:
The communal people ignited the communal flame to such an extent that thousands of innocent persons were burnt in it.

Question 11.
Describe the two methods to acquire citizenship.
Answer:

1. Marriage
2. Government Service.

Fill in the blanks

1. The …………………….. projects the citizens’ life.
Answer:
State

2. Foreigners are known as …………………….. residents.
Answer:
Temporary

3. A …………………….. is a member of state, whereas an alien is not a member of state.
Answer:
Citizen

4. Long Residence is a method to acquire …………………….. .
Answer:
State

5. Everybody should try to become a …………………….. citizen.
Answer:
Good.

True or False statement

1. Citizenship is a legel relationship which binds an individual to the state of which he is member.
Answer:
True

2. Citizen enjoy all the rights given by state.
Answer:
True

3. Citizen do not obey their duties.
Answer:
False

4. Poverty is not a hindrance in the way of good citizenship.
Answer:
False

5. The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
“He who has the power to take part in deliberative or judicial administration of any state is said by us to be a citizen of that state”, who said this-
(A) Aristotle
(B) Plato
(C) Gettell
(D) Boyd.
Answer:
(A) Aristotle

Question 2.
“Citizenship consists in the right ordering of loyalties.” Who said this?
(A) Gettel
(B) Laski
(C) Boyd
(D) Aristotle.
Answer:
(C) Boyd

Question 3.
“Citizenship can be acquired by:
(A) Long Residence
(B) Marriage
(C) Government Service
(D) All the above.
Answer:
(D) All the above.

Question 4.
“Which of the following is not a quality of good citizenship?
(A) Educatin
(B) Patriatism
(C) Good health
(D) Ignorance.
Answer:
(D) All the above.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 2 Relations of Political Science with other Social Sciences Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Relations of Political Science with other Social Sciences

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the relationship of Political Science with other Social Sciences i. e. History, Economics, Sociology and Ethics.
Answer:
Political Science is a social science and it is closely related to all other social sciences. Man is a social animal and his social life has various aspects like the political, religious, economic and moral etc. These various aspects are studied by different social sciences i.e., Political Science, Sociology, Economics, Ethics, Psychology etc.

Political Science is concerned with the study of political aspects of the social life of man. But the economic condition greatly influences the political condition of a man. In other words, various aspects of men’s life are closely related to one another. There all the social sciences cannot be completely separated from one another. Political Science being a social science is related to other social sciences such as History, Economics, Philosophy, Psychology etc.

Question 2.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and History.
Answer:
Political Science and History are closely related to each other. According to Prof. Seeley:
“History without Political Science has no fruit,
Political Science without History has no root.”

Freeman also endorses the view-point when he says that, “History is past Politics and Politics is present History”. Explaining the intimate relationship between the two Burgess has remarked, “Separate them and the one becomes a cripple, if not a corpse, the other a will-o’-the-wisp.” According to Lord Acton, “The Science of Politics is one-science that is deposited by the stream of History like the grains of gold in the stands of a river.”

Points Of Mutuality:
1. Contribution of History to Political Science:
From the above-mentioned quotations it is clear that both the subjects are complementary and suplementary to each other. History is a collection of facts that happened in the past and therefore it acts as a laboratoy and library for the students of Political Science. History supplies useful knowledge and material to Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other Political institutions.

For instance, for the formation of an ideal governmental system we must go deep into the past to get the record and facts on the basis of which an ideal system can be formed. If we are interested in knowing the nature of British monarchy today, we have to study the history of England. First, in England there was an absolute monarchy and the powers of the monarch were unlimited.

But during the 17th century struggle continued between the Parliament and the monarchy for supremacy. In 1688 ‘Glorious Revolution’ took place and with this limited monarchy an supremacy of the Parliament was established. Today, in England there is a limited monarchy and sovereignty of the Parliament, but to understand this nature we have to depend upon History.

Moreover, History is the laboratory for Political Science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined, after experimenting on the principles of politics. History provides such facts from which the writers construct the principles of Political Science. If History does not guide us for the future, it becomes a useless record of the past facts and no person likes to read it.

History is a teacher of Political Science: History is a record of achievements and failures of a man.
History provides us with the causes and events of revolutions which occurred in the past and by studying them we can take measures to prevent the occurrence of revolution in the present and in the future. If we compare the rule of Akbar with that of Aurangzeb we conclude that a secular State is more progressive than a theocratic State.

In the end we can say that in the absence of History, the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical. Laski says, “As a priori Politics of any kind is bound to breakdown simply because we never start with a clean state.” Burns called History as the bibliography of ideals. Political Science without history would miss the grandeur and elevation and lose an important dimension. As Willoughby succinctly comments, “History gives us the third dimension to Political Science.” According to Bryce, “Political Science stands midway between History and Politics, between the past and the present. It has drawn its materials from the one, it has to apply them to the other.

2. Contribution of Political Science to History. Political Science has also contributed much to History. The present Politics will become the part of the History of tomorrow. It is correct that History is not only the record of political events but also of social, economic, political, religious and moral conditions of the past, History is also the record of the culture and civilization of the past, But political ideals influence all aspects of human life. Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. Indian History would have been different from as it is- now if Muslim League had not been organized in India in 1906.

The influence of Nationalism, Imperialism and Individualism in 17th century is also felt on the History of Europe. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the French Revolution of 1789 are the result of political ideals and influences of that period. Marxism has influenced the history of the world. The two, World Wars were the result of the political deals of the rulers of Germany of tlje particular period.

If historians, while studying Indian History of the 20th century, ignore the imporance of the Congress party, Non-cooperation Movement, Swaraj Party, Quit India Movement of 1942, Cripps Plan, Cabinet Mission Plan, WavelTs Plan and Shimla Conference artition of India, Invasion of India by China and other political events the subject would lose all interest and it would jupt be a collection of few dates. Seeley has compared this type of History with a fruitless tree.

It is one of the tasks of the historian to comprehend the political implications of historical events. A historian, for instance may Write a history of contemporary Asia. But if he fails to realise the impact of nationalist upsurge on the contemporary Asian history, his record will be incomplete. The political scientist deals with the nature and forces of nationalism and helps the historian to identify the nationalist character of a movement.

Thus it is very clear that History depends on Political Science for understanding historical facts fully and thoroughly. Seeley aptly remarked, “History fades into mere literature when it loses sight of Political Science.” It means that Political Science elucidates the facts of History.

In the end, a writer has explained the dependence of History on Political Science in this way. If History is a philosophy providing guidance on the basis of experience the philosophy which it teaches is to a great extent Political Philosophy.

Points Of Difference:
Notwithstanding the close relationship between History and Political Science, both the subjects have points of difference beween them. In the words of Barker, “History and Poiltical Science march together for all the length of their frontiers but they are separate and independent studies.” Following are the differences between the two:
1. Scope of History is wider than that of Political Science:
It is difficult to agree with Freeman when he says that all History is past Politics and Politics is present History. In History every event is included. In History, the development of whole life of mankind is included. But Political Science is only the record of political life of the individual.

In History we study all types of social, political, economic, cultural, religious and moral aspects of man’s personality in various ages. But Political Science has nothing to do with all these aspects. For a political scientist that two World Wars are important because these wars were fought to save democracy in the world but for a historian each and every event of two World Wars is important. Thus the scope of History is wider.

2. Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only:
In Political Science we study the past, present and future of the political institutions. What was State, what it is and what it ought to be? Answers to these three questions are available in Political .Science. But History is basically a study of the past and it has nothing to do with the present and the future.

3. History is descriptive, while Political Science is analytical:
Method which is adopted in Histoiy is descriptive. It describes data-wise all types of events whether good or bad, in a particular State. But the study of Politics is not descriptive, it is analytical. Political scientist uses historical facts to discover general laws and facts of History in order to extract the permanent principle of political life. For example, war took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971. Historian’s function is only to narrate the event of the war. He is not concerned with how prisoners of war were treated, whether any international law was violated or not. But political scientist are also concerned with these problems.

Conclusion:
Though there are some differences between History and Political Science, yet they are closely related to each other. In the words of Gamer, “As studies they are mutually contributory and supplementary. According to Seeley, “Politics are vulgar when not liberalised by History and History fades into mere literature when it loses sight of its relation to Politics.”

In the end we can say that the students of Political Science should not depend more on the study of History than it is required. Lord Bryce claims that, “Political Science stands midway between History and Politics, between the past and the present. It has drawn its material from the one, it has to apply them to others.” According to Barker, “History and Political Science march together for all the length of their frontiers but they are separate and independent studies.”

Question 3.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
There is a close relationship between Political Science and Economics. In the beginning, Economics was considered a part of Political Science. The Greek philosophers called Economics as Political Economy and they considered it an art for making money for the state. Chanakya, a famous writer of ancient India, has also made a reference about relationship between Political Science and Economics in his book ‘Arthshashtra’.

Adam Smith, the father of Economics, also makes a reference about intimate, relationship between Political Science and Economics, in his book ‘Wealth of Nations’. According to Senior, upto 18th century, Economics was considered an inseparable part of Political Science. Now-a-days, Economics is not, of course, considered a part of Political Science but it is said that the two subjects are very intimately related to each other.

What is Economics?
Economic is concerned with the economic activities. It studies human activities relating to production, consumption, distribution and exchange etc. According to Marshall, “Economics is a study of man in ordinary business of life, it enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on one side a study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man.”

1. Contribution of Economics to Political Science:
1. Economics is a science which deals with the economic needs of man and their satisfaction. A man can never feel happy and comfortable unless his economic condition is good. It is only a happy man that can be a gpod citizen. The state makes efforts to rise the standard of living of the people and this cannot be done without the help of Economics.

2. The economic organization of a state profoundly influences its power allocation:
Those who control the economic level are apt to exert pressure on the operation of the government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of the nation is determined by economic factor. In Marx’s words, it is not the consciousness of men which determines the material conditions of life but these are the material conditions of life which determine their consciousness. Human history has, therefore, a material basis.

To Marx, politics, law and all else have their roots in the material conditions of human life. In Sabine’s words. “The most important part of Marx’s social philosophy was the theory that the system of economic production is a foundation on which the institutional and ideological superstrucutre of society is built.” In Marx’s words, the sum total of production relation forms the economic structurer of society, which serves as the foundation, on which legal and political system arises and which Marx character as ‘superstructure’.

According to Engles, “The ultimate causes of all social changes and political revolutions are to be sought not in the minds of men, in their increasing insight into eternal truth and justice, but in changes in the mode of production and exchange. They are to be sought not in the philosophy but in the economics of the period concerned.

3. The economic conditions of a country greatly affect its political conditions:
Whenever there is some remarkable change in the economic organisation of the country, it is bound to affect all other organisations exisiting in the State. The saying ‘Flag follows trade’ is an important proof of close relationship between the economic conditions and political conditions.

4. Political ideologies are influenced by economic conditions:
Individualism, communism, socialism, colonialism, imperialism etc. are main political ideologies, but they are mainly the product of economic conditions.

5. Systems of production and distribution also influence the policies of the government:
There are basic differences between Chinese and American systems of production and distribution and due to this policies of both the governments are also different. Right to property is a basic right in U.S.A. but in China this right is restricted very much.

6. Economic conditions of the country also influence the foreign policy of a country:
After Second World War many European countries depended upon America for economic help to improve their economic condition. Hence, foreign policies of these European countries were influenced by the politics of U.S.A. and in international sphere these countries became the members of American Bloc. Similarly, many countries of Eastern Europe had to take economic and technical help from Soviet Russia and their foreign policy was influenced by Russian politics. Today, there is a economic imperialism of America and Japan.

Influence of Political Science on Economics. Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics. The political organizations affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the economic condition of the people will be quite good. According to Nicholson, “ Economic history furnishes endless examples of injurious effects of bad government, production and distribution of wealth are affected by the regulation of the State.

An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws. Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes. Our economic life is conditioned by political institutions and ideas. Some of the important questions of present day political are at the same time question which vitally concern Economics: e.g,. questions relating to tariff laws, labour legislation, national planning and government ownership. All the political principles have their economic aspect also. It is why that all the political parties put forth before the public their economic programme. During elections there is instability in the Stock Market.

Points of difference:
Although the two sciences are closely related there are still some fundamantal differences between them.
1. Approach:
According to Ivor Brown, Economics is concerned with commodities whereas Political Science is concerned with human beings. Economics is concerned with the study of prices whereas Political Science is concerned with the study of moral values. Economic studies man in relation to production, distribution and consumption of wealth but Political Science also studies man in relation to his moral and spiritual advancement.

2. Method of study:
The real difference between Political Science and Economics lies in their methods of study. Economics can be studied in a more scientific way as compared with Political Science. The conclusions drawn in case of Economics are more accurate and correct. The main reason for this is Economics is mainly concerned with man’s needs and their satisfaction.

3. Economics fixes the prices of commodities while Political Science determines the moral values:
One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the price of everything but the value of nothing.”

4. Economics is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative: Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Conclusion:
Inspite of differences the two subjects are closely related to each other. In the words of Lipson ‘Welfare state and planning have brought about a approachment between economics and political studies to the mutual benefit of both.’ According to William Esslinger. “The integration of Economics and Politics must be taught in the coures and in seminars.”

In 1952 in a conference convened by UNESCO, the scholars laid stress on this point. In the end we can say that, “They co-operate and yet maintain their autonomies.” Prof. Garner has rightly said that the solution of many economic problems must come through political action, while on the other hand some of the fundamental problems of government have their origin in economic conditions.

Question 4.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:
Political Science and Sociology are closely related to each other. Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In Sociology all aspects of man’s life such as political, religious, economic etc., are studied while Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comte was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Points Of Mutuality:
Contribution of Sociology to Political Science:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science. According to F.H Giddings, “To teach the theory of the State to men who have not learned the first Principle of Sociology is like teaching Astronomy or Thermodynamics to men who have not learned Newton’s Law of Motion.”

The entire basis of Political Science rests on the idea that “Man is a social and political animal’. The state came into existence because of social nature of man. Therefore, in order to understand State and its various other organizations thoroughly well we must understand the social nature of man first of all. The state and all other organisations do not come into existence in isolation but their development is always influenced by the social forces.

Therefore, Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology. Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State. It has also helped a lot in understanding the formation of public opinion and political parties in the State. Political Sociology is coming up as a branch of Political Science, and it is a clear proof of the fact that the study of Sociology is most essential for understanding political facts.

In Sociology we study customs and traditions of the society and law of the state cannot succeed unless they are according to the customs of the society. If any law is opposed to the customs of the society people won’t obey it. In the words of Gettell, “Many of the changes that have taken place in political ideas in recent years have been along the lines marked out by Sociology, specially in the theory of law.”

According to G.N.Singh, “Sociology investigates into the origin and growth of groups, their forms, laws, customs, institutions, modes of life, thought and action and their contribution to human culutre and civilization, Sociology, therefore, supplies to Political Science (which deals with the most important association, the State) both valuable material and guidance in judging the worth of laws, customs and institutions.”

Contribution of Political Science to Sociology:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.

While living in society, the individual and various other groups of individuals cannot escape the influnces of the exisiting political organisation of their time. It is most essential to understand the existing political systems in order to study the social phenomena, social events and social institutions politically. Sociology will not be able to make a thorough study of its subject matter without the help of Political Science. Modren age of welfare State and in such an age the study of Political Science is of utmost importance. Now-a- days the social life of man fully controlled by the State. State interference in the social life of man is increasing day by day. In the modem age the study of Political Science has become most essential for a sociologist.

Dr. Gamer has rightly pointed out, “Sociology derives from Political Science knowledge of the facts regarding the organisation and activities of the State.”
Differences between Political Science and Sociology:
Following are the differences between the two-
1. Different Subject-matter Sociology is the science of society:
Political Science studies man as a social being and as political organisation is a special kind of special organisation: Political Science is a more specialized science than Sociology.

2. The scope of Sociology is wider than that of Political Science:
The scope of Sociology is much wider than that of Political Science. Sociology is concerned with the study of all types of social relationship of man whereas Political Science is concerned only with the political relations of man. Political Science studies the State and government only whereas Sociology studies all the social institutions.

3. Sociology is general science, Political Science is a special science:
Political Organisation is a special kind of social organisation and that is why political Science is a special science while Sociology is general science.

4. Sociology is prior to political Science:
Sociology studies man even before the development of political consciousness. Sociology studies all periods of human existence with greater emphasis. But Political Science beings much later. It is pointed out that 90% of human existence had elapsed before human beings began to lead an organised political life.

5. Sociology is the study of both organized and unorganized communities:
Sociology is concerned with the study of organized as well as unorganized groups of human beings whereas Political Science is concerned only with the study of organized groups, Organization is not essential for society, whereas organization of people is essential for the formation of the state.

6. Difference regarding conscious and unconscious relations:
Sociology is concerned both with the conscious and unconscious activities of man whereas Political Science is concerned only with the conscious activities of man.

7. Political Science concentrates its attention on the analysis of the phenomena of the State and the mechanism by which the government enforces its control on its subject. Sociology is primarily concerned with tracing the origin and development of customs, manners, behaviour and institutions of mankind as such with a special reference to the remote past.

8. Sociology is concerned with the past, and present while Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future also.

9. Sociology is descriptive while Political Science is normative:
Sociology does not lay down ideals and principles. It is an impersonal study of human institutions as they had been and as they are. It is concerned only with what has happened and not with what ought to happen. Political Science is normative to some extent. It studies the State as it had been as it is, and as of ought to be. Political Science is very much concerned with what the State ought to be.

Conclusion:
On studying the common grounds and the points of difference of both the sciences we can well conclude that there is very intimate relationship between Political Science and Sociology. Both are inter related and inter-dependent. With the development of the idea of welfare State the relationship between the two is on the increase. Dr. Garner is very right when he says: “The political Scientist, therefore, ought to be at some Sociology and vice versa.”

We fully agree with the views expressed by Dr. Garner regarding the relation between the two. According to him, “While their respective fields are largely separate and distinct, Political Science and Sociology are mutually contributory, the one to other. Sociology derives from Political Science knowledge of the facts regarding the organisation and activities of the state, while political science derives in large measure from Sociology its knowledge of the origin of political authority and the laws of social control. The Political scientists, therefore, ought to be at the same time a sociology and vice versa.

Question 5.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
Ethics is the science of moral order and Political Science is the science of political system. Ethics is also known as the science of character formation.
The relationship between Political Science and Ethics is as old as the study of the State. Plato has called Political Science as branch of Ethics. According to Plato, the aim of the State is moral development of the citizens. Aristotle does not consider Political Science as the branch of Ethics but he agrees with his master regarding the object of the State. In the modern age all the idealist philosophers and scholars of Political Science maintained the relationship between the two subjects. These scholars are, Rousseau, Kant, Hegal, Green, Bradley and Bosanquet etc. Mahatma Gandhi also considered Ethics as the basis of Political Science.

It will be wrong to conclude on the basis of above mentioned discussion that all the scholars of Political Science are of the opinion that there exists a close relationship between Political Science and Ethics. There is no small a number of scholars who think otherwise.

Machiavelli, a famous Italian scholar, is the first to say that there is no intimate relationship between the two subjects. Besides Machiavelli, so many other political thinkers like Bodin, Grotius, Hobbes and Locke are. also of the opinion , that there is no intimate relationship between Political Science and Ethics.

Now a days there are some scholars who keeping in view another object want to break the relationship between Political Science and Ethics. These scholars aim at making Political Science, a value-free Science. According to these writers the measuring rod aside on morality is an obstacle in bringing scientific objectivity in political analysis.

Some of the famous scholars who support this view-point are Max Weber, Lasswell and Jouvenel. This view- point is generally not accepted. Most of the scholars are of the opinion that “Politics divorced from Ethics rests on a foundation of shifting sand; Ethics divided from Politics is narrow and abstract.”

Common Grounds And Mutual Contribution:
Common grounds and mutual contribution between Political Science and Ethics can be studied in the following ways.
1. Common Object:
The object of both the subjects is man and both the subjects aim at advancing the welfare of man. The State is the central figure of Political Science. It is the State which finds out means for the welfare of the individual. According ro Aristotle, the State came into existence for the sake of life and continues to exist for the sake of good life. Political Science cannot turn a deaf ear to ethics. Fox has very rightly remarked, “If a thing is morally wrong, it can never be politically right.” Iyor Brown says, “Politics is but Ethics writ large.”

2. Common End:
Political Science is concerned not only with the present of the State, it is also ultimately concerned with the future of the State. Political Science is to think that what type of State ought to be. Lord Acton says, “The great question is to discover not what governments prescribe, but what they ought to prescribe. Ethics is also ultimately concerned with what ought to be.” This common end brings the two subjects quite closer to each other.

3. Common Development:
The mutual relationship between Political Science and Ethics can be explained on the basis of relationship between laws and morals. The beginning of laws and moral codes in social life took place in the form of customs and traditions. With the development of social life, the two aspects of individual life became separate from each other; these two aspects are:private life and public life. The customs and traditions which regulated social life came to be known as morality of moral codes and the customs and traditions which regulated public life came to be known as laws.

4. Mutual Contribution:
The subject matter of political Science is the State and the language of the State is the law. The subject matter of Ethics is morality and the language of morality are the moral codes. The relationship between the two can be explained in the following manner:

(i) The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle or a moral code is very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

(ii) Moral codes are the tounchstone of good and bad laws.

(iii) International law is also very much based on moral came. This law came into existence in order to save humanity from the courage of war. Some scholars call international law by the name of international morality.

(iv) The political ideal cannot be absolutely separated from ethical ideal. Laws should be formulated with a view to strengthening the moral ideas of the people. The actions of the government are to be justified on political ground and every action that violates the principle on morality is to be condemned.

(v) ‘It is in the State and State alone that a man becomes a moral being.” The justification of what the State does is to be sought in the moral values it helps us to realise.

Differences Between The Two:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.
1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.

2. Ethics deals both with the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with the outward actions of man.

3. Ethics depends upon social sanction, whereas Political Science depends upon political sanction. For example, if any person disobeys the law of the state, he can be physically punished by the State. But a person, disobeying the moral laws cannot be punished by the State, though he can be morally condemned by the people.

4. Political Science takes Ethical discussion for granted whereas the discussion of various virtues forms the backbone of Ethics.

5. Emphasis on the study of ethics is on the individual whereas the emphasis on the whole life of man.

6. Political Science is a practical science whereas Ethics is theoretical science. According to Catlin, “From ethics statesman may learn those courses (among several) which are desirable and from political science those which are feasible.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the contribution of History, to Political Science
Answer:

• History supplies useful knowledge and material to poltical science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other political institutions.
• History is the laboratory, for political science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined after experimenting on the principles of politics.
• History is a teacher of Political Science because history is a record of achievements and failures of a man.
• In the absence of history, the study of political science will only be imaginative and theoretical.

Question 2.
‘History without Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without History has no root.’ Justify briefly.
Answer:
Political Science and History are closely related to each other. Sir John Seelay has expressed the relation of History with political Science as trader:
History without Political Science has no fruit:
‘Political Science without History, has no root.’-
History supplies useful knowledge and material of Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of state and other Political Institutions. In the absence of History the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical.
Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. The influence of Nationalism and Individualism in the 17th century is also felt on the Hisotry of Europe. If historians, while studying Indian History of the 20th century, igonre the importance of the Congress Party, Non-co-operation Movement, Quit India Movement of 1942, Cripps Plan, Cabinet Mission Plan and other political events the subject would lose all interest. Seeley has compared this type of History with a fruitless tree.

Question 3.
Discuss the difference between History and political Science.
Answer:
Not withstanding the. close relationship between History and Political Science, both the subjects have points of difference between them. Following are the difference between them:
1. Firstly, scope of History is wider than that of Political Science. In History every event is included. But Political Science is only the record of Political life of the individual.

2. Secondly, Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only.

3. Thirdly, History is descriptive, while Political Science is analytical. Method which is adopted in History is descriptive. It describes data-wise all types of events whether good or bad, in a particular state. But the study of Political Science is not descriptive, it is analytical. Political Scientists uses historical facts to discover general laws and facts of history is order to extract the permanent principle of political life.

Question 4.
Discuss the contribution of Economics to Political Science.
Answer:
1. The economic organisation of a state profoundly influences its power allocation. Those who control the economic forces are apt to exert pressure on the operation of government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of nation is determined by economic factor.

2. The economic conditions of country greatly affect its political conditions.

3. Political ideologies are influenced by economic conditions.

4. System of production and distribution also influence the policies of the government.

Question 5.
Give four points of differences between the Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
1. Approach:
According to Ivor Brown, Economics is concerned with commodities whereas political Science is concerned with human beings. Economics is concerned with the study of prices whereas Political Science is concerned with the study of moral values. Economics studies man in relation to production, distribution and consumption of wealth but Political Science also studies man in relation to his moral spiritual advancement.

2. Method of Study:
The real difference between Political Science and Economic lies in their method of study. Economics can be studied in a more scientific way as compared with Political Science.

3. Economic fixes the prices of commodities, while Political Science determines the moral values. One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the prices of everything but the value of nothing.”

4. Economic is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative. Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Question 6.
Describe the contribution of Political Science to Economics.
Answer:
Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics:
The political organization affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the -economic condition of the people will be quite good. An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws.

Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes. Our economic life is conditioned by political institutions and ideas. Some of the important Question s of present day politics are at the same time Question s which vitally concern Economics; e.g., Question s relating to tariff laws, labour legislation, national planning and government ownership. All the political principles have their economic aspect.

Question 7.
It is true that Sociology is the parent science of all social Sciences?
Answer:
Political Science deals mainly with state, government and human beings. According to Gilchrist, “Sociology is that general science which deals with the fundamental fact of social life.” Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In sociology all aspects of man’s life such as Political, religious, economic, etc. are studied. Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comet was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Question 8.
Discuss the difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:

1. The scope of Sociology is wider than the Political Science.
2. Sociology is a general science. Political Science is a special science.
3. Sociology is the study of both organised or unorganised communities, whereas Political Science is concerned only with the study of organised groups.
4. Sociology studies all periods of human existence with greater emphasis. But political science begins much later.

Question 9.
Explain the contribution of Sociology to Political Science.
Answer:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help in understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology.

Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State. It has also helped a lot in understanding the formation of public opinion and political parties in the State. Political Sociology is coming up as a branch of Political Science, and it is a clear proof of the fact that the study of Sociology is most essential for understanding political facts.

Question 10.
Discuss the contribution of Political Science to Sociology.
Answer:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.While living in society, the individual and various other groups of individuals cannot escape the influences of the existing political organisation of their time.

It is most essential to understand the existing political systems in order to study the social phenomenon, social events and social insitutions politically. Sociology will not be able to make a thorough study of its subject-matter without the help of political Science. Modern age of welfare State and in such an age the study of Political Science is of utmost importance. Now-a-days the social life of man is fully controlled by the state.’ State interference in the social life of man is increasing day-by-day.

Question 11.
Explain mutual constributions between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
1. The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle is a very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

2. Moral codes are the touchstone of good and bad laws.

3. International law is also very much based on moral codes. Some scholars call international law by the name of international morality.

4. The political ideal cannot be absolutely separated from ethical ideal. Laws should be formulated with a view of strengthening the moral ideas of the people.

5. It is in the state and state alone that a man can become a moral being: The justification of what the state does is to be sought in the moral values helps us to realise.

Question 12.
Discuss the differences between the Ethics and Political Science.
Answer:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.

1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.
2. Ethics deals both the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with outward action of man.
3. Ethics depends upon social sanction, whereas Political Science depends upon political sanction.
4. Political Science takes Ethical discussions for granted whereas the discussion of various virtues forms the backbone of Ethics.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the contribution of History, to Political Science.
Answer:

1. History supplies useful knowledge and material to poltical science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other political institutions.
2. History is the laboratory, for political science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined after experimenting on the principles of politics.

Question 2.
‘History without Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without History has no root.’ Justify briefly.
Answer:
History supplies useful knowledge and material of Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of state and other Political Institutions. In the absence of History the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical.

Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. The influence of Nationalism and Individualism in the 17th century, is also felt on the History of Europe.

Question 3.
Explain the difference between History and political Science.
Answer:
Following are the difference between them:

1. Firstly, scope of History is wider than that of Political Science. In History every\event is included. But Political Science is only the record of Political life of the individual.
2. Secondly, Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only.

Question 4.
Explain the contribution of Economics to Political Science.
Answer:
1. The economic organisation of a state profoundly influences its power allocation. Those who control the economic forces are apt to exert pressure on the operation of government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of nation is determined by economic factor.

2. The economic conditions of country greatly affect its political conditions.

Question 5.
Discuss two points of differences between the Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
1. Economic fixes the prices of commodities, while Political Science determines the moral values.
One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the prices of everything but the value of nothing.”

2. Economic is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative. Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Question 6.
Explain contribution of Political Science to Economics.
Answer:
Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics. The political organization affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the economic condition of the people will be quite good. An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws. Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes.

Question 7.
It is true that Sociology is the parent science of all social Sciences?
Answer:
Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In sociology all aspects of man’s life such as Political, religious, economic, etc. are studied. Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comet was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Question 8.
Discuss the difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:

• The scope of Sociology is wider than the Political Science.
• Sociology is a general science. Political Science is a special science.

Question 9.
Explain the contribution of Sociology to Political Science.
Answer:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help in understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology. Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State.

Question 10.
Discuss the contribution of Political Science to Sociology.
Answer:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.

Question 11.
Explain mutual contributions between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
1. The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle is a very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

2. Moral codes are the touchstone of good and bad laws.

Question 12.
Discuss the differences between the Ethics and Political Science.
Answer:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.

1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.
2. Ethics deals both the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with outward action of man.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention relation of Political Science with Sociology,
Answer:
Sociology is like the foundation of Political Science and its principles are quite helpful in comprehending the principles of Political Science. Political Science has also a great impact on Sociology.

Question 2.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:
Political Science is mainly concerned with State and Government whereas Sociology is mainly concerned with Society.

Question 3.
Give any one point of difference between Political Science and History.
Answer:
Political Science is concerned with Past, Present and Future whereas History deals with only the past.

Question 4.
Mention any one similarity between Political Science and Ethics,
Answer:
The objective of both the subjects is to make citizens ideal.

Question 5.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
Political Science is concerned with outer actions of individuals whereas Ethics is concerned with both outer activities and inner motives.

Question 6.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Law.
Answer:
Scope of Political Science is comprehensive rather than Law.

Question 7.
Who said, “History without Political Science has no fruit, and Political Science without History has no root?”
Answer:
Seeley.

Question 8.
Who said, “History is Past Politics and Politics is Present History?”
Answer:
Freeman.

Question 9.
Who called History as the bibliography of ideals?
Answer:
Bums.

Question 10.
Name the author of ‘Arthshashtra’.
Answer:
Kautxlya.

Fill in the blanks:

1. “History is past politics and ………….. is present History.
Ans.
Politics

2. History is the ………….. for Political Science.
Ans.
Laboratory

3. Scope of History is ………….. than that of Political Science.
Ans.
Wider

4. The Greek philosopers called ………….. as Political Economy.
Ans.
Economics

5. System of ………….. and distribution also influence the Policies of the government.
Ans.
Production.

True Or False Statement:

1. Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics.
Answer:
True

2. Economics did not fix the prices of commodities.
Answer:
False

3. Political Science and Sociology are closely related to each other.
Answer:
True

4. Man is not a social and political animal.
Answer:
False

5. Sociology is descriptive while Political Science is normative.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is the parent of all social sciences:
(A) Sociology
(B) History
(C) Economics
(D) Political Science
Answer:
(A) Sociology

Question 2.
Political Science is the branch of:
(A) Social Science
(B) Physical Science
(C) Natural Science
(D) Economics.
Answer:
(A) Social Science

Question 3.
Who said “History gives us the third dimension to political science.”?
(A) Bryee
(B) Willoughby
(C) Laski
(D) Freeman.
Answer:
(B) Willoughby

Question 4.
Who called, “Sociology, the mother of all social science”.
(A) Freeman
(B) Gettell
(C) August comte
(D) Laski
Answer:
(C) August comte

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who among the following is more influential in Socialisation?
(a) An individual
(b) Society
(c) Family
(d) Group
Answer:
(c) Family

2. What is a necessary element of socialisation?
(a) To grasp the culture
(b) Language
(c) Ways of living
(d) Society
Answer:
(a) To grasp the culture

3. Socialisation is not possible without ………………
(a) ways of living
(b) language
(c) body
(d) ability
Answer:
(b) language

4. Socialization ends with …………………
(a) marriage
(b) after 50 years
(c) death
(d) retirement
Answer:
(c) death

5. Which of these is a feature of socialisation?
(a) Life long process
(b) Process of learning
(c) Slow process
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

6. The first relation of child is with ……………..
(a) family
(b) country
(c) society
(d) world
Answer:
(a) family

7. The best means of socialisation is ……………..
(a) family
(b) neighbourhood
(c) society
(d) play group
Answer:
(a) family

8. With which process, a child learns the ways of living in society?
(a) Socialisation
(b) Acculturation
(c) Sanskritisation
(d) Assimilation
Answer:
(a) Socialisation

9. Who gave the social self theory of socialisation?
(a) Cooley
(b) Freud
(c) Merton
(d) Weber
Answer:
(a) Cooley

10. Who used the word Id, Ego and Super Ego in socialisation?
(a) Cooley
(b) Weber
(c) Merton
(d) Freud
Answer:
(d) Freud

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The process of …………… starts with the birth of a child.
Answer:
socialisation

2. The process of socialisation ends with the ………………… of an individual.
Answer:
death

3. The meaning of …………….. particular identity of an individual.
Answer:
self

4. School, Law etc. are the ……………….. means of socialisation.
Answer:
formal

5. ……………. is the basic agency of socialisation.
Answer:
Family

6. Young age comes after ……………… age.
Answer:
adolescent

True/False:

1. The process of socialisation starts with the birth of a child.
Answer:
True

2. There are five stages of socialisation.
Answer:
True

3. Main aim of socialisation is to make an individual anti-social.
Answer:
False

4. The process of socialisation is not a learning process.
Answer:
False

5. In school, a child learns the ways of living in society.
Answer:
True

6. In play group, leadership qualities emerge in a child.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
What is Socialisation?
Answer:
It is a process of learning in which a child learns ways of living and all the rules of society.

Question 2.
What is the objective of the process of socialisation?
Answer:
The main objective of this process is to make an individual a social individual and a good citizen of society.

Question 3.
When does the process of socialisation start?
Answer:
This process starts with the birth of a child.

Question 4.
When does the process of socialisation end?
Answer:
This process ends with the death of an individual.

Question 5.
What is the most important agency of socialisation?
Answer:
Family is the most important agency of socialisation.

Question 6.
How many stages of socialisation are there?
Answer:
There are five stages of socialisation-infant stage, childhood stage, adolescent stage, adulthood stage and old age.

Question 7.
When does childhood stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts with, the age of 1/4 years and goes on till 12-13 years.

Question 8.
When does infant stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts with the birth of a child and goes on till VA years.

Question 9.
When does adolescent stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts in 14-15 years and goes on till 20-21 years.

Question 10.
Name the stage that comes after adolescent stage.
Answer:
The next stage after the adolescent stage is young age.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Meaning of Socialisation.
Answer:
Each society is having some of its definite cultural objectives and some definite ways to achieve such objectives. An individual needs to learn such ways and this process of learning is known as socialisation.

Question 2.
Definition of socialisation.
Answer:
According to Fitcher, “Socialisation is a process of mutual influence between a person and his fellow men, a process that results in an acceptance of, and adaptation of the patterns of social behaviour.”

Question 3.
One element of Socialisation.
Answer:
Socialisation is very much necessary for an individual, society and group and in this process, he learns and adopts values, norms, traditions, knowledge, ways of behaviour etc. This process of learning goes on for the whole of one’s life.

Question 4.
One base of Socialisation.
Answer:
Human child depends upon others for more time as compared to animals. He is dependent upon others to fulfil all of his needs. This dependency makes relations with others and consequently, society is formed.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Socialization.
Answer:
Every society has some of its definite cultural goals and there are fixed ways to achieve those goals. Man cannot achieve these goals without learning them and neither the personality of the man can be developed. All this he can learn through the process of socialization. According to Bogardus, “Socialization is the process of working together of developing group responsibility of being guided by the welfare needs of others.”

Question 2.
What is Absence of Instinct?
Answer:
This instinct man gets by birth in his heritage which animals also get by birth but humans learn every thing in this world. If we will leave any child alone then he will not be able to learn any thing. With the help of education man adapts himself to the situation. That’s why man’s behaviour is not known as natural but known as social. This instinct is learned.

Question 3.
Name the four stages of process of Socialization.
Answer:
Harry M. Johnson has divided the process of Socialization in four stages and these are:

• Oral stage (from birth to 1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) years)
• Anal stage (1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) to 4 years)
• Latency stage (4—12 years)
• Adolescence stage (13-21 years).

Question 4.
Main biological bases of Socialization of Individual.
Answer:
There are 4 ftiain biological bases of Socialization of Individual.

• Absence of instinct .
• Childhood dependence of individual
• Physical structure of man
• More learning capacity.

Question 5.
Family-As a means of Socialization.
Answer:
There are many means of socialization but family is the best of them. Child takes birth in family and his socialization starts from there. While living with family child learns to live with other members of family. Family tells him to how to live in society, how to behave in society and how to behave with others. In family, child learns a number of things. In family child learns a number of norms, values, rules of the family and society. Family makes a person a socialized person. No other institution can take place of family in the socialization of a person. While living in family, a person learns for the whole life. Family gives him many statuses and roles with which he gets many rights and duties. In this way family plays an important role in socialization of a person.

Question 6.
School-As a means of Socialization.
Answer:
School is also one of the most important means of socialization. School changes an uncivilized child into a civilized person. Child spends most part of his early childhood in the school. In school, he lives with other children from whom he learns a lot. Other children are generally from different cultures and the child learns many things of their cultures from them. In school, he is generally influenced by the characters of many teachers and children as well. He studies many subjects in school with which he comes to know about many things in the world. School makes his personality. He makes other teachers as his ideals with which his personality develops to a great extent. All in all school moulds the child in a proper way and prepares him to live in the complex modem world.

Question 7.
Importance of Socialization.
Answer:
Socialization is of great importance in our society because through this process, one becomes able to live in society. When a child takes birth then he hardly knows anything. He is dependent upon family members to fulfil his basic needs. Family fulfills all of his needs and tells him how to live a better life. He is being told about how to live and behave in society and this process of learning is the process of socialization. In this way socialization plays a very important role in making a child a good citizen.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you mean by Socialization? Explain with definitions.
Answer:
Meaning of Socialization. A child enters in this world in a very small body and he just knows about the fulfilment of his basic physical needs and in fact he does so. But slowly and slowly with the passage of time he grows up and becomes a man who has his own ideas, feelings, wishes, likings, dislikings and he knows about his ideas. A man cannot get all these by birth but he learns all these things while living in society and this process of learning is known as the process of socialization. In this way we can say that socialization is a process with which a child learns some qualities of human personality and becomes a complete person. The process of socialization is the process of learning social rules, norms, qualities etc. In this way process of socialization makes an animal like child a complete man. With this an individual not only learns to behave according to the needs of society but he also learns other things like language, art, techniques, norms, values etc.

Definitions of Socialization:

• According to Fichter, “Socialization is a process of mutual influence between a person and his fellow men, a process that results in an acceptance of, and adaptation to the patterns of social behaviour.”
• According to Kingsley Davis, “Socialization is a process through which human child grasps the culture and enters in the structure of society.”
• According to Horton and Hunt, “Socialization is the process whereby one internalizes the norms of the groups among whom one lives so that a unique self emerges.”
• According to Harry M. Johnson, “Socialization is learning that enables the learner to perform social roles.”

So after looking at the above definitions of Socialization we can say that socialization is that process of learning in which a child learns all the rules, norms, ways of behaviour of the society. With this process, culture is transmitted from one generation to another. Man learns to adjust with the organized and effective ways of life whichever ways, discipline, qualities, wishes, values, ways of living etc. man needs to live his life. All those things he learns with the process of socialization. This process not only affects a new born baby but it also affects the man for his whole life. This process also continuously goes on even inside the man. That’s why child learns to adapt himself with the rules of society even from his childhood and mixes with the society. In short, culture of the society is transmitted from one generation to another with the process of socialization.

Question 2.
What are the elements and bases of Socialization?
Elements of Socialization
Answer:
1. First of all socialization is very necessary for a man, society and the group and man learns and grasps the values, norms, ways, knowledge, way of behaviour of society. This process of learning and grasping starts from the birth of the child and goes on for the whole life and ends at the death of the individual.

2. Because of the process of socialization, elements of the culture become a part of the personality of the individual. They both cannot be separated. Even we cannot see that how many elements of culture have been grasped by man. These elements are different in every individual but when these have been grasped by man then they become rules for the man and man works according to them. All these elements of culture connect with the personality of the man because man hardly knows about the effect of control of society. Unconsciously he bends towards the ways of social control. He loves to work according to these rules, gets satisfaction that whatever he is doing that is-right and is according to the rules of society.

3. The result of the process of socialization is that man accommodates with his social environment, tylan is a part of social environment and is related with his different groups as ohe of the their part. He is aware of the thing that he has some definite position in these groups. That’s why many things are common between him and other persons and he can transmit them to next generation, can share his sorrows and sufferings. Humans are different physically-hut they are mentally connected with each other. As a member of any group they have the sense of commonness because of which they make their identity with their group.

4. With socialization man comes to know about reality. Even exactly after sometime of his birth child starts to realise the reality. There is no difference between himself and others for a new born baby. Slowly and slowly, with interaction with elders he not only comes to know about that difference but he also comes to know about himself and others. This ability is known as self.

Bases of Socialization:

There are some bases of the process of socialization which are as follows:

1. Absence of basic Instincts. From a biological point of view every physical structure is different. Behaviour of man is not related with basic instinct. For example birds build their nest to live, this instinct they get by nature from their birth. They know all this by nature but humans are not getting this thing by nature. He gets education of everything. How to build a house or how to do any work, all this depends upon his education. He moulds himself according to his education.

2. Childhood Dependency. A human child is much more dependent upon other persons and even for a longer time as compared to the infants of animals. He is so helpless that he cannot live without depending upon others. He is dependent upon others to fulfil his every type of need. This dependency forms the relationships in society because the persons who help the child during his dependency period, child comes closer to them and he loves them a lot. This need of dependency of human child for a long time upon others becomes the base of the process of socialization.

3. Physical Structure. Physical structure of humans is such that it is more organised than the animals. Human brain is more complex from the point of view of formation and structure. Many processes done by it are possible for humAnswer: That’s why humans send their ideas to others with the help of language with proper thinking. In this way man uses brain and brain takes him to that place which he has never thought of. Day by day he moves towards progress. That’s how human culture is also developed. In this way physical structure of human motivates him to do many types of actions.

4. Learning Capacity. Humans have more learning capacity as compared to other organism. Yet it is right that the infants of animals also have some ability of learning. We can expect from them to learn something but the capacity which humans have animals don’t have. Infant of animal cannot do any of the actions done by humAnswer: Mental actions of animals are limited. They cannot go beyond a definite limit.

Actually the ability pf a person is related to his linguistic ability. Animal is without any language. Only humans have the capacity to use language. With the medium of language man transmits his social heritage from one generation to another. Ability of language makes him a social man. That’s why socialization of man is easy and with this man establishes contacts with others. People living at far off places are connected with each other just because of language. Man socializes its next generation by giving it knowledge of every thing. Absence of ability language is a great obstacle in the socialization of animals.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 Meaning, Scope and Significance of Political Science Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Meaning, Scope and Significance of Political Science

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the definition and scope of Political Science.
Or
Define Political Science and discuss its scope.
Answer:
Man is a social animal. For the satisfaction of his needs he depends upon society. While living in society, man is to abide by certain definite rules and regulations because in the absence of these rules there will be no peace and order in the society. Some sort of political organisation or political arrangements are required for making and enforcing these rules.

In the absence of discipline in society there will be anarchy and disorder. There is a great truth in Aristotle’s saying that “Man is a social and political animal.’ That is why it is most essential for man to five in the State. In fact, State is a poilticallv organised society. According to Aristotle, “The State comes into being for the sake of mere life; it continues to exist for the sake of good life.” The State is the pivot or subject-matter for the study of ‘Political Science’. Political Science studies everything concerning the State.

In ancient.times the word ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived form the Greek word ‘Pohs’ which means the City-State, the general form of political organisation obtaining in ancient Greece. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. ‘Politics’ therefore, meant to an ancient Greek the science of the ‘City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. In place of ‘City-States’ we have big territorial States now-a-days.

Now-a-days Political Science is the science which studies the origin, necessity, development, nature and future of the State; It is also said that ‘Political Science begins and ends with the State’. Some writers are of the opinion that Political Science is not only the study of the State but also of the Government. But the Government is an organ of the State and the study of the State also’includes the study of the Government. Therefore, it is not essential to make use of the word ‘Government’ alongwith the word ‘State’.

Different Definitions of Political Science. The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science which are given as follows:
1. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the State.”

2. According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is that part of Social Science which treats the foundations of the State and principles of Government.”

3. According to Bluntschii, “Political Science is the science which is concerned with
the State, which endeavours to understand and comprehend the State in its fundamental conditions, its essential nature, its various forms of manifestations, its development.” ‘

4. According to Sir John’R. Seeley, “Political Science investigates the phenomena of government as Political Economy deals with Wealth, Biology with Life, Algebra with Numbers and Geometry with Space and Magnitude.”

5. According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with Government only.”

6. According to Gettell, “Political Science may be defined as the Science of the State. It deals with the associations of human beings that form political units, with the orgnisations of their governments, and with the activities of these governments in making and administering law and in carrying on inter-State relations. The topics in which it is mainly interested are State, government and law.”

7. According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the State and government.”

8. According to Lord Acton, “Political Science is concerned with the State and with the conditions essential for its development.”

9. According to Leacock, “Political Science deals with Government.”

10. According to Demock, “Political Science is concerned with the State and its means and Government.”

Modern Definitions:
But modern scientists have started looking at Political Science from a different point of view. According to Lasswell anti Kaplan, “Political Science is an empirical inquiry in the study of the shaping and sharing of power.” According to Haszar and Stevenson, “Political Science is the field of study concerned primarily with the power relationship among men, between men and the State and among States.”

David Easton says, “Political Science is the study of authoritative allocation of values as it is influenced by the distribution and use of power.”

According to William Robson, “The focus of interest of Political is clear and unambigious. It centres on the struggle to gain or retain power, to exercise power or influence others and to resist that exercised.”

Writers like Kaplan, Dahl and Almond and many others regard Political Science to be a study of the political system as a whole. Political Science is also concerned with human elements. In short major concerns of Polititfhl Science are State, Government, Man, Power and Authority. Penock and Smith have rightly said that “Political Science refers to all that has to do with the forces, institutions and organisational forms in any society, that are recognised as having the most inclusive and final authority existing in that society for the establishment and maintenance of order, the effectuation of other joint purposes of its members and the reconciliation of their differences.”

Scope Of Political Science:
The writers on Political Science differ regarding its scope. Gamer is of the opinion that Political Science is only the study of the State. According to Gettell, Political Science mainly studies the State, the government and the law. Dr. Leacock is of the view-point that it is concerned only with the study of the government. In fact the scope of Political Science is very wide. It studies man in connection with organised political society.

The scope of Political Science can be explained in the following way:
1. Study of the State. State is the pivot round which Political Science revolves. The main object of Political Science and sphere of its activity is the State. It deals with the analytical study of the State i.e., its origin and end. According to Bluntschli, “Political Science is the science which is concerned with the State, which endeavours to undertsand, and comprehend the State in its fundamental conditions, its essential nature, its various forms of manifestations, its development.”

According to Gettell, “Political Science is the historical investigation of what the State has been, an analytical study of what the State is and a politico-ethical discussion of what the Stage ought to be.” This way we can study the present, the past and the future of the State.

(i) The State:What it has been?
The ‘present’ of a thing is the result of certain things happened in the past. Therefore, the present position of the State cannot be understood completely and thoroughly unless we come to know about the past of the State. With the help of the study of history we are to find out, how the .State came into existence, why did it come into existence? At the time of its origin, what the nature of the State was, what rights and duties were enjoyed by it and through what stages it had to pass to reach the present form. We are to see this thing also that with what institutions the State was concerned in the past and with which things they were confronted with in the past.

(ii) The State: What it is?
We study in Political Science, the nature and objects of the State and its relationship with the citizens. What means are adopted by the State for the satisfaction of its needs? The individual seeks the help of various social, political, economic and cultural groups for the development of his personality and the State is considered superior and . powerful to all these groups and associations. The study of the present State also includes its welfare activities.

(iii) The State: What it ought to be?
The present form of the State is not its final form, The State has continuously progressed and even at present its progress is continuous. Political Science also studies what the State ought administration of political affairs and determines the proper province and functions of the State. It aims at improving political institutions and organisations in the light of changing ideas and political theories.

2. Study of Political Thought:
What is State? Why should the people obey the orders of the State? Is there any limit to the powers and the right of State? Under what circumstances and on what grounds have the people the right to disobey and violate the ordeirs of the State? It is a very fundamental and basic question. From time to time the political philosophers have answered these questions. These answers have come to us in the form of ism, like the Idealism, Individualism, Utilitarianism, Socialism, Communism, Anarchism, Facism and Gandhism etc. The study of all the above mentioned theories is an important part of the scope of Political Science.

3. Study of Government:
]The study of government is most essential in Political Science. The government is that agency of the State through which it formulates and expresses its will. The study of the State without the study of the government is incomplete. The government is one of the essential elements of the State.

How the government is formed, what are its various forms, what are the merits and demerits of the various forms of government, what are the various organs of the government and what are their relations to one another? How are the civil and military officials appointed and what are their duties? Political Science also studies all these things. Besides this, it also studies the relationship between the central and the local government. It also studies the methods of distribution of powers between the Centre and the States.

4. Study of Politcal Institution:
The scope of Political Science also includes the study of political institution. This covers a study of constitutions of different countries of the world and national, regional an’d local governments.

5. Study of Political Theory:
Political theory is the most important branch of Political Science. Political Science studies Political theory, Political philosophy and Political ideas of great political thinkers e.g., Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, Gandhi etc.

6. Study of Political Forces:
Political Science does not study the State from the formal point of view but it also studies it from the informal point of view. In the State so many groups and organisations function to influence its policies and its working. There are pressure groups, interest groups and other political economic, social and religious organisations which function in each State and influence its working.

Each group which influences the policies of the government either directly or indirectly has an important place in Political Science. Political Science also studies the electoral system, organisation of public opinion, public relationship and the means of propaganda in the State.

7. Study of International Relations and International Organisations:
Political Science studies State not only as institution but also as a personality of entity in the family of the States. It studies the behaviour of State in relation to other States. Political Science also studies various international organisations like League of Nations, United Nations, I.L.O., U.N.E.S.C.O., W.H.O. etc. It studies aims, functions, organs and role of the United Nations. ‘

8. Study of Man:
Today it is beyond all doubts that State is the only agency for individual happiness and is in-fact its end. It has rightly been said that it is the foremost duty of modem State to be an instrument for happiness of man. Political Science studies the nature of relationship between the individual and the State. It examines how man should adjust himself with the society. The problem is how to reconcile the authority of the State with the liberty of rW- individual. Political

Science studies this problem also. Political Science is concerned not only with the political aspect of the life of the individual but it is also concerned with the social, economic and intellectual aspect of his life. In other words Political Science studies the individual as a whole.
9. Study of Power and Authority:
Today Power and Authority have become very popular elements of political science. These factors play very important role. That is why power and authority are the subjects of political science.

10. Study of Political Parties:
Political Parties especially in a democratic system play a very important role. No democratic system is possible without political parties. We study the ideology, basis, principles, policies and programmes of political parties.

11. Study of Controversies:
Controversies and conflicts among person to person, group to group, party to party and nation to nation etc. are also the subject matter of political science. Wasby says that, “Where there is politics, there is controversy; where there is no controversies there is no politics.” Why controversies and conflicts arise and what is their solution is also the scope of political science.

12. Study of Leadership:
Another important subject of politics is leadership.Leadership means to have capacity to organize human means for achievement of particular goals. Leadership is important in politics and plays an important role in taking decisions.

13. Study of Influence:
According to some political scholars among with power, influence is also a central subject of politics. According to Laswell, “The study of politics is the study of influence and the influential.” Eric Rowe has regarded influence instead of power as the main subject of politics.

14. Study of Legitimacy: We also study in politics the concept of Legitimacy and crisis of Legitimacy.

15. Study of authoritative allocation of values:
Values are also one of the important subject matter of politics. According to David Easton, “Politics is concerned with the authoritative allocation of values for society.”

Conclusion:
The above mentioned facts clearly indicate that the scope of Political Science is very vast. Gettell is right when he says that, “The topics in which it is mainly interested are State, Government and law. Political Science is concerned not only with political institution but also with political ideas.” Garner’s saying that “Political Science begins and ends with the State” is absolutely correct. The study of Political Science, in fact, revolves round the State.

Question 2.
What is the significance of studying Political Science?
Or
Discuss the utility of studying Political Science.
Answer:
Some scholars attach no importance to the principles of Political Science in this scientific era, but it is a wrong conception. According to Ivor Brown, “Sensibly handled with a commonsense attitude to the real value of social life, political theory is both a concrete and fruitful study.”

Every individual is a citizen of the State and thereby an inseparable part of the State. So the study of Political Science is essential for every inhabitant. Administration used to be in the hands of kings, wazirs and a few officials in the ancient time, but people themselves are the rulers and the subjects in the modern age. So every citizen is naturally interested in Political Science. Its importance is enhancing every day and following are few benefits of studying Political Science:

1. True Knowledge of the Political Terminology:
The first and foremost advantage of studying Political Science is that .one gets a true knowledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the Terms State, Government, Society, Nation and Nationalism etc. without studying Political Science. The citizens rightly conceive the meaning of freedom and equality through the study of Political Science.

2. Knowledge of State and Government:
The main subject of Political Science is State and Government. Each individual is an inhabitant of the State and he can progress only by remaining in the State. The State, now-a-days, is a welfare State and so influences every aspect of an individual. By studying Political Science, one can understand as to how the State originated. What are the aims of a State? How can these objects be fulfilled? What is a Government? etc.

3. It shows relationship between the State and Man:
One understands the true relationship between State and Man by studying Political Science. What is the relation between an individual and State has been a ticklish question since the ancient times. Previously people considered State to be all in all. State could treat the individuals the way it liked to and that is why individuals were cruelly treated in the past. But now, through the study of Political Science, we understand the true relationship between the State and Man.

4. Knowledge of Rights and Duties:
The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowledge is very essential for becoming a good citizen. A citizen can develop his personality fully only if he is having full knowledge about his rights and duties. This knowledge is given by the study of Political Science.

5. Success of Democracy:
With the advent and popularity of modern democracies, the study of Political Science has become almost indispensable. In a democratic State the government is not run by experts but it is manned by ordinary citizens. It is the citizens who choose their legislators and administrators. If the citizens are -hot educated and they are not conscious of their rights and duties, it is impossible to expect from them to elect right type of legislators and administrators.

Bad government is bound to do great harm to the society. If the people do not get political education, they will remain ignorant about their rights and duties. They will not have the knowledge of electoral process and their participation in the government. In the absence of political education the people do not elect right type of representatives.

6. Selection of Political Ideas:
Political Science helps us in selecting good ideas. There are so many political ideals and political philosophies in the world. Different philosophers at different times have advocated different political philosophies. There are various political movements in different countries of the world at different times.

By studying Political Science we can come to know about the merits and demerits of various political ideals. We can judge the effects of a political movement on the political conditions of the country. We can go into the various aspects of political ideals and can select the best one. In a democratic form of government the study of Political Science is of great advantage.

7. Formation of healthy Political Parties:
A democratic government cannot function without the existence of political parties. The study of Political Science helps in understanding the formation, the nature and the working of political parties. Sometimes there exist various groups in a country, some groups are formed on the basis of religion and some are formed with a particular selfish motive. An ordinary citizen cannot properly understand the nature of these groups.

These groups are not political parties in the strict sense of the term. These groups do not in any way promote national interest. The study of Political Science reveals that political parties should be formed on economic or political basis. People having the knowledge of Political Science will form political parties on healthy grounds, and these parties will always function in the best interests of the nation. The parties based on healthy grounds will function in the best interests of nation whether they form the government or sit in the opposition.

8. Knowledge of the governmental systems of other countries:
In the modem age nobody can lead an isolated life. Each country is to maintain relations with other countries of the world. The study of Political Science helps us a lot in undertsanding international relations. We come to know about the forms of government prevailing in other countries and the political ideals which these countries have adopted. We maintain our relations with all these countries on the basis of their political ideologies.

Different countries have adopted different forms of governments. Some countries have adopted monarchy, some dictatorship, some unitary form of government, some federal type of government, some parliamentary and some have adopted presidential form of government. We come to know about the advantages and disadvantages of all these forms of governments by the study of Political Science. We make the maximum use of the experiences of other countries.

9. Solution of Current Problems:
The study of political science helps people to acquire habits of clear thinking, keen observations and fair dealings. The study also gives them a thorough knowledge of the political institutions of the country. In course of time as their knowledge and experience increase they will find themselves able to find out the solution of various current problems.

Political Science is based on sound principles and these principles can be of great use in solving various political problems. If the citizens and the administration understand the problems, they can frame suitable laws to solve them. If the administrators take suitable steps, there is no reason why the country does not make progress.

10. Toleration:
Political Science teaches the lesson of toleration to the people. In the modern age it is most essential that the people should possess the spirit of toleration. No country today can maintain relations with other countries of the world without developing the spirit of peaceful co-existence.

Political Science teaches that all the countries in the world should live in harmony with one another. The sovereignty and territorial integrity of each country should be respected by all other countries. If the different countries of the world do not develop the spirit of toleration, the world is bound to become a battlefield.

The citizens should also develop the spirit of toleration. Most of the countries have adopted the democratic form of government and in democracy every individual gets the freedom of speech and expression. Everybody can have his say. It is just possible that the view-point of a person is not liked by others, but it does not mean that person should not be allowed to express his opinion.

Political Science teaches us that we must listen to the view-point of others very carefully even if we do not agree to that view-point. This always helps in tolerating the view-point of our opponents and in the development of the spirit of co-existence. The spirit of co-existence and toleration develops only by studying the subject of Political Science.

11. Efficiency in Administration. Now-a-days it is an age of democracy and the government of the country is run by the people themselves. The study of Political Science gives the knowledge of nature, forms, functions and various organs of government to the individual. If an individual gets the opportunity of entering into government service he will run the administration very efficiently. If a person gets the chance of serving as an administrator, as a minister or as a legislator the study of Political Science will help him a lot in running the administration smoothly.

The study of Political Science makes an individual a good man, a good citizen, a good administrator and a good legislator. He will make constructive criticism of the government and will contribute his best to the administration of the State. Conclusion; The above-mentioned facts clearly indicate that this subject is of utmost importance for the citizen of a State. Hie study of the subject is most essential for each and every individual.

The study of this subject helps in the development of individual personality and he reaps the fruit of the study of the subject throughout his whole life. An individual having the knowledge of this subject contributes his best to the development and progress of the country. The entire human race is benefited by the study of Political Science. It is more useful for the students because the student of today is the administrator, minister, legislator and government official of tomorrow. Most of the problems of our country can be solved by the study of this subject.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define the term “Political Science”.
Answer:
The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the state.” According to Dr. Lea cock, “Political Science deals with government only.” According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the state and government.” Writers like Kaplan, Dahl and Almond and many others regard political science to be a study of the political system as a whole. In short, political Science deals with state, government, Man, Power and Authority.

Question 2.
Describe the origin of the world ‘Political Science’.
Answer:
In ancient times the world ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ which means the City state, the general form of Political organisation obtaining in ancient Greece. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. “Politics’ therefore meant to be in ancient Greece the Science of the City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. Aristotle concentrated his study on these City-States. He drew his practical and therorical conclusion in his study in the famous book ‘Politics’. In place of City-State we have big territorial states now-a-days.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Politics and Political Science.
Answer:

• Politics is the practical aspect of Political Science while Political Science is the academic aspect of Politics.
• Political Science originated earlier than Politics.
• Political Science is moral-based while Politics is based on convenience.
• Political Science and Politics have different aims.

Question 4.
Give any four definitions of Political Science according to traditional view.
Answer:
Four Traditional definitions are:

• According to Garner, ‘Political Science begins and ends with the state.”
• According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is that part of Social Science which treats the foundations of the state and the principles of Government.”
• According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the State and government.
• According to Willoughby, “Political science has to deal with state, government
  and law.”

Question 5.
How was Political Science viewed by the traditional Political thinkers?
Answer:
Garner, Paul Janet, Bluntschli, Seeley, Leacock, Gettell and Gilchrist are traditional Political scientists.

1. Traditional Political Science thinkers viewed Political Science as a study of the State. According to Gamer, “Political Science begins and ends with the State.”
2. According to traditional political thinkers, Political Science is the government. According to Dr. Leacock, ‘Political Science deals with Government only.”
3. Traditional political thinkers viewed Political Science as the study of both state and government. According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of state and government.”
4. According to traditional political thinkers like Willoughby, “Political Science has to deal with state, government and law.”

Question 6.
Give any four definitions of Political Science according to modern view.
Answer:

1. According to Lasswell and Kaplan, ‘Political Science as an empirical inquiry is the study of the shaping and sharing of power.”
2. According to Haszar and Stevenson, “Political Science is the field of study concerned primarily with the power relationship among men between men and the State and among States,”
3. David Easton says, ‘Political Science is the study of authoritative allocation of values as it is influenced by the distribution and uses of power,”
4. Robert Dahl says, “Political analysis deals with power, rule or authority.”

Question 7.
Explain the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Political Science deals with the analytical study of the state. It studies the past, present and future of the state.
• In Political Science, we study various theories i.e., Individualism, Socialism, Communism, Fascism, Gandhism etc.
• Political Science deals with the government. It studies all aspects of government.
• Political Science studies International relations and International organisations like United Nations.

Question 8.
Explain the modern view regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:
Modem Political Science regard Political Science as the study of power. According to Lasswell and Kaplan, ‘Political Science as an empirical inquiry is the study of the shaping and sharing of power.” Political Science studies political system. Dahl, Almond and many others regard Political Science to be a study of the Political System as a whole.
According to Arnold Brecht, Political Science studies-

1. Group,
2. Equibirum,
3. Power, Control and influence,
4. Action,
5. Elite,
6. Decision,
7. Anticipated Action and
8. Functions.

In short the scope of Political Science includes the study of Power, Authority, Legitimacy, Influence, Pressure Groups, Politicals System, etc.

Question 9.
What is the modern view of Political Science?
Answer:
After 2nd World War, many important changes took place in the field of the study of political science. Modem political scientists have launched a ‘Protest Movement’ against the traditional view of political science. Modem view of Political Science is very broad and comprehensive. It covers a wide range of Political, social, economic and culture activities of a ‘political’ man. It studies all kinds of problems, conflicts, stuggle for power, decision-making process leadership, political behaviour, the politics of caste, politics of religion, etc.

Question 10.
Political Science is infact a Science. Give four arguments in support of it.
Answer:
Many writers call political science a Science. Aristotle was the first to call it the Master Science.
1. Political Science is a Science because knowledge of political science is systematic. The facts regarding the life of the State are collected from history and these facts are classified, co-ordinated and systematised.

2. The scholars of Political Science agree on certain fundamental principles and conclusion of Political Science. For examples there is no denying the fact that democratic government is the best form of government. It is more permanent that most other forms of government.

3. In political science conclusions are based on deep study and deservation.

4. There is scope for predicting things in Political Science.

Question 11.
Political Science is not a science. Give four arguments.
Answer:
The writers who do not accepts Science as a science have put forth the following agruments.
1. Lack of Unanimity on Fundmentals: The scholars of Political Science do not hold unanimous opinions regarding the theories, subject matter and conclusions of Political Science.

2. Unsystematic:
The knowledge of this subject is not systematic. Its growth is very slow, irregular and unsystematic. Sometimes it is very difficult to co-relate different aspects of the subject-matter. Like other physical science its knowledge is not systematic and results are not uniform or universal.

3. Prediction is difficult:
The claim of Political Science as a science is also ruled out on the ground that prediction is difficult in this subject. It cannot predict the coming events. In all other physical sciences prediction is possible.

4. Impartial and objective investigation or research is not possible.

Question 12.
Write four significances of study of Political Science.
Answer:
The significance of Political Science is enhancing every day and following are the benefits of studying political science:-
1. The first advantage of studying Political Science is that one gets true knoledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the terms State, Government, Society, Nation, Nationally, etc. without styding Political Science.

2. The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowldege is very essential for becoming a good citizen.

3. By studying Political Science one can understand as to how the state originated? What are the aims of a state? How can these objects be fulfilled? What is a government, etc.?

4. The study of a Political Science help us in understanding the true relationship between state and individual.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the definition of the term “Political Science”.
Answer:
The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the state.” According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with government only.”

Question 2.
Describe the meaning of ‘Political Science’.
Answer:
In ancient times the world ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ which means the City state. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. ‘Politics’ therefore meant to be in ancient Greece the Science of the City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. In place of City-State we have big territorial states now-a-days.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Politics and Political Science.
Answer:

• Politics is the practical aspect of Political Science while Political Science is the academic aspect of Politics.
• Political Science originated earlier than Politics.

Question 4.
Explain the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Political Science deals with the analytical study of the state. It studies the past, present and future of the state.
• In Political Science, we study various theories i.e., Individualism, Socialism, Communism, Fascism, Gandhism etc.

Question 5.
Political Science is infact a Science. Give two arguments in support of it.
Answer:
Many writers call political science a Science. Aristotle was the first to call it the Master Science.
1. Political Science is a Science because knowledge of political science is systematic. The facts regarding the life of the State are collected from history and these facts are classified, co-ordinated and systematised.

2. The scholars of Political Science agree on certain fundamental principles and conclusion of Political Science. For examples there is no denying the fact that democratic government is the best form of government. It is more permanent that most other forms of government.

Question 6.
Political Science is not a science. Give two arguments.
Answer:
The writers who do not accepts Science as a science have put forth the following agruments.
1. Lack of Unanimity on Fundmentals. The scholars of Political Science do not hold unanimous opinions regarding the theories, subject matter and conclusions of Political Science.
2. Unsystematic. The knowledge of this subject is not systematic. Its growth is very slow, irregular and unsystematic.

Question 7.
Write two significances of study of Political Science.
Answer:
The significance of Political Science is enhancing every day and following are the benefits of studying political science
1. The first advantage of studying Political Science is that one gets true knoledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the terms State, Government, Society, Nation, Nationally, etc. without styding Political Science.

2. The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowldege is very essential for becoming a good citizen.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down any one traditional definition of Political Science.
Answer:
According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with government only.”

Question 2.
Write down any one modern definition of Political Science.
Answer:
According to David Easton, “Politics is the authoritative allocation of values.”

Question 3.
Political Science is a science. Give any one argument in its favour.
Answer:
The principle of cause and effect relationship applies in Political Science.

Question 4.
Political Science is not a science. Give any one argument in its favour.
Answer:
There is a lack of uniformity among scholars regarding its principles.

Question 5.
On the basis of traditional view, mention the names of any two subjects regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Study of the past, the present and the future of the State.
• Study of the Government.

Question 6.
On the basic of modern view of politics, mention the names of any two subjects regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

1. Groups
2. Balance.

Question 7.
Which scholar has called Political Science ‘A Universal Science’?
Answer:
Aristotle, the father of Political Science, has referred to Political Science as a universal science.

Question 8.
Who is considered the father of Political Science?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 9.
From which word has the word ‘Politics’ been derived?
Answer:
‘Politics’ word has been derived from ‘Polis’.

Question 10.
From which language has the word ‘Polis’ been derived?
Answer:
The word ‘Polis’ has been derived from Greek language.

Question 11.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Polis’?
Answer:
The meaning of the word ‘Polis’ is city state.

Question 12.
Write down any one significance of Political Science.
Answer:
We get true knowledge of political terminology.

Fill in the blanks:

1. …………… is the writer of book ‘Republic’.
Answer:
Plato

2. …………… do not accept Political Science as a Science.
Answer:
Maitland

3. State and …………… are the pivot round which Political Science revolves.
Answer:
Government

4. The government is that …………… of the state through which it formulates and expresses it will.
Answer:
Agency.

True or False statement:

1. State is the Pivot round which political science revolves.
Answer:
True

2. In ancient times the word ‘Politics’ was used for the term Economics.
Answer:
False

3. The meaning of word ‘Polis’ is city-state.
Answer:
True

4. According to Gamer, Political science only concern to govt.
Answer:
False

5. Political science also studies U.N.O, I.L.O, UNESCO and W.H.O.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct Answer

Question 1.
The term Politics is derived from:
(A) Latin word ‘Polis’
(B) Greek word ‘Polis’ Greek
(C) English-word ‘Political’
(D) word city-state.
Answer:
(B) Greek word ‘Polis’ Greek

Question 2.
Political Science deals with:
(A) Society
(B) Government only
(C) State only
(D) State and Government.
Answer:
(D) State and Government.

Question 3.
The term ‘Politics’ for political science had been used first by
(A) Catlin
(B) Hobbes
(C) Morhiavelli
(D) Aristole.
Answer:
(D) Aristole.

Question 4.
Aristole is famous book on political science is the:
(A) Republic
(B) Prince
(C) Politics
(D) Laws.
Answer:
(C) Politics

Question 5.
Who is the father of Political Science.
(A) Plato
(B) Aristotle
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Laski.
Answer:
(B) Aristotle

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What differentiates humans and animals?
(a) Culture
(b) Group
(c) a + b
(d) Any group
Answer:
(a) Culture

2. What is transmitted from one generation to another?
(a) Society
(b) Scooter
(c) Culture
(d) Car
Answer:
(c) Culture

3. What is not necessary for the diffusion of culture?
(a) Breaking up of the country
(b) Conflict
(c) Cultural barrier
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Cultural barrier

4. What is necessary for Sanskritisation?
(a) Values of group
(b) Psychological preparation
(c) Collective Culture
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Psychological preparation

5. Which sociologist divided culture into material and non-material aspects?
(a) Ogburn
(b) Giddings
(c) Maclver
(d) Parsons
Answer:
(a) Ogburn

6. Non-material culture is
(a) Concrete
(b) Concrete and abstract
(c) Abstract
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Abstract

7. Material culture is
(a) Concrete
(b) Concrete and abstract
(c) Abstract
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Concrete

8. When did Ogburn use the word ‘Culture Lag’?
(a) 1911
(b) 1921
(c) 1931
(d) 1941
Answer:
(b) 1921

9. What is the developed form of culture?
(a) Civilisation
(b) Material culture
(c) Country and society
(d) Non-material culture.
Answer:
(a) Civilisation

Fill in the Blanks:

1. …………….. said that culture is a complete way of living life.
Answer:
Klied Kulkkohan

2. There are …………… parts of culture.
Answer:
two

3. Ideas, ideals, values, etc. are the examples of …………… culture.
Answer:
non-material

4. …………… are the rules which are expected to be obeyed by everyone.
Answer:
Values

5. The concept of cultural lag was given by ……………..
Answer:
William F. Ogburn

6. ………………. is transmitted from one generation to another.
Answer:
Culture

7. Chair, table, car, etc. are the examples of …………….. culture.
Answer:
material

True/False:

Question 1.
Who said that “Man is a social animal.”?
Answer:
These words are of Aristotle.

Question 2.
What differentiates humans from animals?
Answer:
Humans have a culture but animals don’t have.

Question 3.
In what type of environment man lives?
Answer:
Man lives in two types of environment-natural and man-made.

Question 4.
What is culture?
Answer:
Whatever man has achieved till today is his culture.

Question 5.
Of which thing, culture is the result?
Answer:
Culture is the result of interactions between humans.

Question 6.
How many types of culture are there?
Answer:
Culture is of two types—material and non-material culture.

Question 7.
What is material culture?
Answer:
The things which we can see or touch are part of material culture.

Question 8.
What can we include in material culture?
Answer:
Books, chairs, tables, fans, planes, T.V., cars, etc. can be included in material culture.

Question 9.
What is non-material culture?
Answer:
All the things which we can’t see or touch are part of non-material culture.

Question 10.
What can we include in non-material culture?
Answer:
Ideas, norms, values, traditions, etc. can be included in this culture.

Question 11.
What is civilization?
Answer:
The developed form of culture is known as civilization.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is culture?
Answer:
Our ways of living, philosophy, ideas, machines, etc. all the material and non-material things are part of the culture. All these things are created and used by us. So, culture is that on which we can think upon, work upon, and can keep with us.

Question 2.
Give two features of culture.
Answer:

• Culture is transmitted from one generation to another as children from their parents’ behavior.
• Culture fulfills human needs because if anything is invented, it is used by every day.

Question 3.
What is civilization?
Answer:
The developed form of culture is civilization. All the material and useful things that help humans to win over the natural environment and to control nature are part of civilization.

Question 4.
What is Acculturation?
Answer:
Acculturation is a process in which people of two cultures come in contact and if not all then adopt most of each other’s traits. After adopting each other’s most of traits, many changes come in them.

Question 5.
What is Cultural Pattern?
Answer:
When elements and cultural families come in contact and get related to each other, a cultural pattern is formed. Each cultural pattern is having a role to play in society, such as traditions.

Question 6.
What is Subculture?
Answer:
Each specific group has a few cultural traits. Hindus have a particular culture and Hindu culture is a part of Indian culture. This one aspect of culture, which is based on certain characteristics, is known as sub-culture.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is culture?
Answer:
Culture is the main characteristic of human society which differentiates it from animal society. Man becomes a social human because of culture and it differentiates one person from another, one group from another, and one community from another. We include all those things in the culture which a man learns and adopts in this human society like customs, values, laws, ways of wearing, music, language, literature, knowledge, ideas, folkways, mores, etc. All these things which are included in social heritage are known as culture.

Question 2.
Is culture abstract?
Answer:
Culture is concrete as well as abstract. In this material things like chairs, tables, scooters, cars are part of material culture and are concrete things. But when we are talking about values, customs, traditions, then these are part of non-material culture. They are abstract because we cannot see them. So we can say that culture is concrete as well as abstract.

Question 3.
Characteristics of culture.
Answer:

• Culture is transmitted from one generation to another.
• Culture is social.
• Culture can be learned.
• Culture fulfills the needs of society.
• Changes often come in culture.
• Culture maintains the social system of society.
• Every society has its own culture.
• Material and non-material things are also included in culture.

Question 4.
How culture is social?
Answer:
Culture is social because neither one man can make the whole culture and nor it is the property of anyone. When anyone invents anything then this invention is not his personal thing but becomes property of society because that thing will be used by the whole society. In this way, different things of culture are used by society. In this way, the universality of that thing is an essential element of culture. So culture is not individual but is social.

Question 5.
Culture is learned behavior.
Answer:
Culture is learned by humans were: It is not a biological quality that a man gets from his parents by birth. Man learns culture by Socialization. No one brings thoughts and ideas by birth but he learns them by interacting “with other persons of society. Every type of work is learned by society. From this, it is clear that culture is a learned behavior.

Question 6.
Ogburn’s views about culture.
Answer:
According to Ogburn, Social heritage is culture and it is of two types.

• Material Culture: All those things are included in a Material culture which can be seen and can be touched like cloth, table, chair, car, machine, etc.
• Non-material Culture: All those things are included in Non-material culture which cannot be seen and cannot be touched like ideals, traditions, values, etc.

According to Ogburn, “It is necessary to differentiate between material and non-material culture for analysis. But here one thing should be kept in mind that they are the interrelated parts of social institutions and society.

Question 7.
What is Material Culture?
Answer:
The meaning of material culture is by that cultural thing which has been made by man. This culture is concrete because we can see it and can touch it like T.V., scooter, car, chair, table, plane, etc. All these things are concrete and are part of material culture.

Question 8.
What is Non-Material Culture?
Answer:
Non-material culture is that culture in which all those things are included which are abstract. We can neither see them nor touch them. We can only feel them like traditions, customs, values, skills, norms, etc. All these things are abstract and that’s why they are included in Non-material culture.

Question 9.
Cultural lag.
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, change in different parts of culture never comes at the same speed. The speed of change of one part is more as compared to the other. But culture is a system. It is made up of many parts. Its different parts are inter-connected and inter-related. This system of culture can be maintained if the change in all parts of culture will come at the same speed. Actually what happens is that if one part of culture is changed due to any invention then another part of the culture, which depends upon that part, also changes. But the change in the second part comes very late. How much time will this second part will take, depends upon the nature of the second part. This lateness goes on for many years because of which problem comes in the system. This lagging behind one part from another is known as cultural lag.

Question 10.
Civilization.
Answer:
Culture has two parts—material and non-material. In material culture, all those things are included which we can touch and see like table, chair, machine, book, building, car, plane, etc. In non-material culture all those things are included which we cannot touch and see, only can feel like thoughts, feelings, religion, rituals, ideals,s, etc. Material culture is concrete and non-material culture is abstract. We can take out the meaning of civilization from this. The useful things, tools, or organization, with the help of which man has won over nature and the natural environment and controlled them, is known as civilization.

Question 11.
The difference in culture and civilization.
Answer:

• Civilization always develops but culture never develops.
• Civilization can be adopted without any change, but not the culture.
• Culture is internal and civilization is external.
• Civilization can be measured but not culture.
• Civilization can be passed on without effort but not the culture.

Question 12.
Acculturation.
Answer:
Acculturation is a process in which people of two different cultures come in direct contact with each other and adopt most of the elements of each other. With this process of adoption of elements, many changes come in both cultures.

Question 13.
Cultural Pluralism.
Answer:
Cultural Pluralism is the next form of acculturation. When two cultures come in contact with each other then they transmit each other’s elements and slowly and slowly they accommodate with-each other. But in this process of accommodation one thing is important and that is these both cultures have the permission to maintain the elements of their own culture with the elements of other cultures. This condition is known as cultural pluralism.

Long Answer Type Question:

Question 1.
What is civilization? What is the difference between culture and civilization? Write in detail.
Answer:
Culture has two parts: material and non-material. In material culture, all those things are included that we can touch and see like table, chair, machine, book, building, car, plane, etc. In non-material culture, all those things are included which we cannot touch and see but can feel like thoughts, feelings, religion, rituals, ideals, etc. Material culture is concrete and non-material culture is abstract. We can take out the meaning of civilization from this. The useful things, tools, or organizations, with the help of which man has won over the nature and natural environment, are known as civilization. All these things are part of our culture. Civilization is known as the developed form of culture. In culture, all those things are included which man has achieved from the beginning till today. But civilization is that with which man becomes modern.

To know about the exact meaning of civilization let us See the definitions of civilization given by different sociologists.

• According to Fichter, “Civilized people are those people who are sedentary, literate and complex in their behavior.”
• According to Weber, “In civilization, all those useful material things and the methods of their formation and usage are included.”
• According to Ogburn and NimkofT, “Civilization may be defined as the later phase of the superorganic.”
  From this definition, it is clear that according to Ogburn and Nimkoff, civilization is the later and developed form of culture.
• According to. Giffen, “A culture becomes a civilization only when it possesses written language, science, philosophy, a specialized division of labor and a complex technology and political system.”
• According to Gillin and Gillin, “The more or complex and developed form of culture is civilization.”
• According to Maclver and Page, “Civilization is the mean of fulfilling needs.” Maclver says that civilization is the material culture and in this, all those things are included which are useful. In this way again according to Maclver, “Meaning of civilization is from all the mechanism and organization planned by man to control useful things and conditions of life.”

In this way, after looking at these definitions we can say that the developed form of culture is civilization and according to sociologists civilization is the higher level of culture. But here one problem comes and that problem is that Maclver and Page do not agree that only material things are part of civilization. According to him the development of intellectual, religious thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc. should also be part of the culture.

According to Maclver and Page, all these things which were made by man like machines, cars, banks, money, building, etc. are part of civilization but all these things are developed by keeping in mind the social conditions of society. That’s why the things like religion, art, philosophy, literature, feelings should also be included in culture. In this way according to him, material things made by man are civilization and man-made non-material things are culture.

Difference between Culture and Civilization:

1. Civilization always develops but not culture. If we compare ancient society and modern society then it will be clear that civilization develops but not the culture. We can say that development came in machines, cars, motors but we cannot say that religion, art, ideas are also developed which are part of non-material culture. We can’t say that views of today’s people, religion, ideals, feelings are more higher and developed than the people of earlier societies. Maybe not. So in this way we can say that civilization develops but not the culture.

2. Civilization can be adopted without any change but not the culture. Civilization can be adopted without any change but not the culture. We can transmit any machine, tractor, motor car from one generation to another but is it possible with ideas, norms, religion, etc? Maybe not. Ideas, religion, ideals cannot be adopted without any change because when we transmit ideas, religion, ideals to next-generation then the change is necessary. For example, there is a lot of difference between Indian Christians and European Christians.

3. Culture is internal and Civilization is external. In civilization, a number of external things are included and that’s why it is concrete. In culture, many internal things of humans are included like ideas, feelings, religion, ideals, ways of behavior. That’s why it is internal and abstract. Civilization expresses culture.

4. Civilization can be measured but not culture. Civilization can be measured but not culture. All the things coming into civilization are useful for us and that’s why they can be measured on the basis of specific units. But the things which are coming in a culture like ideals, religion, ways of behavior, feelings cannot be measured on any unit because we have not made any unit to measure them. In this way, we can say that civilization can be measured but not culture.

5. Civilization can be passed on without effort but not the culture. In civilization, all those things are included which ard used by a man. Because they are related with external life of man therefore there is no” need of any special effort to transmit it to next-generation or to another country. But culture is opposite to that. Culture is related to all those things which are not external but internal to’ us and no one can see them. If it will not be transmitted to others then these will come to an end with that man only. That is why to transmit them from one person to another we need special efforts. Civilization can be adopted without any special effort but culture cannot be adopted without any specific effort.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Groups Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Groups

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is not the feature of Primary Groups?
(a) Stability
(b) Formal relations
(c) Individual relations
(d) Small in size
Answer:
(b) Formal relations

2. What is the social importance of Primary Groups?
(a) They play an important role in socialisation
(b) An individual gets security in primary groups
(c) They are the important means of social control
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. What does not exist in secondary groups?
(a) Primary control
(b) Competition
(c) Formal control
(d) Individualism
Answer:
(a) Primary control

4. Primary groups are ……………. in size.
(a) large
(b) indefinite
(c) small
(d) unlimited
Answer:
(c) small

5. Which of these is the feature of social groups?
(a) Own structure of the groups
(b) Group- an organisation of individuals
(c) Functional division of society
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

6. Family is a type of ………………
(a) Outgroup
(b) Secondary group
(c) Primary group
(d) Conscious group
Answer:
(c) Primary group

7. Which of these is large in size?
(a) Primary group
(b) Secondary group
(c) Conscious group
(d) Unconscious group
Answer:
(b) Secondary group

8. Which of these is a primary group?
(a) Peer group
(b) Play group
(c) Family
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

9. Which of these is a secondary group?
(a) Trade union
(b) Political party
(c) Group of scientists
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

10. What is necessary among the members of a primary group?
(a) Physical proximity
(b) Formal relation
(c) Social system
(d) Conflict
Answer:
(a) Physical proximity

11. Which of these groups is quite helpful in socialisation?
(a) Reference groups
(b) Horizontal groups
(c) Secondary groups
(d) Unconscious groups
Answer:
(c) Secondary groups

Fill in the Blanks:

1. ……………. gave the classification of In group and Out group.
Answer:
Summer

2. …………….. is an important example of In group.
Answer:
Family

3. The concept of reference group was given by ………………
Answer:
Robert Merton

4. Members of a group have ……………. feeling.
Answer:
We

5. Groups that are quite close to an individual are known as ……………… groups.
Answer:
primary

6. Membership of …………….. group is taken when required.
Answer:
secondary

7. …………… groups have a formal organisation.
Answer:
Secondary

True/False:

1. Group of people, who have relations among them, is known as a social group.
Answer:
True

2. There is no need for relations in groups.
Answer:
False

3. The Classification of primary and secondary groups is given by cooley.
Answer:
True

4. There is no physical proximity in primary groups.
Answer:
False

5. Membership of secondary groups is taken to achieve certain goals.
Answer:
True

6. Formal relations are there in secondary groups.
Answer:
True

7. Close relations are there in primary groups.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
What do we call if 10 persons stand together at a place?
Answer:
It will be just aggregate of people.

Question 2.
What is group?
Answer:
Aggregate of individuals who have social relations among them is known as group.

Question 3.
What is necessary for a group?
Answer:
Relations between humans are necessary to become a group.

Question 4.
What is the importance of group?
Answer:
Group fulfills all the needs of individuals.

Question 5.
Give one definition of social group.
Answer:
According to Maclver, “By group we mean any collection of human beings”.

Question 6.
Who used the term ‘Reference Group’?
Answer:
H.H. Hyman was the first to use the term ‘Reference Group’.

Question 7.
Who gave the classification of primary and secondary groups?
Answer:
This classification was given by Charles Herton Cooley.

Question 8.
What type of relations are there in primary groups?
Answer:
Primary groups have close, intimate and informal relations.

Question 9.
Give any feature of primary groups.
Answer:
People have physical proximity. They are small in size and permanent.

Question 10.
Give examples of primary groups.
Answer:
Family, neighourhood, play groups are the examples of primary groups.

Question 11.
What are secondary groups?
Answer:
Such groups whose membership is taken to achieve certain objective is known as secondary group.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Social Group.
Answer:
In Sociology, a group is a collection of similar people who have relations among them based on action-reaction, common objectives, personal interests etc. They are very much connected with each other.

Question 2.
Definition of Social Group.
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “Whenever two or more individuals come together and influence one another, they may be said to constitute a social group.”

Question 3.
Meaning of we-feeling.
Answer:
Members of a group have we-feeling among them and as a result, they help each other. That’s why a feeling of affinity develops among them and they protect each other’s interests.

Question 4.
Similarity of behaviour in group.
Answer:
Members of a social group have similarity of behaviour among them because they have common ideals, habits, views etc. So, their behaviour is quite similar to each other and they never work against each other.

Question 5.
Cooley’s classification of Primary Groups.
Answer:
Charles Herton Cooley gave three types of primary groups:

• Family
• Play Group
• Neighbourhood.

Question 6.
What are primary groups?
Answer:
The groups which are quite close to us, in which we interact on daily basis and with which we have physical proximity are known as primary groups. These are small in size and have informal relations.

Question 7.
Give one feature of primary groups.
Answer:
Primary groups are small in size so people know each other very well. People have regular contacts and they have close and informal relations among them. It greatly affects their relations.

Question 8.
What are secondary groups?
Answer:
These groups are large in size. People do not have physical proximity. They hardly know each other personally and formal relations exist among them. These are known as secondary groups.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Meaning of Social group.
Answer:
The meaning of Social group is the contact and relation of one person with other people. If some persons will stand at one place then they cannot be called as a group because there is one conscious condition in the group. In this only physical proximity is not there but mutual feeling and relations are also necessary and members should have commonness, common consciousness and common interests are necessary.

Question 2.
Name the book of Cooley and his classification of the group.
Answer:
Charles Horton Cooley has written a book called ‘Social Organization’ and in this book, he has classified groups in two parts:

• Primary groups: Members have closed and informal relations in them.
• Secondary groups: Members have formal relations in them.

Question 3.
Classification of Sumner of Social group.
Answer:
Sumner has written his book ‘Folk Ways’ and has given the classification of the group in this way.

• In group and we group: These are those groups of which person is the member and he thinks them as his group like my city, my home etc.
• Outgroup and the group: It is that group of which person is not the member and whom he thinks to be external like other’s house, other’s community, other’s country etc.

Question 4.
The elements of a social group.
Answer:

• The similarity of aims. Members of these groups are tied with each other to attain the common aims of the group.
• Two or more than two individuals. In a group collection, two or more two groups exist. A person cannot make a group.

Question 5.
Classification of groups given by Dwight Sanderson.
Answer:

• Voluntary group. Voluntary groups are those groups in which a person takes membership according to his wish and whenever he wants, he can leave membership of this group.
• Involuntary group. Involuntary groups are those groups in which a person cannot select himself. It means that this group is not according to the wish of men like family, caste, race etc.
• Delegate group. In these groups, a person takes part as the representative of the people.

Question 6.
Primary Group.
Answer:
According to Cooley, “By primary groups, I mean those characterized by intimate face to face association and cooperation. They are primary in several senses but chiefly in that they are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual. The result of intimate association is a certain confusion of individualities in a common whole, so that one’s very self, for many purposes of least, is the common life and purpose of the group. Perhaps the simplest way of describing this wholeness is by saying that it is a ‘fae. It involves the sort of sympathy and mutual identification for which ‘we’ is the natural expression.

Question 7.
Importance of Primary groups.
Answer:

• Primary groups play an important role in the process of socialization of man.
• A man comes to know about himself in the primary group.
• They are very important in the personality development of an individual.
• Individual gets protection only in these groups.
• Primary groups are the important base of social control.
• The psychological needs of an individual are also fulfilled in these groups.
• Members of these groups are freely related to each other.

Question 8.
Secondary Groups.
Answer:
In modern society, the needs of the persons have been increased up to the extent that man cannot fulfil his needs by becoming members of the primary groups alone. He has to take membership of other secondary groups. The aim of a person is to achieve his objective. Formal relations exist in them and they are large in size. These are known as secondary groups,

Question 9.
Characteristics of Secondary groups,
Answer:

• The area of these groups is wide because the number of members of these groups is quite big.
• These groups have been made to achieve any specific purpose.
• Members have indirect relations in secondary groups.
• Formal organization is there in these groups and some specific rules have been made for these groups.
• Relations in these groups are formal and indirect.
• Membership is optional and a man can leave his membership at any time.

Question 10.
Importance of Secondary groups.
Answer:

• Secondary groups satisfy different needs.
• These groups develop the personality of an individual.
• These groups contribute to social progress.
• Secondary groups make the outlook wider.
• They are helpful in cultural development.

Question 11.
Out Group.
Answer:
People generally use the term ‘They group’ to denote out-group. These are the groups of which an individual is not the member and consider them unknown or out-group. Generally, while living in society, an individual is associated with many members and he considers them as in-groups. But the group with which he is not connected is out group for him. So we can say that the out-groups are other groups with which one is not directly attached. The organisation of such groups is quite loose and unorganised. In comparison to in groups, such groups are of no importance for him. These groups are versal and exist everywhere.

Question 12.
Membership Group.
Answer:
If we need to understand the meaning of the reference group, we need to understand the meaning of the membership group. An individual is a member of any group and he participates in its activities by considering it as his own group. This group is his membership group. Everyone is a member of any group and as a member of this group, he considers it as his own. He even grasps the group’s ideas, values etc. He even starts to consider himself as an indispensable part of this group. His every activity is according to the values of this group. Values, ideals of the group become a part of his identity and while evaluating others, he keeps such ideals in mind. In this way, he is a member of this group.

Question 13.
Reference Group.
Answer:
An individual is a member of any group and this group is a membership group for him. Sometimes it is observed that his behaviour is not according to the values of his membership group but is according to the ideals, values of any other group. Here the question arises that why is this so? As a result, the concept of a reference group came into being. Actually, most individuals are influenced by the ways, values, ideals of any other group. He tries to grasp the values, ideals of the other group and even starts behaving according to this group. He is not a member of this group but many parts of his behaviour are according to that group. Sociologists call it a reference group. That other group that influences our behavioural pattern is a reference group for us. An individual regulates every part of his life according to the ideals of his reference group.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are Social groups? What are their features?
Answer:
Meaning of Social Group: See Textual Question IV-(1).

Characteristics of a Group:

1. Feeling of Unity: A group can be maintained if the feeling of unity will exist among the members of a group. Because of this feeling, they understand each other. The feeling of cooperation is produced among them. If this feeling of unity will not be there among them then that will not be a group but will be just a collection of people.

2. We feeling: Members of a group help each other if any need arises and with this, we feeling increases. They also protect their own interests by helping each other. With this, the sense of unity also increases among them.

3. Social relations: The most important feature of a group is that its members have mutual social relations. These relations are permanent and come out of the result of their mutual interactions.

4. Membership: Group cannot be made with one person only but the group can be made with two or more than two people. In some groups, membership is limited like in a family where membership is limited only to wife, husband and their children. No other person can be included in this. That’s why the size of the group also depends upon the number of its members.

5. Division of status and role. Group status and roles have been generally divided because of which every member has its role and status in the group. For the functions of the group, some written and non-written rules are also there and the group works according to those rules. Yet some quarrels are also there among the members for their personal interests but they also have some quantity of cooperation which is a special characteristic of the group.

6. Social control. It is necessary for a group to control and regulate the behaviour of its members. Every group has its own traditions, rules which have to be obeyed by every person. If anyone tries to break them then he is punished by the group.

7. Closeness. The relations of members of a group are so close that they have interaction among them. It means that members of the group are closely related to each other. Because of this closeness, they have mutual interaction among them because of which relations increase among them. Members of the group are affected by these relations also.

8. Similar ideas. There is a feeling of closeness among the members of the group. They don’t have the feeling of personal welfare and they are doing joint efforts for the attainment of common objectives. With this, the organization of the group also exists. They have some equality in their outlook and thoughts and this equality of thoughts is also the base of their ideas.

Classification Of Groups:

Question 2.
What do you know about the Classification of Groups? Write in detail. Answer: Many sociologists have tried to classify the groups on the basis of their own points of view. According to Cuber, “Sociologists have developed a great deal of effort to the different problems of classifying groups into types. At first thought, it would seem easy to do but perhaps after further reflection, it will be found to represent numerous difficulties. These difficulties are so great, in fact, that at present we have no overall systematic classification of groups which is entire, acceptable to all sociological scholars.” Different sociologists classify groups on different bases. Some have been classified on the basis of religion, some on an economic base and some on the basis of entertainment.

Some of these types are given below.

A. Charles Horton Cooley, in his book “Social Organization”, has classified groups in two parts and these are:

1. Primary Group
2. Secondary Group

In the Primary group, close and direct relations are there and in Secondary groups, indirect and artificial relations are there.

B. Sapir has classified groups on the basis of physical closeness and common aims ‘and these are:

1. Family
2. Racial group
3. Agricultural group
4. Conflicting group

C. Sumner has classified groups in his book ‘Folk Ways’ and these are:

1. In-group
2. Out-group

In,- In-group we feeling and community welfare feeling is there. Its size is also small. In the out-group feeling of individualism is there. Man is not a member of this group and their size is also big.

D. Sorokin has also classified it in two parts and these are:

1. Horizontal group
2. Vertical group

In Horizontal groups; groups of big size can be included like country, political party, cultural organization, religious organization etc. In the vertical group, man is related to his achieved status by the horizontal group. That’s why he is one part of the Horizontal group.

E. Maclver and Page have also classified it and their classification is:

1. on the basis of size
2. on the basis of intimacy
3. on the basis of interest
4. on the basis of organization
5. on the basis of duration.

F. In his book ‘Cultural Sociology’, Gillin and Gillin has classified group and his classification is:

1. on the basis of blood relations
2. on the basis of physical features
3. on the basis of area
4. on the basis of duration
5. cultural group

G. Classification given by George Dawson is given below:

1. Unsocial groups
2. Pseudo-social groups
3. Anti-social group
4. Pro-social group

H. Dwite Sanderson has divided the group into three parts:

1. Voluntary group
2. Involuntary group
3. Delegate group

A voluntary group is a group in which a man includes himself voluntarily. It depends on him that of which group he should be a member of. An involuntary group is that in which a man’s wish is of no value and he cannot select these groups. For example; family, caste etc. In the delegate group, he includes himself as the representative of the people.

I. Charles A. Ellwood, in his book ‘Psychology of Human Society’ has classified the group into two parts:

1. Voluntary and involuntary
2. Institutional and non-institutional.

In the first type of group family, city, political party, a religious group generally come. In institutional groups, he has included permanent groups like schools, religious institutions etc. In non-institutional groups, he has taken crowds as this type of group.

J. Giddings has divided groups into two parts:

1. Genetic group %
2. Congregate group.

Membership of man in the genetic group is based on his birth and the membership of the congregate group is used on the will of the members. He can leave its membership according to his wish.

K. Miller has classified the groups into two parts:

1. Horizontal group
2. Vertical group.

Horizontal groups are big like country, political parties etc. In vertical groups, small groups are included like an economic group. This group is also a part of the horizontal group. That’s why man is a member of both groups.

L. Tonnies has classified Social groups into two parts:

1. Communities
2. Associations.

M. Park and Burges have also given the classification of group:

1. Territorial group
2. Non-territorial group.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Primary Groups? Explain their features.
Answer:
Meaning of Primary Groups: See Textual Questions IV-(2).

Characteristics of Primary Groups:

1. Physical proximity among members. It is necessary for any primary group that people should have physical proximity among them and that they should sit together. This physical proximity creates an exchange of thoughts among them and people start to understand each other. Cooperation and love increase with the daily meetings, sitting with each other and talking to each other. That’s why close relations are also there among them. If they are equal in position, occupation, gender, caste and age then more closeness can be established.

2. There is stability among these groups. Primary groups are stable in nature. For example, the family in which the child takes birth lives for the whole life. This life of relation also exists in the neighbourhood. That’s why these groups are more stable. These groups have not been made for any specification. When new friends are included in these groups then they become unstable.

3. They are limited in size. Primary groups are limited in size and that’s why their relationships are very close in nature. The less no. of people in the group will increase the understanding capacity of different members. For example when a teacher teaches to a class with less few students then he knows every child personally. In the same way, if more students are there in class then the closeness of teacher with students will be less. Except this we can take the example of joint family. In this type of family, closeness is very less but in the nuclear family, family members have personal and close relations because of less numbers. Limited size always increases closeness and feeling of cooperation. That’s why because of small size in primary groups members are closely related to each other.

4. They have limited self-interests. In primary groups aim of the welfare of group is always kept as primary base. It means that*the interest of the group is kept important. For example, there is no feeling of personal selfishness among the members of the family. If feelings of selfishness will be developed then the family will be disintegrated. Every member of the family works for the welfare of the family and its members. Sometimes in this type of group members have to sacrifice their individual interests because group is not established for a specific purpose. That’s why there are very limited self-interests in primary groups.

5. They have similarity of background. Because of similarity of background there exists some exchange of ideas among people. Members understand each other. If there will be any difference of culture and ideals then even on this base, relations will be at another level. More difference will decrease mutual relationships and less difference will lead to more understanding and strengthening of group.

6. They have mutual cooperation among them. Members of the primary group generally have feeling of mutual cooperation. That’s why if they are less in number even then they move forward with the community feeling. It is so because he thinks that welfare of the group is his welfare. For example every member of the family works for each other’s welfare. Sometimes even after a lot of sufferings a person cooperates with others. It means that a person never thinks about his personal profit but he thinks of collective profit.

Question 4.
Explain in brief the importance of Primary Groups.
Answer:

(1) Primary groups play an important role in the process of socialization of man. First of all man comes in contact with society because of these groups as man depends upon these groups to fulfil his basic needs. According to Kingsley Davis, “The complex process of socialization is that it is handled in those concrete groups- notably the family and the play group-where an emphasis is placed on the conditions and the qualities of primary association.”

(2) Man comes to know about his self in primary group and he gets basic education with the help of members of primary group.

(3) These groups are also very important in the personality development of an individual. Behaviour of the members of these groups always affects an individual. In the friendship type atmosphere of primary groups personality of individual generally develops. In these groups only, man gets many qualities of love, cooperation, sympathy, toleration etc. These qualities help him to become a good citizen of society. In these groups only, man gets norms, values, ideals, traditions of group.

(4) An individual gets protection only in these groups. Members of these groups accept other members’ as a part of the group and help each other whenever any need arises. When child takes birth then he feels protected under the love and affection of family members. A child expresses his views crudely only in primary groups.

(5) Primary groups are the main base of social control. All humans are different by nature. If they will live without any control then the whole structure of the society will be destroyed. That’s why society controls its members. In primary groups an individual learns to live in control which is very helpful for the society. To accept the norms of family, respect of elders, to live under rules, to love everyone, to accept the culture of the family all these things he learns under the effect of these groups. When these qualities are developed in an individual then he contributes properly in the functions of society.

(6) Psychological needs of an individual are also fulfilled in these groups. Man learns to live with others only by living in the main primary groups like family, play group and neighbourhood.According to Maclver and Page, “It is the group through which, as playmates and comrades we first give creative expression to our social impulses. It is the breeding ground of our moves, the nurse of our loyalties. It is the first and generally remains the chief focus of our social satisfaction.”

(7) Members of primary groups are freely related with each other. They don’t have any type of formal pressure. The development of self in an individual is only because of these groups. Man gets mental satisfaction only in these groups. Because of the relations of these groups man is motivated to do many functions. Members of primary groups save its member to go in a wrong way. Man starts to feel that he is not alone and others are with him who will help him when any need arises. This feeling helps him to do more efforts. Co-operation is also an important feature of these groups.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Secondary Groups? Explain their features or characteristics.
Answer:
Meaning of Secondary Groups: See Textual Questions-IV-(2).
Characteristics of Secondary Groups

(1) Humans have indirect relations. Members of secondary groups have indirect relations among them. The process of cooperation is developed indirectly. Members of these groups don’t know each other. Their function is to do the duty and to do their role; for example, thousands of persons work in a factory. The man just works for the pay and even sometimes he is hardly aware of the fact that who is the owner of the factory. They are indirectly related to each other by doing different functions. They play different roles for the attainment of any objective.

(2) They are large in size. Secondary groups are large in size. Membership of people is not definite. They are scattered everywhere. For example members of any political party are scattered everywhere in the country. Except this many other organizations are also there where members are scattered everywhere. Now the needs of a man have increased and he cannot fulfil these needs by living only in primary groups. That’s why he solves his problems by taking membership of these groups. He even uses letters, telephone, telegrams also for his objectives.

(3) They have a formal organization. Some specific rules are generally made for the formation of secondary groups and man has to obey these rules. That’s why the problems of these groups are generally solved by experts. It means that the work of a secondary group is done in an organized way. Man gets status and role according to his ability and qualification. If anyone wants to join these groups then he cannot work according to his wish. For example, if anyone does job in any office then he needs to obey the orders of his officers. He needs to obey rules of the government. In this way we can say that secondary groups have a formal organization.

(4) They have formal and impersonal relations. The mutual relations among individuals are generally formal. They don’t have any impact of primary groups. Man does his work, obeys the rules, gets his pay and still they don.’t know even other employees of their office; for example, when we go to any bank, meet the clerk, do our work and come back. We are not related with any part of the life of that clerk. We have impersonal relations in these groups.

(5) People have option of membership. Membership of secondary group depends upon the will of an individual because these groups have been developed to fulfil any special objective. It means that every person is not the member of every secondary group; for example there are many clubs in our society. When any person wants then only he becomes the member of that group. It is also not necessary that he should be the member of every club. In this way these groups are optional. Man can leave their membership after the achievement of his objectives.

(6) They have active and inactive members. Size of secondary groups is very big. Members of these groups don’t have personal relations because of which all members of the group do not take part in all the activities of the group. For example whenever any function is there then there are many members who take part in the function. Some members do a lot of work and some just become members of the group. This type of members just give fees for their membership.

Question 6.
What is the importance of Secondary Groups?
Answer:
(1) These satisfy different needs. In modern times man cannot fulfil his basic needs by just depending upon primary groups. Man’s needs are increasing day by day. These needs are just not related with area but are related with many area. That’s why for the fulfilment of these needs secondary groups are developed. Every one wants to establish his relations in every sphere so that whenever any need arises his works should be done. That’s why he wants to become the member of these groups.

(2) These groups develop the personality of an individual. Secondary groups help in increasing capacity and personality of an individual. In the earlier societies man was limited to the four walls of the house. It was necessary for an individual to adopt his father’s occupation. Except in this children were under the control of the elder members of the society. They were unable to do any work of their own wish. But with the passage of time secondary groups were formed. Man came out of the four walls of his house and started to develop his personality and qualification. He got full freedom to show his qualities. He was unable to do progress in primary groups. That’s, why secondary groups have developed his personality and increased his level of living.

(3) These groups contribute in social progress. Social progress was done not only with technological and industrial revolution but was done when man started to join secondary groups: Man came out of his house and started to fulfil his needs. Man got that type of atmosphere in which he started to use his capabilities. Progress of man now depends upon his ability. Man wishes to move farward which is very helpful in social progress.

(4) With these outlook becomes wider. Man is connected with a special place because of his membership of a primary group. His membership of primary groups is permanent. That’s why they are small in size. Every one takes care of his interest. For example member of family, play group or neighbourhood only protects his interests. With this type of outlook, area of primary groups is very tight because members only think of their limited interests. On the other hand members of secondary groups think of everywhere. For example, members of secondary groups are related with different castes, religions, classes etc. Members of secondary group’are also affected by customs, traditions, rules etc. They are quite different from primary group. That’s why people have liberty to make relations any where with any one. Because of common interests they work without any discrimination and toleration is also there in the members of these groups.

(5) They are helpful in cultural development. In secondary groups individuals are related with different background but they have to work jointly at one place. For example when they are working in a factory or office then because of formal cooperation cultural exchange also takes place between them. Every one starts to accept each other’s cultural traits. With this cultural development is also there. Except this whenever any new invention comes in any country then other countries also accept that invention. With this cultural mixture also came into being.

Question 7.
Differentiate between Primary and Secondary groups.
Answer:
(1) Difference on the basis of size. Primary groups are small in size and area is also limited. In this group membership is limited to some members. For example membership of a man in family, playground and neighbourhood is limited to a certain extent. Because of small size mutual relations are also close in nature. Small size also increases elements like love, cooperation, sympathy etc.

On contrary to this secondary groups are large in size. Its membership is very wide. They are connected with each other even if they are scattered everywhere. Because of the largeness of area, the relations among members are formal and non¬personal. They are large in size because they are related with the different needs of man. Anyone can become their member for his needs and can leave them after the attainment of his objective. In this way, we can say that primary groups are small in size and secondary groups are big in size.

(2) Difference on the basis of type of relationship. In primary groups, relationships between members are direct and personal. In these groups, members meet each other daily and because of this nothing is hidden between them. They talk to each other openly without any fear and exchange every type of idea. Even they share their sufferings. That’s why in these groups, the word ‘We’ is used instead of ‘My’. In this way in these groups, members have direct, personal and loveable relations among them and they overlook small things.

Mutual relations among members in Secondary groups are indirect. Members are scattered everywhere. They contact each other with the help of means of communication like Letters, Telephone, Press, Radio, T.V. etc. Members of this group don’t know each other in every aspect but they know only one aspect of another person with which they are related. They hardly know about each other’s sufferings and sorrows. In these, they know each other only for their interests.

(3) Difference on the basis of kind of cooperation. Members of primary groups are having collective cooperation. They directly cooperate with each other. They collectively take part in the processes like playing, working, sitting etc. For example, all members of the family cooperate with each other for the development of family. Sometimes even they sacrifice their own interest for the sake of the interests of the family. They don’t have any feeling of competition among them. Everyone contributes towards each other’s interests. In this way the feeling of cooperation connects each other.

In secondary groups members cooperate just for the sake of their own interests because these groups are formed for any specific purpose. In these formal cooperation exists. For example, if students, teachers, principals, peon etc. cooperate with each other then this cooperation is under certain written rules. Any officer orders his clerks under certain rules and clerks have to obey those rules. If they will not obey then they can be thrown out of their job. That’s why a formal type of cooperation exists in these groups.

(4) Difference on the basis of the status of individuals. In primary groups status of members depends upon their birth and family. It means that he gets the status of that family in which he is born. For example, man gets status of father, mother, grandfather, grandmother etc. only in the family. In this man gets ascribed status. In secondary groups, a person’s status is according to his work. It means that the way in which he does his work, he gets status of that kind. For example, man gets different status when he performs different roles of doctor, engineer, clerk, teacher etc. Man can get higher status from lower-status only by hard work. Status of man in this depends upon his abilities.

(5) Difference on the basis of duration. The duration of mutual relations in the members of primary groups is very lengthy. If you will live separate from any one then relations will be decreased and if you will live together for a long time then relations will be strengthened and proximity will increase. By meeting daily, sitting together and by exchanging of ideas mutual relations will definitely be increased. More togetherness, more proximity will be there. So long duration of relations is there in its members. In secondary groups there is no limit of their duration. It can be less and can be more. Man can become a member only for the duration of time until he achieves his objectives. It means that the duration of time is related with the achievement of objectives. With the achievement of objectives, man can cancel its membership.

(6) Difference on the basis of type of background. In primary groups, members have the same background. According to Maclver and Page, “There is thus a level on which every group must dwell, and the person who is too far above or below it, disturbs the process of group participation.” For example family, neighbourhood and playgroups are permanent because of the same background. They know everything about each other because of which love can be maintained.

In secondary groups, members are related with different backgrounds. These groups are formed for any specific motive. A person becomes a member of that group, which can fulfil his needs. That’s why members are coming from different backgrounds. So the difference is also there on the type of their background.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Source Based Questions

Question 1.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Nineteenth-century was also the period in which natural sciences made much progress. The success attained by those working in the field of natural sciences inspired a good number of social thinkers to follow them. The belief was that if the methods of natural sciences could be successful in the physical world to understand the physical or natural phenomena, the same methods could be applied successfully to the social world to understand the social phenomena. Scholars like Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and other sociologists advocated the methods of science to study society as they were inspired by the discoveries of natural scientists and wanted to study society in a similar way.

1. Why were social thinkers inspired to follow natural sciences?
2. Which sociologists studied society?
3. What were the views of sociologists about the methods of natural sciences?

Answer:

1. In the 19th century, natural sciences made great progress, and this inspired social thinkers to follow them.
2. Scholars like Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and others studied society.
3. Sociologists started believing that if the methods of natural sciences could be successful in the physical world to understand the physical or natural phenomena, the same methods could be applied successfully to the social world to understand the social phenomena.

Question 2.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

In Europe and America, Sociology developed as a subject after the 19th century. However, in India, it not only emerged a little late but was also given secondary importance as a subject of study. Nevertheless, after India attained independence, Sociology has risen in stature and has found a place as an independent subject in the curriculum of almost all the universities of the country. In addition, it has also been recognized as a subject for different competitive examinations. Radha Kamal Mukherji, G.S. Ghurye, D.P. Mukherji, D.N. Majumdar, K.M. Kapadia, M.N. Srinivas, P.N. Prabhu, A.R. Desai, etc. are some important scholars who have contributed to the development of Indian Sociology.

1. As a subject, when did Sociology develop in Europe?
2. Name a few Indian Sociologists, who contributed to the development of Indian Sociology.
3. How did Sociology develop in India?

Answer:

1. As a subject, Sociology rapidly developed in Europe only after the 19th century.
2. Radha Kamal Mukherji, G.S. Ghurye, D.P. Mukherji, D.N. Majumdar, K.M. Kapadia, M.N. Srinivas, P.N. Prabhu, A.R. Desai, etc. were a few Indian Sociologists who contributed to the development of Indian Sociology.
3. Before 1947, Sociology did not develop much in India as our country was under the occupation of the British. But after Independence, Sociology developed quite rapidly in India and almost all the universities started teaching as a subject. Except this, all the competitive exams used Sociology as a subject and that’s why it developed very quickly.

Question 3.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

According to Morris Ginsberg, historically Sociology has its roots in politics and philosophy of History. For that reason, Sociology depends on Political Science. Each and every social problem has a political cause. Any change in the political system or nature of power structure brings changes in society. To understand different political events Sociology takes help from Political Science. Similarly, Political Science also depends on Sociology. The State frames its rules, regulations, and laws on the basis of social customs, tradition, and values. Thus, without sociological background, the study of Political Science will be incomplete. Almost all political problems have a social origin and for the solution of these political problems, Political Science takes the help of Sociology.

1. According to Morris Ginsberg, how is Sociology dependent upon Political Science.
2. According to Ginsberg, why is the study of Political&gience incomplete without social background?
3. How is Political Science taking the help of Sociology?

Answer:

1. According to Morris Ginsberg, historically Sociology has its roots in politics and philosophy of history. That’s why Sociology depends upon Political Science.
2. Ginsberg was of the view that whenever a state forms new laws, it always keeps in mind social values, customs, traditions, etc. That’s why the study of Political Science is incomplete without social background.
3. According to Ginsberg, almost all the political problems originate in society which is studied by Sociology. That’s why whenever Political Science needs to study society, it always takes the help of Sociology.

Question 4.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Society has different meanings in different social sciences, but in Sociology, it is used to refer to various kinds of social units. The main focus of Sociology is on human society and the network of relationships in it. In a society, sociologists study the interpersonal relationships of social beings and discover how a person behaves in a particular situation, what should be expected of others and what do others expect of her/him.

1. Why is the meaning of society different in different social sciences?
2. What is the meaning of society in Sociology?
3. What is the difference between ‘Society’ and ‘A Society’?

Answer:

1. Different social sciences study a particular aspect of society such as economics study economic part of society. That’s why they take the meaning of society from a different perspective.
2. In Sociology, society is the web of social relationships. When relations are established among individuals, society is formed. In this way, the web of social relationships is known as society.
3. Whenever we talk about ‘society’, we talk about it in collective terms i.e. all the societies are included in it and we study it in an abstract form. But whenever we talk about ‘A Society’ we refer to a particular society such as Indian society or American society. That’s why it becomes a concrete society.

Question 5.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

A community is a social group of any size whose members inhabit a particular geographical area, share a government, and frequently share a cultural and historical legacy. If may also refer to a collection of people who perform or engage in similar kind of work or activities such as racial community, religious community, a national community, a caste community, or a linguistic community, etc. this sense indicates a social, religious, or occupational group having common features or concerns and perceived as or perceiving itself as different in some way from the larger society within which its exists. The community can thus, refer to people spread over a vast area but sharing similarities in one or another way. For instance, the terms ‘international community or ‘NRI community’ are used in literature to refer to some coherent group based on supposedly some characteristics.

1. What is meant by Community?
2. Give a few examples of Community.
3. Differentiate between Community and Association.

Answer:

1. A community is a social group of any size whose members live in a particular geographical area, share a government, and frequently share a cultural and historical legacy.
2. The international community, Indian Community, Punjabi Community, etc. are a few examples of Community.
3. ⇒ Community develops automatically but Association is deliberately formed for a particular objective.
   ⇒ Every individual automatically becomes a part of any Community but the membership of the Association is optional. It means that one can take or leave membership according to his wish.

Question 6.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

A social group is a collection of individuals, made up of two or more persons having interaction among them.’ It consists of people who interact with one another and recognize themselves as a distinct social unit. The number of members in a group can range from two to hundreds of individuals. In addition, the social group is dynamic in nature as it expands its activities from time to time. The interaction within social groups motivates them to identify with one another. Groups are mostly stable and enduring social units, for example, family, community, village, etc. Groups carry out many organized activities which are necessary for a society.

1. What do you mean by Social Group?
2. Can we call a crowd a social group? If no then why?
3. What is meant by Primary and Secondary groups?

Answer:

1. A social group is a collection of individuals, made up of two or more persons having interaction among them. It consists of people who interact with one another and recognize themselves as a distinct social unit.
2. No, we can not call a crowd a social group as people do not interact with each other. If there will be no interaction, they won’t be able to make relations and that’s why we cannot call it a group.
3. ⇒ Primary group. That group with which we have direct and close relations is known as a primary group such as family, school, playgroup, etc.
   ⇒ Secondary Group. That group with which we don’t have direct and close relations is known as a secondary group such as the father’s office, political party, etc.

Question 7.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Secondary groups are opposed to the primary groups. Although Cooley has not mentioned the second group while, explaining the primary group, later scholars assumed the idea of the second group from the primary group. Secondary groups are the groups that are large in size and are of relatively short duration. The interaction among the members is formal, utility-oriented, specialized, and temporary because the members are interested in one another mainly in terms of the roles and the function they perform. The classic examples of secondary groups are the buyers and sellers in a shop, the people at a cricket match, and the people belonging to a trade union. A corporation, a factory, an army, a students’ union, a university, a political party, and so on can be cited as some of the examples of secondary groups.

1. What is meant by Secondary group?
2. Give a few examples of Secondary groups.
3. Give two differences between Primary and Secondary groups.

Answer:

1. That group with which we don’t have direct and close relations, whose membership is always optional, is known as the secondary group.
2. Father’s office, Mother’s office, Father’s friend group, Political Party, Labourers in an industry are a few examples of secondary groups.
3. ⇒ Primary groups are small in size but secondary groups are large in size.
   ⇒ Members of primary groups have informal and direct relations with each other but members of secondary groups have formal and indirect relations.

Question 8.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Cultures vary from society to society and each culture has its own specific values and norms. Social norms are the rules of behavior approved by society while values refer to general standards of what is right and desired behavior and what ought not to be done. For example, in one culture hospitality has an f high social value whereas in some others it may not be so. Similarly, in some societies polygamy is a customary form of marriage whereas, in many other societies, it is not accepted as an appropriate practice,

1. What do you mean by culture?
2. Is it possible to have the same culture of the two countries?
3. Give types of culture.

Answer:

1. Right from ancient times till today, whatever man has achieved with his experience is known as culture. Our views, experiences, science, technology, goods, values, traditions, etc. are the parts of culture.
2. No, two countries cannot have the same culture. It may be possible that people may follow the same religion but there must be some differences between their views, ideas, values, etc. That’s why their culture is also different.
3. Culture is of two types.
   ⇒ Material Culture. That part of the culture that we can see or touch is known as material culture. For example car, table, chair, books, pen, buildings, etc.
   ⇒ Non-Material Culture. That part of the culture that we cannot touch or see is known as non-material culture. For example our values, traditions, views, ideas, etc.

Question 9.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

During the various stages of one’s life the individual comes into contact with different groups, institutions, communities, and individuals, She/he learns quite a lot from them during her/his entire life. Various institutions and organizations play important roles in developing one’s personality and institutionalizing the various elements of culture.

Every society has agents of socialization—individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions—which provide substantial amounts of socialization during the life course. Agents are the mechanism by which the self learns the values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of the culture. Agents of socialization help new members find their place, just as they prepare older members for new responsibilities in society.

1. What is meant by Socialisation?
2. Name a few means of Socialisation.
3. What do you mean by the Agents of Socialisation?

Answer:

1. Socialization is a process of learning. Right away after his birth, till his death, an individual learns a lot, and this process of learning is known as socialization. It includes ways of living, ways of behavior, etc.
2. Family, school, playgroup, political institutions, values, traditions, etc. act as the means of socialization.
3. Agents of Socialisation are the mechanism by which the self learns the values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of the culture. Agents of socialization help new members find their place, just as they prepare older members for new responsibilities in society.

Question 10.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Although religion is somewhat less important in people’s lives now than it was a few generations ago, it still continues to exert considerable influence on our beliefs, values, and behaviors. In a country like India, religion governs every aspect of our life and can therefore be a very powerful agent of socialization.

Several types of rituals and rites, beliefs and faith, values and norms have been transmitted from one generation to another through religion. Religious festivals are generally performed collectively which helps in the process of socialization. It has been seen that the biggest determinant of adult religiosity is parental religiosity. If a person’s parents are religious, one is likely to be religious as well.

1. What is Religion?
2. What is the role of religion in Socialisation?
3. ‘Religion’s influence on individual life is decreasing’. Why?

Answer:

1. Religion is nothing but faith in any supernatural power that is beyond our existence and imagination. It is a collection of beliefs, values, traditions, etc. in which followers of that religion keep a strong faith.
2. Religion is of great importance in socialization because an individual never
   does any work against religious values. Right from his childhood, an individual is told about religious values and is unconsciously attached to his religion. He never does any work against religious beliefs. In this way, religion keeps control of him and socializes him as well.
3. It is true that Religion’s influence on individual life is decreasing. Now people are getting an education and they are more inclined towards science. But there is no place of reason in religion that is most important in science. That’s why now people have started giving preference to science.

Question 11.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Marriage is an institution created to satisfy the physical, social, psychological, cultural, and economic needs of men and women. It permits man and woman to establish a relationship with each other in order to form a family. Regulation of sexual activities through stable relationships is the primary aim of marriage. In simple words, marriage can be defined as an institution that allows men and women entry into family life, sanctions the birth of children, and lays the foundation of the various rights and obligations of husband, wife, and children. Society gives its approval to the. the marital relationship between a man and woman generally in a civil or religious ceremony. Married couples have to fulfill many obligations towards each other and society in general. Marriage also serves an important economic function as it defines property rights of inheritance. Thus, we can see that marriage includes a multi-dimensional relationship between a man and a woman.

1. What is meant by marriage?
2. What do we call marriage in Hinduism?
3. Why is the importance of marriage decreasing?

Answer:

1. Marriage is an institution created to satisfy the physical, social, psychological, cultural, and economic needs of men and women. It permits the couple to establish a relationship with each other in order to form a family.
2. In Hinduism, marriage is known as a religious sacrament because it is completed by performing many religious ceremonies.
3. There is no denying the fact that marriage’s importance is decreasing. Now marriage is not considered a religious sacrament but a contract that can be broken at any time. These days many young boys and girls live with each other without doing married. That’s why the importance of marriage is decreasing.

Question 12.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

The study of family is significant as it plays a vital role in the formation of human society by binding men and women and children in a stable relationship. Transmission of culture takes place within the family. Cultural wisdom and knowledge about social norms, customs, and values are passed on from one generation to another. The family in which one is born is called the ‘family of orientation’. Another term for such a family is a consanguine family which consists of members among whom there exists blood relationship brother and sister, father and son, etc. The family which a person sets up after marriage is called the ‘family of procreation’ or the conjugal family which consists of adult members among whom there exists sexual relationship.

1. What do you mean by family?
2. What are ‘Family of Orientation’ and ‘Family of Procreation’?
3. Why is the study of family important?

Answer:

1. A family is an institution created by males and females to establish sexual relations, to produce children, and to bring them.
2. A family in which a child takes birth is known as the Family of Orientation. The family which a person sets up after marriage is called the ‘Family of Procreation’.
3. The study of family is important as it plays a great role in the formation of human society by binding men, women, and children in a stable relationship. Transmission of culture takes place only in the family. Cultural wisdom and knowledge about social customs, norms, values, etc. are passed on from one generation to another.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 12 Western Sociological Thinkers Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Chapter 12 Western Sociological Thinkers

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Western Sociological Thinkers Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each:

Question 1.
The formal study of society as an academic discipline originated in which country and in which century?
Answer:
The formal study of society as an academic discipline originated in France (Europe) during the 19th century.

Question 2.
Name the three factors responsible for the development of Sociology as an independent discipline.
Answer:
The industrialist Revolution, the French Revolution, and the ideas of Enlightenment are responsible for the growth of sociology.

Question 3.
State the names of two thinkers associated with enlightenment.
Answer:
Charles Montesquieu and Jean Jacques Rousseau were the two thinkers associated with enlightenment.

Question 4.
French Revolution took place in which year?
Answer:
The French Revolution took place in 1789 A.D.

Question 5.
What does the term ‘positivism ’ stand for ?
Answer:
Positivism says that society works according to certain fixed laws which can be discovered.

Question 6.
Who named two branches of Sociology as social statics and social dynamics ?
Answer:
Auguste Comte gave the names of social statics and social dynamics as two

Question 7.
Make a chart of Auguste Comte’s law of three stages.
Answer:

Question 8.
Karl Marx’s theory of class is based on which determinism ?
Answer:
Karl Marx’s theory of class is based on the ownership of means of production. One group owns all the means of production and the other doesn’t have any.

Question 9.
Who wrote the book ‘Communist Manifesto’ ?
Answer:
Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engles.

Question 10.
What are the stages of social change given by Karl Marx ?
Answer:
Communism and then socialism are the stages of social change given by Karl Marx.

Question 11.
Who classified the society by the nature of solidarity existing in the society? .
Answer:
Emile Durkheim classified the society by the nature of solidarity existing in the society.

Question 12.
Name the two kinds of solidarities discussed by Emile Durkheim.
Answer:
Mechanical and organic solidarity are the two kinds of solidarities discussed by Emile Durkheim.

Question 13.
List the types of social action given by Max Weber.
Answer:
Max Weber gave four types of social action and these are-Zweckrational, Wertrational, affective action and traditional action.

Question 14.
Name the types of authority mentioned by Max Weber.
Answer:
Max Weber mentioned three types of authority-Traditional authority, Legal authority and Charismatic authority. „

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
What is enlightenment ?
Answer:
Enlightenment was the age when great intellectual development took place and many changes came in the philosophical ideas. This time was around 17th-18th centuries. Major thinkers of this age were Montesquieu and Rouseau. These thinkers stressed on the supremacy of science and reason over belief. Due to these thinkers, people started giving stress on using scientific method in social phenomenon.

Question 2.
Write a short note on theological and metaphysical stage.
Answer:
Comte says that in theological stage, human ideas were imaginative. He considered every thing as a form of God. Concept was that yet all the things are lifeless but ultimate power exists in them. Second stage continued from 14th to 16th century.During this age, the right of uninterrupted observation came forward which was having no limit. That’s why spirituality declined and it also affected the metaphysical aspect.

Question 3.
What do you mean by animism ?
Answer:
Animism is a theory which says that people believe that God exists only in living things. The meaning of word ‘Anima’ is ‘soul’ or ‘movement’. That’s why people started worshipping animals, birds, land and air as well.

Question 4.
Discuss class as defined by Karl Marx.
Answer:
According to Karl Marx, “Classes are large groups of people differing from each other by the place they occupy in a historically determined system of social production, by their relation to the means of production, by their role in the social organisation of labour and consequently by the dimensions of the share of social wealth of which they dispose and their mode of acquiring it.”

Question 5.
What do you mean by class consciousness ?
Answer:
Each class is aware about its members, their position and social status. Such awareness is called class consciousness. Members of all the classes are conscious about their groups and that’s why they generally like to keep relations with the members of their own class.

Question 6.
Define historical materialism.
Answer:
Historical materialism is understanding history in terms of the relations of the people to the means of production. In simple words historical materialism is the philosophical theory of social development.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on social facts.
Answer:
Durkheim gave the concept of social fact. According to him, social fact is the every permanent or temporary way of doing action which is capable of exerting external pressure on an individual or every way of repeating action which is available everywhere but keeps independent existence from individual ideas.

Question 8.
Discuss organic solidarity.
Answer:
Organic solidarity is available in modern societies and is based on the differences existing among its members. It prevails in the societies with more population and poeple have formal relations among them. Repressive laws prevail in such societies.

Question 9.
What do you mean by Zweckrational action ?
Answer:
It is a type of rational action which is performed while keeping in mind the final goal. In these actions, an actor clearly knows about the goals and select particular means to attain his goals. These are planned and taken after evaluating the goal. These are also known as instrumental action.

Question 10.
What is affective action ?
Answer:
This action is emotional. It is determind on most of the occassions, by the state of mind of the actor. In this case, the action is not aimed towards a goal but is determined by an emotional reaction of the actor in a given set of circumstances.

Question 11.
Define Authority.
Answer:
Authority is a particular form of power supported by the rules of a social system. It is generally accepted as legitimate by those who participate in it.

Answer the following short answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
Explain the law of three stages as propounded by Auguste Comte.
Answer:
Auguste Comte gave the law of three stages and said that there are three stages of social evolution-theological stage, metaphysical stage and positive stage. In theological stage, all the human ideas were imaginative and he considered all the things as a reaction to the actions of a supernatural power.

Thought was that yet all the things are lifeless but that supernatural power exists among them. Second stage was metaphysical stage which continued from 14th to 19th century.

In this stage, revolutionary movement started and protestent religion originated. In 16th century, negative concept emerged whose main aim was social change. In this, people had the right of unlimited observation. In positive stage, industrial society emerged and science came forward. In this stage there is no conflict in social system and progress.

Question 2.
Discuss the features of mechanical solidarity.
Answer:

1. Members in such societies have homogeneity of behaviour and they behave in a similar way.
2. Common beliefs and feelings are the symbols of mechanical solidarity. Collective consciousness exists among the members of society.
3. Repressive laws prevail in mechanical societies where there is a system of punishment for criminals.
4. Morality is the base of mechanical societies and consequently solidarity prevails in society.
5. Religion, as well, is one of the important bases of such societies and individuals
   behave according to religion.

Question 3.
Discuss the features of organic solidarity.
Answer:

1. Societies with organic solidarity have differentiation and specialisation amongst them. Many classes prevail in such societies.
2. Division of labour is of great importance over here and people depend upon each other to fulfil their basic needs.
3. Many organisations and groups prevail over here and that’s why restitutive laws are of great importance.
4. In organic societies, contractual relations are the source of social solidarity and individuals are hired on contract.
5. In such societies religion is of very less importance.
6. Such societies are modern societies.

Question 4.
Differentiate between theological and metaphysical stage.
Answer:
(i) Theological Stage : This stage started with the beginning of humanity when humans were afraid of natural forces. He considered all the things as a result of action of any supernatural power. He believed that yet all the things are lifeless but god prevails among all.

(ii) Metaphysical Stage : Comte calls this stage as a revolutionary stage of modern society. This state started in 14th century and continued till 19th century. It is divided into two parts. In first part, revolutionary movement started and revolutionary philosophy came after the advent of Protestent religion. Second stage started in 16th century and negative theories started in it whose main objective was social change.

Question 5.
Do you think capitalism will be replaced by communist societies in near future ?
Answer:
No, we don’t think that capitalism will be replaced by communist societies in near future. Actually capitalist system is based on open market but communist economy is under government’s control and presently no one likes such control. In 1917 A.D, Russian monarchy was replaced by communism but after few decades, economy reached its worst ever condition. That’s why in 1990 A.D., U.S.S.R. was disintegrated and divided into many countries. So we can say that communist societies cannot replace capitalist economies.

Answer the following short answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
Has Sociology developed as a full fledged science as envisioned by Auguste Comte ?
Answer:
Auguste Comte was the one who coined the term sociology in 1839 A.D. He wrote a book ‘The Course of Positive Philosophy’ which got published in six parts. In this book, he wrote that different parts of society are studied by different social sciences. For example, Political Science studies the political aspect of society, economic aspect is studied by economics. So, there must be a science which could study society.

He imagined a science which could study society, social relation etc. and according to his imagination, a new science emerged which is known as Sociology. After Comte, Herbert Spencer gave many a- concept with which the scope of Sociology started expanding. Emile Durkheim was the first Sociologist who tried to establish Sociology as a Science. During his studied, he used scientific method and said that society can be studied with these methods such as observation etc.

Tie gave many concepts to sociology such as social fact, suicide, division of labour, religion etc. and the use of scientific method is clearly visible in his concepts. He was the first professor of Sociology. Karl Marx and Max Weber also gave great contribution in establishing sociology as a science. Karl Marx gave conflict theory and most of the other theories are centered around this theory. Marx studied society from economic point of view and that the history of society is the history of class struggle.

He gave a detailed description of two classes and the continuing conflict between them. He gave many concepts to sociology such as historical materialism, dialectical materialism, class and class struggle, theory of alienation etc. Max Weber also tried to do the same and gave the theory of social action.

He gave scientific explanation of sociology and gave other theories such as social action, authority, domination, religion, bureaucracy etc. After these founding fathers of Sociology, many other philosophers came forward and we cannot neglect their contribution in establishing Sociology as a science.

Among them, Talcott Parsons, J.S. Mill, Malinowaski, Robert Merton, Gillin and Gillin, G.S. Ghurye are quite important.
Since the last few decades scientific methods are used in sociology so that the study could remain objective. With this, it will be possible to implement the findings of one region into another.

After using hypothesis, observation, sampling, interview, schedule, questionnaire, classification, tabulation, use of statistics etc. Sociology has definitely established itself as a science.

Question 2.
What is Marx’s theory of class struggle ?
Answer:
In Marx’s developed scientific theories, one thing is included and that is he has explained the existence of class before different social classes. Most important thing is that Marx gave a very good explanation of classes. The main aim of Marx was to know about that society, in which we are living and the face which we can see today, why it is so and with which forces changes came in it ? Not only this he has also explained that in future which type of changes will come in this society.

Marx and Angles both concluded after their research that there is a lot of exploitation in the society. So the another aim of their research was to find a conceptual way to establish exploitationless society. On the basis of his study Marx was of the view that the changes which are coming in nature and in human society they are not coming at once. An internal struggle is always going on in nature and society. With this struggle, phenomena are developing and the cycle of natural and social evolution is going on.

The main philosophical concept of Marx is Dialectic materialism. With Dialectic system the explanation of society is known as Historical Materialism. According to him, the development and change in society is not coming because of any king, leader, divine’s mind and courage but it comes due to some specific socio-economic reasons. The ways of thinking, doing work and systerhs are coming from the development level of production system and by the ways of exchange.

Man always tries to produce more with less labour. Internal struggle is always there in the human society and in opposite things of nature. Because of this process man always changes old system of production with new system of production with new natural and®social knowledge. With this the social structure also changes which was based on economic structure. So to understand and to solve the problems of society of any age we have to study the oppositions of socio-economic structure of that age.

What is Class ? Before understanding the concept of class struggle of Marx, first of all we should understand what class is. After analysing history, Marx has strongly advocated that we should study from the point of view that we should find those laws which govern human history and for this we should observe the work and behaviour of common people instead of few specific people.

Every type of society was divided in different groups. In this way different classes form a special socio-economic unit. This unit is known as class. Marx was of the view that in every type of society we can see a number of classes which are divided in different units. According to Marx’s explanation of class, Lenin gave definition of class.

Lenin wrote, “Class is a big group of those people which in any method of social production of history, from their own point of view, from the point of view of their relations with means of production, from the point of view of their role in social structure of labour and because of result of which of how much they are owner of social property, and from the point of view of getting that property they are different from each other.”

According to Marx in any of the ages because of division of labour and because of getting different means of livelihood humans are divided in different classes and every class has its different and special class consciousness. By class, Marx doesn’t mean concept of Indian caste system. By class, he means that group of people which can be defined from their role in production process.

In simple words, “Class is a group of those people which earn their livelihood in the same manner.” The birth of class is based on the ways of production. The way in which production system changes, old classes are also replaced by the new classes.

Class Struggle:
Marx has explained that there are two classes in every type of society. After understanding the detailed concept of class, now we are in a position to understand the concept of ‘class struggle’. Marx wrote that in every society there are two opposite classes, one who exploits and second which is exploited and the struggle is always there in these two classes.

To this struggle Marx gave the name of ‘class struggle’. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx wrote that with the existence of society, class struggle was also started side by side. According to Marx in the processes of production different classes have different roles to play. So for the interests of the needs of these classes the condition of struggle is must and this struggle gives a base for different and opposite ideologies.

A conflict started in developing powers of production and in functionalist and in relations of static property and with this the speed of struggle increased. Speed of history is determined by the role of classes and we can find social economic classes in all those societies where general principle of division of labour is applied.

According to Marx, class struggle is starting from that production system which divides the society into different classes. In this one class produces after a lot of hard work like slaves, half slaves, farmers, labourers etc. and other class without doing any hard work and any work, uses quite large part .of production like masters of slaves, feudal lords, owners of land, capitalists etc.

This helps in reaching class struggle at its highest stage. Marx believes that when any revolution becomes successful then with this a new socio-economic system emerges. We should keep in mind that according to Marx there is a difference in ‘Class Opposition’ and ‘Class Struggle’. Generally people mix these with each other.

In struggle there is a definite consciousness but in all ‘Class Oppositions’ theTe is no class consciousness. For example, in America before civil war, black slaves had limited opposition against their white masters and in India the social opposition against caste system cannot be called as class struggle.

Class opposition will be mixed in class struggle when in the process of production exploited class will start to feel that now it is impossible for them to live in that condition. In this the role of political parties is quite significant. So for this according to Marx it is the duty of revolutionary political parties that they should speed up class struggle for the development of class consciousness.

In this way in his concept of Historical Materialism, Marx clarified that the history of evolution of society, history of evolution of production system means is the history of production forces and evolution of production relations of man. While studying history we should keep in mind that history is not only about some events, phenomenon, life sketches of kings and queens, greatness or braveness of military generals and it is not only the collection of all these things.

History cannot be a science after analysing all these things. History can be a science when it should have analysis of production system and inter-related social and political institutions of art, religion, behaviour, philosophy, literature and with them the analysis of those producers of material things – common people.

So on this base Marx has divided the whole human history in these parts :
1. Primitive Communal Society: Primitive communal society was the first stage of social history. In this the means of production were underdeveloped like tools of stones, arrow, bow etc. To produce essential commodities joint labour was used. So for this every one had the right over production and there was no economic exploitation and there was no class difference.

2. Slave Society: Second stage of social history was slave society. With the development of agriculture, cattle rearing and tools of metal the production system and relations started to change and slave system was started. With developed means of production the concept of private property came into being and different classes of slaves and slave masters also came into being. In this way class struggle came into being. According to Marx class-struggle was started in this society because in this society masters started to exploit slaves.

3. Feudal Society: This was Feudal Society. In this stage means of production i.e., land came under occupation of some land owners and some feudal lords. Large number of landless half slaves became farmers. The concept of private property also strengthened in this age. We can see the remains of this stage even today in the developing country like India and in underdeveloped countries. In this stage two classes of farmers and feudal lords were made. Class struggle also increased in this stage.

4. Capitalist Society: This age was of the capitalist society. Actually at the end of 15th century when science started to develop then an opposition was started between new means of production and between relations of production system. With the invention of new machines and with the establishment of large industries this age of capitalism was started which prevails even today. In this age two classes were made.

One was capitalist class which was exploiting other class and other was class of labourers which were forced to sell their labour at no cost or very less pay to the owner of means of production i.e. capitalist. In this age with the development of science education increased and because labourers were working with each other in large industries they got organized and gradually class consciousness was developed. Today exploited class is not ready to be exploited by other class. Class struggle is at its best.

This is the last system based on exploitation. Today the destruction of capitalism has started. Human society is going towards socialism in a rapid speed. Example of this is the governments of Russia, China and other countries. According to Marx, the root cause behind exploitation is private property and because of this thing only there are two main classes in every sphere of production in society.

Out of these two classes, one class has all the means of economic production because of which this class is exploiting poor people and other class is that which doesn’t have any means of production. In every age of society we can find struggle (except primitive communism) between these two. It was the assumption of Marx that with the help of its money and means of production capitalist class always tries to force the people to adopt its thinking and life style and system.

According to Marx, “That class which has the material force, all means of production and intellectual power always controls means of mental production also.” For this type of control it uses every type of force. The religion, philosophy, politics, economy, morality etc. which it has forced the people to adopt become slaves of capitalists. To maintain this condition of exploitation it is must to suppress the everything of classes with force.

Social evolution is given by different stages. The evolution of any society, system or historical age depends upon circumstances of that country. No social system lives forever. All processes are dialectic. There is always an internal struggle between new processes of production (Thesis) and old processes of production (Anti Thesis).

It is must to adopt new processes instead of old processes. The qualitative changes happen slowly and slowly, but quantitative changes happen at once. So according to law of evolution revolutionary changes are automatic and compulsory. These changes are based on force. In the process of evolution there is a conflict between opposite forces. In the end class struggle will speed up and it is must for exploited class or labour class to win this struggle.

According to Marx because of this opposition capitalism will automatically come to an end. In capitalist system, poverty, striveness and unemployment will increase very quickly. When it will be beyond the range of labourer class then they will break all the chains and revolutionary age will start. According to Marx capitalism will be the last Social system based on exploitation.

Capitalists will not leave their rights. With peaceful methods exploitation cannot be stopped. So for this revolution is must. A part of society will change into labour class and this revolutionary change will be good for every one. Under the leadership of labour class and after‘the class struggle when the machinery of the state will be under their control then the age of Socialism will start. According to Marx, state is the biggest weapon in the hands of capitalist class to exploit.

Even after revolution the mediocres of feudalism and capitalism will try and go for anti-revolution. So after going to socialism from capitalism it will be the temporary stage of dictatorship of labour class. After the establishment of sqcialism and after the end of exploitation, all the classes will come to an end and every one will get according to his labour but in the developed stage of communism every one will get according to its needs.

Slowly and slowly the state, which was the weapon of exploitation in the hands of capitalist class, will also come to an end and instead of state those institutions will come into being which will be based on cooperation. Classes and class struggle will come to an end. The end of class struggle between labourers and capitalists will come with the end of capitalism. When the means of production will come in the hands of society then the ban on production will go and destruction of production forces will also come to an end.

The idea of end of classes through class struggle is not a dream in present age. World is going very fast towards the establishment of classless socialist society. With the revolution of labourers all the opposition will be solved. It is the historical duty of modern labour class to fulfil this wish of labour class. After this with conscious mind, man will make his history himself. In this way beginning of Marxism is the new step towards development of class struggle of movement of labour class.

Not only Marx and Engles have given a scientific ideology of labourers but also they have given a new conceptual tool in the hands of labour class and they have established a new type of class system of labourers. Firstly they had established a communist league and then they collected all the organizations of labourers in the world and made ‘International Association’ of working class. In this way Marx and Engles have given the concept of class and class struggle.

Question 3.
Write a note on communist revolution in Russia and China.
Answer:
(i) Russian Revolution: Before 1917, Russia was controlled by the Romanov dynasty. At the beginning of First World War (1914), Tzar Nicholas II had his empire on Russia. Except the area around Moscow, many other areas were included in the Russian empire such as present day Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, part of Poland, Ukraine and Belaroos. Georgia, Agminia and Azerbaijan were also included in this.

Before 1914, political parties were not allowed in Russia. In 1898, socialists started Russian Democratic Workers Party and they supported the ideas of Karl Marx. But according to official policies, it had to illegally start its activities. It published its own newspaper, collected labourers and started doing strikes.

Russia was under a monarch who acted as a dictator. Unlike other European nations, Tzar was not responsible to the Parliament. Liberals started a movement to remove such practice. Liberals along with socialists, democrats and social revolutionaries, collected farmers and labourers and during the 1905 revolution, demanded the constitution. Russian workers were influenced by this and they also started demanding less hours of work and more pay.

When they were getting ready for the revolution, police attacked them. More than 100 workers died and more than 300 wounded. As this event happened on Sunday, it-is known as ‘Bloody Sunday’ in the Russian history. In 1914 A.D., the First World War started and the Tzar forced Russia into the war. Russian economy was already not in a good shape.

It started showing the signs of decline. Russia involved a great deal in the war. On one side, the Tzar was trying to dissolve the Parliament (Duma) and on the other side, the members of Parliament were trying to save the country from such situation. Under’ these circumstances, on 22 February, 1917, One factory was shut down in Petrograd and all the workers became unemployed. Other workers of 50 more factories, showed them their sympathy and started their strike.

Till then, there was no political party leading the movement. Workers surrounded the government buildings and the government imposed curfew. Workers got scattered till evening but they again came forward on 24th and 25th February. Government called the military and police was asked to observe them.

On 25th February, Sunday, Government dismissed the Parliamant (Duma). Leaders started opposing it and strikers came out on roads, with full force on 26th February. On 27th February, Police Headquarters was destroyed. People came out of their houses and they started raising slogans for bread, pay, less hours of work and democracy. Government again called the military but military refused to shoot the common people. Army men also joined the strikers and they collected in the building in which last time Duma was sitting.

Next day, a workers group met the Tzar. Army Generals also advised the Tzar to accept the demands of strikers. Finally on 2nd March, 1917, he accepted the demands of strikers and his rule in Russia came to an end. In October, Lenin controlled Russia and Russian Revolution come to an end.

(ii) Chinese Revolution : On 1st October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao- Tse-Tung declared to establish people’s Republic of China (PRC). With this declaration, the war between the Chinese Communist Party and Nationaliste Party come to an end which started after the second world war. With the establishment of PRC, the official chaos started in 1911 with the Chinese Revolution coming to an end. With the defeat of Nationalist Party, U.S.A severed all its political ties with China.

Chinese Communist Party was established in 1921 at Shanghai. Chinese communists supported the Nationalist Party in 1926-27 at the time of northern attack. This support contiuned till White Terror of 1927 when the Nationalists started killing the communists. In 1931 A.D. Japan captured Manchuria. At this time, govt, of Republic of China had fear of three sided attack-Japanese attack, Communist revolt and attack of the northern people.

Few Generals of Chinese army were fedup with the behaviour of Nationalist leader Chiang-Kai-Shek that he was more interested in internal dangers instead of caring about the Japanese attack. They captured Shek and asked him to cooperate with the communist army. This was the first attempt of having cooperation between the Nationalist Govt, and the Chinese Communist Party (C.C.P.). But this effort remained for a very small period of time. Nationalists started thinking about the Japanese and Communists started spreading their influence in the rural areas.

During the Second World Was, support for the communists increased to a great extent. American officers in China tried to suppress this support in the Nationalist region. Due to these undemocratic policies and the prevailing corruption during the war, Chinese govt, become weak against the communists. In 1945, Japan lost the war and the danger of civil war increased in China. American govt, continued its support to Chiang-Kai- Shek’s govt, as it was only Shek who could reduce the communist influence in China.

In 1945, Chiang-Kai-Shek and Mao-Tse-Tung met to discuss about the formation of govt, post war. Both agreed to restore democracy, collective army and freedom for political parties. Treaty was on the cards but due to the American intervention, it failed and in 1946, civil war started in China.

During the civil war from 1947-1949, the victory of communists was on the cards as they had public support, better army and the weapons captured from the Japanese army in Manchuria. In October, 1949, after winning many areas, Mao-Tse-Tung declared to establish People’s Republic of China. So in 1949, Chinese Revolution came to an end.

Question 4.
What is the contribution of Durkheim to Sociology ?
Answer:
Famous sociologist and philosopher Emile Durkheim was born on 15 April, 1858 at Lorraine region of north eastern France at a place called Epinel. Durkheim’s initial education was completed in an educational institution at Epinel. Right from his childhood, Durkheim was an intelligent child.

His family was quite famous in their field and that is why he received brilliance from his family. He received education till graduation at Epinel and then he migrated to Paris for getting higher education.

At Paris, his journey of getting higher education started. Here he tried to get admission in the world famous institution ‘Ecole Normale Superieure’. Here only brilliant students were able to get admission. After two unsuccessful attempts, Durkheim was able to get admission over here in 1879 A.D. This institution provided education on the French, Latin and Greek philosophy and these subjects were included in whole of its curriculum.

But Durkheim did not take interest in all these because he was more interested in studying actual political, intellectual and social conditions of society. Durkheim believed that positivism is must in knowledge. He believed that until present political, intellectual and social problems are not studied, while studying any subject or philosophy, that knowledge is not useful.

Due to such ideas of his, Durkheim was so dissatisfied with the atmosphere of this world famous institution that most of the times, he went against his teachers. Even then, he got his son Andre admitted in this institution. In 1880, famous positivist and historian Prof. Fustel de Coulanges became director of this institution. He was one of the teachers of Durkheim who had special feelings for him. Prof. Coulanges changed curriculum over here and Durkheim became very happy.

Durkheim greatly respected Prof. Coulanges. He wrote a book ‘Montesquieu’ in Latin language and dedicated this book to Prof. Coulanges. Here Durkheim met Emile Boutroux. Durkheim was very much influenced by him and he wrote his research paper of Doctrate under his guidance. Here, Durkheim met few more world famous scholars.

He also got many students over there who later on became famous Sociologists. His intellectual and mental thinking increased a lot when he came in contact with these famous scholars. In 1882 A.D., he left Ecole Normale Superieure and for next five years, he taught in different High Schools near Paris. With his influence, he started a new curriculum of Sociology in these schools. Durkheim became famous as a very good teacher.

In 1885-86, he took leave of one year and left for Gerfnany for higher studies. In Germany, Durkheim deeply studied Psychology, Economics, Cultural Anthropology. Here he studied the essays of Comte and came under his influence. Later on he gave birth to Sociological Positivism. .
In 1887, Bordeavux University opened up a new department of Sociology and Durkheim was invited to come over here to study. After studying for next 9 years, in 1896, he became Professor at the same department.

In 1893, Paris University gave him his Doctrate for writing his research paper ‘De la Division du Travail Social’ (Division of Labour in Society). This book got published and he became quite famous ater this. In 1895, Durkheim created his second important book ‘Les Regies da ea Methode Sociologique’ (The Rules of Sociological Method).

In 1897, Durkheim wrote his third famous book ‘Le Suicide : Etude de Sociologie’ (Suicide : A Study of Sociology). After publishing these world famous books, Durkheim’s name was started to consider as a major philosopher, Sociologist and a great writer.

In 1898, Durkheim started a sociology related magazine ‘L Annee Sociologique’ and remained at the post of its editor till 1910 A.D. This magazine of Durkheim became quite famous in the intellectual environment of France. In this magazine, many of the great philosophers such as Georges Devy, Simond, Levi Strauss etc. got their essays published.

In 1902, Durkheim was called in Paris University at the post of Professor and he took charge over here. After Durkheim’s efforts in 1913, Education department’s name was changed to Education and Sociology department. Here Durkheim taught moral education, origin of religion, beginning of family, social philosophy of Comte and Saint Simon.

In 1912, Durkheim, wrote another book ‘Les Formes Elementairs Delavie Religieuse’ (Elementary Forms of Religious Life).
Durkheim got married when he was appointed at Bordeaux University. His wife’s name was Lauise Drefus. He had two children, daughter Marie and son Andre.

His wife helped him a lot. There were many functions such as editing, checking, communication etc. which she did with great labour. First World War started in 1914. Durkheim sent his son Andre in the war and himself started writing essays in newspaper to uplift the morale of people. But war made him mentally weak. During the war, he received the news of his son’s death. He completely broke down after his son’s death. In 1916, Durkheim became sick and on 15th November, 1917, he died at the age of 59 years.

Writings Of Durkheim:
During his lifetime, Durkheim wrote many books which are given below:

1. The Division of Labour in Society – 1893
2. The Rules of Sociological Method – 1895
3. Suicide – 1897
4. Elementary Forms of Religious Life – 1912
5. Education and Philosophy (After death) – 1922
6. Sociology and Philosophy (After death) – 1924
7. Moral Education (After death) – 1925
8. Sociology and Saint Simon (After death) – 1925
9. Pragmatism and Sociology (After death) – 1955

After Durkheim’s death, his wife and friends got published his essays and speeches which increased sociological literature.

Question 5.
Discuss the types of social actions given by Weber. .
Answer:
Weber gave four types of social action and these are :
1. Zweckrational behaviour : Weber says that by Zweckrational social behaviour we mean by that social behaviour which are directed by for the fulfilment of many objectives rationally while keeping in mind its usage. In this we not only keep in mind the selection of means but here values are also kept in mind. Means are checked fully and the action is edited and directed on that base.

2. Wertrational behaviour : In Wertrational behaviour a good available place is given to any clear and special value. We do not take care of other values. In this rational base is not possible but on moral, religious or beautiful basis it can be accepted. To maintain moral and religious assumption wertrational behaviour can be done. To accept these actions there is no need of any reason or rational base. Just they are accepted as it is because while doing a thing social status increases and personal peace also comes.

3. Affectual behaviour : These types of action can happen due to human sentiments and behaviour. While living in society we have to go through a number of feelings like love, hatred, anger etc. Because of these feelings the state of peace and violence comes in society. While doing these types of behaviour we do not take help of tradition and reason.

4. Traditional behaviour. Traditional actions can be done on the basis of already existing definite traditions. To make social life easy and peaceful traditional actions are quite important. It is quite possible that any situation of conflict can come in society but generally in this type of action there is no need of taking help of rationals or any other influence. These actions are directed and controlled by customs of society.

Question 6.
How does Weber relate economic activity to religion?
Answer:
Essence of Capitalism:
The early study of Weber was centred on that habit which can be seen particularly in modern society. To explain the religious influence on economic behaviour Weber has written many essays from 1904 to 1905 and on the basis of those essays his most famous book ‘The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism’ was published.

In this book Weber explained that how the development of capitalism was influenced by the thoughts and policies of Protestant Religion. These thoughts were a challenge to Marx’s concept that the social and religious conciousness of man is determined by its social class.

According to Weber’s view the clear cut thing for modern industrial world’s man. is that he should work hard. According to Weber, “Hard work is a duty and its result is inherent in it.” This thought is an extraordinary quality of modern industrial world’s man. Man does not do his work efficiently, because he has to do this work he does so because he wants to do this work.

This is the base of his personal satisfaction. It is expected from a man to do his duty for his livelihood and he does so. It doesn’t matter in which field he is. There is one quotation of America, “If any one is able to do any work then he should do his work in the most efficient manner.” This quotation is the essence of capitalism According to Weber, this concept does not belong to any supernatural aim, in fact it is related with the success of the man which he gets in economic life.

It doesn’t matter that in a particular time this concept was related with religious morality. To clarify the essence of capitalism Weber compared it to other economic process called Traditionalism. In economic processes, traditionalism is that stage in which man wants to earn more and more profit and wants to do less work.

He wants to take more rest during his time of work and he doesn’t want to accomodate with the new methods of work. They can be satisfied with the simple ways of living life and wants to earn profit at once. The accumulation of money is an another part of economic traditionalism. All these characteristics are totally opposite to the essence of capitalism.

Actually modern capitalism is a big complex of interrelated institutions whose base are economic efforts not the efforts of book makers (betting). Capitalism is the complex of lawful forms of business corporations, centre of organizational exchange, the system of giving public loan in the form of government debt letters and the organization of industries whose aim is to produce things on rational basis.

According to Weber, the quality of essence of capitalism is not only the quality of western societies. In many societies many people came into being who had organised their business in quite an efficient way, who were the hard workers than their servants, whose life was simple and who were using their saving to increase their business.

But even after this the effect of the capitalist characteristics was there in western societies. It’s reason was that in west this quality was not developed as a personal quality but was developed as a simple way of living life. In this way the hard working life of people, business behaviour, public loan system, the investment of capital in business continuously and the wish towards hard work is the essence of capitalism.

In contrary to that effort get profit at once, to see hard work as a curse, accumulation of money and to be satisfied with the simple way of living are general economic habits.

Protestant Ethics:
After clarifying that the aim of his study was essence of capitalism, Weber has given a number of reasons on the basis of which he wants to find its origin into the religious thoughts of reform movement. Weber asked his one student ‘Badan’ to study religious relations in state and selection of education.

After studying this he concluded that in comparison to catholic students, protestant students are taking more admissions in those educational institutions which are related to industrial life. One another reason also was there that in European time to time less populated groups have completed their social and political losses by their economic hardwok but Catholics were unable to do this.

With the influence of these circumstances Weber’s thought got strength that there must have been a relation between religious policy and economic activities. After this he also had seen in 16th century so many rich states and cities had accepted Protestant religion. Because of so many reasons Protestant religion was increasing its efforts of economic profit.

On this base Weber tried to know that whether Protestant religion was spread in economic backward countries and whether after developed capitalist economy Catholic religion became influencial or not. The main aim of Weber in writing ‘The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism’ was to explain these contradictions and to clarify the influence of religious- policies on economic life.

Wiber here wants to clarify that how the policies of Protestant religion became source of motivation for those people who were in favour of getting economic profit from rational point of view. So according to Weber concepts related to any religion should be analysed from that point to view that how any concept motivates the behaviour of its followers.

While keeping in mind this question Weber analysed the essays written by priests of Protestant religion and clarifies the influence of Kalvinism’s concepts on the daily behaviour of group. As a policy of the Protestant religion the order of Saint Paul was accepted widely: “Whoever will not work will not eat food and like poor, rich also do any work or business to increase the prestige of god.”

In this way hardworking life is according to the religious belief of Protestant religion. Richard Baxter has written, “Just for work god protects us and our actions. Hard work is the moral and natural aim of power. Just with hard work only any one can serve god.” Another Saint John Banian has written, “It will not be said that what you believe but it will be said that whether one was working hard or just talking with other.”

In this way in the Protestant religion working life was accepted as service to god. The praise of hard work has given birth to new laws and rules in Protestant religion. According to it, the wastage of time is a sin. Life is short and valuable, so man should use its surplus time to increase the prestige of god by using it in useful works.

Useless talking, to meet people a lot, sleeping a lot and to keep oneself busy in religious functions by giving loss to daily functions is a sin. It is so because god has given us a work to earn livelihood and we are not doing this. From this point of view the policies of Protestant religion are against ideal of personal policy that ‘the rich should not do any work or religious functions are more valuable that wordly functions.’ This is Protestant Ethic.

Relationship of Capitalism and Protestant Ethics:
After analysing Protestant Ethics and the spirit of capitalism Weber found many equalities in its different basis. These equalities have motivated Weber to clarify that which conditions were the reasons in economic behaviours and religious politics and which conditions were results. First of all Weber studied the religious guilds in 16th and 17th centuries and the influence on human behaviour of changes which came in its assumptions.

First of all many religious guilds stressed on the getting and accumulation of materialistic things and after some time accumulation of money was kept in the category of non religiousness in which to finish all wishes in front of hard work was good enough. These religious guilds had clarified it was an obstacle in the way of hard work.

When this concept of finishing of wish came out of limit of religious centres and started to influence worldly morality then it also started to contribute in the creation of modern economy i.e. capitalism. This change has given direction to Weber’s study that the religious policies are basic reasons which influence person’s economic and secular behaviours.

In this way with the help of many historical proofs Weber tries to clarify that how the policies or Ethics of Protestant religion were helpful in the development of early capitalism. The reform movement of Protestant religion gives right to those people to enter in religions festivals who have full faith in the policies of this religion.

The members of religious councils had to prove that they have the full capabilities to give practical form to the ethics of religions. This tradition to give importance to earn means of livelihood becomes very helpful in the development of capitalism. Slowly and slowly these moral beliefs of Protestant religion were changed as the system of life in the life of its followers.

Weber has accepted this condition as that phenomena with the help of which rationalization increased in the different aspects of western life. This rationalization came in western civilization as different forms and it has direct relation with the development of capitalism. In this Weber has explained the Protestant Ethics and spirit of capitalism and he clarified and understood religion on this base.