Bhagya

This PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Culture will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Culture

→ The thing which differentiates humans from animals is the culture that they have but animals do not.

→ If human culture is taken away from them, they will become animals. So culture and society, both are deeply related.

→ Whatever humans have achieved, from an early age till today is their culture, Culture is a learned behaviour transmitted from one generation to another.

→ An individual can only get culture at a time when he is a member of any society.

→ Culture is of two types, namely material and non-material.

→ In material culture, all the things are included which we can see or touch such as a chair, table, car, pen, home, etc.

→ In non-material culture, all such things are included which we cannot see or touch such as views, ideas, values, norms, etc.

→ Culture and traditions are deeply related. In the same way, social worries and values are also important parts of culture.

→ If they will be taken out of culture, nothing will be left in culture.

→ There are two aspects of culture-material and non-material. Changes often come in both of these aspects.

→ Change in material aspect comes very quickly but not in non-material aspect.

→ Consequently, a difference occurs among them. Material aspect moves ahead and non-material aspect lags behind. This difference is known as cultural lag.

→ The meaning of change in culture is a change in the pattern of society. This change comes due to internal and external factors.

→ Culture: Whatever man has achieved till today is his culture.

→ Material Culture: That aspect of culture which we can see or touch.

→ Non-material Culture: That aspect of culture which we can’t see or touch.

→ Cultural Lag: Due to change in both aspects of culture, the material aspect moves ahead and the non-material aspect lags behind. This difference between the two is cultural lag.

→ Norms: Established standards of behaviour shared by members of a social group.

→ Value: A principle considered worthwhile or desirable.

→ Cultural Change: That way in which society changes its patterns of culture.

This PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Social Groups will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Social Groups

→ Man is a social animal. He cannot live alone. To fulfill his needs, he needs to depend upon others. So, most of his activities are centered around groups.

→ A social group is an aggregate of two or more persons who interact with each other.

→ But to become a group, this interaction must continue for a longer period of time. This interaction motivates him to relate with the group.

→ A social group has many features such as it is a collection of individuals, interactions that take place among members of a group, members are conscious about their membership, they have we-feeling among them, each group has certain rules, etc.

→ There exist many social groups in society, and many Sociologists have classified them on many bases. But the classification given by C.H. Cooley is accepted by most Sociologists.

→ According to Cooley, on the basis of physical closeness and distance, there are two types of groups-Primary groups and Secondary groups.

→ Primary groups are the groups in which members have physical proximity with each other.

→ We meet these members on a daily basis, share everything with them, and love to live with them. For example, family, playgroup, neighbourhood, etc.

→ Secondary groups are exactly opposite to primary groups. In such groups, we can take membership with our will and can leave them at any time.

→ There are no close relations among their members; for example, political parties, trade unions, etc.

→ Secondary groups have many features such as physical proximity, temporary in nature, formal relations, optional membership, etc.

→ Primary groups are of great importance as we cannot live without them. They help in the process of socialization and keep control of individual behaviour.

→ Sumner also classified groups and this are-In-group and the Out-group.

→ In-groups are the groups about which an individual is completely conscious. Out-groups are the groups with which an individual does not have we-feeling.

→ Robert Merton gave a new type of group called Reference Group. Sometimes an individual tries to control and direct his behaviour according to a specific group. That group for the individual is a reference group.

→ We-Feeling: The feeling with which we identify ourselves with the group that we are its members.

→ Primary Group: The group with which we are quite close and without which we can’t live.

→ Secondary Group: The group whose membership is taken when the need arises and can be left at any time.

→ In-Group: The group with which a person has we-feeling,

→ Out-Group: The group with which a person does not have any feeling in him.

This PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Society, Community and Association will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Society, Community and Association

→ According to Aristotle, man is a social animal. He cannot live alone.

→ An individual can neither live out of society nor can he think about it. He needs to depend upon 6thers to fulfill his needs.

→ To fulfill his needs, an individual needs to make relations with others, and the web of social relations is known as society.

→ When relations are formed among two or more individuals, we can say that society is in the process of making.

→ We can find a number of societies in the whole of the world such as tribal society, rural society, industrial society, post-industrial society.

→ Different sociologists have divided societies on different bases such as Comte (intellectual development), Morgan (social development), Spencer (the degree of structural complexity), Tonnies (types of social ties), Durkheim (types of solidarity), etc.

→ Society has many features such as it is abstract, it is based on similarities and differences, co-operation and conflict both exist in it and a system of stratification is always there in it.

→ Man has a very close relation with society because he cannot live alone. To live, he needs the help of others.

→ Durkheim was of the view that society is associated with every aspect of our life.

→ Humans are also important for society because, in their absence, there can be no existence of society.

→ When a few individuals live in a group, in a particular geographical area, in an organised manner and spend the whole of their life without any particular motive, it is known as community. We-feeling always exists in the community.

→ There are certain elements of the community such as a group of people, definite geographical area, community feeling, common culture, etc.

→ Association is based on co-operation. When a few people come together, co-operate with each other to attain certain objectives and form an organisation, it is called association.

→ Aggregate: Aggregate is a collection of people in one place but has no relation with each other.

→ Co-operation: When a few people help each other to achieve a particular objective, it is called co-operation.

→ Institution: A structure or mechanism to regulate the individual behaviour in a community.

→ Law: Written rules implemented or enforced by any official agency.

→ Identity: Features of an individual or a group which tell about who are we and are meant for others.

→ We-feeling: A strong feeling with which members of a group identify and distinguish themselves from others. It shows a strong sense of unity among them.

This PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

→ Every individual is having many aspects in his life; such as economic, religious, political, social, etc.

→ That’s why to study different aspects of society, Sociology needs to take help from other social sciences.

→ It is true that Sociology borrows subject matter from different social sciences but it also gives them its own subject matter to use.

→ In this way, other social sciences also depend upon Sociology to study their own subject matter.

→ Sociology and Political Science are closely related to each other. Sociology is the science of society and Political Science is a science of an aspect of society, which includes state and government.

→ Both the sciences depend upon each other and consequently have close relationships with each other. But there exist many differences among them.

→ History studies past events and Sociology studies present phenomena. Both the sciences study human society but from different aspects.

→ Sociology uses the information collected by History and Sociological material is used by Historians. That’s why they depend upon each other but they have many differences among them.

→ Sociology and Economics are also closely related to each other because economic relations are an important part of social relations.

→ Our social relations are definitely affected by economic relations. In this way they are interrelated. Both the sciences borrow their subject matter from each other.

→ Sociology is closely related to Psychology as well. Psychology studies human behaviour and humans are a part of society.

→ It is necessary to study humans before studying society. So, both these help each other and depend upon each other.

→ Sociology is also closely related to Anthropology. Anthropology studies ancient society and Sociology studies present society.

→ L. Kroeber calls both of these twin sisters. Sociology borrows a lot from Anthropological research.

→ In the same way, Anthropology also takes help from Sociology to understand human society.

→ Cultural Anthropology: Branch of Anthropology which studies cultural differences among humans.

→ Archaeology: It studies human activities with the help of excavated things from the earth.

→ Political Sociology: The branch of Sociology studies that how many social forces collectively influence political policies.

→ Physical Anthropology: It mainly deals with human evolution, their variability, and adaptations to environmental stresses. It is also known as Biological Anthropology.

→ Social Psychology: The scientific study which studies that how human behaviour and views are influenced by the presence of others.

This PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Emergence of Sociology will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Emergence of Sociology

→ The emergence of Sociology is a new phenomenon and we can tell the definite time about when it originated.

→ Many scholars such as Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, etc. wrote a lot that is quite similar to present-day Sociology.

→ As a subject, Sociology originated after the French Revolution of 1789 when many changes came in society.

→ Many scholars such as Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber stressed the study of social order, conflict, stability, and change. Consequently, the origin of Sociology took place.

→ Three major processes contributed to the establishment of sociology as a separate discipline and these were

• French Revolution and Enlightenment Movement
• Development of Natural Sciences and
• Industrial Revolution and Urbanisation.

→ Many scholars contributed to the advent of the French Revolution. They challenged the authority of the Church and did not follow the Church’s orders blindly. This encouraged the people to solve their problems in a logical manner.

→ During 16th and 17th Centuries, Natural Sciences made great progress. This progress motivated social thinkers to invent something in the social sector.

→ A new belief came forward that as natural sciences understand the biological world, the same method can be used on social phenomena.

→ Sociologists such as Comte, Spencer, Durkheim tried to understand the social phenomena in the same way and they were quite successful in their effort.

→ In the 18th Century, Industrial Revolution came in Europe, and consequently, industries and urban centres emerged a great deal.

→ Many problems originated in cities and a need was felt about the existence of science that could understand them. Response to this need came in the form of Sociology.

→ In 1839, the word ‘Sociology’ was used for the first time by Auguste Comte. That’s why he is known as the father of Sociology. The literal meaning of Sociology is the Science of society.

→ Many scholars call Sociology a science because it uses scientific methods which help in drawing up conclusions. Its rules are universal and they can predict.

→ Many scholars do not consider Sociology, a science because they believe that it lacks experimentation and objectivity. It lacks terminology and it is quite difficult to collect data in it.

→ There exist two schools about the subject matter of Sociology and these are Formalistic School and Synthetic School.

→ According to the Formalistic school of Sociology, it is an independent science that studies the forms of social relations. Simmel, Tonnies, Vierkandt and Von Wiese are the exponents of this school.

→ According to the synthetic school of Sociology, it is not an independent science because it is a synthesis of other social sciences and takes help from them to create its subject matter. Durkheim, Hobhouse, Sorokin, etc. are the major exponents of this school.

→ Sociology holds a very important place in our daily lives as it studies different institutions, helps in social progress, solves different problems, and forms programmes of social welfare.

→ Individualism: The feeling in which an individual thinks only about himself instead of thinking about society.

→ Capitalism: It is a system of economic enterprise which is based on market exchange. The meaning of Capital is any asset including property, money, and machines, which is used to produce commodities for sale or invested in the market to earn profits. This system is based on means of production and private ownership of assets.

→ Values: Ideas of individuals or groups about which is good or bad, proper and desirable.

→ Macro Sociology: Study of major groups, organisations .and social systems.

→ Micro Sociology: Study of human behaviour in the context of face-to-face interaction.

→ Industrialisation: The age of social and economic, a change which converted human society from rural to industrial.

→ Urbanisation: The process in which a large number of people start to live in urban areas. It results in the growth of urban areas.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 23 Second Anglo-Sikh War, Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 23 Second Anglo-Sikh War, Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab

Causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War:

• The Sikhs were defeated in the first war against the Britishers.
• Thus they wanted to avenge their defeat.
• The Punjabis were dissatisfied with the Treaties of Lahore and Bhairowal because they ended the sovereignty of the Sikh Empire.
• Thousands of Sikh soldiers were disbanded leading to resentment amongst them.
• The humiliating treatment meted out to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s widow and Maharaja Dalip Singh’s mother Maharani Jindan further aggravated the resentment of the Sikhs.
• The British deliberately avoided the rebellion by Moolraj.
• The revolt of Chattar Singh and his son Sher Singh was also the cause of the war.
• Lord Dalhousie’s policy further aggravated the problem and because of the immediate cause for the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

Events of the War:
The main events of the second Anglo-Sikh War were as follows:

Battle of Ramnagar:

• The first battle of the second Anglo-Sikh war between the Sikhs and the British took place at Ramnagar on 22nd November 1848 A.D.
• Lord Hugh Gough was the commander of the British army and the Sikh army was led by Sher Singh.
• The Sikhs inflicted a crushing defeat on the British.

The Battle of Chillianwala:

• The battle of Chillianwala was one of the significant battles of the second Anglo-Sikh War.
• It was fought on 13th January 1849 A.D.
• The British army was again led by Lord Gough and the Sikh army was again led by Sher Singh.
• This battle proved to be the worst defeat of the British, in India.

Battle of Multan:

• General Whish besieged the fort of Multan in December 1848 A.D.
• A shell hurled by the British fell on gun-powder due to which the Sikh ammunition was destroyed and soldiers were killed in large numbers.
• Owing to this Diwan Moolraj was forced to surrender to the British on 22nd January 1849 A.D.

Battle of Gujarat:

• The battle of Gujarat proved to be the most important and decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
• In this battle, Chattar Singh, Sher Singh, and Bhai Maharaj Singh made a united front against the British.
• The English army was still led by Lord Hugh Gough.
• This battle is also famous as the ‘Battle of Guns’ in history.
• This battle started on 21st February 1849 A.D.
• On 10th March 1849 A.D., the Sikhs were defeated and they collectively surrendered before the General.

Consequences of the War:

• The most significant result of the Second Anglo- Sikh war was that it completely brought to an end the Sikh Empire which was completely annexed by the British on 29th March 1849 A.D.
• The Sikh army was disbanded.
• Moolraj and Bhai Maharaj Singh were banished from the state.
• The British established a Board of Administration to run the administration of Punjab in 1849 A.D.

Arguments in favour of Annexation of Punjab:

• The Sikhs were accused of violating the terms of the Treaty of Bhairowal.
• Sardar Chattar Singh and his son Sher Singh revolted and supported Moolraj which the British felt was an effort to revive the Sikh rule in Punjab.
• Lord Dalhousie thus had an undoubting conviction of the expediency, the justice, and necessity of his act.
• Lord Dalhousie levelled a charge against the Lahore Darbar that according to the terms of the Treaty of Bhairowal, she was to pay Rs. 22 lakhs annually to the British but it did not pay a single penny.

Arguments against Annexation of Punjab:

• Historians believe that the Sikhs were provoked to revolt.
• The revolt by Moolraj was not suppressed deliberately in time so that the British got a pretext to1 to wage a war against Punjab.
• Lahore Darbar gave full co-operation in fulfilling the terms of the treaty.
• The revolt against the British had taken place only in some regions of Punjab.
• To punish the whole of Punjab was totally unjustified.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 1 Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 1 Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History

Different Names of the Punjab:

• The word Punjab is a combination of the two words of the Persian language: ‘Punj’ and ‘Aab’ which literally means, the land of five rivers.
• In the Rigvedic period, Punjab was called ‘Sapta Sindhu’, it was called Tanchnada’ in the Puranas, ‘Pentapotamia’ by the Greeks, ‘Lahore Suba’ in the medieval period, and ‘Punjab Province’ by the British.

Physical Features of the Punjab:
The main aspects related to the physical features of Punjab are as follows:

The Himalayas and Sulaiman Mountain Ranges:

• The Himalayas are situated to the north of Punjab.
• It stretches from Assam in the east to Afghanistan in the west.
• These mountain ranges have proved to be a great boon for Punjab.
• The Himalayas have made the land of Punjab fertile.
• The Sulaiman mountain ranges are situated in the northwest of Punjab.
• It is in these ranges that the Khyber, Bolan, Kurram, Tochi, and Gomal passes are located.

Sub-mountainous Region:

• This region is located between the Shivalik ranges and the plains of Punjab.
• It is also called the Tarai region. Hoshiarpur, Kangra, Ambala, the northern part of Gurdaspur, and some areas of Sialkot are located in this region.

The Plains:

• The plains constitute the largest and most important region of Punjab.
• This region is located between the rivers Indus and Jamuna.
• A bigger part of the plains is surrounded by the Five Doabs.
• These Doabs are called the Bist Jalandhar Doab, Bari Doab, Rachna Doab, Chaz Doab, Sind Sagar Doab.
• The vast plains located between the Sutlej and the Jamuna rivers also form a part of Punjab and are called Malwa and Bangar.
• The southwest region of Punjab is a desert. Hence, the density of the population is very low here.

Influence of Physical Features on the History of the Punjab:

• The geographical conditions of Punjab have greatly influenced the social, political, economic, religious, and cultural life of Punjab in many ways:

Political Effects:

• As a result of its geographical location, Punjab has been the gateway of India for the conquerors for many centuries.
• All the important and decisive battles were fought here.
• The political importance of several towns of Punjab increased.
• Punjab had to suffer grave difficulties and atrocities for centuries.

Social Effects:

• The Punjabis developed special traits of character like bravery, courage, hard work, sympathy, co-operation, social service, tolerance, and sacrificing the self for the country.
• There was an increase in the number of castes and sub-castes here.
• The art and literature of Punjab could not develop.

Religious Effects:

• Punjab is considered the birthplace of Hinduism.
• Islam was much propagated in Punjab as compared to the other parts of India.
• The development and growth of Sikhism are very closely related to the geographical features of Punjab.

Economic Effects:

• Due to the fertility of its soil, agriculture is the main occupation of the Punjabis.
• The domestic and foreign trade of Punjab was encouraged.
• Several commercial towns developed in Punjab.
• The Punjabis became quite prosperous.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results

Causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War:

• With a view to occupying Punjab, the British started encircling it.
• The unstable political condition of Punjab also invited the British.
• The British occupation of Sind in 1843 A.D. further enhanced the bitterness in the relationship between them – The British began great military preparations.
• The newly elected political agent of Ludhiana Major Broadfoot conducted several activities that infuriated the Sikhs.
• The new Wazir of Lahore, Lai Singh also started instigating the Sikh army against the British.

Events of the War:
The first battle fought between the Sikhs and the British went through the following course of events:

Battle of Mudki:

• This battle was fought on 18th December 1845 A.D.
• In this, the Sikh army was led by Lai Singh and the British army was led by Lord Hugh Gough.
• In this battle, the Sikh army was defeated because of Lai Singh’s treachery.

Battle of Ferozeshah:

• This battle was fought on 21st December 1845 A.D.
• In this battle, there was a situation when the British decided to give up unconditionally.
• But because of Lai Singh’s treachery, the Sikh army was defeated again.

Battle of Baddhowal:

• The battle of Baddhowal took place on 21st January 1846 A.D. led by Ranjodh Singh.
• The British had to face defeat in this battle.

Battle of Aliwal:

• The Battle of Aliwal was fought on 28th January 1846 A.D.
• In this, the British army was led by Harry Smith.
• The Sikhs lost this battle because of Ranjodh Singh’s treachery.

Battle of Sobraon:

• The battle of Sobraon was the last battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
• In this battle, the Sikh army was led by Lai Singh and Teja Singh, and the British army was led by Lord Hugh Gough and Lord Harding.
• This battle was fought on 10th February 1846 A.D.
• Lai Singh and Teja Singh’s treachery again led to Sikh defeat.
• Sham Singh Attariwala displayed great feats of bravery in this battle.
• The British were victorious in this battle in the end.

Results of the War:

• As a consequence of this war, the ‘Lahore Treaty was signed between the Lahore court and the British government on 9th March 1846 A.D.
• According to this, the Maharaja of Lahore had to give away his control over all the regions to the South of the Sutlej river.
• The British demanded Rs. 1.50 crores as war indemnity.
• The British acknowledge Dalip Singh as the Maharaja of Lahore, Rani Jindan as his regent, and Lai Singh as their Prime Minister.
• The British handed over the control of the state to the council of Regency on 16th December 1846 under the Bhairowal Treaty.
• Maharani Jindan was removed from this post.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

As a Man:

• The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very attractive.
• His face was suffused with a special type of halo.
• Maharaja was very hard working.
• He was fond of hunting and horse riding.
• He possessed a very keen, intelligent, and prodigious memory.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness.
• He was a devoted follower of Sikhism.
• He kept his religious di9crimination at an arm’s length.

As a General and Conqueror:

• He is counted among the greatest generals of the world.
• He did not have to face defeat in the battles which he fought during his lifetime.
• He paid full attention to the welfare of his soldiers.
• By virtue of his ability and bravery, he converted his small kingdom into a big empire.
• He annexed to his empire the important areas like Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat. Jammu, Attock,
• Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar.
• His empire had extended its frontiers from Ladakh in the North to Shikarpur in the ‘South, from the river Sutlej in the East to Peshawar in the West.

As an Administrator:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror but also an able administrator.
• With a view to run the administration efficiently, he had dividçd his kingdom into four big provinces.
• The smallest unit of administration was ‘Mauza’ or village.
• The village administration was in the hands of the Panchayat.
• The Maharaja had appointed many able and honest ministers.
• He offered special opportunities to the farmers and the poor.
• The Maharaja paid special attention to the military administration.
• He gave training to his army in the European pattern.
• It was owing to these efforts of Maharaja Ranjit Singh that the Sith army could become strong and efficient.

As a Diplomat:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a shrewd and farsighted diplomat.
• He conquered all the Misis by virtue of his diplomacy.
• He secured the fort of Attock from Jahandad Khan without any fight.
• In 1835 AD., the ruler of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan fled the battlefield without fighting because of Maharaja’s diplomacy.
• In 1809 AD., Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave evidence of his political sagacity by establishing a friendship with the British.