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PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Towns, Traders and Craftsmen

January 11, 2024January 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 13 Towns, Traders and Craftsmen Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 13 Towns, Traders and Craftsmen

SST Guide for Class 7 PSEB Towns, Traders and Craftsmen Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer these questions :

Question 1.
Name any four pilgrimage centres.
Answer:
Nankana Sahib, Amritsar, Kurukshetra, Haridwar, Badrinath, Mathura, Banaras, Jagannath Puri, Dwarka Puri etc. are few of the pilgrimage centres.

Question 2.
Which Guru laid the foundation of Amritsar gnd when?
Answer:
Amritsar is a famous religious place of the Sikhs. It was founded by 4th Guru Sri Guru Ramdas Ji in 1577 A.D. In the beginning, the name of Amritsar was Chak Guru Ramdas. During the time of Sri Guru Ram Das Ji, the work of digging was started on two ponds named Amritsar and Santokhsar, but after Guru Ramdas Ji, fifth Guru Arjan Dev Ji completed this work.

Importance: In 1604 A.D., the placement of Sri Guru Granth Sahibji was done in Sri Harmandar Sahib. In 1609 A.D., Sixth Guru Sri Guru Hargobindji built Shri Akal Takht Sahib in front of Sri Harmandar Sahib. Here, Guruji accepted the gifts of horses and weapons from Gursikhs. Here, discussions were also held on political affairs. Even today, the religious decisions of Sikhs are announced from here. In 1805 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave golden covering on the domes of Sri Harmandir Sahib. Since then it has been called ‘The Golden Temple’.

Question 3.
Where the Surat is situated?
Answer:
Surat is a famous port and trading city. It io located in the state of Gujarat. It is a big industrial and trading city. Shivaji plundered it twice and got hold of big riches. During 12th century the Parsis occupied Surat. In 1512 A.D., the Portugese occupied it. In 1573 A.D., Surat came under the control of Akbar and became a major trading city.

In 1612 A.D., the English get many facilities from Emperor Jahangir for trading in Surat. The Portugese, the Dutch and the French also established their trading centres. In 1759 A.D., the English captured the Surat port but they could control it completely in 1842 A.D. The Khwaja-Sahib mosque and nine-Sayyed mosque located here are very famous. The Swami Narain temple and the old Jain temples located here are also very important.

II. Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
Amritsar was founded by _________
Answer:
Sri Guru Ramdas Ji

Question 2.
Surat is a _________ city.
Answer:
famous port and trading

Question 3.
Nankana Sahib is situated in _________
Answer:
Pakistan

Question 4.
India had many port _________
Answer:
cities.

III. Write True or False against the each statement:

Question 1.
Mohenjodaro was the capital city of Indus valley people.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
In 1629, Shah Jahan made a new capital in Delhi.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Surat was an important pilgrimage centre.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Fatehpur Sikri was the capital town of Mughals.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Lahore was a commercial town in Medieval period.
Answer:
True

IV. Activity:

Question 1.
Make a list of the following (four each).
(a) Capital towns
(b) Port towns
(c) Commercial towns
(d) Pilgrimage centres
Answer:
(a) Capital towns: Ajmer, Kanauj, Delhi, Agra.
(b) Port towns: Goa, Cochin, Surat, Broach?
(c) Commercial towns: Lahore, Multan, Surat, Ahmedabad.
(d) Pilgrimage centres: Nankana Sahib, Amritsar, Kurukshetra, Haridwar.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Guide Towns, Traders and Craftsmen Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of these is the type of town?
(a) Temple town
(b) Commercial town
(c) Administrative town
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 2.
Which of these was the capital of Chola dynasty?
(a) Thanjavur
(b) Masulipathnam
(c) Surat
(d) Hampi.
Answer:
(a) Thanjavur.

Question 3.
Kings used to hold courts at _________ to give orders to subordinates.
(a) Temples
(b) Royal courts
(c) Mandapas
(d) Fort.
Answer:
(c) Mandapas.

Question 4.
Who built Rajarajeshvara temple?
(a) Raj Raja IV
(b) Raj Raja I
(c) Sultan of Bijapur
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Raj Raja I.

Question 5.
The process by which cities develop is known as
(a) Civilization
(b) Urbanization
(c) Metropoltian
(d) Modernization.
Answer:
(b) Urbanization.

Question 6.
Pilgrimage centre which slowly developed into townships was
(a) Varindavan
(b) Ajmer
(c) Tiruvannamalai
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 7.
Who gave right to temples to collect taxes from traders?
(a) Kings
(b) Temple authority .
(c) Zamindars
(d) Both (a) or (c).
Answer:
(d) Both (a) or (c).

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give a list of the following during the medieval period.
Answer:

Capital Cities: Lahore, Fatehpur Sikri, Delhi, Agra.
Port Cities: Cochin, Surat, Bharoch, Sopara.
Trading Cities: Delhi, Agra, Surat, Ahmednagar.

Question 2.
Give two means which give us information about the Mughal administration.
Answer:

The travellogue of Bernier.
The maps prepared by William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe.

Question 2 A.
Write names of any two capital towns of Mughal Empire.
Answer:
Two main capital cities of the Mughal Empire were Delhi and Agra.

Question 3.
How were cities developed?
Answer:
After the development of agriculture, men started living near farms. This gave birth to the concept of villages. When the number of people increased (population), some of these villages became cities. Some of these cities were developed because of the activities of religious personalities, traders, artisans or because of ruling class. These cities, came to be known as capital cities, religious cities, port cities and trading cities.

Question 4.
Give information about the capital cities during the ancient period and the Mughal period. .
Answer:
Ancient period:

Harappa and Mohenjodaro were the capital cities of Indus Valley Civilization.
During Vedic period, Ayodhya and Inderprasatha were the capital cities.
In 600 B.C., 16 states had their own capital cities. The main were Kausambi, Pataliputra and Vaishali.

Rajput Period:

Under Rajput rulers, Ajmer, Kanauj, Tripuri, Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, etc. were developed as capital cities.
In South India, Kanchi, Badami, Kalyani, Vengi, Devagiri, Manyakhet, Tanjavur and Madurai, etc. were capital cities.

Sultanate and the Mughal periods:

During Sultanate period, Lahore and Delhi developed as capital cities.
During the dughal period Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri were the capital cities.

Question 5.
In India many port cities were developed. Why?
Answer:
India is sorrounded by the sea on three sides. So, in India many port cities were developed as trading centre.

Question 6.
Name two important ports of eastern coast of India during Medieval period.
Answer:
Vishakhapatnam (Modem Andhra Pradesh) and Tamralipti.

Question 7.
Discuss the contribution of traders and artisans in the economic development of India.
Answer:
The Indian traders and artisans gave important contribution in the economic development of India. The Indian artisans were skilled in preparing best quality stock. They were very skilled in textile industry. The cloth prepared by them was world famous whether it was woolen, cotton, silky. The leather goods were also very popular.

In the medieval period, there was development of the art of making alloys. The blacksmiths and’ goldsmiths prepared best quality goods. The traders exported these goods to other countries. And thus, India was turned into a “Golden Sparrow”.

Question 8.
Write about the historical importance of Lahore City.
Answer:
Lahore is a famous city of Pakistan. During the medieval period, it was an important Indian city. During the times of Turk invasion, Lahore was the capital of Hindu ruling dynasty. After that, it remained the capital of Qutub-ud-din Aibak and Iltutmish. Iltutmish later on, made Delhi his capital.

During the times of invasion of Babar, Daulat Khan Lodhi was the Governor of Punjab. During the administration of Mughals, Lahore was«the capital of the state of Punjab. In 1761 A.D., Lahor-e was captured by the Sikhs. In 1799 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh made Lahore his capital. In 1849 A.D. Lahore came under the control of the British. From 1849 to 1947 A.D. Lahore remained the capital of Punjab state. At the time of partition, Lahore! became a part of Pakistan.

Question 9.
Discuss the sources that tell us about towns in the Mughal period.
Answer:

The travelogues of a Portuguese visitor named Duarte Barbosa and an English visitor named Ralph Fitch tell us about the cities of that period
The map of the Mughal empire in 1629 A.D. shows places like Thatta, Lahore, Surat, and Multan. This map was prepared by Hondiu.
The government documents related to the land revenue in the Mughal period give us information about old and new cities.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom

January 11, 2024January 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
The name of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s mother was .
(a) Bibi Bhani
(b) Shabrai Devi
(c) Bibi Amro
(d) Bibi Anokhi.
Answer:
(a) Bibi Bhani.

Question 2.
The name of the eldest son of Guru Ram Das Ji was
(a) Mahadev
(b) Arjan Dev
(c) Prithichand.
Answer:
(c) Prithichand.

Question 3.
In which fort Jahangir imprisoned Guru Hargobind Ji?
(a) Gwalior
(b) Lahore
(c) Delhi
(d) Jaipur.
Answer:
(a) Gwalior.

Question 4.
Where did Khusrau meet Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
(a) Goindwal
(b) Hargobindpur
(c) Kartarpur
(d) Santokhsar.
Answer:
(a) Goindwal.

Question 5.
When was Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyred by Jahangir?
(a) 24 May, 1606 A.D.
(b) 30 May, 1606 A.D.
(c) 30 May, 1581 A.D.
(d) 24 May, 1675 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 30: May 1606. A.D.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s period was from __________ upto
Answer:
1581-1606 A.D.

Question 2.
In 1590, Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji constructed a sarovar __________
Answer:
Tarn Taran.

III. Match the Columns:

Question 1.

A	B
1. Martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dey Ji	(i) Jahangir
2. MiriPiri	(ii) 30th May, 1606
3. Saint Mian Mir	(iii) Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji
4. Khusrau	(iv) Foundation stone of Harmandir Sahib Ji

Answer:

A	B
1. Martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dey Ji	(ii) 30th May, 1606
2. MiriPiri	(iii) Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji
3. Saint Mian Mir	(iv) Foundation stone of Harmandir Sahib Ji
4. Khusrau	(i) Jahangir

IV. Differentiate between:

Question 1.
Miri and Piri.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Sahib put on two swords which he called one of Miri and the other of Piri. His sword of Miri symbolized his leadership of the Sikh followers in worldly affairs. The Piri sword represented his leadership of the Sikhs in spiritual affairs.

V. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 2.
When and who laid the foundation of Harmandir Sahib Ji?
Answer:
The foundation of Harmandir Sahib Ji was laid by a famous Sufi Saint Mian Mir in 1588 A.D.

Question 3.
To whom Guru Arjan Dev Ji got dictate Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Gurdas Ji.

Question 4.
When was the compilation of Adi Shri Guru Granth Sahib Ji completed?
Answer:
In 1604 A.D.

Question 5.
Who was the leader of Naqshbandi?
Answer:
Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi.

Question 6.
Who was the first Granthi of Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
Baba Buddha Ji.

Question 7.
What do you mean by Daswandh?
Answer:
The meaning of Daswandh is each Sikh must give one tenth of his income in the name of Guru.

VI. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
To whom did Sri Guru Ram Das Ji give Guruship and when?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji wanted to give Guru Gaddi to one of his three sons. Guru Ji thought about it. Out of all three one (Mahadev) was a Faqir. He had no interest in worldly affairs. So Guru Ji did not give him Guru Gaddi. Guru Ji’s second son Prithi Chand was also considered incapable because he was not fit for Guru Gaddi. Under these circumstances, Guru Ji declared his younger son Arjan Dev as his successor in 1581 A.D.

Question 2.
Describe the Martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The Mughal Emperor Akbar had very cordial relations with Guru Arjan Dev Ji. However, Jahangir the next Mughal emperor abandoned the policy of toleration after the death of Akbar. Jahangir was on the look out for an oppourtunity to give mortal blow to Sikh religion. In the meantime, Prince Khusro, the son of Jahangir, revolted against his father. After being defeated at the hand of his father, Khusro came to Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Sahib blessed him. Jahangir imposed a fine of two lakh rupees on Guru Sahib on the charge of helping rebellious Khusro. Guru Sahib showed his inability to pay. As a result, Guru Sahib was detained and subjected to severe torture. It infuriated the Sikhs. The Sikhs learned that the only course then left open to them was to rise in arms for the protection of their religion.

Question 3.
What do you mean by religious intolerance of Jahangir?
Answer:
Unlike Akbar, Emperior Jahangir was a fundamentalist Muslim. He wanted to spread his religion. But people of all the religions and castes were very much influenced with the teachings and generosity of Sikhism and were adopting Sikhism. Jahangir did not tolerate the growing influence of Sikhism and started doing jealousy with Sikhism. That is why he martyred Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 4.
Who was Chandu Shah? Why did he turn against Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Chandu Shah was a high ranking official of the Mughal administration in Punjab. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had declined to marry the daughter of Chandu Shah to his own son on the suggestion of Sikh Sangat. Chandu Shah felt insulted and tried to instigate Akbar against Guru Sahib with the motive of taking revenge. Akbar held Guru Sahib in high esteem and considered himself as a friend of Guru Sahib. Akbar did not give any importance to the grumbling of Chandu Shah. Chandu Shah did not stop conspiring against Guru Sahib. After the death of Akbar, Chandu Shah instigated Jahangir and convinced him that Guru Sahib had helped the rebellious Prince Khusro. Jahangir had already decided to end the religious movement of Guru Sahib. The instigation by Chandu Shah further provoked Jahangir to take a strong step against Guru Sahib.

Question 5.
What was the immediate cause of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom?
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji took place in May 1606 A.D. The major reason behind this martyrdom was Jahangir’s fundamentalist religious policy. He wanted to curb the growing popularity of Sikhism. Guru Ji gave blessings to Khusro, son of Jahangir. It was considered a political crime. Moreover, the compilation of Sri Adi Granth Sahib Ji by Guru Arjan Dev Ji further increased the suspicion of Jahangir. The opponents of Guru Ji told Jahangir that lot is written in Sri Adi Granth Sahib against Islam. So, Jahangir called Guru ji to his court. He ordered Guru Ji to write something on prophet Mohammad but Guru Ji refused his order. So Jahangir issued an order to put Guru Sahib to death by torture.

Question 6.
What was the role of Masand System in the development of Sikh religion?
Answer:
The Masand System played an important role in the development and organisation of the Sikh religion. The importance of the Masand System for Sikh religion was as under :
1. The system ensured regular and fixed donations for the Guru Gaddi. .With a fixed income from donations, Guru Sahib was able to undertake much constructive work for the development of Sikh religion. Guru Arjan Dev Ji not only built tanks at Amritsar and Santokhsar, but also built new cities, constructed ponds, dug wells, etc.

2. Masand System, not only ensured fixed donations, but also helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion more enthusiastically. Earlier, the work of spread of religion was done through Manji system. It was confined only to the Punjab during those days. However, Guru Arjan Dev Ji appointed Masands even outside Punjab. It helped in the spread of Sikh religion even outside.

3. Guru Sahib started holding his own court when he had an assured income through Masand System. The Masands and the devoted Sikhs brought donations and gifts to the court of Guru Arjan Dev Ji on every Baisakhi day and bowed their heads before him to seek his blessings. Gradually, the court of Guru Sahib acquired the status of a court of an emperor for the Sikhs and Sikh Sangat started calling Guru Arjan Dev Ji as Sachcha Padshah (The True Emperor) out of love and devotion for him.

VII. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji in the development of Sikh religion? Discuss in detail.
Answer:
The history of Sikh religion entered a new phase with the coming of Guru Arjan Dev Ji to Guru Gaddi. It was the result of his efforts that Sikhs were blessed with Harmandir Sahib Ji and numerous other places of pilgrimage. Not only that, the Sikhs got their first sacred and divine book when Guru Arjan Dev Ji compiled the Adi Granth Sahib. The Hindus had their Ramayana, the Muslims their Quran Sharif, the Christians their Bible, and the Sikhs their Guru Granth Sahib Ji.

A brief description of the activities and contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji is given as follows :
1. Construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib: Guru Arjan Dev Ji completed the work of construction of Amritsar and Santokhsar Sarovars after the expiry of Guru Ram Das Ji. Guru Sahib constructed Sri Harmandir Sahib in the midst of Amritsar Sarovar. Guru Sahib constructed a door each in all the four directions of Sri Harmandir Sahib. These four doors convey the message that Sri Harmandir Sahib is open to all the religions, castes and tribes without any discrimination. Guru Sahib told his followers that a pilgrimage to Sri Harmandir Sahib would bestow the benefit of 68 places of pilgrimage of the Hindus. In this manner, Sri Harmandir Sahib became one of the most sacred and important religious places.

2. Foundation of Tarn Taran. Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded the city of Tarn Taran as well. The city was founded in the heart of Majha region. It is also an important place of pilgrimage like Amritsar for th§ Sikhs. Guru Ji also constructed many other buildings and Sarovars.

3. Construction of Baoli at Lahore. On his tour to Lahore, Guru Arjan Dev Ji got constructed a Baoli in the Dubbi Bazaar. The Baoli soon became an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs of the surrounding region..

4. Foundation of Hargobindpur and Chheratta. Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded the city of Hargobindpur on the banks of river Beas to celebrate the birth of his son Hargobind Ji. Apart from this he also got a well dug at Chheratta near Amritsar in order to provide water to the local people. Guru Sahib also arranged for six pulleys to draw water from the well and the area is known after those pulleys as Chheratta.

5. Foundation of Kartarpur. In 1593, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded the city of Kartarpur and also built a Sarovar in Kartarpur which is called Gangsar.

6. Improvement in the Masand System. Guru Arjan Dev Ji felt the need to improve Masand system. Guru Sahib instructed the Sikh followers to deposit one- tenth (Daswandh) of their annual income with the Masands. The Masands deposited the collections in the main treasury (Guru Ki Golak) at Amritsar on every Baisakhi day. The Masands appointed their representatives to collect donations. Those representatives were called Sangatias. The one-tenth donation was called Daswandh. Apart from the work of collection of Daswandh, the Masands also spread the message of Sikh religion.

7. Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib. Guru Arjan Dev Ji bestowed upon the Sikhs a sacred and religious book by compiling the Adi Granth Sahib. Guru Arjan Dev Ji compiled Adi Granth Sahib at Ramsar. Bhai Gurdas Ji assisted Guru Sahib in its compilation. The work of compilation was completed in 1604. Guru Sahib included the hymns of first four Gurus, followed by the hymns of Bhakti saints and finally the sayings of Bhatt Bahiyan. Guru Arjan Dev Ji also included his own Vani in the holy book.

8. Encouraged Horse Trade. Guru Arjan Dev Ji encouraged the Sikhs to start trading in horses. The Sikhs were benefited from the trading in horses in the following ways :
(1) Trading in horses was the most profitable business in those days. As a result, the Sikhs became very rich by trading in the horses. They contributed Daswandh regularly out of their income from this trade.
(2) The Sikhs became fully trained in making selection of good horses. It helped them in the long run in organising a Sikh cavalry.

9. Spread of Religious Teachings. Guru Arjan Dev Ji made many people his followers by his religious teachings. Guru Sahib impressed the people with his ideals, teachings, amiable personality, sweet temper, and toleration. Many Muslims also joined the Sikh religion under the influence of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Thus the Sikh religion progressed tremendously under the spiritual leadership of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Adi Granth Sahib, the most sacred book of the Sikhs, was compiled, the cities like Tarn Taran, Kartarpur,® Hargobindpur, were founded and the Sikh religion was blessed with Sri Harmandir Sahib.

Question 2.
What were the reasons behind Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom? Discuss.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was one of those great saints of the world who sacrificed their lives for the sake of their religion. The circumstances which were responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Sahib were as follows :
1. Fanaticism of Jahangir. Jahangir became the Mughal Emperor in 1605. He hated the Sikhs. He had similar feelings for Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He wanted that either Guru Sahib should become a Musalman or else be put to death. He definitely played a big role in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

2. Hostility of Prithia. Guru Ram Das Ji had appointed Guru Arjan Dev Ji as his successor to Guru Gaddi because Guru Sahib was convinced of his intelligence and ability. Prithia, the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, did not relish the decision of Guru Ram Das Ji. Then Prithia started conspiring against Guru Arjan Dev Ji in league with the governor of Punjab and his finance minister Chandu Shah. It is true that Prithia had died before the martyrdom of Guru Sahib but it was he who had done the maximum damage to Sikh religion by infusing hatred in the hearts of Mughals against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

3. Splendour of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s Court. The Sikhs had grown rich by the blessings of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Sangat set up a magnificent court for Guru Sahib, where Guru Sahib continued with his religious activities. The Sangat started addressing Guru Sahib as “Sachcha Padshah” out of love and devotion for him. Jahangir could not tolerate the rising strength of Sikh community within his empire. Hence, the Emperor decided to act against Guru Sahib.

4. Case of Prince Khusro. Khurso, the eldest son of Emperor Jahangir, was once even considered for succession to the throne of Mughal Empire by Akbar himself. Prince Khusro revolted against his father Emperor Jahangir. The Mughal army chased him. Khurso came to Punjab and sought shelter with Guru Sahib whom he considered as a friend of his grandfather Akbar. Guru Sahib, a saintly figure, expressed good wishes for Khusro. However, the Mughal Emperor took this act of Guru Sahib as a political offence and decided to sentence Guru Ji to death.

5. Hostility of Chandu Shah. Chandu Shah was a high ranking official of the Mughal administration in Punjab. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had declined to marry the daughter of Chandu Shah to his own son on the suggestion of Sikh Sangat. Chandu Shah felt insulted and tried to instigate Akbar against Guru Sahib with the motive of taking revenge. Akbar held Guru Sahib in high esteem and considered himself as a friend of Guru Sahib. Akbar did not give any importance to the grumbling of Chandu Shah. Chandu Shah did not stop conspiring against Guru Sahib. After the death of Akbar, Chandu Shah instigated Jahangir and convinced him that Guru Sahib had helped the rebellious Prince Khusro. Jahangir had already decided to end the religious movement of Guru Sahib. The instigation by Chandu Shah further provoked Jahangir to take a strong step against Guru Sahib.

6. Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had compiled the Adi Granth Sahib. The enemies of Guru Sahib told Jahangir that Guru Sahib had included such matter in the holy book which was against Islam. Jahangir asked Guru Sahib to remove all such matter from Adi Granth Sahib, which was supposed to be against Islam. Guru Sahib clearly told Jahangir that he was not going to delete anything from the Adi Granth Sahib as there was no such matter in it which could be considered against any religion. Then Jahangir proposed to Guru Sahib to add something in Adi Granth Sahib in praise of Prophet Muhammad. Guru Sahib refused to oblige Jahangir and told him that nothing could be entered in the Adi Granth except as directed by the Divine Voice itself. Jahangir was infuriated by such a reply.

7. Penalty imposed on Guru Sahib. The religious fanaticism of Jahangir reached its peak due to the reasons given above. Jahangir issued an order to put Guru Sahib to death by torture. Later, he changed his own orders and asked the Guru Sahib to pay a penalty of two lakh rupees. Guru Sahib refused to pay even a single paisa as penalty and claimed that all the money with him was meant only for the poor and orphans. Jahangir was enraged and again issued orders for the torture and execution of Guru Sahib.

Martyrdom. Guru Sahib was subjected to horrible physical torture. Guru Sahib was made to sit on red-hot iron plate and then hot sand was poured on his body. Guru Sahib was also made to enter boiling water. Finally, in May 1606 Guru Sahib was martyred. According to Sikh scholars, when Guru Sahib was being tortured, one day Guru Sahib expressed a desire to take bath in a river. When Guru Sahib entered the river Ravi, he suddenly disappeared.

Question 3.
What were impacts of Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji in Sikh religion? Discuss.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji caused fundamental changes in the attitude of the Sikhs.
1. Guru Sahib had left a parting message for his son Guru Hargobind that read,
“The day is approaching fast when Good and Evil will clash Let him (Guru Hargobind Ji) sit fully armed on the throne and maintain army to the best of his ability.” The last message of Guru Sahib was the starting point of the military policy of “the Sikhs. The Sikh religion of ‘Saints’ became the religion of ‘Saint Soldiers’ (Sant Sipahi) with rosary in one hand and a sword in the other.

2. Before the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the Sikhs and the Mughals had very cordial relations. However, the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji injured the religious feelings of the Sikhs and they developed ill-will against the Mughal rule in their hearts.

3. The Sikh religion became more popular due to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Sikh followers of Guru Sahib were now all out to sacrifice their lives for the cause of their religion. There is no doubt that the martyrdom of Guru Sahib had given a new direction to the history of Sikh religion. ‘

4. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave birth to .militant spirit among the Sikhs. The Sikh community was transformed into a sect of aggressive fighters for the cause of religion from being a community of pious and peace loving people. They had been transformed into Sant Sipahis.

5. Earlier, the Mughals and the Sikhs had very cordial relations but the martyrdom of Guru Sahib had hurt their religious sentiments and they became the bitter enemies of the Mughal rule.

6. The martyrdom of Guru Sahib raised the prestige and popularity of the Sikh religion. The Sikhs were bent upon the protection of their religion by all means.
Indeed, the martyrdom of Guru Sahib turned a new leaf in the history of Sikh religion. It transformed peace loving saintly Sikhs into Sant Sipahis. “The martyrdom of Guru Sahib convinced the Sikhs that they must arm themselves and fight if they want to live.”

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Sri Adi Granth Sahib was compiled by __________
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji (b) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(c) Guru Ram Das Ji (d) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(b) Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 2.
__________ was appointed the first Granthi of Harmandir Sahib.
(a) Bhai Prithia Ji
(b) Sh. Mahadev Ji
(c) Baba Buddha Ji
(d) Natha Mai Ji.
Answer:
(c) Baba Buddha Ji.

Question 3.
Chheratta was founded by
(a) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji
(b) Guru Hargobind Ji
(c) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(d) Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 4.
Two swords of Miri and Piri were put on by _________________
(a) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(b) Guru Hargobind Ji
(c) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji
(d) Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
(6) Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 5.
Which Guru got martyred during the times of Jahangir?
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(6) Guru Amar Das Ji
(c) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(d) Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Guru Hargobind Sahib spend last 10 years of his life at __________ in preaching religion.
Answer:
Kiratpur Sahib.

Question 2.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was born at __________
Answer:
Goindwal Sahib.

Question 3.
__________ was the first Guru who got martyrdom.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 4.
The construction work of Harmandir Sahib was completed in __________ A.D.
Answer:
1601.

Question 5.
__________ was the sixth Guru of Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When and who laid the foundation of Harmandir Sahih?
Answer:
The foundation of Harmandir Sahib was laid in 1589 A.D. by the famous Sufi Saint Mian Mir.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of keeping four doors at Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
It means that this place is equally open for all the classes, castes and religions.

Question 3.
When and which city was founded hy Guru Arjan Dev Ji between Ravi and Beas?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji laid the foundation of Tarn Taran in 1590 A.D. between Ravi and Beas.

Question 4.
Name four cities founded by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
Tarn Taran, Kartarpur, Hargobindpur and Chheratta.

Question 5.
What is meant by Daswandh?
Answer:
It means that every Sikh will keep one tenth of his income in the name of the Guru.

Question 6.
Write about the Baoli Sahib (water source) of Lahore.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji had constructed a large well (Baoli) in Dubbi Bazaar in Lahore. It became a place of pilgrimage for his Sikh followers.

Question 7.
What was the need of compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib by Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji wanted that his Sikhs should be benefited from the true and divine hymns of Guru Sahiban for which he found it necessary to make available a true and sacred religious book.

Question 8.
Write two advantages of trading in horses during Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s times.
Answer:
(1) The Sikhs became very rich by trading in horses and donations to the Guru also increased.
(2) It also helped in destroying the caste system among the Sikhs.

Question 9.
Write two social reforms brought about by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
(1) Guru Sahib tried to encourage widow remarriage.
(2) Guru Sahib prohibited the use of liquor and intoxicants by his Sikh followers.

Question 10.
Write about the relationship between Guru Arjan Dev Ji and Akbar.
Answer:
Akbar had very friendly relations with Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 11.
Why did Jahangir want to kill Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:

The Mughal Emperor Jahangir was jealous of the rising popularity of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
He was perturbed (troubled) by the fact that like the Hindus, many Muslims were coming under the influence of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 12.
Write the importance of the swords of ‘Miri’ and ‘Piri’.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji put on two swords and called them ‘Miri’ and ‘Piri’. The ‘Miri’ sword represented the leadership of Guru Hargobind Ji over the Sikhs in their worldly affairs. The sword ‘Piri’ indicated the leadership of Guru Sahib in spiritual matters of the Sikhs.

Question 13.
Describe the royal symbols used by Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji put on a Crest (Kalgi), Umbrella (Chatra), and the two swords as his royal symbols. Guru Hargobind Ji kept 52 bodyguards. Guru Sahib also adopted the title ‘Sachcha Padhshah’ (True Emperor) and sat on a throne.

Question 14.
How did Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji fortify the city of Amritsar?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji raised a thick wall all around the city of Amritsar. Guru Sahib also constructed a fort called ‘Lohgarh’ within the city and garrisoned it.

Question 15.
How and where did Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji spend his last ten years?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji spent the last ten years of his life at Kiratpur. Guru Sahib devoted his time to popularise the teachings of the Sikh religion.

Question 16.
Which Sikh Guru got martyrdom during the reign of Jahangir?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 17.
Who was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 18.
Who constructed Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 19.
Which cities were founded by Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Tarn Taran, Kartarpur and Hargobindpur.

Question 20.
With which system is Daswandh related?
Answer:
Daswandh is related with the Masand system.’

Question 21.
When was the compilation work of Sri Adi Granth Sahib Ji completed? ’
Answer:
In 1604 A.D.

Question 22.
Who compiled Sri Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 23.
When Guru Arjan Dev Ji got martyrdom?
Answer:
In 1606 A.D.

Question 24.
Which Guru adopted two swords called Miri and Piri?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 25.
Name the Pathan army General of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Painda Khan.

Question 26.
Which Guru constructed Akal Takht, fort of Lohgarh and organised the Sikh army?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 27.
Which Guru fortified Amritsar?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 28.
Who gave the land for the city of Kiratpur?
Answer:
Raja Kalyan Chand.

Question 29.
Which Mughal emperor imprisoned Guru Hargobind Ji at Gwalior fort?
Answer:
Jahangir.

Question 30.
Describe any one difficulty which Guru Arjan Dev Ji encountered on coming to Guru Gaddi.
Answer:
Guru Sahib faced animosity and opposition of his eldest brother Bhai Prithia.

Question 31.
Write the name of Guru Sahib who was the first martyr.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 32.
Write any one effect of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji provoked the Sikhs to rise in arms.

Question 33.
Which two persons had assisted Guru Arjan Dev Ji in the execution of his plans for the construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
Bhai Buddha Ji and Bhai Gurdas Ji.

Question 34.
When was the construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib completed?
Answer:
In 1601 A.D.

Question 35.
What were the representatives of Guru Arjan Dev Ji called?
Answer:
The representatives of Guru Arjan Dev Ji were called the Masands.

Question 36.
Who completed the work of compilation of ‘Adi Granth Sahib’?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 37.
Where was Adi Granth Sahib placed?
Answer:
Adi Granth Sahib was placed in Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar.

Question 38.
From whom did Guru Hargobind Ji receive the training in the use of arms and knowledge of religion?
Answer:
Bhai Buddha Ji.

Question 39.
How many hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev ji, Guru Amar Das Ji and Guru Ram Das Ji have been included in Sri Adi Granth Sahib?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji-976, Guru Angad Dev Ji-61, Guru Amar Das Ji-907, Guru Ram Das Ji-679.

Question 40.
Write any one cause for the adoption of “New Policy” by Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
For self-defence of the Sikh community.

Question 41.
Which four places emerged as sacred cities for the Sikh religion by the time of Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Goindwal, Amritsar, Tarn Taran and Kartarpur.

Question 42.
Which four Sikh institutions had played major role in the consolidation and progress of Sikh religion?
Answer:
The institutions of Pangat, Sangat, Manji System and Masand System. Question 5. Write the names of any four commanders of Guru Hargobind Ji. Answer:Bhai Bidhi Chand, Bhai Pheru, Bhai Jetha and Bhai Paida.

Question 43.
Which two singers were instructed by Guru Hargobind Ji to sing heroic deeds songs (vir rasa) on high notes in his presence?
Answer:
Nathamal and Abdullah.

Question 44.
Write any one cause which resulted in the confinement of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Jahangir was irritated by his ‘New Policy’.

Question 45.
Why was the title of “Bandi Chhor Baba” (a holy deliverer) given to Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Guru Sahib got released 52 Rajput chiefs imprisoned in the Gwalior Fort.

Question 46.
How many battles were fought between the Sikhs and the Mughals during the period of Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Three battles.

Question 47.
Write the names of four main missionary preachers of the period of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Almast, Phul, Gonda and Balu Hassan.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write about Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji had raised Sri Harmandir Sahib in the centre of the Sarovar Amritsar after the final union of Guru Ram Das Ji with the Divine Power. Sufi fakir, Mian Mir laid the foundation stone of Sri Harmandir Sahib in 1589. Guru Sahib had constructed doors in each of the four directions of Sri Harmandir Sahib. It was done to declare that the doors of Sri Harmandir’Sahib were open to the people of all the castes and religious without distinction. Bhai Budda Ji supervised the work of construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib and completed it in 1601. In 1604, Adi Granth Sahib was placed in Sri Harmandir Sahib and Bhai Budda Ji was appointed as the first Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib.

Question 2.
What do you know about Tarn Taran Sahib?
Answer:
The town of Tarn Taran was founded by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Tarn Taran has great significance in the history of Sikhs. Tarn Taran is an important place of pilgrimage like Amritsar for the Sikhs. A large number of Sikh pilgrimage come to Tarn Taran and take bath in the Sarovar. It was because of Tarn Taran that the Jats of Majha region of Punjab adopted Sikh religion during the period of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Jats of the Majha region proved to be most courageous and fearless while fighting against the Mughals in the battles. Indu Bushan Banerjee remarks that the history of the Sikhs took a new turn with the entry of the Jats into Sikh religion.

Question 3.
What were the benefits of the Masand System for the Sikh religion?
Answer:
The Masand System played an important role in the development and organisation of the Sikh religion. The importance of the Masand System for Sikh religion was as under :
1. The system ensured regular and fixed donations for the Guru Gaddi. With a fixed income from donations, Guru Sahib was able to undertake much constructive work for the development of Sikh religion. Guru Arjan Dev Ji not only built tanks at Amritsar and Santokhsar, but also built new cities, constructed ponds, dug wells, etc.

2. Masand System not only ensured fixed donations but also helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion more enthusiastically. Earlier, the work of spread of religion was done through Manji system. It was confined only to the Punjab during those days. However, Guru Arjan Dev Ji appointed Masands even outside Punjab. It helped in the spread of Sikh religion even outside.

Question 4.
Describe the organisation of the army by Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji raised an army for self-defence. There were a number of armed soldiers and volunteers in his army. Many courageous and war-loving young men of Majha region joined his army. According to one record, there were 60 musketeers, 300 horse riders, and 800 horses in his army. There were also five hundred volunteers who were paid nothing as salary and even then, they loved to be in his army out of their devotion to Guru Sahib. The army was divided into five sections (jathas). The five famous commanders (Jathedars) were Bidhi Chand, Perana, Jetha, Paida and Langha. Apart from this army, there was a separate company of Afghan (Pathan) soldiers, headed by Painda Khan.

Question 5.
Write about the daily life of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji had changed his life style according to his ‘New Policy’. According to his new daily routine, after taking his bath early morning, Guru Sahib visited Sri Harmandir Sahib to give religious instruction. After the discourse, the Langar was served every day. After the Langar, Guru Sahib used to take rest for some time before leaving for hunting. Guru Hargobind Ji had instructed Abdul and Nathmal to sing songs of heroism (songs of vir rasa) on high notes in order to infuse courage into the Sikh Sangat. Guru Sahib organised special troupes of singers (Dhadis). In this manner, Guru Sahib created a new awareness among the Sikhs and created in them the spirit of courage.

Question 6.
What do you know about the ‘Akal Takht’?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji used to give religious instructions at Sri Harmandir Sahib. Guru Sahib had constructed a new building called ‘Akal Takht’ (the Throne of Supreme God) in the western part of the premises of Sri Harmandir Sahib to give advice to the Sikhs in the worldly matters. There was raised a platform about 12 feet high. Guru Sahib used to solve the military and political problems of the Sikhs while sitting there. Guru Sahib also listened to heroic songs (songs of vir rasa) from his followers at Akal Takht. Guru Sahib also imparted physical training to his Sikh followers near Akal Takht.

Question 7.
What is the importance of the Adi Granth Sahib in the history of Sikh religion?
Answer:
The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib provided the strong foundation for the Sikh religion. Adi Granth Sahib became the most reliable and holy book of the Sikhs. All the social ceremonies concerning the life of the Sikhs, like birth, marriage, initiation to adulthood, death, etc. were performed in divine presence of the Adi Granth Sahib. The Sikhs who had deep faith in the holiness of Adi Granth Sahib, developed a feeling of being one with the fellow believers, giving rise to class consciousness and ultimately to the rise of a distinct Sikh Panth. Later, the holy book was raised to the status of Guru itself and the holy book became the Guru of the Sikh religion. The Sikhs and numerous other people believe that the hymns of Guru Granth Sahib are divine utterances.

Question 8.
Write the historical significance of Adi Granth Sahib.
Answer:
Adi Granth Sahib is the holy book of the Sikhs. It was not written with any historic perspective or motive. However, it has great historical importance also. It is one of the major sources of political, social, religious, economic and cultural history of the 16th and the 17th century Punjab. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had severely condemned the rule of Lodhis and oppression of Babur over the people of Punjab in his sayings. It is a source of information about the dominance of caste system, the exploitation of women, and other shortcomings of Indian society like irrational customs, rites and traditions during those days. The religion had lost its sanctity. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had declared “No one is a Hindu or a Muslim,” suggesting that religion had lost its actual meaning and people were treading a wrong path.

Question 9.
Write down any four causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The circumstances which led to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji were as follows:
1. Intolerant Religious policy of Jahangir. Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor, was hostile to Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was planning to convert him to Islam or to kill him.
2. The Enmity of Prithia. Guru Ram Das Ji had appointed Guru Arjan Dev Ji as his successor because Guru Sahib was much impressed with the intelligence and ability of Bhai Arjan Dev Ji. However, Bhai Prithi Chand did not like his decision. Prithi Chand started conspiring against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
3. The Grandeur of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s court. The Guru Sahib held a splendid court. The Sangat had also increased the grandeur of his court and out of their respect and love for him had started addressing him as their “Sachcha Padshah”. The Mughal emperor could not tolerate all these developments so he decided to take some severe action against him.
4. Penalty imposed on Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Jahangir imposed a penalty on Guru Sahib and detained him. The fanaticism of Jahangir crossed all limits and he passed the orders to execute Guru Sahib by inflicting tortures on his person.

Question 10.
What was the reaction against the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji caused fundamental changes in the attitude of the Sikhs.
1. Guru Sahib had left a parting message for his son Guru Hargobind that read, “The day is approaching fast when Good and Evil will clash Let him (Guru Hargobind Ji) sit fully armed on the throne and maintain army to the best of his ability.” The last message of Guru Sahib was the starting point of the military policy of the Sikhs. The Sikh religion of ‘Saints’ became the religion of ‘Saint Soldiers’ (Sant Sipahis) with rosary in one hand and a sword in the other.

Question 11.
Write any four important aspects of the personality and character of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The fifth Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was a man of high character and pleasing manners. The four main aspects of his personality are as under :
1. Guru Sahib was a successful organiser and religious leader. Guru Sahib vigorously spread the message of Sikh religion and gave an organised form to the Sikh community by making necessary reforms in the Masand System.
2. Guru Sahib was a great builder. Guru Sahib completed the work of building the city of Amritsar, constructed Sri Harmandir Sahib, and founded cities like Tarn Taran, Hargobindpur etc. Guru Sahib also constructed a Baoli at Lahore.
3. Guru Sahib completed the work of compilation of Adi Granth Sahib.
4. Guru Sahib was a great social reformer. Guru Sahib encouraged widow remarriage and checked the use of intoxicants among the Sikhs. Guru Sahib also established a centre where free medicines and clothes were provided to the sick.

Question 12.
Name any four causes which forced Guru Hargobind Ji to adopt the “New Policy”.
Answer:
1. Hostility and Interference of the Mughals. The Mughal Emperor Jahangir adopted the policy of oppression towards Sikhs after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Consequently, it became necessary for the next Guru Sahib, Guru Hargobind Ji to adopt New Policy for the defence of the Sikh religion.

2. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. It became clear to the Sikhs after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji that they had to bear the arms along with the rosaries for the protection of Sikh religion. Hence, Guru Hargobind Ji adopted the New Policy with the same aim in view.

3. Parting Message of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. In his last message, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had instructed the Sikhs to bear arms. Hence, Guru Hargobind Ji started imparting the training in arms along with spiritual knowledge to the Sikhs.

4. Entry of the Jats in Sikhism. Guru Hargobind Ji was encouraged to adopt the new policy on the entry of Jats in the Sikh religion. The Jats were freedom loving by nature and had great aptitude for fighting battles.

Question 13.
Write briefly the contribution of Guru Hargobind Ji to Sikhism.
Answer:
1. Guru Sahib put on two swords when he occupied Guru Gaddi. One sword represented his Miri and the other his Piri. With that, Guru Sahib became the political leader as well as a religious guide of the Sikhs.
2. Guru Sahib also erected a new building near Sri Harmandir Sahib. The new building is called Akal Takht. Guru Sahib imparted the training in arms to the Sikhs.
3. Jahangir imprisoned Guru Hargobind Ji in the fort of Gwalior. Soon after, he learnt that he had taken a wrong decision. He released Guru Sahib. However, Guru Sahib persuaded Jahangir to release all the Rajput kings imprisoned in the Gwalior fort.
4. Guru Sahib also fought battles with the Mughals.- The Mughal emperor Shahjahan sent army against Guru Sahib three times. Guru Sahib fought against them very bravely. The Mughal army lost all the three battles.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the origin, development and merits of the Masand System.
Answer:
Origin of the Masand System : Guru Ram Das Ji, the fourth Guru of the Sikhs, started the Masand System. He felt the need for more money when he was looking after the work of digging of Amritsar Sarovar and Santokhsar Sarovar. Guru Ram Das Ji did not have enough resources. Therefore, Guru Sahib deputed his trusted followers in different directions of the country to collect funds from his Sikh devotees. They were called the Masands or Ram Dasis. These followers were the close confidants of Guru Ram Das Ji. Wherever those followers or Masands went, they collected the donations and spread the message of Sikh religion.

Progress of the Masand System : Guru Arjan Dev Ji made improvements in the Masand system and made it an institution that was more effective. Before the period of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the donations to earlier Guru Sahiban were not fixed and were irregular. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had started construction work of many buildings and Sarovars for which he required a fixed and regular inflow of cash. Apart from this, it had become difficult to collect the donations from numerous Sikh followers whose number had increased manifold. Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave a proof of his superior managing skill by providing the solution for the existing problems of organization of the Sikh religion.

Guru Sahib improved the organization of Masand system by taking the following measures :
1. Guru Sahib fixed the amount of donation to be made by his Sikh devotees to him. Guru Sahib enjoined upon his devotees to donate one-tenth of their annual income for the maintenance of Langar.

2. Guru Sahib appointed his representatives, who were called the Masands for the collection of Daswandh from his Sikh devotees. The Masands deposited the collections in the treasury of Guru Sahib (Guru Ki Golak) at Amritsar on Baisakhi day every year. The receipts were issued to the Masands for the donations received at Amritsar.

3. The Masands had appointed their representatives who were called the Sangtias, to collect the Daswandh. The Sangtias collected the Daswandhs from far off places and deposited them in the treasury of the Guru.

4. The Sangtias and Masands considered it a sin to use even a single penny out of the donations for personal use. Guru Sahib had already ordained on this issue that whosoever embezzled the money of Daswandh, would become the victim of physical sufferings.

5. The Masands did not confine their activities only to the collection of Daswandhs, they also employed their energies for spreading the message of the Sikh religion. Guru Sahib ensured at the time of appointment of a Sikh as a Masand that, he had a high moral character and deep faith in the Sikh religion.;

Importance and Benefits of the Masand System : The Masand system played an important role in building and consolidation of the Sikh religion. The importance of Masand System for the Sikh religion can be given as follows :
1. The donations to Guru Gaddi became fixed and regular. It helped Guru Sahib to continue with his construction work. Guru Sahib founded not only the Sarovars at Amritsar and Santokhsar but also built many cities, ponds, wells etc with the regular donations. The constructive work of Guru Sahib contributed in a significant way to the spread and popularity of Sikh religion.

2. On the one hand, the Masand System ensured a regular income to the Guru Ji and on the other, it popularised the Sikh religion in an effective manner. Earlier, Manji System carried out the work of spread of the Sikh religion. The Manji system had confined its activities to the Punjab region. Guru Sahib appointed Masands even outside Punjab. It resulted in the spread of Sikh religion in other parts of the country because the Masands collected not only the Daswandh but also devoted their energies for spreading the message of Sikh religion.

3. Guru Sahib started holding his own court with the regular donations received in the form of Daswandh. The Masands and devoted Sikhs brought donations and gifts to the court of Guru Arjan Dev Ji on every Baisakhi and bowed their heads before him to seek his blessings.

Question 2.
Describe the ‘New Policy’ of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji, the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, became the sixth Guru of the Sikhs after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Hargobind Ji adopted a ‘New Policy’. The main feature of his new policy was to make the Sikhs peace loving as well as courageous and fearless.

The main features of the ‘New Policy’ of Guru Hargobind Ji are the following :
1. The Royal Insignias and the title of ‘Sachcha Padshah’: Guru Hargobind Ji adopted the title of ‘Sachcha Padshah’ and put on a number of royal insignias in line with his ‘New Policy1. Guru Sahib started wearing princely dress and discontinued using the saintly headgear and woollen beads (sayli) which were the symbols of saints and fakirs. Guru Sahib put on two swords and a crest (Kalgi) in place of woollen beads (sayli) and saintly headgear. Guru Sahib also kept bodyguards for self-defence just like the princes of the contemporary times.

2. Miri and Piri : Guru Hargobind Ji had become the military leader of the Sikhs besides being their spiritual leader. From then onwards, Guru Sahib was ‘Mir’ (Military Commander) and ‘Pir’ (Religious Leader) of the Sikhs. Guru Sahib put on two swords to represent his new role as ‘Mir’ and ‘Pir’ of his Sikhs. Guru Sahib named one sword as ‘Piri’ and the second as ‘Miri’. Guru Sahib gave special attention to the physical fitness of the Sikhs. Guru Sahib encouraged his Sikh followers to take exercise regularly, to participate in wrestling bouts, to go on hunting and to receive training in horse riding. Guru Sahib thus transformed his saintly followers into saint soldiers by adopting his ‘New Policy’.

3. Construction of Akal Takht : Guru Hargobind Ji took upon himself the responsibility of guiding the worldly activities of his Sikh followers apart from his role of being their true Guru in the sphere of spiritual life. Guru Sahib imparted spiritual knowledge at Sri Harmandir Sahib. In order to guide the Sikhs in their worldly affairs, Guru Sahib built Akal Takht (Throne of Supreme God—The Timeless) near Sri Harmandir Sahib. Guru Sahib listened to the military and political problems of the Sikhs while sitting on a raised platform 12 feet high at the Akal Takht.

4. Raising of Army : Guru Hargobind Ji raised an army for self-defence of the Sikhs. There were numerous professional soldiers and volunteers in his army. The fearless and courageous Jats of Majha region volunteered to join his army. According to one estimate, Guru Sahib had 800 horses, 300 horse riders, and 60 musketeers. Guru Sahib was served by a contingent of 500 such volunteers who did not seek any salary. Besides this army, Guru Sahib was also served by a separate contingent of Afghan (Pathan) soldiers headed by Painda Khan.

5. Keeping of Horses and Arms : Guru Hargobind Ji took special measures to make his ‘New Policy’ successful. Guru Sahib advised his Sikh followers to make donations of horses and arms as far as possible. Consequently, Guru Sahib collected many horses and a large number of arms.

6. Fortification of Amritsar : Guru Hargobind Ji raised a thick wall around the city of Ramdaspur (Amritsar) for its defence and security. The fort of Lohgarh was built and stocked with armaments and other military provisions.

7. New Daily Routine : Guru Hargobind Ji also made changes in his daily routine. According to his ‘New Policy’ his new daily routine was that after taking his bath early in the morning, Guru Sahib visited Sri Harmandir Sahib to give religious instruction. After the discourse, the Langar was served every day under his supervision. After the Langar, Guru Sahib used to take rest for some time before leaving for hunting. Guru Hargobind Ji had instructed Abdul and Nathamal to sing songs of heroism (songs of vir rasa) on high notes in order to infuse courage in the Sikh Sangat. Guru Sahib organised special troupes of singers (Dhadis). In this manner, Guru Sahib raised a new awareness among the Sikhs and made them brave and fearless.

8. Inculcated the spirit of Self-Defence : The core of the ‘New Policy’ was to inculcate the spirit of self-defence among his Sikh followers. Therefore, the aim of raising the army was neither to grab the land of others nor to intimidate any one. No doubt, Guru Sahib valiantly fought battles against the Mughals, but in no way, those battles were motivated by any lust for territory. Rather they were’genuine efforts for self-defence and survival.

Question 3.
Besides adopting the New Policy what other measures were taken by Guru Hargobind Ji for the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji was the only son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the fifth Guru Sahib. Guru Hargobind Ji was bom on June, 1595 in village Wadali in District Amritsar. Guru Sahib was a precocious child. Guru Sahib became the sixth Guru of the Sikhs after the martyrdom of his father, the fifth gum, Gum Arjan Dev Ji in 1606 and successfully guided the course of Sikh religion upto 1645. Gum Sahib made significant contribution to the development of Sikh religion by adopting the ‘New Policy’ and winning battles against the Mughals.

A brief survey of the contribution of Gum Hargobind Ji to Sikhism is given as under :
1. Stay at Kiratpur : The king of Kahlur, Raja Kalyan Chand, was a follower of Guru Sahib. The Raja had given land to Guru Gaddi. Guru Sahib built a city called Kiratpur on that land. Guru Sahib made the city his abode in 1635. Guru Sahib lived the last ten years of his life at Kiratpur and spent his time in spreading the message of Sikh religion.

2. Conversion of Hill Chiefs to Sikhism. Guru Hargobind Ji converted many people from hilly regions to Sikh religion. Many hill chiefs had accepted Sikhism under his influence. However, the people of hilly region did not continue.to follow the Sikh religion for a long period. The royal families reverted to their old practices of idol worship and other related ceremonies. Such practices were not permitted by Sikh religion.

3. The Religious Tours of Guru Hargobind Ji. Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor, became a friend of Guru Hargobind Ji when he released Guru Sahib from his confinement in Gwalior fort after realising his mistake. Guru Sahib undertook religious tours during that period of peace. Guru Sahib first visited Amritsar and then Lahore. At Lahore, Guru Sahib raised Gurudwara Dera Sahib in the memory of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. From Lahore, Guru Sahib went to Kashmir passing through Gujranwala and Bhimbar (Gujarat). Guru Sahib had made many followers in Kashmir. Guru Sahib inaugurated ‘Sangat’ in Kashmir. Bhai Sewa Das was deputed as representative of Guru Sahib in the ‘Sangat’.

Guru Sahib visited Nankana Sahib also. On his return journey from there, Guru Sahib spent some time at Amritsar. Guru Sahib also visited Nanakmatta (Gorakhmatta) in Uttar Pardesh. The yogis at Nanakmatta ran away from the city on seeing the grandeur of the entourage of Guru Hargobind Ji. Guru Sahib stayed there for some time to propagate the message of Sikh religion and reactivated the Sangat system. On his way back to Punjab, Guru Sahib also toured Malwa region of Punjab. Guru Sahib returned to Amritsar after staying for sometime at Dharauli Bhai (Ferozepur).

4. Deputed Religious Preachers : Guru Hargobind Ji remained involved in the battles upto 1635. Due to his pre-occupation, Guru Sahib deputed his eldest brother Bhai Gurditta (a saintly person with a big following) for preaching and spreading Sikh religion. Bhai Gurditta sent his four representatives named Bhai Almast, Phul, Gauda, and Balu Hasan for this task. Almast spread the message of Sikh religion in Nanakmatta and Dacca; Gauda and Phul in Doab and Malwa and Balu Hasan in Kashmir, Hazara, and Pathohar. Guru Sahib also sent Bhai Bidhi Chand to Bengal, Bhai Gurdas to Kabul and then to Benaras for preaching the Sikh faith.

5. Appointment of Guru Har Rai Ji as Successor: Guru Hargobind appointed his grandson Har Rai (son of Bhai Gurditta) as his successor before joining the Divine Power.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History

April 7, 2026January 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 1 Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 1 Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History

SST Guide for Class 10 PSEB Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions in 10-15 words:

Question 1.
Name the words and the language from which the word Punjab has been derived. Write its meaning also.
Answer:
The word Punjab is a combination of two words
Punj
Aab.
These two words are of Persian language.

The meanings of these words are five rivers. These five rivers are:
the Satluj,
Beas,
Ravi,
Chenab and
Jhelum.

Question 2.
What was the impact of the partition of India on Punjab?
Answer:
After the partition of India, Punjab was partitioned into two parts. The western part of Punjab was transferred to Pakistan and eastern part became East Punjab province of independent Republic of India.

Question 3.
In which period of Indian history was Punjab called ‘Saptsindhu’ and why?
Answer:
The Punjab was called Saptsindhu during the Vedic period of Indian history. During that period, Punjab was a region of seven rivers.

Question 4.
Write the names of the five passes situated in the western ranges of the Himalayas.
Answer:
The five passes of the North-West mountain ranges are —Khyber, Tochi, Gomal, Kurram and Bolan.

Question 5.
If Punjab had no Himalayas in the North, what type of area would it have been?
Answer:
Had there been no Himalayas in the north of Punjab, it would have been a cold and dry region. There would have been no farming.

Question 6.
What is the meaning of ‘Doab’?
Answer:
The territory between two rivers is known as the Doab. There are five Doabs in the Punjab.

Question 7.
How was the Doab Bist Jalandhar named? Write the names of any two famous cities of this area.
Answer:
Doab Bist Jalandhar is the region between the rivers Beas and Satluj. By joining the first letters of the names of the rivers Beas and Satluj, the word. Bist is formed. Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur are the two famous cities of this region.

Question 8.
Why is the Doab Bari called Majha? What are the residents of this area called?
Answer:
The Bari Doab is situated in the central Punjab. The word Majha means inner or the centre and that is why it is called the Majha. The people living in this region are called Majhels or Majahis.

Answer the following questions in about 30-50 words:

Question 1.
Write any four advantages of the Himalayas.
Answer:
The following are the main four benefits of the Himalayan mountains:

The rivers of Himalayas flow during the whole year. They make the land of the Punjab fertile.
There are dense forests in the Himalayan mountains. These forests provide many herbs and large quantities of wood.
The high snow-covered peaks of the Himalayas protect India from the attacks of foreign invaders from the North.
The Himalayan mountains check the monsoon winds and help in bringing rains.

Question 2.
Write briefly about any three Doabs.
Answer:

The Sindh Sagar Doab. This Doab is the region between the rivers Indus and Jhelum. It is not a fertile region for farming.
The Chhaj Doab. This Doab is the region between the rivers Chenab and Jhelum.
The important cities of this Doab are Gujarat, Bhera and Shahpur.
The Rachna Doab. It is the region between the rivers Ravi and Chenab, which is a very fertile region. Gujranwala and Shekhupura are the important towns of this Doab.

Question 3.
How did the rivers of Punjab affect the course of its history?
Answer:
The rivers of Punjab always stopped the march of the invaders of India. When the rivers were in flood in the rainy season, they expanded in the vast area and it became impossible to cross them. Undoubtedly, it was the reason that Alexander was held back for many days on the banks of river Jhelum before crossing it because it was in flood. These rivers proved unsurmountable hurdles for many invaders.

The rivers of Punjab had also been used as the natural boundaries for administrative purposes. The Mughal rulers divided the areas of the administrative units like Sarkars, Parganas, and Subas by adopting the rivers as the boundaries. The rivers of Punjab had made its land fertile and brought its people wealth and prosperity. Had the rivers not brought the alluvial soil from the high mountains to the plains, Punjab would not have any fertile land.

Question 4.
Give information about the boundaries of Punjab in different periods of Indian history.
Answer:
The boundaries of the Punjab territory varied from time to time throughout its history.

According to the Rig-Veda, the boundaries of Punjab included the regions covered by the rivers Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Satluj and Saraswati.
During the Mauryan and Kushaii periods, the boundaries of Punjab extended upto Hindukush mountain ranges and Taxila.
During the Sultanate period (1206-1526), the boundaries of Punjab extended from Lahore to Peshawar. During the Mughal period (1526-1707), the Punjab was divided into two provinces, namely, Lahore Suba and Multan Suba.
During the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the boundaries of Punjab extended from the river Satluj to Peshawar.
The British named the territory of Lahore kingdom of Maharaja Dalip Singh (son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh) as the Punjab after annexing it to the British Indian Empire.
After the partition of India, a major part of die Punjab was transferred to Pakistan.
On the basis of language, Punjab was divided into three states, namely Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

Question 5.
How did the Himalayan mountains influence the history of Punjab?
Answer:
The Himalayas influenced the history of Punjab in the following manner:

Punjab: The Gateway of India. The Punjab remained the Gateway of India for centuries since ancient times due to the North-Western mountain ranges of the Himalayas. The foreign invaders crossed the passes of these ranges to invade India.
The Problem of the North-West Frontier: The security of North-West Frontier of India had always remained a major problem for the rulers of India. Those rulers, who failed to ensure the security of North-West Frontiers, suffered heavy losses. ,
Protection against Foreign Invasions: It was impossible to cross the high ranges of the Himalayas from north. Consequently, Punjab remained secure in the north for a long time since nobody could invade from the northern side.
Economic Prosperity: The rivers, originating in the Himalayas, replenished her plains with fertile soil from year to year. Consequently, the plains of Punjab were counted among the most fertile lands of the world.

Answer the following questions in 100-120 words:

Question 1.
Describe the mountain ranges of the Himalayas and its North-Western hills.
Answer:
The landscape of Punjab had numerous features. The boundaries df Punjab make a triangle. They extend from the Himalayas in the north o Sindh and to Rajasthan in the south. They touch the Sulaiman mountain ranges in the west and in the opposite direction in the east, reach upto river Yamuna.

The Himalayas and North-West Mountains: The description of the geographical features of the Punjab is as follows:
(A) The Himalayas. There are a number of Himalayan ranges in Punjab. There are many important valleys in these ranges. The average width of Himalayan ranges in the Punjab is 250 kilometres. However, these ranges are not very high.

These ranges can be divided into three parts on the basis of their average height, which are:

the Great Himalayas,
the Middle Himalayas and
the Outer Himalayas.

1. The Great Himalayas. In the east, the mountain ranges of the Great Himalayas reach upto Nepal and Tibet. In its western part, it is again called the Great Himalayas. The Great Himalayas separate the Punjab regions of Lahul-Spiti and thstrict of Kangra from Kash mir. The scenic Kulu Valley and Rohtang Pass are situated in these ranges. These ranges rise from 5851 metres to 6781 metres. These mountain ranges are always covered with snow.

2. The Middle Himalayas. They are popularly known as the Pangi mountain ranges. These ranges start from Rohtang Pass. They cover the valleys of Chamba and Dharamshala. They extend from Kashmir to the districts of Rawalpindi, Gujrat and Jhelum. These ranges rise upto a height of 923 metres and are called ‘Mountains of Dholadhar’.

(B) North-West Mountains. The North-West Mountains form the western part of the Himalayas in Punjab. These mountains include the Kirthar and Sulaiman ranges. They have not high rising ranges. The most important feature of these ranges is the presence of a number of passes in them which link India with the other parts of Asia. Among these passes, the Khyber Pass is the most important. It is 1100 metres above the sea level and links Kabul with Peshawar. It remained a major entry point to India for the invaders. Apart from Khyber, there are Kurram, Tochi, Gomal and Bolan Passes. All these Passes are to the south of Khyber and link Afghanistan with India. The Bolan Pass is in the south extreme of the Sulaiman Mountain range from where begins the Kirthar Mountain range. Bolan Pass is a wider pass. It permits transit between Quetta City and Afghanistan.

Question 2.
Describe the Plains of Punjab.
Answer:
The people of the plains of Punjab are prosperous. For Punjab, its plains were like a stage, where the drama of history was played. They are spread between the river Indus in the North-West and river Yamuna in the South-East.

These plains are counted among the most fertile plains in the world.
(A) The two regions of the Plains. The plains of Punjab are divided into two regions: The Eastern -plain and the Western Plain. The plains surrounded by Yamuna and Ravi rivers are called the Eastern plains. They are very fertile. They are also densely populated. The plains between Ravi and Indus rivers are called Western plains. They are less fertile as compared to the Eastern Plains.

(B) Five Doabs. The word ‘Doab’ is a Persian word which means two waters or two rivers. Hence, the territory between two rivers is called Doab. The plains of Punjab consist of five Doabs. It was during the reign of Akbar that Punjab was divided according to the boundaries of its Doabs for the first time and since then its administrative boundaries have been retained. The naming of each Doab is quite interesting and done on a very scientific basis. The name of a Doab is formed by joining the first letters of those two rivers between which the plain to be named is situated.

The description of these Doabs is as follows:

The Sindh Sagar Doab. The region situated between the rivers Indus and Jhelum is called the Sindh Sagar Doab. It is not a very fertile region. Jhelum and Rawalpindi are the important cities of this Doab.
Rachna Doab. This area situated between the rivers Ravi and Chenab is quite fertile. The important towns of this Doab are Gujranwala and Shekhupura.
Bist-Jalandhar Doab. This Doab consists of the plains situated between the rivers Beas and Satluj. It is a very fertile area. Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur are the leading cities of this Doab. It is also the most popular Doab. Its popularity can be judged from the fact that its local people mean to talk about Punjab whenever they use the single word Doab or Bist-Jalandhar Doab.
Bari Doab. The territory between the rivers Beas and Ravi is called the Bari Doab. It is also a fertile region. It is popular as Majha as it refers to central location of the area in the Punjab. The two most famous cities of Punjab, namely, Amritsar and Lahore, are situated in this Doab.
Chaj Doab. The territory between the Chenab and Jhelum is called Chaj Doab. The important cities of this Doab are Gujarat, Bhera and Shahpur.

(C) Malwa and Bangar. The wide plain situated between the rivers Satluj and Yamuna is a part of Punjab. The plain can be divided into two parts namely, Malwa and Bangar.

Malwa. The area extending from the banks of river Satluj to the banks of river Yamuna is called Malwa. Ludhiana, Patiala, Nabha, Sangrur, Faridkot, Bhatinda etc. are the prominent cities of Malwa. The area is known in Punjab as Malwa and the people belonging to this area are called Malwais. The area got its name from the name of a republican tribe called Malava, which lived here during the ancient period of Indian history.
Bangar or Haryana. This region extends from river Ghaghar to river Yamuna. Ambala, Kurukshetra, Panipat, Rohtak, Karnal, Gurgaon, Faridabad and Hissar are the prominent cities of this area. This area has. great historical importance because numerous battles which influenced the course of Indian history, were fought here.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Guide Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions in one word or one line:

Question 1.
What is meant by Sapt Sandhu?
Answer:
Sapt Sandhu means land of seven rivers.

Question 2.
Which Mughal ruler had divided the Punjab into two provinces?
Answer:
The Mughal ruler Akbar the Great divided the Punjab into two provinces.

Question 3.
By what name was the Punjab called during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
The Punjab was called ‘Lahore Kingdom’ during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 4.
When did the British annex Punjab?
Answer:
The British annexed Punjab in 1849.

Question 5.
When did the division of Punjab take place on linguistic basis?
Answer:
The Punjab was divided into two states namely, Punjab and Haryana in 1966 on linguistic basis.

Question 6.
Name any four major tribes which invaded Punjab after crossing the passes of the north-west ranges of Himalayas.
Answer:
The four main tribes were the Aryans, Sakas, Greeks and Kushans.

Question 7.
Name the four main cities of Terai region (foothills) of the Himalayas in Punjab.
Answer:
The four main cities of the Terai region are Sialkot, Kangra, Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur.

Question 8.
In which two parts are the plains of Punjab divided?
Answer:
The plains of Punjab are divided into two parts namely, Eastern Plains and Western Plains.

Question 9.
Why are the plains of Punjab called ‘Real Punjab’? Give any one reason in support of the claim.
Answer:
The plains are fertile and are the main cause of prosperity of Punjab.

Question 10.
Name any two Doabs of the Plains of Punjab.
Answer:

Bist-Jalandhar Doab,
Bari Doab.

Question 11.
Name the rivers which surround the Malwa region in the Punjab.
Answer:
The rivers Satluj and Ghaghar surround the Malwa region.

Question 12.
How did the plains influence the history of Punjab? Describe any one influence.
Answer:
The prosperity of the Punjab encouraged the foreign invaders to attack the Punjab.

Question 13.
Name any four places in Punjab where historic battles took place.
Answer:
Tarian, Panipat, Peshawar and Thanesar.

Question 14.
Write any one influence of the rivers on the history of Punjab.
Answer:
The rivers acted as a great hurdle in the path of invaders of Punjab.

Question 15.
What is the meaning of the term “Doab”?
Answer:
Territory between two rivers.

Question 16.
The plains of the Punjab consisted of how many Doabs before its partition in 1947?
Answer:
Five.

Question 17.
Give the names of the provinces of the Punjab during the rule of Emperor Akbar.
Answer:
Lahore and Multan.

Question 18.
Give the name of the Governor-General of India who annexed Punjab in 1849.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie.

Question 19.
How the Tarai region of Punjab played an important role in the history of Sikhs? Give one example.
Answer:
The Sikhs took shleter in the forests of Terai whenever Punjab was attacked by the invaders.

Question 20.
Give the names of the rivers in the Indian part of Punjab.
Answer:
Satluj, Beas and water of Ravi.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
The word Punjab is derived from __________ Persian words __________ and __________
Answer:
Two, Panj, Aab

Question 2.
The Punjab was called ___________ during the Vedic period of Indian history.
Answer:
Sapatsandhu

Question 3.
The territory between two rivers is known as the ___________
Answer:
Doab

Question 4.
The Sindh Sagar Doab is the region between the rivers and ___________
Answer:
Sindh, Jehlum

Question 5.
The Punjab was called _____________ during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Answer:
Lahore Kingdom.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Who annexed the Punjab in the British Empire?
(a) Dalhousie
(b) Clive
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) John Lawrence.
Answer:
(a) Dalhousie

Question 2.
Which province was the gateway of India?
(a) U.P.
(b) Bengal
(c) Bihar
(d) Punjab.
Answer:
(d) Punjab.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What role did the Punjab play in the history of India?
Answer:
The Punjab played an important role in the history of India due to its special geographical location. It became the cradle of Indian civilization. The oldest ancient culture (Indus Valley Civilization) flourished in the Punjab. The Aryans made it the centre of their political sway. They composed their sacred books like the Vedas, Puranas, Mahabharta, Ramayana etc. in the Punjab. Punjab was the the Gateway of India.

All the invaders upto the medieval period came to India by passing through Punjab. Hence, people of Punjab had to fight numerous battles to hold back the advancing invaders, Apart from this, Punjab was the birthplace of Hinduism and Sikhism. Guru Nanak Dey Ji gave his divine message on this very land. It was here that Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa Panth and successfully resisted the Mughal oppression. Banda Singh Bahadur and Maharaja Ranjit Singh hold prominent places in the history of India.

Question 2.
Give a brief description of the geographical division of Punjab keeping in view the history of Punjab.
Answer:
The geographical features of Punjab can be divided into three parts, keeping in view the history of Punjab:

Himalayas and the North-West Mountain ranges.
The Terai region (foothills).
The Plains.

The mighty Himalayas form the boundary of Punjab in the north. The high rising peaks of the Himalayas are always covered with snow. The Himalayas hìve three ranges which run parallel to one another. There are numerous passes in the North-West ranges through which the invaders, traders and religious preachers had been corning to India since ancient times. The second geographical division of Punjab is Terai region. It is sandwiched between the mountains and the plains of Punjab. The population in this region is small.

The most important geographical division of Punjab is its plains, which are very fertile. They extend from river Indus in the north-west to river Yamuna in the southeast. It is formed by the fertile soil deposited by the rivers from the Himalayas. It is the cause of the prosperity of Punjab since ancient times.

Question 3.
How did the geographical features of Punjab influence the history of Punjab?
Answer:
Each geographical feature of Punjab had influenced differently the history of Punjab.

The passes of the North-West Mountain Ranges of Himalayas allowed passage to numerous invaders. Hence, the security of the North-west region remained a major problem for every ruler. On the other hand, the snow-capped high rising peaks of the Himalayas in the north of Punjab provided perfect security from all the possible invaders from the northern side.
The distinctive culture of Punjab is a gift of the Himalayas standing in the North and the West of Punjab.
The prosperity and wealth of Punjab had always attracted greedy invaders. Consequently, Punjab had to face their invasions frequently.
The Terai region provided shelter to the Sikhs during their hard times. The Sikhs saved themselves and courageously faced the oppressive rulers.

Question 4.
Who annexed the Punjab to the British Empire and when? Describe the role of the Punjab in the freedom struggle of India.
Answer:
Dalhousie (1848-1856), the Governor-General of India, annexed the Punjab to the British Indian Empire in 1849. The Punjab made commendable contribution to the freedom struggle of India. Baba Ram Singh started the Kuka Movement in Punjab. He was the first to oppose the British rule. The people of Punjab began the freedom struggle during the 20th century by starting, Gaddhar Movement, Gurudwara Movement, Babbar Akali Movement, Naujwan Sabha (Martyr Bhagat Singh’s Movement), Akali Movement, Praja Mandal Movement etc. Martyr Bhagat Singh sacrificed his life on the gallows for the sake of his motherland. The heroes of freedom struggle like Madan Lai Dhingra, Kartar Singh Sarabha and Udham Singh laid down their lives for the freedom of India. Ultimately, in 1947, India became free.

Question 5.
Describe the main features of Mountain Valleys (Tilhat) or Terai region (Foothills) in Punjab.
Answer:
The Terai region of Punjab is situated below the hills of Himachal Pradesh and of Punjab. This region is 308 to 923 metres high above the sea level. It presents a different look from the rest of the Himalayan regions in Punjab because of its meadows and valleys. The areas of Sialkot, Kangra, Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur and some areas of Ambala district are parts of this region. It is mostly a hilly area. CSnsequently, the region is not much fertile. The water borne diseases rapidly spread here during the rainy season. It has a small population. The people of the region are forced to work hard for their livelihood. This hard life has made them strong and sturdy.

Question 6.
How far have the plains influenced the history of Punjab?
Answe

Punjab had always remained a prosperous state because its plains are fertile. The wealth and prosperity of Punjab always attracted the greedy invaders from outside Punjab.
Many historic battles were fought in the plains of Punjab. Peshawar, Kurukshetra, Thanesar, Sirhind, Bhatinda, Bhera, Kari, Tarrain, Panipat etc. witnessed major decisive battles. The three major decisive battles, the Battles of Panipat took place in Punjab.
The people of Punjab were made to fight numerous battles because of the geographical location of the plains of Punjab. They suffered numerous atrocities at the hands of invaders. For example, Timur was notorious for his inhuman atrocities, which he inflicted on the people of Punjab.
The people of Punjab developed the qualities of bravery and courage due to their involvement in frequent wars which they were made to fight.
The Aryans developed Hinduism in Punjab. During the medieval period, this very land had the honour of being the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev Ji who gave his spiritual message in a very simple language.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
“The Himalayas have deeply influenced the history of Punjab.” Justify this statement with your arguments.
Answer:
The Himalayas stand high like a huge wall on the northern side of Punjab. The Himalayas have deeply influenced the history of Punjab:
1. Punjab: The Gateway of India. The Punjab had remained the Gateway of India for centuries because of the North-West ranges of Himalayas. First of all, the Aryans from Iran crossed the North Western mountain passes and invaded India. They faced strong opposition of the people of Punjab. But they ultimately settled in this region.

2. The Problem of North-West Frontiers: The protection of North-West Frontiers had always remained a major problem for the Indian rulers. The Indian rulers were forced to spend a large amount of money for the protection of these frontiers.

3. Protection against the attacks of foreigners: The Northern ranges of the Himalayas are very high and always remain covered with snow. Therefore, Punjab remained safe from the attacks of the foreigners from the northern side.

4. Economic Prosperity: The Punjab has remained a prosperous region due to the Himalayas. The rivers of Himalayas replenished the upper soil of its land. Consequently, Punjab plains were counted among the most fertile regions of the world.

5. The Trade Relations with Foreign Countries: The passes in the northwest ranges served as trade routes to the foreign countries. The merchants from West Asian and Central Asian countries visited India by these trade routes. The Punjabi traders also visited their countries.

6. Distinctive Culture of Punjab: The Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mughals, and Afghans came to India crossing the passes of the North-West Himalayas. Their different languages like Arabic, Persian, Turkish, etc. mixed with Sanskrit-based local languages and dialects. This fusion of different cultures gave birth to the distinctive culture of Punjab which is now full of Indian and foreign features.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 India: From 200 B.C. – 300 A.D.

January 11, 2024January 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 14 India: From 200 B.C. – 300 A.D. Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science History Chapter 14 India: From 200 B.C. – 300 A.D.

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB India: From 200 B.C. – 300 A.D. Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Write about the administration of Satavahanas.
Answer:
The Satavahana kingdom was well administered. The king was supreme in the state. He was regarded as the protector of religion. He was believed to possess divine powers. The empire was divided into provinces ruled by civil and military governors. The provinces were divided into districts, called Aharas. These were administered by certain officials, namely Amatyas and Mahamatyas, The rural areas were headed by Goulmikas. The Goulmikas were responsible for collecting the revenue or land tax.

Question 2.
Who was the first great Chola ruler and what were his achievements?
Answer:
Karikala was the first great Chola ruler. He bagged several achievements. He defeated badly his neighbouring Chera and Pandya kingdoms. He invaded Sri Lanka. He cleared forests and made the land cultivable. He arranged for canals and tanks for irrigation. He constructed a dam on the river Kaveri to check floods.

Question 3.
Write about the life of people in South India during the period 200 B.C. to 300 A.D.
Answer:
The life of people in South India during the period 200 B.C. to 300 A.D. was very simple. Most of the people lived in villages and their main occupation was agriculture. But the royalty and rich people lived in the interior parts of the towns. Many of merchants and craftsmen lived along the coasts, from where trade was easy. The people lived in their families cordially. After day’s work, amusements consisted of music, dancing, poetry recitations and gambling, etc. Musical instruments like pipes, flutes, string instruments and drums were in use. Music was advanced. There was special music for the different hours of day and night. Farmers, merchants, herdsmen and craftsmen paid taxes to the government.

Question 4.
What do you know about Megalithic Culture?
Answer:
The Megalithic Culture existed in South India around 1000 B.C. This region was inhabited by the people known as the Megalith Builders. These people encircled the graves of the dead with large stones to give them shape of enclosures. That is why their culture is called the Megalithic Culture.

We come to know about the Megalithic Culture from the remains discovered at Inamgaon, Takalghat and Mahurjhari in Maharashtra and Maski, Kopbal and Brahmagiri in South India. These remains show that the people of the Megalithic Culture used black and red pottery. This pottery consisted of a variety of pots and vessels. Many of them were made on wheel.

The people practised both agriculture and hunting as their profession. Agriculture was developed but most of the people liked hunting.

Question 5.
Write about the burial system of the Megalithic Culture. .
Answer:
The people of the Megalithic Culture adopted a peculiar custom to bury their dead. They buried their dead and encircled their graves with large stones. Moreover, they also buried the articles like pottery, weapons and implements of the dead along with him. Probably, they believed that the dead went to another world and would need their belongings in the next world.

Question 6.
Who were Demetrius and Menander?
Answer:
1. Demetrius: Demetrius was the first Indo-Greek invader who invaded India after the decline of the Mauryan Empire and occupied a large part of Afghanistan, Punjab and Sind. But Demetrius had to lose the Bacteria province of Central Asia because Uketice had made a successful revolt there.

2. Menander: Menander was a great Indo-Greek ruler. He is popular as Milinda in the Buddha literature. He was a very able and brave ruler. He invaded India in the time of Pushyamitra Sunga and occupied Punjab (including modern Pakistan) and some parts of Kashmir. He became a Buddhist.

Question 7.
What do you know about the Scythians?
Answer:
The Scythians are also known as the Shakas. They were the original inhabitants of Central Asia. They came to India as invaders in the middle of 200 B.C. and settled down here. In the beginning, they had their establishments in North-West Punjab, Mathura in Uttar Pradesh and Central India. But afterwards, Gujarat in Western India and Ujjain region of Madhya Pradesh became their stronghold. Rudradaman-I was a very famous ruler of the Scythian dynasty, who ruled in 200 A.D. In the end of the fourth century A.D. Chandragupta Vikramaditya (Chandragupta-II) of the Gupta dynasty defeated the Scythians and brought their rule to an end.

Question 8.
Write a note about Kanishka.
Answer:
Kanishka was the most famous ruler of the Kushana dynasty. He ruled from 78 to 102 A.D. As far as his bravery is concerned, he can be compared with Samudragupta. The Kushana Empire was expanded the most during his reign. His empire was extended upto Bihar and included areas of Central India, Gujarat, Sind, Punjab, Afghanistan and Bacteria. He also fought a war with a Chinese General Pan Chao.

As a follower of Buddhism, Kanishka can be compared with Ashoka. He got repaired Buddhist Stupas and monasteries and constructed several new ones. He called a conference of Buddhist scholars in Kashmir, known as the Fourth Buddhist Council. He patronised Buddhist scholars like Ashvaghosha, Nagarjuna and Vasumitra.

Kanishka was also a great lover of art. Many beautiful statues of Buddha were made in his time. Besides Gandhara Art, Mathura Art also developed. He also issued a large number of gold and silver coins.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Gautmiputra Satakarni ruled from _________ to A.D.
Answer:
106, 130

Question 2.
The Satavahanas laid _________ to connect the towns and villages.
Answer:
roads

Question 3.
The Satavahana rulers were the followers of _________
Answer:
Hinduism

Question 4.
_________ was the capital of the Pandya Kingdom
Answer:
Madurai

Question 5.
Pallavas were called _________ in English.
Answer:
Parthians

Question 6.
_________ was the famous king of the Kushana dynasty.
Answer:
Kanishka.

III. Match the columns :

Question 1.

A	B
(1) Gautmiputra Satakarni’s successor	(a) Yajnasri Satakarni
(2) Satavahanas’s last great ruler	(b) Vasishthiputra Pulamayi
(3) Black and redware	(c) Pottery
(4) Sickle and spade	(d) Kushana king
(5) Menander	(e) Chinese General
(6) Kujula Kadphises	(f) Indo Greek invader
(7) Pan Chao	(g) Buddhist scholar
(8) Asvaghosha	(h) Implements

Answer:
Correct columns :

A	B
(1) Gautmiputra Satakarni’s successor	(b) Vasishthiputra Pulamayi
(2) Satavahanas’s last great ruler	(a) Yajnasri Satakarni
(3) Black and redware	(c) Pottery
(4) Sickle and spade	(h) Implements
(5) Menander	(f) Indo Greek invader
(6) Kujula Kadphises	(d) Kushana king
(7) Pan Chao	(e) Chinese General
(8) Asvaghosha	(g) Buddhist scholar

IV. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
The most important successors of the Mauryas in the Deccan were the Satavahanas.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Gautmiputra Satakarni ruled from 106 A.D.to 131 A.D.
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
Music, dancing, poetry recitations and gambling were popular forms of amusement.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Sakas were not defeated by the Chandragupta Vikramaditya.
Answer:
False.

Question 5.
Gondopharns was a Scythian king.
Answer:
False.

Question 6.
Kanishka called the Fourth Buddhist Council.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Huvishka was a Parthian king.
Answer:
False.

V. Activity (Something To Do) :

Question 1.
Show the extent of Madurai, Arikmedu, Kaveripattinam, Amravati, Nagarjuna Konda, Broach on the map of India. Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide India: From 200 B.C. – 300 A.D. Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Which of these was the main feature of Bhakti?
(A) It emphasised the worship of god or goddess by an individual.
(B) It discarded the performance of Yajna and Sacrifices.
(C) It emphasised at the purity of heart.
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 2.
For which of these was South India famous?
(A) Gold
(B) Spices.
(C) Precious stones
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 3.
Which river valley was the most fertile?
(A) Godavari
(B) Kaveri
(C) Krishna
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(B) Kaveri.

Question 4.
Which of these was the capital of Pandyas?
(A) Madurai
(B) Decca
(C) Magadha
(D) Kashi.
Answer:
(A) Madurai.

Question 5.
Kaveripattinam belonged to family.
(A) Chera
(B) Chola
(C) Satavahana
(D) Pandya.
Answer:
(B) Chola.

Question 6.
Name the most important ruler of the Satavahanas.
(A) Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni
(B) Vijayraja I
(C) Vijayraja II
(D) Pulkeshin I.
Answer:
(A) Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were the most important successors of the Mauryas in the Deccan?
Answer:
The Satavahanas.

Question 2.
Which Satavahana king was described as the Lord of the West?
Answer:
Gautmiputra Satakarni.

Question 3.
Where did Vasishthiputra Pulamayi set up his capital?
Answer:
Vasishthiputra Pulamayi set up his capital at Pratishthana in Aurangabad District of Maharashtra.

Question 4.
When did the Satavahana dynasty come to an end?
Answer:
The Satavahana dynasty came to an end in 220 A.D.

Question 5.
What were Aharas?
Answer:
Districts in the Satavahana administration were called Aharas.

Question 6.
Name the items of import during the Satavahanas’ reign.
Answer:
Wine, copper, tin, glass and precious stones.

Question 7.
Name the capital city of the Cholas.
Answer:
Tanjore.

Question 8.
Name the capital city of the Pandya kingdom.
Answer:
Madurai.

Question 9.
Name the capital city of the Cheras.
Answer:
Vanji.

Question 10.
Name the most important religion which arose in West Asia during the first century A.D.
Answer:
The Christianity.

Question 11.
Who were the Sakas?
Answer:
The Sakas were foreigners who came from Central Asia as invaders and settled down in India.

Question 12.
Name the rribst important ruler of the Parthians.
Answer:
Gondopharns.

Question 13.
During whose reign was the Fourth Buddhist Council held?
Answer:
Kanishka.

Question 14.
Name the areas in which Gandhara Art was popular.
Answer:
Gandhara Art was popular in modern Punjab, Kashmir and modern Afghanistan.

Question 15.
Name the two sects of Buddhism.
Answer:
Mahayana and Hinayana.

Question 16.
Who were the successors of Kanishka?
Answer:
Vasishka, Huvishka and Vasudeva.

Question 17.
Who was the greatest Satavahana ruler and when did he rule?
Answer:
Gautmiputra Satakarni was the greatest Satavahana ruler. He ruled from A.D. 106 till A.D. 130.

Question 18.
Who was the last great ruler of Satavahanas?
Answer:
Yajnasri Satakarni was the last great ruler of Satavahanas.

Question 19.
With which countries Satavahanas had trade relations?
Answer:
Satavahanas had trade relations with many countries like Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Burma and Malaya.

Question 20.
From where the remains of the Megalithic period have been discovered?
Answer:
Inamgaon, Takalghat, Mahurjhari in Maharashtra and Maski, Kopbal and Brahmagiri in South India.

Question 21.
What was Fourth Buddhist Council?
Answer:
Kanishka called a conference of Buddhist scholars at a place Kundalvana in Kashmir. This conference was known as Fourth Buddhist Council.

Question 22.
What were the popular forms of amusement of Cheras?
Answer:
Music, dancing, gambling and poetry recitations were popular forms of amusement.

Question 23.
Name the things exported from Satavahana kingdom.
Answer:
Wine, Copper, tin, glass and precious stones were imported. The exported goods brought gold and silver coins in return.

Question 24.
Who were the Satavahanas?
Answer:
The Satavahanas were also known the Andhras. After the fall of the Mauryas, they arose in the Deccan.

Question 25.
What were the Jatakas?
Answer:
Collection of stories about the Bodhisattvas were the Jatakas. The Bodhisattvas were holy persons who had lived on earth before the Buddha.

Question 26.
What were the Chaityas?
Answer:
Prayer or meeting halls where the Buddhists worshipped were known as the Chaityas.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was the most famous Saka ruler, and why?
Answer:
Rudradaman-I was the most famous Saka ruler. He ruled in the second century A.D. He did a lot of work that made him the most famous among other Saka rulers. He promoted agriculture by constructing canals and dams. He exempted his subjects from taxes. He drove the Satavahanas out of Central Asia and forced them to settle in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 2.
What do you know about the Indo-Greeks? Name their famous rulers.
Answer:
The Indo-Greeks were the rulers whose forefathers had come from Greece to India. They ruled in Punjab and Kabul Valley Demetrius and Menander were famous Indo-Greek rulers.

Question 3.
Name the countries with which trade was carried on by the merchants of the Satavahana kingdom.
Answer:
The Satavahana kings took great pains to increase trade and make their kingdom prosperous. At that time trade was carried on by the merchants with Persia, Egypt, Iraq, Arabia, Myanmar and Malaya.

Question 4.
What is Gandhara School of Art?
Answer:
With the advent of the Greeks in India, Indian artists and sculptors learnt the Greek art of making the images of Greek and Roman gods. Indian artists working in Gandhara were interested in this new style of sculpture and were influenced by it. The statues of Lord Buddha and scenes from Buddha’s life resembled the Greek style. This type of art came to be known as Gandhara School of Art.

Question 5.
What are the teachings of Christianity?
Answer:
Christianity believes in one God, who is the Almighty. Jesus Christ is the messenger and son of God. Christianity emphasises on love and humanity. It also emphasises on purity of life. Men, according to Christianity, are sons of God and hence they should live a noble life. The souls of the pure-hearted persons will go to heaven and will be united with God.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
What is meant by Chaityas, Stupas and Viharas? Mention the names of the places where these have been found.
Answer:
1. Chaityas. Chaityas were the halls where the Buddhists worshipped or met. These have been mainly found at Karle and Bedsa in the Western Ghats near Pune.

2. Stupas. Stupas were large semi-circle mounds in which were placed the relics of either Lord Buddha or the Buddhist monks. They were sacred to the Buddhists. These have been mainly found at Sanchi (near Bhopal) and Amravati (in Andhra Pradesh).

3. Viharas. Viharas or monasteries were the places where the Buddhist monks lived. Many of the Viharas were built close to big cities so that the monks could go to the cities every morning and beg for alms. The Viharas have been mainly found at Taxila (near Peshawar in Pakistan) and Sarnath (near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh).

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

January 11, 2024January 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 12 The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

SST Guide for Class 7 PSEB Monumental Architecture Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Which are the main temples of Northern India?
Answer:
During the period of 800-1200 A.D., a number of temples were built in North India. The Vishnu temple at Jagannath Puri, Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar, the Sun temple at Konark, the Mahadeva at Khajuraho in Bundelkhand, Tejpal temple at Mount Abu, are the important temples of North India.

Question 2.
Describe the main features of Indian-Muslim architecture?
Answer:
The main features are as follows :

This style was the remix of Turk, Afghan and Indian style.
Many mosques and tombs were built in this style. Pillars, minarets, and domes are the main features of this style.
On the walls of these buildings, writings have been done taken from the holy ‘Quran’.
On the ‘Allai Darwaza’ which was built in the period of Alauddin Khalji, red stone and white marble has been used.
In many buildings pillars have been used.

Question 3.
Which are the temples of the Southern India?
Answer:

Raj Rajeshwar Temple built by Chola King Rajraja.
Gangaikondcholpuram temple built by the Chola king Rajendra I.
The Kailash Temple in Ellora built by Rashtrakuta rulers.
Brihadeshwara Temple in Tanjavur.

Question 4.
Why Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan is calledi the ‘Prince of Builders’?
Answer:
Shah Jahan was very fond of building structures. All the buildings built by him have a special place from the viewpoint of art and beauty. In Agra he built Jahangir Mahal, Rani Jodhabai palace, Moti Masjid of Red Fort and Taj Mahal, etc. Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings of the world and is on the bank of river Yamuna. He built the Red Fort where he built many buildings like Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khas, Moti Masjid, etc. Besides, he also built a throne for himself which was studded with diamonds and is known as Takht-e-Taus. Because of all these features, he is called the ‘Prince of Architecture’.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
The Qutab Minar was completed by _________
Answer:
Qutab-ud-din Aibak/Iltutmish

Question 2.
_________ near Agra, was built by Akbar as his new capital.
Answer:
Fatehpur Sikri

Question 3.
The Buland Darwaja is situated in _________
Answer:
Fatehpur Sikri

Question 4.
Taj Mahal was built by in the memory of _________
Answer:
Shah Jahan/Mumtaz Mahal

Question 5.
Jahangir built _________
Answer:
Akbar’s Tomb in Sikandra.

III. Write True or False for each statement:

Question 1.
Turks and Afghans introduced new styles and techniques of architecture in India.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
The temples at Khajuraho were built by the rulers of the Chandella dynasty.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Ala-ud-din Khalji built a new capital at Siri.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Muhammad Tughlaq built Tughlaqabad.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
The Dravidian style of architecture was used in the Chola temples.
Answer:
True

IV. Activities

Question 1.
Collect pictures of the monumental architecture of the Mughal period and paste them in your notebook.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
Draw the Taj Mahal.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Guide Monumental Architecture Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
A Style of architecture in which roofs, doors and windows made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns was known as
(a) Trabeate
(b) Superstructure
(c) Substructure
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Trabeate.

Question 2.
_________ were attached to the teinples, mosques, tombs and in buildings between 8th and 13th centuries.
(a) Substructures
(b) Baolis
(c) Gardens
(d) Chahar Bagh.
Answer:
(b) Baolis.

Question 3.
Who constructed Kandariya Mahadeva Temple?
(a) Rajarajadeva King
(b) King Srimara Shrivallabha
(c) King Dhangadeva
(d) King Sena-I.
Answer:
(c) King Dhangadeva.

Question 4.
Who destroyed the temple of Somnath?
(a) Muhammad Ghori
(b) Mahmud Ghaznavi
(c) Sena-I
(d) Sena-II.
Answer:
(b) Mahmud Ghaznavi.

Question 5.
Which of these Mughal emperor was personally interested in art and architecture?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Shahjahan
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 6.
Who was a great lover of construction of buildings?
(a) Shahjahan
(b) Mahmud Ghaznavi
(c) Babur
(d) Humayun.
Answer:
(a) Shahjahan.

Question 7.
Who built the Taj Mahal?
(a) Babur
(b) Akbar
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Jahangir.
Answer:
(c) Shahjahan.

Question 8.
Who described his interest in planning and laying out formal gardens, placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels?
(a) Shahjahan
(b) Babur
(c) Akbar
(d) Humayun.
Answer:
(b) Babur.

Question 9.
Who constructed court in Red Fort which emphasised connection between royal justice and imperial court?
(a) Babur
(b) Akbar
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Jahangir.
Answer:
(c) Shahjahan.

Question 10.
Who built the city of Fatehpur Sikri?
(a) Akbar
(b) Shahjahan
(c) Babur
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(a) Akbar.

Match the following columns :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Lingaraja Temple	(i) Bhubneshwar
2. Birhadeshvara Temple	(ii) Delhi
3. Adhai Din Ka Jhonpara	(iii) Fatehpur Sikri
4. Adina Masjid	(iv) Khajuraho
5. Humayun’s Tomb	(v) Madurai
6. Moti Masjid	(vi) Agra.
7. Red Fort	(vii) Tanjavur
8. Taj Mahal	(viii) Ajmer.

Answers :

A	B
1. Lingaraja Temple	(i) Bhubneshwar
2. Birhadeshvara Temple	(vii) Tanjavur
3. Adhai Din Ka Jhonpara	(viii) Ajmer.
4. Adina Mosque	(ii) Delhi
5. Humayun’s Tomb	(ii) Delhi
6. Moti Masjid	(vi) Agra.
7. Red Fort	(ii) Delhi
8. Taj Mahal	(vi) Agra.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which is the largest statue in the world?
Answer:
In Karnataka, a statue of Sharavanbelgola is located at Gomateshvara.

Question 2.
Give a list of temples of North India built from 806-1200 A.D.
Answer:

Jagannath Puri Temple.
Lingaraja Temple of Bhubneshwar.
Sun temple at Konark.
Tejpal Temple at Mount Abu.

Question 3.
Describe briefly the Birhadeshvara temple of Tanjavur.
Answer:
It is a magnificent example of temple construction in South India. This Lord Shiva temple was built by King Raj Raja I. The main door of this temple is known as ‘Gopuram’. Its height is almost 94 meters.

Question 4.
Describe briefly the Kailash temple at Ellora.
Answer:
This temple is a beautiful example of the building art of Rashtrakuta kings. It was built by Rashtrakuta King Krishna I. This temple has been cut out of rocks. This temple is considered one of the wonders of the world.

Question 5.
Name two buildings built by Mughal Emperor Jahangir.
Answer:
In Sikandara he built Akbar’s Tomb and in Agra, he built Itmad-ud-Daulah’s Tomb.

Question 6.
Shah Jahan built many other buildings besides Taj Mahal. Describe briefly.
Answer:
Shah Jahan built the following buildings besides Taj Mahal:
1. Red Fort: It was built by Shah Jahan in Delhi near the banks of Yamuna in 1639. It is made of red stone. In this castle, there are many beautiful buildings called ‘Rang Mahal’, ‘Diwan-i-Aam’, ‘Diwan-i-Khas’, ‘Shah Burj’ and ‘Khwab-Gah’. It has been decorated with valuable stones, diamonds, gold and silver.

2. Moti Masjid: Moti Masjid has been bruit by Shah Jahan in the Red Fort of Agra. It is made of marble and the expenditure was 3 lakh rupees.

3. Musamman Burj: It is also made of marble. It is very beautiful and looks clearly from Taj Mahal.

4. Shahjahanabad: In 1639 A.D., Shah Jahan founded Shahjahanabad. To make this city, skilled workers were brought from far and wide.

5. Jama Masjid: This is one of the biggest mosques of India. It took 10 years to build it.

6. Jahangir’s Tomb: This tomb was built in Shahdara (Pakistan). It was decorated with marble.

7. Peacock Crown Throne of Shah Jahan: It is placed in Diwan-i-Khas. It is known as Takhat-i-Taus. It is made up of marble. It took 7 years to build it and one crore was the expenditure. In 1739 A.D., Nadir Shah took it to Iran.
Besides the above, Delhi’s Shalimar Bagh and Kashmir’s Wazir Bagh are also very famous.

Question 7.
How did regional kingdoms contribute to architecture?
Answer:
In regional kings we can name the Bahmani kings and Vijaynagar kings :

The Bahmani rulers built Jama Masjid, Char Minar, Madrasa of Mahmud Gawan. In Gulbarga, the tomb of Ferozshah is a beautiful example of building style.
The kings from Vijaynagar made Hajara Rama and Vithal Swami Mandir.
Besides Bahmani and Vijaynagar kings the Jaunpur ruler also built important monuments. The Atala mosque built by them is very famous.

Question 8.
Describe the main features of North India’s temples.
Answer:
From 800 to 1200 A.D., many temples were built in north India. The features are as under :

These temples were built in Nagar style. The Khajuraho Temple of Madhya Pradesh is a magnificent piece of Nagar art style.
The Tejpal Temple of Mount Abu in Rajashan and other temples have been built in white marble. These temples show the best artistic skill.
On the internal sidewalls of the temples beautiful statues have been carved. Whereas, outer side walls are plane.

Question 9.
Write short notes on the following :
1. Monuments constructed by Akbar.
Answer:
Monuments constructed by Akbar. Akbar was a lover of architecture. He built many forts and buildings where red stone was used. The buildings built by Akbar include Jama Masjid, Panch Mahal, Diwan-i-Khas and Diwan-i-Aam. After the victory of Gujarat, he built ‘Buland Darwaza’. His buildings are built on the style of Irani and Hindu building style.

2. Importance of temples in South India.
Answer:
Importance of temples in South India :

Raj Rajeshwar Temple built by Chola King Rajraja.
Gangaikondcholpuram temple built by the Chola king Rajendra I.
The Kailash Temple in Ellora built by Rashtrakuta rulers.
Brahdeshwar Temple in Tanjavur.

3. The Taj Mahal.
Answer:
The Taj Mahal. Taj Mahal is the most beautiful building built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. It is located on the banks of river Yamuna. It was built by Shah Jahan in the memory of his beloved wife Begum Mumtaz Mahal. To built the Taj Mahal almost 20,000 workers worked for twenty two years and almost 3 crores were spent as expenditure. Taj Mahal is a beautiful mixture of many building styles. It is made of white marble and decorated with almost 20 types of valuable stones brought from different countries. Because, of its beauty it is counted among the seven wonders of the world.

Question 10.
Make list of the monuments constructed during the Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
The description is as follows :
1. Monuments by the slave dynasty: Qutab-ud-din built a mosque named Quwat- ul-Islam in Delhi. It has writings from the Holy Quran. In Ajmer he built a mosque named Dhai-Din-Ka-Jhompra. He also started the construction of Qutab Minar near Mahroli in Delhi. But because of his death, the construction could not be completed. Afterwards, his successor Iltutmish completed it. The 70-metre high building has five storeys.

2. Monuments in the period of Ala-ud-din Khalji: The ‘Alai Darwaza’ is the most famous building built by Ala-ud-din Khalji. This door is made up of red stone and white marble. Ala-ud-din Khalji also built a palace with 1000 pillars, Hauz-i- Khas, and a mosque named Jamait Khana.

3. Monuments by Tughlaq rulers:

Giasuddin Tughlaq built a city called Tughlaqabad near Delhi.
Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq built a city named Jahanpanah.
The cities founded by Ferozshah Tughlaq include Firozabad, Firoza, Hisar, and Jaunpur. He built many mosques, schools, bridges, etc.

4. Buildings by Lodhis and Sayyid: These Sultans made tombs of Mubarak Shah and Muhammad Shah. The tomb of Sikandar Lodhi, Bara Gumbad, etc, was built during the Lodhi period.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

January 11, 2024January 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581) Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which Guru Ji started the construction work of the Baoli at Goindwal
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(b) Guru Amar Das Ji.
(c) Guru Ram Das Ji
(d) Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
What was the total number of Manjidars?
(a) 20
(b) 21
(c) 22
(d) 23.
Answer:
(c) 22.

Question 3.
To which Guru Sahib did Mughal flmperor Akbar come to meet at Goindwal Sahib?
(a) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(b) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(c) Guru Amar Das Ji
(d) Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 4.
Where did Bhai Lehna Ji go to see Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
(a) Shri Amritsar Sahib
(b) Kartarpur
(c) Goindwal
(d) Lahore.
Answer:
(b) Kartarpur.

Question 5.
To which of his sons did Guru Ram Das Ji entrust the Gurugaddi?
(a) Prithichand
(6) Mahadev
(c) Arjundev
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Arjundev.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji wrote __________ in Gurmukhi script.
Answer:
Bal Bodh

Question 2.
__________ used to visit Haridwar for taking dip in the holy Ganga.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji

Question 3.
__________ constructed Baoli at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji

Question 4.
Shri Guru Ram Das Ji established __________city.
Answer:
Ramdaspur (Amritsar)

Question 5.
The Bani ‘Laavan’ is the famous composition of Guru __________
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

III. Match the following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Baba Buddha Ji	(i) Amrit Sarovar
2. Masand System	(ii) Shri Guru Ram Das Ji
3. Bhai Lehna Ji	(iii) Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji
4. Manji System	(iv) Shri Guru Amar Das Ji

Answer:

A	B
1. Baba Buddha Ji	(iv) Shri Guru Amar Das Ji
2. Masand System	(ii) Shri Guru Ram Das Ji
3. Bhai Lehna Ji	(iii) Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji
4. Manji System	(i) Amrit Sarovar

Differentiate between the following :

Question 1.
Sangat and Pangat
Answer:
Sangat: Sangat is the group of the followers of the Guru who sit together to follow the preachings of the Guru.
Pangat: According to Pangat, all the followers of the Guru used to eat collectively the food made in the common kitchen.

IV. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Lehna was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Gurmukhi?
Answer:
The meaning of Gurmukhi is the words uttered by the Guru. Presently all the religious books of the Sikhs are in this language.

Question 3.
Who was known as a Manjidar?
Answer:
The head of the Manji was known as a Manjidar. They acted as a bridge between Guru Ji and the Sikh Sangat.

Question 4.
What was the old name of Amritsar?
Answer:
The old name of Amritsar was Ramdaspura.

Question 5.
What was the real name of Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Jetha Ji was the real name of Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 6.
What do you understand by Masand System?
Answer:
Guru Ramdass Ji needed a large amount of money to complete the construction work of ponds (Sarovars) of Amritsar and Santokhsar. Therefore, Guru Sahib started Masand System. Guru Sahib deputed his trusted Sikh devotees to go to far off places to spread the message of Sikh religion and collect donations. Such devotees were called Masands. These Masands successfully spread the message of Sikhism and collected large donations. This system played a major role in the spread of Sikh religion to far off places. The Masand system proved to be a link between the Sikh devotees and Guru Sahib and established an emotional bond between them.

V. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Manji System.
Answer:
The Manji System was founded by Guru Amar Das Ji. The number of the Sikh followers had increased immensely by the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. However, Guru Amar Das Ji was very old and it was difficult for him to visit his large spiritual empire of Sikh followers in order to spread his teachings. Hence, Guru Sahib divided his spiritual empire into 22 regions called the Manjis. Each Manji was further divided into Pidees. The Manji System had great significance in the history of Sikh religion.

Question 2.
What was the contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji in the development of Gurmukhi Script?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji made improvements in the Gurumukhi Script. In order to popularise Gurmukhi, Guru Sahib wrote Bal Bodh to help the children learn the alphabet of Gurmukhi. The Gurmukhi was a common language of the people of the region. It helped in the promotion of Sikh religion. All the religious literature of Sikhism is written in Gurmukhi script.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the social reforms of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Ji did the following social reforms :

Guru Amar Das Ji criticised the caste system. Guru Ji believed that caste based differences were against the wishes of the Supreme God. That’s why the langar system of Guru Ji does not keep any discrimination of caste system.
Another social evil of Sati system prevailed during those days. Guru Ji strongly opposed the evil of Sati System.
Guru Ji strongly criticised the Purdah system prevalent among the women. Guru Sahib considered purdah as the main hindrance in the development of society.
Guru Ji was against the use of intoxicants. That is why Guru Ji instructed the Sikhs to remain away from the intoxicants.

Question 4.
Write a note on the founding of Amritsar.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded Ramdaspura. This city is now called Amritsar. Guru Ram Das Ji had started the work of digging of two sarovars (ponds) called Amritsar and Santokhsar in 1577 A.D. Guru Sahib found that it was difficult to look after the work of construction of the ponds from Goindwal. Hence, Guru Sahib decided to camp at the site of construction at Amritsar. His followers started visiting him at his camping sight and some of them also stayed there, which led to the rise of a small township. This township was lovingly named Ramdaspur, Guru Ram Das Ji tried to provide all the amenities to his followers who were staying there because of their devotion to him. Guru Sahib also established a small market there. That market became popular as ‘Market of Guru Ji’ or ‘Guru ka Bazaar’. In this manner, the city became an important place of pilgrimage and trading centre for the Sikhs and contributed in a significant way to the growth of Sikh religion.

VI. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji contributed significantly towards the development of Sikhism. Discuss.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikh religion in 1539 after Guru Nanak Dev Ji. His period proved to be a blessing for the Sikh religion.

Guru Sahib contributed to the development of the Sikh religion in the following manner :
1. Improvement in Gurmukhi Script. Guru Angad Dev Ji made improvement, in Gurmukhi script in order to popularise Gurmukhi. Guru Sahib wanted to help the children learn the alphabet of Gurmukhi. The Gurmukhi was a common language of the people of the region. It helped in the promotion of Sikh religion. All the religious literature of Sikhism is written in Gurmukhi script.

2. The Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji instructed Bhai Bala Ji to write the Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib also collected all the sayings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It helped the Sikhs to follow the true path shown by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib himself also wrote Vani in line with the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

3. The Langar System. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued the Langar system with full devotion. Langar was served to all the people without any distinction based on caste system. It helped in decreasing the feelings of inequality based on caste system and helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion.

4. Separating the Udasis from the Sikhs. The elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Bhai Sri Chand had established the Udasi sect. He’had popularised asceticism (Sanyas). The idea of asceticism was against the fundamental teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear to his followers that the Sikh religion is a religion of householders. There was no place for ascetics (Sanyasis) in it. Guru Sahib declared that those Sikhs, who believed in asceticism, were not true Sikhs. In this manner, by separating Udasis from the Sikh community, Guru Sahib strengthened the Sikh religion.

5. Laid the foundation of Goindwal. Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of Goindwal. This city became an important Sikh religious centre during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. Even today, it is one of the most important religious centres of Sikhism.

6. Enforced Discipline. Guru Angad Dev Ji maintained strict discipline in his Sikh community. He turned out Bhai Satta and Bhai Balwand out of Sikh Sangat for breaking discipline. However, on the request of Bhai Laddha, Guru Sahib pardoned them. This episode served as a warning to the indisciplined elements in the Sikh community.

It is true that Guru Angad Dev Ji had given a distinct identity to the Sikh religion by making improvements in Gurumukhi script. The Sikh followers got their own separate script and language. The langar system freed the Sikh religion from the influence of caste system. It helped Sikh religion to establish its own separate identity different from the Hindu religion. All the credit goes to Guru Angad Dev Ji for all such developments which made Sikh religion a distinct religion.

Question 2.
What is the contribution of Shri Guru Amar Das Ji towards the development of Sikh religion?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji occupies an important place in the history of Sikh religion. The seeds of the religion which Guru Nanak Dev Ji had sowed, sprouted during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji raised a fence around the new religion and saved it from getting absorbed into Hindu religion. Guru Amar Das Ji helped the Sikh community to adopt new customs and traditions in their social life, which developed the real traits of Sikh religion. They were different from the social customs and .traditions of the Hindu religion. No doubt, Guru Sahib was a great divine soul. Payne, a scholar, called him an aggressive reformer. Another scholar has praised Guru Sahib as a genius and a man of justice. It is a historical fact that it was during his period that Sikh religion established its distinctive identity.

A brief survey of the work of Guru Amar Das Ji is as follows :
1. Construction of Baoli at Goindwal. Guru Amar Das Ji completed the construction work of Baoli at Goindwal which was started during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps in the Baoli. Guru Sahib said that a Sikh could get freedom from the cycle of births and deaths covering 84 lakh forms of lives by reciting the hymns of Jupji Sahib on each step. The Baoli of Goindwal became an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.

2. Langar System. Guru Amar Das Ji also made the Langar system popular which helped further in the spread of Sikhism. Guru Sahib made some more rules for Langar System. As per the new rules, whosoever wanted to earn the benefit of participation in Sangat, he must partake Langar with the rest of the Sangat before joining it in the presence of Guru Sahib. While partaking food in the Langar, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishs, Shudras, Kings, common men and people of all castes and tribes sat in one row and partook food.

Langar system propagated the message of Sikh religion in a more forceful and effective manner. It ended the discrimination based on castes. It developed the feelings of unity and equality in the Sikh Sangat. As a consequence, it bound the Sikhs into a strong bond of unity.

3. Collection of the Sayings of Guru Sahiban. Guru Angad Dev collected the true Vani’ of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and added his own Vani’ also. Guru Angad Dev Ji entrusted the sacred collection to Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji also composed his ‘Vani’ and added to the collection. In this manner, the true ‘Vani’ was preserved in a pure form and later found place in the ‘Adi Granth Sahib’. The grandson of Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji accomplished the ultimate task.

4. Manji System. The number of followers of Sikhism had increased manifold by the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji found it difficult to reach all his disciples who were spread over a large area. Guru Sahib divided his spiritual territory into 22 regions. Each region was called a ‘Manji’. Each Manji was a centre of religious preaching and Guru Sahib appointed learned and reliable Sikh devotees to control each Manji.

The establishment of Manji system was an important step in the systematic organisation of the Sikh religion. G.C. Narang in his book ‘Transformation of Sikhism’, remarks that the introduction of Manji System by Guru Sahib, had strengthened the Sikh religion and contributed to the spread of Guru’s divine message in different regions of the country in a more effective way.

5. Separation of Sikhs from the Udasis. The Udasi sect of Bhai Sri Chand had also become popular in the early period of Guru Amar Das Ji’s Guru-gaddi. There was a possibility of Sikh religion losing its identity by being merged with the Udasi sect. It is recognised by. many historians that Guru Amar Das Ji had judged the situation and strongly spoken against the main principles of asceticism of Udasi sect, which were against the principles of Sikh religion as founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji helped the Sikh Sangat to understand clearly that they would not be able to become true Sikhs, if they adopted the principles of Udasi sect. In this manner, because of the efforts of Guru Amar Das Ji, the Sikh religion maintained its separate identity and flourished.

6. Separate Sikh Ceremonies. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to discontinue useless customs and traditions. Among the Hindus, it was a tradition of weeping and crying over the death of one’s near ones. Guru Sahib advised his disciples to meditate on God in such situations in one’s life instead , of performing useless ceremonies and rites. Guru Sahib also started a new ceremony for marriage, which was called Anand Karaj.

7. Composition of Anand Sahib. Guru Sahib composed a new Vani which is called ‘Anand Sahib’. Anand Sahib ended the importance of Vedic hymns for the Sikhs and gave them their own sacred literature.

Thus, the period of Guru Amar Das Ji’s Guru-gaddi and his sacred literature occupy the most important place in the history of Sikh religion. Guru Sahib constructed a Baoli, introduced Manji System, elaborated the Langar System, and introduced new traditions and customs in the Sikh religion which was well-organised during his days.

Question 3.
What is the contribution of Shri Guru Ram Das Ji towards the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
The fourth Guru Sahib of Sikh religion was Guru Ram Das Ji. Guru Sahib made the contribution to the growth of Sikh religion given ahead :
1. Laid the foundation of Amritsar City. Guru Ram Das Ji laid on the land bought during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji, the foundation of a city called Ramdaspur. Presently, it is called Amritsar. In 1577, when Guru Sahib started construction work on the two ponds (Sarovars) called Amritsar and Santokhsar, he found that it was not easy to supervise the construction of ponds from Goindwal. Guru Sahib encamped at the construction site. His Sikh devotees also came after him and pitched their tents around the ponds.

The camping place developed into a small settlement. That settlement became popular as Ramdaspur. Guru Sahib wanted to provide every facility to his devotees who had followed him to the place out of love for him. Guru Sahib, therefore, invited 52 merchants belonging to 52 different trades and provided all the things required by the settlers. They set up a type of Bazaar which is now called Guru Ka Bazaar. The city soon acquired the status of an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. They stopped visiting the places of Hindu pilgrimage.

2. Introduction of Masand System. Guru Ram Das Ji needed a large amount of money to complete the construction work of ponds (Sarovars) of Amritsar and Santokhsar. Therefore, Guru Sahib started Masand System. Guru Sahib deputed his trusted Sikh devotees to go to far off places to spread the message of Sikh religion and collect donations. Such devotees were called Masands. These Masands successfully spread the message of Sikhism and collected large donations. This system played a major role in the spread of Sikh religion to far off places. The Masand system proved to be a link between the Sikh devotees and Guru Sahib and established an emotional bond between them.

3. End of the Conflict with the Udasis. Guru Angad Dev Ji and Guru Amar Das Ji had separated Udasi sect from the Sikh community but Guru Ram Das Ji adopted a kind attitude towards the Udasi sect. According to a tradition, once Bhai Sri Chand, the founder of Udasi sect came to meet Guru Ram Das Ji. During his meeting, Bhai Sri Chand asked Guru Sahib that why he had kept a long beard. Guru Sahib gave an answer full of humility when he said that his beard was meant to dust the feet of great personalities like Bhai Sri Chand. Bhai Sri Chand was highly impressed by the answer of Guru Sahib and he accepted Guru Sahib as superior to him. In this manner, the conflict between the Udasi sect and the Sikh community ended. It immensely helped in the spread of Sikh religion.

Question 4.
How did Sikhism flourish with the establishment of the new cities and the new traditions by the Gurus?
Answer:
The Guru Sahiban founded many cities for the spread of the Sikh religion and prosperity of their devotees. One of the main aims of founding the new cities was to provide separate places of pilgrimage to the Sikhs which could be exclusively used by them for the fulfilment of their religious needs.

They created a spirit of unity among them. A brief survey of the cities founded during the Guru periods is as given ahead :
1. Goindwal. Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of Goindwal. The city started developing as a religious centre since 1546, the year of its foundation. Guru Sahib entrusted the development of the city to his follower Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji had constructed Baoli Sahib during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Gradually, Goindwal became an important religious centre for the Sikhs. Presently, it is one of the most important and sacred religious places for the Sikhs.

2. Ramdaspur. Guru Ram Das Ji laid the foundation of Ramdaspur. Presently, it is called Amritsar. In 1577, Guru Sahib started work on the two ponds (Sarovars) called Amritsar and Santokhsar. Guru Sahib found that it was not easy to supervise the work of construction of the ponds from Goindwal. So Guru Sahib camped at the construction site. His Sikh devotees also came after him and pitched their tents around the ponds. The camping place developed into a small settlement. That settlement became popular as Ramdaspur. Guru Sahib was anxious to provide every facility to his devotees who had followed him to the place out of love for him. Guru Sahib, therefore, invited 52 merchants belonging to 52 different trades, and provided all the necessary things of daily life to the settlers. A type of bazaar sprang up which is now called Guru Ka Bazaar. The city soon became an important centre of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. They stopped visiting the places of Hindu pilgrimage.

3. Tarn Taran. Guru Arjan Dev Ji laid the foundation of the city of Tarn Taran in the region surrounded by the rivers Beas and Ravi. Guru Sahib had laid its foundation in 1590. The city of Tarn Taran has great importance in the history of Sikhs. Tarn Taran is a very important centre of pilgrimage just like Amritsar. Thousands of Sikh pilgrims come to take a dip in the Sarovar (tank) at Tarn Taran regularly. The city attracted the Jats of Majha region who hecame the followers of the Sikh religion. The Jats of Majha region recorded their name in the history of the region for their valour and courage which they demonstrated in the battles from time to time.

4. Kartarpur. In 1593, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded a city in Jalandhar Doab and named it Kartarpur, meaning a ‘City of God’. Guru Sahib also got dug a well at Kartarpur which became popular as Gangsar. The city became a major centre of preaching of Sikh religion for Jalandhar Doab region.

5. Hargobindpur and Chheratta. In order to celebrate the birth of his son Hargobind Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded a city on the banks of river Beas and called it Hargobindpur. In addition to that, Guru Sahib got dug a well near Amritsar to overcome the shortage of water in the region. Guru Sahib got manufactured six pulleys (rehat) to draw water from the well. Therefore, the city became popular as Chheratta while referring to the six pulleys. Gradually, the settlement at Chheratta grew into a city and it still reminds us of the activities of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

6. Chak Nanaki. Guru Hargobind Ji laid the foundation of Chak Nanaki near Kiratpur. Guru Sahib had bought land for this city on June 19, 1665 for Rs. 500.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581) Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which Guru laid the foundation of Baoli at Goindwal?
(a) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(b) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(c) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(d) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
Guru Ram Das Ji founded the city of
(a) Amritsar
(b) Jalandhar
(c) Kiratpur Sahib
(d) Goindwall Sahib.
Answer:
(a) Amritsar.

Question 3.
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru in A.D.
(a) 1479
(b) 1539
(c) 1548
(d) 1670.
Answer:
(b) 1539.

Question 4.
Guru Angad Dev Ji left this world in A.D.
(a) 1552
(b) 1538
(c) 1546
(d) 14 1$,
Answer:
(a) 1552.

Question 5.
Guru Amar Das Ji left this world in A.D.
(a) 1564
(b) 1538
(c) 1546
(d) 1574.
Answer:
(d) 1574.

Question 6.
Which Guru Sahib made Guru-gaddi hereditary?
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji
(c) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
(d) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
The earlier name of Guru __________ was Bhai Lehna.
Answer:
Angad Sahib

Question 2.
__________ was the fourth Guru of Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji

Question 3.
Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of
Answer:
Goindwal

Question 4.
The Mughal Emperor met Guru Amar Das Ji at Goindwal.
Answer:
Akbar

Question 5.
__________ was the third Guru of Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji

Question 6.
Udasi Sect was started by __________ the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Baba Srichand

Question 7.
Manji System was established by __________
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the Guru who was earlier known as Bhai Lehna Ji.
Answer:
Bhai Lehna Ji was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
Define Langar System.
Answer:
The Langar System or Pangat refers to that tradition by which all the people without any distinction, like caste, religion, etc. sat in one row and partook food. Guru Amar Das Ji had made a rule according to which no body would come in his presence without first partaking food in the Pangat.

Question 3.
Name the Guru who laid the foundation of Baoli at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev ji laid the foundation of a large well (Baoli) in Goindwal.

Question 4.
Name the Guru whom Akhar visited.
Answer:
Akbar Met Guru Amar Das Ji at Goindwal.

Question 5.
Write two objectives of the Masand System.
Answer:
The two aims of Masand System were as follows :
1. To collect the donations for the development work relating to Sikh religion.
2. To organise the Sikhs.

Question 6.
Who was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs? Which city was founded by him?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs and Guru Sahib built the city of Ramdaspur (Amritsar).

Question 7.
What do you know about Langar System?
Answer:
The Langar System or Pangat was started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued the system with full devotion. This system proved to be a powerful agency for popularising the Sikh religion.

Question 8.
What was preached by Guru Angad Dev Ji to the Sikhs through the Sangat System?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji gave the message of peace and brotherhood and dealt a severe blow to the caste system among the Sikhs.

Question 9.
What was the contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji towards Langar system?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji further promoted the Langar system or Pangat, which was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. This system worked with the voluntary support of his Sikh followers. Bibi Khiwi, wife of Guru Angad Dev Ji, managed the Pangat System with full devotion.

Question 10.
Write about the wrestling grounds established by Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji believed that the physical fitness was essential for the intellectual development of the Sikhs. That’s why he established wrestling grounds.

Question 11.
What do you know about Goindwal Sahib?
Answer:
The city of Goindwal is situated on the bank of river Beas. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed here a baoli, a large oblong tank of water. In the course of time, Goindwal became an important centre of Sikh pilgrimage.

Question 12.
Write the views of Guru Amar Das Ji about Caste System.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji was strongly against untouchability and discrimination based on Caste System (Jati System).

Question 13.
What were the views of Guru Amar Das Ji about the Sati System?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji strongly criticised the practice of Sati.

Question 14.
How was Goindwal Sahib founded by Guru Amar Das Ji? How was it different from other religious places?
Answer:
Goindwal was different from the other religious places in many ways.

The city was built with the voluntary service (Kar sewa) of the Sikhs.
The Sikh devotees had no faith in the worship of any god or goddess or any priest in the city.

Question 15.
What reforms did Guru Amar Das Ji introduce for marriage, birth and death ceremonies?
Answer:

Guru Amar Das Ji replaced the ceremony of Pheras (going around the fire pit in Hindu marriage) with the ceremony of Lavan in Sikh marriage.
Guru Sahib started the ceremony of singing the ‘Anand Vani’ at the time of birth and marriage.

Question 16.
Write about the importance of Ramdaspur or Amritsar.
Answer:
The Sikhs got their own city of pilgrimage and an important business centre with the founding of Ramdaspur or Amritsar.

Question 17.
Write about the importance of the meeting between Guru Ram Das Ji and the Mughal emperor Akbar.
Answer:
Friendly relations developed between Guru Ram Das Ji and Akbar when Akbar met Guru Sahib at Goindwal.

Question 18.
Name the parents of Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
The name of father of Guru Angad Dev Ji was PheTuman and name of the mother was Sabrai Devi.

Question 19.
To whom was Bhai Lehna married?
Answer:
Bhai Lehna (Guru Angad Dev Ji) was married to Bibi Khivi.

Question 20.
Who established the Udasi Sect?
Answer:
Baba Sri Chand, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, established the Udasi Sect.

Question 21.
Which place was the centre of religious activities of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Khadoor Sahib in Amritsar district.

Question 22.
Where and when was Guru Amar Das Ji born?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji was born in 1479 A.D. in village Basarke in district Amritsar.

Question 23.
Describe one difficulty which Guru Amar Das Ji faced on occupying Guru-gaddi.
Answer:
He was faced with the opposition of Bhai Dattu and Bhai Dasu.

Question 24.
How many children did Guru Amar Das Ji have?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had two sons and two daughters.

Question 25.
How many steps were constructed in the Baoli (Large Well) at Goindwal?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji got constructed 84 steps in the Baoli at Goindwal.

Question 26.
Which Guru Sahib had started Manji System?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had started the Manji System.

Question 27.
Write about any one major contributions of Guru Amar Das Ji for the spread of Sikh religion.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji got completed the construction of Goindwal.

Question 28.
Which three festivals were selected by Guru Amar Das Ji for the Sikh community to celebrate?
Answer:
Baisakhi, Maghi, and Diwali.

Question 29.
When did Guru Amar Das Ji make the final union with the Divine Power?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji made the final union with the Divine Power in 1574.

Question 30.
Who had made the Guru-gaddi hereditary?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji declared that after Guru Ram Das Ji, the Guru-gaddi will be hereditary.

Question 31.
What was the name of the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
The name of the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji was Bibi Bhani.

Question 32.
Write about any one important contribution made by Guru Ram Das Ji for the spread of Sikh religion.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded and developed the holy city of Amritsar.

Question 33.
What was the earlier name of the holy city of Amritsar?
Answer:
The earlier name of the holy city of Amritsar was Ramdaspur.

Question 34.
Write the names of two Sarovars (Large ponds) constructed by Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji got dug two Sarovars namely Santokhsar and Amritsar.

Question 35.
By what name did the bazaar founded by Guru Ram Das Ji around Amritsar become famous?
Answer:
“Guru ka Bazaar”.

Question 36.
Who started Langar System?
Answer:
Langar system was started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. .

Question 37.
Name the fourth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 38.
Which Guru started the Masand System?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 39.
For which two occasions, Guru Amar Das Ji started new special customs?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji started the ceremony of singing the ‘Anand Vani’ at the time of birth and marriage.

Question 40.
Write any one work done by Guru Amar Das Ji to spread Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji started the construction work of a Baoli in Goindwal.

Question 41.
Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to celebrate which three festivals?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to celebrate Baisakhi, Maghi and Diwali. .

Question 42.
Where did the Sikhs collect to celebrate their festival during the times of Guru Amar Das Ji?
Answer:
They collected at Goindwal.

Question 43.
When did Guru Amar Das Ji leave this world?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji left this world in 1574 A.D.

Question 44.
To which family did Guru Amar Das Ji give Guru-gaddi?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji gave Guru-gaddi to the Sodhi family of Guru Ram Das Ji and Bibi Bhani Ji.

Question 45.
Name the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
Bibi Bhani was the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 46.
Give the names of the sons of Guru .Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji had three sons—Prithi Chand, Mahadev and Arjan Dev.

Question 47.
Write any one function done by Guru Ram Das Ji to spread Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded the city of Amritsar which became the most important pilgrimage place of the Sikhs.

Question 48.
What was the earlier name of Amritsar?
Answer:
Ramdaspur was the earlier name of Amritsar.

Question 49.
What was the reason behind founding ‘Guru ka Bazaar’ by Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
Guru Ji wanted to make Amritsar self-reliant. So, Guru Ji invited 52 different traders and founded this Bazaar.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did Guru Angad Dev Ji separate the Sikhs from the Udasi Sect?
Answer:
Bhai Sri Chand, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, had founded the Udasi sect. He praised the life of an ascetic (monk or sanyasi). This idea of spiritual ascetic life was against the fundamental teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear to the Sikhs that the Sikh religion was a religion of the householders and not of the monks who broke the family ties for their spiritual life.

There was no place for ascetics in the Sikh religion. Guru Sahib also declared that a Sikh who adopted a life of an ascetic was not a true Sikh. In this manner, Guru Sahib separated the Sikhs from the Udasis and consolidated the foundations of Sikh religion.

Question 2.
What reforms were introduced in marriage ceremonies by Guru Amar Das Ji?
Answer:
At the time of Guru Amar Das Ji, the influence of caste system was dominating the people of Punjab. The people considered it against their religion to marry outside one’s own caste. Guru Sahib believed that such a tradition had divided the people. Guru Sahib instructed his Sikh followers to break the caste barriers and permitted inter-caste marriages. Guru Sahib also reformed the marriage ceremonies. Guru Sahib started the ceremony of Lavan in place of Pheras. Bhai Jetha Ji (Guru Ram Das Ji) wrote the Lavans on the advice of Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 3.
Describe the Baoli Sahib (water source) at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji completed the work of construction of the Baoli at Goindwal, which was started during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps in the Baoli. Guru Sahib told his Sikh followers that whosoever would recite the hymns of ‘Jupji Sahib’ with full devotion on each of the 84 steps, he would become free from the cycle of births and deaths covering 84 lakh types of lives (Yonis) and achieve Moksha (Salvation). Indu Bushan Banerjee says that the Baoli played a significant role in the history of Sikh religion. The Baoli of Goindwal became a popular place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. The Gurudwara Baoli Sahib stands there. ,

Question 4.
Write about the Anand Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had composed fresh Vani called Anand Sahib. Guru Sahib had composed the Anand Sahib at the time of birth Of his grandson named Anand. It has forty hymns. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed his Sikh followers to sing Anand Sahib on the happy occasions in their fives like birth, marriage or any other similar occasion. After the composition of Anand Sahib, the need of Vedic hymns for Sikh community completely ended. The Sikhs sing the hymns of Anand Sahib on the occasions of happiness in their fives upto this day.

Question 5.
Write about the agreement between the Sikhs and the Udasis.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji and Guru Amar Das Ji had successfully kept the Sikhs away from the Udasi sect. However, Guru Ram Das Ji adopted an attitude of humility and kindness towards the Udasis. It is said that once Bhai Sri Chand, the organiser of the Udasi sect came to meet Guru Ram Das Ji. On meeting Guru Sahib, Bhai Sri Chand asked, “Why have you kept such a long beard 7” Guru Sahib humbly replied, “It is meant to clean the feet of great persons like you.” The answer touched the heart of Bhai Sri Chand and the overwhelmed Bhai Sri Chand immediately accepted the superiority of Guru Ram Das Ji. In this manner, the decades long conflict between the Udasis and the Sikhs ended.

Question 6.
Describe the Baolis (water sources) constructed during the times of Guru Sahibs.
Answer:
During the period of Sikh Guru Sahiban, the following large wells (Baolis) were constructed.
1. The Baoli at Goindwal: The construction of Baoli at Goindwal was completed by Guru Amar Das Ji. The foundation stone of the Baoli was laid by Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps leading to the water level in the large well. Guru Sahib further instructed his Sikh followers that whosoever recited the hymns of Jupji Sahib with full devotion on each of the 84 steps, he would become free from the cycle of births and deaths.

2. The Baoli at Lahore : Guru Arjan Dev Ji constructed a large well in Dubbi Bazaar at Lahore. The Baoli at Lahore became an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.

Question 7.
Throw light on any four measures taken by Guru Angad Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikhs after Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s demise in 1539. His period proved to be a blessing for the rise of Sikhism.

Guru Sahib contributed to the rise of Sikhism by doing the following works :

Improvement of Gurmukhi Script. Guru Angad Dev Ji made improvements in the Gurmukhi script. In order to popularise Gurmukhi, Guru Sahib wrote ‘Bal Bodh’ to help children to learn the alphabet of Gurmukhi.
The Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and other Writings. Guru Angad
Dev Ji instructed Bhai Bala Ji to write a Janam-Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib also collected all the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It helped the Sikhs to know the true instructions of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji also wrote his own Vani in line with the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Langar System. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued Langar system with full devotion. It helped in reducing the ill-feelings based on caste system among the people and helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion.
Founding of Goindwal. Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of Goindwal. This city became an important Sikh religious centre during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. Even today, it is one of the most important religious centres of Sikhism.

Question 8.
How was the institution of Guru and Sikh (Guru and his follower) established?
Answer:
A brotherhood of Sikh community had been fully evolved before the final union of Guru Nanak Dev Ji with the Divine Power. Guru Nanak Dev Ji took special care to perpetuate the Sikh community. Guru Sahib appointed his most devoted follower Bhai Lehna as his successor before he breathed his last. Bhai Lehna ascended the Guru-gaddi under the name Guru Angad Dev Ji after the final union of Guru Nanak Dev Ji with the Divine Power. In this manner, Guru-Sikh tradition was evolved and gradually it was firmly established. The tradition of Guru Panth (Guruship of Guru-gaddi) became the most revered institution in the history of Sikh religion.

Question 9.
Why had Guru Nanak Dev Ji appointed Bhai Lehna to Guru-gaddi in place of his own sons by completely setting aside their claims?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji had two sons, named Baba Sri Chand and Baba Lakshmi Chand. Guru Sahib did not appoint either of them to Guru-gaddi. Guru Sahib preferred to appoint his devoted follower Bhai Lehna as his successor to Guru-gaddi.

Guru Sahib had special reasons to turn down the claims of his sons to Guru-gaddi, which were as follow :
1. A perfect householder’s life for a Sikh was one of the important principles of the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. However, Baba Sri Chand was an ascetic and Baba Lakshmi Chand was too worldly. On the other hand, Bhai Lehna had sincerely followed the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and lived a life of a perfect householder.

2. The humility and service to the Guru with complete devotion were the core principles of the creed of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Baba Sri Chand was devoid of these very qualities in his personality. On the other hand, Bhai Lehna was a perfect model of humility and complete surrender to Guru Sahib.

3. Guru Nanak Dev Ji did not believe in the superiority of the Vedas, Shashtras and the Brahmin class. Guru Sahib did not consider Sanskrit as a sacred language. However, Baba Sri Chand Ji had deep faith in Sanskrit language, the Vedas and the Shastras.

Question 10.
Describe the position of Langar System and its importance during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
The expansion and promotion of Langar System by Guru Angad Dev Ji had beneficial results. The Langar System became an important and effective method of propagation of Sikh religion. Secondly, it turned up as an institution for the shelter of the poor people and thirdly, it became a powerful agency for preaching and popularity of the principles of Sikh religion. There were already numerous similar institutions which worked on charity of some individuals but Langar system was probably the first institution of its own kind which depended on the collective donations and gifts of the whole Sikh community. It ended the feelings of high and low rooted in the principles of caste system and inculcated the feelings of unity and brotherhood among the members of the Sikh community.

Question 11.
Which incident of the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji revealed Guru Sahib as a strict disciplinarian?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji set an effective example of discipline in the Sikh community for his devotees. According to the oral history, there were two famous players of Rabab (a string musical instrument) named Satta and Balwant in the service of Guru Sahib. Both of them became proud of their artistic skills and started overlooking the instructions of Guru Sahib. They also started boasting that the popularity of Guru Sahib was due to their mastery over ragas and way of singing of the Guru Vani. They even went to the extent of claiming that the popularity of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was due to the melodies of Mardana. Guru Sahib banished them from his place due to their indiscipline and overbearing attitude. However, on the pleading of his devoted follower Bhai Laddha, Guru Sahib pardoned them. It left a deep impression on the minds of the Sikhs. Consequently, the importance of discipline was honoured in Sikh religion very strictly.

Question 12.
How did Guru Amar Das Ji become the follower of Guru Angad Dev Ji? How had Guru Amar Das Ji received the Guru-gaddi?
Answer:
Before adopting Sikh religion, Bhai Amar Das, one day got a chance to listers to divine Vani of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, which was being sung by Bibi Amro, the daughter of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji was so impressed and captivated by the divine hymns that he immediately sought the audience of Guru Angad Dev Jf and adopted Guru Angad Dev Ji as his Guru. From then onwards, Guru Amar Das Ji stayed with Guru Angad Dev Ji at Hradoor Sahib from 1541 to 1552 and devoted himself completely to the service of Guru Angad Dev Ji. During the chilly winter of Punjab plains, Bhai Amar Das Ji used to fetch water in an earthen pitcher from the river Beas for the bath of Guru Angad Dev Ji early in the morning.

Once on his way back to Guru Sahib’s house, Bhai Amar Das Ji stepped on a thorn and stumbled. The pitcher fell making a loud noise. A sleeping woman, a wife of a washerman on the way side of his path, was awakened from her sleep and lamented with a taunt that the old man might be the homeless Amro. Guru Angad Dev Ji learnt about this” episode. Guru Sahib immediately called Bhai Amar Das Ji in his presence and ordained, “From now on Amar Das shall not remain homeless, rather he shall be a shelter to numerous homeless.” In March 1552, Guru Angad Dev Ji appointed Guru Amar Das Ji as his successor. In this way, Guru Amar Das Ji became the third Sikh Guru.

Question 13.
Describe the progress of Langar System during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji introduced some new rules for Langar system. According to the new rules, no one was expected to join the Sangat of Guru Sahib without partaking food in the Langar. The women, who served in the Langar, were not allowed to observe Purdah. It is said that even Emperor Akbar took food in the Langar following all the rules before meeting Guru Amar Das Ji. The Langar was open to people from all the sections of the society without any consideration of religion, caste and tribe.

The Brahmans, Kshtriyas, Vaish, lower castes and people of all other castes sat together and partook food served equally to all. It gave a strong blow to the caste, colour, and racial considerations, which were quite dominating at that time. It developed the feeling of equality among the followers of Guru Sahib. No doubt, Langar system had definitely bound the Sikh community in a common bond of unity and brotherhood and developed the feeling of equality among them thereby.

Question 14.
Describe the progress of Manji System during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji introduced the Manji System. The number of the Sikhs had increased tremendously by his times. However, Guru Sahib was quite advanced in age and he, therefore, found it difficult to peach his Sikhs spread far and wide in order to preach his teachings. Hence, Guru Sahib divided his religious domain into 22 provinces. Each province was called ‘Manji’. Each ‘Manji’ was further divided into local centres called ‘Piris’. The Manji System played an important part in the history of Sikh religion. G.C. Narang is of the view that the contribution of Guru Sahib Ji to Manji System consolidated the base of Sikh religion and facilitated in a great way the spread of Sikh religion in all parts of the country.

Question 15.
“Guru Amar Das Ji was a great social reformer.” Give any four arguments in support of this statement.
Answer:

Guru Sahib strongly criticised the principles of Caste system. Guru Sahib declared that the class differences were totally unacceptable to Supreme God. Ther ” re, no caste or class considerations were observed in Langar System.
The practice of Sati was very common in the times of Guru Sahib. Guru Sahib strongly condemned the evil of Sati.
Guru Sahib also denounced the prevailing Purdah system in very strong terms. Guru Sahib considered Purdah a great hindrance in the growth of society.
Guru Sahib instructed his Sikh followers to keep away from the use of intoxicants.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the social reforms introduced by Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
During the times of Guru Amar Das Ji, the society was suffering from many social evils. Guru Amar Das Ji was fully aware df those shortcomings and brought about numerous social reforms.

The main achievements of Guru Amar Das Ji in the field of social reforms are as follow :
1. Criticism of Caste System. Guru Amar Das Ji made efforts to end the evils in the society caused by caste system. Wherever Guru Sahib went, he criticised the differences among the social groups based on caste system. Guru Sahib was of the view that those caste differences were against the wishes of Supreme God and a hindrance in the way of social development. The 19th century leaders of social reform movements had the same views and all their activities to reform social condition were similar to what Guru Amar Das Ji did in the 16th century.

2. Opposed to Untouchability. Guru Amar Das Ji made successful efforts to end untouchability. No untouchability or Jati considerations were permitted and observed in the Langar. People of all castes, tribes and social status sat together and partook food with brotherly feelings. It is said that Emperor Akbar and Raja of Hamirpur partook food in the Langar according to the rules laid down by Guru Amar Das Ji.

3. Supported Widow Remarriage. Widow remarriage was not permitted during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. The widows were forced to live a miserable life after the death of their husbands. Guru Amar Das Ji strongly supported widow remarriage and tried to secure a respectable position for women in the society.

4. Condemnation of the Practice of Sati. Another most shameful social evil was the custom of Sati. The historians believe that it was Guru Amar Das Ji who had raised a voice of protest against the custom of Sati for the first time in the history of India. Even Akbar borrowed the idea of taking some measures against the practice of Sati from Guru Sahib. Guru Sahib declared that a woman was not a true Sati who had burnt herself alive on the pyre of her husband. Guru Sahib opined that a true Sati could be a woman who lived her life in the memory of her dead husband. For that, the widow should lead a highly moral life and purity and spend her time in praying to God.

5. Criticism of Purdah System. Guru Amar Das Ji strongly criticised the Purdah System prevalent among the women. Guru Sahib considered purdah as the main hindrance in the development of society. Guru Sahib did not permit purdah for women who volunteered to serve the Langar and wanted to participate in Sangat.

6. Criticism of the Use of the Intoxicants. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to remain away from the intoxicants. In one of his ‘Shabads’, Guru Sahib has strongly criticized the use of liquor. Guru Amar Das Ji guided his followers to pray for forgiveness and become addicted to the spirit of Name. Guru Sahib condemned the addiction to intoxicants. Guru Sahib suggested an alternative of seeking enjoyment in social service.

7. Promotion ojf Brotherhood among the Sikhs through New Festivals.
Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikh Sangat to celebrate three main festivals, i.e. Maghi, Diwali, and Baisakhi in a new way. On the advice of Guru Sahib, the Sikh Sangat used to gather around the house of Guru Sahib and celebrated those festivals as he directed. This reform played a major role in uniting the Sangat in a strong bond of brotherhood.

8. New Ceremonies concerning Birth and Death. Guru Amar Das Ji also started new and distinctive ceremonies for birth, marriage, and death for the Sikhs. Those ceremonies are different from the ceremonies of the Hindus. There was no need of the assistance of the Brahmins in performing those ceremonies. These reforms played a major role in imparting a separate identity to the Sikh religion.

It is a historical fact that the reforms undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji had given new strength to the Sikh religion.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1b Punjab: Size and Location

January 10, 2024January 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 1b Punjab: Size and Location Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1b Punjab: Size and Location

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Punjab: Size and Location Textbook Questions and Answers

Map Work :

Show in an outline map of Punjab:
(i) Six districts of Punjab adjoining the international border.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

(ii) The capital and 22 District headquarters of Punjab.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

Objective Type Questions :
Answer the following questions in a single word to one sentence length :

Question 1.
What is literary meaning of word Punjab?
Answer:
The word Punjab is made up of two Persian words-Punj and Aab which mean five rivers.

Question 2.
Give full form of PEPSU.
Answer:
Patiala and East Punjab States Union.

Question 3.
What are Latitudinal and Longitudinal extent of Punjab?
Answer:
The Latitudinal extent of Punjab is 29°30′ N to 32°32′ N and its Longitudinal extent is 73° 55′ E to 76°50′ E.

Question 4.
What are ancient names of Ravi, Beas and Satluj?
Answer:
Purushivi, Vipasha and Satudari are the ancient names of Ravi, Beas and Satluj respectively.

Question 5.
Which of the following districts do not touch International boundary?
(i) Pathankot
(ii) Faridkot
(iii) Fazilka
(iv) Taran Taran.
Answer:
Faridkot.

Question 6.
Which Pair among the following is not correct :
(i) Batala : Agricultural Implements Industry
(ii) Jalandhar : Sports Material in Industry
(iii) Abohar : Musical Instruments Industry
(iv) Gobindgarh : Iron Furnaces Industry
Answer:
Abohar : Musical instruments Industry.

Short Answer Questions :
Give short answers for the following Questions:

Question 1.
Name any six non-private Universities of Punjab and their place of location.
Answer:

Guru Nanak Dey University-Amritsar
I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University-Kapurthala
Punjab University-Chandigarh
Punjab Agriculture University-Ludhiana
Central University of Punjab-Bathinda.
Punjabi University-Patiala.

Question 2.
What is the geographical location of Punjab and its neighbourhood?
Answer:
Present Punjab is extended from 29°30’ North Latitude to 32°32 North Latitude and 73°55’ East Longitude to 76°50’ East Longitude. Total geographical area of Punjab is 50,362 Sq. km which is 1.6 % of India’s total area. Punjab holds 20th position among Indian states from geographical point of view. Present Punjab is situated in the north-east of Punjab. Pakistan is in its north direction and Himachal Pradesh is in north-east direction. Haryana is situated in its south and Rajasthan is situated in its south-west direction.

Question 3.
How many divisions, districts, tehsils and blocks are there in Punjab?
Answer:
There are 5 divisions, 22 districts, 91 tehsils and 150 blocks in Punjab.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1b Punjab Size and Location 1

Question 4.
Write a note on PEPSU.
Answer:
The complete name of PEPSU is Patiala and East Punjab States Union. It was constituted on 15th July, 1948 by combining the principalities of Patiala, Nabha, Malerkotla, Jind, Kapurthala, Nalagarh and Kalsia. In 1956, all the Indian states were reorganised and PEPSU was added into Punjab.

Question 5.
If we want to go to Fazilka from Pathankot without touching any border district, what way shall you follow?
Answer:
For this, we have to cross through the following districts : Pathankot → Hoshiarpur → Kapurthala → Moga → Faridkot → Shri Muktsar sahib → Fazilka.

Long Answer Questions :
Answer the following Questions in detail:

Question 1.
Introduce with geographical history of Punjab.
Answer:
The boundaries of the Punjab territory varied from time to time throughout its history.

According to the Rig-Veda, the boundaries of Punjab included the regions covered by the rivers Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Satluj and Saraswati.
During the Mauryan and Kushan periods, the boundaries of Punjab extended upto Hindukush mountain ranges and Taxila.
During the Sultanate period (1206-1526), the boundaries of Punjab extended from Lahore to Peshawar, During the Mughal period (1526-1707), the Punjab was divided into two provinces, namely, Lahore Suba and Multan Suba.
During the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the boundaries of Punjab extended from the river Satluj to Peshawar.
The British named the territory of Lahore kingdom of Maharaja Dalip Singh (son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh) as the Punjab after annexing it to the British Indian Empire.
After the partition of India, a major part of the Punjab was transferred to Pakistan.
On the basis- of language, Punjab was divided into three states namely Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

Question 2.
Give summarised information about any five districts falling in malwa region.
Answer:
The description of major districts of Malwa region is given below :

Barnala. Once Barnala was a part of the Patiala kingdom. In 2006, it was made a separate district. According to census survey of 2011, Barnala was the least populated district of Punjab.
Bathinda. Bathinda is known as the heart of Malwa region. Its mention also exists in the writings of famous traveller Ibn Battuta. First female Muslim ruler Razia Sultan stayed in Bathinda for some time. Presently Bathinda is a major railway junction.
Faridkot. Faridkot district was made in 1972 on the name of famous Sufi Saint Baba Farid. In 1995, two more districts were carved out of the same district.
azilka. Fazilka was the 21st district situated in the cotton belt. This district is famous for the production of Kinnow and other fruits.
Firozpur. Firozpur is one of the historical cities and quite an old district. It was also a district even before independence.
Ludhiana. Ludhiana was established in 1480 by the Lodhi rulers. Now it is famous for hosiery goods and for Punjab Agriculture University.
Mansa. Mansa was made a district in 1992. It is famous for the production of cotton. It is also known as the land of white gold.
Moga. It was made 17th district of Punjab in 1995. During the British times, it was the second largest centre of Christians after Ludhiana.
Shri Muktsar Sahib. It is one of the historical cities and was made a district in 1993.
Sangrur. Sangrur was the capital of Jind principality.

Question 3.
Which centres have developed as cottage or small scale Industries in Punjab, Introduce those?
Answer:
From industrial point of view, Punjab is a developing state. Its industries are continually developing. Many of its cities, places are important because of their small scale industries. Their brief description is given below.

Batala. Batala is a city in Gurdaspur district. It was developed because of the industries of agricultural implements.
Mahilpur. It is one of the towns of Hoshiarpur district and is famous for its football industry.
Tanda. Tanda is also in Hoshiarpur district. It is famous for the industries of furniture and musical instruments.
Sansarpur. It is one of the villages in Jalandhar district and is quite famous as nursery of hockey players.
Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar. This city is also known as Mohali and is a major centre of many small industries.
Ludhiana. Ludhiana is one of the largest districts of Punjab. It was developed with the development of Hosiery and Cycle industry.
Jalandhar. It is one of the main districts of Punjab and has developed as a centre of furniture and sports goods.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Punjab: Size and Location Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
What was the name of Punjab during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) PEPSU Suba
(b) Tak Pradesh
(c) Lahore Suba
(d) Panjnad.
Answer:
(c) Lahore Suba.

Question 2.
Which country is situated in the West of Punjab?
(a) Pakistan
(b) China
(c) Myanmar
(d) Bhutan.
Answer:
(a) Pakistan.

Question 3.
Which of these districts is not included in Doaba region of Punjab?
(a) Jalandhar
(b) Amritsar
(c) Hoshiarpur
(d) Kapurthala.
Answer:
(b) Amritsar.

Question 4.
Which of these districts of Punjab was also a district even before 1947?
(a) Faridkot
(b) Ludhiana
(c) Patiala
(d) Firozpur.
Answer:
(d) Firozpur.

Question 5.
Which of these districts is the smallest district of Punjab?
(a) Sangrur
(b) Patiala
(c) Pathankot
(d) Fazilka.
Answer:
(c) Pathankot.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
There are ___________ administrative divisions in Punjab.
Answer:
5

Question 2.
There are ___________ districts in Punjab.
Answer:
22

Question 3.
The earlier name of Roopnagar was ___________
Answer:
Ropar

Question 4.
Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar is known by the name of ___________
Answer:
Mohali

Question 5.
Total area of Punjab is ___________ sq. km.
Answer:
50,362.

True/False:

Question 1.
Razia Sultan stayed for sometime in Bathinda.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Jalandhar is known as Riyasti city.
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
In Rigveda, Punjab was known as Sapt Sindhu.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
PEPSU was formed in 1948.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
States were reorganised in 1950.
Answer:
False.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Punjab is known as the place of which civilisation?
Answer:
Indus Valley Civilisation.

Question 2.
With which name Punjab was known in Rigveda?
Answer:
Sapt Sindhu or land of seven rivers.

Question 3.
Who gave the name of Pentapotamia to Punjab?
Answer:
Greeks.

Question 4.
What is meant by Pentapotamia?
Answer:
Land of five rivers.

Question 5.
Presently, how many and which rivers flow through Punjab?
Answer:
Three rivers – Sutlej, Ravi and Beas.

Question 6.
When was PEPSU state organised?
Answer:
15 July, 1948.

Question 7.
Tell the expansion of Punjab during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Punjab was spread from Kabul (Afghanistan) in north west to Sutlej river.

Question 8.
According to Cunningham, why was Punjab called the Tak Pradesh?
Answer:
Due to the living place of Tak tribe over here.

Question 9.
When did present Punjab come into being?
Answer:
1st November, 1966.

Question 10.
According to the recommendations of Shah Commission, which two new states were created by dividing Punjab?
Answer:
Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

Question 11.
When were all the Indian states reorganised?
Answer:
In 1956.

Question 12.
What was the impact of reorganisation of states on the PEPSU province in 1956?
Answer:
In 1956, PEPSU province was added to Punjab.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the importance of geographical location of Punjab on Indian subcontinent? Explain.
Answer:
Punjab is a part of the land of five rivers. Its geographical location is quite important for Indian subcontinent. Punjab is known as the maker of Indian history and civilisation. It was a living place of the Indus Valley civilisation which was one of the ancient civilisations of the world. Aryans, Greeks, Kushanas, Turks, Mughals and Afghans entered India only through Punjab. Its people changed the form of Indian history, culture and civilisation.

Question 2.
Name the districts included in Majha region and Doab region of Punjab.
Answer:
1. Districts of Majha region.

Shri Amritsar,
Gurdaspur,
Pathankot and
Taran Taran Sahib.

2. Districts of Doab region.

Hoshiarpur,
Jalandhar,
Kapurthala and
Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar.

Question 3.
Write the names of districts in the Puadh region and give brief description of Sahihzada Ajit Singh Nagar (Mohali).
Answer:
Districts. 1. Fatehgarh Sahib, 2. Patiala, 3. Roopnagar and 4. Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (Mohali).
Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (Mohali). This city was made a district in 2006 and became the 18th district of Punjab. Presently it is better known with the name of Mohali.

Question 4.
Briefly explain any two districts of Puadh region.
Answer:
Fatehgarh Sahib and Patiala are the two important districts of Puadh region their brief description is given below :

Fatehgarh Sahib. This city was made a district in 1992.
Patiala. It is one of the Princely cities and was the capital of PEPSU province till 1955. It is quite famous for its educational institutions. Two more districts were carved out of Patiala.

Question 5.
What was the earlier name of Roop Nagar? Briefly explain this district.
Answer:
The earlier name of Roop Nagar was Ropar. It is quite an old city. It existed even in 11th century. It is situated on the banks of river Satluj. This city was one of the border cities during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 6.
Write about any two important districts of Majha region.
Answer:
Shri Amritsar Sahib and Taran Taran Sahib are two important districts of Majha region. They are situated on the north-west border of Punjab.

Shri Amritsar Sahib. The meaning of Amritsar is Sarovar of Amrit. Its earlier name was Chak Ramdas. For years, this city remained famous as a trading centre.
Taran Taran Sahib. Taran Taran Sahib was made a district in 2006 A.D. This city was founded by the fifth Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 7.
In which region of Punjab, the districts of Gurdaspur and Pathankot are situated? Explain briefly about them.
Answer:
Gurdaspur and Pathankot are situated in the Majha region of Punjab.

Gurdaspur. This city was founded in the 16th century. In one of the famous towns of Gurdaspur, Kalanaur, the coronation of Mughal Emperor Akbar took place. Batala is now another famous district carved out of Gurdaspur.
Pathankot. This district was formed in 2011 A.D. It is mainly a Terai region and the smallest district of Punjab.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on the Hoshiarpur and Jalandhar districts of Punjab.
Answer:

Hoshiarpur. This district is situated in Doab region and is a mixture of semi-mountainous and plain region. One of its town Mahilpur is famous as a nursery of football. Its another town Tanda is famous for its furniture and musical instruments.
Jalandhar. Jalandhar is one of the historical cities of Punjab. It is one of the media centres and is famous for its sports industry. One of its villages, Sansarpur, is known as a nursery of Hockey players.

Question 9.
Write about any two districts of Doab region.
Answer:
The following two districts are included in the Doab region of Punjab :

Kapurthala. Kapurthala was one of the princely states before Independence. After 1947, Kapurthala became famous for J.C.T. Institution and Pushpa Gujral Science City, Kapurthala.
Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar (Nawan Shahar). In 1995, Nawan Shahar was made a district. Later on, this district was given the name of Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar.

Question 10.
Why is Bhatinda district of Punjab famous?
Answer:
Bhatinda is known as the heart of the Malwa region of Punjab. The mention of this city is also available in the writings of famous traveller Ibn Battuta. First female Muslim ruler Razia Sultan also stayed at Bhatinda for some time. Presently it is one of the important railway junctions.

Question 11.
Tell something about the least populated district and the district producing citrus fruits in Punjab.
Answer:
These districts are Barnala and Fazilka.

Barnala: This city was once a part of the Patiala Kingdom. In 2006, it was made a separate district. According to the census survey of 2011, it was the least populated district of Punjab.
Fazilka: It is the 21st district of Punjab situated in the cotton belt of Punjab. Due to its equatorial climate, Fazilka is famous for producing Kinnow and other citrus fruits.

Question 12.
Name any two districts of Punjab which were once related with the princely states.
Answer:

Sangrur. Sangrur had been full of diversities and was once the capital of Jind princely state. Its southern part is attached with the Puadh region.
Patiala. Patiala was also one of the princely states. Till 1955, it had been the capital of PEPSU province. It is famous for its educational institutions. Two new districts were carved out of Patiala.

Question 13.
Write the names of Tehsils/Sub-divisions and Sub-Tehsils of the Gurdaspur district.
Answer:
Tehsils.

Gurdaspur,
Batala,
Dera Baba Nanak.

Sub-Tehsils.

Kahnuwan
Kalanaur,
Dma Nagar,
Naushera Majja Singh,
Dhariwal,
Shri Hargobindpur,
Qadian,
Fatehgarh Churivan.

Question 14.
Write the names of Sub-Tehsils and Blocks of Amritsar district.
Answer:
Sub-Tehsils:

Majitha,
Attari,
Tarsikka,
Lopoka,
Ramdas.

Blocks:

Tarsikka,
Raiya,
Ajnala,
Chaugavan,
Majitha, Verka, Jandiala Guru,
Harshi China,
Attari.

Question 15.
Write the names of Sub-Tehsils of Jalandhar district of Punjab. Which of these tehsils are blocks as well?
Answer:
Sub-Tehsils:

Adampur,
Bhogpur,
Kartarpur,
Mehtpur,
Lohiya,
Noormahal,
Goraya.

Out of these, Bhogpur, Mehtpur and Noormahal are blocks as well.

Question 16.
Write the names of Sub-divisions (Tehsils) of Ludhiana district. Write the names of any four new blocks of this district.
Answer:
Sub-divisions (Tehsils):

Ludhiana east,
Ludhiana west,
Jagraon,
Payal,
Samrala,
Raikot,
Khanna.

Blocks:

Machiwara,
Doraha,
Raikot,
Khanna.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief the political history of Punjab from 1947 to 1966.
Answer:
With the partition of India in 1947, Punjab was also divided. Due to partition, most of Punjab’s fertile land went over to Pakistan. Its only 34% part remained in India. Most parts of rivers also went over to Pakistan. Indian Punjab is known as Eastern Punjab.

Establishment and end of PEPSU State. On 15th July, 1948, many princely states were collaborated and were made a part of the PEPSU state and these princely states were Patiala, Nabha, Malerkotla, Jind, Kapurthala, Faridkot, Nalagarh and Kalsia. Full form of PEPSU was Patiala and East Punjab States Union. In 1956, all the Indian states were reorganised. Then PEPSU state was made a part of Punjab.

Reorganisation of Punjab. On 1st November, 1966, on the recommendations of Shah Commission, Punjab was again divided and new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh were carved out of Punjab.

Question 2.
Write in detail about the districts and cities of Majha region.
Answer:
Major districts of Majha region are Shri Amritsar Sahib, Gurdaspur, Pathankot and Taran Taran Sahib.

Shri Amritsar Sahib. The meaning of Amritsar is Sarovar of Amrit. Its earlier name was Chak Ramdas. For years, this city remained famous as a trading centre.
Gurdaspur. This city was founded in the 16th century. In one of the famous towns of Gurdaspur, Kalanaur, the coronation of Mughal Emperor Akbar took place. Batala is now another famous district carved out of Gurdaspur. It is famous for the making of agricultural implements.
Pathankot. This district was formed in 2011 A.D. It is mainly a Terai region and the smallest district of Punjab.
Taran Taran Sahib. Taran Taran Sahib was made a district in 2006 A.D. This city was founded by the fifth Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 3.
Write in detail about the districts of the Doaba region of Punjab.
Answer:
The districts of Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, and Shahib Bhagat Singh Nagar (Nawanshahar) are included in the Doaba region of Punjab. Their description is given below:

Hoshiarpur. The district is situated in the Doab region and is a mixture of semi-mountainous and plain regions. One of its towns Mahilpur is famous as a nursery of football. It another town Tanda is famous for its furniture and musical instruments.
Jalandhar. Jalandhar is one of the historical cities of Punjab. It is one of the media centres and is famous for its sports industry. One of its villages, Sansarpur, is known as a nursery of Hockey players.
Kapurthala. Kapurthala was one of the princely states „before Independence. After 1947, Kapurthala became famous for the J.C.T. institution and Pushpa Gujral Science City, Kapurthala.
Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar (Nawanshahar). In 1995, Nawanshahar was made a district. Later on, this district was given the name of Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

January 10, 2024January 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Textbook Questions and Answers

Map Work

Question 1.
Show in the outline map of India:
(i) Any three regions of different types of natural vegetation.
(ii) National parks situated in any five states.
(iii) Water reserves of Punjab (in an outline map of Punjab).
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

Question 2.
Identify the trees shown below and specify the type of vegetation.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life 1
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 3.
Make a chart of ten types of trees, five animals and five birds found around you.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Objective Type Questions :
Answer the following questions in a single word to one sentence length :

Question 1.
Plants prepare their food by way of __________ by receiving __________ from __________
Answer:
photosynthesis, rays, sun

Question 2.
Punjab’s __________ area is under forests which comes to percent of total area.
Answer:
1837 sq. km

Question 3.
Vegetation belongs to __________ sphere and types of __________ makes effect on __________
Answer:
bio, soil, Vegetation.

Question 4.
Which sphere of the Earth has living beings (Human beings)?
(i) Atmosphere
(ii) Lithosphere
(iii) Hydrosphere
(iv) Biosphere.
Answer:
(iv) Biosphere.

Question 5.
Which of the following districts has maximum area under forests?
(i) Mansa
(ii) Roopnagar
(iii) Amritsar
(iv) Bathinda.
Answer:
(ii) Roopnagar.

Question 6.
‘Chinkara’ is type of which animal?
Answer:
Chinkara is a species of gazelle found in Asia.

Question 7.
What is Beerh?
Answer:
In many areas, there exist dense vegetation and its small pieces are known as Beerh.

Question 8.
Name the grass found in semi tropical shrub vegetation.
Answer:
Here a long type of grass-Sarkanda is available.

Question 9.
What percentage of Punjab total area is under forests?
Answer:
6.07%.

Question 10.
Which animals are found in forests with throny vegetation?
Answer:
Camel, lion, rabbit, mice etc.

Short Answer Questions :
Give short answer for the following questions :

Question 1.
Explain Flora and Fauna.
Answer:
Flora. The vegetation or plant kingdom of an area is called flora. It consists of forests, grasslands, flowering and non-flowering trees.
Fauna. The animal kingdom of an area is called fauna. In includes birds, fish, animals, insects, etc.

Question 2.
Why forests be protected? Write a note.
Answer:

Forests provide many things to meet our requirements like wild fruits, nuts, berries, etc. Many tribes are dependent on gathering of these products in forests.
Forests are source of timber for house building, furniture making, ship building etc.
Forests supply about 40% of fuel of the world. Wood has been the major source of fuel in houses, smelting industries and running locomotives.
Softwood supply raw materials for wood pulp, paper, rayon industries.
Many products like rubber, pitch, gum, tanning materials cork, camphor, fir, herbs, etc. are gathered from forests.
Forests provide plywood and fibre wood for packing purposes.
Forests help in rainfall by capturing moisture in the air. These effect the climate of an area.

Question 3.
Describe Characteristics of evergreen forests.
Answer:

There is no definite time for trees to shed their leaves and these forests appear green all the year around.
These forests grow in the areas having more than 200 cm. of rainfall and in hot and humid ragion.
The trees can reach great heights upto 60 metres or even above.
Because they are dense forests, they form a canopy at the top and many a times sun rays do not reach the land.
Dense small vegetation also grows under the trees and it becomes difficult to move from this region.

Question 4.
Introduce with natural vegetation of Punjab.
Answer:
Presently, only 6.07% of the total land of Punjab is under forests. Its major part of the forest is grown by humans. The natural vegetation of Punjab can be divided in many parts such as :

Himalayan Type Moist Temperate Vegetation.
Sub Tropical Pine Vegetation.
Sub Tropical Scrub Hill Vegetation.
Tropical Dry Deciduous Vegetation.
Tropical Thorny Vegetation.

Question 5.
How Aawla, Tulsi and Cinchona may be beneficial for human beings? Write.
Answer:

Aawla (Indian Gooseberry). It is full of Vitamin C and it helps in improving digestive system. It is also used to remove constipation, diabatese and cough.
Tulsi. If any one is suffering from fever, clold or cough, Tulsi is quite helpful.
Cinchona. Bark of Cinchona plant is used to make Quinine and is given at the time when one is suffering from Malaria.

Long Answer Questions :
Answer the following questions in detail:

Question 1.
How natural vegetation is lungs of a society?
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that natural vegetation is the lungs of human society and it will become clear with the following points.

Trees release oxygen and inhale carbon dioxide. This oxygen gives life to humans and animals.
Forests help in increasing underground water level.
Water available in forests become water vapour due to sun’s heat which helps in reducing air temperature.
Many animals live in forests and forests are the permanent habitat for them.
Forests are quite helpful in making our environment clean and healthy.
Forests also help in reducing the speed of lands, to reduce noise pollution etc.
They play an important role in having rainfall.
Forests also help in stopping soil erosion as trees hold the soil tightly.

Question 2.
Classify Indian forests on basis of climate and name trees of each class.
Answer:
Types of Forests. Due to variation in rainfall, temperature and altitude, there is a great variety of natural vegetation in India. The following different types of forests are found in India :
1. The Tropical Rain Forests. These forests are found in areas where annual rainfall is more than 200 cms and the mean temperature is more than 20°C. These forests are found in western parts of Western Ghats, Plains of West Bengal, Orissa, Eastern Himalayas, and Andaman Islands. These forests grow rapidly due to high temperatures and high rainfall. Sometimes these trees reach a height of 60 metres. These are hard wood trees like equatorial forests. These are evergreen trees because these do not shed their leaves. These forests include the trees like Rubber, Mahogany, Iron wood, rose wood, Gurjan and Bamboos.

2. The Monsoon or Tropical Deciduous Forests. These forests are found in areas where rainfall is between 70 and 200 cms. These trees shed their leaves in hot dry season. So these are called deciduous forests. These forests are found in Terai, Chotta Nagpur plateau (Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh); eastern slopes of Western Ghats and eastern part of peninsular India. These are not dense forests. These forests are the true monsoon forests. These form the natural cover all over India. These are of two types : (0 moist (ii) dry. Teak is the important species of moist deciduous and is found in Chotta Nagpur plateau. Sal is the dry deciduous found over peninsular India.

3. Thorn Forests and Scrubs. These forests occur where annual rainfall is less than 70 cms. These are found in eastern Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Malwa plateau (M.P.), Southern Haryana, S.W. Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka Plateau.’ These trees have long roots, thick bark. These trees are scattered. These gradually merge into scrubs and thorny bushes. These form of typical desert vegetation. These forests include Shisham, Babul, Kikar, Khair and Haldu. These are hard wood trees.

4. The Tidal Forests. These forests are found in deltas of rivers in coastal areas. These are called Tribal forests of Deltaic forests. These forests are found in Ganges—Brahmaputra Delta, Delta of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery. These are marshy areas. In West Bengal in Ganga, Brahmaputra delta, these forests are called Sunderbans because Sundari tree is found in this area. These forests include the tree of Sundari, Mangrove, Gurjan and Hintal. These trees are used for boat building, fuel, match boxes and house building.

5. The Mountain Forests. These forests are found on the southern slopes of Himalayas from Kashmir, to Assam. Mixed deciduous and coniferous forests are found. A gradual change in vegetation occurs according to altitude and climate. In western Himalayas, coniferous forests are found due to low rainfall and low temperature. But in eastern Himalayas, evergreen forests are found as there is heavy rainfall and high temperatures.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life 2
Forests of India

Tropical moist forests of sal are found upto a height of 1200 metres in foothills.
Temperate forests of oak, chestnut and pine trees are found upto a height of 2000 metres.
Coniferous forests are found upto a height of 3800 metres. These include Spruce, Deodar, Pine, Birch, Silver fir, etc.
Alpine pastures are found beyond 3600 metres where pastoral tribes like Gujjars graze their sheep on short grasses.

Question 3.
Put light on classification of natural vegetation of Punjab.
Answer:
Due to the diverse climate, soil and land, we can find many types of vegetation in Punjab which is given below :
1. Himalayan Type Moist Temperate Vegetation. This type of vegetation is available in the Dhar Kalan Tehsil in Pathankot district of Punjab. This part of Punjab experiences more rainfall and is situated on the higher side as compared to other parts of Punjab. Here many types of trees are available such as Cheel trees, Tahli, Keekar, Shahtoot, Mango.

2. Sub-Tropical Pine Vegetation. Many Tehsils of many Districts of Punjab have this type of vegetation such as Pathankot tehsil of Pathankot district, Mukerian, Dasuha and Hoshiarpur tehsils of Hoshiarpur districts. Very few Cheel trees are available but they are not of good quality. Tahli, Khair, Shahtoot and other types of trees are found here.

3. Sub-Tropical Scrub Hill Vegetation. Such vegetation is found in the eastern parts of Hoshiarpur and Roop Nagar districts. Around four to five decades ago, this region had dense vegetation but now it has been scrubs region also due to deforestation, grazing of animals, forest fire and soil erosion. Many types of trees are found here such as Tahli, Khair, Keekar, Shahtoot, Dek, Neem, Bamboo, Amaltar etc. A long grass, called Sarkanda, is also available over here and it is used to make rope and paper.

4. Tropical Dry Deciduous Vegetation. Dry and hot regions of Punjab have this type of vegetation. It is available in the plains of Kandi region, high-low and open plains of Punjab and Central plains. There was a time when this region also had dense vegetation. Even today few patches of dense vegetation are available in many areas and these are known as Beer, Jhangi or Jhiri. Beer Bhadson, Chat Beer, Beer Bhunarheri, Beer Moti Baag are quite famous. Neem, Tahli, Bobar, Peepal, Mango tree, Keekar etc. trees are available here. Safaida and Popalar plants are also grown over here.

5. Tropical Thorny Vegetation. There are many areas in Punjab” which experience less rainfall and they have such vegetation. Thorny vegetation is available in Bathinda, Mansa, Fazilka, Central and southern parts of Faridkot and Firozepur. Many regions of this area do not have any vegetation at all. Cactus, Tahli, Keekar etc. trees are available over here.

Question 4.
Give detail of wildlife and ways of its protection.
Answer:
India has great diversity of animals. More than 56,000 animal species are there in India. Around 2500 types of fish are there in the fresh and salty water of India. Around 2000 types of birds are also there. Many of the important animal species live in India but there is a situation of worry that many animal and bird species have become extinct. That’s why it is must to protect our wildlife. Humans have created an awkward situation by recklessly cutting forests and trees. Presently very few rhinos, cheeta, monkeys, lions etc. are available. That’s why it is the duty of everyone to protect the wildlife.

Measures of Protection of Wildlife.
1. Fourteen biosphere reserves has been set up in the country, and three out of them are the Sunderbans in the West Bengal, the Gulf of Manner in Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiris (Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) are included in the world network of Biosphere reserves.

Main Bio-reserves

Sunderbans (West Bengal)
Simiipal (Orissa)
Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu)
Dthang-Dibang (Arunachal Pradesh)
The Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu)
Dibru-Sailkhowa (Assam)
Nanda Devi (Uttaranchal)
Agas Thyamalai (Kerala)
Nokrek (Meghalya)
Kanchenjunga (Sikkim)
Great Nicobar
Panchmari (Andaman-Nicobar) (Madhya Pradesh)
Manas (Assam)
Acharakmar Amarkantak (Madhya Pradesh)

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life 3

2. Financial and technical assistance is provided to many Botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

3. Project Tiger, Project rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco- developmental projects are introduced.

4. Many facilities to develop awareness among the people and to educate people for the benefits of flora and fauna are provided.

5. 89 National Parks, 49 Wildlife sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set up to take care of Natural heritage.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
All the animals living in a particular area are known as
(a) Fauna
(b) Flora
(c) Hydrosphere
(d) Atmosphere.
Answer:
(a) Fauna.

Question 2.
Where is the headquarter of Forest Survey of India situated?
(a) Mussorie
(b) Dehradoon
(c) Delhi
(d) Nagpur.
Answer:
(b) Dehradoon.

Question 3.
Which of these factors is responsible for the diversity of natural vegetation?
(a) Land
(b) Soil
(c) Temperature
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 4.
Leaves of Tropical evergreen forests remain __________ through out the year.
(a) Green
(b) Yellow
(c) White
(d) Red.
Answer:
(a) Green.

Question 5.
Trees of which forests can reach the height of 60 m or above?
(a) Tropical Deciduous
(b) Tropical Evergreen
(c) Tidal
(d) Thorny.
Answer:
(b) Tropical Evergreen.

Question 6.
Small parts of dense vegetation are known as __________ in Punjab.
(a) Beer
(b) Jhiri
(c) Jhangi
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 7.
How much of Punjab’s land is under natural vegetation?
(a) 5.65%
(b) 3.65%
(c). 4.65%
(d) 6.65%.
Answer:
(b) 3.65%.

Question 8.
Which of the following districts of Punjab have maximum vegetation?
(a) Bathinda
(b) Patiala
(c) Roop Nagar
(d) Faridkot.
Answer:
(c) Roop Nagar.

Question 9.
Around people are working with the forest department of Punjab.
(a) 5500
(b) 6500
(c) 7500
(d) 8500.
Answer:
(b) 6500.

Question 10.
Which of these is the largest mammal on earth?
(a) Elephant
(b) Rhino
(c) Hippo
(d) Giraffe.
Answer:
(a) Elephant.

Question 11.
__________ is the national bird of India.
(a) Sparrow
(b) Peacock
(c) Koel
(d) Flamingo.
Answer:
(b) Peacock.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
There are __________ national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India.
Answer:
103, 544

Question 2.
__________ is full of Vitamin C.
Answer:
Amla

Question 3.
The seeds of __________ are used to control diabetes.
Answer:
Jamun

Question 4.
In Sanskrit Neem is called as __________
Answer:
Neem

Question 5.
Life on earth is possible because of four spheres i.e. biosphere, __________ and atmosphere.
Answer:
Geosphere, hydrosphere

Question 6.
The dependency of humans on four spheres is known as __________
Answer:
Ecosystem.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the four spheres of Earth.
Answer:
Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

Question 2.
What is Biosphere?
Answer:
Biosphere is that sphere of the earth in which many types of animal species live.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Fauna?
Answer:
All the animals living in a particular area and time are called Fauna.

Question 4.
What is Flora?
Answer:
All the vegetation available in an area is called Flora.

Question 5.
How is ecosystem formed?
Answer:
The interdependence of plants and animals in an area forms the ecosystem.

Question 6.
What is Natural Vegetation?
Answer:
That vegetation which grow without any human effort is called natural vegetation.

Question 7.
On which factors do natural vegetation depends?
Answer:
Natural vegetation depends upon land, soil, temperature, duration of sunlight, rainfall etc.

Question 8.
Which trees are grown in high mountains?
Answer:
Cheel or Spurse are the trees grown in high mountains.

Question 9.
In which soil, the dense forest is grown?
Answer:
In delta soil.

Question 10.
What is Photosynthesis?
Answer:
The process of preparing food by plants through sunlight is called photosynthesis.

Question 11.
In how many parts can we divide Indian vegetation?
Answer:
Indian vegetation can be divided in five parts.

Question 12.
Give one feature of Tropical Evergreen forests.
Answer:
Tress do not shed their leaves collectively and that’s why they remain green through out the year.

Question 13.
In which areas can we find Tropical Evergreen forests?
Answer:
In those areas which are hot and humid and which experience more than 200 cm annual rainfall.

Question 14.
Which forests are called rain forest?
Answer:
Tropical Evergreen forest.

Question 15.
Which trees are found in Tropical Evergreen forest?
Answer:
Mahagony, Rosewood, Ebony, Rubber, Cinchona, Bamboo etc.

Question 16.
What is the use of bark of Cinchona tree?
Answer:
It is used to make quinine medicine which is quite helfpul for the patients of Malaria.

Question 17.
In which area Tropical Evergreen Forests are available?
Answer:
Slopes of eastern and western Ghats, Hills of north-west India, Tamil Nadu coast, few parts of West Bengal, Odisha, Andaman Nicobar islands and Lakshdweep islands.

Question 18.
Where can we find Tropical Deciduous forests?
Answer:
In those areas which receive 70-200 cm of annual rainfall.

Question 19.
Give one feature of Tropical Deciduous forests?
Answer:
They shed their trees according to the season.

Question 20.
Name the types of Tropical Deciduous forest’s?
Answer:
Wet Tropical Deciduous forests and Dry Tropical Deciduous Forests.

Question 21.
In which areas can we find wet Tropical Deciduous forests.
Answer:
In those regions which experience 100-200 cm of annual rainfall.

Question 22.
In which parts of India can we find Wet Deciduous forests?
Answer:
North Eastern States, Western Ghats, Odisha, few parts of Chhattisgarh.

Question 23.
Which trees are available in wet deciduous forests?
Answer:
Saal, Teek, Deodar, Neem, Sal etc.

Question 24.
In which areas can we find Scrubs and Thorny forests?
Answer:
In those areas which experience less than 70 cm. of annual rainfall.

Question 25.
Which trees are there in dry deciduous forests?
Answer:
Peepal, Teek, Neem, Saal etc.

Question 26.
In which states can we find Scrubs and Thorny forests?
Answer:
Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh etc.

Question 27.
Delta of which rivers can have tidal forests?
Answer:
Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

Question 28.
What is Sundervan?
Answer:
The forests available in the delta region of Ganga and Brahmaputra is called Sundervan because Sundari trees are found here.

Question 29.
Which trees are found in Mountainous forests?
Answer:
Cheel, Spruce, Deer, Oak, Fur etc.

Question 30.
Which animals are found in Mountainous forests?
Answer:
Deer, Yak, Snow Leopard, Beer, Wild sheep, Wild goat etc.

Question 31.
Which soils are found in Punjab?
Answer:
Alluvial soil, Sandy soil, Clayey soil, Loamy soil, Hill soil or Kandi soil, Sodic and Saline soil.

Question 32.
What did the British do to save natural vegetation?
Answer:
They classified the forests and stopped the animals to graze there.

Question 33.
Which vegetations are found in Punjab?
Answer:
Himalayan Type Moist Temperature vegetation, Sub Tropical Pine vegetation, Sub Tropical Scrub Hill Vegetation, Tropical Dry, Deciduous Vegetation and Tropical Thorny vegetation.

Question 34.
What is Beer?
Answer:
There exist few small pieces of dense vegetation in plains which are called Beer.

Question 35.
How much of Punjab’s total land is under natural vegetation?
Answer:
Only 3.65%

Question 36.
Which district of Punjab is under maximum natural vegetation?
Answer:
Roop Nagar district-37.19%.

Question 37.
Give one importance of Forests?
Answer:
Trees inhale carbon dioxide and release oxygen which is quite important for humans.

Question 38.
What is Wildlife?
Answer:
Animals, birds, reptiles living in the natural habitat or forests are called wildlife.

Question 39.
How many species of animals live in India?
Answer:
There are around 89,000 species of animals living in India which becomes 6.5% of the worlds animal species.

Question 40.
Name few animals found in Indian forests.
Answer:
Elephant, Rhino, Deer, Barasingha, Lion, Monkey, Langoor, Crocodile, Tortoise etc.

Question 41.
Which animal is called the Bull of Snow?
Answer:
Yak.

Question 42.
Which animal gives us Kasturi?
Answer:
Musk deer.

Question 43.
How many species of birds live in India?
Answer:
Around 2000 birds.

Question 44.
Name few birds which migrate to India during winters.
Answer:
Siberian crane, Amur Falcon, Greater Flamingo, Bluethroat, Bluetailed bee- eater, Bar-headed goose etc.

Question 45.
When and why was Indian Board for wildlife set up?
Answer:
In 1952 to make people conscious about the protection of wildlife.

Question 46.
Why is Bill used?
Answer:
To cure constipation and diarrhoea.

Question 47.
Why is Sarpgandha used?
Answer:
To improve blood circulation.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Biosphere?
Answer:
There are four spheres on earth and biosphere is the sphere in which many types of species live. This is a complex area in which all other three spheres meet. As life exists in this sphere that’s why it is quite important in our life. These species include from bacteria till elephant. All the species can be divided in two parts Flora and Fauna. All the plants come under Flora and all the animals are included in Fauna.

Question 2.
Why is natural vegetation different in different areas?
Answer:
Natural vegetation is different in different areas because it is affected by different geographical factors. The geographical factors any area have, same type of vegetation will grow over there. Natural vegetation is affected by many factors such as :

Land
Soil
Temperature
Rainfall
Duration of Sunlight.

Question 3.
Give features of Tropical Evergreen forests.
Answer:

Tropic evergreen forests grow in such areas which experience more than 200 cm. of rainfall.
All the trees do not shed their leaves at same time and that’s why they remain green through out the year.
Such forests are found in hot and humid regions.
Its trees reach the height of more than 60 metres and due to their denseness, they form a canopy at the top. This is the reason that at many places, sunlight is unable to reach the land.
Mahagoni, Rosewood, Ebony, Bamboo, Cinchona, Rubber etc are the trees formed here.
Such forests are there in many parts of India such as slopes of western side of Western Ghats, North-Eastern hills, few parts of Odisha and West Bengal, Lakshdweep and Andaman-Nicobar islands.

Question 4.
Give few features of Tropical Deciduous forests.
Answer:

Tropical Deciduous forests grow in the areas which experience the rainfall of 70-200 cm. annually.
Trees shed their leaves according to season which is from 6-8 weeks during summer.
Such forests are of two type-Wet deciduous forests (100-200 cm rainfall) and dry decidiuous forests (70-100 cm rainfall).
Many trees are found here such as Teak Sandal wood, Saal, Deodar, Khair, Peepal, Neem, etc.
Such forests are not dense like evergreen forests but are dense enough.

Question 5.
Name the soils found in Punjab.
Answer:
Different areas of Punjab have different types of soil and these are :

Alluvial Soil
Sandy Soil
Clayey Soil
Loamy Soil
Hill Soil or Kandi Soil
Sodic and Saline Soil.

Question 6.
What efforts were made by the British to protect natural vegetation?
Answer:
Punjab’s vegetation region was continuely decreasing due to many factors such as reckless cutting of trees, animal grazing and lack of laws. That’s why the British took certain steps to save natural vegetation and these were :

Reclamation of forests was made and they were divided into many categories.
Animal grazing was stopped to save natural vegetation.
Extra vegetation was cleared to provide land for agriculture. Here more food grains were produced to meet the increasing needs of the people.

Question 7.
Write a note on Wildlife of India.
Answer:
All such wild animal, birds and reptiles which live in their natural habitat i. e. forests are known as wildlife. India experiences many climatic conditions and have many types of soil and that’s why it has many natural habitats. This is the reason it has variety of wildlife. More than 89,000 species of animals live in India which is 6.5% of the total animal species of the world. In the same way India has 2000 species of birds, 2546 species of fish, 458 types of reptiles.

Question 8.
Which migrated birds come to India during winter season?
Answer:
During winter season many migrated birds come to India and these are :

Siberian Crane.
Amur facon
Greater Flamingo
Demoiselle Crane
Black Winged Stilt
Long Billed Pippit
Rozy Palicon
Ruff
Common Teal
Gadwall.

Question 9.
Name the migrated birds which come to India during summer season.
Answer:
Many migrated birds come to India during summer season and these are :

Blue Cheeked Bee Eater
Asian Koel
Black-crowned Night Heron
Eurasian Golden Oriole
Comb Duck
Cuckoos
Blue Tailed Bee Eater.

Question 10.
Discuss the government’s efforts to save wildlife.
Answer:

Indian Board for wildlife was made in 1952 whose major function is to give advice govt, for wildlife protection to encourage the people for wildlife protection and to create new wildlife habitats.
In 1972, wildlife protection Act was made to protect the animals which are on the verge of becoming extinct.
Many Biosphere Reserves were made to protect the diversity of wildlife. Till now 18 Biosphere Reserves have been made.
To protect and care wildlife in the country, 103 national parks and 544 wildlife sanctuaries have been made where poaching is delcared illegal.

Question 11.
What are the main reasons for our natural vegetation not remaining actually natural?
Answer:
Most of present vegetal cover in India is not really natural. A considerable part of the original cover has been destroyed or changed due to human settlement and use of the land. Much of vegetation is low in quality and content. The original natural vegetation survives only in inaccessible areas of the Himalayas and Thar Desert. In other parts of the country, the vegetation is not ‘natural’ in the real sense of the term.

Question 12.
Analyse the Forest Areas in our country at the regional and state levels.
Answer:
There should be atleast 33% land under forests to keep the ecological balance and for forest development of the country. But in India this percentage is just 22.7.

At state level distribution is unequal as it is clear from the following :

Tripura (59.6%), H.P. (48.1%), Arunachal Pradesh (48.8%), M.P. (32.9%), Assam (29.3%).
Punjab (2.3%), Rajasthan (3.6%), Gujarat (8.8%), Haryana (12.1%), W. Bengal (12.5%), U.P. (13.4%).
The Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar has the maximum area under forests (94.6%) and National Capital Delhi has minimum (2.1%) area under forests.

Question 13.
Write a short note on Deciduous or Monsoonal Vegetation.
Answer:
The vegetation that shed its leaves in order to have excessive evaporation, before the start of the hot season is called Deciduous or Monsoon vegetation. According to rainfall, the vegetation can be subdivided into two such types :

Moist Deciduous Forests. This type of vegetation is found where the annual rainfall is 100 to 200 cms. The vegetation is not much dense and the trees can achieve the height of 30 m. Teak, sandal are the main trees.
Dry Deciduous Forests. This type of vegetation is found in areas having rainfall between 50 to 100 cms. Its long belt starts from Punjab and goes up to Deccan plateau. Kikar, Jand are its main trees.

Question 14.
What type of vegetation is found in Eastern Himalayan region?
Answer:
In Eastern Himalaya, we find 4000 species of flowers and 250 species of ferns. Height, Temperature and Rainfall has great impact on the type of vegetation :

Upto an altitude of 1200 metres, we can find deciduous vegetation and mixed forests.
Upto the altitude from 1200 to 2000 metres we find desert evergreen forests. Sal and Magnolia are the main trees.
Due to decrease in temperature at a height of 2000 to 2500 metres are found temperate type of vegetation. Oak, Chestnut, Laurel, Birch, Maple, alder are the main trees.
At an altitude between 2500 to 3500 metres, we find coniferrous trees. It includes Silver Fir, Pine, Spruce, Deodar, Rendoderan, Blue pine as main trees.
After some more height short natural grass (Alpine grass) and different types of flowers can be seen.

Question 15.
What have been the implications of indiscriminate cutting of forests in the country?
Answer:
Natural vegetation plays an important role in our life. There has been great deforestation during the last four years which can result in following disadvantages :

Deforestation has great impact on ecological balance.
It can create problem of soil erosion due to floods on mountain slopes as well as on plains.
The northern parts of Punjab are facing the problems of soil erosion.

Question 16.
Which factors are responsible for soil erosion?
Answer:
Soil erosion occur due to mainly two factors-Physical activities and human activities. Presently the process of soil erosion is continuely increasing due to human activities. Physical activities include running water, cyclones, too much rainfall, slope of mountains etc. But human factors are mainly responsible for soil erosion such as deforestation, animal grazing, wrong methods of a agriculture, mining etc.

Question 17.
Write a detailed note on conservation of Wildlife. Suggest three measures to conserve wildlife and explain them.
Answer:
India is rich in fauna and flora. There is a great biological diversity in India. There are about 89,000 known species of animals. It has 2500 species of fish and 1200 species of birds. But many of these fauna have been destroyed by man. Many rare species have become extinct in India. Our rich wildlife is rich heritage formed through centuries. It must be preserved. Many of the fauna are found only in India such as swamp deer, the one horned rhinoceros, the bison. Kashmir stag, Nilgul etc. These rare species are in danger of extinction. Wildlife is a gift of nature and a thing of beauty. Wildlife Act provides for the protection and conservation of these species. For this zoos, national park, bio-reserves, tiger reserves have been established in India.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“There is found a sequence of vegetation from Tropical evergreen to Alpine vegetation in India”. Explain this statement.
Answer:
Different types of vegetation region are found in the Himalayas from its southern foothills to high altitudes. The natural vegetation ranges from the equatorial to Tundra Type. A series of vegetation regions exist according to the changes of temperatures and rainfall with altitude.

A gradual change in vegetation results according to altitude and climate.

Tropical Wet Deciduous Forests. These forests are found along the Southern foot-hills of the Himalayas, upto a height of 1000 metres. Due to high rainfall, dense forests of Sal are found.
Temperate Forests. The dense wet temperate forests occur upto a height of 2000 metres. These include evergreen Oaks, Chestnut and Pine trees which are commercially useful.
Broad Leaved Evergreen Forests. These occur between height of 2000 metres and 3000 metres. These include Oak, Laurels and Chestnut trees.
Coniferous Forests. These occur upto a height of 3500 metres. These include the trees of Pine, Cedars, Silver fir and Spruce. Deodar is commercially important for timber and railway sleepers. At higher altitudes, near the Snow line, Birch, Juniper and Silverfir trees are found.
Alpine Pastures. These occur beyond a height of 3500 metres. These include short grasses, these are used for transhumane grazing by Nomadic tribes like the Gujjars.

Question 2.
Describe the benefits of natural vegetation to the country.
Answer:
Importance of Forests :
Forests are a valuable resource; like a river system, it is a multiple resource. Forests provide mankind with a number of products. Forests have greatly influenced human activities. Modern civilisation depends more and more on forests.

Following are the direct and indirect advantages of forests :

Forests provide many things to meet our food requirements like wild fruits, nuts, berries, etc. Many tribes are dependent on gathering of these products in forests.
Forests are a source of timber for house building, furniture making, ship building, etc.
Forests supply about 40% of fuel of the world. Wood has been the major source of fuel in houses, smelting industries and running locomotives.
Soft woods supply raw materials for wood pulp, paper, rayon industries.
Many products like rubber, pitch, gum, tanning materials, cork, camphor, fir, herbs, etc. are gathered from forests.
Forests provide plywood and fibre wood for packing purposes.
Forests help in rainfall by capturing moisture in the air. These affect the climate of an area.
Forests prevent soil erosion and floods.
Forests increase the fertility of soil, help agriculture and maintain ecological balance.
Forests provide shelter to wild animals and help recreation, wild life and hunting.
They check the advance of deserts.

Question 3.
Discuss the various types and characteristics of soil found in India.
Answer:
India is primarily an agricultural country. The soils of India are classified on the basis of bed rocks and climate conditions.
1. Black Soils. Black soils are mainly found over the Deccan Lava tract including Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. These soils have been formed due to weathering of Lava rocks. These soils cover an area of about 5 lakh sq. km. These soils are rich in lime, iron, magnesia and alumina. These are also called ‘Regur Soils’. These soils are most suitable for cotton cultivation and are known as ‘Black Cotton Soils’.

2. Red Soils. These soils are found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and areas on periphery of Deccan Plateau. These soils have been formed due to decomposition underlying igneous rocks.

3. Laterite Soils. Laterite soils are found on the highland areas of the plateau. These are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and hilly regions of Assam, Rajmahal hills and Chota Nagpur plateau. Due to monsoonal climate (wet and dry seasons alternately occurring), there is the leaching of soils.

4. Alluvial Soils. These soils have been deposited by the rivers in river valleys of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and their deltas. These are deep and fertile soils. These are dark soils.

5. Desert Soils. These soils cover 2 lakh sq. km. from dry areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana. These sandy soils are suited to the cultivation of jowar, bajra, cotton, wheat, etc.

Question 4.
Describe the medicinal plants found in India.
Answer:
Medicinal plants. India is known for its herbs and spices from ancient times. Some 2,000 plants have been described in Ayurveda and atleast 500 are in regular use. The World Conservation Union’s Red list has named for 352 medicinal plants of which 52 are critically threatened and 49 endangered.

The Rauvolfia Serpentina (Sarpagandha). Used to treat blood pressure; it is found only in India.
Jamun. The juice from unripe fruit is used to prepare vinegar which is carminative and diuretic, and has digestive properties. The powder of the seed is a cure of diabetes, the bark is good for cough, asthma and dysentery.
Arjun. The fresh juice of leaves is a cure for earache. It is also used to curve blood pressure problems and heart diseases.
Babool. Leaves are used as a tonic and a cure for eyesores. It is used as a tonic and medicine for cough, its bark dust is a cure for dog bite.
Neem. Neem has high antibiotic and antibacterial effects.
Tulsi Plant is used to cure cough and cold.
Kachnar is used to cure asthma and ulcers. The buds and roots are good for digestive problems. The root is used as cure for snake bites.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

January 10, 2024January 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB India: Size and Location Textbook Questions and Answers

Map Work:

Question 1.
Show in the ouline map of India :
(i) Indian Standard Meridian (82/4°E)
(ii) Tropic of Cancer
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 1
Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India. The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. The territorial waters of india extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record Master Copy certified by Surveyor General of India.
(iii) States and Territories using Punjabi as their language.
(iv) Two neighbours of India the boundaries of which do not touch sea.
(v) India’s neighbouring island country.
Answer:
(iii) Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Delhi and Chandigarh
(iv) Nepal, Bhutan
(v) SriLanka
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

Activity:
(i) Colour India’s neighbouring SAARC nations in a map and display map in classroom.
(ii) Show 29 states and 7 union territories with their capitals in two outline maps of India.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Objective Type Questions:
Answer the following questions in a single word to one sentence length.

Question 1.
Which country stands third in the world on the basis of area?
Answer:
China.

Question 2.
Which country is fifth in the world on the basis of area and population?
Answer:
Brazil.

Question 3.
Saurashtra is region of which state among the following?
(i) Manipur
(ii) Gujarat
(iii) Maharashtra
(iv) Nagaland
Answer:
(ii) Gujarat.

Question 4.
Which city among the following is not a capital?
(i) Raipur
(ii) Ahmedabad
(iii) Ranchi
(iv) Panaji
Answer:
(ii) Ahmedabad.

Question 5.
Which latitudinal extent among following is right for India?
(i) 8°4′ N to 37°6′ N
(ii) 8°4′ S to 37°6′ S
(iii) 6°2′ N to 35°2′ N
(iv) 6°2′ S to 35°2′ S
Answer:
(i) 8°4’N to 37°6’N.

Question 6.
What is the constitutional name given to India?
Answer:
Indian Republic.

Short Answer Questions:
Give short answers for the following questions :

Question 1.
Name the northern, southern, eastern and western extents of India.
Answer:

Northern comer – Daftar
Southern comer – Kanya Kumari (Indira Point)
Eastern comer – Kibithu
Western comer – Guhar Moti (Kutch)

Question 2.
Write a note on Indian Standard Meridian.
Answer:
India is a vast country. In order to maintain a uniformity of time within the country, 82!40E longitude is taken as the standard meridian of India. The local time along this meridian, serves as the Indian Standard Time (I.S.T.). This central meridian passes through the towns of Allahabad and Mirzapur (U.P.) Indian standard Time is 514 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.).

Question 3.
Explain the difference of two hours in time of Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat.
Answer:
India has a longitudinal extent of 30°. Due to this there is a time lag of two hours between the sunrise on the easternmost and the westernmost horizons of India. Due to rotation, the earth takes 4 minutes to rotate through 1° of longitude. The difference in time is one hour for 15° of longitude. Therefore, for a longitudinal extent of 30° of India, there is a time lag of 2 hours. When it is 6 a.m. in Arunachal Pradesh, it is still 4 a.m. in Gujarat. But the watches in all parts of India run according to standard time measured from 82/4° E longitude. So the watches in Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat show the same time despite the different sunrise.

Question 4.
Which languages are used in Jammu & Kashmir and Telangana?
Answer:

Jammu & Kashmir – Urdu, Kashmiri, Ladakhi, Dogri, Gujri, Dadri and Punjabi.
Telangana – Telugu and Urdu.

Question 5.
Write a short note on SAARC.
Answer:
SAARC is a union of South Asian Countries formed for the mutual co-operation. Its complete form is South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. It has 8 members and, these are – India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and SriLanka. India keeps the most important place among the SAARC members.

Long Answer Questions :
Answer the following questions in detail :

Question 1.
Give details of India’s international trade.
Answer:
India’s position is quite conducive from the point of view of international trade.

Following facts will clarify the picture :
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 2
India on International Highway of Trade and Commerce

Central Location. India is centrally located in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Trade Routes. India is favourably located for international trade. Many trade routes pass through the Indian Ocean.
Nearness to tropic of cancer. The tropic of cancer passes through the centre of India. So India is a tropical country. The long growing season makes India an agricultural country.
Long Coastline. India has long coastline which provides many deep, protected and natural harbours.
Defence. The natural boundaries are favourably located from defence point of view.
Effect of Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean leads to the origin of rain giving monsoons.
Effect of Himalayas. The unbroken chain of Himalayas acts as a climatic barrier. It forces monsoons to give rainfall and protects northern India from cold polar winds.

Question 2.
Write names of any 10 states and 5 union territories of India with their capitals.
Answer:
The list of 10 Indian States and 5 Union Territories alongwith their capitals is given below :

States and Capitals

1. Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar
2. Assam	Dispur
3. Bihar	Patna
4. Gujarat	Gandhi Nagar
5. Haryana	Chandigarh
6. Himachal Pradesh	Shimla
7. Tamil Nadu	Chennai
8. Karnataka	Benguluru
9. Punjab	Chandigarh
10. Rajasthan	Jaipur

Union Territories and Capitals

1. Andaman and Nicobar	Port Blair
2. Chandigarh	Chandigarh
3. Dadra and Nagar	Haveli and
Daman and Diu	Daman
4. Delhi (N.C.R.)	Delhi
5. Jammu and Kashmir	Srinagar

Question 3.
Distribute India politically and explain biggest and smallest state on the basis of area.
Answer:
India is a Union of states. Politically, it can be divided into two parts :

States
Union Territories

There are 28 States and 8 Union Territories. Their names along with their capitals and area are given ahead :

S. No.States	Area(sq. kms.)	Capitals
1. Uttar Pradesh	2,38,566	Lucknow
2. Maharashtra	3,07,713	Mumbai
3. Bihar	94,163	Patna
4. West Bengal	88,752	Kolkata
5. Andhra Pradesh	1,60,205	Amravati
6. Tamil Nadu	1,30,058	Chennai
7. Madhya Pradesh	3,08,000	Bhopal
8. Rajasthan	3,42,239	Jaipur
9. Karnataka	1,91,791	Bengaluru
10. Gujarat	1,96,024	Ganc.ainagar
11. Orissa	1,55,707	Bhubaneshwar
12. Kerala	38,863	Thiruvananthapuram
13. Jharkhand	79,714	Ranchi
14. Assam	78,438	Dispur
15. Punjab	50,362	Chandigarh
16. Haryana	44,212	Chandigarh
17. Chhattisgarh	1,35,191	Raipur
18. Uttarakhand	53,483	Dehradun
19. Himachal Pradesh	55,673	Shimla
20. Tripura	10,491	Agartala
21. Manipur	22,327	Imphal
22. Meghalaya	22,429	Shillong
23. Nagaland	16,579	Kohima
24. Goa	3,702	Panaji
25. Arunachal Pradesh	83,743	Itanagar
26. Mizoram	20,987	Aizawal
27. Sikkim	7,096	Gangtok
28. Telangana	1,14,840	Hyderabad

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 3
Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India. The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. The territorial waters of india extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record Master Copy certified by Surveyor General of India.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 6
Note: Delhi is now known as the National Capital Region, Delhi, Its area is 1483 square kilometre.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide India: Size and Location Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
India has a total geographical area of lakh km2.
(a) 32.80
(b) 22.80
(e) 42.08
(d) 30.80.
Answer:
(a) 32.80.

Question 2.
Which line of latitude bisects India into two halves?
(a) Equator
(b) Tropic of Cancer
(c) Tropic of Capricorn
(d) Arctic Circle.
Answer:
(b) Tropic of Cancer.

Question 3.
Which is the largest state of India? (as regards area)
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Madhya Pradesh.
Answer:
(c) Rajasthan.

Question 4.
India has total number of states:
(a) 18
(b) 24
(c) 28
(d) 30.
Answer:
(c) 28.

Question 5.
Where does India rank in the world ? (as regards area)
(a) Fifth
(b) Sixth
(c) Seventh
(d) Eighth.
Answer:
(c) Seventh.

Question 6.
(a) Bay of Bengal
(b) Arabian Sea
(c) Indian Ocean
(d) Gulf of Cambay
Answer:
(b) Arabian Sea.

Question 7.
Which is the southernmost point of India?
(a) Kanyakumari
(b) Indira point
(c) Rameshwaram
(d) Barren island.
Answer:
(b) Indira point.

Question 8.
Where does standard meridian of India pass through
(a) Srinagar
(b) Delhi
(c) Mirzapur
(d) Kolkata.
Answer:
(c) Mirzapur.

Question 9.
India has a coastline of:
(a) 6500 kms
(b) 7500 kms
(c) 8500 kms
(d) 9500 kms.
Answer:
(b) 7500 kms.

Question 10
Suez canal was opened in year :
(a) 1849
(b) 1859
(c) 1869
(d) 1879.
Answer:
(c) 1869.

Question 11.
The capital of Sikkim is :
(a) Dispur
(b) Shillong
(c) Gangtok
(d) Kohima.
Answer:
(c) Gangtok.

Question 12.
What is total length of land frontier of India?
(a) 12200 km
(b) 13200 km
(c) 14200 km
(d) 15200 km.
Answer:

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
________ keeps the first place in the world from the point of view of population.
Answer:
China

Question 2.
________ divides India in two equal parts.
Answer:
Tropic of Cancer

Question 3.
Geographically is the largest country of the world.
Answer:
Russia

Question 4.
India is situated in continent.
Answer:
Asia

Question 5.
________ is the capital of Uttrakhand.
Answer:
Dehradun

Question 6.
The boundaries of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and are alongwith Pakistan.
Answer:
Gujarat

Question 7.
__________ is the capital of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
Answer:
Hyderabad

Question 8.
__________ is the capital of Punjab and Haryana.
Answer:
Chandigarh.

True/False:

Question 1.
Goa is the smallest Indian State.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Suez canal was opened in 1869 A.D.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Sri Lanka is situated in eastern side of India.
Answer:
False.

Question 4.
Shimla is the capital of two Indian states.
Answer:
False.

Question 5.
Northern plains have lots of minerals.
Answer:
False.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How much percentage of world’s population lived in India in 2011?
Answer:
17.5%.

Question 2.
Which fertile Indian plains provide food security to India?
Answer:
The Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains.

Question 3.
Geographically, name the largest country of the world.
Answer:
Russia.

Question 4.
What is the total geographical area of India?
Answer:
32.80 lakh square kilometre.

Question 5.
Which Indian region is rich in mineral resources?
Answer:
Peninsular Plateau.

Question 6.
Name the island groups situated in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
Answer:

Arabian Sea: Lakshadweep Islands.
Bay of Bengal: Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Question 7.
Name the countries which are larger than India, geographically.
Answer:
Australia, Brazil, China, U.S.A., Canada and Russia.

Question 8.
Name the seas situated on three sides of India.
Answer:
Arabian Sea on the western side, Bay of Bengal on the eastern side and Indian Ocean on the southern side.

Question 9.
In which hemisphere is India situated?
Answer:
India is situated in the northern hemisphere.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 4

Question 10.
Which Latitudinal line divides India in two parts and what is its latitude?
Answer:
Tropic of Cancer divides India in two parts and its latitude is 23°30′ North.

Question 11.
Name the two neighbouring Island countries of India.
Answer:
SriLanka and Maldives.

Question 12.
Name the two neighbouring countries of India on the eastern side.
Answer:
Bangladesh and Myanmar.

Question 13.
The boundaries of which countries touch the Indian boundary on the northern side.
Answer:
China, Nepal and Bhutan.

Question 14.
What do you mean by the term sub-continent?
Answer:
A sub-continent is a vast independent geographical unit which is distinctly separated from the main continent.

Question 15.
In how many States and Union Territories, India is divided?
Answer:
There are 28 states and 8 union territories in India.

Question 16.
Name any four Indian states which border the other countries.
Answer:
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, West Bengal.

Question 17.
Name four Indian states situated on the eastern coast.
Answer:
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal.

Question 18.
What is the total length of land border of India?
Answer:
India’s total land border is 15,200 km.

Question 19.
What is the total length of Indian coastline?
Answer:
7516 km.

Question 20.
Geographically, what is India’s position in the world? Name the countries larger than India.
Answer:
Geographically, India is seventh largest country of the world. Russia, China, Canada, U.S.A., Brazil and Australia are larger than India.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 5

Question 21.
Name the seas situated on eastern and western side of India.
Answer:
Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea respectively.

Question 22.
Give similarity in the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India.
Answer:
Their extension is almost 30°.

Question 23.
What is the difference between 1ST and GMT?
Answer:
Five and half hours.

Question 24.
Name four Indian states along with the Arabian Sea.
Answer:
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala.

Question 25.
Name four Indian states whose border touches with the border of Bangladesh.
Answer:
West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram.

Question 26.
Name the capitals of Uttrakhand, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
Answer:
Uttarakhand-Dehradun, Chhattisgarh – Raipur, Jharkhand – Ranchi.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Reason out why the north-south extent of India is larger than its east-west extent even though the country’s latitudinal and longitudinal extent (in degrees) is of the same value.
Answer:
The East-West extent of India is 2933 kilometres, but the North-South extent is 3214 kilometres. Thus North-South extent is longer than the East-West extent by 281 kms. The fact is that latitudinal extent (31°02′) and the longitudinal extent (29°18′) of the country are almost of the same value. This is due to the spherical shape of the earth. The equator is the longest circle on the earth (one degree of longitude measures 111 km.). But the length of other parallels goes on decreasing from the equator towards the poles due t.o the curvature of the earth. At 25° latitude, the length of one degree of longitude is 100 kms. Therefore, the East-West extent is shorter than North-South extent in kilometres. The East-West extent for 30° will be reduced by 30 x 10 kms = 300 kms. approximately.

Question 2.
Why is India given the status of sub-continent? Which countries form the Indian sub-continent?
Answer:
The great mountain wall of Himalayas isolates these countries from the mainland of Asia. India forms the core of the sub-continent.

The following countries are included in the Indian sub-continent:

Pakistan is in the North-West.
Nepal is in the North,
Bhutan is in the North-East.
Bangladesh is in the East.
Sri Lanka in the South.
Myanmar in the external East.

Question 3.
What is the location of the Tropic of Cancer? What are its implications?
Or
‘Tropic of Cancer divides the country into almost two equal parts.’ Discuss.
Answer:
The Tropic of Cancer (23 1/2° N) runs almost through the centre of the country being 15° away from either end. It divides the country into almost two equal halves :

Sub-tropical zone: Northern India.
Tropical zone—Southern India.

Thus, India is considered a tropical country of the Northern Hemisphere. The climate of India is dominated by tropical monsoons. The sun’s rays never fall vertically in the areas north of the tropic, but the southern areas experience overhead sun twice a year.

Question 4.
State the reason for selecting a Standard Meridian of India with so odd value of 82°30′ E.
Or
Why do we need a Standard Meridian for India? Why 8214° E has been selected as the Standard Meridian of India?
Answer:
8254° East Meridian is taken as the Standard Meridian of India. It passes through the town of Allahabad. Local time of Mirzapur near Allahabad is taken as the standard time all over India. It is a central meridian for India as it divides the country into two equal halves. So it suits most parts of the country. Moreover, Nepal and Sri Lanka also adopt 82/4° E as the Standard Meridian to have a uniformity of time with India.

Question 5.
Reason out why Ahmedabad in the west and Kolkata in the east are able to see the noon sun exactly overhead twice a year, but not Delhi.
Answer:
The latitude of a place affects the altitude of the overhead sun at different places. On 21st June, the sun is overhead at tropic of cancer. The latitude of Ahmedabad is 23° N and that of Kolkata is also 23°N. These two places experience overhead sun twice a year. But Delhi (29°N) is situated beyond the tropic of cancer (23/4° N). Therefore, Delhi does not have overhead sun at any time of the year, because the sun is never overhead beyond the tropics.

Question 6.
Reason out why the difference between the duration of day and night is hardly felt at Kanyakumari, but it is not so in Kashmir.
Or
“The latitudinal extent influences the duration of day and night.” Explain.
Answer:
The North-South extent affects the length of day and night in different parts of India. Kanyakumari (8°N) is close to the equator. Here the sun is almost overhead all the year-round. With a result, the days and nights are equal. The maximum difference between the length of day and night is hardly 45 minutes. But in Kashmir (37°N), the rays of the sun are always oblique. The difference between the length of day and night is as large as five hours. Days are longer than nights, due to the inclination of this part towards the sun.

Question 7.
What is the longitudinal extent of India? What are its implications?
Answer:
India extends between 68°7’E to 97°25′ E longitudes. The East-West extent is 2933 kms. which is roughly 1/12th of the circumference of the earth. Thus, India has a longitudinal extent of about 30° longitudes. There is a time lag of 2 hours between the sunrise in the easternmost and the westernmost horizons of India. It means that the sun takes two hours to rise in Saurashtra after it has risen in Arunachal Pradesh.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give major features of the size and extent of India.
Answer:
India is a vast country. Geographically, India is seventh largest country of the world. The major features of the size and extent of India are given below:

India’s mainland is extended between 8°4′ N to 37°6′ N latitude. Its longitudinal extent is 68°7′ E to 97°25′ E. In this way, the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India (30°) is same. Even then its North-South extent in kilometres is more than East-West extent.
In the context of Equator, India is situated in the northern hemisphere and in the context of Prime Meridian, India is in the eastern hemisphere.
Tropic of cancer (23°3’N) divides India in almost two equal parts. India’s northern part is mountainous and plain and the southern part is a plateau.
India’s geographical area is around 32.8 lakh square kilometre. It is around 2.4% of world’s geographical area.
Due to its central position in the Indian ocean, India’s location is quite favourable for international trade. That’s why India has trading contacts with almost all the countries.

Question 2.
Explain that the exchange of ideas and goods from India dates back to ancient times.
Or
‘India had strong geographical and historical links with her neighbours.’ Explain giving examples.
Or
India’s strategic location on the head of the Indian Ocean has helped her in establishing land and maritime contacts with the outside world in the ancient and medieval times. Explain.
Answer:
India has been linked with S.E. Asia, West Asia, Africa, Central Asia. Indian culture spread to many distant countries such as Indonesia, Bali island, Combodia and Egypt. These cultures also had an impact on Indian culture.

The Indian culture spread to distant lands through ocean routes of the Indian Ocean. The muslin, spices, were sent to other countries.
The mountain passes in the north provided many openings and transport facilities for the outsiders.
(а) The pastoral nomads entered India through the mountain passes of Khyber and Bolan.
(b) The Buddhist Bhikshus crossed into Tibet, China and Japan to carry their message of peace.
(c) Alexander invaded India through these mountain passes and brought Greek sculptures, domes, minarets to India.
(d) Indian merchants had trade links with Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran through these routes.
(e) The Mongols, Turks, Arabs and Iranians came as conquerors and settled down in India. They took back the Indian numerals, the decimal system and the ideas of the Upanishads to their countries.

This gives and takes, this exchange of ideas, goods, and art have enriched the Indian culture.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Earth – As a Member of Solar System

January 10, 2024January 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Earth – As a Member of Solar System Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Earth – As a Member of Solar System

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB Earth – As a Member of Solar System Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief :

Question 1.
What do you mean by the Universe? Enlist the different forms of the Universe.
Answer:
The Universe is a vast and infinite space having millions of galaxies.

Composition of Universe

It consists of the sun, the planets, the earth, the moon, stars, dust particles, gases, etc. It is so large that one can’t estimate its size.

Forms of the Universe.The galaxy, milky way, planets, satellites, asteroids, comets, meteors and meteorites are the different forms of the Universe.

Question 2.
What is a planet? Is our earth a planet? How?
Answer:
A planet is a celestial (heavenly) body which draws heat and light from the sun and also revolves around it.The word ‘planet’ comes from the Greek word ‘planetai’ which means wanderer (moving thing). Planets are opaque bodies and reflect the Sun’s light.

Yes, our earth is a planet. It gets heat and light from the sun and moves around it in a particular direction in the space. There are eight planets.

Question 3.
What do you understand by Solar System?
Answer:
The sun and, the eight planets which revolve around it make up the Solar System. In addition to the eight planets, there are 63 satellites in the Solar System. The Solar System is also known as the Family of the Sun. The sun is the centre of solar system. Sol in Roman mythology means Sun God.

The eight planets in the order of their distance from the Sun.

Question 4.
Enlist the distance of planets from the sun. Also tell which planet is far away and which is nearest.
Answer:
There are eight planets. As per their distance from the sun, they are :

Mercury,
Venus,
Earth,
Mars,
Jupiter,
Saturn,
Uranus,
Neptune.

Of these planets, Neptune is the farthest and Mercury is the nearest.

Question 5.
Enlist planets according to the size of planets.
Answer:
In ascending order, the sizes of planets are as follows :

Mercury,
Mars,
Venus,
Earth,
Neptune,
Uranus,
Saturn,
Jupiter.

Question 6.
Which facts do you know that tell us the shape and size of the earth?
Answer:

Shape of the Earth: The earth is not flat, it is round in shape. It is like a very big ball.
Size of the Earth: As far as size of the earth is concerned, it ranks fifth among the planets. It is smaller than Jupiter and Saturn. Its diameter is 12,756 km. Its circumference is 40,000 km. On poles its diameter is 12,712 km. It means that its diameter on the poles is lesser by 44 km than the equator.

Question 7.
Write notes on the following :
(а) Planet
Answer:
Planet: A planet is a gaseous ball that moves around the sun. It moves in a particular direction in the space. It has no heat or light of its own. It receives heat and light from the sun. There are eight known planets.

(b) Meteors
Answer:
Meteors: Meteors are also known as Shooting Stars. They are small bodies which come from inter-planetary space. When they enter the earth’s surface, they get fire by friction. As a result, a lot of light appears trailing,. These are called meteors.

(c) Sphere
Answer:
Sphere: The earth has two ends. Northern end is known as Northern Pole and southern end is called Southern Pole.

(d) Equator
Answer:
Equator: Equator is an imaginary line that runs east to west in the centre of the earth. It divides the earth into two equal halves.

(e) Tailed Star
Answer:
Tailed Star: A comet is called a tailed star. It is trailed by a long tail of light.

(f) Axle/Axis
Answer:
Axle/Axis: Axle/Axis is an imaginary line that passes through and joins Northern Pole and Southern Pole of the earth.

(g) Asteroids
Answer:
Asteroids: Asteroids are small planets which revolve around the sun. They lie between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

(h) Lunar Eclipse.
Answer:
Lunar Eclipse: The earth revolves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth. During their revolution, when the earth comes between the sun and the moon, it casts its shadow on the moon. It is called Lunar Eclipse.

II. Fill in the blanks in the following :

Question 1.
Our earth is a flat sphere, therefore it is called ____________
Answer:
an oblate spheroid

Question 2.
The circumference of the earth is ____________ km.
Answer:
40,000

Question 3.
The diameter of earth on equator is ____________ km and diameter of earth at poles is km.
Answer:
12,756, 12,712.

III. Activity (Something To Do)

Question 1.
Show the planets according to the distance from the Sun.
Answer:

S.No. Planet	Distance from the Sun (million kms)
1. Mercury	58 (The nearest)
2. Venus	108
3. Earth	150
4. Mars	226
5. Jupiter	778
6. Saturn	1427
7. Uranus	2870
8. Neptune	4496 (The farthest)

Question 2.
Enlist the planets according to their size.
Answer:

S. No. Planet	Size
1. Jupiter	1st (The largest)
2. Saturn	2nd
3. Uranus	3rd
4. Neptune	4th
5. Earth	5th
6. Venus	6th
7. Mars	7th
8. Mercury	8th (The smallest)

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide Earth – As a Member of Solar System Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which is the nearest planet to the sun?
(A) Neptune
(B) Mars
(C) Mercury
(D) Earth.
Answer:
(C) Mercury.

Question 2.
The tilting of earth is responsible for :
(A) Change of the days
(B) Change of the sunrays
(C) Change of the seasons
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(C) Change of the seasons.

Question 3.
Stars appear to move from :
(A) West to East
(B) East to West.
(C) North to South
(D) South to West
Answer:
(B) East to West.

Question 4.
What are the tiny bodies between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter called?
(A) Asteroids
(B) Comets
(C) Meteor
(D) Meleorities
Answer:
(A) Asteroids.

Question 5.
Which is the largest planet in solar system?
(A) Mercury
(B) Mars
(C) Jupiter
(D) Saturn.
Answer:
(C) Jupiter.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
____________ planet appears to be yellowish.
Answer:
Saturn

Question 2.
____________ study the space and travel.
Answer:
Astronauts

Question 3.
Group of shining stars is called ____________
Answer:
Constellation

Question 4.
____________ is a group of seven stars.
Answer:
Saptarishi

Question 5.
____________ is called a tailed star.
Answer:
A comet.

True/False :

Question 1.
There are 7 planets in our solar system.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The universe includes the sun, satellites, planets, stars etc.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
Geoid means sunlike shape.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Moon is a natural satellite of the earth.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
The earth has a circumference of 40000 km.
Answer:
True.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Geoid?
Answer:
Geoid means earth like shape.

Question 2.
Who are astronauts?
Answer:
Astronauts are the persons who study the space and travel in the space. Kalpna Chawla was an astronaut of Indian origin.

Question 3.
Why does the sun appear big to us?
Answer:
The sun appears big to us because it is nearest to the earth.

Question 4.
What do you understand by constellation?
Answer:
A group of shining stars is called constellation.

Question 5.
What is Saptarishi?
Answer:
Saptarishi is a group of seven stars, which appears like a Great Bear.

Question 6.
Which planets rotate in a different direction than our earth?
Answer:
Venus and Uranus rotate in a different direction than our earth.

Question 7.
What is the name of the star nearest to earth?
Answer:
The sun is the star nearest to earth.

Question 8.
How much time does the light of the sun take to reach the earth?
Answer:
It takes eight minutes to reach the earth.

Question 9.
What is the distance between the sun and the earth?
Answer:
The distance between the sun and the earth is 15 crore kms.

Question 10.
What is Akash Ganga or Milky Way?
Answer:
Akash Ganga or Milky Way is a part of galaxy consisting of a million of stars and planets.

Question 11.
Name the largest and the smallest planets.
Answer:
Jupiter is the largest and Neptune is the smallest planet.

Question 12.
Name the planets which have no satellites.
Answer:
Mercury and Venus.

Question 13.
How much time does the moon take to complete one cycle around the earth and its own axis?
Answer:
27 days and 7 hours.

Question 14.
After whose name has the Comet Halley been named?
Answer:
Comet Halley has been named after the astronomer of England ‘Almond Halley’.

Question 15.
What are spheroids?
Answer:
The spheres of the earth which are flat on the top and bottom are called spheroids.

Question 16.
Name the four planets which are bigger than the earth.
Answer:
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the earth called a blue planet?
Answer:
Astronauts, who have seen the earth from space, say that the earth appears blue in colour. It is due to the presence of water. Therefore, the earth is called a blue planet.

Question 2.
What is the distance of the earth from sun and from the moon?
Answer:

Earth from sun-1,50 million kms.
Earth from moon-3,84,400 kms.

Thus the distance of earth from the sun is about 40 times more than that from the moon.

Question 3.
Why do we see only one side of the moon?
Answer:
The moon revolves around the earth in 27 days and 7 hours.
It takes exactly the same time in completing one rotation about its axis. As such, we see only one side of the moon while the other side always remains away from us.

Question 4.
Describe the composition of the Solar System.
Answer:
The Solar System is composed of the sun and the eight planets which revolve around it. The sun is the creator of the planets.

The planets are named after Greek gods and goddesses. In addition, there are in all 63 satellites or moons in the Solar System.

Question 5.
What is meant by a satellite? How many satellites are there in the Solar System?
Answer:
The word ‘satellite’ means a smaller companion to anything.
There are 63 satellites in the Solar System. The satellites revolve j around their planets and also follow them in their revolution around the sun. For example, the moon is the satellite of the earth which moves around the earth and also around the sun along with the earth.

Question 6.
Tell the main physical conditions prevalent on the moon.
Answer:
The moon has rugged and barren surface. There is no air or water on the moon. It is very hot during the day and very cold during the night.

Question 7.
What are Novae?
Answer:
Novae are stars which seem to appear out of nowhere and later disappear. They are also known as new stars. Today, we know a truly new star does not appear and only a dim star suddenly brightens up.

Question 8.
Why do the stars twinkle?
Answer:
The light from the stars travels through different layers of space. Therefore, the light rays deviate from its original path. Further, these rays are not stationary but keep on moving. This leads to the twinkling effect of the stars.

Question 9.
State some characteristics of celestial bodies.
Answer:

They are very big and hot.
These are made up of gases.
These have their own heat and light.
These are numerous.
These are very away from us and look tiny.

Question 10.
What is a Tailed Star?
Answer:
Comets are called Tailed Stars. These are clusters of gases and dust. The comet is trailed by a long tail of light. That is why it is called a Tailed Star.

Question 11.
What is Halley’s comet?
Answer:
Halle/s comet is a narrow loop-like comet. This star appears after a gap of 76 years, It last appeared in the sky in 1956.

Question 12.
What are shooting stars?
Answer:
Meteors and Meteorites are called shooting stars. When these enter the atmosphere, the matter gets fire. So these are called shooting stars. Half burnt meteors are called Meteorites. Arizona (USA) crator is formed due to falling of a meteorite.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the place of the earth in the Solar System?
Answer:
The earth is the third nearest planet to the sun. It lies between Venus and Mars and is the fifth largest planet. It has an equatorial diameter of 12,756 km and a polar diameter of 12,712 km. Its circumference is 40, 000 km. It is the only planet in the Solar System where life is possible. Water and air support all forms of life on the earth.

Question 2.
What do you know about the moon?
Answer:
The moon is the only satellite of the earth. It is over one quarter size of the earth. Its diameter is 3,476 km. It is also the nearest neighbour of the earth. It is at a mean distance of 3,84,000 km centre to centre and 3,76,284 km surface to surface. Its average orbital speed is 3,680 km per hour.

The moon revolves round the earth. Its position in relation to the sun changes every day, as it reflects the light of the sun.

Various phases of the moon

Question 3.
Distinguish between a star and a planet.
Answer:

Star	Planet
1. Stars are heavenly bodies shining by their own heat and light.	1. Planets are opaque heavenly bodies which reflect the light of the sun.
2. Millions of stars, scattered in space, occur in clusters.	2. Nine planets revolve around the sun.
3. Stars emit a large amount of heat and light.	3. Planets reflect the light of the sun.
4. Stars twinkle due to radiation of their heat and light.	4. Planets do not twinkle.

Question 4.
Distinguish between a planet and a satellite.
Answer:

Planet	Satellite
1. Planet receives heat and light from the sun.	1. They have no light of their own.
2. These are spherical in shape.	2. These are small bodies.
3. There are 8 planets in our solar system.	3. There are 110 Satellites.
4. A planet means a wanderer.	4. A satellite means a companion.

Question 5.
Why is the earth called a unique planet?
Answer:
The earth is a unique planet because it is the only planet having life for animals and plants. It is a unique planet due to the ahead reasons :

The presence of Oxygen and Nitrogen in the atmosphere around the earth favours the existence of life on the earth.
Water cycle on the earth provides water for all living beings. No other planet of the solar system has water.
The earth is neither too hot nor too cold. Moderate temperatures favour life on the earth. It has suitable temperatures for life.
Ozone layer protects us from harmful solar rays (ultra-violet rays).

Question 6.
Why do we see only one side of the Moon always?
Answer:
The Moon is a satellite of the Earth.

It moves around the Sun along with the Earth.
It takes 27 days to revolve around the earth.
It takes exactly the same time to complete one rotation about its axis.
That is why we can see only one side of the Moon. The other side always remains away from us.
The places on the moon correspond to places on earth always.