PSEB Notes

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction

Slums:

• That place of living is in urban areas which is illegally constructed and which lack basic amenities of life.

Red Tapism:

• It is an idiom used for governmental interference. In the name of official rules, bureaucracy tries to interfere everywhere.

Alcohol:

• Alcohol is a type of depressant that slows down the brain and one starts to think and behave in a particular way.

Absolute Poverty:

• It is a situation in which people don’t have the basic necessities of life.
• For example, lack of food, drinking water, shelter, clothes, medicine, etc.

Nepotism:

• It is a custom in which preference is given to one’s own friends or relatives while giving jobs or any other work.

Delinquency:

• Crime of minor nature committed by young persons.

Alienation:

• Emotional isolation is called alienation.

Peer Group: Peer group is a social and primary group whose members have a common background, age, ideas, social status, etc.

→ Each society goes through the phases of transitions. These transitions or changed can be constructive as well as destructive.

→ If these changes are destructive, many problems occur in a society that could have dangerous consequences. These problems are known as social problems.

→ There can be many factors responsible for social problems such as socio-cultural factors, economic factors, regional factors, political factors, environmental factors etc.

→ All these factors collectively give birth to social problems.

→ Presently, people have started considering alcoholism as a social problem that was not considered during earlier times.

→ Alcoholism is a method of consuming alcohol that is not only dangerous for himself but for his family as well.

→ There can be many reasons for alcoholism such as misery, occupation, friends, entertainment, business, etc.

→ Alcoholism can have dangerous consequences such as loss of money, bad impact on health, increase in crimes, poverty, individual and familial disorganization etc.

→ Presently, the problem of drug addiction is increasing day by day. Young persons are inclining towards drugs and they are becoming a drug addicts.

→ Drug addiction is a physical and psychological dependence on anything without which one cannot live.

→ We can include many things in drugs such as sedatives, stimulants, narcotics, tobacco.

→ If one starts consuming any one of these, he becomes so dependent on them that he cannot live without them.

→ There can be many reasons for drug addiction such as psychological reasons, physical reasons, social factors, the impact of friends, to run away from tensions, etc.

→ Drug addiction can have many dangerous consequences such as dependency on drugs, loss of money, impact on health and family, etc.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 9 Social Movements will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 9 Social Movements

Reform Movement:

• Such movements aimed at bringing reforms in traditional customs.

Revolutionary Movement:

• Movements that aimed at bringing quick and sudden change in society are revolutionary movements.

Ideology:

• Ideology is the collection of ideas of a group.

Formal Organisation:

• That organized group whose rules are made at a formal level and members are given definite roles.

Caste:

• A caste is an endogamous group that keeps certain restrictions on its members regarding feeding, occupation, etc.

Revivalist Movement:

• That movement aimed at re-establishing old values.

→ If we look carefully at all the societies, we will find many prevailing social problems.

→ To take them out and to remove them, social movements play a very important role.

→ Sometimes many unnecessary situations occur in society with which conditions over there deteriorate.

→ To remove such unnecessary situations, a few collective efforts are required which are known as social movements.

→ There are many, features of social movements such as they have group consciousness, collective efforts are required, a permanent ideology is there, it fovours to bring change, they bring a new social system, it can be violent or non-violent, etc.

→ Social movements are of many types such as reform movements, revolutionary movements, and revivalist movements.

→ The reform movement wants to bring some change without changing the whole of society.

→ The revolutionary movement aims at changing the whole of society.

→ The revivalist movement aims at reestablishing old values.

→ From time to time, many movements started in our country. Caste-based movements were one of them.

→ Caste-based movements are the story of bringing out the struggle of lower castes or lower classes.

→ Jyotiba Phule, Sri Narayana Guru, Periyar Ramaswami, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar started movements, in different parts of the country, to uplift lower castes.

→ In class-based movements, worker’s movements and peasant movements can be included

→ Both workers and peasants wanted to get rid of exploitation and that’s why such movements were started.

→ From time to time, trade union movements were also started whose main aim was to demand better working conditions and better salaries for the workers working in industries.

→ Women were also suppressed from the ages. To uplift their social status, many reform movements were initiated.

→ In the 19th century, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, D.K. Karve etc. started many women movements which resulted in uplifting their social status.

→ Many environmental movements were also started, in the country, whose main.

→ the aim was to save the environment. Chipko Movement, Appiko Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan were such movements.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Outsourcing:

• Giving work to other companies is known as outsourcing.

Disinvestment:

• Privatisation of public sector companies is known as disinvestment.

Charismatic Leader:

• That leader who is having some charismatic features in his personality and who can influence the public with his personality.

Secularization:

• That belief in which state, morality, and education are distanced from the impact of religion.

Liberalisation:

• Reducing government control over the market and opening up economic boundaries.

→ In simple language, the meaning of modernisation is adopting new and modern ways and values of living life.

→ Initially, this meaning was taken in a very narrow sense but now the changes in the agricultural economy and industrial economy are also included in it.

→ First of all the word modernisation was used by Daniel Lerner while analysing the middle eastern societies.

→ According to him, modernisation is a process of change that comes in non-western societies due to their direct or indirect relations with western societies.

→ There are many features of modernisation such as it is a revolutionary and complex process.

→ This process goes on for a long time, it cannot move back, it brings progress in society, etc.

→ Modernisation comes due to certain reasons such as an increase in urban areas, the advent of large industries, increase in the level of education, development of means of communication, changes brought by any charismatic leader, etc.

→ Modernisation brought many changes in Indian society such as weakening of caste system, change in the structure of the family, increase in the weakening of caste system, change in the structure of the family, increase in the impact of western education, the advent of the new legal system, many reforms were brought in society, etc.

→ The present world is known as a ‘global village’ because the process of globalisation has brought countries closer to each other. Just while sitting at home, we come to know about what is going in the world.

→ The simple meaning of globalisation is the unlimited and unrestricted movement of goods, services, views, information, people, and capital between different countries.

→ It breaks the economic, social, and cultural barriers between those countries.

→ This all has been made possible with the developed means of communication.

→ There are many features of globalisation such as de-localization of functions, acceleration of every work, availability of all the goods around the world, increase in interdependency among countries, increase in mutual exchange, etc.

→ Two processes are very much necessary for globalisation and these are liberalisation and privatisation.

→ The meaning of liberalisation is running the economy according to market rules and the meaning of privatisation is selling government companies to the private sector.

→ There are many reasons of globalisation such as the development of means of transport and communication, the opening up of economic barriers by the government, the advent of multinational companies, etc.

→ Globalisation exerted a great impact on our country such as the advent of trading liberalisation, investment of foreign capital in-country, the advent of money from foreign countries, exchange of technology, the advent of the economic market, production across countries, etc.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation

Reference Group:

• That group according to which an individual moulds hip behaviour, ways of living, eating, etc.

Twice Born (Dwija):

• The first three castes of Hindu society are known as Dwija or Twice-born castes.
• They’ll have to perform a thread ceremony or Janeu Samskai.

Vertical Social Mobility:

• Vertical social mobility is the movement of an individual or group from one status to another.
• It includes a change in class, occupation, and status.

Hierarchy:

• The system of status in the group in which positions of individuals are defined.

→ Culture is not born out of anything but is a learned behavior.

→ Westernization and Sanskritization are the two cultural processes that greatly affect Indian society.

→ The concept of westernization was given by M.N. Srinivas.

→ According to him, westernization is a process that greatly brought changes in different fields such as technology, institutions, ideology, values, etc. during the last 150 years.

→ The process of westernization was not confined only to a particular section of society.

→ Those who took western education and started doing government jobs were greatly affected by the process.

→ Many social reformers played a very important role in increasing the process of westernization.

→ For example, Raja Ram Mofian Roy and other reformers began many reform movements and brought changes in society.

→ Westernization had a great effect on Indian society such as the decline in caste-based distinctions, increase in education, changes in Ways of living arid eating, development of means of transport and communication, change in the status of women, etc.

→ The process of Sanskritization is attached to the caste system and the concept is given by M.N. Srinivas.

→ According to him, when lower caste people try to adopt the living and try to change their caste, this process is known as Sanskritization.

→ Instead of using the word Brahminisation, Srinivas used the word Sanskritizatioii as it is not necessary that the caste which is imitated is only a Brahmin caste. It can be Kshatriya or Vaishya.

→ Another concept that comes forward in rural areas is the dominant caste.

→ According to Srinivas, the dominant caste is that which has more land in the village, whose population is more and which keeps the higher place in the local hierarchy.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities

Gender Role:

• Gender role is the behaviour that is attached to each sex by society.

Gender Discrimination:

• It is the behaviour of exclusion, subordination, and non-participation by which one part of the population, especially women, are mainly sidelined or ignored.

Transgender:

• That group of individuals who have traits of both the sexes i.e. men and women.

Socialization:

• That lifelong learning process in which an individual learns the ways of living life and culture and transfer it to the next generation.

Patriarchy:

• The type of society in which authority is in the hands of males and females is excluded from this.
• Authority is in the hands of the eldest male of the family and the family’s name runs on the father’s name.

Child Sex Ratio:

• It means the number of girls (0-6 years) behind 100 boys (0-0 years).
• In 2011, it was 1000: 914.

Sex Ratio:

• It means the number of females behind every 1000 males.
• In 2011, it was 1000 : 943.

→ We all live in society along with family and relatives. While living in society, we might have heard males talking about females.

→ In this conversation, you might have thought that females of the family are discriminated against. This sex-based discrimination is known as gender discrimination.

→ Word ‘Gender’ is made by society and is given by culture.

→ Gender is a sociological word in which political, cultural, socio-psychological, and economic relations are established between males and females.

→ It means that whenever we talk about male-female relations from a socio-cultural point of view, the word ‘gender’ comes forward.

→ There is a difference between the word ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’.

→ Word ‘sex’ is a biological word that tells us about male or female. But Gender difference is that behaviour that is made with social customs.

→ Whenever we talk about gender relations, it refers to relations between males and females that are based on ideological, cultural, political, and economic issues.

→ In gender relations, we study gender subordination that which sex controls the other.

→ Our society is a male-dominated society in which females are discriminated against in several ways.

→ The Indian Constitution has given us the right to equality but still, there are many rights which females do not enjoy.

→ A patriarchal family is a family dominated and controlled by the father.

→ He takes all the important decisions and males are considered superior to females.

→ Gender socialization is a method that takes care that all the children must learn to behave according to their sex.

→ It divides children into different groups of boys and girls. In this way, gender socialisation controls human behaviour.

→ Gender discrimination is not new in our society. This process is going on for ages.

→ Females are discriminated against in many ways and they suffer a lot during their lifetime.

→ If we talk about the child sex ratio (0-6 years), it was 1000 : 914 in 2011.

→ It means that there were 914 girls behind every 1000 boys.

→ We can observe this discrimination even in the field of education.

→ In 2011, the literacy rate in India was 74%. Out of this 82% were males and 65% were females.

→ Even today, people in the interior parts of our country do not prefer to send their girls to schools.

→ Females in our country face many problems in their daily life.

→ Rape, abduction, prostitution, trafficking, eve-teasing, domestic violence are a few of the problems which they face in their daily life.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Class Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Class Inequalities

Class Struggle:

• It is a type of tension which exists in society due to the different interests of different socio-economic groups.

Bourgeoisie:

• It is a type of social class which owns all the means of production and economically exploits other social groups with the help of its means.

Elite:

• These people are highly specialised persons who play leadership and directional role in their own status group and society. Their direction creates the process of social transformation.

Proletariat:

• In a capitalist society, this word is used for the group which includes daily workers, especially industrial workers.

Social Mobility:

• This word is used for the movement of different persons or groups of different socio-economic statuses.

Slavery:

• It is a form of social stratification in which few people keep control over others as the owner of the property.

Petty-Bourgois:

• It is a French word used for a social group that includes small capitalists such as shopkeepers, workers who manage the production, division, and distribution process.

→ We can find many classes in all the societies which are more rich, respected and powerful than the others.

→ All these groups form stratification in society.

→ There are many classes in a society formed on different bases and are different from each other on one base or the other.

→ Karl Marx did not define the concept of ‘class’ anywhere but according to him, there are two classes everywhere.

→ First is the group which has all the means of production (HAVES) and the other is one that doesn’t have anything. (HAVE-NOTS).

→ There are many features of a class system such as, it is universal in nature, status, in this is achieved, it is an open system, its main base is economy, it is permanent, etc.

→ Karl Marx was of the view that there exists consciousness among classes.

→ Marx was of the view that in different ages, there existed two types of groups.

→ The first group is that which owns all the means of production and is known as the capitalist class.

→ The second class is that which does not have any means of production and is known as the labour class.

→ Max Weber was of the view that wealth, power, and prestige are the bases of social inequality.

→ Class is attached to many things such as economy, social status, and power in politics.

→ He says that the way of living life of members of one group is almost the same.

→ Warner studied American society and said that there are three types of classes.

→ Upper class, middle class, and lower class. These three groups are further divided into three groups—upper, middle, and lower class.

→ Warner explained class structure on the basis of income and money.

→ If we look at the present age, we can see that classes are formed on many bases but their major bases are education, income, and wealth.

→ Class and caste are very much different from each other such as class is an open system but caste is a closed system, status in class is achieved but in caste, it is not achieved, there is mobility in the class system but not in the caste system.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities

Caste Consciousness:

• A great understanding of one’s caste identity is known as caste consciousness.

Dominant Caste:

• A caste group in any area which is more in number and. has control over the resources.

Casteism:

• Such activities with which preference is given to members of one caste and others are ignored.

Sanskritisation:

• The process with which lower caste people try to imitate the ideas, habits, ways of living, behavior, etc. of upper castes and to uplift their social status.

Endogamy:

• The type of marriage in which one is required to marry within his own group or caste.

Exogamy:

• The type of marriage in which one is required to marry out of his group such as family, kinship, etc.

Protective Discrimination:

• It is a process or official program in which the suppressed groups of society are given special privileges such as S.C.’s, S.T.’s, O.B.C.’s, women, etc.

→ During ancient times, there existed a varna system in Indian society which included four varnas-Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and fourth varna.

→ Varna system was based on occupation and one was allowed to change his varna. But, with time, the varna system became hereditary and took the form of a caste system.

→ Many sociologists and anthropologists have given definitions of the caste system.

→ But Indian Sociologist G.S. Ghurye was of the view that the caste system is so complex to define. So, he gave six features of the caste system.

→ Caste was an endogamous group that kept certain restrictions on its members such as restrictions on keeping relations with other castes, marriage, feeding, etc.

→ There were many restrictions on the members of one caste on keeping relations with other castes.

→ In India, caste-based stratification existed if Brahmins were at the top and lower castes were at the bottom of the stratified system.

→ According to M.N. Srinivas, the concept of pollution was the most important feature of the caste system.

→ Presently, the Indian government has provided protection to scheduled castes in the form of the reservation policy.

→ That’s why these people are taking advantage and are able to get money and status in society.

→ They are taking education, doing jobs in govt, jobs, and industries and are raising their social status.

→ There are many theories about the origin of the caste system but out of these theories, traditional theory, religious theory, and occupational theory are the important ones.

→ After the Indian independence, the government passed many legislations to remove caste-based inequalities from society.

→ Along with this, many other reasons came forward which reduced the impact of the caste system such as industrialisation, urbanisation, secularisation, democratisation, etc.

→ The processes of Sanskritisation, Westernisation, and Modernisation also played an important role in reducing the impact of the caste system.

→ Now scheduled castes are taking advantage of reservation policy to raise their social status in society.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society

Urban Society:

• That society where inequality, secondary relations, artificiality, mobility, and non-agricultural occupations prevail.
• These are large in size and people are progressive in nature.

Urbanization:

• It is the progress of migration of rural people to urban areas which increases the size of cities.
• It is the process in which rural areas convert into urban areas.

Urbanism:

• Urbanism expresses the urban way of living.
• It also tells us about the evolution of urban society and the expansion of urban culture.

Poverty:

• It is a situation in which people are unable to meet their basic needs of food, cloth, and shelter.

Housing:

• The foremost need of every civilized society is housing because it gives an individual a place to live.

Slums:

• A slum is a place of living in an urban area where people live in unhygienic conditions in temporary houses.
• Their size varies according to the size of the city and they lack sanitation, cleanliness, clean drinking water, electricity, and other basic facilities.

→ There is a continuous trend during the last few decades of migration of rural people to urban areas which led to an increase in the urban population. There exist many facilities in urban areas which attract the rural population.

→ According to the Census of 2011, the total Indian population was 121 crore out of which 37.7 crore or 32% population lives in urban areas.

→ According to this survey, all those areas are urban where there is a municipality, corporation, cantonment board, or notified town area committee.

→ When rural people start to migrate to urban areas, this process is known as urbanisation. This process has played an important role in the progress of urban society.

→ It is a two-way process in which not only do people migrate to an urban area and their occupations change but changes also come in their ways of living, eating habits, views, ideas, etc.

→ Urbanism is an important element of urban society which differentiates the identity and personality of the urban population from the rural and tribal people. It shows a way of living life.

→ There are many features of urban society such as more population, inequality, secondary means of social control, social mobility, main occupation except agriculture, division of labour, specialisation, individualism, etc.

→ We can find joint families in rural society but urban areas have nuclear families.

→ Due to individualism, people prefer to have nuclear families.

→ The urban economy is based on occupational diversity and mobility.

→ Different occupations depend upon each other and consequently, people depend upon each other.

→ Normally, we can find many problems in urban areas but problems of housing and slums are quite common. These are increasing with the increase in urbanization.

→ Rural people migrate to urban areas in search of occupation and a place of living.

→ They get employment over there but are unable to find any place of living which forces them to live in slums.

→ Due to such slums, urban areas face many problems.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society

Rural Society:

• That society which lives in a rural area with special features such as small in size, less density of population, agriculture-main occupation, similarities among the people, caste-based stratification, joint family, etc.

Endogamy:

• The type of marriage in which an individual needs to marry within his own group such as caste.

Exogamy:

• The type of marriage in which one needs to marry out of his group such as clan, family.

Green Revolution:

• With the help of high-yielding variety seeds, agriculture production was increased and this is known as the green revolution.

Indebtedness:

• When a person takes a loan for agriculture or any other purpose, it is known as a loan.
• When he fails to pay back the loan and it increases with interest, then it is known as indebtedness.

Joint Family:

• That family in which members of a minimum of three generations live such as grandparents, parents, grandchildren, etc.
• They live under one roof, eat in a common kitchen, and perform the same economic activity.

→ India is basically a rural society in which around 70% (68.84%) population still lives in villages.

→ Rural people live a very simple life, share a lot with each other, and have many similarities with each other.

→ Mahatma Gandhi is often quoted to have said, “Real India lives in its villages.”

→ There are many features of rural society such as small in size, close relationship, homogeneity, more social control, agriculture main occupation, more impact of religion, the dominance of joint family, less social mobility, etc.

→ Rural society is dominated by the joint family in which a minimum of three generations lives together. Such families are large in size and live under a single roof.

→ In 1992, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment was made and a three-tier structure of local self-government was established.

→These three levels are Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level. Their main objective is to do all-around development of rural areas.

→ During the decade of 1960s, a green revolution came in India to increase agricultural production for farmers.

→ There were many positive consequences of this revolution such as cereal production increased, production of commercial crops increased, changes in the methods of agriculture, etc.

→ But there were a few negative consequences as well such as it helped only the rich farmers, the difference between rich and poor farmers increased, etc.

→ Indian farmers presently are facing a very serious issue and this is the problem of indebtedness.

→ Due to this problem, many farmers have committed suicide. There can be many reasons for indebtedness such as poverty,’ ancestral debt, legal cases, backwardness, extra expenditure, more interest on loans, etc.

→ Present rural society is going through a phase of transition. Now old relations are coming to an end, control of caste panchayats is reducing, crimes are increasing, the jamjar system has come to an end, people are migrating towards urban areas, etc.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 4 Introduction to MS Paint will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 4 Introduction to MS Paint

Introduction:
MS Paint or Microsoft paint is an application software. This software is used to draw objects and shapes. The user can work with colours in this software. The drawings can be saved and printed. The drawing can also be used in other application software such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint.

What is MS Paint?
It is an application software developed by Microsoft. This software is provided by a company with Microsoft Windows operating system. It is the default software which is used to develop non commercial paintings. There are many different tools available in Paint. This software is very helpful for new users and children. The user can draw paintings in colour or black and white. This painting can be saved as bitmap files or other format. These paintings can also be printed on paper using a colour printer. These paintings can be set as wallpaper on the computer. These paintings can also be pasted in other applications like MS Word and MS PowerPoint. Save its painting in various formats such as JPG, GIF, BMP etc.

How to Start MS Paint?

Or

• Click on the start button on taskbar/ super bar. The Start menu will appear.
• Click on All Programs, another menu will appear.
• Click on the Accessories option in this menu. Another menu will appear. This menu has a Paint option.
• Click on the Paint option.
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Paint” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key. Paint window will appear.

Parts of a Paint Window
Paint window is shown in above figure. It has following main parts:

1. Title Bar: The title bar is present at the top of the paint window. At the left end of the title bar, the first item shown is a little paint palette. If we click this button, a standard window menu opens having options Restore, Move, Size, Minimize, Maximize and Close. Another thing we will see the title of our picture followed by the name of the program-Paint. If we haven’t saved our picture, the name will be shown as “Untitled”.

• Quick Access Toolbar: The next four items make up the Quick Access Bar offering buttons for Save, Undo, Redo and Customize.
• Minimize, Maximize/Restore, Close: Title bar has three buttons on its right corner. They are:
  (a) Minimize Button: Used for minimizing the paint window onto the taskbar.
  (b) Maximize/Restore button: Used for maximizing or restoring the paint window.
  (c) Close Button: Used for closing the paint window.

2. Quick Access Toolbar: It is a toolbar present in the title bar by default. This bar provides us with frequently used commands. Its position can be changed both to below or above the ribbon and icons can be added and removed as per the user’s requirement.

To Move Quick Access Toolbar below the Ribbon:
If we prefer to show Save, Undo and Redo buttons below the ribbon, Click on the “customize quick access bar” button and a menu will appear. Near the bottom of the menu that appears, we will see Show below the Ribbon. Click Show below the Ribbon.

The Quick Access Toolbar will move below the Ribbon. We can add more options such as New, Open, and Print Preview etc. to the Quick Access Toolbar with the help of Customize icon.

Move Quick Access Toolbar below the Ribbon

Here are commands and their functions discussed below:

Name of Command	Function	Shortcut Key
New	Creates a new/blank image file.	Ctrl + N
Open	Opens a dialog box to open an existing image file.	Ctrl + 0
Save	Saves changes to the current file.	Ctrl + S
Print	Print the current picture.	Ctrl + P
Print Preview	Displays the image on screen as it will appear after printing on paper.
Send in e-mail	Send a copy of the picture in an e-mail as an attachment.
Undo	Repeat or Reverse the last action.	Ctrl + Z
Redo	Restores previous undo action.	Ctrl + Y
Show below/ above the ribbon	Shows Quick Access Toolbar below or above the ribbon
Minimize the ribbon	Toggle the ribbon On/Off.

Adding Ribbon items to the Quick Access Toolbar: Many other items from the ribbon can also be added to the Quick Access Toolbar. On the Ribbon, right click on anything we like to add. A menu will appear which includes the option “Add to Quick Access Toolbar”. Click on this option.

Menu Bar
The Menu bar has three tabs named as Paint Button, Home tab ribbon and View tab ribbon. On the right side of the menu bar, the Help button appears as shown in the figure below.

1. Paint Button: This Button appeared at the beginning of Menu bar. When we click on this button and the following Menu Appears.

The various commands given in Paint button are explained below:

Name of Command	Functions
Save As	Save changes to the new file with a different file name. It asks for a new name every time. We can change format of the new file too. Such as PNG, JPEG, BMP, GIF etc.
From scanner and camera	Import picture from scanner or camera.
Set as desktop background	Set the current picture as our desktop background.
Properties	Change the properties of the picture. The Properties dialog will give us information about the picture .
Exit	To close the paint window.

2. Home Tab Ribbon: All tools, shapes, colour palette and most of the commands are grouped together in the ribbon except Save, Undo and Redo commands which are shown at title bar or in the Quick Access Toolbar. Drop-down arrows below each item in the ribbon will give us other options for the tool. Most of the tools used for drawing or other tasks are present in Home Tab Ribbon.

There is also an option to minimize the ribbon. If we choose this, the ribbon d sappears entirely, but pops into view if you click on the Home tab.

3. View Tab Ribbon: We can use the View tab by clicking on it. The options such as zoom in, zoom out, show or hide and display are there in the View tab. Zoom in or out can be used alone or in conjunction with the Zoom Tool. We can also use the status bar for Zoom in or Zoom out purposes.

Scroll Bar
Scroll bars are used to move the screen. These are of two types:

• Horizontal Scroll bar: It is present at the bottom of the Paint window. It moves the screen left and right.
• Vertical Scroll bar: It is present at the right side of the Paint window. It moves the screen up and down.

Status Bar

1. Cursor Position: It gives the Cursor Position, which is helpful when we want to position any picture precisely.

2. Selection Size: It shows the size of a selection we are making or size of an object we are drawing.

3. Image Size: It shows the size of our entire picture, even if the picture is very large and is not visible completely in the window. If we have not changed the units in the Properties dialog box, the measurement will be displayed in pixels. We can change measurement to inches or centimetres.

4. Disk Size: Once we have saved our picture, this option will show the size or drawing on Disk. If the paint window is very small, this figure might not be shown.

5. Zoom Slider: The Zoom Slider is convenient if we are working in a zoomed in view and want to zoom out. However, we cannot zoom in on a particular spot, as we can do with the Magnifier.

Work Area
Free space of the Paint window is called the work area. It is used for making drawings. This area is usually between Ribbon and status bar.

Saving Our Drawing
It is good to save our picture as soon as we begin to work. We must click on the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar every few minutes. This prevents loss of work if the program closes unexpectedly, as in a power failure.

When we click the Save for the first time, we will find a dialog box where we have to type a name for the picture. Type a desired name in the file name text box and click the Save button.

Save as:

Click Save as in file menu.
With the help of Save as option we can save a Copy of a picture with another file name. Go to the Paint button and open the menu.
In the dialog box, just change the existing name then click the Save button.