Bhagya

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 18 Anglo-Sikh Relations 1800-1839 A.D. will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 18 Anglo-Sikh Relations 1800-1839 A.D.

First Stage:

• The first stage of the Anglo-Sikh relations was from 1800-09 A.D.
• The Britishers sent their emissary Yusuf Ali to the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1800 A.D.
• In 1805 A.D., the Maratha Sardar Jaswant Rao Holkar came to Punjab to seek Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s help against the British but the Maharaja refused to extend any active help.
• Because of this, the Britishers were very happy with him and they signed a treaty with Maharaja Ranjit Singh at Lahore on 1st January 1806 A.D.
• In order to check the growing influence of Ranjit Singh, Charles Metcalfe met Maharaja Ranjit Singh at Amritsar on 10th December 1808 A.D. but this talk also remained inconclusive.
• Both the parties began to make warfare preparations.
• At the last moment, however, Maharaja Ranjit Singh yielded to the British demands.

The Treaty of Amritsar:

• On 25th April 1809 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh signed the Treaty of Amritsar with the Britishers.
• The British agreed to haVe no concern with the territories and subjects of the Maharaja to the extent of the river Sutlej.
• It shattered Ranjit Singh’s greatest cherished ideals of being the sole ruler of all the Sikhs.
• Ranjit Singh saved his kingdom from ruin by signing this treaty.
• It was a big diplomatic victory for the British.

Second Stage:

• The second stage from 1809-1839 A.D. was a period of distrust and suspicion between the two parties.
• During 1812 A.D. and 1821 A.D., the Britishers and Maharaja Ranjit Singh adopted a neutral policy and did not interfere in each other’s affairs.
• The Britishers succeeded in signing a commercial treaty with Sind in 1832 A.D. which dealt a severe jolt to the morale of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
• In 1835 A.D., the Maharaja kept quiet over the question of Shikarpur and Ferozepur.
• Ranjit Singh had to yield to the threats of the English Resident Macnaughten and he signed the Tripartite Treaty on 26th June 1838 A.D.
• Some historians hold the view that Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave proof of his capacity and farsightedness by not fighting with the Britishers but on the other hand, some other historians have strongly criticized the policy of Ranjit Singh towards the British.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 17 Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Career and Conquests will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 17 Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Career and Conquests

Early Career of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 A.D. in the family of the Sukarchakia Misl chief Mahan Singh.
• The name of Ranjit Singh’s mother was Raj Kaur.
• Ranjit Singh was four years old when he fell a victim to smallpox because of which the light of his left eye was gone forever.
• Ranjit Singh was very brave right from his childhood.
• He was 16 years old when he was married to Mehtab Kaur, the granddaughter of the Kanahia Misl Sardar, Jai Singh, and the daughter of Gurbaksh Singh.
• When Mahan Singh died, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a minor and so the task of state administration passed into the hands of his mother, Raj Kaur, Diwan Lakhpat Rai, and Sada Kaur who together formed the Triune Regency.
• When Ranjit Singh grew to be 17, he took over the charge of administration and put an end to the Triune Regency.

The political condition of Punjab:

• When Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakia Misl, the atmosphere of anarchy and lawlessness was prevalent in Punjab.
• In most parts of Punjab, the Sikhs had founded 12 independent Misls.
• All these were very weak and they continued to fight with one another.
• In the North-West regions of Punjab, the Muslims had set up several independent states.
• There was a lack of unity among these states.
• There were few Rajput states in Punjab.
• The Gorkhas of Nepal were greedily looking towards Punjab.
• In the East, the British and the Marathas had locked their horns and so Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not have to worry about them.
• The ruler of Afghanistan, Shah Zaman, had taken possession of Lahore.

Ranjit Singh’s Policy towards the Sikh Misls:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s policy towards the Sikh Misls was similar to the Rajput policy adopted by Akbar.
• There was no room for relation or obligation in it.
• He established matrimonial ties with the powerful Kanahia and Nakkai Misls and established friendly relations with
• Ahluwalia and Ramgarhia Misls.
• With their support, he attacked the weak lists and annexed them to his kingdom.
• At the right opportunity, he backstabbed friendly misls and annexed them to his kingdom.
• In 1805 A.D. Ranjit Singh put an end to the Gurmata and acquired complete freedom of taking political decisions.

Conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:
A brief description of the important victories of Maharaja Ranjit Singh is as follows:

Conquest of Lahore:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Lahore from the Bhangi Sardars on July 7, 1799 A.D.
• This was his first and most important victory.
• Lahore remained the capital of the empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Conquest of Amritsar:

• In 1805 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Amritsar from Mai Sukhan.
• This victory led to the spread of fame of Maharaja far and wide because the Sikhs considered Amritsar as their Mecca.

Conquest of Multan:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent 7 expeditions to Multan to conquer it between 1802 and 1817 A.D.
• In the end, Multan was conquered on 2nd June 1818 A.D.
• Its ruler Muzzafar Khan and his five sons were killed in the battle.
• The conqueror of Multan, Misar Diwan Chand was bestowed upon with the title of Zafar Jang.

Conquest of Kashmir:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh invaded Kashmir thrice.
• He conquered Kashmir during his third expedition in 1819 A.D.
• At that time Jabbar Khan was the Governor of Kashmir.
• This victory proved to be extremely beneficial for Maharaja in several respects.

Conquest of Peshawar:

• Though Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Peshawar in 1823 A.D. yet he annexed it to his kingdom in 1834 A.D.
• This dealt a severe jolt to the power of the Afghans.

Other Conquests:

• Other important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh that deserve a special mention were Kasur and Jhang (1807), Sialkot (1808), Kangra (1809), Jammu (1809), Attock (1813), and Dera Gazi Khan (1820), etc.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 16 Origin and Growth of the Sikh Misls and their Nature of Organization will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 16 Origin and Growth of the Sikh Misls and their Nature of Organization

Meaning of the word Misl:

• According to Cunningham and Princep “Misl’ is an Arabic word, which means equal.
• David Octerlony says that the word ‘Misl’ means such tribe or community as had established its independent rule over certain regions of Punjab.
• Some historians feel that the word ‘Misl’ means to file.

Origin of the Misls:

• The origin of the Misls did not take place with any pre-conceived plan at some fixed time.
• A new era of atrocities on the Sikhs by the Mughal Governor began.
• Nawab Kapoor Singh organised the different Jathas into two groups.
• Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.
• On 29th March 1748 A.D., the. Dal Khalsa was found on the Baisakhi day at Amritsar.
• Twelve Jathas were organised under the Dal Khalsa.
• These Jathas began to be called the ‘Misls’.

Growth of Sikh Misls:
A brief description of the growth and history of the Misls are as follows:

Faizalpuria Misl:

• Nawab Kapoor Singh was the founder of Faizalpuria Misl.
• It included the areas of Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Patti, Nurpur, and Behrampur.

Ahluwalia Misl:

• The founder of the Ahluwalia Misl was Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
• It included the areas of Sirhind and Kapurthala.

Ramgarhia Misl:

• The founder of Ramgarhia Misl was Khushal Singh.
• It included the areas of Dipalpur, Kalanaur, Batala, Hargobindpur, Quadian, Urmur Tanda, Kartarpur and Haripur.

Shukarchakia Misl:

• The founder of the Shukarchakia Misl was Charat Singh.
• He made Gujranwala his capital.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh also belonged to this Misl.

Other Misls:

• The other Misls were Bhangi Misl, Phulkian Misl, Kanahia, Misl, Dallewalia Misl, Shahid Misl, Nakkai Misl, and Karorsinghia Misl.

Administration of the Misls:

• The Gurmata was the central organisation of the Misls Its decisions were considered by the Sikhs as the dictates of their Guru.
• The leader of each Misl was called Sardar.
• Each Sardar had a number of Misldars under him.
• The Misls were divided into many districts.
• The village was the smallest unit of the Misl administration.
• During the times of the Misls, the chief source of income was land revenue.
• The judicial system of the Sikh Misls was simple.
• According to modern historians, during the Misl period, the total strength of the Sikh army was 1 lakh.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab

Causes of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s Invasions:

• Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to conquer Punjab and other parts of India to expand his empire.
• He wanted to plunder the unlimited wealth of India.
• The unstable political condition of India too was inviting Abdali.
• Shahnawaz Khan, the Governor of Punjab also sent an invitation to Abdali to attack India.

Invasions of Abdali:

• The first invasion of Abdali in 1747-48 A.D.
• Here he had to face defeat at the hands of Muin-ul-Mulk alias Mir Mannu.
• Abdali defeated Muin-ul-Mulk in 1748-49 A.D. during his second invasion.
• It was during his third invasion in 1752 A.D. that he annexed the whole of Punjab to his empire.
• During his fourth invasion in 1756 A.D., Abdali took strict action against the Sikhs in Punjab.
• In 1757 A.D, Baba Deep Singh, Ji attained martyrdom while fighting against the Afghans.
• During his fifth invasion, Abdali terribly defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat.
• This battle was fought on 14th January 1761 A.D.
• It was during the sixth invasion that on 5th February 1762 A.D. that the incident of Wadda Gallughara (Great Holocaust) took place.
• Approximately 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were killed in this battle.
• Abdali undertook two more invasions after this to crush the power of the Sikhs but was unsuccessful.

Causes of Failure of Abdali:

• The Sikhs of Punjab displayed great tenacity.
• The Sikhs used guerilla war tactics.
• The representatives appointed by Abdali in Punjab were incapable.
• The people of Punjab gave the Sikhs every possible support.
• Those leaders who led the Sikhs were highly capable.
• Abdali did not have much interest in Punjab.
• The numerous repeated revolts that took place in Afghanistan also were responsible for his failure.

Effects of Abdali’s invasions on the Punjab:

• The Mughal rule came to an end in Punjab.
• The defeat inflicted on the Marathas by Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat led to the end of the Maratha power in Punjab.
• The Sikhs started emerging as a new power.
• There was chaos and disorder in Punjab everywhere.
• A change came about in the character of the people of Punjab and they became more fearless and extravagant in nature.
• There was a great loss of trade in Punjab.
• It also dealt a severe jolt to Punjabi art and literature.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 14 Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 14 Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals

Social Condition:

• The society in Punjab was primarily divided into two sections, the Muslims and the Hindus.
• The Muslim society was divided into three classes – upper, middle, and lower.
• The upper class comprised of mansabdars and the elite class.
• The middle class was comprised of peasants and government officials.
• The lower class comprised of servants and labourers etc.
• The Hindu society was divided into several castes and sub-castes not so good.
• The diet of the people of the upper class was quite rich whereas the people of the lower class merely could afford frugal meals.
• The Hindus were mostly vegetarian.
• The people of the upper class wore costly clothes.
• Both men and women were fond of wearing jewellery.
• The people of the upper class entertained themselves by hunting, taking part in chariot races, playing polo, holding pigeon flights, watching elephant and cockfights, and chess.
• Education was not a responsibility of the State.
• It was imparted by temples and mosques.

Economic Condition:

• The main occupation of the people of Punjab was agriculture.
• 80% of the population of Punjab was engaged in this occupation.
• There were bumper crops in Punjab.
• Next to agriculture, the industry was the main occupation of the people of Punjab.
• The cotton industry was the most important industry of Punjab.
• The other important industries were the silk industry, woolen industry, leather industry, etc.
• Several people did the job of animal rearing.
• the domestic and foreign trade was quite prosperous.
• Foreign trade took place with the Arab countries and Asian countries Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, Bhutan, and China Lahore and Multan were important commercial centres.
• Prices being low, the poor people could easily make both ends meet.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 13 Rise of the Dal Khalsa and its Mode of Fighting will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 13 Rise of the Dal Khalsa and its Mode of Fighting

Causes of the Rise of the Dal Khalsa:

• After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Mughal Governors began to persecute the Sikhs vigorously.
• Nawab Kapoor Singh organized Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal in 1734 A.D. in order to consolidate the Sikh power.
• By taking the opportunity of the anarchy in Punjab the Sikhs established 25 Jathas each consisting of 100 Sikhs in 1745 A.D.
• These Jathas formed the basis of the Dal Khalsa.

Establishment of the Dal Khalsa:

• The Dal Khalsa was established on Mar. 29, 1748 A.D. at Amritsar.
• It was established by Nawab Kapoor Singh.
• He organized the Sikhs into 12 Jathas.
• Each Jatha had its own leader and flag Jassa.
• Singh Ahluwalia was appointed the Chief Commander of the Dal Khalsa.

Military Features of the Dal Khalsa:

• Cavalry was the main constituent of the Dal Khalsa.
• No Sikh was forced to join the army.
• Any member could leave one squad to join another.
• There was no provision of military training and regular salary.
• The members of the Dal Khalsa adopted guerilla tactics in their raids on the enemy.
• Swords, lances, spears, axes, and arrows were used in fighting.

Significance of the Dal Khalsa:

• The Dal Khalsa unified the scattered powers of the Sikhs.
• It taught the Sikhs to live in the discipline.
• It was due to the creation of the Dal Khalsa that Sikhs were enabled to form independent Misls in Punjab.
• Undoubtedly, the establishment of the Dal Khalsa proved a milestone in the History of the Sikhs.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 12 Abdus Samad Khan, Zakariya Khan and Mir Mannu: Their Relations with the Sikhs will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 12 Abdus Samad Khan, Zakariya Khan and Mir Mannu: Their Relations with the Sikhs

Abdus Samad Khan:

• Abdus Samad Khan was made the Governor of Lahore in 1713 A.D.
• He inflicted grave atrocities on the Sikhs.
• Pleased with him, the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar honoured him with the title of word of the State’.
• To safeguard themselves against the Mughal atrocities, the Sikhs had organised themselves into Jathas.
• Despite his best efforts, Abdus Samad Khan failed to crush the power of the Sikhs.
• He was deposed in 1726 A.D.

Zakariya Khan:

• Zakariya Khan was appointed the Governor of Lahore in 1726 A.D.
• Hundreds of Sikhs began to be martyred every day at Delhi gate in Lahore.
• In 1726 A.D., Bhai Tara Singh Van along with 22 companions inflicted a heavy loss on the Mughal army.
• The Sikh Jathas adopted the guerilla warfare strategy and gave Zakariya Khan sleepless nights.
• In order to placate the Sikhs Zakariya Khan presented a Jagir worth 1 lakh rupees to Sardar Kapoor Singh, the Sikh leader, and bestowed upon him the title of Nawab.
• When the relations got strained again Zakariya Khan established his control over Harmandir Sahib.
• In 1738 A.D., Zakariya Khan got the Head Granthi of Harmandir Sahib i.e. Bhai Mani Singh Ji executed.
• In the same period, the executions of Bhai Bota Singh Ji, Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji, Bhai Sukha Singh Ji, Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji, and Bhai Taru Singh Ji infused a new vigour among the Sikhs.
• Consequently, the Sikhs did not let Zakariya Khan have any respite till his death.
• Zakariya Khan died on July 1, 1745 A.D.

Yahiya Khan:

• Yahiya became the Governor of Lahore in 1746 A.D.
• He took strict steps against the Sikhs.
• In May 1746 A.D., Yahiya Khan and Diwan Lakhpat Rai executed approximately 7,000 Sikhs at a place near Kahnuwan.
• This incident is often referred to as the First Holocaust.
• In 1747 A.D. Yahiya Khan’s younger brother Shah Nawaz Khan imprisoned him.

Mir Mannu:

• Mir Mannu was also known by the name of Muin-ul-Mulk.
• He was the Governor of Punjab from 1748 A.D. to 1753 A.D.
• He proved a worse foe of the Sikhs than his predecessors.
• In 1752, Mir Mannu was appointed the Governor of Punjab by Abdali.
• Despite his untiring efforts, Mir Mannu could not succeed in crushing the power of the Sikhs.
• He died in 1753 A.D.

Causes of failure of Mir Mannu:

• The Sikhs organised the Dal Khalsa.
• The Sikhs had firm determination, unlimited zeal, bravery, and a spirit of sacrifice for their Panth.
• The Sikhs used guerilla war tactics.
• Diwan Kaura Mai who was the adviser of Mir Mannu was compassionate towards his Sikhs.
• During his rule, Mir Mannu was surrounded by several problems pertaining to the state.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 11 Banda Singh Bahadur will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 11 Banda Singh Bahadur

Early Career:

• Banda Singh Bahadur was born on 27th October 1670 A.D.
• His childhood name was Lachhman Dev.
• He belonged to a very poor family.
• Moved by the incident of the killing of the she-deer who was pregnant he decided to renounce the world.
• He changed his name to Madho Das.
• He took the knowledge of occultism from Aughar tyath and settled in Nanded.
• In 1708 A.D. Madho Das had a chance to meet Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji baptized him according to Sikh traditions and renamed him Banda Singh Bahadur.

Military Exploits of Banda Singh Bahadur:

• After becoming Sikh, Banda Singh Bahadur decided to go to Punjab to avenge the Mughal atrocities committed against Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• As a result of the JjJukamnamas issued by Guru Sahib, thousands of Sikhs gathered under his flag.
• Banda Singh Bahadur started his victory spree from Sonepat in 1709 A.D.
• The second victory of Banda Singh Bahadur was over Samana.
• After Samana, he conquered Ghuram, Mustafabad, Kapuri, Sadhaura, and Ropar.
• The most important victory of Banda Singh Bahadur was over Sirhind on 22nd May 1710 A.D.
• Banda Singh Bahadur defeated Wazir Khan, the Faujdar of Sirhind.
• Banda Singh Bahadur made Lohgarh his capital in 1713 A.D.
• Farrukh Siyar, the new Mughal Emperor commanded Abdus Samad Khan, the Subedar of Lahore to crush the power of
• Sikhs and capture Banda Singh Bahadur.
• After a long siege, Banda Singh Bahadur had to surrender on December, 17,1715 A.D. at Gurdas Nangal.
• Banda Singh Bahadur was brutally executed on June 9, 1716 A.D.

Causes of Banda Singh Bahadur’s Early success:

• There was a great discontentment against the Mughals for their unbearable atrocities over the Sikhs.
• As a consequence of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s Hukamnamas, the Sikhs gave complete support to Banda Singh Bahadur.
• The successors of Aurangzeb were weak.
• The initial military exploits of Banda Singh Bahadur were against petty local Mughal officials.
• Banda Singh Bahadur was an intrepid and efficient military commander.
• The Sikhs fought with great religious fervour.

Causes of Banda Singh Bahadur’s Ultimate Failure:

• The Mughal empire was very powerful and had unlimited resources.
• There was a lack of organisation among the Sikhs.
• Banda Singh Bahadur began to violate instructions given to him by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• He tried to bring about changes in Sikhism.
• The Hindu Chiefs and landlords started opposing him.
• There was a surprise attack on the Sikhs by the Mughals at Gurdas Nangal.
• Differences between Banda Singh Bahadur and Binod Singh weakened the position of Banda Singh Bahadur.
• Hence Banda Singh Bahadur had to face defeat in the end.

Estimate of Banda Singh Bahadur’s Character:

• Banda Singh Bahadur was very brave and courageous.
• His personality was very impressive.
• Banda Singh Bahadur was a great warrior and a General of a high order.
• He had set up an efficient administration in the areas conquered by him.
• He was a great organiser.
• Banda Singh Bahadur occupies an important place in the history of Punjab.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 10 Guru Gobind Singh Ji: The Foundation of Khalsa, His Battles and Personality will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 10 Guru Gobind Singh Ji: The Foundation of Khalsa, His Battles and Personality

Early Career:

• Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born on 22nd December 1666 A.D. at Patna.
• The name of his father was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and the name of his mother was Gujari Ji.
• Kirpal Chand, the maternal uncle of Guru Gobind Singh Ji was his virtual guardian when he was a minor.
• Before his martyrdom, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji appointed him as his successor.
• On 11th November 1675 A.D., he assumed Guruship according to the Sikh tradition.
• Guru Sahib was blessed with four Sahibzadas.
• Sahibzada Ajit Singh Ji, Sahibzada Jujhar Singh Ji, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji.

Battles of Pre-Khalsa Period:

• After assuming Guruship in 1675 A.D., Guru Gobind Singh Ji organized an army.
• Because of his activities, the Hill Chiefs started opposing.
• The first battle between Guru Sahib and the Hill Chiefs was fought on 22nd September 1688 A.D.
• It is also called the Battle of Bhangani.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji convincingly won this battle.
• After the Battle of Bhangani, Guru Sahib constructed the forts of Anandgarh, Lohgarh, Fatehgarh, and Keshgarh.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji defeated the Mughals- in the Battle of Nadaun fought on 20th March 1690 A.D.
• Aurangzeb sent several military expeditions to crush the growing power of Guru Gobind Singh Ji but remained unsuccessful.

Creation and Importance of the Khalsa Panth:

• To put an end to the Mughal atrocities and render a new shape to society, Guru Gobind Singh Ji established the Khalsa Panth on 30th March 1699 A.D. on the day of Baisakhi at Keshgarh in Sri Anandpur Sahib.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji announced Bhai Daya Ram Ji, Bhai Dharam Das Ji, Bhai Mohkam Chand Ji, Bhai Sahib Chand Ji, and Bhai Himmat Rai Ji as the Panj Payaras Some special principles of the Khalsa were laid down.
• It led to the creation of an ideal society.
• It infused unprecedented courage and bravery among the Sikhs.
• The creation of the Khalsa Panth heralded a new era in the history of the Sikhs.

Battles of Post-Khalsa Period:

• The creation of the Khalsa in 1699 A.D. rendered sleepless nights to the Hill Chiefs.
• In 1701 A.D., the First Battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib was fought between the Hill Chiefs and Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• The battle remained inconclusive.
• In 1704 A.D., the Second Battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib was fought.
• On the insistence of the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh Ji left the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib.
• In 1704 A.D. the Battle of Chamkaur Sahib was fought where the two elder sons of Guru Ji i.e. Sahibzada Ajit Singh and
• Sahibzada Jujhar Singh was martyred.
• The Battle of Khidrana fought in 1705 A.D. was the last decisive battle fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji came out victorious in this battle.

Immersed in Eternal Light:

• In 1708 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji came to Nanded.
• Faujdar Wazir Khan of Sirhind who was Guru Ji’s sworn enemy sent two Pathans to Nanded, one of whom stabbed Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji succumbed to the wounds on 7th October 1708 A.D.
• Before he was immersed in Eternal Light Guru Gobind Singh Ji advised the Sikhs to regard Guru Granth Sahib Ji as their Guru thereafter.

Character and Personality of Guru Gobind Singh Ji:

• Guru Gobind Singh Ji is counted among the great personalities of the world.
• His personality was extremely impressive and attractive.
• He was an obedient son, a thoughtful father, and an ideal husband.
• He was a poet and writer of a high order.
• He was a great warrior and commander-in-chief of his times.
• Even during the times of battles, he did not forget his religious duties.
• He was a great social reformer and an organizer of a high order.