PSEB Notes

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom

Early Career and Difficulties:

• Guru Arjan Dev Ji was born on April 15, 1563 A.D. at Goindwal Sahib.
• The name of his father was Guru Ram Das Ji and the name of his mother was Bibi Bhani Ji.
• He was married to Ganga Devi, the daughter of Krishan Chand of village Mou of Phillaur.
• He assumed Guruship in 1581 A.D.
• After his assumption of Guruship, his elder brother Prithi Chand adopted an attitude of open defiance.
• He had to face opposition from the Naqshbandis and the Brahmans.
• Diwan Chandu Shah of Lahore was also against him.

Development of Sikhism under Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

• During his pontificate, Guru Arjan Dev Ji undertook multifarious tasks for the development of Sikhism.
• During his Guruship, he got Sri Harmandir Sahib constructed. Its construction work was completed in 1601 A.D.
• In 1590 A.D. Tarn in 1593 A.D. Kartarpur and in 1595 A.D. Sri Hargobindpur were founded.
• The compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib Ji was the greatest accomplishment of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. This great task was accomplished in 1604 A.D.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji contributed significantly towards the Masand system.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji encouraged the Sikhs the trade horses with the Arab countries.
• He kept the doors of Sikhism open by nominating his successor.

Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:
A few facts related to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji are as follows:

Causes:

• Jahangir was an orthodox Sunni Muslim.
• He could not tolerate the growing prosperity of Sikh Panth.
• Prithi Chand, the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji had started hatching conspiracies to acquire the Gurgaddi.
• Chandu Shah, the Diwan of Lahore wanted to take revenge for his insult from Guru Sahib Ji.
• The Naqshbandis also instigated Jahangir against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
• The help extended to Shahzada Khusrau by Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the immediate cause of his martyrdom.

Martyrdom:

• On Jahangir’s instructions, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was taken prisoner on 24th May 1606 A.D.
• He was asked to pay a fine of rupees 2 lakhs which was refused.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred at Lahore on 30th May 1606 A.D.

Importance:

• The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji is considered to be an important incident in Sikh history.
• Because he was the first Sikh Guru who gave his martyrdom he was called ‘Shaheedan de Sirtaj’.
• As a consequence of this martyrdom, there came about a transformation in the form of Sikhism.
• Guru Hargobind Ji decided to adopt a new policy of Miri and Piri.
• The Sikhs began to unite in a single band.
• The relations between the Sikhs and Mughals grew tense.
• The era of Mughal atrocities bega.
• Sikhism gained greater popularity than before.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 5 Development of Sikhism Under Guru Angad DevJi, Guru Amar Das Ji and Guru Ram Das Ji will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 5 Development of Sikhism Under Guru Angad DevJi, Guru Amar Das Ji and Guru Ram Das Ji

Early Career of Guru Angad Dev Ji:

• Guru Angad Dev Ji was born in a village named Matte Di Sarai on 31st March 1504 A.D.
• The original name of Guru Angad Dev Ji was Bhai Lehna Ji.
• The name of his father was Pheru Mai and the name of his mother was Sabhrai Devi.
• At the age of 15 years, he was married to Bibi Khivi Ji, the daughter of Devi Chand of the same village.
• In due course of time, he was blessed with two daughters Bibi Amro and Bibi Anokhi, and two sons Datu and Dasu.
• Once when he set out for a pilgrimage of Jwalamukhi, he met Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Kartarpur.
• So overwhelmed was he by his personality and teachings, that he decided to become Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s disciple.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji was greatly impressed by his true devotion and tireless service and appointed him as his successor on 7th September 1539 A.D.

Development of Sikhism under Guru Angad Dev Ji:

• Guru Angad Dev Ji popularised the Gurmukhi script.
• He also collected the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
• Guru Angad Dev Ji summoned Bhai Bala, a devotee of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, and got a Janam Sakhi written on Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s life.
• Many historians did not agree with this view.
• Guru Angad Dav Ji expanded the Langar system.
• Guru Angad Dev Ji more effectively organised the institution of Sangat.
• He denounced the Udasi sect thereby leading to the preservation of the purity and originality of the Sikh religion.
• He founded new towns named Goindwal Sahib near Khadur Sahib.
• He gave his blessings to Humayun thereby restoring the cordial relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs.

Immersed in Eternal Light:

• Foreseeing his end, Guru Angad Dev Ji appointed Guru Amar Das Ji as his successor.
• He immersed, in Eternal Light on 29th March 1552 A.D.

Early career and Difficulties of Guru Amar Das Ji:

• Guru Amar Das Ji was born in Basarke village of Amritsar on 5th May 1479 A.D.
• The name of his father was Tej Bhan Bhalla.
• At the age of 24 years, he was married to Mansa Devi, the daughter of Devi Chand.
• He was blessed with two sons Baba Mohan and Baba Mohri and two daughters Bibi Dani and Bibi Bhani.
• At the age of 62, he became the disciple of Guru Angad Dev Ji.
• He assumed Guruship in March 1552 A.D.
• He was 73 years old at that time.
• When Guru Amar Das Ji succeeded to the Guruship, he had to face opposition from both the sons of Guru Angad Dev Ji, Dasu, and Datu.
• Baba Sri Chand who was the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji had founded the Udasi sect also opposed him.
• He also faced stiff opposition from the Muslims of Goindwal Sahib.

Development of Sikhism under Guru Amar Das Ji:

• Guru Amar Das Ji retained Guruship from 1552 to 1574 A.D. Goindwal Sahib was the centre of activities of Guru Amar Das Ji.
• The first significant step undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji for the development of Sikhism was the construction of a Baoli with 84 steps at Goindwal Sahib.
• He developed the langar institution.
• He established the Manji system (22 Manjis) to convey the message of Sikhism in far-off areas.
• Guru Amar Das Ji denunciated the Udasi sect.
• Guru Amar Das Ji vehemently opposed the prevalent’social malpractices.
• Guru Amar Das Ji introduced new (special) rituals for the Sikhs to be observed on the occasions of birth, marriage, and death.
• Akbar’s visit to Goindwal Sahib in 1568 A.D. helped to establish friendly relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals.

Immersed in Eternal Light:

• Guru Amar Das Ji appointed Bhai Jetha Ji, his son-in-law as his successor in 1574 A.D.
• Guru Amar Das Ji was immersed in Eternal Light on September 1, 1574 A.D.

The early career of Guru Ram Das Ji:

• Guru Ram Das Ji was born at Chuna Mandi in Lahore on 24th September 1534 A.D.
• His childhood name was Bhai Jetha Ji.
• His father’s name was Hari Das and his mother’s name was Daya Kaur.
• Impressed by the personality of Guru Amar Das Ji, he became Guru Amar Das Ji’s disciple.
• In 1553 A.D. he was married to Bibi Bhani, the youngest daughter of Guru Amar Das Ji.
• He assumed Guruship in 1574 A.D. He was the 4th Guru of the Sikhs.

Development of Sikhism under Guru Ram Das Ji:

• Guru Ram Das Ji established Ramdaspura or Amritsar in 1577 A.D.
• He initiated the digging work of two serovars (tanks) Amritsar and Santokhsar.
• The Masand system was introduced by him for the propagation of Sikhism and to collect money from the Sikhs.
• The reconciliation between the Sikhs and the Udasis proved to be a milestone in Sikh history during the pontificate of Guru Ram Das Ji.
• He continued the Sangat, Pangat, and Manji systems.
• He further consolidated the friendly relations with the Mughal emperor Akbar.

Immersed in Eternal Light:

• Before Guru Ram Das Ji was immersed in Eternal Light, he nominated his youngest son Arjan Dev as his successor.
• He immersed in Eternal Light on 1st September 1581 A.D.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 3 Political, Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab in the beginning of the 16th Century will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 3 Political, Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab in the beginning of the 16th Century

Political Condition:

• The political condition of Punjab was quite deplorable.
• Punjab was under the Sultanate of Delhi which was under the Lodhi Sultans at that time.
• In 1469 A.D. the Sultan of Delhi, Bahlol Lodhi appointed Tatar Khan Lodhi as the Governor of Punjab.
• Tatar Khan Lodhi was killed during an unsuccessful revolt against the Lodhi Sultan.
• In 1500 A.D. the new Lodhi Sultan, Sikandar Lodhi appointed Daulat Khan Lodhi as the Governor of Punjab.
• As soon as Ibrahim Lodhi became the new Sultan, Daulat Khan Lodhi started hatching conspiracies against him.
• Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babar to invade India.
• Babar invaded Punjab five times between 1519 and 1526 A.D.
• During his fifth invasion, Babar defeated Daulat Khan Lodhi to establish control over Punjab.
• On 21st April 1526 A.D., Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat.
• Consequently, Punjab slipped from the hands of the Lodhi dynasty into the hands of the Mughals.

Social Condition:

• At the beginning of the 16th century, the social condition of Punjab was deplorable.
• Society was divided into two major sects the Hindus and the Muslims Related to the ruling elite class, the Muslims had several special privileges.
• The Muslim society was divided into upper, middle, and lower classes.
• The condition of Muslim women was pitiable.
• The Hindus were in majority but they were deprived of their rights.
• Hindu society was divided into several castes and sub-castes.
• The elite class of society ate delicious foods and wore expensive clothes.
• The lower classes wore ordinary clothes and ate frugal meals.
• At that time hunting, polo, animal fights, chess, dance, music, and cards, etc. were sources of entertainment.
• Education was imparted in mosques, madrasas, and temples.

Economic Condition:

• The economic condition of Punjab was very good.
• The main occupation of the people of Punjab was agriculture.
• The main crops grown here were wheat, barley, maize, rice, and sugarcane.
• It had rich harvests Industry was the other main occupation of the people.
• The most important industry was the textile industry.
• Besides this, there were other industries that manufactured leather goods, arms, utensils, toys, and articles of ivory.
• The occupation of cattle rearing was also prevalent.
• The domestic and foreign trade of Punjab was also quite prosperous.
• The foreign trade of Punjab was carried on with countries like Afghanistan, Iran, Arabia, Syria, Tibet, and China, etc.
• Lahore and Multan were the two most popular towns in Punjab.
• Due to low prices, ordinary people also enjoyed a good standard of living.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Old Age Homes:

• Homes are made for elders so that they can live happily over there.

Disability:

• It means the consequences of impairment in terms of functional performance and activity.

Old Age:

• That stage of life starts after 60 years, which no one likes, and in which one faces many physical and other problems.

Gerontology:

• Field of science which studies the process of aging.

→ Old age is a necessary and natural part of human life and all humans have to pass through this phase.

→ No one wants to go through this phase because an individual faces many physical problems in this.

→ One needs to depend upon others in this phase.

→ According to United Nations, people above the age of 60 years come under the category of old age.

→ Almost in all the western countries, age of 60-65 years is kept to take pension benefits and other facilities.

→ Symbols of old age are visible quite early such as tooth decay, grey hair, hunched back, hearing loss, slow pace of the walk, vision impairment, etc.

→ At this age, one also faces many physical problems such as heart problems, high blood pressure, arthritis, sugar, etc.

→ In old age, one faces many problems such as health-related issues, economic insecurity, home-related problems, social problems, mental problems, own role-related problems, etc. Due to stress and tensions, death comes very quickly.

→ Old age problems can be removed in many ways such as by making old age homes, by starting welfare programmes for them, by creating easy jobs for them, by taking care of them, by providing better health facilities, by making strict laws, etc.

→ In almost the entire world, around 100 crore people are there who are facing disability in one way or the other.

→ The meaning of disability is any type of physical problem such as impairment, handicap, the inability of listening, etc.

→ Disability can be of many types such as locomotor disability, visual disability, hearing disability, mental disability, speech disability.

→ There can be many reasons for a disability such as a disease, birth-based problems, malnutrition, congenital factor, stress, accident, etc.

→ Disabled persons have to face many problems such as segregation and isolation, poverty, social oppression, etc.

→ The problems of disabled persons can be cured in many ways such as by providing better health facilities, by removing discrimination, by giving them education in normal schools, by arousing consciousness among people, etc.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Sex Ratio:

• The number of females behind every 1000 males in a particular area is known as the sex ratio.

Patriarchy:

• A system of society in which males dominate females.

Female Infanticide:

• Killing girls right after their birth is known as female infanticide.

Female Foeticide:

• Termination of a girl’s foetus in the mother’s womb is known as female foeticide.

→ Violence against women is quite common everywhere in the whole of the world and all societies are facing the same problem.

→ In violence against women, we can include rape, sexual violence, abduction, prostitution, dowry-related problems. Female foeticide and domestic violence are a few of them.

→ When a female gets pregnant, a sex determination test is done in the womb of the mother.

→ If the would-be child is boy, it’s fine but if it’s a girl, the foetus gets terminated. It is known as female foeticide.

→ Female foeticide directly affects the sex ratio of a place and it comes down.

→ The sex ratio is quite low in our country. In 2011, it was 1000 : 943.

→ Dowry, the lower status of women, wish to have a boy, modern technology, family planning, patriarchal society, etc. are a few of the reasons because of which people opt for female foeticide.

→ There are some evil consequences of female foeticide etc. such as a bad impact on female health, less sex ratio, atrocities on women, an increase in crimes, women-related evils in society, etc.

→ Domestic violence is also one of the major problems of our society.

→ In this, wrong behaviour is committed with females, males, or children which is socially unacceptable.

→ It not only hurts an individual physically but mentally as well.

→ There could be many reasons for domestic violence such as socio-cultural, economic, legal, social constraints, etc. Wife battering is also a form of domestic violence.

→ Domestic violence can be stopped by making laws, giving social education, and with the help of government and non-government organisations.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction

Slums:

• That place of living is in urban areas which is illegally constructed and which lack basic amenities of life.

Red Tapism:

• It is an idiom used for governmental interference. In the name of official rules, bureaucracy tries to interfere everywhere.

Alcohol:

• Alcohol is a type of depressant that slows down the brain and one starts to think and behave in a particular way.

Absolute Poverty:

• It is a situation in which people don’t have the basic necessities of life.
• For example, lack of food, drinking water, shelter, clothes, medicine, etc.

Nepotism:

• It is a custom in which preference is given to one’s own friends or relatives while giving jobs or any other work.

Delinquency:

• Crime of minor nature committed by young persons.

Alienation:

• Emotional isolation is called alienation.

Peer Group: Peer group is a social and primary group whose members have a common background, age, ideas, social status, etc.

→ Each society goes through the phases of transitions. These transitions or changed can be constructive as well as destructive.

→ If these changes are destructive, many problems occur in a society that could have dangerous consequences. These problems are known as social problems.

→ There can be many factors responsible for social problems such as socio-cultural factors, economic factors, regional factors, political factors, environmental factors etc.

→ All these factors collectively give birth to social problems.

→ Presently, people have started considering alcoholism as a social problem that was not considered during earlier times.

→ Alcoholism is a method of consuming alcohol that is not only dangerous for himself but for his family as well.

→ There can be many reasons for alcoholism such as misery, occupation, friends, entertainment, business, etc.

→ Alcoholism can have dangerous consequences such as loss of money, bad impact on health, increase in crimes, poverty, individual and familial disorganization etc.

→ Presently, the problem of drug addiction is increasing day by day. Young persons are inclining towards drugs and they are becoming a drug addicts.

→ Drug addiction is a physical and psychological dependence on anything without which one cannot live.

→ We can include many things in drugs such as sedatives, stimulants, narcotics, tobacco.

→ If one starts consuming any one of these, he becomes so dependent on them that he cannot live without them.

→ There can be many reasons for drug addiction such as psychological reasons, physical reasons, social factors, the impact of friends, to run away from tensions, etc.

→ Drug addiction can have many dangerous consequences such as dependency on drugs, loss of money, impact on health and family, etc.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 9 Social Movements will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 9 Social Movements

Reform Movement:

• Such movements aimed at bringing reforms in traditional customs.

Revolutionary Movement:

• Movements that aimed at bringing quick and sudden change in society are revolutionary movements.

Ideology:

• Ideology is the collection of ideas of a group.

Formal Organisation:

• That organized group whose rules are made at a formal level and members are given definite roles.

Caste:

• A caste is an endogamous group that keeps certain restrictions on its members regarding feeding, occupation, etc.

Revivalist Movement:

• That movement aimed at re-establishing old values.

→ If we look carefully at all the societies, we will find many prevailing social problems.

→ To take them out and to remove them, social movements play a very important role.

→ Sometimes many unnecessary situations occur in society with which conditions over there deteriorate.

→ To remove such unnecessary situations, a few collective efforts are required which are known as social movements.

→ There are many, features of social movements such as they have group consciousness, collective efforts are required, a permanent ideology is there, it fovours to bring change, they bring a new social system, it can be violent or non-violent, etc.

→ Social movements are of many types such as reform movements, revolutionary movements, and revivalist movements.

→ The reform movement wants to bring some change without changing the whole of society.

→ The revolutionary movement aims at changing the whole of society.

→ The revivalist movement aims at reestablishing old values.

→ From time to time, many movements started in our country. Caste-based movements were one of them.

→ Caste-based movements are the story of bringing out the struggle of lower castes or lower classes.

→ Jyotiba Phule, Sri Narayana Guru, Periyar Ramaswami, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar started movements, in different parts of the country, to uplift lower castes.

→ In class-based movements, worker’s movements and peasant movements can be included

→ Both workers and peasants wanted to get rid of exploitation and that’s why such movements were started.

→ From time to time, trade union movements were also started whose main aim was to demand better working conditions and better salaries for the workers working in industries.

→ Women were also suppressed from the ages. To uplift their social status, many reform movements were initiated.

→ In the 19th century, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, D.K. Karve etc. started many women movements which resulted in uplifting their social status.

→ Many environmental movements were also started, in the country, whose main.

→ the aim was to save the environment. Chipko Movement, Appiko Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan were such movements.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Outsourcing:

• Giving work to other companies is known as outsourcing.

Disinvestment:

• Privatisation of public sector companies is known as disinvestment.

Charismatic Leader:

• That leader who is having some charismatic features in his personality and who can influence the public with his personality.

Secularization:

• That belief in which state, morality, and education are distanced from the impact of religion.

Liberalisation:

• Reducing government control over the market and opening up economic boundaries.

→ In simple language, the meaning of modernisation is adopting new and modern ways and values of living life.

→ Initially, this meaning was taken in a very narrow sense but now the changes in the agricultural economy and industrial economy are also included in it.

→ First of all the word modernisation was used by Daniel Lerner while analysing the middle eastern societies.

→ According to him, modernisation is a process of change that comes in non-western societies due to their direct or indirect relations with western societies.

→ There are many features of modernisation such as it is a revolutionary and complex process.

→ This process goes on for a long time, it cannot move back, it brings progress in society, etc.

→ Modernisation comes due to certain reasons such as an increase in urban areas, the advent of large industries, increase in the level of education, development of means of communication, changes brought by any charismatic leader, etc.

→ Modernisation brought many changes in Indian society such as weakening of caste system, change in the structure of the family, increase in the weakening of caste system, change in the structure of the family, increase in the impact of western education, the advent of the new legal system, many reforms were brought in society, etc.

→ The present world is known as a ‘global village’ because the process of globalisation has brought countries closer to each other. Just while sitting at home, we come to know about what is going in the world.

→ The simple meaning of globalisation is the unlimited and unrestricted movement of goods, services, views, information, people, and capital between different countries.

→ It breaks the economic, social, and cultural barriers between those countries.

→ This all has been made possible with the developed means of communication.

→ There are many features of globalisation such as de-localization of functions, acceleration of every work, availability of all the goods around the world, increase in interdependency among countries, increase in mutual exchange, etc.

→ Two processes are very much necessary for globalisation and these are liberalisation and privatisation.

→ The meaning of liberalisation is running the economy according to market rules and the meaning of privatisation is selling government companies to the private sector.

→ There are many reasons of globalisation such as the development of means of transport and communication, the opening up of economic barriers by the government, the advent of multinational companies, etc.

→ Globalisation exerted a great impact on our country such as the advent of trading liberalisation, investment of foreign capital in-country, the advent of money from foreign countries, exchange of technology, the advent of the economic market, production across countries, etc.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation

Reference Group:

• That group according to which an individual moulds hip behaviour, ways of living, eating, etc.

Twice Born (Dwija):

• The first three castes of Hindu society are known as Dwija or Twice-born castes.
• They’ll have to perform a thread ceremony or Janeu Samskai.

Vertical Social Mobility:

• Vertical social mobility is the movement of an individual or group from one status to another.
• It includes a change in class, occupation, and status.

Hierarchy:

• The system of status in the group in which positions of individuals are defined.

→ Culture is not born out of anything but is a learned behavior.

→ Westernization and Sanskritization are the two cultural processes that greatly affect Indian society.

→ The concept of westernization was given by M.N. Srinivas.

→ According to him, westernization is a process that greatly brought changes in different fields such as technology, institutions, ideology, values, etc. during the last 150 years.

→ The process of westernization was not confined only to a particular section of society.

→ Those who took western education and started doing government jobs were greatly affected by the process.

→ Many social reformers played a very important role in increasing the process of westernization.

→ For example, Raja Ram Mofian Roy and other reformers began many reform movements and brought changes in society.

→ Westernization had a great effect on Indian society such as the decline in caste-based distinctions, increase in education, changes in Ways of living arid eating, development of means of transport and communication, change in the status of women, etc.

→ The process of Sanskritization is attached to the caste system and the concept is given by M.N. Srinivas.

→ According to him, when lower caste people try to adopt the living and try to change their caste, this process is known as Sanskritization.

→ Instead of using the word Brahminisation, Srinivas used the word Sanskritizatioii as it is not necessary that the caste which is imitated is only a Brahmin caste. It can be Kshatriya or Vaishya.

→ Another concept that comes forward in rural areas is the dominant caste.

→ According to Srinivas, the dominant caste is that which has more land in the village, whose population is more and which keeps the higher place in the local hierarchy.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities

Gender Role:

• Gender role is the behaviour that is attached to each sex by society.

Gender Discrimination:

• It is the behaviour of exclusion, subordination, and non-participation by which one part of the population, especially women, are mainly sidelined or ignored.

Transgender:

• That group of individuals who have traits of both the sexes i.e. men and women.

Socialization:

• That lifelong learning process in which an individual learns the ways of living life and culture and transfer it to the next generation.

Patriarchy:

• The type of society in which authority is in the hands of males and females is excluded from this.
• Authority is in the hands of the eldest male of the family and the family’s name runs on the father’s name.

Child Sex Ratio:

• It means the number of girls (0-6 years) behind 100 boys (0-0 years).
• In 2011, it was 1000: 914.

Sex Ratio:

• It means the number of females behind every 1000 males.
• In 2011, it was 1000 : 943.

→ We all live in society along with family and relatives. While living in society, we might have heard males talking about females.

→ In this conversation, you might have thought that females of the family are discriminated against. This sex-based discrimination is known as gender discrimination.

→ Word ‘Gender’ is made by society and is given by culture.

→ Gender is a sociological word in which political, cultural, socio-psychological, and economic relations are established between males and females.

→ It means that whenever we talk about male-female relations from a socio-cultural point of view, the word ‘gender’ comes forward.

→ There is a difference between the word ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’.

→ Word ‘sex’ is a biological word that tells us about male or female. But Gender difference is that behaviour that is made with social customs.

→ Whenever we talk about gender relations, it refers to relations between males and females that are based on ideological, cultural, political, and economic issues.

→ In gender relations, we study gender subordination that which sex controls the other.

→ Our society is a male-dominated society in which females are discriminated against in several ways.

→ The Indian Constitution has given us the right to equality but still, there are many rights which females do not enjoy.

→ A patriarchal family is a family dominated and controlled by the father.

→ He takes all the important decisions and males are considered superior to females.

→ Gender socialization is a method that takes care that all the children must learn to behave according to their sex.

→ It divides children into different groups of boys and girls. In this way, gender socialisation controls human behaviour.

→ Gender discrimination is not new in our society. This process is going on for ages.

→ Females are discriminated against in many ways and they suffer a lot during their lifetime.

→ If we talk about the child sex ratio (0-6 years), it was 1000 : 914 in 2011.

→ It means that there were 914 girls behind every 1000 boys.

→ We can observe this discrimination even in the field of education.

→ In 2011, the literacy rate in India was 74%. Out of this 82% were males and 65% were females.

→ Even today, people in the interior parts of our country do not prefer to send their girls to schools.

→ Females in our country face many problems in their daily life.

→ Rape, abduction, prostitution, trafficking, eve-teasing, domestic violence are a few of the problems which they face in their daily life.