Class 12

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 18 India’s Relations with USA and Russia

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Examine Indo-American relationship.
Or
Analyse India’s relations with U.SA.
Answer:
India’s relations with America were not friendly in the beginning. America intended to dominate India and so adopted the policy of pressure and assistance. Both the countries differed from each other because of the following reasons:

1. Different Views:
The main cause of the tense relations between both the countries was their varied attitudes towards international communism and colonialism.

2. India’s policy of non-alignment:
When India became free, America and Russia had inimical relations. America expected India to join its bloc like other newly liberated countries.

3. Kashmir:
When the Kashmir issue was put forth in the U.N.O. in December, 1947 because of Pak aggression, America fully supported Pakistan. This attitude was completely opposed to the spirit of justice.

4. Recognition of Communist China:
When Communist China came into existence, America didn’t want India to grant recognition to China. But India recognised China in December, 1949.

5. Korean War: America didn’t approve India’s policy in case of Korean War.

6. Military Assistance by America to Pakistan:
America signed a military pact with Pakistan in 1954 and started providing military assistance to Pakistan on the pretext of stopping expansion of communism by using war- weapons. But the wars which took place in 1965 and 1971 proved that these weapons were used against India.

Pt. Nehru visited America in 1957, and consequently, relations between both the countries improved. Eisenhower, the President of America, paid a visit to India in Dec., 1959, to strengthen friendly ties. President Eisenhower signed an agreement with India’s Food Minister S.K. Patil in Washington on 4th May, 1960.

Indo-American relations during Lai Bahadur Shastri Period (1964-65):
The Indo-Pak War of 1965 completely worsened relations between India and America because Pakistan used the American military aid against India. America didn’t check it, and rather favoured Pakistan. America sympathised with India at the sudden death of Shri Shastri at Tashkent.

Indo-American relations during Indira Period (From 1966 to March 1977):
Mrs. Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India on 16th Jan., 1966 after the death of Shri Shastri. Mrs. Gandhi visited America on 18th March, 1966, but the visit didn’t prove fruitful.

The year 1971 proved worst for Indo-American relations because of Bangladesh issue. America supported Pakistan on Bangladesh issue. The Government of India emphatically condemned the unfriendly attitude of America on 7th Aug., 1971. The ‘foreign policy of America suffered a great set-back as India signed a friendship treaty with Russia on 9th Aug., 1971.

America presented anti-India resolution before the Security Council during Indo-Pak war but Russia exercised its veto power. America sent its Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal to pressurise India. But Russian Naval forces warned America by declaring that it would not tolerate any action against India. Afterwards, when India was reckoned as a great power in South Asia after winning Bangladesh war, America stopped giving economic assistance to India.

Janata Government and Indo-American Relations:
President Jimmy Carter visited India in January, 1978 and had discussions with Indian leaders. The Government of India valued this visit the most and extended a warm welcome to President Carter.
Prime Minister Morar Ji Desai and External Affairs Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited America in June, 1978 and President Carter assured them to supply uranium to India.

Indo-U.S. Relations During 1980-85:
In December, 1980 the U.S. President Mr. Ronald Reagan, affirmed the desire of his administration to forge closer ties with India. Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s visit to U.SA. In July 1982, Mrs. Gandhi visited U.S.A. The U.S.A. and India reached a compromise so that India could keep getting nuclear fuel for Tarapur Atomic Power Plant. The agreement ended a dispute that had soured relations between the two countries for four years.

In June 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited U.S.A. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and President Reagan urged all governments to take appropriate steps to combat the ‘new danger of organised terrorism’ which they noted was a ‘threat to peace and democracy’. With regard to science and technology collaboration, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi and Mr. Reagan decided to initiate two new efforts.

Prime Minister Narasimha Rao Visits U.S.A. :
Prime Minister Narasimha Rao visited U.SA. in May, 1994. American President Bill Clinton expressed satisfaction with his wide ranging talks with Narasimha Rao and described his meeting with the Indian Prime Minister as productive. The American President extended full support to the Prime Minister in economic reforms and the liberalisation process and dubbed them as an ‘engine of growth’ for building new bilateral economic relations and giving India a ‘rightful place’ in the comity of nations as a major economic power.

Nuclear Proliferation Treaty and CTBT:
The Nuclear Proliferation Treaty was given permanent and indefinite expansion in May, 1995, but India refused to sign the treaty. India firmly vetoed the draft text of the controversial CTBT on the ground that it did not serve the purpose of promoting the realisation of the universal disarmament.

Nuclear Tests and Relations With U.S A-
India conducted five nuclear tests at Pokhran, three on May 11, 1998 and two on May 13, 1998 in order to develop a full- fledged nuclear deterrent to safeguard India’s security. American President Bill Clinton ordered tough sanctions against India in retaliation for its underground nuclear tests. The sanctions include an end to U.S. assistance to India, a prohibition of the export of certain defence and technology material, an end to U.S. credit and credit guarantee to India etc. Mr. Jaswant Singh, special emissary of Prime Minister, visited America in June, 1998 and held talks with U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott.

On 25th July, 1999 U.S.A. asked Pakistan to pull out its forces from the remaining areas of Kargil and immediately stop acts of terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir, showing for the first time Washington’s greater understanding of India’s concern on cross-border militancy.

U.S. President Bill Clinton’s Visit to India:
On 19th March, 2000 U.S. President Mr. Bill Clinton visited India. India’s tension with Pakistan and nuclear disarmament were the two major issues which dominated Mr. Clinton’s talks with the Prime Minister, Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Both leaders signed a ‘Vision Document’ on the future of Indo-U.S. relations in the new millennium. After signing ‘Vision 2000’, Mr. Clinton described it as laying the foundation for a dynamic and lasting partnership between two growing economic powers. The US President Clinton advised India to move towards nuclear non-proliferation and begin a dialogue with Pakistan to establish a ‘working relationship’ with it.

On 23rd March, 2000 India and U.S.A. entered into agreements worth over $ 1.4 billion on various sectors, including information technology, power and environment. Companies from both sides signed 11 business agreements. President Clinton anounced a $ 5 million aid to India to undertake projects to fight the dreaded Aids and TB diseases. He also announced a $ 10 million U.S. aid package for the development of Internet in rural areas. Describing his visit as ‘remarkable and wonderful’, Mr. Clinton said, “It would help in developing a new partnership at higher levels than in the past 22 years.”

Prime Minister Vajpayee’s Visit to U.SA. :
Prime Minister Vajpayee visited U.S.A. in Sept. 2000. In a stirring speech at the Joint session of U.S. Congress, Mr. Vajpayee spoke of the deleterious impact of cross border terrorism and was emphatic that India and the U.S.A. should close ranks in combating state-sponsored terrorism as distance offered no insulation. The American Congress adopted a resolution unanimously imploring Bill Clinton administration to lift the remaining sanctions against New Delhi. India signed five commercial agreements totalling $ 6 billion in key sectors like power, e-commerce and banking. India’s ties with U.S.A., so goes the Vajpayee strategy, rest on two pillars : anti-terrorism and close economic co-operation.

Sanctions Lifted: On September 23, 2001 President Bush lifted sanctions imposed on India in the wake of 1998 nuclear tests.

Powel’s visit to India:
The Secretary of State Mr. Powell visited India in October 2001 and expressed support to India’s fight against terrorism. He endorsed the Indian stand that the Kashmir issue could not be resolved on the basis of a two-nation theory. On October 17, 2001 the two countries signed a new bilateral treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in criminal matters.

Prime Minister Vajpayee’s Visit to U.S.A. :
Prime Minister Vajpayee visited U.S.A in November 2001. Prime Minister Vajpayee and President Bush pledged to fight terrorism. Mr. Bush said that his administration is committed to develop a fundamentally different relationship with India, one based upon trust and mutual values.

Indo-US Relations in the year 2004:
In January 2004 taking a step ahead towards co-operation India and U.S. has agreed to increase co-operation on three issues-civilian nuclear programme, civilian space programmes and high technology.

Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh’s Visit to U.S.A. :
In July 2005 Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited United States. India and U.S.A. sign 10 years defence agreement.
Nuclear Deal. United States had agreed to the nuclear deal with India because both sides stood to benefit from it.

Bush Signs US-India Nuclear Bill. U.S. :President George W. Bush on 18 December, 2006 signed the historic legislation allowing Civilian Nuclear Trade with India.

Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear Co-operation Agreement 2008:
The Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear Co-operation agreement consists of 22 pages and 17 articles. The agreement will remain in force for 40 years. The purpose of the agreement is to enable full civil nuclear energy co-operation between India and the United States. This agreement would help to address the problem of energy deficit that has emerged as one of the primary constraints on accelerating India’s growth rate. The agreement does not hinder India’s military nuclear programme and provides for uninterrupted supply of fuel.

India Signs Naval Reconnaissance Deal with U.S.A. :
India-U.S. defence co-operation received a big boost with India formalising a mega deal with U.S.A. for the supply of eight long-range naval-reconnaissance aircraft. This deal will fill a vital gap in India’s maritime domain awareness and will be followed by another deal for medium range maritime reconnaissance planes.

Purchasing the sophisticated reconnaissance aircraft from the U.S.A. : instead of from Russia despite the fact that the latter was the old supplier of the same aircraft to India there seems a clear cut shift in India’s focus from Russia to U.S.A.

Barack Obama 44th President of the U.S.A. :
20th January, 2009 witnessed a new dawn of history in the U.S.A. when Barack Obama took oath as the 44th President and dismantling racial barriers as the first black leader of a country.

In Nov., 2009 Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited U.S.A. where he held meeting with President of U.S.A., Mr. Barack Obama. In their Joint Declaration, both leaders announced to abolish terrorist Camps which were activated in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In Nov. 2010 U.S. President Barack Obama visited India. During his visit, Obama supported India’s claims for permanent member seat in U.N. Security Council.

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and American President Obama meet on September 28, 2013 at White House:
The U.S. and India sought more intensive engagement on a gamut of issues, including defence, security, bilateral trade and efforts to dismantle terrorist safe havens and promote clean energy. Both leaders emphasised the need for more intensive defence cooperation. Defence trade between the two nations has reached nearly $9 billion. The U.S. and Indian sought expansion of cooperation to address 21st century challenges in the areas of counter-terrorism, cyber, space and global health security.

Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narender Modi and American President Obama met in September 2014:
During this meeting, both leaders discussed Terrorism, Trade and Civil Nuclear Agreement. In Jan. 2015, American President visited India. During this visit both countries discussed Civil NuLcear Deal and other economic and world issues. In June 2016 and 2017, Indian Prime Minister visited U.S.A. During this visit both countries discussed bilateral Trade, Regional Security clean energy and climate change.

In Sept. 2019, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narender Modi visited U.S.A, to attend U.N.O. conference. During this visit the U.S.A. President Donald Trump attented ‘Howdy Modi’ Programme on 24 Sept. 2019. Dining their joint press conference, both leaders showed concern on Terrorism and climate change. In Feb. 2020, American president Sh. Donald Trump visited India During this visit both countries discussed Biletral trade, climate change and terrorism.
This shows that both the countries are doing their level best to maintain healthy and lasting relationship.

Question 2.
What are the main six points of disagreement between India and U.S.A.?
Answer:
Following are the main issues of disagreement between India and U.S.A.
1. Different Views:
International Communism and Colonialism are the subjects of disagreements and differences between the two countries.

2. Policy of Non-Alignment:
Policy of Non-Alignment is another issue of disagreement between India and U.S.A. U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. were not having co-ordial relations at the time of India’s independence in 1947. America was eager to have India in its group, whereas India adopted a policy of Non¬Alignment and it was not appreciated by U.S.A.

3. Kashmir Issue:
Kashmir issue remained a main issue of disagreement between both the countries, as U.S.A. always sided with Pakistan and it is never relished by India.

4. Recognition of Communist China: India gave recognition to Communist China in 1949. U.S.A. did not favour this act of India.

5. Korean War: U.S.A. disagreed with India’s attitude toward Korean War.

6. Military Assistance to Pakistan: U.S.A. is continuously assisting Pakistan with military help and India has always disliked this assistance of Pakistan by U.S.A.

Question 3.
Describe in detail Indo-Russia Relations.
Answer:
After the disintegration of the U.S.S.R. in December 1991, Russia emerged as the legal successor state of the former super power in world politics. Russian President Yeltsin assured, the Indian Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao that Russia’s relationship and co-operation with India would continue. In early 1992 India and Russia took first firm steps to rebuild economic relations. The decision to end Rupee trade and to switch over to hard currencies was taken. Russia also favoured strategic co-operation with India. Russia also decided to supply another three million tonnes of oil to India in 1993. Indian Defence Minister Sharad Pawar visited Russia and Russia agreed to finance both trade and defence projects.

Visit of Russian President Boris Yeltsin:
In the last week of January, 1993, Russian President Boris Yeltsin visited India. President Yeltsin announced that Russia would support India in the United Nations’ Security Council bn the Kashmir issue. India and Russia agreed to co-ordinate their activities and exchange information and experience to combat different manifestations of terrorism, organised crime and illegal arms trade. The signing of a new Treaty of Friendship and co-operation was designed to guide the path of Indo-Russian relations in the next 20 years.

P.M. Narasimha Rao’s Visit to Russia:
In June, 1994, the then P.M. Narasimha Rao visited Russia. The visit produced two significant declarations and nine agreements. Both the countries denounced the efforts to weaken the unity of pluralisation states through religious extremism. Both agreed to jointly fight the forces of aggressive nationalism and religious fanaticism. The agreement signed related to increased defence co-operation, extension of the $ 830 million defence credit, peaceful space research, etc.

Russian P.M.’s Visit to India:
In December, 1994, the Russian Prime Minister visited India and during his visit, India and Russia signed 8 agreements covering such vital areas as defence, technology and space exploration. Russia assured India that it has no desire to supply arms to Pakistan. The Russian leader voiced support for India’s demand for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.

P.M. H.D. Deve Gowda’s Visit to Russia:
In March, 1997, the Indian P.M. led a powerful delegation to Russia for holding Summit level talks with Russian President and other top leaders. P.M. Gowda and Russian President Boris Yeltsin declared their commitment to further strengthen their bilateral co-operation. The Prime Ministers of both the countries further cemented this foundation by concluding bilateral agreements for checking double tarriffs, co-operation in respect of custom matters and promotion of cultural and sports co-operation.

India, Russia Sign N-Pact:
On 21st June, 1998, in a far reaching nuclear deal, India and Russia signed an accord for construction of two 1000 mw light-water nuclear power reactors at Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu.

Russian P.M.’s visit to India:
In the end of December, 1998, Russian P.M. Yevgeny Primakov visited India. Traditional Indo-Russian relations got a further boost with the two sides signing seven bilateral agreements ranging from military and technical co-operation to a wide array of economic areas. The agreements signed included a long-term agreement on military technical co-operation upto the year 2010, one on extradition treaty, a joint document on development of trade, economic, industrial, finance, science and technology co-operation between the two countries.

Defence Agreement:
On 22nd March, 1999, India and Russia further cemented their defence ties with the signing of defence agreement on training of Indian service officers in military educational institutions of the Russian federation.
In March 2000 Mr. Vladimir Putin was elected President of Russia. On April 15, 2000, President Putin ratified extradition treaty with

India aimed at curbing terrorism:
A senior Russian atomic energy official called for recognition of India and Pakistan as nuclear weapon states. On June 28, 2000, India and Russia decided to set up a commission on Military—Technical Co-operation to impart greater impetus to defence ties and accelerate decision making. India agreed to buy $ 1 billion worth of Russian arms. On June 29, 2000, India and Russia signed a number of agreements on Indo-Russian defence co-operation.

Russian President Vladimir Putin’s Visit to India:
On 2nd October, 2000, President Putin visited India. India and Russia forged a strategic partnership that proposes structured co-operation in the fields of nuclear sciences, defence, space and in fight against international terrorism, separatism, religious extremism, organised crime and illegal drug-trafficking. India and Russia signed 10 agreements to enhance their bilateral ties in various fields.
Russia also declared its unqualified support for India’s permanent membership of an expanded United Nation’s Security Council. On Oct. 4, 2000 a new era dawned in the Indo-Russian defence ties with the two countries signing multi-billion dollar agreements for sale of armaments. They also decided to set up an Inter-governmental Commission on defence and technical co-operation.

Defence Accord:
Indian Foreign and Defence Minister visited Moscow in June 2001. On June 6, India and Russia signed a ‘ground breaking’ accord on bilateral defence co-operation.

Accord on Terrorism:
Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Moscow in November 2001. India and Russia signed the far reaching Moscow Declaration on international terrorism declaring that the struggle against this scourge had become one of the priority tasks of the world community. The two sides reaffirmed the central role of the United Nations in the efforts of the international community in the struggle against terrorism. India and Russia rejected any role for the Taliban, moderate or otherwise, in the post-conflict government structure in Afghanistan.

Visit of Russian Deputy Prime Minister to Delhi (February 2002):
On February 8, 2002 India and Russia signed four key protocols and decided to develop satellite global surveillance system and fifth generation combat aircraft.

Defence Agreement:
On 20th January 2004, India and Russia signed the historic and their biggest ever defence deal of almost ? 7,000 crore. The defence ministers said that the military and technical co-operation between India and Russia has reached a higher level.

Visit of Russian President (Dec. 2004):
Russian President Vladimir Putin visited India in Dec. 2004. India and Russia moved closer vowing to reconcile their positions on two contentious issues of Russian entry into the W.T.O and New Delhi according market economy status to Moscow. The two countries signed 10 agreements and Memorandum of understanding to strengthen bilateral co-operation in banking, energy, space exploration, navigation and visa sectors. Russian President supported India’s Candidature for a permanent seat in U.N. Security Council with veto power.

Visit of Indian Prime Minister to Moscow (December 2005):
Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Moscow on Dec. 6, 2005. Moscow agreed to help India in acquiring the latest nuclear energy generation technology to meet the country’s growing power requirements. India and Russia have identified three key areas—nuclear energy, defence and trade and industry to give special attention to while transforming their buyer-seller relationship into one that aims at joint planning and manufacture of high technology arms and armaments. The agreements have opened the doors for the production of the multi-role transport aircraft and the fifth generation fighter planes which India needed urgently. The new thrust on Joint production has its own significance.

Recent relations between India and Russia:
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh’s Visit to Russia in Nov. 2007:
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Russia in November 2007. India and Russia signed four agreements on November 12, 2007.

India and Russia have resolved a long pending issue on utilization of the rupee debt fund totalling ₹ 80 billion for Russian investments and trade and signed an accord on development and production of a multi-role transport aircraft.

At the joint press conference with Russian President Putin, Dr. Manmohan Singh said the two countries have agreed to redouble their efforts to achieve a bilateral trade target of 10 billion dollars by 2010.

Top Priority to ties with India:
Russia’s new foreign policy doctrine assigns priority to relations with India. The passage on India gives greater emphasis to political and economic co-operation between India and Russia.

Uranium from Russia:
Due to Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement India has been successful in clinching a deal with Russia for the supply of 2000 tonnes of uranium from there. With the adequate availability of uranium from Russia, India’s nuclear power plants will now be able to run on nearly full capacity. Russia will also help India in setting up four additional nuclear plants at Kudankulam, where two plants are already functioning with Russian help. Under the accord signed by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in New Delhi (7-12-2008), the two countries will work on establishing more such plants keeping in view India’s fast growing energy requirement.

In Dec., 2009: Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Russia, where he held talks with Russian President and Prime Minister. During this visit both countries strengthened their military, economic and cultural relations.

In March, 2010: Russian Prime Minister Mr. Valdimir Puntin visited India. During his visit, India and Russia signed a siew of a agreement in by areas like Defence, Nuclear Energy, Petroleum and Aviation.

Visit of Indian Prime Minister to Moscow (2011):
In Dec. 2011, Indian Prime Minister visited Moscow. During his visit, Prime Minister confirmed that India and Russia had concluded negotiations and agreed on terms and conditions for Russian credit for unit 3 and 4 of the Kundalkulam Project.

Visit of Russian President to India:
In Dec. 2012, Russian President Baldimir Putin visited. During this visit, both countries signed 10 pacts related to cooperation and security. ,

Visit of Russian President to India:
In December 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 20 importaht agreements. In Oct. 2016, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited to attend ‘BRICS’ Summit. During this visit both countries signed 16 Agreements.

In June 2017, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Russia. During this visit, both countries signed 5 agreements.
In Oct. 2018, Russian President Sh. Vladimir Putin visited India. During this visit both countries signed eight important agreements.
In Sept. 2019, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi Visited Russia. During this visit, both countries signed 15 important agreements.

Thus, India-Russia relations are cordial and friendly. Both the nations have always helped each other in the hours of need.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the relations between India and United States of America.
Answer:
The end of the cold war marked significant changes in Indo-US relations. Both the countries realised the importance of each other. They have increased co-operation in various spheres of bilateral relations—economic, political, technological and military. America has recognised the economic strength of India and felt that the economic and political growth of India can never be ignored.

The economic and political potential of India has changed the shape of India’s economic and defence relations with America. But after the nuclear test in 1998 USA imposed sanctions on India. But after Kargil issue, USA recognised the necessity of an international war against terrorism. In Oct, 2008 India and U.S.A. signed Civil Nuclear Agreement. Now USA looks India as the potential part of global surveillance that USA wants to build against terrorism.

Question 2.
Write a note on Indo-American Nuclear Treaty.
Answer:
The Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear co-operation agreement consist of 22 pages and 17 articles. The agreement will remain in force for 40 years. The purpose of the agreement is to enable full civil nuclear energy co-operation between India and the United States. This agreement would help to address the problem of energy deficit that has emerged as one of the primary constraints on accelerating India’s growth rate. The agreement does not hinder India’s military nuclear programme and provides for uninterrupted supply of fuel.

Question 3.
What were the main provisions of Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971?
Answer:
On 19th August 1971, India and Soviet Union signed a treaty of peace, friendship and co-operation. This treaty was for twenty years and its documents were exchanged at Moscow. It led to intimate relations between both the countries. The 1971 treaty was the first political-treaty concluded by India with one of the super powers. There were 12 Articles in this treaty and following were the main among 12 articles:

• Both the countries are desirous of maintaining and developing the present mutual friendly relations.
• Both the countries believe that mutual friendship and co-operation will be in the interests of Asia and world peace, apart from the mutual benefit of both the countries.
• Faith in the peaceful co-existence and co-operation.
• Solution of international problems with peace and mutual co-operation.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a short note on US aid towards Pakistan.
Answer:
America has a soft corner for Pakistan: America has always supported Pakistan against India because India adopted the Non-Aligned Movement against
America’s wish: America provided military alliance to Pakistan, against India, during two Indo-Pak wars of 1965 and 1971.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Post Cold War relationship between India and USA. .
Answer:
The end of the cold war marked significant changes in Indo-US relations. Both the countries realised the importance of each other. They have increased co-operation in various spheres of bilateral relations—economic, political, technological and military. America has recognised the economic strength of India and felt that the economic and political growth of India can never be ignored.

Question 3.
Describe India’s changing relations with the United States of America.
Answer:
1990s heralded a new era in Indo-US relations. The two countries have shown eagerness to improve their relations.

• In 1999, U.S. Supported India’S Stand On Kargil Issue.
• In October 2008, India And U.S.A. Signed A Civil Nuclear Co-Operation Agreement.

Question 4.
What were the main provisions of Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971?
Answer:

• Both the countries are desirous of maintaining and developing the present mutual friendly relations.
• Both the countries believe that mutual friendship and co-operation will be in the interests of Asia and world peace, apart from the mutual benefit of both the countries.

Question 5.
What are the two causes of tension between India and U.S.A.?
Answer:

• India did not sign Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). For this, American attitude towards India is not positive.
• Another cause of tension between the two countries is the military assistance by America to Pakistan since Pakistan uses its weapons against India.

Question 6.
Write two main features of Indo-US Civil Nuclear Co-operation Agreement.
Answer:

1. The agreement between two states (India and U.S.) possessing advanced nuclear technology, both parties having the same benefits and advantages.
2. The purpose of the agreement is to enable full civil nuclear energy co-operation between India and the United States.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1
Mention any one main point of the treaty signed between India and Soviet Union in 1971.
Answer:
Both the countries will try their best for the establishment of World Peace and disarmament.

Question 2.
Write one reason for the discordant relations between India and America.
Answer:
American supply of modem weapons to Pakistan.

Question 3.
Write one reason for change in the foreign policy of America in the context of India.
Answer:
India is the largest democratic country of the world.

Question 4.
1, 2, 3 Nuclear treaty was signed between which two countries?
Answer:
India and U.S.A.

Question 5.
Write one cause because of which America needed to be a friend of India.
Answer:
Both America and India are the two big democratic countries of the world.

Question 6.
Mention any one reason for differences between India and America in 1954.
Answer:
In 1954, the main reason for differences between India and America was the problem of Indo-China.

Question 7.
In which year disintegration of Soviet Union took place?
Answer:
Disintegration of Soviet Union took place in 1991.

Question 8.
What is the importance of Russia for India?
Answer:
Russia is important for India’s Nuclear Energy Plans and India’s space industry.

Fill in The Blanks

1. A very important treaty between India and …………….. was signed in 1971.
Answer:
U.S.S.R.

2. Disintegration of Soviet Union took place in …………….. .
Answer:
1991

3. Both America and …………….. are the two big democratic countries of the world.
Answer:
India

4. During Indo …………….. War of 1971, USSR supported India.
Answer:
Pak.

True Or False Statement

1. India and America signed friendly treaty in 1971.
Answer:
False

2. Russia is giving no assistance to India’s Nuclear Energy Plan.
Answer:
False

3. India is the largest democratic country in the world.
Answer:
True.

4. India and Russia are having friendly relations.
Answer:
True.

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
India and Soviet Union signed friendly treaty in:
(a) 1988
(b) 1971
(c) 2004
(d) 1990.
Answer:
(6)

Question 2.
Disintegration of Soviet Union took place in:
(a) 1989
(b) 1990
(c) 1994
(d) 1991.
Answer:
(d) 1991.

Question 3.
Which country is more closer in the context of relationship to India than other?
(a) Pakistan
(6) U.S.A
(c) Russia
(d) France.
Answer:
(c) Russia

Question 4.
When was World Trade Center attacked?
(a) Dec. 13, 2001
(6) Sept. 15, 2002
(c) Sept. 11, 2001
(d) Dec. 25, 2002.
Answer:
(c) Sept. 11, 2001

Question 5.
When was Civil Nuclear Treaty signed between India and U.SA.?
(a) Oct. 2008
(b) Oct, 2009
(c) Oct, 2009
(d) Oct, 2006.
Answer:
(a) Oct. 2008

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 India and Her Neighbours-Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Make a survey of Indo-Pak relations.
Or
Explain the relationship between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
India attained freedom on 15th Aug., 1947 but it was partitioned at the same time and so Pakistan came into existence. Pakistan was the result of a policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ of British rulers. Pakistan is India’s neighbouring country and that is why Indo-Pak relations are significant.

Relations between India and Pakistan remained tense because of persistent clashes on the issues of Displaced Property, constitutional place of Indian States, determination of boundary line and disputes over Junagarh, Hyderabad, Kashmir. All the other disputes except Kashmir problem have been solved. Two wars took place between both the countries on Kashmir issue first in 1948, and then in 1965. In 1971, India and Pakistan fought another war on Bangladesh issue.

America supported Pakistan whereas Russia favoured India and used Veto. Mrs. Gandhi announced the origin of the Republic of Bangladesh in Parliament on 6th December. General Niazi signed the documents of surrender on 16th December, 1971 and one lakh Pak-soldiers surrendered. Mrs. Gandhi announced unilateral Ceasefire on 17th December at 8 a.m. and requested Yahya Khan to accept the appeal for ceasefire. India’s victory in war heightened its prestige and badly discouraged Pakistan.

Shimla Conference:
Mrs. Gandhi, without exploiting the defeat of Pakistan, held a summit conference at Shimla in June, 1972 to discuss the problems of both the countries. Pak President Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi participated in this conference. The agreement was reached between Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Z.A. Bhutto on 3rd July and it is known as Shimla Agreement.

The Principles of bilateral talks were encouraged after Shimla Agreement.
After the formation of Janata Government in March, 1977, Indo-Pak relations all the more improved.

India’s External Affairs Minister visited Pakistan on 6th Feb., 1978. Shri Vajpayee, then External Affairs Minister coming back from Pakistan said, “It was foggy when we took off but there was sunshine when we landed in Islamabad.”

No War Pact:
On 15th Sept., 1981 Pakistan offered a No War Pact between the two countries. India suggested seven points for a No War Pact between the two countries. Mrs. Gandhi categorically assured Pakistan that India would never attack it, irrespective of whether the two countries signed a non-aggression pact or not.
Joint Commission. On March 10, 1983 foreign ministers of both the countries signed an agreement to set up a Joint Commission. The first meeting of the Joint Commission took place at Islamabad on June 1, 1983. The Joint Commission agreed to reduce the postal rates, provide easier travel facilities to passengers both ways and promote trade, commercial and cultural contacts.

Pact on Drug Trafficking:
On Sept. 10,1993 India and Pakistan signed a Charter of agreements to combat the ever-increasing trafficking in drugs across the border.

Pakistan’s Support to Terrorists:
For almost a decade Pakistan has been fighting a proxy war on India’s blood-shattered border states. Pakistan is giving all sorts of help to Punjab militants and Kashmir terrorists. On February 22, 1994 the Indian Parliament unanimously condemned Pakistan’s abetment of and encouragement to terrorist activities in Kashmir.

Nuclear Tests:
India conducted three underground nuclear tests on May 11, 1998 and two tests were conducted on May 13, 1998. On 28th May, 1998 Pakistan conducted five nuclear tests to equalise the five tests conducted by India.

Indo-Pak Pact on Bus Service:
On Feb. 17, 1999 India and Pakistan signed a formal agreement for launching the Delhi-Lahore bus service. On Feb. 20, 1999 heralding a new ‘Chapter’ in Indo-Pakistan relations the Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, rode on the bus to Lahore.

Kargil Issue:
After showing limitless patience, India gave a moderate answer on 26th May, 1999 to Pakistan sponsored aggression in the Kargil-Dras sector. Indian government made it very clear that they will continue the operation till ‘our defence forces reoccupy our territory.’ The External Affairs Minister of India, Mr. Jaswant Singh, made it clear to the External Affairs Minister of Pakistan that ‘Aggression has to be undone’. On June 20, 1999, G-8 leaders condemned violation of the line of control and called for an immediate end to fighting in the region and termed as ‘irresponsible’ any military action to change the status quo of the LOC. G-8 leaders asked Pakistan to end infiltration.

Summit between Prime Minister and President, 2001:
In July 2001, the summit between Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pakistan’s President Pervez Musharraf crashed down because the two sides failed to reconcile their differences on the critical Kashmir issue and cross-border terrorism.

Terrorist Attack on Indian Parliament:
On December 13, 2001 terrorists attacked Indian Parliament and 12 persons were killed. Terrorist outfits based in Pakistan-Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad were responsible for the attack on Parliament.

India Recalls High Commissioner:
On 21st December 2001, India recalled its High Commissioner from Islamabad and terminated the Delhi-Lahore bus service as well as the Samjhauta Express train running between the two countries for the last 25 years. On December 27, 2001 India banned the use of Indian airspace by the Pakistani planes and gave an ultimatum for reduction of its High Commission staff by 50 per cent.

Ban on LeT, Jaish-e-Mohammad:
On January 12, 2002 Pakistan’s President Pervez Musharraf banned the Jaish-e-Mohammad and the Lashkar-e-Toiba but ruled out handing over their leaders to India.

Indian Prime Minister’s Visit to Islamabad:
In January, 2004 the Indian Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Islamabad to attend 12th SAARC summit. Mr. Vajpayee met Pakistani President and Prime Minister during his visit. The conflict between the two countries has reduced during this SAARC summit and both the countries agreed to solve their conflicts with peaceful means and mutual talks.

Indo-Pak Relations in 2004:
After the Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s visit to Islamabad in 2004 both the countries have decided to improve their relations. The bus service, train services and air services have been resumed between India and Pakistan.

Pakistani Prime Minister’s Visit to New Delhi (Nov. 24, 2004):
Pakistani Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz visited New Delhi in Nov. 2004. India and Pakistan stuck to their respective state position on Kashmir. But both the countries agreed to set up banks in each other’s country on reciprocal basis.

Bus to Muzaffarabad:
On 16th February, 2005 India and Pakistan agreed to start a bus service between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad from April 7, 2005. Travel will be by entry permit system for all nationals of both countries once identities are verified. Both countries agreed to start a bus service between Amritsar and Lahore and also to religious places such as Nankana Sahib. On April 7, 2005 bus service started between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad.

General Musharraf s Visit (2005):
In April 2005 General Musharraf visited India. The two leaders decided to revive the Indo-Pak Joint Commission. India and Pakistan decided to enlarge economic and commercial ties.

Pact on Ballistic Missiles:
On August 6, 2005 India and Pakistan reached an understanding on the proposed agreement on Pre-Notification of Flight Testing of Ballistic Missiles.

Release of Fishermen and Civilian Prisoners:
On September 12, 2005 India and Pakistan released fishermen and civilian prisoners.

India, Pak exchange relief material:
In November 2005 Indian and Pakistani officials from both sides of the LOC supervised the exchange of relief material for the quake affected population.

Recent relations between India and Pakistan:
Pakistani President General Musharraf declared emergency rule on November 3, 2007.
Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf was sworn in as a Civilian President on November 27, 2007.

Terrorists Attack on Mumbai:
Terrorists attacked Mumbai on November 26, 2007. Nine terrorists were killed and one terrorist Amir Kasab was arrested. These terrorists were supported by Pakistan. Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh stated clearly involvement of Pakistan official agencies in the Mumbai attacks and asked Pakistan to take actions against the perpetrators of the attack so that such strikes do not take place in the future. Pakistan rejected India’s demand for extradition of the perpetrators of the Mumbai terrorist attack, saying there was no extradition treaty between the two countries.

Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee asked Pakistani government to take tangible action against the perpetrators of the Mumbai attack. “All that we want is action and not words from Pakistan. But so far there is no evidence of it.”
Foreign Secretary Shiv Shankar Menon said so far India has not seen any action at all’ from Pakistan.

If Pakistan allows its territory to be used for attacks on India on the unacceptable plea that those involved in the attacks are the so labelled non-state actors, it does not absolve it from the responsibility of allowing its territory to be used by the Jihadis.

In Feb, 2010, India and Pakistan resumed their Foreign Secretary Level Talks. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met the Pakistani P.M. Gilani at Addu on Nov- 2011. Both the leaders described the relationship as moving in a positive direction. Like Pakistani P.M. Gilani, Indian P.M. also referred to “opening a new chapter in the history of the relationship between the two countries.” Both leaders had a hope that the second round of talks will be more productive.

In May 2014, Pakistani Prime Minister Sh. Nawaz Sharif visited India to attend oath ceremony of Sh. Narender Modi as Prime Minister of India. During this visit both leaders discussed bilateral issues. In Dec, 2015, Sh. Nareder Modi, Prime Minister of India, visited Pakistan. In Nov. 2018, India-Pakistan agreed to open the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor for the Sikh Community.

Terrorists, supported by Pakistan, attacked on military base areas of Uri. It resulted in the martyrdom of 21 Indian soldiers. India on 29 Sept. 2016, in reply to this attack, made surgical strike in P.O.K. and killed about 40 to 50 terrorists. Again on Feb. 14, 2019, Pak supported terrorists made a terrorist attack in Pulwama. It resulted in the deaths of 40 Central Reserve Police Force personnel. In response to this Pulwama attack, Balakot airstrike was conducted by India in the early morning hours of February 26, 2019. The Indian warplanes crossed the border and dropped bombs in the vicinity of the town of Balakot. Due to this air stike more than 250-300 Jaish-e-Mohammad terrorists were killed in Balakot.

Conclusion:
We can conclude that given the political will and a spirit of give and take, most problems can be solved through bilateral negotiations. Pakistan should stop helping terrorists immediately and should realise that Kashmir is an integral part of India.

Question 2.
Describe reasons of hostile and suspicious relations between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
Following are the major areas of conflict between India and Pakistan:
1. Kashmir Problem:
Kashmir is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan. Before Independence Jammu and Kashmir was one of the 565 princely states, ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh. On October 20, 1947 several thousand tribesmen armed with machine guns, mortars, etc., attacked the frontiers of the state. These tribesmen were aided by Pakistan. On 26 October, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession and Indian troops dashed to Kashmir. Pakistan refused to recognise this accession and the war continued for 14 months. On
January 1, 1949 India lodged a complaint with U.N. Security Council and on January 5, 1949 ceasefire was announced by both the countries.

In September 1965, Pakistani forces attacked India. Indian forces gave them a crushing defeat. A U.N. Security Council resolution adopted on Sept. 20, 1965 called for a ceasefire. Pakistan again attacked India on 3rd Dec. 1971 and after the war, the Shimla Agreement was signed between the two countries. On 5-6 August, 2019, Article 370 was abrogated in Jammu and Kashmir and nowadays India’s stand is that P.O.K. will be the centre point of India-Pakistan dialogue.

2. Terrorists activities by Pakistan in India. Another important conflict is the terrorists activities, which Pakistani government encourages. It trains and helps the militants by arms training and money to carry out terrorist strikes in India. Its spy agency ISI is alleged to be involved in India’s north-east operating secretly through Bangladesh and Nepal. Terrorists activities on India’s sea-shore, Pathankot attack, 26/11 Bombay Taj attack, attack in Uri and Pulwama attack are the few examples of it.

3. Violation of Shimla Pact and Lahore Pact:
Pakistan, often violates the terms and conditions of Shimla Pact and Lahore Samjotha and thus increases the tension between two nations.

Question 3.
Explain in detail the relationship between India and Bangladesh.
Or
Examine the phases of cordial and strained relations between India and Bangladesh.
Answer:
Bangladesh, which was a part of Pakistan and was known as East Pakistan, emerged as an independent state in 1971. East Bengal was not given fair treatment by the rulers of Pakistan and it was made virtually a colony. In an election held early in 1971, Sheikh Mujib’s Awami League got majority in Pakistani Parliament. But Sheikh Mujib was not called to form a government and he was arrested. East Bengal declared independence and the liberation war started. India helped Awami League in the war. War took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. India was the first country to grant recognition to the People’s Republic Bangladesh.

India got Sheikh Mujib Rehman, the first President of Bangladesh, released from detention in Pakistan. India signed a treaty with Bangladesh for friendship, peace and co-operation for twenty five years in 1972. A trade agreement was reached in March 1972 for the economic reconstruction of Bangladesh. There was mutual agreement on Farakka barrage and sharing of Ganga waters. But the assassination of Sheikh Mujib followed by military dictatorship in Bangladesh created tension between India and Bangladesh.

Dispute started between them over Ganga waters. This dispute was settled by an agreement in Oct. 1977. Chief Martial Law Administrator H.M. Ershad visited India on October 6, 1982. India and Bangladesh decided to terminate the 1977 Farakka agreement to undertake feasibility studies. Both agreed on an interim arrangement on the question of Sharing the Ganga water and augmenting its flow. The Summit decided to set up an Indo- Bangladesh joint Economic Commission.

The summit talks between Mrs. Gandhi and General Ershad covered a wide area of understanding and mutual accommodation which augured well for future relations between India and Bangladesh. The joint communique issued at the end of General Ershad’s visit to Delhi conveyed much more than an interim accord on Farakka and a settlement of the Tin Bigha lease issue.

Tin Bigha Corridor:
A major irritant in Indo-Bangladesh relations was removed when the Tin Bigha Corridor was opened on June 26, 1992 amidst heavy security by central paramilitary forces and the state Armed Police. According to the modalities of the agreement formalised by the governments of the two countries on March 26, 1992 the movement of Bangladesh nationals along the corridor would be regulated to avoid intermingling with Indian nationals.

Chakma Refugees:
The repatriation of Chakma refugees, which was to have begun on June 8, 1993 on the basis of an understanding reached between India and Bangladesh during Bangladesh Communication Minister’s visit to New Delhi and Tripura, remained a non-starter. The repatriation of Chakma refugees started on 15th Feb., 1994. The 12 years old Chakma problem came to an end on Feb. 27, 1998 with all remaining refugees being repatriated to their ancestral homeland in Bangladesh.

Ganga Water Pact:
On Dec. 11,1996 Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed visited India. On Dec. 12, India and Bangladesh signed the Ganga Water sharing treaty leaving behind a long period of mutual distrust and suspicion. Prime Ministers of both the countries almost in the same words said that the treaty was tribute to the special quality of Indo-Bangladesh relations. India and Bangladesh formally started sharing Ganga waters on Jan. 1st, 1997.

The first ever trilateral business summit, which brought together the Prime Ministers of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh in Dhaka on 15th Jan., 1998, pledged their commitment to consolidate and strengthen the ongoing efforts for achieving sustainable development. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh reaffirmed their goal of achieving a free trade area in South Asia by the year 2001 and reiterated their commitment to liberalisation of commerce within the region.

Visit of Bangladeshi Prime Minister to India:
Bangladeshi Prime Minister, Mrs. Sheikh Hasina visited India on 16th June, 1998. India and Bangladesh stressed that bilateral problems should be resolved within a bilateral framework. Bangladesh reiterated its commitment that its territory would not be allowed to be used for anti- Indian activities.

Bus Service:
India and Bangladesh entered a new era of bilateral relationship with the launch of bus service linking Kolkata with Dhaka on June 19,1999. India also agreed to provide Bangladesh a credit of? 200 crore. India and Bangladesh agreed to start a new bus link between Agartala and Dhaka on April 9, 2000.

Train Service:
India and Bangladesh signed an agreement to run goods train which revived an old route through the Benapole- Petrapde border points on July 4, 2000.

Indian troops die in Border Clashes:
In April 2001, suddenly the border with Bangladesh had exploded into shooting, killing and high voltage tension. India lodged a strong protest with Bangladesh. India asked the Bangladeshi government to act against the perpetrators of crimes against the Border Security Force personnel saying that acts of criminal adventurism should not be permitted to affect ties between the two countries.

Joint Boundary Working Groups Meeting
In July 2001, a three day meeting between India and Bangladesh ended on a positive note as both sides reiterated their commitment towards expeditious resolution of all pending matters.

Visit of Indian External Affairs Minister:
In August 2002, long standing bilateral issues were discussed at the official talks between visiting Indian External Affairs Minister and Foreign Minister of Bangladesh. But they failed to make any breakthrough in settling any of the bilateral irritants.

Border Patrolling:
On August 6, 2005 India and Bangladesh decided to intensify border patrolling and work out ways to enhance trade and economic co-operation.

India’s Relations with Bangladesh:
Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee’s Visit to Bangladesh (2008):
Indian external affairs minister Pranab Mukherjee visited Bangladesh in Feb. 2008. He visited areas affected by Cyclon Sidr and India provided $ 1 million aid to Bangladesh. Mr. Mukherjee assured he would look into Bangladesh’s concern about the bilateral trade imbalance, river management and non-tariff barriers. He also announced ‘unconditional duty’ free access for two million ready-made garments from Bangladesh to India.

Maitree Express and Refurbishing India-Bangladesh Relations:
A new chapter was opened in Indo-Bangladesh relationship on April 14, 2008 when the Maitree Express rolled out of the Kolkata station on its inaugral journey to Dhaka. Railway Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav said, “This historic day will be written in golden letters in the histories of India and Bangladesh.”

In Jan. 2010 Bangladesi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited India. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina favours strong ties with India and vowed not to allow Bangladesh’s territory to be used for terrorism against its neighbours. Her proposal of forming a South Asian task force to fight terrorism in the region merits to be taken up earnestly by all countries because today the scourge threatens almost every country—including those which promoted it in the past. India and Bangladesh on August 20, 2011 signed joint border maps, finalising the 4156 km. long frontier between the neighbours. The long standing border related discord between the two bodies was settled through the signing of the map.

In Sept. 2011, Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh paid a two day visit to Bangladesh. During this visit India lifted tariffs oh 46 textile items from its sensitive list.

In Oct. 2016, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited India to attend ‘BIMSTEC’ Summit. During this, both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In April 2017, Bangladesh Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 22 agreements.
In May 2018, Bangladesi Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries discussed bilateral issues including Rohingya issue.
In Oct. 2019, Bangladeshi Prime Minister visited India. During this, visit both countries signed 7 important Agreements.

No doubt both Bangladesh and India have their grievances against each other, but these can be redressed in an amicable atmosphere. Both countries will gain immensely by promoting a relationship of goodwill and trust. Given goodwill and understanding between New Delhi and Dhaka, most bilateral problems can be solved without any difficulty.

Question 4.
Explain in detail the Indo-China relations.
Or
Write a critical note on the changing relationship between India and China.
Answer:
India and China had cordial relations earlier, but China attacked India in 1962 and became hostile to India. China still occupies some territory of India. India is inclined to improve relations with China but Chinese attitude is still inimical.

Indo-China Relations During Nehru Era (1949 to May 1964):
Policy of friendship towards China:
India, since the beginning, adopted the policy of friendship towards Communist China. India first recognised China, and then supported its induction in U.N.O. In 1951, India opposed the resolution of declaring China, an invader in Korea, in U.N.O. India didn’t attend San Francisco conference at the time of Japanese Peace Treaty in 1950 as China was not invited.

India’s Policy of Contentment crossed limits when India gave its extra-territorial rights enjoyed in Tibet, to China by signing a trade-agreement on 29th April, 1954. Both the countries at the time of agreement expressed their faith in the Principles of Panchsheel. These Principles were elaborated in 1953 at Bandung Conference. The Chinese Prime Minister Chou-En-Lai visited India in 1954 and Pt. Nehru also went to China. China attacked India on 20th Oct., 1962 and ‘avenged’ India’s friendly attitude. It badly affected Pt. Nehru’s policies.

Chinese invasion over India:
China attacked both the Western and Eastern sectors of the Indian Border on 20th Oct., 1962. The Chinese soldiers overpowered the military posts till Indian forces balanced themselves after this sudden attack. Britain and America immediately sent military equipment on India’s request. China declared unilateral ceasefire on 21st Nov. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian area which is still in its possession.

Colombo Resolution and attitude of China:
Ceylon, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Egypt organised Colombo conference in December, 1962 to facilitate Indo¬China talks. Mrs. Bhandarnaike brought this resolution to Delhi and Peking. This resolution was passed on 19th January 1963.

Sino-Indian relations during Shastri Period:
(May 1964 to January 1966). After the death of Pt. Nehru, Shri Lai Bahadur Shastri remained the Prime Minister of India till 10th January, 1966. Sino-Indian relations didn’t improve during this period. China adopted hostile attitude during Indo-Pak war in 1965. China fully supported Pakistan and declared India an invader.

Problems of Bangladesh and Chinese attitude towards Indo-Pak war:
The year 1971 was replete with problems for India. China disliked India’s co-operation in Bangladesh movement and it fully supported the dictators of Pakistan. China favoured Pakistan in the meetings of Security Council during Indo-Pak war and held India responsible for invasion. China again threatened India but these threats proved hollow.
Indo-China relations remained tense till April, 1976

Indo-China relations from May 1976 to 1979:
With the deaths of Chou-En- Lai, Chu Teh and of Mao in 1976, Indo-China relations slightly improved. On 15 April, 1976 Shri K.R. Narayanan was sent to Peking as an ambassador to China. China, too, sent its ambassador to India.

The external affairs minister, Mr. A.B. Vajpayee reached Peking on February 12, 1979. India raised the border question at the first ever ministerial dialogue with China since 1960. India arid China agreed to maintain the existing tranquillity along their common borders. But Mr. Vajpayee cut short his China visit by a day due to Chinese attack on Vietnam. .On September, 5, 1979 New Delhi strongly protested to Peking against the violation of Bhutan’s borders.

Indo-China Relations from January, 1980 to 1991:
The Chinese Prime Minister Mr. Hua Kuofeng told Prime Minister Indira Gandhi at Belgrade (Yugoslavia) on May 9, 1980 that his country was more than ready to improve its relations with India.

The three rounds of talks with China-First in Beijing in December, 1981, second in Delhi in May, 1982 and third in January 1983-on the border dispute failed to make any progress. Two more rounds of talks took place between India and China between 1983 and 1985.
Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited China in 1988 and many misunderstandings were removed. A joint working group was formed.

The Joint working groups have held six rounds of talk:
The latest round of talks at the Joint working groups was held in Beijing in early November, 1992. India and China agreed to establish high level contacts in order to maintain peace and tranquillity along the line of actual control. Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao visited China in Sept. 1993 and signed four agreements that would respect the Line of Actual Control (LAC) along the border and renounce the use of force against each other.

Visit of the Chinese President to India:
On 28th Nov., 1996 Chinese President, Mr. Jiang Zemin visited India on a four day State visit. Mr. Jiang was the first Chinese head of the State who has visited India. Chinese President, Mr. Jiang Zemin said, “My visit will further promote friendship between the two countries.” On 29th Nov. ,1996 India and China signed a historic agreement pledging themselves not to attack each other or cross the Line of Control and reduce troops and armaments along the common border. The agreement contained a series of confidence building measures in the military field to ensure a peaceful border.

Post-Pokhran Sino-Indian Relation:
India conducted underground nuclear test, at Pokhran on May 11, 1998—after 24 years of its maiden nuclear test. On 14th June, 1999 Indian External Affairs Minister Mr. Jaswant Singh visited China. India and China decided to establish a security dialogue mechanism and decided to give new impetus to the decisions of the Joint Working Group. It was also decided to celebrate the 50th anniversary of establishment of Indo-China diplomatic relations in an appropriate manner.

Visit of the Indian President to China:
Indian President K.R. Naryanan visited China on May 28,2000 (May 28 to June 3). India and China favoured a ‘fair and reasonable boundary dispute’ and decided to set up an Eminent Persons Group (EPG) to enhance over-all bilateral ties. The President invited China to work with India to eliminate the threat of international terrorism. Chinese President Jiang Jemin also condemned international terrorism.

Chinese Leader Li Peng’s Visit to India (Jan. 2001):
Chinese Leader Li Peng said, “The purpose of my visit is to enhance trust, boost friendship and strengthen co-operation.”

Visit of the Chinese Prime Minister to India:
Chinese Premier Zhu Ronglji visited India in January 2002. The two countries discussed a number of confidence building measures.

Visit of the Indian Prime Minister to China:
In June, 2003, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited .China. During his visit India and China signed the Cross Border Trade Agreement.

China’s stand on Sikkim:
Sikkim has been an issue of conflict between India and China. But in May, 2004 China put a step towards friendship and mutual trust. Beijing for the first time officially stopped showing Sikkim as a separate country in Asia. China’s this step has raised Indo-China relations to a qualitatively new plane.

Improvement in Indo-China Relations:
During these years of Indo-China relations the level of mutual trust between the two countries has been raised. Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister Wang Yi has said during an interview that “China-India relations are developing very well. Especially we have improved our mutual trust, which is important for bilateral relations.”

Recent Relations Between India and China:
India and China Sign 13 Agreements. Chinese:
President Mr. Hu Jintao visited India in November 2006. India and China signed 13 agreements in New Delhi on November 21, 2006.

Joint Indo-China Military Exercise:
The first Indo-Chinese Joint Military exercise began on December 21, 2007 and came to a conclusion on December 25, 2007 in Kunming (China). The focus of the exercise was on the anti-terrorism drill.

Visit of Indian Prime Minister to China:
Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh visited China on January 13, 2008. Indian Prime Minister and Chinese Premier signed a joint statement titled ‘A Shared Vision for the 21st Century’ on 14th Jan. 2008. The shared vision contains some new issues such as bilateral co-operation in civil nuclear energy. Chinese support for India’s desire to play a greater role in the United Nation Security Council, etc. Moreover, both the countries signed 11 agreements for co-operation in rail, housing, geo-sciences, land resources management and other sectors.

China’s stand on Arunachal Pradesh:
Arunachal Pradesh is an integral part of India. But on November 11, 2008 Qin Gang, Foreign Ministry spokesman rejected India’s assertion that Arunachal Pradesh is its an integral part and insisted that China never recognised the illegal Mac Mohan line and that the status of the border state was never officially demarcated. But Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh rejected China’s claim and stated Arunachal is ‘our land of rising sun’.

Improvement in Indo-China Relations:
During these years of Indo-China relations the level of mutual trust between the two countries has been raised.

Visit of Vice-foreign Minister:
Chinese Vice-foreign minister He Yafei visited India in January 2009, India shared evidence with China about involvement of Pakistan-based elements in the Mumbai terror attacks and urged Beijing to use its influence with its alley Islamabad to co-operate on the issue.

Visit of Chinese Prime Minister of India:
Chinese Prime Minister Mr. Wen Jiabao visited India in Dec, 2010. During his visit both countries signed 6 pact. India and China agreed to raise the bilaternal trade to 100 billion dollar by 2015.

Leaving aside their bilateral problems like boundary issue, at present both have entered into an intensive phase of trade and economic co-operation. Since India has not changed its stand on Tibet, the March 2008 uprising in Tibet is not likely to influence their bilateral relationship.

P.M. Manmohan Singh’s visit to China:
On 23rd October, 2013 India and China took a leap towards reducing tension across the border and promised to strengthen cooperation on trans-border rivers, even as New Delhi delayed pact for a liberalised visa regime. The Border Defence Cooperation Agreement was among the nine pacts that the two countries signed at Beijing.

Chinese President’s visit to India:
In September 2014, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 12 Agreements.
In Oct, 2016, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited India to attend ‘BRICS’ Summit. During this visit, both countires discussed bilateral issues.
In September 2017 and June 2018 Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited China. During this visit, both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In Oct., 2019 Chinese President visited India. During this visit, both countries discussed on Trade, Regional Security and Terrorism.

Conclusion:
The relations between the two countries should be based on complete equality and mutual respect in the spirit of the U.N. Charter. Both could learn from each other’s experience since the two countries were in need of rapid development.

Question 5.
Assess relationship between India and Nepal.
Or
Discuss the main issues of conflicts and co-operation in the relationship between India and Nepal.
Answer:
India and Nepal are not only neighbours but they have also had long cultural, political and religious links. In language and religion, gods and goddesses, food and clothing the two countries, India and Nepal, have more in common with each other than with any third country of the world. Both have been living as good and friendly neighbours.
Issues of Conflicts in Indo-Nepal Relations. The following factors can be described as the factors which negatively influenced to course of Indo-Nepal relations.

1. Nepal’s Fears:
Being a small state, Nepal feared India. Nepal feared that India could attempt an intervention in Nepal for securing its interests vis-a-vis China. Nepal lived with fear of the Indian interference in its internal affairs.

2. India’s Initial Lack of Interest in Nepal:
During the initial years of her independence, the Indian Foreign Policy did not give much importance to relations with Nepal.

3. The Thesis of ‘Special Relation with Nepal’:
Indian thesis of ‘special relation with Nepal’ gave the impression that India regarded Nepal as an area of India’s influence.

4. The China Factor in Indo-Nepal Relations:
In China, Nepal saw an opportunity of finding a counterpoise to India. India as such viewed with concern any attempt that was being made by Nepal for cultivating friendship and co-operation with China.

5. The Issue of Zone of Peace:
Since 1975, Nepal has been trying to get recognition as a zone of Peace. But India felt that Nepal did not really need such a status, Nepal, however, regarded this proposal as a vital necessity for securing its national interests and world peace.

6. Hijacking of Indian Airlines Plane:
The hijacking of Indian Airlines plane on the Kathmandu-Delhi route in December 2000 created tension and security concern.

7. ISI Activities:
Nepal has been used by the ISI in a big way for carrying out acts of sabotage in India.

8. Eight Thorny Issues:
According to Nepalese experts there are at least eight thorny issues—(i) India’s illegal construction of the Laxmanpur barrage in Bharauch district within 300 metres of the border ; (ii) the silent demographic aggression by Indians taking advantage of the open border ; (iii) Indian occupation of Kalapani ; (iv) Denial of market access to Nepalese businessmen ; (v) Four per cent special additional tax levied on Nepalese goods ; (vi) Lack of provisions in the Mahakali Project agreement to sell hydel power to other countries ; (vii) India’s unwillingness to get involved in the Bhutanese refugees problem and (viii) the murder of Nepalese citizens by ULFA militants in Assam.

9. 1950 Friendship Treaty:
Nepal believes that this treaty places it on an unequal footing with India. Nepal has desired a review of the treaty.

Areas of Co-operation between India and Nepal:
A large number of Nepalese youth received higher education in the Indian Universities. Under the Colombo Plan Agreement 1954, the Indian Govt, undertook to contribute towards the development of communications, irrigation and water supplies projects in Nepal. Indian Public Works Department has constructed several roads in Nepal. India has given a lot of economic aid to Nepal in its development.

The king of Nepal visited India many times and leaders of India went to Nepal. In 1977, the Prime Minister of India, Mr. Morarji Desai visited Nepal. The Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. Surya Bahadur Thapa, visited Delhi in February, 1983. India and Nepal agreed to take up three major river projects of benefit to both countries by harnessing their common water resources. Both countries agreed to set up a Joint Commission at the ministerial level to promote economic co-operation. On March 2, 1983 India agreed to provide Nepal with an assistance of? 8.7 crores for the expansion of Bir Hospital.

Nepal’s first-elected government in 32 years was sworn on May 29, 1991. Mr. Girija Prasad Koirala became the Prime Minister of Nepal. In his first policy announcement Mr. Koirala said that his Nepali Congress Government would maintain very close and cordial relationship with India.

On 21st Oct. 1992 India and Nepal decided to expand bilateral co-operation. In April, 1995, India agreed to provide additional transit facilities for Nepalese goods at Kandha and Mumbai. Successful Indo-Nepal talks on water services were held.
In 1996 India and Nepal signed a treaty on exploiting the Mahakali river basin for electricity and irrigation.
On 5th June, 1997 the Prime Minister of India Mr. I.K. Gujral visited Kathmandu on three day official visit.
India accepted Nepal’s request for an additional transit route to Bangladesh via Phulbari (India).

Visit of Nepalese Prime Minister:
On 31st July, 2000 the Prime Minister of Nepal Mr. Girija Prasad Koirala came to India for a week long visit. Both the countries agreed on a wide-ranging package of confidence building measures to remove irritants and give a new dimension to bilateral ties.

On 1st February, 2005 King Gyanendra removed popular prime minister and also put all other political party leaders under house arrest and suspended fundamental freedoms. India decided not to intervene in Nepal internal affairs but advised King to restore democracy in Nepal.

Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic:
With the passage of the Constitution amendment bill by the Parliament, Nepal on December 28,2007 turned into a Federal Democratic Republic.

First President of Nepal:
The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal gets its first President on July 21, 2008 when the Constituent Assembly elected Nepali Congress Leader Dr. Ram Baran Yadav as President of Nepal.

Nepalese President Visits India:
Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav visited New Delhi on Feb. 16,2010. India went out of the way to make Nepalese President visit to New Delhi a truly sucessful event by offering a 250 million Dollar soft loan through EXIM Bank and signing four major accords with Nepal. India also agreed to supply 50,000 tonne of wheat, 2000 tonne of rice and 10,000 tonne of yellow peas to Nepal.

Indian Prime Minister’s Visit to Nepal:
In August 2014, Indian Prime Minister Mr. Narender Modi visited Nepal. During this visit, he announced $1 billion credit to Nepal. In Oct, 2016, Nepali Prime Minister visited India to attend ‘BIMSTEC’ Summit. During this visit both countries discussed bilateral issues.

In August 2017, Nepal’s Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 8 agreement.
In August 2018, Indian Prime Minister visited Nepal to attend to BIMSTEC Summit. During this, both countries discuss bilateral issues.

These days relations between the two countries are very cordial. The bases of friendship between the two countries are : non-interference in each other’s international affairs, frequent consultations on matters of common interest and financial and technical aid by India for Nepal’s economic development.

Question 6.
Evaluate Indo-Sri Lanka relations.
Or
Give a brief account of India’s relations with Sri Lanka.
Answer:
India-Sri Lanka relations stretch over a period of more than two thousand years. At the Asian Relations Conference in Delhi 1947, both India and Sri Lanka declared to fight against colonialism, imperialism and racialism. Both are active members of the Non-Aligned Movement. India in co-operation with Ceylon, held a conference at Colombo in 1950. Both the countries participated in Sanding Conference in 1951. The Government of India assisted Ceylon, in its revolution in 1971.

The dispute over Kachcha their island was solved in June 1974 and this land was handed over to Sri Lanka, Despite cordial relations there has been occasional tension between India and Sri Lanka and the cause of tension was the problem of nearly one million people of origin in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka was not prepared to grant full citizenship rights to all the Indian immigrants in Sri Lanka. The government of Sri Lanka passed the India and Pakistan Residents (Citizenship) Act in 1949. About 8 lakhs people of Indian origin applied for citizenship but only one lakh 34 thousands were able to secure citizenship (upto Oct., 1964). The rest were asked to go back to India.

But India’s stand was that those who were living in Sri Lanka for generations or had been born there, are the citizens of Sri Lanka and not of India. Ultimately, Lai Bahadur Shastri and Smt. Bandarnaike of Sri Lanka reached an agreement on the question of citizenship of Indian people there. In Feb.,1979 Prime Minister Morarji Desai visited Sri Lanka and he advised Indian immigrants to regard Sri Lanka as their own land. The President, N. Sanjiva Reddy, visited Sri Lanka in February, 1982. Mr. Reddy’s visit symbolised friendship between two neighbouring and friendly countries.

Due to Tamil problems tension was there between Sri Lanka and India. In June, 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and the Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene held discussions to find a political solution to the ethnic problem in the island nation. The most significant achievement of the summit meeting between Mr. Rajiv Gandhi and Mr. Jayewardene has been the latter’s belated admission of the fact that a political solution of Sri Lanka’s ethnic crisis is impossible without India’s co-operation.

On July 29, 1987 India and Sri Lanka entered into an unprecedented accord aimed at national reconciliation in the island-nation to end the five year old ethnic conflict and opening up a new era in their bilateral relations.

The agreement signed by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and President J. R. Jayewardene envisaged cessation of hostilities between the Tamil Militants and the security forces within the next 24 hours, surrender of arms within 72 hours, return of the army to barracks and merger of Tamil majority northern and eastern provinces. It provides general amnesty for all political prisoners now in jails and also facilitates the rehabilitation of militants who would surrender arms and return to normal civilian life. Mr. Jayewardene on his part promised to meet India’s concern over the possible use of Trincomalee as a foreign military base.

Indian Peace Keeping Force. In accordance with the accord, the government of Sri Lanka requested the Indian government to send Indian Peace Keeping Force to oversee the surrender by the Tamil militants, and the IPKF was sent to Sri Lanka. President Jayewardene was succeeded by Mr. Premadasa. In response to the wishes of Sri Lankan new President, India agreed to withdraw the IPKF and by March, 1990 the process of withdrawal was completed.

Joint Commission. On April, 10, 1991, both the countries agreed for setting up a joint commission by the year-end and agreed to take a series of initiatives in the field of trade, culture and consultancy projects. The two countries also decided to take immediate steps to conclude a cultural exchange programme for 1991-93. The new Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mr. Ranil Wickremesinghe in June, 1993 had set the tour for the economic relations between two countries. The new Sri Lankan Prime Minister’s talks in New Delhi could mark the beginning of a genuine reconciliation between the two neighbours. The bitterness caused in Sri Lanka by the involvement of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in its ethnic strife began to dissolve after its complete withdrawal.

Indian External Affairs Minister’s visit to Sri Lanka. In Jan, 1997 Indian External Affairs Minister I.K. Gujral visited Sri Lanka. On 22nd Jan., 1997 India and Sri Lanka signed a landmark investment promotion and protection agreement to boost bilateral economic ties and decided to bury their political differences. An External Affairs Minister, Mr. Kadirgamar, of Sri Lanka described the agreement as a “Confidence Building Measure”. Indian External Affairs Minister reiterated that New Delhi would not interfere in the internal affairs of Sri Lanka.

Sri Lankan President’s Visit to India. The close friendship between the two nations had been further boosted by the visit of Sri Lankan President, Chandrika Kumaratunga on Dec. 27, 1998. The visit was of paramount significance as it heralded a new era in
bilateral economic relations through the signing of the first-ever landmark Free Trade Area pact between the two countries.
Tamils of Indian Origin to get Lankan Citizenship. On July 21, 2000 Sri Lankan President Mrs. Chandrika Kumaratunga agreed to give Sri Lankan citizenship to those Indian Origin Tamils who were forced to take Indian citizenship in 1964 as a result of the India-Sri Lanka pact on the stateless people of Indian origin in Sri Lanka.

Sri Lankan President’s Visit to Indiai. In 2002 Mrs. Chandrika Kumaratunga, the Sri Lankan President visited India. The Indian Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee reaffirmed India’s support for the peace process in Sri Lanka.
Sri Lankan President’s Visit to India. Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapakse visited New Delhi in December 2005 and urged New Delhi to take a more upfront role in the peace process : An acknowledgment that no solution to the Tamil-Sinhala ethnic conflict would be implementable without India’s support.

Action Against LTTE. Sri Lanka’s war on the terrorist outfit LTTE entered its last phase. The Sri Lankan government has described ts successes against the LTTE as its major victory on terrorism.
In 2009 Tamil Nadu Assembly passed a resolution calling upon the central government to do something to stop war in Sri Lanka as it was compromising the future and safity of the Tamil population there. But Indian government has rightly decided not to involved in the controversial scenario.

During the SAARC conference held in nepal in 2014, Indian Prime Minister Mr. Narender Modi and Sri Lankan President Mr. Mahindera Rajapakshe met in Nepal. During this meeting both leaders discussed bilateral issues.
In Oct. 2016, Sri Lankan President visited India to attend ‘BIMSTEC’ Summit. During this visit both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In May 2017, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Sri Lanka. During this visit, both countries discussed bilateral issues.
In Oct. 2018, Sri Lankan Prime Minister visited India. During this visit both countries agreed to speed up infrastructure projects.
In June, 2019, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Sri Lanka. During this visit, both countries discussed the progress of various programmes supported by India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Kashmir Problem?
Or
Write a note on ‘Kashmir Problem’.
Answer: Kashmir is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan. Before Independence Jammu and Kashmir was one of the 565 princely states, ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh. On October 20 1947 several thousand tribesmen armed with machine guns, mortars etc. attacked the frontiers of State. Tribesmen were aided by Pakistan. On 26th October Maharaja Hari Singh sent a letter to Lord Mountabatten, then Governor-General of India about his decision to join India. Indian troops were dashed to Kashmir. Pakistan refused to recognize this accession and war continued for 14 months. On January 1, 1948 India lodged a complaint with U.N.

Security Council and on January 5, 1949 Ceasefire line was accepted by both the countries. In September 1965, Pakistan forces attacked India. Indian forces gave them a crushing defeat. A U.N. Security Council resolution adopted on Sept. 20, 1965 called upon India and Pakistan for a ceasefire. Pakistan attacked India again on 3rd Dec. 1971 and after War Shimla Agreement took place between the two countries. On 5-6 August 2019, Article 370 was abrogated from Indian Constitution, and nowadays India is stand is that P.O.K. will be the centre point of India-Pakistan dialogue.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Shimla Agreement.
Answer:
On 3rd December, 1971 Pakistan attacked India. India faced it bravely and defeated Pakistan very badly. One lakh Pak-Soldiers surrendered and General Niazi signed the document of surrender. But Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Gandhi, without exploiting the defeat of Pakistan, held a summit conference at Shimla in June, 1972 to discuss the problems of both the countries. Pak President Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Gandhi participated in this conference. The agreement was reached between Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Bhutto on 3rd July and it is known as Shimla Agreement. Important points of this agreement are given below:

• Both the countries are resolved to solve their conflicts and confrontations through bilateral peaceful talks.
• Both the countries would respect each other’s national unity, territorial integrity, political independence and sovereign equality.
• Both countries won’t use force against each other’s territorial integrity.

Question 3.
Write a short note on India-China border dispute.
Answer:
The relations between India and China are very ancient. Till 1962, the relations between the two countries were very cordial and friendly. China attacked both the Western and Eastern sectors of the Indian border on 20th Oct. 1962. China declared unilateral ceasefire on 2lst November 1962. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under China’s possession. On July 9, 1979 the External Affairs Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee said that the possibility of a satisfactory settlement with China is not seen unless China agreed to settle the boundary question.

During the last 25 years the leaders of both the countries have emphasised many times that better relations between the two countries are Very necessary in the cause of peace in Asia and the world. The need is to solve the boundary dispute. The relations between the two countries should be based on complete equality and mutual respect in the spirit of the U.N. Charter.

Question 4.
Explain relationship between India and China.
Answer:
In 1962, China attacked India and avenged India’s friendly attitude. Again in 1965, China adopted hostile attitude during Indo-Pak War. But India again in 1966 during Indira era tried to resolve Indo-China boundary dispute. However in 1976 Indo-China relations slightly improved. In 1976, Mr. K.R. Narayanan and in 1978 and 1979, Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited China as Ambassadors of peace and friendship. In 1988, Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China started a new era in Indo-China relations and the diplomatic visits made by both the countries further improved the relations of the two countries. During these years of Indo¬China relations the levels of mutual trust between the two countries have been increased.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1
Discuss India’s policy towards her neighbour countries.
Answer:
India’s policy towards her neighbour is based on the principles of Panchsheel. India respects the sovereignty and territoral integrity of neighbouring states. India is always ready to have friendly relations with neighbouring states. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but also with other countries of the world.

Question 2.
Shimla Samjhauta (Agreement) was signed when and between which two countries?
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed in 1972 between India and Pakistan.

Question 3.
List any two areas of conflict between India and Pakistan.
Answer:

• Pakistan considers Kashmir a disupted area whereas India considers Kashmir a part of India.
• Pakistan is helping the terrorists of Kashmir with arms and other materials. Even training is given to terrorists on Pakistan’s soil.

Question 4.
Write down two features responsible for tension between India and China Relations.
Answer:

• Major disputes are regarding the border issue and the demarcation of the 4,200 km long border at the foot of the Himalayas.
• Chinese aggression on Indian border on October 20, 1962 and the continuing violations of Indian border.

Question 5.
Mention .any one area each of Co-operation and Disagreement between India and Bangladesh.
Answer:

• Area of Co-operation. Bus service, Train service and Commerce and Trade between the two countries.
• Area of Disagreement. Chakma Refugees is an area of disagreement between the two countries.

Question 6.
Name two countries which attacked India.
Answer:

1. Pakistan
2. China.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the names of two countries which are neighbours of India.
Answer:
Pakistan and Nepal.

Question 2.
Write one cause of tension between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
An important cause for strained relations between India and Pakistan is the issue of cross border Terrorism by Pakistan.

Question 3.
What is the importance of the treaty between India and Nepal formalised in February, 1996?
Answer:
In February, 1996, India and Nepal signed an important treaty for the harmonious development of Mahakali Valley. It paved way for development.

Question 4.
Mention any one important point of the treaty signed between India and China in November, 1996.
Answer:
According to this Agreement, both the countries will not commit any aggression on each other. Both the countries will reduce their military power on the actual line of control. They will also stop military exercises.

Question 5.
In which year China attacked India?
Answer:
China attacked India in 1962.

Question 6.
When was Bangladesh established?
Answer:
Bangladesh was established in 1971.

Question 7.
Between which two countries Tashkent Pact took place?
Answer:
India and Pakistan.

Question 8.
What is the future of Indo-Pak Relations?
Answer:
The future of Indo-Pak relations is not good.

Question 9.
In which year Mac Mahan line boundry line was determined between India and China?
Answer:
In 1914 Mac Mahan line was determined.

Question 10.
Who proposed partition of Kashmir?
Answer:
M.C. Naughton.

Question 11.
In which year Shimla Agreement took place?
Or
When Shimla Agreement took place?
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed on 3rd July, 1972.

Question 12.
Who signed Shimla Agreement?
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed by Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Z.A. Bhutto.

Question 13.
Write one major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
Kashmir is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan.

Question 14.
Mention one basic principle of India’s foreign policy.
Answer:
The most important basic principle of India’s foreign policy is Non-alignment.

Question 15.
When was ‘Panchsheel Agreement’ signed between India and China?
Answer:
In 1954.

Question 16.
Write one provision of Shimla Agreement.
Answer:
Both the countries had resolved to solve their conflicts and confrontations through bilateral peaceful talks.

Question 17.
Write one major point of dispute with China.
Answer:
Major dispute is border dispute. Main issue is demarcation of the 4200 km. long border at the foot of Himalayas.

Question 18.
When was Pakistan established?
Answer:
Pakistan was established on 14 August, 1947.

Question 19.
Which two countries signed Shimla Agreement.
Or
‘Shimla Pact’ took place between which two countries?
Answer:
India and Pakistan.

Fill In The Blanks

1. People’s Republic of China was established in ……………. .
Answer:
1949

2. Farakka Treaty was signed between India and ……………. .
Answer:
Bangladesh

3. India became an independent state on ……………. .
Answer:
August 15, 1947

4. Shimla Agreement was signed on ……………. .
Answer:
3rd July, 1972.

True Or False Statement

1. In 1924 Mac Mahan line was determined.
Answer:
False

2. Bangladesh was established in 1965.
Answer:
False

3. China attacked India in 1962.
Answer:
True

4. Shimla agreement was signed by Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Bhutto.
Answer:
True

5. India and Pakistan signed Farakka Treaty.
Answer:
False

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Bangladesh was established in:
(a) 1965
(b) 1971
(c) 1972
(d) 1990
Answer:
(b) 1971

Question 2.
When India and Pakistan became independent states?
(a) 26 Jan. 1950
(b) 15 August 1947
(c) 26 Jan. 1947
(d) 14 August 1947.
Answer:
(b) 15 August 1947

Question 3.
Which countries entered into Free Trade Agreement in Dec. 1998?
(a) India and Sri Lanka
(b) Pakistan and Bangladesh
(c) India and Pakistan
(d) India and China.
Answer:
(a) India and Sri Lanka

Question 4.
Mac Mahan Rekha (Line) demarcates the Border between which two countries?
(a) India-Pakistan
(b) India-China
(c) India-America
(d) Pakistan-China.
Answer:
(b) India-China

Question 5.
In which year India sent peace-keeping force in Sri Lanka?
(a) 1985
(b) 1989
(c) 1991
(d) 1987.
Answer:
(d) 1987.

Question 6.
Shimla Agreement was signed on:
(a) 3rd July 1972
(b) 3rd July 1971
(c) 3rd July 1966
(d) 3rd July 1975.
Answer:
(a) 3rd July 1972

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Source Based Questions

Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Question 1.
The tribal population in India as per the 2011 Census constitutes 68% of the country’s total population. The state with the highest population of tribal is Mizoram; the state with the lowest population of tribes is Goa. The Union Territory (U.T.) with the highest population of tribals is Lakshadweep and the U.T. with the lowest population of tribals in Andaman and Nicobar Island. The largest tribal community in India is the Santhals, who are found mainly in West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Orissa.

1. In which Indian region, tribals reside the most?
2. Which different names are given to tribes?
3. What is a tribe?

Answer:

1. Although the tribal population lives more in Central India if we look into their population percentage, their percentage in population is more in the north-eastern region of India.
2. Tribals are called by different names in different regions such as Adivasi, Vanvasi, Tribe, Pahari, Scheduled tribe etc.
3. A tribe is a group of people that lives very much away from our civilisation such as forests, mountains or valleys whose members are blood relatives, which is endogamous and which is different from other tribes on the basis of language, religion and other features.

Question 2.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Deforestation is one of the major causes of environmental degradation. It implies the cutting down of trees. Besides, the expansion of cropped areas and pastures are also the major sources of deforestation. During earlier times, the tribals were able to survive because of the availability of forest and natural resources. They were totally dependent on forests for their livelihood. But due to industrialisation, urbanisation, agriculture, commercial logging, increase in population, fuel-wood collection, etc. the deforestation has increased and affected the tribal’s livelihood directly and indirectly. The loss of forest covers also influences the climate and contributes to loss of the biodiversity.

1. What is meant by deforestation?
2. What are the reasons for deforestation?
3. What is the impact of deforestation on tribal life?

Answer:

1. When naturally grown trees are cut down due to different reasons, it is known as deforestation.
2. ⇒ Forests are cut down to increase agricultural and pastoral areas.
   ⇒ The land is needed to make dams and to make houses for an increasing population which comes by cutting forests.
   ⇒ We need wood to make furniture and food and that’s why forests are cleared.
3. ⇒ It reduces the habitat for the tribal people.
   ⇒ Tribals get a lot many things from forests and now they can’t get all these things.
   ⇒ Tribal economy is mainly dependent upon forests. Deforestation completely destroys the tribal economy.

Question 3.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

The term ‘rural’ is the opposite of ‘urban’. The term ‘rural society’ is used almost interchangeably with the term Village’. As per census 2011, out of 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crore population lives in the rural areas. The rural community has a long history of its own. It is a group of about 5000 people depending on agriculture and allied occupations, permanently residing in a particular geographic area and participating in common socio-economic and cultural activities.

1. Give the meaning to the word ‘Village’.
2. Give three features of a village.
3. Give three differences between a village and a town.

Answer:

1. A village is a geographical area that is close to the natural environment, whose most of the population is engaged in agricultural-related occupations and which is different from urban areas due to its distinct features.
2. ⇒Rural people have direct and primary relations.
   ⇒ Most of the rural population is engaged in agriculture or related occupations.
   ⇒ Villages are small in size and that’s why they have social uniformity.
3. ⇒ Villages are small in size but towns are large in size.
   ⇒ Rural people have direct and primary relations with each other but urban people have indirect and secondary relations.
   ⇒ Most of the rural population is directly or indirectly engaged in agriculture or related occupations but more than 75% urban population is engaged in industrial work or non-agricultural occupations.

Question 4.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

One of the major problems of rural society is indebtedness. The reasons for the chronic indebtedness are poverty and a deficit economy. This problem is not related to just one individual but is passed on from one generation to the next generation. Taking debt for the purpose of agricultural production is indeed necessary as it contributes to production. However, the rural people incur debts for non-productive purposes such as, to meet the family needs, to perform social functions (related to marriage; birth and death), litigation, etc. Since money borrowed does not contribute to production but rather to consumption, it drags the rural people into indebtedness. Thus, it becomes impossible to repay these loans and the rural population becomes. an easy victim of exploitation by greedy moneylenders and middlemen who take advantage of the situation and earn money at a very high rate of interest. As a result, the moneylenders snatch whatever little property these people have, such as, house or land, etc. This system is prevalent in most parts of our country.

1. What is meant by Indebtedness?
2. Give reasons for indebtedness.
3. Give three effects of indebtedness.

Answer:

1. When an individual takes some loan from another individual, money lender, or bank and is unable to pay it back on time, it is called indebtedness.
2. People take loans due to many factors such as to fulfill family needs, to solve legal problems, to do agriculture, to do marriage or to complete death ceremony, etc.
3. ⇒ Due to indebtedness, an individual is exploited by the moneylenders.
   ⇒ His land and house are captured by a moneylender and he becomes homeless.
   ⇒ All his means of living and livelihood are taken away by the moneylender and occasionally rural people commit suicide.

Question 5.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Urbanism is an important element of the urban society which separates the identity or personality of the people from rural society and tribal society. It represents a way of living. It also denotes the diffusion of urban culture and the evolution of urban society. It reflects an organization of society in terms of complex division of labor, high level of technology, high mobility, the interdependence of its members in fulfilling economic functions, and impersonality in social relations. Louis Wirth has mentioned four characteristics of urbanism: Transiency, Superficiality; Ahbrtymity and Individualism.

1. What is meant by urbanization?
2. Give three elements of urbanization.
3. Which four features of urbanism are given by Louis Wirth?

Answer:

1. When rural people start to migrate to urban areas to settle there or to find occupation, it is called urbanization.
2. Following are the elements of urbanization:
   ⇒ Population of more than 5000.
   ⇒ The density of population is up to 400 persons per square kilometer.
   ⇒ 75% population is engaged in agriculture or related occupations. Transiency Superficiality Anonymity Individualism.

Question 6.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

The growth of population in cities is so fast that it has become impossible to provide adequate residential accommodation to all. Hence, the housing problem or what is known as ‘ho, uselessness’ has become one of the serious problems of the urban setting. The pressure on space in cities is so tremendous that large numbers of people are forced to live on roads, buts ‘stands, railway stations and in poorly equipped houses. It is said that around half of the city population in India is either ill-housed or has to pay more than twenty per cent of their income on rent. Megacities like Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, and Chennai are suffering from acute housing problems. ”

1. Why is the urban population increasing?
2. What are the demerits of the increasing urban population?
3. Is the increasing urban population a major problem?

Answer:

1. There is a conception among rural people about more facilities in urban areas and the availability of more occupations that’s why rural people are moving towards urban areas. That’s why the urban population is continually increasing.
2. ⇒ There is a lack of living space in urban areas.
   ⇒ Lot many people are forced to live under the open sky or in slums.
   ⇒ 20% of people’s earning is spent on paying rent which reduces their savings.

It is true that the increasing urban population is becoming a major problem. People migrate to urban areas in search of occupations and more facilities ‘ and when they are unable to get the things, they become mentally sick. That’s why crimes are increasing in urban areas which itself is becoming a major problem.

Question 7.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:
transformed into the same group activity with the help of some organ or instrument. A political party is one such organ. Hence, Vladimir Lenin added the idea of a party in Marxism to prepare the workers for class struggle.

1. Who was Karl Marx?
2. What is meant by class consciousness?
3. Explain in brief Karl Marx’s concept of class struggle.

Answer:

1. Karl Marx was a German philosopher who gave a great contribution to the development of Sociology. His concepts became the basis of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and paved the way for the making of laborers’ government in Russia.
2. When a group becomes conscious about its existence, features, etc., and starts to consider itself separate from other groups, it is called class consciousness. According to Marx, class consciousness leads to class identification and class solidarity.
3. According to Marx, there are two groups in society-Capitalist and Labourer class. There exist a struggle between both groups. Capitalist always exploits the laborers with the help of their money. He wants to get more work from labourers by paying less money and labourer wants to get more money by doing less work. This leads to a struggle between the both which is known as class struggle.

Question 8.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

In rural India th£ big landlords, the absentee landlords, the upper and middle peasantry and the capitalist farmers basically belong to upper and middle castes. And low peasantry, marginal farmers and landless agriculturists belong to lower castes. The class of moneylenders in rural India is basically composed of castes related to Vaishya-Varna. At the same time it is also a reality that because of protective discrimination (e.g. reservations), new opportunity structures based on industries and education and spatial mobility, some sections of lower castes have entered into the sphere of middle and upper classes. However, class status can be altered since it is usually achieved but caste status can never be changed due to its ascriptive nature.

1. Which classes are available in rural areas?
2. Which reasons gave chances to different groups to do progress in society?
3. Is it possible to change status in class?

Answer:

1. In rural India, big landlords, upper and middle-class peasants, big capitalist farmers, and landless laborers live and they are divided into the upper class, middle class, and lower class according to their landholding.
2. Although many facilities are available in society in the present age and one can do progress with his hard work but many groups are provided with reservations and other protective measures with which they can progress in society.
3. Yes, status can be changed in the class system. If an individual has the ability, he can do hard work and earn more money or can get any higher post. It increases his status in society.

Question 9.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Gender relations as we have already discussed refer to men-women relations on the basis of ideological, cultural, political and economic issues. In gender relations, we examine gender subordination. Issues relating to women empowerment and exploitative trends about women are found differently in different societies. In gender relations, it becomes important to talk about the institution of marriage, family, pre-marital, marital, and extramarital relations, the issues of homosexuality, issues related to transgenders, the nature of intimate relations as human sexuality, etc. It is generally accepted that men and women are naturally different because of physiological distinctiveness. But such biological or physiological differences with the support structure of society and culture are converted into social differences. Anthropological and historical evidence has proved that cultural revivalism establishes and re-establishes these differences in relation to vital roles of social interaction.

1. What is meant by Gender Relations?
2. Differentiate between Sex and Gender.
3. How does gender difference become social difference?

Answer:

1. Gender relations tell us about men-women relations on the basis of cultural, ideological, economic, and political issues.
2. Sex differences are understood as biological whereas gender differences refer to that behavior and attitudes which are constructed through social practices.
3.  It is believed that males and females have different natures due to their natural and physical differences but biological and physical differences get converted into social differences with the help of society and culture. Physical differences establish social differences in social interactions.

Question 10.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

In order to understand the socio-cultural changes, one needs to comprehend the meaning of Westernisation. According to M.N. Srinivas, westernization refers to “the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels – technology institutions, ideology, values”. It can therefore be said that the growth of westernization can be traced from the period of the British Raj. No doubt colonial rule lead to exploitation and suppression of the masses. But at the same time, it had also brought a few radical changes in the society and culture of India.

1. Who gave the concept of Westernisation?
2. What is meant by Westernisation?
3. What were the reasons for Westernisation?

Answer:

1. The concept of Westernisation was given by a famous Indian Sociologist M.N. Srinivas.
2. According to Srinivas, “Westernisation refers to the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels technology, institutions, ideology, values”.
3. The British brought many changes to Indian society. They established an army, police, and court system where people of different castes started working together. They also established railways, post and telegraph systems, roads, rivers, etc. They also brought a printing press and established factories in India. People started imitating the British living style which increased the process of westernization a great deal.

Question 11.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Reference group means a group to which we compare ourselves. That group becomes the benchmark according to which one starts changing its opinion, behavior, attitude, and beliefs. For example, Ram is a below-average student in a class. He got inspired by the group of intelligent students in his class and decided to improve himself. There onwards he starts observing their peculiar traits, behavior, and orients himself making them his reference group. He become punctual, disciplined, and improved in his studies. In our day-to-day life, we rely on many reference groups. It may be family, peer group, actor etc.

1. Who gave the concept of Reference Group?
2. What is meant by Reference Group?
3. Does every person have a reference group? If yes then why?

Answer:

1. The concept of Reference Group was given by Herbert Hyman in 1942.
2. Reference group means a group to which we compare ourselves. That group becomes an ideal group according to which one starts to change his opinion, behaviour, attitude and beliefs.
3. Yes, every individual has an ideal group or reference group. Actually, it is human nature that everyone wants to do progress and we start to follow any individual or group. We try to imitate the values, ideas of that group and then it becomes a reference group for us.

Question 12.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Sanskritisation is a broader term and it can include in itself the narrower process of Brahminisation. For instance, Brahmins are vegetarians and teetotallers by and large. But some of them like Kashmiris, Bengali, Brahmins etc. eat non-vegetarian food, as well. If the term Brahminisation had been used, it would have become essential to specify which particular Brahmin group was being discussed Moreover, it has also been asserted by Srinivas that the reference groups of Sanskritisation are not always Brahmins.

The process of imitation need not necessarily be oriented on the model of Brahmins. He has given the example of low castes of Mysore who adopted the way of life of lingayats who are not Brahmins but who claim equality with Brahmins. The lower caste has made not only Brahmins their reference group but also tend to imitate the way of life of Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Jats, etc. in different parts of the country. Hence, Sanskritisation means not only adaptation of new customs and habits, but also exposure to new ideas, values, and behavior patterns of the upper caste.

1. Who gave the concept of Sanskritisation?
2. What is meant by Sanskritisation?
3. Which castes became ideal castes to be imitated in Sanskritisation?

Answer:

1. M.N. Srinivas gave the concept of Sanskritisation.
2. When lower castes start to imitate the living styles, habits, values, etc. of any upper caste or nearby caste, it is called Sanskritisation. It means not only adaptation of new customs and habits, but also exposure to new ideas, values, and behavior patterns of the upper caste.
3. In the process of Sanskritisation, lower castes started adopting customs, habits, values of upper castes or nearby castes and in the process, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas became model castes or ideal castes.

Question 13.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Class-based movements include both worker’s movements as well as peasant movements. The main demand of workers as well as of peasants was freedom from economic exploitation. The trade union movement in India illustrates a study of the working class, their demands, the response of their owners, and measures taken up by the government. With the growth of cotton mills, jute mills, and the tea industry in India the poor Indian masses got employment in these factories as workers. Low wages, long working hours, unhygienic conditions, exploitation at the hands of native and foreign capitalists made their conditions miserable.

A number of Factory Acts came at various points of time but they too, could not improve the plight of the working-class people. Further, peasants were also exploited economically. Well, known peasant revolts were the Bengal revolt against the indigo plantation system and the peasant movement in Punjab.

1. What is meant by class-based movement?
2. Why were class-based movements started in Indian industries?
3. Give examples of class-based movements.

Answer:

1. When a movement is started by keeping in mind the demands of a particular class, it is known as a class-based movement.
2. The condition of laborers in the Indian industries was miserable. They were paid fewer wages, had more working hours, and were exploited by the local and foreign industrialists. That’s why workers movements were started in the Indian industries.
3. In class-based movements, we can include the movement of Trade Union Organisation, Peasant movement, etc. but the Peasantry Movement of Punjab, the Workers Movement of Mumbai textile mills, and Indigo Plantation of Bengal are very important.

Question 14.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Drug addiction is a problem that has been increasing immensely in our society today. Young people are more vulnerable to drug abuse because of poor self-esteem, low achievement at school, family history, and peer pressure. On the other hand, sometimes they feel that they are too bright, too powerful and are too much in control to become addictive and hence get into the habit of taking drugs. Thus, addiction can trap anyone. It can lead to harming one’s health, causing problems in family structure, and contributing to delinquency in society. The persons who get addicted often lose interest in other activities of their life. As a result, they are not able to take care of their responsibilities and may become a liability for their families as well as their society.

1. What is meant by drug addiction?
2. Why do people consume drugs?
3. What is the result of drug addiction?

Answer:

1. When an individual becomes so addicted to using liquor, opium, or any other drug that he can’t live without it, this is known as drug addiction.
2. Many people consume drugs for fun sake, many consume them to reduce stress, many people use them due to any pressure, etc. Gradually, they become so addicted to the drug that it becomes impossible for them to live without it and become victims of a trap.
3. ⇒ It is having a bad impact on their health as they are unable to do anything.
   ⇒ All of his economic resources get exhausted and economically, he becomes quite weak.
   ⇒ It is having a direct impact on social progress.

Question 15.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

During the course of old age, metabolism processes slow down. People become weak both physically and mentally. They are more prone to sickness, diseases, syndromes, etc. The immunity of a person diminishes. Older people are most vulnerable to non-communicable diseases. Declining health due to increasing age is complicated by the non-availability of good quality age-sensitive health care for a large proportion of older persons. In addition to this, lack of information and knowledge in combination with high costs of disease management puts old-age care beyond the reach of older persons, especially those who are poor and disadvantaged.

1. Who is an old-age person?
2. Which three problems are faced by an old-age person?
3. How can we remove the problems of an old-age person?

Answer:

1. Anyone who is retired from his Job or is above the age of 60 years is known as an old age person.
2. ⇒ He is suffered from many diseases such as sugar, high blood pressure, etc.
   ⇒ After retirement, his income gets exhausted and now he becomes dependent upon his children to meet his daily needs.
   ⇒ His physical ability to fight diseases becomes so low. He is unable to clearly listen or see things.
3. ⇒ Laws must be strictly implemented so that no one could harass them.
   ⇒ Government must provide excellent and free medical facilities to the elders.
   ⇒ Government must provide them good old age pension to reduce their financial dependency on children.

Question 16.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

There are more than one billion people in the world who live with one or the other form of disability. Many of us have people with disabilities as friends or family, who have difficulties in day-to-day life. People with disabilities are subject to multiple deprivations with limited access to basic services, including education, employment, rehabilitation facilities, etc. Additionally, widespread social stigma plays a major role in hindering their normal social and economic life.

The term disability carries with it a connotation of a lack or deficiency whether mental, physical, or sensory. It has been defined primarily in terms of medical deficit. Moreover, the word disability is itself not a homogenous category as it includes different kinds of bodily variations, physical impairments, sensory deficits, and mental or learning inadequacies which may be either congenital or acquired.

1. What is meant by disability?
2. Which problems are faced by disabled people?
3. Give types of disability.

Answer:

1. The term disability carries with it a connotation of a lack or deficiency whether mental, physical, or sensory. It is primarily defined in terms of medical deficit.
2. ⇒ Disable people are unable to get a proper education.
   ⇒ Their chances of getting jobs become quite limited.
   ⇒ They cannot do any work fast the way which a normal person can do.
   ⇒ It becomes an obstacle to their economic growth.
3. Disability is of many types such as:
   ⇒ Locomotor Disability
   ⇒ Visual Disability
   ⇒ Hearing Disability
   ⇒ Mental Disability
   ⇒ Speech Disability.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on establishment (formation) of SAARC and discuss its objectives.
Or
Describe background and efforts made for the establishment of South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC).
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by the late Zia-Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March, 1980, was given concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation) in August, 1983. On August 1, 1983, foreign ministers of seven countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) met at New Delhi and approved programme of economic co-operation. They decided on an integrated programme of action for regional co-operation. Thus, the seven South Asian countries formally established the SAARC in 1985.
In its 14th Summit which was held at New Delhi on April 3-4-2007, Afghanistan becomes the 8th member of SAARC.

Background And Efforts Made for the Establishment of SAARC:
1. Working Paper on SAARC:
Before the formal launching of SAARC, useful and productive ground work was done by several meetings of the seven South Asian states. The working paper was prepared by Bangladesh’s former President Mr. Zia-Ur-Rehman. He stressed the need of setting up an organisation to promote regional co-operation.

2. Colombo Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of South Asian States (1981):
At this meeting the foreign ministers of South Asian countries- India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka and Maldives, acknowledged the importance of regional co-operation. The meeting agreed to explore the possibilities of co-operation in five spheres i.e. agriculture, rural development, communication, weather and health and population activities.

3. Foreign Secretaries. Meeting in Kathmandu (1981):
At this meeting the recommendations of the seven nation study group and the report of the coordination committee of the whole was accepted. It also decided to explore the possibilities of Transport, Postal Service and Scientific and Technological cooperation.

4. Islamabad Meeting of Foreign Secretaries (1982):
This meeting approved the recommendations of the study group set up in Kathmandu and decided to constitute new study groups on sports, arts and culture.

5. Dhaka Meeting (1983):
This meeting evaluated the mutual co-operation in different fields and recommended the adoption of integrated programme of action by the foreign ministers. It also decided to set up a standing committee.

6. New Delhi Meeting of Foreign Ministers (1983):
In this meeting the foreign ministers signed the declaration of South Asian regional cooperation. The declaration listed the following objectives of South Asian Regional Co-operation.

• to promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to raise their standard of living,
• to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region;
• to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries,
• to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems;
• to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields;
• to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and
• to co-operate with international and regional organisations with similar aims and objectives.

The declaration also stated that SAARC is based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non¬interference in the international affairs of other states and mutual benefits. The heads of state or government meet annually. It also decided to set up different committees.

7. New Delhi Meeting (1984):
This meeting gave a call for developing friendly relations among the countries of this region, along with co-operation in socio-economic and cultural field.

8. Standing Committee Meeting in Male in Feb. 1985:
This meeting recommended the establishment of a ministry council of South Asian countries through which the common will of mutual co-operation could be given institutional form. Thus, after so much hard work, studies and meeting SAARC was formally inaugurated in Dec. 1985.

Objectives and Principles of SAARC:
The South Asian Association of Regional Co-operation was formally inaugurated in Dec. 1985. The SAARC is an organisation of Eight countries of South Asia:Bhutan, India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC was established primarily for co-operation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics and terrorism.

Objectives of SAARC:
The objectives of the association are : 1. to promote the welfare of the people of South : 2. to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region; 3. to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries. 4. to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems; 5. to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields; 6. to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and 7. to co-operate with international and regional organisations.

Principles of SAARC:

1. SAARC is based on the principles of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and mutual benefits.
2. Decisions at all levels are taken on the basis of unanimity. But bilateral and contentious issues will be excluded from the deliberations.
3. SAARC is not a political organisation but is formed to accelerate development through mutual co-operation.
4. The members of SAARC would not act as obstruction in having relations with the individual countries of SAARC and with other countries.

Question 2.
What important activities SAARC has taken up during its existence? What has been India’s role in them?
Answer:
SAARC is active since 1985. It has taken up many activities as a regional co-operation association. It’s activities are as follows :
First SAARC Summit:
The leaders of seven South Asian countries Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and India, concluded on Dec. 8, 1985. at Dhaka their first ever regional summit. The Summit Conference adopted a Charter of this regional body to be known as South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. This marked a major development in co-operation among the countries of the region. It will also help in the maintenance of peace and stability in the area.

Second Summit of SAARC:
The second summit of SAARC was held at Bangalore on Nov. 16-17, 1986 under the Chairmanship of Sh. Rajiv Gandhi. It decided to evolve a joint policy to fight terrorism in South Asia, to set up technical committees on women’s participation in development, drug abuse and drug trafficking.

Third Summit of SAARC:
The third summit of SAARC was held at Kathmandu (Nepal) in Nov. 1987, where agreements were reached on terrorism and established a SAARC Reserved Food Grain Stock. The Reserved Food Grain Stock, launched at the summit, will begin with a stock of 200,000 tonnes of wheat and rice. The summit also decided to commission a comprehensive study of the region’s environment and the necessary measures for its protection and preservation.

Fourth SAARC Summit:
The fourth annual summit of SAARC ended in Islamabad on December 31, 1988. The summit pledged to stamp out terrorism and meet the basic needs of the people through a regional plan ‘SAARC 2000’ with specific targets.

Fifth SAARC Summit 1990:
Fifth SAARC summit was held in Male, the capital of Maldives, in November, 1990. The summit decided to enlarge visa-free travel facilities beyond the present categories of members of Parliament and Supreme Court Judges.

Ninth Session of SAARC Council of Ministers, 1991. On July 4, 1991 the Ninth Session of the SAARC Council of Ministers agreed on taking co-ordinated action to combat the menace of terrorism which they said threatened to destabilize the region. On the economic front, the SAARC Council-also approved to institutionalise co-operation in tourism and trade manufacture and service.

Sixth SAARC Summit 1991:
Sixth SAARC summit was held in Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka, on Dec. 21, 1991. The seven SAARC nations have agreed to liberalise trade and called for greater co-operation and interaction among the member states to combat terrorism in the region. India has done well by proposing a collective economic security system for the region.

Seventh SAARC Summit 1993:
Seventh SAARC summit was held at Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, on April, 1993. The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation entered a new phase of economic co-operation as the seventh summit approved the 63 point Dhaka declaration and endorsing the South Asia Preferential trade agreement seeking to reduce trade barriers in the region.

Eighth SAARC Summit 1995:
Eighth SAARC summit was held in New Delhi on 2nd May, 1995. All the members of SAARC countries agreed to liberalise trade and called for greater co-operation. Delhi declaration of the eighth SAARC summit called for an international convention prohibiting the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons under any circumstances and strongly deploring acts of terrorism spreading in and outside the region. The declaration called for the production of organised tourism in a big way in the SAARC region. Another significance of this Summit was agreement on South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA).

Ninth SAARC Summit 1997:
Ninth SAARC summit was held at Male, the capital of Maldives on 11th May, 1997. Leaders of seven South Asian nations accepted India’s proposal to transform the region into a free trade area by 2001. SAARC countries agreed for the removal of all trade barriers and structural impediments by advancing the deadline by four years from the earlier agreed goal of SAFTA by 2005.

Tenth SAARC Summit 1998:
Tenth SAARC summit was held at Colombo on 29th July, 1998. Despite its failings and shortcomings, SAARC has taken several bold steps including establishing a framework for SAPTA (South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement) and SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area). India made a fine gesture that it would remove import restrictions on over two thousand products to facilitate intra-regional trade. With the solitary exception of Pakistan, all other member-countries of SAARC also agreed on the need to hasten the process by two years to realise SAFTA by 2001.

Eleventh SAARC Summit, 2002:
The Eleventh SAARC summit was held at Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal on 5th Jan. 2002 under tenscious shadow of Indo- Pak relations. The 11th SAARC Summit decided for the urgent conclusion of comprehensive convention on combating International terrorism and conducting international cooperation in ending this scourge in conformity with the U.N. Charter. The Summit recognised the importance of creating a free trade area. The declaration called for coordination among the SAARC member states on all World Trade Organisation issues.

Twelfth SAARC Summit (2004):
The 12th SAARC Summit was held at Islamabad; the capital of Pakistan in January 2004. During this summit firstly, SAFTA was approved and it will take effect from January, 2006. Secondly, all the SAARC nations signed its ‘Social Charter’. Thirdly, it was decided to start a ‘SAARC Award’ to respect and encourage the contribution of individual in the spheres of peace, poverty alleviation, social welfare etc. Fourthly, the SAARC nations signed a protocol on the prevention of terrorism.

Thirteenth SAARC Summit (2005):
The 13th SAARC summit was held at Dhaka on November 12, 2005. Summit decided a united fight against terrorism afflicting the region.

Fourteenth SAARC Summit:
The Fourteenth SAARC Summit was held at New Delhi on April 3-4, 2007. All the eight members were present. Afghanistan is the latest addition in the SAARC and because of this addition the total members of the SAARC are eight now. SAARC Summit adopted a 30-point declaration with commitment to ensure market access by all SAARC member countries and also collectively combat poverty, diseases, disaster and terrorism. All the eight members of the SAARC were unanimous for taking strict steps to curb terrorism in the Universe. Two agreements on establishing South Asian University and SAARC Food Bank were signed in the concluding session of the 14th SAARC Summit in New Delhi.

Fifteenth SAARC SUMMIT:
The Fifteenth SAARC Summit was held in Colombo, SRI LANKA on August, 2-3, 2008. The Summit concluded with the leaders expressing serious concern over the threat posed by terrorism to the peace, stability and security of the region and emphasizing the need for strongest possible co-operation in fighting terror and transnational organised crime. The Summit adopted the Colombo Declaration titled ‘Partnership for the growth of our people’ at the concluding session on August 3. The declaration stressed the importance of completing all legislative and other relevant measures to implement within the member states the provisions of the Regional Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances.

Sixteenth SAARC Summit:
The Sixteenth SAARC Summit was held in Thimpu, Bhutan on April 28-29, 2010. The Summit concluded with the leaders express serious concerns over terrorism. SAARC leaders also decided to celebrated the decade of 2011-2020 as a ‘Decade of Intraregional Connectivity in SAARC’.

17th SAARC Summit (2011):
The 17th SAARC Summit was held in Addu (Maidive) on Nov. 10-11, 2011. The Addu declaration said that the leaders agreed upon the theme of ‘Building Bridges.’ The leaders committed to work towards a huge boost in intra SAARC trade, improving air, rail, motor and water transport connectivity between member countries and putting their heads together to solve common development concerns.

18th SAARC Summit-2014:
The 18th SAARC Summit was held in 2014 in Nepal. It concluded adopting a 36-point declaration with commitment to control Terrorism and Religious Fundamentalism.

India’s Role in SAARC :
India has been playing a vital role in the activities of SAARC. To make this organisation a success India has made constructive contributions. Its contributions in the founding and functioning of the organisation are significant and these are as follow:

1. India played a leading role in the formation of SAARC. With India’s effort SAARC was constituted in 1985 with a view to promote co-operation in the neighbouring countries.
2. The second SAARC Summit was held in Bangalore in 1986 under the chairmanship of Late Prime Minister Sh. Rajiv Gandhi.
3. India announced a grant of Rs. 150 lacs to SAARC for the year 1987-88.
4. In 1988, India offered 1,53,200 tonnes of foodgrains to create a reserved foodgrains stock for SAARC nations.
5. India announced a contribution of Rs. 2 crores for SAARC activities for the year 1989-90.
6. Industrial Development Bank of India hosted a meeting of national development institutions of the member countries in October 1991.
7. In Dec. 1991, during the Sixth SAARC Summit India proposed a collective economic security system for the region.
8. India hosted the first cultural festival of SAARC countries in October, 1992.
9. India also ratified SAARC convention on Narcotic Drugs.
10. The Eighth SAARC Summit was held in New Delhi on 4 May, 1995.
11. The first SAARC Trade fair was also held in New Delhi from 9th to 14th January, 1996.
12. India has removed all Quantitative Restrictions from SAARC countries from August 1, 1998.
13. To boost the trade within the region India has placed over 2000 products from the Restricted List to Open General List.
14. Under SAPTA India offered duty concessions to SAARC nations on 160 items.
15. India has offered to conclude bilateral free trade agreements with those SAARC nations who are willing to move faster.
16. India has already free trade agreements with Nepal and Bhutan.
17. India has given financial aid to SAARC nations on a large scale particularly to Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.
18. In 12th SAARC Summit India pledged a contribution of Rs. 21.5 million for conferences to give concrete shape to freeing the SAARC region from hunger and giving an added impetus to the SAARC food bank.
19. In the 13th SAARC Summit India offered concrete proposals to strengthen, including the facility of daily air services by designated airlines on a reciprocal basis, provision of transit facilities, setting up of a South Asian University and establishment of Regional Food Bank, SAARC High Economic Council and SAARC Museum of Textiles and Handicrafts.

Thus, India has played a constructive role in SAARC. It has always helped the member-states in time of need and emergency. India’s role in SAARC activities is a mark of India’s firm belief in SAARC and its policies.

Question 3.
Describe India’s role in SAARC.
Answer:
India has been playing a vital role in the activities of SAARC. To make this organisation a success India has made constructive contributions. Its contributions in the founding and functioning of the organisation are significant and these are as follow:

1. India played a leading role in the formation of SAARC. With India’s effort SAARC was constituted in 1985 with a view to promote co-operation in the neighbouring countries.
2. The second SAARC Summit was held in Bangalore in 1986 under the chairmanship of Late Prime Minister Sh. Rajiv Gandhi.
3. India announced a grant of Rs. 150 lacs to SAARC for the year 1987-88.
4. In 1988, India offered 1,53,200 tonnes of foodgrains to create a reserved foodgrains stock for SAARC nations.
5. India announced a contribution of Rs. 2 crores for SAARC activities for the year 1989-90.
6. Industrial Development Bank of India hosted a meeting of national development institutions of the member countries in October 1991.
7. In Dec. 1991, during the Sixth SAARC Summit India proposed a collective economic security system for the region.
8. India hosted the first cultural festival of SAARC countries in October, 1992.
9. India also ratified SAARC convention on Narcotic Drugs.
10. The Eighth SAARC Summit was held in New Delhi on 4 May, 1995.
11. The first SAARC Trade fair was also held in New Delhi from 9th to 14th January, 1996.
12. India has removed all Quantitative Restrictions from SAARC countries from August 1, 1998.
13. To boost the trade within the region India has placed over 2000 products from the Restricted List to Open General List.
14. Under SAPTA India offered duty concessions to SAARC nations on 160 items.
15. India has offered to conclude bilateral free trade agreements with those SAARC nations who are willing to move faster.
16. India has already free trade agreements with Nepal and Bhutan.
17. India has given financial aid to SAARC nations on a large scale particularly to Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.
18. In 12th SAARC Summit India pledged a contribution of Rs. 21.5 million for conferences to give concrete shape to freeing the SAARC region from hunger and giving an added impetus to the SAARC food bank.
19. In the 13th SAARC Summit India offered concrete proposals to strengthen, including the facility of daily air services by designated airlines on a reciprocal basis, provision of transit facilities, setting up of a South Asian University and establishment of Regional Food Bank, SAARC High Economic Council and SAARC Museum of Textiles and Handicrafts.

Thus, India has played a constructive role in SAARC. It has always helped the member-states in time of need and emergency. India’s role in SAARC activities is a mark of India’s firm belief in SAARC and its policies.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about SAARC? Write the names of its member countries.
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by late Zia- Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March 1980, was given a concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC. The leaders of seven South Asian countries India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives concluded on December 5, 1985 at Dhaka their first ever regional summit. The summit conference adopted a Charter of this regional body to be known as South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.

This marked a major development in co-operation among the countries of this region. The Indian Prime Minister in his inaugural address termed it as the beginning of a new dawn. The Dhaka Declaration stated that the Heads of State or Government shall meet annually. The SAARC Secretariat was set up at Kathmandu on 16 January, 1987. In its 14th summit which was held at New Delhi on April, 3-4-2007, Afghanistan became the 8th member of SAARC. The basic aim of the organisation as declared by Dhaka Declaration is “to make the full use of all the human and natural resources and to accelerate the economic and social development of the region.”

Question 2.
Write main objectives of SAARC.
Answer:
The objectives of the association are:

• to promote the welfare of the people of South
• to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region;
• to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries.
• to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems;
• to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields;
• to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and
• to co-operate with international and regional organisations.

Question 3.
WHhat are the main principles of SAARC? Write the names of its member countries.
Or
Write down the names of the member countries of SAARC.
Answer:
Principles of SAARC:

1. SAARC is based on the principles of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and mutual benefits.
2. Decisions at all levels are taken on the basis of unanimity. But bilateral and contentious issues will be excluded from the deliberations.
3. SAARC is not a political organisation but is formed to accelerate development through mutual co-operation.
4. The members of SAARC would not act as obstruction in having relations with the individual countries of SAARC and with other countries.

Names of the member countries of SAARC:

1. India
2. Pakistan
3. Bangladesh
4. Bhutan
5. Maldives
6. Sri Lanka
7. Nepal,
8. Afghanistan.

Question 4.
Write a short note on SAFTA.
Answer:
The aim of SAFTA is to establish a ‘South Asian Free Trade Area’ through mutual co-operation. A free trade area means that trading among the countries of the area is free from taxes and custom restrictions. During its establishment it was hoped that SAFTA will replace SAPTA before the start of 21st century. The Tenth SAARC Summit decided to set up a committee of experts to conclude on Treaty 2001 on SAFTA. In 12th SAARC Summit held on January, 2004 in Islamabad the SAARC nations have signed the treaty.

On December 29, 2005 the Union Cabinet of India cleared the implementation of South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement though the actual movement of commodities among Seven Nations started from July 1, 2006. SAFTA allows for a differential and progressively freer regions. India, in effect, will offer relatively unhindered access to its markets for Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal, the poorest SAARC members, while different ‘sensitive lists’ on goods and services would be prepared for Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Question 5.
Write down any four achievements of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:

• All the member countries of SAARC have come closer to one another and their mutual tension has been lessened.
• All the member countries are collectively working for their socio-economic development.
• SAARC has created “Food Stock Pool”. It has developed a sense of self-reliance and self-respect among SAARC nations.
• SAARC has accelerated development in the region.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about SAARC?
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by late Zia- Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March 1980, was given a concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC. The leaders of seven South Asian countries India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives concluded on December 5, 1985 at Dhaka their first ever regional summit.

Question 2.
Write the full name of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:
The full name of SAARC is South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

Question 3.
Write down the names of SAARC member countries.
Or
Write the names of any four countries of SAARC.
Answer:

1. India
2. Pakistan
3. Bangladesh
4. Bhutan
5. Maldives
6. Sri Lanka
7. Nepal,
8. Afghanistan.

Question 4.
Write a short note on SAFTA
Answer:
The aim of SAFTA is to establish a ‘South Asia Free Trade Area’ through mutual co-operation. A free trade area means that trading among the countries of the area is free from taxes and custom restrictions.

Question 5.
Write down any two achievements of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:

• All the member countries of SAARC have come closer to one another and their mutual tension has been lessened.
• All the member countries are collectively working for their socio-economic development.

Question 6.
Write any two problems of SAARC.
Answer:

• The first problem is Political lnstability in the SAARC Region.
• The second problem of SAARC is Terrorism.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by SAARC?
Or
What is the full form of SAARC?
Answer:
SAARC i.e. South Assian Association for Regional Cooperation is an organisation of eight countries of South Asia. It has been established with the objective of increasing mutual co-operation between these countries.

Question 2.
When was SAARC established?
Answer:
A Conference of the Foreign Ministers of seven countries was held on 1-2 August, 1983. They deliberated about the establishment of SAARC. It was formally founded in its first conference at Dhaka in Bangladesh in 1985.

Question 3.
What has been the impact of SAARC as a means of Regional Co-operation?
Answer:
Because of SAARC, the South Asian Countries have come closer to each other. It has been successful in settling some common problems in these countries.

Question 4.
Mention full form of SAARC and SAFTA
Answer:

• SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.
• SAFTA: South Asian Free Trade Area.

Question 5.
When and where was the 18th SAARC Conference held?
Answer:
The 18th SAARC Summit conference was held at Thimpu, the capital of Nepal on Nov. 2014.

Question 6.
Write down names of member countries of SAARC.
Answer:
SAARC includes countries such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bengladesh, Maldives and Afganistan.

Question 7.
When and in which conference, Afganistan was made a member country of SAARC?
Answer:
Afganistan was made a member of SAARC in the 14th Summit Conference held in India in April, 2007.

Question 8.
Where is the office of SAARC situated?
Answer:
The office of SAARC is in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

Question 9.
Write down any two countries in the north of India who have joined SAARC.
Answer:
In the north of India, Nepal and Bhutan are the member countries of SAARC.

Question 10.
Write down any two countries in the south of India who have joined SAARC.
Answer:
In the south of India, Sri Lanka and Maldives are the member countries of SAARC.

Question 11.
When was SAARC established?
Answer:
1985.

Question 12.
Write down any one name of the member country of SAARC.
Answer:
India.

Question 13.
How many conferences of SAARC have been held so far?
Answer:
There have been 18 Summit Conferences of SAARC so far.

Question 14.
Where was the 14th Summit Conference of SAARC held?
Answer:
In India.

Fill in The Blanks

1. The SAARC is an organisation of ………….. member states.
Answer:
Eight

2. ………….. is playing an important role in SAARC activities.
Answer:
India

3. First SAARC Summit was concluded on 8 Dec ………….. .
Answer:
1985

4. 17th SAARC Summit was held in ………….. .
Answer:
Maldives.

True Or False Statement

1. SAARC is a national organisation.
Answer:
False

2. SAARC is an Institution of South Asian countries.
Answer:
True

3. India is not a member of SAARC.
Answer:
False

4. Afghanistan becomes 8th member of SAARC.
Answer:

5. So far fifteen summits have concluded of SAARC.
Answer:
False.

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
SAARC was initiated by:
(a) Mr. Zia-ul-Rehman
(b) Mr. Zia-ul-Haq
(c) Mrs. Indira Gandhi
(d) Mr. Mujib-ur-Rehman
Answer:
(a) Mr. Zia-ul-Rehman

Question 2.
SAARC is a/an:
(a) Universal Organisation
(b) Regional Organisation
(c) World Organisation
(d) International Organisation
Answer:
(b) Regional Organisation

Question 3.
The 18th Summit of SAARC
(a) India
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Nepal
(d) Bhutan.
Answer:
(c) Nepal

Question 4.
The SAARC was formed
(a) 1987
(b) 1983
(c) 1985
(d) 1982.
Answer:
(b) 1983

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. In 2021, the number of elders in India will be
(a) 140 million
(b) 150 million
(c) 160 million
(d) 170 million
Answer:
(a) 140 million

2. In 2001, how many elders were there in India?
(a) 80 million
(b) 77 million
(c) 83 million
(d) 86 million
Answer:
(b) 77 million

3. In the Indian Census Survey, who is considered as an elder?
(a) 58 years
(b) 65 years
(c) 60 years
(d) 63 years
Answer:
(c) 60 years

4. Which of these is the sign of old age?
(a) Tooth decay
(b) Baldness
(c) Grey hair
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

5. Which science studies the process of old age?
(a) Gerontology
(b) Dermitology
(c) Physiology
(d) Botany
Answer:
(a) Gerontology

6. Which of these problems is faced by the old age people?
(a) Economic insecurity
(b) Deteriorating health
(c) Change in Roles
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Fill in the Blanks:

1. ………………. is a natural stage of human life which is bound to come.
Answer:
Old age

2. In 1947, around ……………… crore people were elders.
Answer:
1.9

3. According to United Nations, the world population till 2050 will be ……………….
Answer:
910 crore

4. Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act was passed in ………………. A.D.
Answer:
2007

5. According to 6th All India Educational Survey, around …………………. crore children need special education.
Answer:
two

True/False:

1. The age of retirement in India is 70 years.
Answer:
True

2. The colour of elders changes into black.
Answer:
False

3. There is tooth decay in old age.
Answer:
True

4. There is a provision of reservation in government jobs for disable persons.
Answer:
True

5. Old age people are given a pension of? 5000 per month.
Answer:
False

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is the population of the world?
Answer:
The world’s population is 650 crores.

Question 2.
According to United Nations, in 2050, what would be world’s population?
Answer:
It will be 910 crores in 2050.

Question 3.
In 2021, what would be the population of old age people?
Answer:
It will be around 121 million.

Question 4.
Who is considered as an elder in India?
Answer:
One who is having age of 60 years or more.

Question 5.
Give few signs of old age.
Answer:
Tooth decay, baldness, grey hair, hearing and viewing problems etc.

Question 6.
What do we call to the study of the process of ageing?
Answer:
We call it Gerontology.

Question 7.
What was the major issue in Hindi movie Piku?
Answer:
Major issue in Piku was the mutual relation between an aged father and his daughter in which father was completely dependent on his daughter.

Question 8.
What is the impact of ageing on health?
Answer:
With ageing, body becomes physically and mentally weak.

Question 9.
When was ‘The Rehabilitation Council Act’ passed?
Answer:
It was passed in 1992.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by Gerontology?
Answer:
Gerontology is a type of science which studies the process of ageing and studies the problems faced by the old age people. Gerontologist studies age, increasing age and the process of ageing.

Question 2.
Activity theory of ageing.
Answer:
Activity theory of ageing says that to remairi happy in old age, one must remain active. This theory says that is the existing roles and rules stops functioning, they must be replaced because with the decline in activity level, the level of satisfaction will also come down.

Question 3.
Problems of old age.
Answer:

• In old age, one becomes physically and psychologically weak.
• Economically he depends upon children and becomes economically insecure.
• Old people are not ready to adapt the changing conditions of life.

Question 4.
Old age homes.
Answer:
Many people are unable to maintain balance with their parents and throw them out of their homes. For such elders, government has made old age homes so that they can in peace in the last stage of their life. Here, every type of care is taken about their needs.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Causes of Problem of Aged.
Answer:

• The importance and respect of the elders have been decreased due to the decreasing effect of the caste system and that’s why they have to face many types of problems.
• Due to the development of technology, the importance of the art of elders has been decreased because of which they have to face many types of problems.
• People are leaving their houses and villages and are moving towards cities due to the spread of education and the problems of elders start from here.
• People use the whole of their savings to give a better future to their children because of which they have to face many economic problems.

Question 2.
Status of Aged in Ancient times.
Answer:
Status of the aged in ancient India was very good. Patriarchal and joint families were there because of which control of the family was in the hands of elders. Wealth and property of the family was under their control. They had complete knowledge related to art and occupation. They were getting full respect in the family. They used to take all the decisions of the family and no one was going against their wishes. In this way the status of the elders was very good.

Question 3.
Problems which come in old age.
Answer:

• In old age people suffer from diseases like blood pressure, sugar, heart problem etc.
• People spend whole of their saving in giving a better future to their children because of which they have to face many economic problems in old age.
• If elders are dependent upon their children then they have to obey their children because of which many times they are disrespected by their children.

Question 4.
Problem of aged related to health.
Answer:
Persons work for the whole life with great heart. When he becomes old his body hardly responds. He suffers from many diseases like sugar, blood pressure. He is unable to do anything. In this way health related problems are very important for elders.

Question 5.
Old age Homes.
Answer:
If the children of an aged person throw him out of the house he is left with no option except to live in old age homes. In this way old age homes are those houses where those elders are living who are unable to live with their family members. Elders are properly cared in these homes. They are given complete security and shelter ‘in these homes. In this way those aged who are unable to live with their children, they have to live in old age homes. Many old age homes are running in big cities.

Question 6.
Generation Gap.
Answer:
The difference between ideals, rules, ways of behaviour etc. of persons of two generations is known as the generation gap. Actually the old generation expects from the young generation that they must live their lives according to them. But young generation is having its own rules, ideals, ways of behaviour etc. and they never let any one to interfere in their lives. This leads to conflict between the both generations which is known as the generation gap.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you know about the Problems of the Aged?
Answer:
If we look at the Indian population before Indian independence then we will come to know that the rate of life expectancy before independence was around 31 years. It means that person who is born in India lives around 31 years of average. But after independence and after the opening up of health facilities like hospitals, dispensaries etc. the average life expectancy has been increased and has reached to the age of 62 years. It means that within 50 years the life expectancy in India has doubled. Many changes have come in the life of the people after the start of 20th century. First and the most important change which has come is that the average life of the person has been increased. Generally it has been said that the person whose age is more then 60 years or who has been retired from his job has become an aged person or old person. The number of aged persons have also increased with the increase in average age.

This increasing numbers of aged is becoming a challenge for the country. In earlier times every member of the family was coming to the end. It hardly matters that whether he was a child or an aged. If any person was becoming an aged then he was completely taken care by the family. But now people hardly take care of the aged due to the changes which came in the institution of the family, westernization and modernization. They are either not cared by their children or they are sent to old aged homes by their children. This is the biggest problem of the aged.

Generally it has been believed that the problems of a person increases with his increase in age. Rosow says that yet aged people have many problems but one can take them in health, social and financial problems. Person’s utility, in modern age, can be seen on the basis of economic basis and aged people are not considered as useful. Situation of the aged further deteriorates due to technical progress and social change. Problems of the aged has been increased to a great extent due to the increasing number of people of the’ age of 60 years in last few decades. These days aged people have to face many types of social, economic and psychological problems. Even aged people of rural and urban areas have to face the problem of spending their leisure time.

After looking at this we should treat the aged people like humans and should be kept one thing in mind that these people also have their needs and wishes That’s why we should look at their needs from their point of view so that we should be able to understand them and should fulfil their needs.

Historical Perspective:

If we look at the status of the aged people in ancient Indian Society then their position was very good. People in ancient societies were living in the groups of hunters and food gatherers. Aged people were specialized in doing every type of activity. They were considered as very important. Aged, people in ancient societies were given very much importance. Status of the aged people was very powerful in social, religious and political sphere. One scholar has analysed many ancient societies and said that the behaviour, traditions and customs were running according to aged people in ancient societies which was very particular from cultural point of view.

Aged people in ancient Hebru society were considered as the gift of the God. Importance of the aged people in pre industrial societies was considered till that time until they would be able to contribute towards society. Every type of power of society was in their hands and they were given enough security in the society. When they were unable to contribute towards society then they used to retire from their duties. Control of the family was then generally given to the elder son of the family. Because they were elders and had done a lot for the society and family, that’s why they were given enough security from the family. They were the main sources of cultural knowledge.

In Rome, aged people were seen from negative point of view. Due to their more age they were considered as wicked. But some of them were made guardians of small hildren of rich families. Their work was to take the children to school and to bring lem back safely. But elder people in Rome’s history were seen in the negative form.

Question 2.
Explain the status of aged in India.
Answer:
Status of the aged people in ancient Indian society was very good. Aged person was the head of the family and family and property were both in his complete control. He was given the great respect in society and his status was higher than all. At that time it was said that experience of person increases with the increase in age and they give this experience to their next generation. With the passage of time Arya people came to India and they divided the Indian society in four Varnas. Age of the person was considered as 100 years and it was divided in the four ashramas of 25-25 years.

These 4 ashramas were given the names of Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vaan Prastha and Sanyasa ashrama’s. Person was getting education in first ashram and he was establishing his house after marriage in second ashrama. He had to pay the three debts of life i.e. Dena Rina, Pitri Rina and Rishi Rina. During this time, it was expected from young generation that they should take care of elder people in grihastha ashram. Aged persons were given the security through this ashrama system and all the functions of family and society were being done by aged people.

Persons in the age group of 50 years used to move towards forests in vaan prastha ashram by giving everything in the hands of their children. But many a times they used to come back to their homed to give advice on any matter to their children. That’s why they were given enough respect in the society. With the passage of time, this system was changed but the status of aged people remained as it is Actual change in the status of women came after the advent of the Britishers.

The Britishers started to win over India and with this they started to bring social change in India. They adapted a new judicial and educational system with whirl changes came in ancient relations. Young generation started to live away from their elders due to new educational institutions and industries. People started to move from rural areas to urban areas with which a danger came on the existence of ancient and joint families. When people started to move towards urban areas then they started to live in nuclear families because of which they were unable to take care of elder people. New social structure, values, social and political system and new social processes started to come forward. All these have brought some changes in socio¬economic system of society which are given below:

• In earlier times production was being done at home but now production is being done in factories because of which now family is no more remains as a centre of economic production.
• People started to move from rural areas to urban areas in the search of employment especially the people of young age.
• When people started to move away from rural areas to urban areas then join! families were disintegrated and nuclear families came into being.
• Very big organizations and new occupations came into being in cities with this the importance of art of occupation, given by elders, was reduced. Importance of knowledge of elders was reduced due to the advancement of new type of knowledge of different occupations.
• Due to industries, work started to be done on machines. With this one danger started to occur for person and that danger was to be retire from the job. Now the role of the elders remain without any role.
• Facilities of health were increased due to industrialization and new invention with which death rate was reduced very quickly. Average age was increased very quickly and the number of elder people in total population were increased.

At this moment new problem were started for elders like old age, problem of retirement, problem of health, problem of loneliness. When young generation had left their villages then in the start they were sending money to their villages and even going back to the villages to meet them. But slowly and slowly this was also reduced and the problems of the aged were further increased. Even elders were called as a problem. Loneliness, inability, economic dependence are these problems which are seen as the problems of elders in society.

In 1931 or before independence the average age in India was 31 years but after independence most of the evil diseases or serious diseases were kept under control. Average age in 2011 was increase up to 66 year due to health facilities. In this way number of elders were increased due to increase in age and their problems were also increased due to this. Views of the people were also changed due to industrialization, westernization and modernization because of which the rude behaviour towards elders was also increased. Attack towards elders is also included in rude behaviour.

Giving sanction to the problem of rude behaviour towards elders and to find misbehaviour is not an easy work. If any elder is not doing anything then he generally lives in the house. They depend upon their family. Here one thing is important that elders never like to talk to anyone about rude behaviour towards them. If any one comes to know about this even then they never accept this thing. They think that their own children are misbehaving them it hardly matters. Many elders are afraid of the fact that if they would be left by their children with then what would happen lo them, he will remain alone. That’s why they don’t like to talk with any one about the rude behaviour of their children. Elders never like to live in any old age home. They like to live with their children because they don’t have any other option without this.

Quantity of Misbehaviour. If we will do research on the rude behaviour over the elders then the very wrong results will come in front of us because we will not be able to get the required data. It’s reason is that the aged people will not talk with anyone regarding this. According to one research 4 out of 100 aged persons are misbehaved and out of 100, 3 have to face physical violence. Not only this females are more misbehaved as compared to males. Here one thing should be kept in mind that boys misbehave more with their parent as compared to girls even they have to face violence also. Girls are doing less violence with their parents. This problem is going on all over the place. Yet any research on national level has not taken place but some researchers have tried to do so but all of them are unable to tell us that how much serious this problem is? But on the basis of newspapers and reports we caii say that this problem is very serious.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Social Issues: Old Age and Disability Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. The imposing of power by young on elderly of the family creates:
(a) Love
(b) Tension
(c) Stress
(d) Conflict
Answer:
(b) Tension

2. What does the shift in family structure makes elders feel?
(a) Neglected
(b) Poor
(c) Angry
(d) Weak
Answer:
(d) Weak

3. By which act does the maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens take place?
(a) Senior Citizen’s Act 2009
(b) Senior Citizen’s Act 2008
(c) Senior Citizen’s Act 2007
(d) Senior Citizen’s Act 2006
Answer:
(c) Senior Citizen’s Act 2007

4. What is the other name for Continuity theory?
(a) Undeveloped theory
(b) Developing theory
(c) Development theory
(d) Non continuity theory
Answer:
(c) Development theory

5. The term ……………. carries with it the connotation of a deficiency mental, physical or sensory.
(a) Blindness
(b) Mental retardation
(c) Disability
(d) Cerebral palsy
Answer:
(c) Disability

6. Children with physical disability whose non-sensory physical limitations or health problems interfere with school attendance or leaving have:
(a) Orthopaedic disability
(b) Cerebral palsy
(c) ADHD
(d) Learning disability
Answer:
(d) Learning disability

7. Embracing which model do the disabled individuals assert a positive identity not only in being disabled but also in being impaired?
(a) Social model
(b) Affirmative model
(c) Politics of disablement model
(d) Structural model
Answer:
(a) Social model

8. The rights of people with disabilities are best promoted by:
(а) Family and friends
(b) Formulating various policies
(c) People with disabilities themselves
(d) Social and government construction
Answer:
(a) Family and friends

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The study of social and sociological aspects of aging is called ………………..
Answer:
Social gerontology

2. Arthritis, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease etc. are age related ……………….. diseases.
Answer:
Chronic

3. One of the most challenging phenomenon worldwide in 21st century is ……………….. population.
Answer:
Aging

4. The new housing system for the elderly is known as ……………….
Answer:
Old age homes

5. The ……………… department can take an active role in preparing employees to face retirement and old age issues.
Answer:
Social justice and welfare

6. ………………. is a condition where a person suffers from total blindness or visual acuity not including 6/60 or 20/200 vision.
Answer:
Visual disability

7. The first policy statement in which recognised the rights of people with various impairment is equal opportunities is ……………….
Answer:
The Rehabilitation Council Act

True/False:

1. The Parents’ Maintenance Act was passed in Himachal Pradesh.
Answer:
True

2. The inequality between the young and old in society is explained in the Modernization theory.
Answer:
False

3. Old age people do not have any role problems.
Answer:
False

4. The old age people experience financial insecurity at this age.
Answer:
True

5. Old age people are not considered much productive due to age factor.
Answer:
True

6. The people with Disabilities Act 1995 recognises the need to replace emphasis on medical rehabilitation with emphasis on social rehabilitation.
Answer:
True

Match The Columns:

Column A	Column B
Withdrawl from society	Activity Theory
Change in socioeconomic status	Social Problems
Elders should be more active	Disengagement theory
Field of study that aims to study	Economic Insecurity
the process of ageing Unable to sustain themselves	Gerontology

Answer:

Column A	Column B
Withdrawl from society	Disengagement theory
Change in socioeconomic status	Economic Insecurity
Elders should be more active	Activity Theory
Field of study that aims to study	Gerontology
the process of ageing Unable to sustain themselves	Social Problems

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
According to United Nation, what is the cut off age for older population?
Answer:
This age is 60 + years.

Question 2.
How much would India’s elderly population go upto by 2020?
Answer:
140 million.

Question 3.
On which day is the UN International day for older persons celebrated?
Answer:
1st October.

Question 4.
Which are the five stages of a person’s life?
Answer:
Infancy, Childhood, adolesence, adulthood and old age.

Question 5.
What is the age of retirement in India?
Answer:
60 years.

Question 6.
What do you understand by the term disability?
Answer:
Disability is the consequence of impairment in terms of functional performance and activity.

Question 7.
Distinguish between handicap and impairment.
Answer:
Handicap means deficiency of any physical organ and impairment means loss of psychological, physical or anatomical structure.

Question 8.
What is inclusion?
Answer:
The meaning of inclusion is including any disable person in any work.

Question 9.
What is learning disability?
Answer:
When any person is unable to learn anything, it is called learning disability.

Question 10.
Define social model in your own works.
Answer:
The meaning of social model is that unequal relation in society in which disable persons are not given any importance.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are the physical signs which mark an individual as old?
Answer:
There are few physical signs which mark an individual as old. Some of these signs are tooth decay, grey hair, hunched back, hearing loss, slow pace of walk, vision impairment etc.

Question 2.
What are the causes of loneliness and depression found among the old age people in society?
Answer:
When the children of old age people go for job or to cities for work, they remain alone at home. With time, authority of family goes in the hands of young one’s. Nothing remained in the hands of old age people because of which they becomes the victim of laneliness and depression.

Question 3.
How inclusion is different from integration?
Answer:
In Inclusion, disable persons are included in any work due to any pressure but in Integration, they are made the part of any work and they become a necessary part of that work.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How does the Government help in the rehabilitation of the old age population?
Answer:
After independence, the Indian government started doing a lot for the welfare of old age population. In 1999, United nations decided to celebrate the same year as the International year for the aged population. After this on 13 January 1999, the Indian government made a national policy for them so that they can get benefits from this. In 2007, ‘Maintenance and welfare of parents and Senior Citizens Act’ gave legal status to the rights of aged people. Along with these, many other programmes were initiated from them such as old age security, old age pension, construction of old age homes, expansion of old age services, to make housing policy for old age etc.

Question 2.
Highlight the housing and health related problems faced by the old age people in our society.
Answer:

• Housing problems: The aged people have to face housing problems. Out of total old age people, most of them are widows and females, and they lack proper house to live in. There is a common complaint that they feel lonely at home or family members force them to live alone.
• Health problems: In this age, the immunity power of the body declines considerably. People become weak from physical and psychological points of view. They suffer from many diseases such as no digestion, tooth decay, high blood pressure, sugar etc.

Question 3.
What do you understand by ‘social security benefits’?
Answer:
In the changing situations of the present society, economic dependency on children is quite a difficult task. That’s why the importance of social security benefits given by government has increased. It means that the government gives some help in old age. But in our country, India, old age people are given very less social security. 90% of the total old age people work in unorganise sector and they do not get pension or any other benefits. Government gives some help to poor old age people such as

• National old age pension which is ₹ 75 per month but is given only to those whose age is 65 years and above.
• Many state governments have made schemes in which ₹ 60-250 per month are given. This is given only to those whose age is 65 years and above and those who live below the poverty line.
• Widows are given ₹ 150 per month.

Question 4.
Write about the disability discourse in India in your own words.
Answer:
In almost whole of the world, more than 100 crore people are living with one or the other disability. We might have seen many people around us who are disable and face many problems in living an easy life. Disable persons face many crunches in life such as education, employment and other benefits. Along with this, a social curse is attached with it which is an obstacle in the way of their normal economic and social life. Out of 100 crore disable persons in whole of the world, three crore in India are facing any type of disability. These people are either hated or mercy is shown to them. They cannot use all the basis facilities of life and that’s why lack many things in life. Around 2% of the total Indian population is living with any type of disability.

Question 5.
Disability need not to be an obstacle to success. Discuss.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that if any individual wish to achieve any thing, no obstacle can stop him. This thing is correctly applicable even on disable persons. In any disable person wish to achieve anything, he can achieve that. We have many examples who achieved success even if they were disable. In Special Olympics, such people take part and make their country proud.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a detailed note on the theories of ageing.
Or
Explain Activity and Modernisation theory of Ageing.
Or
Discuss modernisation and activity theory of Ageing.
Answer:
There are many theories of ageing which are given below:

1. The Disengagement Theory: According to this theory, old age is such condition in which society and an individual start to move away or disengage from each other. Authority of family moves out of the hands of aged people and goes in the hands of young one’s with which society works efficiently. So, according to this theory, when an individual becomes old, his physical efficiency does not allow him to do more work and he starts to move away from society. That’s -why, every thing goes in the hands of young one’s.

2. The Activity Theory: Activity theory says that, to remain happy in old age, it is necessary for an old man to continue with his work. This theory says that if existing relations are no more, they must be replaced. Change in roles and relations is necessary because with the decline in human ability to do work, decline also comes in his level of satisfaction.

3. The Continuity Theory: Continuity theory also known as development theory. This theory says that the old people try to maintain and preserve internal and external structures by using methods which maintain continuity. This theory has great capability for explaining how people adopt to their own ageing.

4. Modernisation Theory: This theory says that elder persons typically fail to change to satisfy the rules of the modernisation process such as material economy, technological maturity, achievement orientation etc.

5. The Age Stratification Theory: This theory tells us which inequalities exist in any society among young one’s and old persons. This theory also says that the relative inequality of the aged at any given time and in any cultural situation depends upon two types material experiences. First one is those life experiences with which physical and psychological changes come in them and the second is their historical experiences that with which group he is related.

Question 2.
Explain the various problems faced by old age people in society.
Or
Write a detailed note on the problems of the aged.
Answer:
Elders not have to face one or two problems but have to face many problems which are given below:
1. Problems due to Technological Development. Elders were very much respected in ancient times because it was believed that elders have the knowledge of any art. People need those elders to get knowledge of that art. But it is not so in today’s age. Now elders are unable to get that respect due to technological development because any type of knowledge can be saved with the help of technology. That’s why the respect of the aged, which they were getting in earlier times, has been reduced. Now there is no importance of aged for the society. They are considered as useless and misbehaved because of which problems occurred for them.

2. Problem due to decreasing effect of caste system. Many types of laws were made after independence because of which the importance of caste system was reduced to a great extent. Occupation of person, in ancient times, was determined according to his caste, person has to adopt the occupation of that caste in which he is born. He was not allowed to change his occupation even if he had the ability. Elder people of the caste were used to give some secrets of the occupations to the younger members of the family. But after independence, the importance of caste system was reduced because of which now person can adopt anx occupation with his ability. In this way the importance of the secrets given by elders was reduced and their need remains no more. They were considered as useless and their problems were started.

3. Problems due to Spread of Education. Yet the spread of education is good for society but many a times it brings problems for the elders. People of villages send their children to cities to get better education. After getting education they get job in cities. They start to live in cities and even marries over there. In the start they regularly go back to villages and even send money to their parents. But due to increasing business they stop going back to villages and even stop sending money to their parents. Parents has no option except living quitely. From here economic problem starts for them.

4. Problem of Economic Dependency. Generally it has been seen that dependence of money also becomes a reason of problem in old age. If father has died and mother has no source of income then she becomes helpless and becomes dependent upon children. She is left with no option except depending on children to run their daily expenditure. She becomes helpless. In this way dependence upon children also becomes a reason of problem in old age.

5. Spending whole Income on Children. It is very difficult to save money in today’s age of inflation. A middle class family has to do a lot of expenditure. Lot of money is required to meet expenditure of house and expenditure of education of children etc. Every person wants to give better education to his children. Better education is very expensive these days. They spend whole of their income and saving on children to give them good education so that they could be given a good future.That’s why nothing is left with them for old age. Children get good education and good job and even make their own house after marriage. Parents enter in an old age but economic problems surround them. In this way they have to face economic problems.

6. Problems related to Health. Person works with great heart for his whole life. When he becomes old then his body stops responding to them. They surrounds by many diseases like sugar, blood pressure, heart problem etc. They have to take the help of medicines to control these diseases. Their body hardly responds to them. They are unable to do anything. In this way health related problems are very important problems.

7. Problems due to Industrialization. Problems of many aged persons were started after the advent of industries. People are going to cities from villages in search of work. They have to go to cities to save themselves from unemployment and economic problems. They hesitate to take elders to the cities. In this way elders have to live alone in the villages. If there is no economic problem then its fine unless elders hardly get and economic and social help. They struggle themselve to lives because their children do not take their elder’s responsibilities.

8. Another problem is related to the sex of the aged means whether the aged person is male or female. If the aged person is male then he will have to face less problem. But if it is female then there are more chances of misbehaviour with her. She had to do every type of work of the family. She has to take care of the house when her daughter in law goes out for job and has to take care of children. In this way she has to face many problems. After the death of her husband, her economic and social security comes to an end. Widow has to depend upon others and has to live in a pitty condition.

9. It has also been seen that boys create more problems for their elders as compared to girls. Girls give more help to their elder parents. Unmarried children are even more irresponsible. Boys hardly care about their parents because of which daughter in law also stop to do so and elders have to do every type of work themselyes.

10. Quarrel between mother in law and daughter in law also becomes a reason of problem of the aged. Elders depend upon their children. Its reason is that they are wasting their money by spending it on their elders. When situation goes out of control then elders are left with no option except finding other place to live. In some cases some boys send their elders to old age homes. Except this if parents were working in an unorganized sector they are hardly left with any saving for their old age. Their health deteriorates in the old age and have to face many types of problems in the absence of money.

11. Aged people were given a very important place in family and society in traditional Indian Society. Any important decision of the family has been taking according to the wish of the person. But due to the reducing effect of joint family system and with the advent of modern industrial society, many important changes came in social structure. Economic factor was given more importance according to new conditions and the social status of the person now depends upon the socio¬economic condition of the person. That’s why lot of changes have come in the conditions of the aged because they lack money. Their position is changed from earlier conditions. They have to face disrespect and that’s why they have to face psychological tension. Even their children hardly give respect to them.

12. Problem of Leisure Time. Person has to face another problem in the aged condition and that is the problem of spending leisure time. Aged persons have a lot of time and they don’t know what to do with their leisure time. People are working for 8-12 hours in a day in cities and in villages they are working more than that. But after retirement, it becomes very difficult to spend their leisure time. They hardly know that what to do with their leisure time. In this way it has been seen that young generation is leaving their elders in the changed circumstances and in changed values. They are running away from their responsibility of being a child. On the other side parents are spending whole of their income and saving in the upbringing of their children because of which they become useless in their old age.

Question 3.
How can the problems of old age people be solved?
Answer:
In the present age, almost all the countries have started using social, legal and reformative methods to solve the problems of old age people. Some of the methods are given below:

1. Old Age Homes: Few elders are unable to maintain balance with their families and were left alone by them. They even do not keep any relations with their elders. Sometimes, such elders become the victims of tension. For such elders, many countries have started opening old age homes to give them physical, medical and economic security.

2. Welfare Programmes: Almost in all the countries, many welfare programmes for elders have been started such as old age pension, accidental facilities, free medical help etc. To provide the economic security many legal and welfare programmes were started such as provident fund, gratuity, life insurance etc.

3. Jobs: To take care of elders, many methods have been adopted but it is necessary to keep them busy even after their retirement. That’s why few easy jobs have been created for them to take advantage of their experienca

4. Stronger Family Care System: Society must take some steps to have a stronger family care system which could care about elders because one is emotionally attached with his family. There must be a system in which family itself should take care of its elders. In family, members of atleast three generations live together and their relation must be so strong that they must not leave their elders. Traditional values must be so strong that elders must not be left alone.

5. Effective Laws: Different governments have made many laws for the security of elders but there is a need to strictly implement them. There must be a provision that if any one will leave its elder alone, their property will be confiscated and will sent behind bars. Due to this fear, people will not disrespect their elders.

6. Better Medical Facilities: Our present medical facilities are not capable enough to meet the needs of old age people. That’s why we must develop our medical facilities so that the elders can live a happy life.

Question 4.
Write a note on types of disabilities.
Or
Highlight types of disabilities.
Or
Describe Hearing and Mental disability as type of disability.
Answer:
There are many types of disabilities and some of the important one are given below:

1. Locomotor Disability: According to the PWD Act, locomotor disability is the disability of bones, joints or muscles. It leads to the substantial restrictions of the movement of limbs. It also includes cerebral palsy.

2. Visual Disability: Visual disability or low vision can be divided into two parts and these are the blind and the partially sighted. The PWD Act says that the vision of an individual becomes so weak that he is unable to see anything without any external help i.e. spectacle. He is unable to do anything without its help.

3. Hearing Disability: Those individuals who can not hear anything beyond a fixed level come under this category. They need to take help of a machine to hear anything.

4. Mental Disability: This disabilities starts before the age of 18 years and creates hurdle in the normal functioning. His brain cannot work normally. He cannot think properly, brain works in a limit and cannot speak read and write properly. Such disability is known as mental disability.

5. Speech Disability: Those individuals who cannot speak, can speak few limited words or have lost their voice, come under the category of speech disabilities.

Question 5.
What are th’e problems encountered by the people with special needs?
Or
Highlight two problems encountered by differently abled people.
Answer:
1. Social oppression: People with special needs are oppressed in society. They are either hated or are shown mercy by the people. No one gives them a hand full of love. It is so because people feel that they are not normal like them and have some sort of disability. Due to this thinking of common people, such people feel neglected.

2. Inequality: While living in society, they encounter inequality as well. They are behave in an unequal way. They cannot enjoy all the facilities which a common man enjoy. They are discriminated everywhere and on most of the occasions, they are not included. That’s why, they become the victims of tension.

3. Health Related problems: People with special needs are those who are the victims of any type of disability. They cannot hear or cannot see or cannot understand or cannot move freely. In this way they need to take help of anyone to do any work. It is quite difficult for them to do any work of their own.

4. Poverty: Those who are physical disable get very few chances to earn money. Due to their physical inability, they are unable to fully use their ability and that’s why, they always have the problem of money. So, they remain poor.

5. Segregation: Disable people face the problem of segregation. More physical disability leads to more feeling of segregation. Their own behaviour increases the feeling of segregation. Sometimes situation goes out of control and their disability becomes an obstacle in the way of their participation in any work.

Question 6.
In what way legislation can play an important role in empowering the people with special needs?
Or
In what way legislation has played an important role in empowering the people with special ability.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that legislation can play a very important role in empowering the people with special needs. Actually, along with love and sympathy of society, few legal constraints are required so that the people with special needs can live a happy and prosperous life. It can happen only if the government must makes laws for this.

During last few decades, to include them in the mainstream of our country, few anti discrimination laws were made, equal chances were provided and many programmes were made. But this is possible if few people will collectively work in this field. That’s why in 1986, The Rehabilitation council of India was organised. It is an autonomous organisation which gives training to the people who work for the rehabilitation of people with special needs. It was given the legal status under ‘The Rehabilitation Council Act, 1992 with which this organisation was empowered to give training. According to this law, the work of training will be checked from time to time and it will be provided help with new inventions.

Many laws were passed for them such as:

• Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.
• National Trust for the welfare of persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disability Act, 1999.
• Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992.

Major objectives of these acts was to provide equality to the people who live with any type of disability. These laws help us to provide facilities to such people who are disable and have no family support. These laws help those organisations or non-government organisations who are engaged in rehabilitation of these people. Few seats in government jobs are kept reserved for them to give them a happy life.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Why is female foeticide takes place?
(a) Wish to have a son
(b) To save dowry
(c) For the continuation of family
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

2. After how many weeks of pregnancy, sex determination test is conducted?
(a) 10 weeks
(b) 14 weeks
(c) 18 weeks
(d) 22 weeks
Answer:
(c) 18 weeks

3. What is sex ratio in India?
(a) 1000: 943
(b) 1000: 956
(c) 1000: 896
(d) 1000: 953
Answer:
(a) 1000: 943

4. In 2011, what was sex ratio in Punjab?
(a) 1000: 846
(b) 1000: 895
(c) 1000: 876
(d) 1000: 882
Answer:
(b) 1000: 895

5. ……………….. district of Punjab has the highest sex ratio.
(a) Ludhiana
(b) Patiala
(c) Amritsar
(d) Hoshiarpur
Answer:
(d) Hoshiarpur

6. Which district of Punjab has the lowest sex ratio?
(a) Patiala
(b) Bathinda
(c) Amritsar
(d) Ludhiana
Answer:
(b) Bathinda

7. When was the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Technique (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act passed?
(a) 1994
(b) 1995
(c) 1996
(d) 1997
Answer:
(a) 1994

Fill in the Blanks:

1. In female foeticide, female foetus is terminated in the ……………… of mother.
Answer:
womb

2. Wish to have a ………………… is the major reason of female foeticide.
Answer:
boy

3. Female foeticide disturbs ………………..
Answer:
sex-ratio

4. Abortion is not allowed under the section ………………… to ………………… of Indian Penal Code.
Answer:
316, 320

5. In ………………., members of family are beaten.
Answer:
domestic violence

True/False:

1. Punjab in India, has the highest sex ratio.
Answer:
False

2. Bhatinda in Punjab has the lowest sex ratio.
Answer:
True

3. It is illegal to know the sex of foetus.
Answer:
True

4. Domestic violence is done against women.
Answer:
True

5. There is no mental violence against women.
Answer:
False

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is meant by crime against women?
Answer:
It means physical or psychological atrocities against women.

Question 2.
Give few examples of crimes against women.
Answer:
Rape, sexual violence, abduction, beating, orostitution etc.

Question 3.
What is meant by female foeticide?
Answer:
After knowing the sex of foetus, terminating of female foetus is called female foeticide.

Question 4.
After how much time of pregnancy, test is conducted?
Answer:
After 18 weeks of pregnancy.

Question 5.
What is meant by sex ratio?
Answer:
Number of females behind 1000 males in a given area.

Question 6.
What was sex ratio in India in 2011 A.D?
Answer:
Sex ratio in India in 2011 was 1000: 943.

Question 7.
What sex ratio in Punjab in 2011 A.D?
Answer:
It was 1000: 895 in 2011 A.D.

Question 8.
Which districts of Punjab have highest and least sex ratio?
Answer:
Hoshiarpur (961) and Bhatinda (869) respectively.

Question 9.
Give one reason of female foeticide.
Answer:
Wish to have a male child and to arrange dowry.

Question 10.
Give one result of female foeticide.
Answer:
Bad impact on female’s health and disturbance in sex ratio.

Question 11.
What is meant by domestic violence?
Answer:
Beating up of wife and children is known as domestic violence.

Question 12.
Give types of domestic violence.
Answer:
Physical violence, sexual abuse, emotional violence, verbal abuse etc.

Question 13.
What is the normal reason of wife battering?
Answer:
Dissatisfaction from dowry and problem with wife.

Question 14.
What is the most common form of domestic violence?
Answer:
Wife battering and violence against women.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Female Foeticide.
Answer:
People wish to have a boy and that’s why when their wives get pregnant, they conduct a sex determination test. In case of female foetus, abortion takes, place and female foetus is killed in the womb of mother. It is known as female foeticide.

Question 2.
Sex Ratio.
Answer:
Number of females behind 1000 males at a particular given time in a particular area is known as sex ratio. Just by looking at sex ratio, we can come to know about the status of women at that place. It was 1000: 943 in India in 2011 A.D.

Question 3.
Reasons of Female Foeticide.
Answer:

• People wish to have a boy and that’s why they opt for female foeticide.
• Dowry is given at the time of girl’s marriage. To save dowry, people opt for this work.
• Boy is headed for the continuation of family. That’s why people opt. for female foeticide.

Question 4.
Consequences of Female Foeticide.
Answer:

• Sex ratio of society gets disturbed and number of females declines.
• Violence against women increases such as rape, prostitution, beating, abduction, etc.
• It leads to lower status of women in India.

Question 5.
Domestic Violence.
Answer:
Domestic violence is a type of socially unaccepted behaviour which one member of family does against the other members such as beating giving threat, showing fear etc. It mainly happens with females and children.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Gender.
Answer:
Generally the word Gender is used to express the physical and social differences between a male and a female. It means that which are physical differences between a male and a female which are given by nature and which are social differences between them which they get only while living in society. So the word Gender is used to express these differences.

Question 2.
Gender Discrimination.
Answer:
In simple wqrds the differences exist between male and female are given the name of Gender Discrimination. Two types of Humans Male and Female, live over in this world. Any one can be differentiated only by looking at its physical features that whether its male or female. Nature has also kept few differences among them. Male and female both have their different physical features. On the basis of these features, we can differentiate between them. So whatever difference exists between them, is given the name of gender discrimination.

Question 3.
Sex Ratio.
Answer:
In simple words, the number of females for every 1000 males is given the name of sex ratio. It means that, in any particular area, how many females are there behind every 1000 males. It is known as Sex Ratio. Sex ratio is related with demo-graphic traits of any country’s population and the knowledge of sex ratio is necessary to get knowledge about population. In 2001, Sex ratio in India was 1000: 933.

Question 4.
Cause of Declining Sex Ratio
Answer:

• People want to have a boy child and they never hesitate to abort the female foetus. It leads to a decline in sex ratio.
• Sex ratio declines with increase in female foeticide.
• Sex ratio declines with the custom of killing new born girls i.e. female infanticide.
• Emigration of males from one place to another also leads to decline in sex ratio.
• In traditional societies birth of girl is considered as a curse because of which boys are preferred over girls. It also leads to decline in sex ratio:

Question 5.
Consequences of Declining Sex Ratio.
Answer:

• Declining Sex ratio leads to increase in violence against women.
• The custom of polyandry encouragement with declining sex ratio.
• Declining sex ratio leads to lower social status of women.
• Health of women deteriorates with it.
• Trade of women also takes place with declining sex ratio.

Question 6.
Sex Ratio in India.
Answer:
The condition of sex ratio in our country is quite worried. According to census survey of 2001, there were only 933 females behind every 1000 males. In our country, only Kerala is a state and Puduchery is a union territory where females are more as compared to males. In rest of the states and union territories, females are less as compared to male. This situation is quite worried in Punjab, Haryana, Mizoram, Chandigarh etc. Sex ratio is continuely declining in our country.

Question 7.
Sex determination test.
Answer:
In our society, this problem is going on from least few decades. When a lady becomes pregnent, then her in laws family expects that the new born baby should be a baby boy. That’s why after sometime of her pregnency, they opt. for an ultrasound test so that the sex of child could be determined in the womb of the mother. This is known as sex determination test. If the child in the womb is boy then its fine but if the child is a girl then lady is forced to abort the child. This is the reason that sex ratio in our country is going down. Presently this is 1000: 940.

Question 8.
Domestic Violence.
Answer:
The concept of Domestic violence is a complex concept. It is very difficult to define it. When any dispute occurs in the two members of the family and one member is physically and mentally tortured by other member then it is known as Domestic violence. In this pushing, slapping, punching, knifing, shooting, throwing things etc. are included. It not only physically hurts the members but it tortures the person mentally as well.

Question 9.
Definition of Domestic Violence.
Answer:
According to Pagelow, “Domestic violence is an act of commission or omission by family members and any condition resulting from such acts which deprives other family members of equal rights and freedom and interferes with their proper development and choice of freedom.”

Question 10.
Cause of Domestic Violence.
Answer:

• People use alcohol to get relief from the tension. When wife and children ask them not to do so then they start to beat them and increases domestic violence.
• Many people are angry by nature and become angry even on small-small things and beat their children.
• Many persons are drug addict. If they are unable to get money to buy drugs then they beat their family members to get money.
• Many persons always remains in tension due to poverty and many times they beat up their wives and children due to this.

Question 11.
Wife Battering.
Answer:
This is one of the major disadvantage of male dominated society that wives are physically assaulted by their husbands. Meaning of wife battering is use of violence by husband for his wife. Actually husbands feel that wives are their slaves and whatever they will say, wives need to accept that. But actually, these days, women are getting education with which they come to know about their rights. Now they strongly oppose the wrong doing of their husbands and that’s why they are physically assaulted.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Explain the causes of declining sex ratio in India.
Answer:
There are number of factors which affect sex ratio in any society and these are given below:

1. Biological cause. If sex ratio in any country decreases then its first reason is always biological. It is quite possible that more numbers of males are born in any particular society which leads to decline in sex ratio. From few researches it has been seen that, in our country, the rate of death of girl child, up to the age of one month, is more as compared to male child. As a result, sex ratio has been declined in our country. During the decade of 1981-1990, only 100 girls were there for every 109.5 boys in our country. In this way biological factor could be considered as a cause of declining sex ratio.

2. Migration: Emmigration or migration could also be considered as a cause of declining or increasing sex ratio. It is quite possible that few male members of a state might went over-to other state in search of job. It can increase or decrease sex ratio of both the ’states. Generally it has been seen that when any one migrates from one place to another in search of employment then he never takes his wife and children with him. He stays there for many years to earn money and occasionally he visit his native state. This visit is generally for a short duration because longer duration can lead to loss of money or even employment. We can take example of Punjabi youths who went over to foreign countries or natives of U.P. Bihar, who generally come to Punjab to earn money. This leads to change in sex ratio in the state like Punjab.

3. Female Foeticide: In last few decades, the major cause of declining sex ratio has been the female foeticide. Meaning of female foeticide is killing of unbprn girls in the tomb of her mother. People generally like to have a male child because of which they conduct a sex determination test on the pregnant lady. If it is boy then it’s fine but if it a girl then they opt for abortion. In this way they kill the girl child even before her birth. Female foeticide leads to decrease in number of girls as compared to boys and sex ratio shows positive trend toward boys. Yet, these days, sex determination is legally banned and even abortion is also legally banned and strict punishment is there for both of these but still this test and abortions are going on.

4. Female Infanticide: In many groups of our country, it is a tradition to kill the girl child right after the birth. This custom was quite popular in many tribes of our country. According to this custom, people used to kill their girl child exactly after the birth. They are helped by the mid wives to do this work. The main reason of this is the belief that they need to upbring the girl, then they will have to give dowry at the time of marriage. So to save their money, they prefer to kill the newly born girl child. British government and even Indian Government tried to eliminate this custom, but still it is going on. As a result, sex ratio declines.

5. Traditional Society: Sex ratio declines more in traditional societies as compared to developed societies. If we compare developed countries like America, Japan, Germany etc. with traditional societies like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc. then we will find that sex ratio is less in traditional societies. It is so because people have a tendency in traditional society that they want to have a boy as compared to girl for the continuation of family and they could perform rituals after death. Due to different tendencies of traditional societies, sex ratio declines over there. In this way sex ratio declines in traditional societies.

6. Wish to have a male child: People generally want that they must have a boy so that he can help in continuation of family and he could perform rituals after their death. Except this, people want to have a boy because they know about the fact that they will have to shell out a lot of money at the time of her marriage. Even after marriage they are required to give a lot for rest of her life. That’s why they prefer to have a boy and they does lot of efforts to take a boy. They never hesitate to opt for abortion. In this way wish to have a boy leads to decline in sex ratio.

7. Leaving girl child after her birth: From last few years, a common tendency is developing among people that if the girl child is born then they leave their newly born girl child at railway station or bus stand. It is so because they think that they already have one girl at home and they don’t want another girl child. Instead they want to have a male child. When the girl child takes birth then they leave her to die. She dies in the absence of proper care which leads to decline in sex ratio.

8. Sons are considered pivotal for family welfare. There is a general tendency among people that sons are considered pivotal for family welfare as they not only take care of them in their old age but they will take cpre of the family as well. That’s why they do everything to have male child and they never hesitate to abort the girl child. It also leads to decline is sex ratio.

9. Dowry System: Dowry system is also one Sf the cause of decline in sex ratio. People know about the fact that at the time of marriage of their girls, they will have to shell out a lot of money to give dowry. Even they will have to take the loan to meet the demands of parents of bridegroom. But if they will have a boy then dowry will come to their house. That’s why they prefer to have a boy child instead of girl child which leads to decline in sex ratio.

10. Daughter means Double Loss: A number of people feel that daughter means a double loss to them. Double means when she will marry then she will not only leaves her family but she will be a source of marriage expense. People will have to spent a lot of money on daughter even before her marriage and after marriage she will go to another family which means a double loss for them.

Question 2.
What are the consequences of the declining sex ratio in India?
Answer:
Following are the consequences of declining sex ratio:
1. Violence with women. First consequence of declining sex ratio is that it lead to increase in violence with women. Girls are being killed before birth, new born girls are being either killed or they are left out to die. Women have to face violence because they have given birth to girls not to boys. Sexual violence can also increase like rape, abductions prostitution etc.

2. Polyandry. One of the wrong consequences of declining sex ratio is that it gives encouragement to polyandry. When sex ratio declines then number of females remains less then number of males in society and as a result, one female will have to marry with two or more then two males. That’s why polyandry or fraternal polyandry gets encouragement. All the brothers become husbands of that female. It will have wrong impact on her health. Morality comes down in society and status of females also comes down in society.

3. lower social status of women. A declining sex ratio leads to lower status of women as well. If any female is unable to give birth to a male child then she is forced to go for abortion. After this she is always taunted to unable to give birth to a male child. Social evils and social institutions are also responsible for this and they are also responsible for lower status of women,

4. Bad effect on Health. It any females is unable to give birth to a male child then she is being taunted and even is tortured. She is forced to conduct sex determination test and if the sex of foetus is female then she is forced to opt for abortion. It exerts a bad impact on her wealth and even on her mental health as well.

5. Purchasing of women. The declining sex ratio also leads to the purchase of women. If any one is unable to get married then he tries to purchase women to fulfil his sexual desires. In
ancient times, a custom of bride price was also there.

6. Shortage of females. The declining sex ratio also leads to shortage of females in society. In India sex ratio is 1000: 933. It means that only 933 females are there behind every 1000 males. In this way declining sex ratio leads to a shortage of females in society.

7. Increasing imbalance in society. The declining Sex ratio leads to imbalance in society. More number of males as compared to less number of females creates a lot of problems in society. It can even lead to quarrels Jor women in society. In this way, we can say that declining sex ratio leads to drastic consequences on society.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. According to 2011 census, the sex ratio in India is:
(a) 939
(b) 940
(c) 943
(d) 942
Answer:
(c) 943

2. Sex ratio can be defined as:
(а) Number of females per 100 males
(b) Number of males per 100 females
(c) Number of females per 1000 males
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Number of females per 1000 males

3. In the state of Punjab, district with highest sex ratio is:
(a) Hoshiarpur
(b) Bathiitda
(c) Ludhiana
(d) Amritsar
Answer:
(a) Hoshiarpur

4. Female foeticide test includes:
(a) Ultra sound
(b) MRI.
(c) X-rays
(d) Weighing Machines
Answer:
(a) Ultra sound

5. The main cause of female foeticide is:
(a) Increased sex ratio
(b) Patriarchal mindset
(c) Preference for girls
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Patriarchal mindset

6. Which is a form of Domestic Violence?
(a) Legal
(b) Physical Abuse
(c) Society
(d) Economic
Answer:
(b) Physical Abuse

7. Which factor does not perpetuate Domestic Violence?
(a) Cultural
(b) Economic
(c) Social
(d) Pedagogy
Answer:
(ci) Pedagogy

8. The Act, according to which a daughter has an equal share in the property of her parents is
(a) Legal property Act
(b) Hindu Property Act
(c) Civil Act
(d) Divine Act
Answer:
(b) Hindu Property Act

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Sex determination test includes ……………
Answer:
ultrasound

2. ……………….. is one of the main reasons for female foeticide.
Answer:
Patriarchal system

3. The evil practice of ……………….. is responsible for female foeticide in Indian society.
Answer:
Dowry

4. ……………….. keeps declining in India while a bit is improved in ……………… state.
Answer:
Sex ratio, Punjab

5. …………………. should be implemented properly in order to combat female foeticide.
Answer:
Laws

6. ……………… abuse may be inflicted in many ways such as hitting, slapping, punching, pushing and other form of physical contact resulting in bodily sufferings to the victim,
Answer:
Physical

7. The couples living alone or with children, or an individual parent with children are called ………………. households.
Answer:
Nuclear

8. ………………. studies must be made compulsory as part of school, college and university syllabus.
Answer:
Gender and Human Rights

9. ……………… is defined as socially unacceptable and abusive behaviour by one or other or both the members in a close and intimate relationship like marriage or a family.
Answer:
Domestic Violence

True/False:

1. Ultrasound is the pre diagnostic test for determination of sex.
Answer:
True

2. Law does not help to generate awareness about female foeticide.
Answer:
False

3. Sex ratio has improved in Punjab according to qensus 2011.
Answer:
True

4. Awareness programmes can sensitise about the ill effects of female foeticide.
Answer:
True

5. Cultural and ritual norms have no effect on female foeticide.
Answer:
False

6. Newly married couple must be made aware that a small family need not only include male children.
Answer:
True

7. The greed for dowry, desire for a male child and alcoholism of the spouse are major factors of domestic violence against women in rural areas.
Answer:
True

8. Wife beating does not reflects domestic violence.
Answer:
False

9. History of domestic violence dates back to the pre-historic period.
Answer:
True

10. spousal domestic violence also affects the children of the family.
Answer:
True

Match The Columns:

Column A	Column B
Female Foeticide	The killing of the girl child
Sex Ratio	Marital Rape
Patriarchy	The killing of the female foetus in the womb
Female Infanticide	Females per 1000 males
Form of Domestic Violence	Male dominance

Answer:

Column A	Column B
Female Foeticide	The killing of the female foetus in the womb
Sex Ratio	Females per 1000 males
Patriarchy	Male dominance
Female Infanticide	The killing of the girl child
Form of Domestic Violence	Marital Rape

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the sex ratio of India as per the census 2011?
Answer:
According to census survey 2011, the sex ratio in India is 1000: 943.

Question 2.
What is the sex ratio of Punjab as per the census 2011?
Answer:
According to census survey 2011, the sex ratio in Punjab is 1000: 895.

Question 3.
Which districts in Punjab have the highest and lowest sex ratio?
Answer:
Hoshiarpur (961) and Bathinda (869) respectively.

Question 4.
Describe full form of PNDT.
Answer:
Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques.

Question 5.
What is meant by domestic violence?
Answer:
Domestic violence is that socially unacceptable and wrong behaviour which an individual does with his closest relatives such as wife or family.

Question 6.
List any two factors of domestic violence.
Answer:
Economic dependence of women over men and lower economic status of women are the two factors of domestic violence.

Question 7.
What do you mean by female foeticide?
Answer:
After sex determination test, killing of female foetus in mother’s womb is known as female foeticide.

Question 8.
List the causes of wife battering.
Answer:
Male dominated society, males are powerful than females, economic dependence of women over men, consuming drugs, illiteracy of women etc.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Define female foeticide.
Answer:
When a woman gets pregnant, the sex determination of foetus is conducted. In case of female foetus, an abortion is done. It is known as female foeticide. Sex determination test is conducted after 18 weeks of pregnancy.

Question 2.
Define sex ratio.
Answer:
To know about the equality between men and women, it is must to look for the sex ratio. The number of females behind every 1000 males at a particular time and in a particular area is known as sex ratio. In 2011, it was 1000: 943 in India.

Question 3.
What are the two causes of female foeticide?
Answer:

• Dowry: At the time of girl’s marriage, dowry is given to her in-laws. People do female foeticide so that dowry should not be given.
• Wish of boy: People like to have a boy as they think that boy will take care of them in old age and will give fire at the time of funeral.

Question 4.
What is the status of female in India?
Answer:
The status of female in India is not good. Only 65% of females are educated. Most of the social evils are attached with females such as rape, abduction, dowry system, female foeticide etc. Just because of these evils, status of females is still low in the present modern age.

Question 5.
Why is male child preferred in India?
Answer:
People want to have a male child because they think that their son will take care of them in their old age. Along with this, he will give fire to their funeral pyre. Moreover he will continue the family.

Question 6.
Write down three causes of domestic violence.
Answer:

• Males are physically stronger than females.
• Females economically depend upon males.
• The social status of females and children is not good.

Question 7.
What is the difference between domestic violence and violence?
Answer:
In domestic violence, we can include violence committed with wife, children, brothers etc. and such behaviour is not acceptable in society. Violence is done between two individuals or groups and most of the times, they are strange. Communal violence is its best example.

Question 8.
What is wife battering?
Answer:
The meaning of wife battering is doing violence with wife by husband. Generally husband considers that wife is under him and thinks that whatever he will say, she will have to accept it. If she refuses it, she is beaten up and this is known as wife battering.

Question 9.
What are the consequences of female foeticide?
Answer:

• Female foeticide leads to decline in sex ratio.
• Whole balance of society disturbs as it is considered that both male and.female are not equal in number.
• It leads to lower social status of women.

Question 10.
List cultural factors of domestic violence.
Answer:
There can be many cultural factors of domestic violence such as gender based socialisation, division of gender based roles, right of son over property, giving importance to males in family, marriage and dowry system, use of violence to end conflict etc.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a short note on female foeticide.
Answer:
Since last few decades, the major cause of declining sex ratio is female foeticide. It means the killing of unborn girl in the womb of her mother. People wish to have a boy and that’s why after sometime of pregnancy, a sex determination test is conducted on the mother. If the foetus is boy, it’s fine but if it’s girl, abortion is conducted. In this way, girl is killed before her birth. This is known as female foeticide. It leads to reduction in number of girls and disturbance in sex ratio.

Question 2.
Discuss any two measures to combat female foeticide.
Or
Write down any two measures to combat female foeticide.
Or
Explain the contribution of government in combating the problem of female foeticide.
Answer:

• The Indian government has passed many laws and in the section 312-316 of Indian Penal Code, forcing any female to abort her child is illegal.
• To stop the increasing number of female foeticide, government passed an Act i.e. Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 in which conducting sex determination test was declared illegal. If any one will conduct this test, provisions of punishment were kept in the Act.

Question 3.
Discuss any two consequences of female foeticide.
Or
Discuss effects of female foeticide.
Answer:

• Impact on female’s health. People prefer to abort the foetus until a male foetus comes. It’has a very bad impact on the health of mother and her new born baby.
• Impact on Sex ratio. Female foeticide can have adverse impact on sex ratio. It leads to decline in number of girls which further creates many problems such as rape, dowry deaths, polygamy, prostitution etc.

Question 4.
Why is sex ratio declining in India? Explain.
Answer:

• People wish to have a boy and that’s why they try to have a male child.
• Due to female foeticide, sex ratio is declining.
• Female infanticide is also responsible for decline in sex ratio.
• Dowry is given at the time of girl’s marriage and that’s why people prefer to have a male child.
• People think that with male child, family will continue and that’s why they prefer to kill their daughters even before their birth.

Question 5.
Name two social problems that give rise to female foeticide.
Answer:

• Dowry: Dowry is given at the time of daughter’s marriage which is one of the important problems of our society. People prefer to opt for female foeticide not to give dowry. If there will be a male child, dowry will come to their home.
• Violence against women: Almost in all the societies of the world, females face many types of violence such as rape, abduction, dowry deaths, prostitution, wife battering etc. These are the reasons that people prefer to have a male child.

Question 6.
Write causes of domestic violence.
Or
Two reasons for Domestic Violence.
Answer:

• People consume alcohol to stay away from tension. When wives and children ask them not to use it, they beat them up and increase domestic violence.
• There are many people who are angry by nature and they even beat up their children on petty things.
• Few individuals are drug addicts. If they don’t have money to buy drugs, they beat up their family members to get money.
• Few people always remain in sorrow due to their poverty and occasionally they beat up their family members to take out their frustration.

Question 7.
Write remedies for wife battering.
Answer:

• The Indian government has made many laws but they are not implemented properly. They should be properly implemented to save wives from their husbands.
• Police must solve such cases with great care. Policemen must be given special training to solve the cases of domestic violence.
• Children and young people must be educated against domestic violence to prepare them for future times.

Question 8.
List the legal reforms to curb female foeticide.
Answer:

• According to section 312-316 of the Indian Penal Code, doing abortion is illegal.
• According to The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971, law was little bit relaxed and on medical, humanitarian or on any other ground, abortion was permitted.
• The major base of female foeticide is sex determination of child. That’s why ‘Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 was passed and sex determination test was declared illegal. If any ultrasound centre will conduct this test, provisions were kept to close down this centre.

Question 9.
What are the effects of domestic violence?
Answer:

• It can have bad impact on female’s health. She has to face all this physically and psychologically. It can have wrong impact on family atmosphere.
• Wife battering can have wrong impact on children. Their daily work gets affected and can have wrong impact on their education. Children start to hate their father when they observe their mother is beaten by father.
• That female always remains in mental tension who faces domestic, violence and is greatly affected from all aspects. This psychological tension affects other aspects of their life as well.

Question 10.
What is scenario of domestic violence agaisnt women in India?
Answer:
Domestic violence against women in India is quite common among all the other domestic violences. The common reason of this is the set ideology of people that females are physically and mentally weaker than males. Yet females are proving that they are no inferior than males in all the sectors but even then number of cases of domestic violence are much more against them. Its reasons are different in different countries. According to the Population Fund Report of United Nations, around two third of the Indian females are the victims of domestic violence. Around 70% married females are the victims of beating, rape or forced sex. Out of these, around 55% of the cases come from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and other north Indian states.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a detailed note on sex ratio.
Answer:
In simple words the number of females behind 1000 males in one square kilometer is known as the sex ratio. It means chat how many females are there for every 1000 males in a particular area. This process is given the name of sex ratio. Relation of the word sex ratio is related with demographic features of population of any country. If we want to know anything about any country’s population then we must know about sex ratio. In 2011 India’s Sex ratio was 1000: 943. It means there were 943 females behind every 1000 males in any particular area.

If we want to know about the status of women in any society then we can come to know about it only by looking at the sex ratio of that society. From this, we can come to know that what type of status has been given to females by that society. If sex ratio is low then status of women is low but if sex ratio is high then the status of women is definitely high. In this way the meaning of sex ratio is number of females in any particular area as compared to males. If we will have information about number of males and females of any country then we can easily come to know about sex ratio of that country. Here child sex ratio is also quite important with sex ratio. Meaning of child sex ratio is that how many girls, with age group of 0-6 years, are there for 1000 boys in population of the country.

If we look at the sex ratio in whole world especially of few major countries then in the year of 2000 there “were 986 females behind 1000 males. This sex ratio is 1000: 1029 in U.S.A. 1000 ; 944 in China, 1000: 1025 in Brazil, 1000: 1041 in Japan, 1000: 933 in India, 1000: 938 in Pakistan, 1000: 953 in Bangladesh and 1000: 1004 in Indonesia. From this data, it is clear that number of females are more as compared to males in developed countries but this number is quite less in developing countries. It is so because gender discrimination is more in backward countries but it is almost negligible in the developed countries.

Condition Of Sex Ratio In India:

The condition of sex ratio in India is not good. According to Census Survey of 2011, there were only 940 females in India as compared to 1000 males. This worrying condition could be understood only by looking at the given .table:

Year	Males	Females
1901	1000	972
1911	1000	964
1921	1000	959
1931	1000	950
1941	1000	945
1951	1000	946
1961	1000	941
1971	1000	930
1981	1000	934
1991	1000	927
2001	1000	933
2011	1000	943

Here we can see another table related with sex ratio which is state-wise data of sex ratio in India.

Year	State/U.T.	Males	Females
2011	UttarPradeah	1000	908
2011	Maharathtra	1000	925
2011	Bthar	1000	916
2011	West Bengal	1000	947
2011	Andra Pradesh	1000	992
2011	Tamil Nadu	1000	995
2011	Madhya Pradesh	1000	930
2011	Raashtan	1000	926
2011	Karnataka	1000	968
2011	Gujarat	1000	918
2011	Oriasa	1000	978
2011	Kerala	1000	1084
2011	Jharkhand	1000	947
2011	Assam	1000	954
2011	Pnjab	1000	893
2011	Haryana	1000	877
2011	Chhatisgarh	1000	991
2011	Delhi	1000	866
2011	Jainmu and Kashmir	1000	883
2011	Uttrakhand	1000	963
2011	Himachal Pradesh	1000	974
2011	Thpura	1000	961
2011	Meghalaya	1000	986
2011	Mampur	1000	987
2011	Nagaland	1000	931
2011	Gos	1000	968
2011	Arunachal Pradesh	1000	920
2011	Puducherry	1000	1038
2011	Chandigarh	1000	18
2011	Mizoram	1000	975
2011	Sikkim	1000	889
2011	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	1000	878
2011	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	1000	775
2011	Daman and Diu	1000	618
2011	Lakahadweep	1000	946

From these two tables, it is clear that during 1901-2001, sex ratio in India has declined to a great extent. During 1941-1951, 1981-1991 and 1991-2011, the number of females were increased but during rest of the decades, the number of females were decreased. If we compare the decades of 1901 and 2001 than number of females or sex ratio has been decreased upto 40 females per 1000 males. Only Kerala is a state and Puduchery is the alone union territory where this ratio is favourable for females. In Kerala 1084 females are there for 1000 males and in Puduchery this ratio is 1000:1038. But this is 877 in Haryana, 893 in Punjab and 818 in Chandigarh. So from this it is clear that this declining sex ratio is really a cause of worry for us.

Question 2.
What do your understand by females foeticide? Describe its causes and consequences.
Or
What do you mean by female foeticide? Explain its causes.
Or
What is female foeticide? Explain its impacts.
Answer:
The word female foeticide is made up of two words female and foeticide. The meaning of female is girl and foeticide is killing foetus. So, if we look at the literal meaning of female foeticide it is killing of females foetus in mother’s womb. Actually this concept of female foeticide came forward in last few decades when sex ratio of our country started declining.

Meaning of Female Foeticide. Due to many reasons, people wish to have a boy. They use many methods to get .a boy in place of a girl. When a female gets pregnant, during first three months, foetus is not yet fully developed. It is still known as foetus. These days, many new modern techniques have come forward which tell us that the foetus is of boy or girl. Such test is known as sex determination test. If the foetus is of boy, it’s fine but if it is of girl, it is aborted or terminated. It is known as female foeticide. Just because of female foeticide, the sex ratio in India started declining. In 2011, it was 943 girls behind 1000 boys.

Causes of Female Foeticide. When the foetus of a girl is terminated in the mother’s womb, it is called female foeticide. This is one of the social problems which came forward in last few decades. It can have many reasons which are given-below:

1. Traditional Society. The problem of female foeticide prevails more in traditional society. If we compare developed societies such as U.S.A., U.K. etc. with the traditional societies such as India, China, Pakistan etc., we observe that sex ratio is quite less in traditional societies. It is so because people have a tendency in such societies that they need a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre. Due to such tendencies, number of boys increase in traditional societies as people prefer to have a boy.

2. Wish to have a male child. Generally people wish to have a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre after death. Moreover people know if there will be a girl, they will have to give lot of dowry at the time of her marriage. Along with this, they’ll have to give a lot even after girl’s marriage. That’s why people don’t want girl and they even try for this. They do not hesitate from killing female foetus. In this way wish to have a boy also increases female foeticide.

3. Technological Advances. During ancient times, people did’t have access to technological advances as they were not available. So, it was not possible to conduct sex determination test. They had to wait till child’ birth. If it was girl, she was killed at the time of her birth. But with time, many techniques came forward which made it possible to know about the sex of child. Just after 18 weeks of pregnancy, ultrasound machines tell us that the foetus is boy or girl. Thousands of clinics and nursing homes came forward which terminate female foetus. They even kill unborn girl in the womb of mother. New tools have made this work quite easy. In this way technological advancements are responsible for female foeticide.

4. Patriarchal Society. Our society is basically a patriarchal society and males dominate our houses. They take care of the house and take all the important decisions. In such societies, the status of females is quite low and everything is done according to the wish of males. Females cannot do anything with their wish. Males in such society wish to have boys at home and they do not hestitate from committing female foeticide. Females have to accept this as it is the decision of males. In this way, they are forced to accept this wrong act.

Consequences of Females Foeticide: The problem of female foeticide can have some dangerous consequences on society which are given below:

1. Declining Sex Ratio. If we look at the record of the past 100 years we can see that during last 100 years of 1901-2001, the sex ratio has declined quite considerably. Yet, the number of females increased during the decades of 1971-1981 and 1991-2001 but in rest of the decades, it decreased quite considerbely. In India, only Kerala is the state with positive sex ratio. This no. is 1000: 1084 in Kerala. It is 1000: 1038 in Puduchery. But in Haryana it is 1000: 877, in Chandigarh 1000: 818 and in Punjab it is 1000: 893. In this way we can say that the declining sex ratio is a major cause of concern in society.

2. Violence Against Women. Female foeticide leads to decline in sex ratio which
further leads to increase in violence against women. Girls are killed either before birth or new born girls are killed. Even people abandon their daughters in trains. Females have to face violence as they have given birth to girl, not boy. Many have to face sex based violence such as rape, abduction, prostitution etc. ‘

3. Low Status of Women. Declining sex ratio leads to decline in social status of women. If any female is unable to give birth to boy and is bearing only female child, she is forced to opt for abortion. Social evils and social institutions are also responsible for this and it can have an adverse impact on social status of females.

Question 3.
Explain the role of government in combating the problem of female foeticide.
Answer:
See Question No. 8 of Long answer type questions (IV).

Question 4.
Write a detail note on female foeticide.
Answer:
The word female foeticide is made up of two words female and foeticide. The meaning of female is girl and foeticide is killing foetus. So, if we look at the literal meaning of female foeticide it is killing of females foetus in mother’s womb. Actually this concept of female foeticide came forward in last few decades when sex ratio of our country started declining.

Meaning of Female Foeticide. Due to many reasons, people wish to have a boy. They use many methods to get .a boy in place of a girl. When a female gets pregnant, during first three months, foetus is not yet fully developed. It is still known as foetus. These days, many new modern techniques have come forward which tell us that the foetus is of boy or girl. Such test is known as sex determination test. If the foetus is of boy, it’s fine but if it is of girl, it is aborted or terminated. It is known as female foeticide. Just because of female foeticide, the sex ratio in India started declining. In 2011, it was 943 girls behind 1000 boys.

Causes of Female Foeticide. When the foetus of a girl is terminated in the mother’s womb, it is called female foeticide. This is one of the social problems which came forward in last few decades. It can have many reasons which are given-below:

1. Traditional Society. The problem of female foeticide prevails more in traditional society. If we compare developed societies such as U.S.A., U.K. etc. with the traditional societies such as India, China, Pakistan etc., we observe that sex ratio is quite less in traditional societies. It is so because people have a tendency in such societies that they need a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre. Due to such tendencies, number of boys increase in traditional societies as people prefer to have a boy.

2. Wish to have a male child. Generally people wish to have a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre after death. Moreover people know if there will be a girl, they will have to give lot of dowry at the time of her marriage. Along with this, they’ll have to give a lot even after girl’s marriage. That’s why people don’t want girl and they even try for this. They do not hesitate from killing female foetus. In this way wish to have a boy also increases female foeticide.

3. Technological Advances. During ancient times, people did’t have access to technological advances as they were not available. So, it was not possible to conduct sex determination test. They had to wait till child’ birth. If it was girl, she was killed at the time of her birth. But with time, many techniques came forward which made it possible to know about the sex of child. Just after 18 weeks of pregnancy, ultrasound machines tell us that the foetus is boy or girl. Thousands of clinics and nursing homes came forward which terminate female foetus. They even kill unborn girl in the womb of mother. New tools have made this work quite easy. In this way technological advancements are responsible for female foeticide.

4. Patriarchal Society. Our society is basically a patriarchal society and males dominate our houses. They take care of the house and take all the important decisions. In such societies, the status of females is quite low and everything is done according to the wish of males. Females cannot do anything with their wish. Males in such society wish to have boys at home and they do not hestitate from committing female foeticide. Females have to accept this as it is the decision of males. In this way, they are forced to accept this wrong act.

Consequences of Females Foeticide: The problem of female foeticide can have some dangerous consequences on society which are given below:

1. Declining Sex Ratio. If we look at the record of the past 100 years we can see that during last 100 years of 1901-2001, the sex ratio has declined quite considerably. Yet, the number of females increased during the decades of 1971-1981 and 1991-2001 but in rest of the decades, it decreased quite considerbely. In India, only Kerala is the state with positive sex ratio. This no. is 1000: 1084 in Kerala. It is 1000: 1038 in Puduchery. But in Haryana it is 1000: 877, in Chandigarh 1000: 818 and in Punjab it is 1000: 893. In this way we can say that the declining sex ratio is a major cause of concern in society.

2. Violence Against Women. Female foeticide leads to decline in sex ratio which
further leads to increase in violence against women. Girls are killed either before birth or new born girls are killed. Even people abandon their daughters in trains. Females have to face violence as they have given birth to girl, not boy. Many have to face sex based violence such as rape, abduction, prostitution etc. ‘

3. Low Status of Women. Declining sex ratio leads to decline in social status of women. If any female is unable to give birth to boy and is bearing only female child, she is forced to opt for abortion. Social evils and social institutions are also responsible for this and it can have an adverse impact on social status of females.

Question 5.
What do you understand by female foeticide? Explain various measures to combat this problem.
Answer:
The word female foeticide is made up of two words female and foeticide. The meaning of female is girl and foeticide is killing foetus. So, if we look at the literal meaning of female foeticide it is killing of females foetus in mother’s womb. Actually this concept of female foeticide came forward in last few decades when sex ratio of our country started declining.

Meaning of Female Foeticide. Due to many reasons, people wish to have a boy. They use many methods to get .a boy in place of a girl. When a female gets pregnant, during first three months, foetus is not yet fully developed. It is still known as foetus. These days, many new modern techniques have come forward which tell us that the foetus is of boy or girl. Such test is known as sex determination test. If the foetus is of boy, it’s fine but if it is of girl, it is aborted or terminated. It is known as female foeticide. Just because of female foeticide, the sex ratio in India started declining. In 2011, it was 943 girls behind 1000 boys.

Causes of Female Foeticide. When the foetus of a girl is terminated in the mother’s womb, it is called female foeticide. This is one of the social problems which came forward in last few decades. It can have many reasons which are given-below:

1. Traditional Society. The problem of female foeticide prevails more in traditional society. If we compare developed societies such as U.S.A., U.K. etc. with the traditional societies such as India, China, Pakistan etc., we observe that sex ratio is quite less in traditional societies. It is so because people have a tendency in such societies that they need a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre. Due to such tendencies, number of boys increase in traditional societies as people prefer to have a boy.

2. Wish to have a male child. Generally people wish to have a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre after death. Moreover people know if there will be a girl, they will have to give lot of dowry at the time of her marriage. Along with this, they’ll have to give a lot even after girl’s marriage. That’s why people don’t want girl and they even try for this. They do not hesitate from killing female foetus. In this way wish to have a boy also increases female foeticide.

3. Technological Advances. During ancient times, people did’t have access to technological advances as they were not available. So, it was not possible to conduct sex determination test. They had to wait till child’ birth. If it was girl, she was killed at the time of her birth. But with time, many techniques came forward which made it possible to know about the sex of child. Just after 18 weeks of pregnancy, ultrasound machines tell us that the foetus is boy or girl. Thousands of clinics and nursing homes came forward which terminate female foetus. They even kill unborn girl in the womb of mother. New tools have made this work quite easy. In this way technological advancements are responsible for female foeticide.

4. Patriarchal Society. Our society is basically a patriarchal society and males dominate our houses. They take care of the house and take all the important decisions. In such societies, the status of females is quite low and everything is done according to the wish of males. Females cannot do anything with their wish. Males in such society wish to have boys at home and they do not hestitate from committing female foeticide. Females have to accept this as it is the decision of males. In this way, they are forced to accept this wrong act.

Consequences of Females Foeticide: The problem of female foeticide can have some dangerous consequences on society which are given below:

1. Declining Sex Ratio. If we look at the record of the past 100 years we can see that during last 100 years of 1901-2001, the sex ratio has declined quite considerably. Yet, the number of females increased during the decades of 1971-1981 and 1991-2001 but in rest of the decades, it decreased quite considerbely. In India, only Kerala is the state with positive sex ratio. This no. is 1000: 1084 in Kerala. It is 1000: 1038 in Puduchery. But in Haryana it is 1000: 877, in Chandigarh 1000: 818 and in Punjab it is 1000: 893. In this way we can say that the declining sex ratio is a major cause of concern in society.

2. Violence Against Women. Female foeticide leads to decline in sex ratio which
further leads to increase in violence against women. Girls are killed either before birth or new born girls are killed. Even people abandon their daughters in trains. Females have to face violence as they have given birth to girl, not boy. Many have to face sex based violence such as rape, abduction, prostitution etc.

3. Low Status of Women. Declining sex ratio leads to decline in social status of women. If any female is unable to give birth to boy and is bearing only female child, she is forced to opt for abortion. Social evils and social institutions are also responsible for this and it can have an adverse impact on social status of females.

Measures to combat problem: See Question No. 8 of long answer type questions (IV).

Question 6.
Write a detailed note on domestic violence.
Or
What is domestic violence?
Answer:
Sociologists were attracted towards the problem of family violence during last few decades of 20th century. The concept of family violence is not new in Indian society. It is a centuries old concept and sociologists have given their attention towards it in recent times. It is not correct that the family violence was not there in ancient societies. Family violence is a universal thing and has remained in almost all the societies. Violence and even deaths are also related with this. But we have very less knowledge about this concept because very less statistics are available with us about family violence and very few researches have been done till date regarding this.

It is very difficult to bring conclusions in these types of researches because generally people never like to talk about family violence. In this way very less data of family violence is available with us. Another reason of less availability of data of this concept is that many research works have been done related to family in India, but all of these were related with either structure and functions of joint family or structure and function of nuclear family. No one has paid its attention towards the concept of family violence.

One another reason is that people think that if they will talk with any stranger regarding this then his or her family will break up or conflict in the family will increase. That’s why people never like to share their experience of family violence > with any one. Another reason of less number of researches being done on family violence is that there is very less importance of that part of family on which violence is being committed and that part of family is females and children. It is true that our urban society is progressing very quickly but rural society is standing there where it was 50 years back. Females and children are given very less importance in our society. Even society hardly accepts it as a problem. Society declines to accept it a problem and says, that it is not a problem. Domestic violence is accepted as a feature of personal mental illness.

Even many historians hardly accept it as a social problem and say that the family violence is a personal matter of the family. That’s why it should be kept only for the family or for the home. It is true that government has made many laws after independence to stop domestic violence so that the mutual understanding, love, cooperation, sympathy etc. could be increased in the society. Even there is provision of strict punishment in different laws who commit violence against females and children. But this topic is very important for sociology because till date sociology has studied only family or good and positive aspect of family life but it has never studied the negative aspect of family violence.

If any social system is formed then it is the result of integrative and disintegrative processes. In this way family life is also a mixture of negative and positive aspects. Experience of family life of ttvo persons could also be different and they are generally different. If any person has no problem in family life then his family life is full of happiness. But if any person has many problems in family life then his family life will be full of sorrows. Members of family in family life are very much close to each other and this closeness is due to mutual dependence. Opposition and differences also occur in the views of members due to this dependence.

These differences create mutual conflict also. One writer was of the view that the families where there is a lot of conflict in the family, they use more reasons to remove that conflict and more violence is there in those families. We cannot find same type of situation in the family. Family life is always full of happiness and sorrowness. General consensus and conflict always occur in the family. Many a time violence occurs due to this conflict and many a time this violence results in the form of death. Very less data is available in our country related to domestic violence. Generally researchers pay attention towards the physical violence which is committed in the family. They hardly care about the psychological violence. Psychological violence is very dangerous because its effect lasts for the whole life. But even then the family life has not been explained in a proper way. That’s why our knowledge related to this is very limited.

Definition of Domestic Violence:

Domestic violence is a complex concept. It is very difficult to define it because violence is a very wide concept in which abusing, slapping and the concept of murder are included. Except this the meaning of force and violence are generally taken in the same sense. Violence is generally a physical activity but force is the activity full of hatred in which we hurt other person. This hurt could be physical and psychological as well. From the researches being done on family violence we come to know that we cannot differentiate the legal and illegal activity because the victims of violence make the act of violence legal by accepting those violent acts.

According to Gelles, “Day to day patterned and recurrent use of physical violence like pushing, slapping, punching, knifing, shooting and throwing objects by one member of the family at another.” According to Pagelow, “An act of omission or commission by family members and any condition comes out of such activity which deprives other members of family of equal rights and liberties and interferes with their’optimal development and freedom of choice.”

In this way family violence is not limited only to physical violence but is extended from psychological violence and up to snatching freedom of-members of family. It happens again and again in family relation. The area of family violence starts abusing and goes up to the use of force. Conflict of husband-wife, brother-sister, uncles, grandfather, grandson is included in this. In this way family violence is that act which is being committed by one member of the family towards other member of the family with an idea to strike other one. Yet the violence is very common in our society and violence is not a particular thing itself but when the violence is being used against the members of the family then its study and explanation become necessary.

There can be many types of family violence like misbehave of husband and wife towards each other, marital rape, rape of sister by brother or of daughter by father, violence between brother and sister, violence in father and the son, violence in mother-in-law and daughter-in-law etc. Generally it has been believed that the violence in any other condition is known as very serious but if this violence will be on the base of family then it is accepted as the family problem or just a small crime.

Question 7.
What are the causes of domestic violence?
Or
What are the causes of domestic violence? Discuss.
Answer:
There is not just one or two causes of domestic violence but it has many reasons whose description is given ahead:

1. Social change: Change is law of nature and family and society are also affected by this. Changes are often coming in family, house and society due to geographical and cultural effects. A new change has come in the old relations due to many factors like urbanization, industrialization, new and formal educational system, means of transport and communication etc. People get many chances to get work because of which members of the family were forced to leave the ancient web of relationships. New generation gave importance to nuclear families instead of joint families so that they could move from one place to another. Due to living alone they went out of control of any elder. Problems of office, problems of running the house when become intolerable for the person then he takes out his anger on wife and children in the family because of which domestic violence increases.

2. Alcoholism: Generally it has been seen that humans are using alcohol to get relief from the tensions or for the sake of fun. When a person reaches the home after consuming alcohol then his wife, children, parents etc. advise him not to use alcohol and even tell him about the consequences of using alcohol. Many a time person listens to it and then he comes in anger and starts to beat up his family members. He abuses them and severely beats them up. He thinks that his family members are increasing his problems. In this way he is hardly aware of the fact what he is doing under the influence of liquor. His body remains under the influence of liquor and he hardly cares that wh#t is he doing. In this way alcoholism also increases domestic violence.

3. Misbehaviour of childhood: Many scholars say that many people are very much misbehaved in their childhood by their parents. Their childhood has been spent with full of misbehaviour, violence of parents and without love. Behaviour of many persons becomes rude because of this and when they become adult they misbehave with their parents, wife, and children. Many persons keep these things in their mind and when they become young they also misbehave (physical and psychological) with their parents and children. In this way the childhood of the person is some times responsible for domestic violence.

4. Drug abuse: These days many medicines are available in the market with which person can come in the influence of drug like capsules, injections etc. Yet doctor gives the person to cure its problems but many a time humans start to use them as a drug. When the person consumes them then he hardly cares about the fact that what he is doing. He misbehaves with the members of the family and even he beats them up. He abuses them, beats them up so that he is able to get money from them. In this way domestic violence increases due to drug abuse.

5. Problem of personality: Many a time personality problems can also become a reason of family violence. Some persons are angry by nature and come in anger with small, small things. For example in many families uncles beat up their nephew even due to small things. Some people are very possessive by nature. They beat their wife, children, sister even after little bit of doubt on their behaviour and character. For example if their son, daughter, child is talking on phone then they ask them with whom and why are you talking? If they are unable to get satisfactory answer then they beat them up. In this way problem of personality also becomes a cause of family violence.

6. Less income: Today is the age of inflation but the income of every person is | very much limited. Income of the family is generally less but expenditure is more. That’s why they are unable to run their family in a proper way and they always remain in the economic problems. Person always remains in the tension. Family 1 members demand many things from him but he is unable to fulfil those demands and that’s why he beats them up in tension and anger and violence happens automatically. In this way less income can also become the cause of domestic violence.

7. Unemployment: Many a time unemployment can also become a reason of family violence. Many a time business of any person remains no more, he looses his job etc. In this condition he becomes either unemployed or half employed. He becomes annoyed with this and remains in tension. He brings out his anger on the family members because of which domestic violence increases.

8. Capacity to commit violence: Many a time family members commit violence at that time when the value of being violent is less than that of its result. In other words people beat other members of their family because they can do so. Males are generally powerful than females and children. That’s why they use violent methods against them. Inequality in family and society exists due to sex and age. That’s why the strong person and aged person uses violence and domestic violence increases with this.

9. Clash of interests: God has made every person of a different nature and the interests of every perspn are also different according to that. Any one wants to get more education and any one wants to earn more money. In this way interests of every member of family are also different. Interests of father, son, nephew, uncle, brother, sister, grandfather, grandson etc. are also different. That’s why there is a clash of interests. Every member of the family wants that he should get more and more family’s property. That’s why conflict starts in members of the family. Even brothers hardly talk with each other while living in the family, conflict occurs in father and son. Even they try to kill each other because of property. We can read this type of news in daily newspaper like son killed his father, brother killed his brother, nephew killed his uncle. In this way clash of interests also becomes a reason of domestic violence.

10. Male dominated society: Our society is male dominated society because of which females are given very low status in family and society. In this way the cause of violence against women comes out due to the lower status of women as compared to males. All the powers in male dominated society are in the hands of males. The process of socialization also keeps females under the authority of males. This inequality in both the sexes is going on from the ages. More inequality will lead to the violence against lower class. Except this if lower class (females) will try to oppose it then its answer will also be given in the form of violence.

11. Dependency: Generally males earn money in the family and all the other members depend upon them to live. That’s why males feel that the life of other members of the family is in their command. That’s why they can change their lives. If members of the family spend their lives according to his views then it’s fine otherwise they can be forced to live in his way with the help of violence. In this way dependency also increases domestic violence.

Question 8.
Write a note about control of domestic vialence.
Or
Explain various measures to combat domestic violence.
Answer:
Domestic violence is not a new concept. It was also there in ancient societies. At that time family was giving psychological, physical and social security to its members. But many new changes are coming in joint family. This change has come in the roles of elders of the family. Tension is coming in the relations of husband and wife. Elders are disrespected and many cases of misbehaviour with them can be read in newspapers. Younger members are getting more rights. Elders are not considered as useful but are considered as useless and that’s why the cases of misbehaviour are increasing with them. Relations of parents and children are weakening. Relations of husband and wife are weakening and this we can come to knew from the increasing number of divorces. Ancient family structure remains no more. In future the concept of joint family will also come to an end.

In this way to reduce family violence and to save the lives of victims of violence it is necessary that it should be stopped and it should be cured but we can not change our culture while curing it. Its cure is to stop it. The main aim of stopping methods is to stop family violence. First of all, we have to change our values, behaviour, nature etc. with which our way of looking the females will also be changed.

Sexual inequality,’ economic inequality, and dependency also increase family violence. If the difference between job-oriented females and males will come to an end then family violence will also come to an end. Except this, we should not beat our children but make them understand with love. Violence will give birth to counter-violence. Whichever system will be established with violence it will also come to an end with violence. If we will beat our children to make them understand then it will not affect their bodies but will affect their minds as well. He will never forget this beating for his whole life and will show the same face to his parents which was shown to him by his parents. If we will educate them with love then it would be a very important step to reduce domestic violence because love gives birth to love.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is the situation of social problem?
(а) Most of the people are affected by this
(b) This is an undesirable condition
(c) There is conflict in social values
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

2. Which of these is the economic factor of social problem?
(a) Unemployment
(b) Poverty
(c) Slums
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. What do we call the person who consumes alcohol once or twice in a year?
(a) Rare user
(b) Infrequent user
(c) Light drinker
(d) Moderate drinker
Answer:
(a) Rare user

4. What do we call the persons who start consuming alcohol right from the morning?
(a) Moderate drinkers
(b) Heavy drinkers
(c) Infrequent drinkers
(d) Light drinkers
Answer:
(b) Heavy drinkers

5. Which of these is a type of drug?
(a) opium
(b) cocain
(c) charas
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The situation of ……………… is undesirable in society.
Answer:
Social problem

2. ……………….. is a type of drug which is drunk.
Answer:
Alcohol

3. Opium, Heroins, cocain come under the category of ……………….
Answer:
narcotics

4. ………………… and ……………….. can play a way important role in keeping children away from drugs.
Answer:
School, teacher

5. Consuming …………………. is having a bad effect on one’s health.
Answer:
drug

True/False:

1. Social problems affect most of the members of society.
Answer:
True

2. Heroin is a type of Narcotics.
Answer:
True

3. Drug addict always wants to consume drugs.
Answer:
True

4. The Union Government passed The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act in 1955 A.D.
Answer:
False

5. There is no value conflict in social problems.
Answer:
False

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is social problem?
Answer:
Social problem is that undesirable situation which everybody wants to change.

Question 2.
On what social problem depends?
Answer:
Social problem depends upon the values of society.

Question 3.
How many members of society get affected by social problems?
Answer:
Most of the members of society get affected by social problems.

Question 4.
Give socio-cultural factors of social problems.
Answer:
Untouchability, female foeticide, dowry, domestic violence, violence against women etc.

Question 5.
Give economic factors of social problems.
Answer:
Poverty, unemployment, slums, illiteracy, crime etc.

Question 6.
What is alcoholism?
Answer:
When any one starts consuming alcohol on frequent basis, it is called alcoholism.

Question 7.
Who is a rare user?
Answer:
One who consumes liquor once or twice in one year, he is called rare user.

Question 8.
Who is an infrequent user?
Answer:
One who consumes alcohol once in two-three months is an infrequent user.

Question 9.
Who is a light drinker?
Answer:
Light drinker is that who consumes alcohol once or twice in one mouth.

Question 10.
Who is a moderate drinker?
Answer:
Moderate drinkers is the one who consumes alcohol three-four time in one month.

Question 11.
Who is a heavy drinker?
Answer:
One who consumes alcohol on daily basis is a heavy drinker.

Question 12.
How much of the Indian population consumes alcohol atleast once during its lifetime?
Answer:
Around 42% of the total population.

Question 13.
Give one cause of alcoholism.
Answer:
People consume alcohol to ignore their tensions and problems.

Question 14.
Give one effect of alcoholism.
Answer:
It leatds to was tage of money and Loss of health.

Question 15.
What is a drug?
Answer:
Drug is a chemical which physiologically and psychologically affects our abillity to do work.

Question 16.
Give names of any four narcotics.
Answer:
Opium, cocain, Heroin, Marijuana, charas etc.

Question 17.
When was the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act passed?
Answer:
This law was passed in 1985 A.D.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give two features of social problems.
Answer:

• Social problems are such unwanted circumstances with which most of the members of society are directly or indirectly affected.
• About social problems, most of the members of society believe that their solution is must.

Question 2.
Give socio-cultural factors of social problems.
Answer:
In India, people of many religions, castes and lingual groups live with each other. That’s why many socio cultural problems occur over here such as untouchability, female foeticide, dowry, domestic violence, violence against women etc.

Question 3.
Give three reasons of alcoholism.
Or
Two causes of alcoholism.
Answer:

• People consume alcohol to remove their tensions.
• People get tired with their occupation and that’s “why they consume alcohol.
• Many persons like to sit with their friends and they force him to consume alcohol.

Question 4.
Give three reasons of drug addiction.
Answer:

• Many a times, peer group forces an individual to consume drug.
• Sometimes, an individual feels alienated and to remove alienation, he starts to use drugs.
• Many people are unable to face the situations in life and that’s why they start to use drugs.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Alcoholism.
Answer:
Alcoholism is a state in which the person is unable to keep control on his quantity of taking alcohol which he cannot stop after starts to using it. Alcohol cannot be called as stimulant but it acts as a inhibitor on our nervous system. When person starts to use it, he feels himself free from all the tensions and he slowly slowly starts to use too much quantity of it. Alcoholism not only reduces his work efficiency but it destroys his family as well.

Question 2.
Alcoholic Person.
Answer:
Alcoholic person is that person who uses alcohol or drinks alcohol. Person, who is a compulsive drinker, cannot live without drinking alcohol. In this way the person who cannot live without drinking alcohol is known as alcoholic person. He is unable to keep control on himself. He drinks daily and goes to such extent that he cannot do any work without alcohol. His body starts to shiver in its absence.

Question 3.
Types of Alcoholic Persons.
Answer:

• Rare alcoholic: Who drinks once or twice in a year.
• Infrequent alcoholic: Who drinks once in two or three months or drinks only in any marriage or party.
• Lighter user alcoholic: Who drinks once or twice in a month to enjoy his holiday.
• Moderate user alcoholic: Who drinks thrice or four times in month to enjoy his holiday.
• Heavy user alcoholic: Who drinks alcohol many times in a day or who drinks daily.

Question 4.
Occupation-cause of Alcoholism.
Answer:
In many cases, occupation becomes a cause of alcoholism. Occupation of many persons is such that they become very much tired and they need something to do work again. It not only removes their tiredness but it also motivates them to work again the next day. In the same way many persons start to use alcohol to please other persons related occupations. For example, many times any worker has to drink with his owner or boss to please him and becomes an addict of it. In this way person has to drink alcohol due to his occupation and he becomes an addict of it.

Question 5.
Mental tension – Cause of Alcoholism.
Answer:
Every person is the victim of one or another mental tension. If some one does’t have money, so he is in tension to run his house. Some have money but are tensed for its safety, tension of business, tension of office, tension due to poverty, anyone is tense due to his owner, boss or wife, any one has fear of loss in business and someone is tensed due to competition. In this way every person is the victim of one or another type of tension. If he drinks alcohol then is nervous system relaxes for some time and for some time he becomes free from every type of mental tension.

Question 6.
Poverty-Cause of Alcoholism.
Answer:
A poor person is always in tension to earn money, His family members are more in number but he is the sole earner of the family. That’s why expenditure of the family is more but income is very less. Person always remains in tension of giving food, cloth and education to his children. That’s why he takes the help of the alcohol to remove his tension. He gets relief from his mental tensions for some time after using alcohol. In this way he starts to drink more quantity of alcohol and becomes an alcoholic.

Question 7.
Drug Addiction.
Answer:
When a person uses any subtance with which his body becomes dependent upon that substance or drug then it is known as drug addiction. Drug is that substance which directly affects the brain and nervous system of the person. In this way when a person becomes so dependent upon that drug that he cannot live without drug then it is known as drug addiction.

Question 8.
Drug Abuse.
Answer:
When a person starts using any illegal drug or misuses any legal drug then it is known as drug abuse. It damages person mentally as well as physically. Use of L.S.D. and Cocain, use of Heroin, Smoking of Hashish and Ganja, Alcoholism etc. all are included in this. Person enjoys fully in it. He goes on the trip of enjoyment. He could be able to do any work after its use unless he could not be able to do any thing.

Question 9.
Drug dependency.
Answer:
When person starts to use daily any drug legally or illegally and he cannot live without it then it is known as drug dependency. Dependency can be physical as well as mental. When a person uses any drug again and again grasps drug in itself then it is known as physical dependence. But when his body aches and he feels physical problems due to non use of that drug then it is a physical loss as well as mental loss.

Question 10.
Characteristics of Drug Addiction.
Answer:

• Sudden wish occurs in the person to get drug in drug addiction.
• In drug addiction he wants to get drug in any way unless his body stops working.
• In drug addiction, there is a tendency to increase the dose slowly and slowly.
• Person becomes physically and mentally dependent upon drugs in drug addiction.

Question 11.
Types of Drugs.
Answer:

• Liquor or Alcohol
• Sedatives
• Narcotics
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens
• Nicotine

Question 12.
Psychological Causes of Drug Abuse.
Answer:

• When any person wants to reduce his tensions then he starts to use drug.
• There is a wish in some person that how it feels when we take drug and that’s why they start to use drugs.
• Unemployed persons want to pass their time and that’s why they start to use drugs.
• Many persons use drugs to increase their self-confidence.

Question 13.
Social Causes of Drug Abuse.
Answer:

• Many times friends of any person force him to use drugs because of which he starts to use drugs.
• Conflicts of the family also force the person to use drugs so that he could not come in mental tension.
• Many times a wish occurs in the person while observing that his elders are using any drug and that’s why he starts to use drug.

Question 14.
Ways to control Drug addiction.
Answer:

• People should be motivated not to use drugs so that they could be motivated to do so.
• Doctors should also restrict themselves from not giving those drugs to their patients with which they could become addicted.
• People should be told about the losses of drugs so that the people should keep themselves away from the drugs.
• Parents should behave friendly with their children and they should be told about the evil consequences of drug abuse so that they could be a way of these drugs.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is Alcoholism? Give its types.
Answer:
Alcoholism is a condition in which a person is unable to control his quantity of drinking alcohol with which he cannot stop it once he starts drinking alcohol. In this way, an alcoholic person is a person who uses whisky, drinks whisky, and is a compulsive person who cannot live without drinkings. In this way, a person who cannot live without drinking alcohol is known as an alcoholic person. Generally, we can come to know about features of alcoholism through four factors, and these four factors are:

• Too much use of alcohol.
• The tension of alcoholic person on his too much use of alcohol.
• No control of alcoholic person on his too much use of alcohol.
• Occurrence of disturbance in social, psychological, and worldly functions.

In this way Don Kehlan has explained five types of alcoholic persons on the basis of quantity and frequency of drinking and these five types are given below:

• Rare alcoholic: Rare alcoholic persons are those persons who drink alcohol once or twice a year and even drink for the sake of fun.
• Infrequent alcoholic. An infrequent alcoholic person is a person who drinks alcohol once or twice in two or three months or at the time of any marriage or function.
• Light user alcoholic. Light user alcoholic is that person who drinks once or twice in one month. He sometimes drinks in the company of his friends.
• Moderate user alcoholic. Moderate user alcoholic is that person who drinks thrice or four times in a month or wants to enjoy his holiday (Sunday).
• Heavy user alcoholic. Heavy user alcoholic person is that who drinks alcohol daily or many times in a day. They are also known as Hardcore alcoholic persons.

Question 2.
How Alcoholism can be prevented? Explain it.
Or
How can we cure the problem of alcohol?
Answer:
Alcoholism is that problem which has been faced by our country since a long time. Not only person himself but his family and society also disintegrates with this. His morality comes to an end, he starts to commit crimes, and his health also deteriorates. In this way it has very much evil consequences on person. We should jointly solve this problem so that the society could he prevented from disorganization. Government and social service institutions can play a very important role in it. This problem can be prevented in many ways.

1. First of person should motivate himself to not to start drink of alcohol. If he will not start using it then how he will become addict of it. Family can play a very important role in it. Elders of the family can motivate their children by not using alcohol. Elders can tell them about the evil consequences of alcoholism. They can educate them from time to time so that they could move on the right path.

2. Government can play a very important role in it. Government can announce the policy of restriction on alcohol and can impose this policy in the state. It should take strict action against the makers and sellers of the liquor so that people should keep themselves away from it. Government should also discourage drinkers not to use alcohol.

3. If a doctor is taking care of an alcoholic person then he always has hatreds against the alcoholic person. It is a shocking thing for that person. Doctors should change their attitude so that the alcoholic person should leave use of alcohol from his heart. Doctors should keep a sympathetic attitude towards alcoholic persons.

4. Restriction on alcoholism and alcohol should not be propagated among the people. Government, social service institutions and people can take the help of T.V., radio, newspapers, magazines, etc., and can propagate against its evil consequences. Educational institutions can also play a very big part in it and can motivate the students to get an education in their institutions. They can organize Seminars against it so that people should keep themselves away from this problem.

5. Generally whisky has been taken as a means of recreation. But if it will be banned then the means of recreation for the people will come to an end. That’s why government and non-governmental institutions can establish recreational centres so that the people can enjoy these places instead of using alcohol.

6. People should also be motivated by this problem. This problem is very big and cannot be solved in one or two days. For that people are necessary to be motivated. The illiterate people of our country are hardly aware of the evil consequences of this problem. People should also be educated regarding this and should be educated to live a better life. If people would be educated properly then this problem could also be solved very quickly.

7. Government should make strict laws to restrict alcoholism so that the drinkers and sellers of alcohol could be strictly punished. For this special courts could be constituted so that the lawbreakers could be punished very quickly.

8. Not only externally but the mentality of the people should also be changed. An actual ban on alcoholism can happen if the person himself should leave this problem. That’s why the mentality of the person should be changed. Plays, Lectures can be organized regarding this so that people could themselves change their mentality.

So after looking at this explanation we can say that the problem of alcoholism is a social problem and it has not just one or two reasons but it has many reasons behind it. People themselves are increasing this problem and if they want they themselves can eradicate this problem. If the public will take a tough stand against it then the government will also have to take part in it. If government and people both join hands with each other then this problem can be removed very quickly.

Question 3.
Explain different types of drugs.
Answer:
We can divide drugs into six parts which are given below:

1. Whisky or liquor
2. Sedatives
3. Narcotics
4. Stimulants
5. Hallucinogens
6. Nicotine

Now we will explain them in detail:

1. Whisky or alcohol. Some people drink alcohol as something which can give them pleasure and some people drinks alcohol so that they can get stimulant to do their work. Alcohol also works as a substance that gives us peace with which our nerves gets peace and relaxation. It acts as a sedative that calms down nerves or a type of anesthetic which reduces the pain of living. Humans have to face many problems and tensions in their lives because of which they become the victims of mental tension. That’s why they take help of alcohol to relieve their mental tension. Alcohol relieves tension and reduces aggressive inhibitions. It also reduces the power of taking decisions and creates confusion.

2. Sedatives. Sedatives are also known as depressants. It relaxes our central nervous system, induces sleep and gives a very calming effect. In medical terms, they are used for insomnia, epilepsy, high blood pressure and it is given to the patient before operation and during surgery so that they could relax. It acts as a depressant which depresses the actions of nerves and muscles. It also slows down breathing and heart beating and makes the user relax. But if the user will start to use a higher dose then he can become gloomy, sluggish, irritable and quarrelsome. His capacity of working and thinking reduces with this.

3. Narcotics. We can include opium, heroin, brown sugar, marijuana, charas, ghanja, bhang, smack etc. in narcotics. Heroin is a white powder which is made by morphine, cocaine is made by the leaves of coca bush, ganja, charas can be obtained from the hemp plant. Marijuana is a particular form of cannabis. Cocaine, heroin, morphine etc. can be .taken either by injections or in the form of cigarettes. All of these increase the capacity of the work of the person, gives him a lot of enjoyment and a feeling of superiority comes in him. But when person becomes an addict of these things then he cannot live without them. However, weakness, insomnia, nervousness remains and in the end person dies without them.

4. Stimulants. Stimulants activate the nervous system, treat small depression, relieve tension, keep a person awake, increase alertness and reduce aggressive inhibitions. Caffeine, cocaine, Amphetamines, etc. are used stimulative agents. If these will be taken according to the prescription by the doctor then it can produce self-confidence and alertness. But if they will be used more frequently then many problems like headache, sweating, diarrhea, nervousness can occur. These stimulants do not produce physical dependence but are psychologically addicting. Abruptly withdrawing the drug can result in mental illness and suicidal depression.

5. Hallucinogens. The most important element in this category is L.S.D. which is never prescribed by any doctor. It is either taken orally or in the form of an injection. It is so powerful that one ounce of LSD can produce three lakh human doses. Its minimum dose also directly affects the person. If any person uses it then he remains in hallucination, dreams, etc. after taking its dose. Severe mental derangement can result from an attempt to withdraw from its use.

6. Nicotine. We can include tobacco, bidi, cigarettes, cigars, snuff, etc. in it. It has no positive impact on our body but physically a person depends upon it. It leads to relaxation, stimulates the central nervous system, increases wakefulness, and removes boredom. But its heavy dose can lead to heart attack, lung cancer, bronchitis. If any person starts to use it then he becomes dependent upon it.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Rapid industrialization has led to an increase in environmental pollution such as?
(a) Degradation and desertification of land
(b) Nepotism
(c) Overpopulation
(d) Caste system
Answer:
(a) Degradation and desertification of land

2. Which of the following is not a stage of alcoholism?
(a) Prodigal phase
(b) Crucial phase
(c) Chronic phase
(d) Frequent phase
Answer:
(b) Crucial phase

3. Which one of the following is not the classification of drinkers?
(a) Rare users
(b) Light drinkers
(c) Hyper users
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Hyper users

4. Alcoholism is associated with what kind of problems?
(a) Social problem
(b) Economic problem
(c) Health problem
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

5. The most widely known stimulants are
(a) Tablets
(b) Amphetamines
(c) LSD
(d) Heroine
Answer:
(b) Amphetamines

6. Tabacco is responsible for about 30% of all
(a) Cancer deaths
(b) AIDS
(c) Dengue
(d) Diabetes
Answer:
(a) Cancer deaths

7. What occurs when acceptable social standards of its use are violated, resulting in adverse physiological, psychological, and social consequences.
(a) Drug abuse
(b) Obesity
(c) Food adulterants
(d) Conflict in values
Answer:
(d) Conflict in values

Fill in the Blanks:

1. …………….. and ………………… are problems associated with increasing political corruption among leaders.
Answer:
Red tapism, Nepotism

2. The problem of untouchability in India is due to the ………………… system.
Answer:
Caste

3. When a person starts drinking even in the morning, he is said to be entered in the …………… phase.
Answer:
Chronic

4. ……………… is a narcotic and leads to nervous degeneration, liver cirrhosis, high blood pressure and a host of other diseases.
Answer:
Sedative

5. …………….. drinkers are those who drink three or four times in a month.
Answer:
Moderate

6. …………… group influence is very powerful in initiating a new person to drug taking habit.
Answer:
Peer

7. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act was amended in ………………….. to make the legislation still more stringent.
Answer:
1987

8. ………………… abuse leads to a number of short-term and long-term effects that are detrimental to health.
Answer:
Drug

9. Drug use weakens the ……………….. system and makes the individual more vulnerable to acquiring infections:
Answer:
Immune

True/False:

1. Alcoholism is more treatable than drug addiction.
Answer:
True

2. Social problems are interrelated to each other.
Answer:
True

3. Male child preference and Patriarchal system are social problems related to ecological factor.
Answer:
False

4. Alcoholism does not influence the families and communities.
Answer:
False

5. Men drink because their occupation has completely exchausted them.
Answer:
True

6. Heavy drinkers are the drinkers who drink every day or several drinks during the day.
Answer:
True

7. Teachers cannot play any vital role in the prevention of alcoholism.
Answer:
False

8. Parents are helpless in curbing the problem of drug addiction.
Answer:
True

9. Drug abuse does not influence the families and communities.
Answer:
False

Match the Columns:

Column A	Column B
Poverty	Ecological or environmental problem
Undesirable condition	Socio cultural problem
Male child preference	Economic problem
Global warming	Factor of female foeticide
State of Alcoholism	Who drink once or twice a month
Light drinkers	Chronic phase
Underage drinking	Increased stress
Cause of Alcoholism	Violent crime

Answer:

Column A	Column B
Poverty	Economic problem
Undesirable condition	Violent crime
Male child preference	Factor of female foeticide
Global warming	Ecological or environmental problem
State of Alcoholism	Chronic phase
Light drinkers	Who drink once or twice a month
Underage drinking	Socio cultural problem
Cause of Alcoholism	Increased stress

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
List the factors which are responsible for social problems.
Answer:
Socio-cultural factors, economic factors, political factors, environmental factors etc.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Alcoholism?
Answer:
Alcoholism is a pattern of consuming alcohol which is not only dangerous for himself but for his family as well.

Question 3.
Who are called the light drinkers?
Answer:
Those who drink alcohol once or twice in a month are called light drinkers.

Question 4.
List the stages of Alcoholism.
Answer:
Pre-alcoholic stage, Relief drinking stage, Acute stage and Chronic stage are the stages of alcoholism.

Question 5.
What do you mean by drug?
Answer:
Drug is a chemical substance which exerts profound and different impact on brain and body and which brings changes in one’s physical functions.

Question 6.
What is Drug Addiction?
Answer:
The meaning of drug addiction is physical dependency on any medicine or chemical thing.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you understand by Social Problem?
Or
Define social problems.
Answer:
Social problem is that unnecessary condition which must be changed. Each society goes through a phase of transition which can have constructive or destructive consequences. Destructive consequences bring out many problems which are known as social problems.

Question 2.
Write any two factors related to social problems.
Answer:

• Socio cultural factors such as untouchability, female foeticide, dowry etc. bring out many social problems.
• Economic factors such as poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, slums etc. help in the advent of social problems.

Question 3.
Write down three effects of alcohol consumption.
Answer:

• Consuming alcohol leads to the wastage of money.
• It has direct effect on health which deteriorates very quickly.
• It reduces human ability to do work and he comes under mental stress.

Question 4.
What do you mean by chronic phase of alcoholism?
Answer:
In the chronic phase of alcoholism, one starts drinking daily and even many times in a day. He always remains under the influence of alcohol, thinks adversely and is unable to do any work. He always thinks about drinking and becomes restless in the absence of alcohol.

Question 5.
What is Alcohol dependency?
Answer:
When a person starts to consume alcohol daily and is unable to live without it, this is called alcohol dependency. He becomes so depended on alcohol that he is unable to do any work without it. This is known as alcohol dependency.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Alcoholism?
Answer:
Alcoholism is a situation in which one cannot keep control on his alcohol consumption and cannot control it once he start its consumption. To get rid of stress, he tries to find ways of drinking. It increase his level of drinking.

Question 7.
What do you mean by the pre-alcoholic symptomatic phase?
Answer:
At this level, by taking advantage of social restrictions, one starts to consume alcohol to remove his tensions and to ignore one’s personal problems. He relates his consumption with stress relief situation and tries to find chances to drink.

Question 8.
Give the social causes for persons turning to drugs.
Answer:
There are many social causes with which a person turns to drugs such as due to friehds, to go to upper strata of society, for social experience, to oppose social values, to establish new social customs etc.

Question 9.
List the short term effects of drugs on an individual.
Answer:
There are few short term effects of drugs on an individual which are visible for only few minutes after consuming drug. He feels a false sense of well being, a pleasant drowsiness, distorted vision, impaired judgement, bad breath and hangovers.

Question 10.
What is the role of teachers in the prevention of drug abuse?
Answer:
Teachers can play a very important role in the prevention of drug abuse they can talk openly with their students and can keep them busy in constructive work. They can be motivated to adopt good habits.

Question 11.
What do you mean by the term drug addiction?
Answer:
When an individual consumes any medicine or chemical with which his body becomes dependent on that medicine or chemical, this is known as drug addiction. That medicine or chemical directly affects his brain and nervous system.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Discuss various factors of social problems in India.
Or
Discuss factors of social problems in detail.
Or
Explain two major causes of social problems in India.
Answer:

• Socio-cultural factors: These factors include untouchability, female foeticide, dowry, domestic violence, violence against women, generation gap.
• Economic factors: Economic factors include poverty, slums, unemployment, crime, urbanization, industrialization, etc.
• Regional factor: This factor includes emigration and immigration, change in population structure, population, unemployment, etc.
• Political factor: This factor includes election-related politics, nepotism, corruption, bribe, communalism, etc.
• Environmental factor. In this factor, we can take water pollution, air pollution, greenhouse effect, etc.

Question 2.
Write a short note on drugs.
Answer:
Drug is a chemical that exerts deep and different impact on body and mind of an individual. It brings changes in the physical functions of a common man. In medical terms, drug is a substance which a doctor gives to his patient to get him cured. On physical and psychological level, it can be taken as a habit which directly affects the consumer. The usage of more than required quantity of drug is so dangerous that it stimulates an individual against society. Heroin, cocain, L.S.D. alcohol, opium, tobacco etc. are known as drugs.

Question 3.
Discuss in brief the stages of Alcoholism.
Answer:

• Pre-Alcoholic Stage: At this stage, after taking advantage of social restrictions, an individual starts drinking to remove his stress and to ignore his personal problems.
• Relief Drinking Stage: At this level, the frequency and quantity of consuming alcohol increases but he himself knows that he is doing wrong.
• Acute Stage: At this stage, it becomes necessary, for an individual to consume alcohol. He faces social pressure even then he says that he has not lost control of himself.
• Chronic Stage: At this stage, one drinks for the whole day. He always remains under the influence of liquor and forgets to do his work. He feels uncomfortable in the absence of alcohol.

Question 4.
Discuss the categories of Alcoholism in brief.
Answer:

• Rare users: Those individuals who consume alcohol once or twice in one V year.
• Infrequent users: Those individuals who consume alcohol once or twice in two-three months.
• Light drinkers: Those who consume liquor once or twice in one month are light drinkers.
• Moderate drinkers: Those who consume three or four times in a month come under this category.
• Heavy drinkers: One who consumes alcohol daily or many times in a day is a heavy drinker.

Question 5.
Write the harmful effects of Alcoholism.
Answer:

• There is a wastage of money for the one who consumes liquor.
• One’s health deteriorates and he suffers from many diseases.
• The efficiency of work reduces the person who consumes liquor quite frequently.
• One’s brain goes out of control and one becomes a victim of mental stress.
• Under the impact of alcohol, people commit many crimes such as murder, rape, theft, etc.
• It leads to wastage of money which further increases poverty.

Question 6.
Why are young children more prone to alcoholism and drug addiction?
Answer:
It is true that young children are more prone to alcoholism and drug addiction. Sometimes one starts to use drugs due to his friends. His friends force him to use drugs and he becomes addicted to this. Sometimes he wants to use drugs as he observes the same thing in his family. Many individuals want to oppose social values and they start consuming drugs. Young people take education but are unable to get employment of their choice. They become half employed or remain unemployed and move on the path of drug addiction.

Question 7.
Discuss long-term effects of drugs on individuals.
Or
Write the harmful effects of Drug Addiction.
Answer:

• The drug addict becomes physically and psychologically dependent upon drugs that he needs to do many compromises in life.
• One who uses drugs gets prone to many diseases such as stomach problems, skin disease, impact on the liver, heart disease, damage to the central nervous system, etc.
• The immune system of the drug addict becomes so weak that he opens up himself to many new diseases.
• There is a possibility of suffering from AIDS one who uses drugs. Sometimes under the influence, he makes extramarital relations which can further open up a new disease of AIDS.
• It has been seen that more usage of drugs leads to the death of the drug addict.

Question 8.
Write in brief the psychological and physiological effects of drug addiction.
Answer:
Psychological Effects. One who uses drugs become so addict that he cannot live without them. He starts feeling that he cannot do anything without drug and he can do a better work once he comes under the effect of drug. Alongwith this, he feels that drug will remove all of his tension and depression. Physical Effects. Drug addiction can have a really bad impact on one’s body. He cannot sleep, his body aches, his sexual wish reaches on top once he comes under their influence, his body becomes so dependent that he cannot do anything without drugs.

Question 9.
What type of special attention should be given to the adolescents to prevent drug addiction?
Answer:
The adolescent stage is that in which a child moves out of family and goes in the hands of society. Here it is necessary for him to move on a right path. If he comes in the wrong hands, he can start consuming drugs and his future life gets destroyed. Under such circumstance, parents need to give special attention to their kids. They need to take care about his peergroup. If any one of his friends is consuming drugs, parents must talk with their kids to leave his friendship. Even parents of drug addict should be informed. Parents must care about eating habits, wearing style, time of sleeping etc. of their kids to save them from moving on the path of drug addiction.

Question 10.
Write the causes of drug addiction.
Or
Write four causes of drug addiction.
Answer:

• When one wants to reduce his tension, he starts consuming drugs.
• Sometimes one’s friends force him to consume drugs and consequently, he becomes a drug addict.
• Sometimes one wants to know about the impact of drugs, so he starts consuming drugs.
• If there is a family problem and the husband-wife is not on good terms with each other, even then one starts consuming drugs.
• Sometimes, people observe that their elders are consuming drugs, so, they also start doing the same.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you mean by Alcoholism? Discuss the factors responsible for it in detail.
Or
Describe Alcoholism as a major social problem of Indian society.
Answer:
Alcoholism has been considered as a social and moral problem since last few decades. Even in some states of our country restrictions were placed on alcoholism and a policy of no-alcohol was applied. But the selling of alcohol was not even stopped after the implementation of that policy and that’s why ban or restrictions were lifted after sometime. Some scholars consider it as a deviant behaviour as well as a complex disease. If any person becomes addict to use alcohol then we need a specialized doctor to remove this addiction of alcoholism. Alcoholism can be taken in that form in which person is unable to control himself. If he gets alcohol then he drinks it but if he is unable to get alcohol then he tries to get alcohol in one way or other. Person has to go through a number of mental tensions and he gets relief from every type of tension after the use of alcohol.

But here question arises that what is Alcoholism and who is an alcoholic person. In today’s modern age and in simple words whichever person uses alcohol is known as alcoholic person and the process of drinking alcohol is known as alcoholism. Some scholers says that the use of less amount of alcohol cannot be called as alcoholism. A person, who becomes so addict of using alcohol that he hardly thinks to live without it, can be called as alcoholic person and the person who uses alcohol regularly and in too much quantity, is also known as alcoholic person. In this way the process of using whisky is known as alcoholism.

Alcoholism can also be taken as a long term disease in which an alcoholic person constantly feels its necessity. Person many a times uses it because he gets relief from all of his tensions for sometime after its use. Yet is has been said that there are certain social and psychological reasons of person behind alcoholism. But many persons use this much of alcohol for such a long time that their body cannot do anything without it. Even if he wants to control his use of alcohol then his body has to face many types of problems like non functioning of body parts, too much moist, quick breathing etc. In this way alcoholism becomes a physical and psychological disease. When one person starts to use alcohol in good quantity then it takes the form of personal and_ social problem. His health deteriorates after too much use of alcohol. He is unable to do any type of work without it and it also affects his capacity to do work.

Alcohol cannot be called as stimulant but it acts as a inhibitor on our nervous system. Person who uses alcohol, has very less control on himself and he feels very much relieved from his problems. Many persons use ft just for the sake of fun but sometimes they start to use it daily and in too much quantity which have very wrong effects on him. It not only reduces his ability to do work but it can destroy his family. Some people use it in the form of only for an entertainment or fun but there is always a possibility of becoming an alcoholic.

Factors of Alcoholism. When a person, in alcoholism, becomes an addict of using alcohol then he becomes unable to control himself and to control his wish to drink alcohol. He becomes so much addict to alcohol that his body starts to shiver in its absence. Alcohol becomes a base of his body. He is unable to do any work without alcohol. When he gets alcohol then he works like a normal human being. But here question arises that why he becomes so much addict of alcohol? What are the reasons that he cannot live without alcohol? There is not only one factor of him being dependent upon liquor but there are many reasons which are given below :

1. Occupation. In many cases, occupation becomes a cause of alcoholism. Some people are engaged in such an occupation which is very tiring and they need something to prepare themselves again for work. It not only reduces their tiredness but it also motivates them to do work on the next day. Some people even are engaged in occupations in which it becomes necessary for them to offer whisky to others to keep them happy. That’s why they also start to drink and slowly and slowly becomes addict of drinking alcohol. In this way person has to drink alcohol because of his occupation and he becomes an addict.

2. Bad company. Many people drink whiskey because of the fact that their friends or their company is not good. They become an addict of using drugs, whisky. If he does not drink then his friends force him to drink and even says to him that, “What type of man are you? You are not a man, drinking is the work of men.” In this way due to these things he either leaves his bad company or starts to drink whisky. In this way first of all he starts with little amount of whisky but later on becomes an addict of drinking.

3. Curiosity due to elder members of the family. Generally it has been seen that children start to drink due to curiosity. If elders of the family are used to drinking alcohol then children ask them that what are you drinking?” But they never get answer of that question because elders ask them to go anywhere. So a curiosity arouses in children that what their elders are drinking? If their elders leave little bit of whisky in their respective glasses then they try to taste it. Yet it is sour in taste but curiosity still remains there until they does not start drinking. In this way they also start to drink alcohol. When children find that their father drinks daily then they also want to taste it. Even sometimes father says to his child that drink it and tell what is this? In this way children also start to drink unknowingly.

4. Excessive money. Excessive money can also become a reason of alcoholism.
Today’s age is materialistic age. Everyone wants to earn more and more money and even they use every type of method to earn more money. Even sometimes they have to sit in a company to drink alcohol to earn money. They themselves also have to drink with them. It leads to addiction of drinking alcohol. When person becomes rich then he finds many new ways to spend his money. They start to drink whisky with their friends for the sake of fun but slowly and slowly they become an alcoholic persons and become addict persons. .

5. Mental tension. Every person, in today’s age, is the victim of any type of tension. Someone don’t have the money and he has the tension to run the, house, some one has the money and he has the tension to manage it, someone has the tension of office, someone is sick of poverty, someone has the tension of his owner, boss or wife, someone is tensed due to loss in business and someone is tensed due to competition. In this way every person is the victim of one or another tension. If he drinks whisky then it squeezes his nervous system for some time and person gets relief for some time from his mental tension. He becomes free from all of his tensions under the influence of liquor. Slowly and slowly when he starts feeling that alcohol relieves his tension for sometime then he starts drinking alcohol daily and then becomes an addict of alcohol.

6. Poverty. Poverty is also one of the important reasons of alcoholism. Poor person always lives in a tension to earn more and more money. His family members are more in number but he is the one who alone earns in the family. That’s why the expenditure of the family is more but income is less as compared to expenditure. He is always surrounded by the tension of education of children, their bread, place of living, cloths etc. That’s why he starts drinking alcohol to get relief from his tension. He gets relief for some time when he is under the influence of liquor. In this way slowly and slowly he starts to drink more and more whisky and becomes an addict to alcohol.

7. Personal reasons. Personal reasons are also responsible for alcoholism. Some people have the company of their friends who drink alcohol. First of all they starts drinking alcohol only for taste. But when they become addict of getting taste then they become addict of getting liquor. Some people uses alcohol to reduce their physical sufferings. Loss in business, unsuccessful in love, divorce with the wife, any physical illness can also lead to drinking of alcohol. Many people like to gamble. But when they loose money in gambling then they take the help of alcohol to reduce their tension. People are used to take the help of alcohol if any tension comes to them. In this way there are certain personal reasons which become the factors of using alcohol.

8. Social inadequacy. People also start to use alcohol due to social inadequacy. There are certain deficiencies in the lives of the people which are unable to be fulfilled. Even then are unable to fulfill those deficiencies and also are unable to face the problems come out of those deficiencies. That’s why they start to use alcohol to fulfill those deficiencies and become an addict of alcohol.

9. Family circumstances. Person’s family circumstances also motivates him to use alcohol. Problems are in house, poverty is there in the house, problem is there in mother and wife, wife is always fighting, more expenditure but income is less etc. are certain reasons because of which person starts to use alcohol. Due to all these reasons, he remains in tension and he wants to get relief from the tension. That’s why he starts using’alcohol which gives him relief for some time and later on he becomes an addict of alcohol. %

10. For Fashion. In modern age some people use alcohol just for fashion. Even young people are using alcohol, in modern age, just for fashion. If any young person doesn’t drink in the metropolitan cities then he i^’called as backward. People wants to influence others or they want to show themselves as” modern, cultural and wealthy and that’s why they start using alcohol. Not only boys but girls are also using alcohol. Many clubs, pubs have been opened in metropolitan cities where young generation freely uses alcohol just for the sake of fun and enjoys under the influence of liquor. People going to colleges, offices use to show themselves as people of higher class and becomes an addict of alcohol.

11. Adverse conditions. Many a times any adverse circumstances are coming in front of person when he is unable to understand what is right and what is wrong. Adverse circumstances like any serious problem, poverty, unemployment, unsuccessful in love, unable to get promotion, loss in gambling, problems in family etc. are some of the reasons which increases the tension of a person. He takes the help of whisky to remove tension and starts to use alcohol. Slowly and slowly he becomes an addict of whisky or alcohol.

12. Slums of big cities. There is a very big problem of living in metropolitan cities. The unavailability of good place of living also encourages the state of alcoholism. Atmosphere of slums, which is not even good for living, encourages this evil means alcoholism. When a person feels that he is unable to fulfill his wishes and is suppressing them then he satisfies his wishes by using alcohol.

13. Hereditary usage. Hereditary usage also becomes a cause of problem of alcoholism. Many tribes are used to make country-made liquor. While making this country-made liquor they also have to taste it. In this way children also observe this and start to imitate their elders. They not only learn to make country-made liquor but also start to drink it. In this way it increases the habit of alcoholism.

Question 2.
Write a detailed note on harmful effects of Alcoholism.
Or
Write the harmful effects of Alcoholism.
Answer:
Alcoholism cannot be considered as the right choice from any point of view whether familial, economic, moral or social. Alcoholic person always goes downwards in his life. Except this his family life and social life also comes in danger. Its effects are given below:

1. Alcoholism and personal disorganization. If any person starts using alcohol then it has many personal reasons. For example, if any person is unable to sleep or hardly feels any hunger then he takes some alcohol so that he could be able to sleep or should be hungry and later on he becomes an addict of it. Even he runs behind alcohol and forgets about his right or wrong. Even he hardly cares about his children and family. He starts to spend his income on whisky with which the economic condition of his family deteriorates. Economic tensions always surrounds him. He starts to use more and more drink to remove tension which leads to personal disorganization. More and more tension surrounds him. When he is unable to struggle his tensions then tries to run away from his tensions by using alcohol. His character becomes weak and it increases personal d isorganization. .

2. Alcoholism and Social disorganization. Millions of people are there in our society who drink alcohol due to one or another reason. Alcoholism not only leads to their personal disorganization but it affects their families as well. Families start to disintegrate. Because family is the primary unit of society, so if family will be disintegrated then definitely society will also be affected by this and it will also disintegrate. If the person will not understand his responsibilities then definitely society will disintegrate.

3. Alcoholism and family disorganization. Not only personal disorganization occurs due to alcoholism but families also disintegrates due to his behaviour. When any person starts using alcohol then no one hardly cares about it. That’s why he is motivated to drink more and more liquor. He starts to drink daily. He just cares one thing that he has to drink in the evening and even he only cares about alcohol. He forgets all the other things. Tension comes in family due to his behaviour. Economic problems come due to poverty which lead to conflict, tensions, quarrels in the family. Disintegration comes in the family. Even condition of divorce comes in the family. Even many people commit suicide due to this. In this way family disorganization comes with alcoholism and social disorganization comes due to family disorganization.

4. Less morality. Whenever a person comes to know about good or bad then it has been said that morality has come in it. When person starts to use alcohol then his morality starts to be reduced. He hardly cares about good or bad. Not only alcohol but he starts to use drugs as well. He never likes anything infront of liquor. He wants to get whisky on any condition. That’s why he fights with his family and children and even beats them also. In this way his morality comes to an end then he damn cares about the good or bad.

5. Economic problems. Many people start to drink alcohol to reduce their tension. Generally the tension is of money i.e. less income but more expenditure. He is always under stress of economic tension and he starts using alcohol and further again comes in economic problems. Other problems also come in his life. He starts to sell things of the house and even jewellery of his wife to buy liquor. His wife is earning money by working in the houses of other people but even he snatches that money to drink alcohol. He looks at the faces of others for money. It very much affects his family. In this way the economic life of person is completely destroyed due to alcoholism.

6. Increase in rate of crimes. Economic condition of a person deteriorates due to alcoholism. But he needs money to drink. He starts to sell things of the house in the absence of money. Even if he unables to get money then he starts to commit crimes. His brain hardly works in the absence of whisky and he starts to snatch money and even kills them for this crimes of dacoity, theft, rape etc. are very common. No body cares about morality while doing these things. In this way crime rate also increases due to alcoholism.

7. Effect on health. When person starts to use alcohol then first of all nothing happens to his body. But when he starts to use more alcohol then it starts to affect his body. His body starts to shiver in its absence, it damages his liver and suffers from many problems. His capacity to do work reduces. He unables to do anything without it. If he drinks alcohol then he is able to do any type of work unless his body stops working. In this way alcoholism affects his health. In this way we can see that not only family of the person but society also disintegrates with alcoholism. His morality comes to an end and crime rate increases with this. In this way alcoholism has a very badampact on the person.

Question 3.
Write a detailed note on the stages of Alcoholism.
Answer:
Any person has to go through a number of stages to become an alcoholic person. Jellinak says that any person has to go through seyen stages to become an alcoholic person and these seven stages are given below :

1. Situation of block-outs. In this condition person is unable to find solution of his problems and always remains in tension.

2. Secretely drinking. When the person is unable to find solution of his problems then he starts drinking secretely so that no body should be able to know about his drinking.

3. Increased Tolerance. In this condition he starts drinking even before problem starts and also tolerates the effects of his alcoholism.

4. Lack of control. This is that stage when he starts to drink more and more alcohol and is unable to control his wish of drinking.

5. Finding ways of drinking. In this condition person finding different ways of drinking so that he could be able to drink from time to time.

6. Keeping programmes only of drinking. Alcoholic person keeps only programmes of drinking from time to time and invites his relatives, friends etc. so that he could drink regularly.

7. Starts drinking from morning. At this stage he regularly starts drinking from the morning and depends upon alcohol for every type of function.

In this way person starts drinking when he is unable to solve his problem and with the passage of time, he starts drinking even for the sake of fun only. Slowly and slowly he crosses all the limits of drinking and becomes an alcoholic. Now he doens’t want to find any way to drink alcohol and he starts drinking continuously. He becomes an addict of it and one time comes when he is unable to do anything without the use of alcohol. His body goes out of his control but he comes under the control of alcohol. His body shivers in the absence of alcohol and is unable to do anything in its absence. In this way he becomes an alcoholic.

Actually there are four stages of becoming an alcoholic and these are :

• Pre-Alcoholic stage: At this level, by taking advantages of social sanctions, one starts drinking to remove tensions and to ignore his personal problems. He relates drinking with relief that after drinking all his tensions come to an end. He then tries to find chances to drink. His drinking continues with his reducing ability of facing the problems.
• Relief Drinking Stage: At this stage, the quantity and frequency of assuming alcohol increases with time. But at this stage, one starts to realise his mistake that he is becoming an abnormal person.
• Acute stage: At this stage, drinking becomes a common phenomena for an individual. He starts giving reasons for his drinking and believes that he is having control on himself. But he starts moving away from others because they consider him as an alcoholic.
• Chronic stagfe: At this stage, one starts drinking during day times. He always remains under the influence of liquor which reduces his level of thinking. He always thinks about drinking and becomes restless with alcohol.

Question 4.
How can school and teachers help in preventing alcoholism?
Answer:
1. School: After family, school is the firs? institution which takes care of a child. School starts exerting impact on raw mind of the child and teaches him to the ways to live in society. School teaches him ways of living life, ways of eating, ways of wearing etc. It is the school which exerts impact on the unconscious mind of a child and tries to make him a good citizen of society.

If school exerts such profounding impact on child, then definitely it can play an important role in keeping him away from alcohol. In school, children can be told about the harmful effects of alcohol. Seminars can be conducted, street dramas can be played to give them the knowledge of negative effects of alcoholism. From time to time, parents are also told about this. In this way, if children will make an opposite view against alcoholism, he will remain away from alcohol and the problem of alcoholism will automatically comes to an end.

2. Teacher: Teachers can play a very important role in keeping children away from alcohol. After parents, teahers, in schools care a lot about their students and that’s why it is their responsibility to show them the right path. Unconscious mind of students is greatly influenced by the teachers. Students are also influenced by their teacher’s personality and they try to mould themselves according to his personality. Here it is the responsibility of teachers that they must not do anything unethical in front of students. Teachers are just like a motivational force for students and that’s why students imitate them. From time to time, teachers can tell them about the demerits of consuming alcohol. Children very quickly follow their teachers. In this way the problem of alcoholism can be reduced.

Question 5.
Write a note on drug abuse in 250 words.
Or
What is drug addiction?
Answer:
A very big controversy has been aroused on the problem of drug addiction in present age. Parents and responsible citizens of the country are now very much conscious about this sub-culture of taking drugs. The habbit of drug addiction can be seen as a deviant behaviour or as a social problem. Meaning of deviant behaviour is the non-conformity with the present situation. As a social problem its meaning is that universal situation which has very evil consequences on society. Drug addiction is seen as a social problem in western countries. Many cultures have a feature of using drugs in one form or the other. The most important method of using drugs is to use opium as a drug. People of reputed families used to use this type of drug during earlier times. But now it is also seen as a problem.

Drug is a chemical thing which exerts different impact on body and brain. It brings change in the physical functions of a common man. Drug, in medical language, is a thing which any cjoctor gives to its patient to cure its disease so that it could directly affects its body. From the psychological and social point of view, drug is seen as a habbit which directly affects brain and there are many chances of misusing it and which has very bad effects on the body.

According to this meaning of drug, use of more than need df the drug is considered as very dangerous that sometimes it stimulates the anti-social elements against the common people. Some drugs exert bad impact on body but on the contrary to that some drugs like Heroin, cocain, L.S.D., whisky or alcohol, tobacco etc. exert evil effects on the body of a person and person becomes addict of these drugs.

Meaning of drug addiction is the complete physical’dependence on any substance. In this way the meaning of addiction or physical dependence is by that situation in which body needs that thing to do work which he uses again and again. If the supply of that substance would be stopped to the body then it will have adverse impact on the process of working of body and the evil effects can be seen on body. Effect of all this is that person or body requires that thing which he uses again and again.
Any person who continuously uses drugs, always increases its dose after the first usage so that the same effect of drug should remain which was exerted at the time of first usage. This process is known as tolerance. It shows the capacity of body towards that external substance.

Psychologically, person depends on drug at that time when he feels that use of drug is good for his body or the effects of that drug are good for his body. Word addict can also be taken as the mental dependence. In this form the meaning of addiction is that the body depends on the drug or on the effects of the drug this much that he cannot do anything without it. In this way the meaning of drug addiction is the physical dependence on drug or by the habit of taking drug.

This effect of drug greatly influences a person that his body hardly responds to anything except that drug. If body receives enough quantity of drug then he will work properly under the effect of that drug. If body will not be able to get enough quantity of drug or even drug then its evil consequences come in front of us. His body hardly works in its absence and he tries to get that drug at any cost and in any condition. In this way drug controls a person in such a way that he wants to remain always under the influence of that drug.

Question 6.
How can the problem of drug abuse be controlled in your view?
Answer:
If we want to control the use of drug or we want to stop the habit of drug addiction then society and the people jointly have to work for it. It is so because any problem cannot be solved with the efforts of one or two persons but a collective effort is required for this. If any one tries to remove it individually then he would be able to solve his personal problem but not of the society. But still some of the ways to remove this problem are given below :

1. By awakening the people. People should be made conscious about this problem of drug addiction. For this government, social service institutions, educational institutions jointly can do a lot. They can tell the people about the disadvantages of drug addiction that how it can affect our family and our life. Seminars can be organised in schools, colleges, universities, hostels, slums etc. regarding this and they can be told about the evil consequences of drug addiction. In this way we can awake the students as well as general public about this problem.

2. By changing attitude of doctors. Doctors can play a very important role in controlling this problem. It has been seen that doctors give any particular drug to cure their patient. But later on patient hardly lives without that drug. In this way, if doctors will change their attitude by not giving drugs to their patients then this problem can be solved very quickly.

3. By giving the knowledge about drug addicts. If someone starts using drugs then there must be any reason behind it. No one can become the victim of any problem without any reason. This problem can be solved if we will come to know about the cause of that problem because of which any drug addict has started using drugs. If we will come to know about those reasons then we can solve those reasons and can solve this problem as well. That’s why this problem could be solved by getting knowledge about drug addicts.

4. Behaviour of parents towards children. It has been seen that the homely, atmosphere is also one of the reasons of drug addiction. Problem between parents, they hardly give any time to their child, non-affectionate behaviour of parents can lead children towards the drug. That’s why parents should change their behaviour towards their children. Parents should take care of everything of their children like their eating habits, company etc. so that the children could not be able to attract towards drugs. Parents should talk with their children about the evil consequences of drug abuse.

5. Strict punishment to drug peddlars. Drug peddlars, who sells drugs to the people, should be given strict punishment because if any one starts to take drugs then its end is death. That’s why they should be given strict punishment and the government should set examples for other people to not to indulge in this type of activity.

6. Teachers can play a very important role in eradicating this problem. Teachers exert a great effect on their students. Teacher gives a direction to the career of the student. Every student obeys the orders of the teachers. Here teachers can play a very important role. It has been seen that children starts using drugs at very early age. Teacher can tell the children about the evil consequences of the rug abuse that how it will affect their lives, career, parents, family and society. In his way students will definitely follow their teachers.

7. Change in Mentality. To eliminate the problem of drug abuse or drug addiction the mentality of the people should necessarily be changed. They should be told about the evil consequences of drugs so that they could stop taking drugs. For this, seminars can be organised, camps can be organized, so that the people could come to know about the evil consequences of drug abuse.

8. Contribution of Social Service Organizations. Social service institutions can also play a very important role in eradicating this problem from the society. They can awake the people, can tell the people about the effects of drug abuse and can organize programmes regarding this. That’s why government can also give them financial assistance. In this way, if people will work together and if the government will try then the problem of drug abuse and drug addiction can be eradicated from our society.

Question 7.
Write a detailed note on factors responsible for drug addiction.
Answer:
Generally, there could be many reasons for drug addiction like company, less control of the family, for the sake of fun, by looking at elders, etc. but some of the important reasons are given as follows:

The habit of drug addiction can be divided into four parts :

• Psychological causes
• Social causes
• Physiological causes
• Miscellaneous causes

Their description is given below:

1. Psychological Causes:

1. To reduce tension. Some people become addicted to any drug because they want to reduce their tension. These days people have to face a number of problems and tensions. When they are unable to solve their problems then they take the help of drugs to reduce their tensions. In this way they become an addict of these drugs. In this way person starts to take drugs to reduce his tensions but later on he becomes an addict of drugs.

2. To fulfill their curiosity: Some people are curious to know about the effects of taking drugs. In this way first time, they use drug to fulfill their curiosity but slowly and slowly they become addicted of these drugs. In this way curiosity of drugs leads to addiction of drugs.

3. Other causes: Some people are unemployed and they don’t have any work to spend their time on. That’s why they start to use drugs to spend their time but slowly and slowly they become addicted to it. Not only their occupation but people have many other tensions, like his income is less, business is not running in good condition, the behavior of wife is not good, the tension of education of children, work of office or behavior of boss is not good, etc. There can be certain other reasons which can create tension in the person. Tension can not be removed completely but it can be relieved for some time. That’s why he takes the help of alcohol or any other drug to reduce his tension and drugs reduce his tension for some time.

4. To increase self-confidence: Some people also take drugs to increase their self-confidence. For example, if any person is going for an interview and he ht doubt on the fact that he could not be able to give interview properly. That’s why h takes any stimulant to improve his self-confidence. That’s why he starts to take drugs before the start of every type of work and slowly and slowly he becomes an addict to drugs.

2. Social Causes:

1. Because of friends: Many times a person becomes an addict of drugs due to his friends. If his friends are taking drugs then they ask him to take drugs. If he hardly responds to them then they forces him to take drugs. Then he starts to use that drug. Whenever these friends meet each other they use that drug. In this way he becomes an addict of drugs.

2. Family reasons: If any child starts using drug then it is possible that he has any family problem. May be there is some tension between his parents, his parents are unable to give him some time or there is lack of control on him. If any elder one is using drug then it is quite possible that the behaviour of his wife is not good, he has tension of his children or because of any economic reason. In this way family reasons can also lead to drug addiction.

3. After looking at elders: If any child starts taking drugs then it is quite possible that any wish has erosed in him, after looking at his elders, that what is there in that thing. When they observe that his elders are using drug then they observe it very minutely that what are they doing. Later on they also try to do that same thing and becomes an addict of drugs.

4. To oppose social values: Many people even start to use to oppose the existing social values. They are being told to not to do any particular thing. They become angry due to this restriction and start to oppose that thing and start using drugs.

3. Physiological Causes :

1. To awaken. Some people take drugs only to not to sleep or to awaken for a long time. Some people have the occupation which can be done only in the night and they don’t want to sleep. That’s why they taken the help of drugs to keep awaken. Some people have many problems. If they will sleep then those problems will come in the dreams. That’s why they take the help of drugs to not to sleep.

2. To increase sexual experience: Some people like to do more sex. That’s why they want to increase their sexual experience. That’s why they take drugs so that they can get more and more this type of experience.

3. To sleep: Some people have the problem that they are unable to sleep. We can include physical causes and social causes in it. But they need to sleep. That’s why they start to take sleeping pills or any other drug and they start to use drugs.

4. Miscellaneous Causes :

1. To read: Some people also take the help of drugs or any other substance to read. Some people have the problem that they used to sleep while reading. That’s why in the early phase they take any drug so that they could not be able to sleep. That’s why they become addicted to it and they always take drugs before reading.

2. Solving personal problems. Some people are unable to solve their personal problems because of which they start to take drugs and become the victim of another problem In a way, these are some of the reasons why any person starts to use drugs. Yet there are many other reasons for drug addiction which is not possible to explain all of them here.