Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Common Proverbs Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary Common Proverbs

(2013, All Sets)

(A)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those given in bracket :
This is good for a factory. (site, sight)

(b) Give one word for the following :
The art of beautiful writing.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
Hard and fast.

(d) Give the meaning of the following proverb :
Might is right.
Answer:
(a) site
(b) calligraphy
(c) There are no hard and fast rules of reading a book
(d) One who is powerful is considered to be just.

(B)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those given in bracket:
It is not a defect. (miner, minor)

(b) Give one word for the following :
Articles sent out of the country.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
Off and on.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
What is the time in your watch ?
Answer:
(a) minor
(b) exports
(c) It rained off and on all day.
(d) What is the time by your watch ?

(C)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those given in bracket:
She has a …… amount of sense. (fair, fare)

(b) Give one word for the following :
A carriage for the sick and wounded.

(c) Give the meaning of the following proverb :
Blood is thicker than water.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
This shirt is made with cotton.
Answer:
(a) fair
(b) stretcher
(c) family relationships are stronger than others
(d) This shirt is made of cotton.

(2014, All Sets)

(A)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those in bracket :

(b) Give one word for the following :
A loss which cannot be repaired or made good.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
To end in smoke.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Myself can do it.
Answer:
(a) principal
(b) irreparable
(c) All her efforts to reform her drunkard husband ended in smoke
(d) I can do it myself.

(B)
(a) Fill in the blank a suitable word from those in bracket:
She has an ……….. nature. (amiable, amicable)

(b) Give one word for the following :
That which is against law.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
To find fault with.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
A sun rises in the east.
Answer:
(a) amiable
(b) illegal
(c) Stop finding fault with other
(d) The sun rises in the east.

(C)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those in bracket:
She to me off and on. (rites, write)

(b) Give one word for the following :
Government of the people, by the people, for the people.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
Tooth and nail.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Come and see me at Sunday.
Answers
(a) writes
(b) Democracy
(c) We shall oppose the new; taxes tooth and nail
(d) Come and see me on Sunday.

(2015, All Sets)

(A)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those in bracket :
The ………. drops looked very beautiful. (due, dew)

(b) Give one word for the following :
The art of management practised by statement.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
All in all.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
You kept me in dark.
Answer:
(a) dew
(b) Diplomacy
(c) My father is all in all in our family
(d) You kept me in the dark.

(B)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those in bracket:
I am feeling ……well today. (quiet ; quite)

(b) Give one word for the following :
A list of things to be discussed at a meeting.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
To end in smoke.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Let us go and bathe in river.
Answer:
(a) quite
(b) Agenda
(c) All plans of the enemy ended in smoke
(d) Let us go and bathe in the river.

(C)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable
word from those in bracket :
Arun is my …….. friend. (deer, dear)

(b) Give one word for the following :
A person with a bad reputation.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
Apple of one’s eye.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
The stitch in time saves nine.
Answers
(a) dear
(b) notorious
(c) He is the apple of his parents eye.
(d) A stitch in time save nine.

(2016, All Sets)

(A)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those given in bracket :
Parents ………. the character of their child. (farm, form)

(b) Give one word for the following :
One who can read and write.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
Crocodile tears.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Simran is my cousin sister.
Answer:
(a) form
(b) literate
(c) The wicked wife shed crocodile tears over the death of her husband
(d) Simran is my cousin.

(B)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those given in bracket :
The wind ……….. points to the north. (vain, vane)

(b) Give one word for the following :
A place of permanent residence.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
To take heart.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Anita is my older daughter.
Answer:
(a) vane
(b) domicile
(c) He took heart, tried again, and was successful
(d) Anita is my! elder daughter.

(C)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those given in bracket :
Hold the ………. of the horse carefully. (bridal, bridle)

(b) Give one word for the following :
A person who does not believe in God.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
A bed of roses.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Politics are a dirty game.
Answer:
(a) bridle
(b) atheist
(c) Life is not a bed of roses for the poor
(d) Politics is a dirty game.

(2017, All Sets)

(A)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable
word from those in bracket : Apply the ……….. to stop the car. (break/brake)

(b) Give one word for the following :
One who does not eat meat.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
With flying colours

(d) Correct the following sentence.
Fifty miles are a long distance.
Answer:
(a) brake
(b) vegetarian
(c) Those who work hard come off with flying colours
(d) Fifty miles is a long distance

(B)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those in bracket :
Do not …….. in the class.
(doze/dose)

(b) Give one word for the following :
One who never dies.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
To carry the day

(d) Correct the following sentence.
He wrote very good poetries.
Answer:
(a) doze
(b) immortal
(c) Indian team carried the day against Pakistan
(d) He wrote very good poetry/ poems.

(C)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable
word from those in bracket : Open the ……….. (gate /gait)

(b) Give one word for the following :
That which cannot be heard.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
A hard nut to crack

(d) Correct the following sentence.
When he left ?
Answer:
(a) gate
(b) inaudible
(c) To solve the Kashmir issue is a hard nut to crack.
(d) When did he leave ?

(2018, All Sets)

(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable
word from those in the bracket :
The bread is made of ……….. (floor / flour)

(b) Give one word for the following :
(i) To send articles out of the country.
(ii) One who eats human flesh.

(c) Use the following idiom in a sentence of your own :
Hard and fast

(d) Correct the following sentence :
It is no use to cry over spilt milk.
Answer:
(a) flour
(b) (i) export (ii) cannibal
(c) There are no hard and fast rules of reading a book
(d) It is no use crying over spilt milk.

(2019, All Sets)

(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those in the bracket :
When were you ? (born/borne)
(b) Give one word for the following : something that can be heard.
(c) Correct the following sentence : Shelly is my cousin sister.
(d) Frame a sentence using the following idiom :
at par
Answers
(a) born
(b) audible
(c) Shelly is my cousin
(d) Death treats the rich and the poor at par.

1. A fool and his money are soon parted :
One who cannot take care of his money, loses it.

2. A good beginning makes a good ending :
A well-begun task ends in a good state.

3. A house is not a home :
A home is known by real love and affection, and not by walls alone.

4. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step :
Every huge project has a humble beginning.

5. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing :
Lesser knowledge leads to damage.

6. A new broom sweeps clean :
A fresh leader or administrator gets rid of the old and brings in new ideas and personnel.

7. A penny saved is a penny earned :
Saving is as important as earning.

8. A picture paints a thousand words :
A picture speaks the mind of the painter.

9. A problem shared is problem halved :
A work or job may be very difficult but if many hands together solve it, it becomes easier.

10. A prophet is not recognized in his own land :
A person may be very talented but cannot get due importance among his own people.

11. A rolling stone gathers no moss :
A person who never settles anywhere will never do well.

12. A stitch in time saves nine :
An action or thing done at the right time saves much trouble.

13. A volunteer is worth twenty pressed men :
A man who does his job willingly is certainly better than many upon whom the work is thrust.

14. Actions speak louder than words :
One is judged by what he does, and not by what he says.

15. All that glitters is not gold :
Appearances generally deceive people.

16. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy :
A man cannot achieve the best by overwork. Recreation is also necessary.

17. An apple a day keeps the doctor away :
A person who takes an apple daily remains healthy and does not need to visit a doctor.

18. As you sow so shall you reap :
As your actions will be, the same kind of reward will be received by you.

19. Barking dogs seldom bite :
Those who boast and talk too much of themselves, are of low and weak mind.

20. Beggars can’t be choosers :
A person who depends on others cannot have anything of his own choice.

21. Better safe than sorry :
It is better to take precautions than to be regretful.

22. Birds of a feather flock together :
Persons of same calibre and position like to mix more with each other.

23. Blood is thicker than water :
Family relationships are stronger than others.

24. Boys will be boys :
Young boys, and sometimes grown-up men, occasionally behave in a childish way.

25. Charity begins at home :
A person’s first duty is to care for and help his or her own family.

26. Cleanliness is next to godliness :
Being clean is a sign of spiritual purity or goodness.

27. Don’t bite the hand that feeds you :
Do not think ill of the person who helps you.

28. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched :
Do not daydream.

29. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket :
Do not invest all your money at a single place or you can be ruined.

30. Don’t try to talk before you can crawl :
Do things according to your calibre.

31. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise :
One should sleep early and get up early to be healthy, wealthy and wise.

32. Empty vessels make the most noise :
One who doesn’t have any good quality in him, shows off more.

33. Every dark cloud has a silver lining :
Even the greatest sorrow has some happiness hidden behind it.

34. Everybody want to go to heaven, but nobody wants to die :
Everyone wants luxuries in life, but no one wants to work for them.

35. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread :
The inexperienced do something that the more informed people would avoid.

36. Fortune favours the brave :
God helps those who dare.

37. God helps those who help themselves :
One has to do his own work; self-help is the best help.

38. Handsome is that handsome does :
Beauty lies in action, not in ‘physical’ appearance.

39. Haste makes waste :
If you do a job in hurry, it can be spoiled.

40. History repeats itself :
Man does what his ancestors did.

41. Home is where the heart is :
A home is where one is loved not where one lives.

42. If God had meant us to fly, He’d have given us wings :
Do not try doing things for which nature does not permit you.

43. If wishes were horses, beggars would ride :
It is easy to wish, but difficult to achieve.

44. Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery :
One is flattered by the thought that he is considered worth imitating.

45. Into every life a little rain must fall :
Everyone should taste a little bit of adversity to admire the good things.

46. It takes a thief to catch a thief :
Thieves are the experts when it comes to thieving.
They would know best how to catch other thieves.

47. It’s better to give than to receive :
The person who helps others is respected more than the one who asks for help.

48. It’s better to light a candle than curse the darkness :
Instead of cursing the bad circumstances, one should try to change them.

49. It’s no use crying over spilt milk :
One should not waste one’s time lamenting the loss.

50. It’s the early bird that gets the worm :
One who comes first is served first.

51. Jack of all trades, master of none :
One who tries to learn many things never becomes a specialist of anything.

52. Laugh and the world will laugh with you; weep and you weep alone :
No one likes the company of one who remains sad and dejected.

53. Laughter is the best medicine :
Those who laugh in illness recover quickly.

54. Let sleeping dogs lie :
Do not trouble the troubles until the troubles trouble you.

55. Life is what you make it :
There is no use cursing others for your failures. Your success or failure lies entirely on yourself.

56. Like father, like son :
Children tend to do the same as their parents do.

57. Live for today, for tomorrow never comes :
We should not worry about future.

58. Look before you leap :
One should think of the consequences before doing anything.

59. Man does not live by bread alone :
Man has not a stomach alone, but heart also is to be taken care of.

60. Marry in haste, repent at leisure :
One should be careful while choosing his life partner.

61. Money doesn’t grow on trees :
One makes money by working hard, so it must not be wasted.

62. Money makes the world go round :
One can do anything and go anywhere if he has money.

63. Necessity is the mother of invention :
You make new things only if you need them. Ingenuity is stimulated by difficulty.

64. Never judge a book by its cover :
The true worth of a thing can’t be judged by its external looks.

65. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today :
Tomorrow never comes, so one must do one’s work today.

66. No man is an island :
Man is a social animal and cannot live alone.

67. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent :
If you hold your head high, no one can let you down.

68. Nothing is certain but death and taxes :
Death comes to all and everyone has to pay his dues.

69. Oil and water don’t mix :
People of different tastes and nature do not mix up with each other.

70. Opportunity only knocks once :
You cannot get chances again and again.

71. Out of sight, out of mind :
You are likely to forget what you don’t see more often.

72. People who live in glasshouses shouldn’t throw stones at others :
If you do something bad yourself, never forbid others to do it.

73. Power corrupts : absolute power corrupts absolutely :
A person’s sense of morality lessens as his or her power increases.

74. Practice makes a man perfect :
One becomes efficient at something by doing it again and again.

75. Pride comes before a fall :
If one becomes proud of his success, he is likely to fall.

76. Rome wasn’t built in a day :
It takes time and patience to do any great work.

77. Spare the rod and spoil the child :
The children study only if they have some fear.

78. Still waters run deep :
Those with extraordinary qualities never show off.

79. The Devil finds work for idle hands to do:
People who have no work to do, often do wrong things.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Man?
Or
Write four traits of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s personality.
Or
Write about the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Though Ranjit Singh was illiterate, he possessed sharp intellect. He remembered the names of thousands of villages and their geographical locations by heart. His memory was so sharp that he could recognise a person whom he had met many years ago. He was very kind-hearted. He loved his subjects very much, so much so that he never treated his enemies ruthlessly. The Maharaja never awarded capital punishment to anybody during his rule. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. Every day before starting his work he listened to the Bani of Guru Granth Sahib and offered his prayer. He called his government Sarkar-i-Khalsa. He issued the coins in the name of ‘Nanak Sahai’ and ‘Gobind Sahai’. He gave plenty of charity to Gurdwaras. Besides, his attitude towards other religions was full of respect. Equal treatment was meted out to people of all religions. They had full freedom of observing their rites and customs. The Maharaja gave charity to other religions also with an open heart.

Question 2.
What were the five features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Man?
Answer:
1. Appearance: The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very attractive. He had medium-sized stature and a thin body.- His face had been disfigured as a result of smallpox in his childhood and deprived him of the left eye. Although the Maharaja was ugly, yet his personality was so attractive that anybody who came to meet him was greatly impressed by him. His face was suffused with a special type of halo and brilliance.

2. Hard-working and Active: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very hard-working and active. He always believed that great men should always be hardworking and active. He expected this from his officers, also. The Maharaja always remained busy in-state work from morning till late night. He delighted in every type of work. He paid personal attention to the minutest work of the state.

3. Courageous and Brave: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a very brave and courageous person. He was fond of going to the battlefields, hunting trips, wielding sword and horse-riding. While young, he gave evidence of his bravery by beheading Hashmat Khan earlier. He was ever foremost in battle and the last to retreat. He never lost heart even in the face of the most dreadful situation.

4. Kind Hearted: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness. During his period, Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated many Sikh, Hindu and Muslim Chiefs. But, it is remarkable that the Maharaja never treated his enemies cruelly. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known.

5. A devoted follower of Sikhism: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had an unshakable faith in Sikhism. Before starting his routine work, he used to listen to the recitation of Gurbani of Guru Granth Sahib Ji and the Kirtan. He called his government as Sarkar-i-Khalsa and his court Darbar Khalsa Ji. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) at the door of the Guru and the Panth.

Question 3.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a kind ruler. How?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness. During his period, Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated many Sikh, Hindu and Muslim Chiefs. But what is remarkable is that the Maharaja never treated his enemies cruelly. At that time among the emperors of Kabul and Delhi, whoever came to occupy the throne not only continued to shed blood of their close relatives and claimants to the throne but also left their descendants in a state of destitution. At such times, this rufer of Lahore not only embraced those whom he defeated on the battlefield but also bestowed Jagirs and robes of honour even to their children. The Maharaja did not award a death sentence to any criminal in his region. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known.

Mauza or village was the smallest unit of administration. Its administration was run by the Panchayat. The Maharaja did not interfere with the functioning of Panchayat. The Maharaja never ignored the public interest. He had instructed his state officials that they should make special efforts for the public welfare. The Maharaja used to travel his state in disguise to know the condition of the people. Punishment was given to erring officials who violated the orders of the Maharaja. The state offered special facilities to the poor and peasants. Consequently, people were well-off during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.

Question 4.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. Give arguments in your favour.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was truly a devoted follower of Sikhism. Every day before starting the routine work he used to hear Kirtan and recitation of Gurbani from Guru Granth Sahib and say his prayer. He never took any important decision ” without seeking guidance from Guru Granth Sahib. He had preserved a Kalgi (aigrette) of Guru Gobind Singh Ji in his Toshakhana (treasure) and considered its touch as a matter of great luck for him. He considered all his victories to be the boon of Almighty. He paid a thanks-giving visit to Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar after each victory where he made huge offerings. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) at the door of the Guru and Sikh Panth.

He preferred to be called ‘Singh Sahib’ rather than Maharaja. His coins bore the names of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. The official form of salutation in the army was, ‘Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh.’ All official oath-taking ceremonies were performed in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib. For building new Gurdwaras and for the maintenance of langar he had given huge revenue-free Jagirs. In short, he was a devoted follower of Sikhism in the true sense of the word.

Question 5.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a Secular Ruler. How?
Answer:
Although Ranjit Singh was a staunch Sikh, yet he was liberal towards other religions. He kept religious discrimination and communalism at an arm’s length. He knew very well that for the establishment of a strong and enduring empire the cooperation of people of different religions was essential. By his policy of tolerance, he succeeded in winning over the hearts of the people of different religions. In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit. In his court, the Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Dogras, and Europeans were appointed to the high posts without any discrimination of caste, creed, or nationality.

For instance, his Foreign Minister Faquir Aziz-ud-Din was a Muslim, Prime Minister, Dhian Singh was a Dogra, Diwan Bhiwani Das and Commander Misar Diwan Chand were Hindus and General Ventura and Allard were EuropeAnswer: In matters of charity, the Maharaja did not discriminate against any religion. He made liberal offerings for the maintenance of Hindu temples, Muslim mosques, and mausoleums. In his empire, the people belonging to different religions were at liberty to celebrate their religious ceremonies.

Question 6.
Describe Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a successful Administrator.
Or
What do you know about Maharaja Ranjit Singh as an Administrator?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was an excellent administrator. The main objective of his administration was the welfare of the public. In order to get cooperation in running the administration, he had appointed many honest and able ministers. In order to run the administration efficiently, he had divided his empire into four big provinces.

Question 7.
“Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general and a conqueror.” Explain.
Or
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and a General?
Or
Write a note on Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and as a Military General.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general of his time. He never faced defeat in any battle that he fought during his lifetime. He deemed it his pleasure to take part in enterprising and adventurous expeditions. He was never unnerved even in the face of heavy odds. The Maharaja took full care of the welfare of his soldiers. As a result, they also remained ever-ready to sacrifice their lives for his sake. Besides being a great general, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was also a great conqueror. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh took reins of Sukarchakia Misl in 1797 A.D., he had a small region under him.

He converted it into a vast empire due to his sheer bravery and ability. He annexed important regions like Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat, Jammu, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar to his empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had to fight many bloody battles to conquer these regions. He defeated the Afghans and stopped the age-long foreign invasions from the northwest frontier. It was a great singular achievement of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. As a result of his conquests, his empire stretched from Ladakh in the north to Shikarpur in the south and from the Sutlej in the east to Peshawar in the west.

Question 8.
Why is Maharaja Ranjit Singh called Sher-i-Punjab?
Or
What place would you assign Ranjit Singh in the History of Punjab? Why is he called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh established a vast empire through his sheer bravery. He made the dream of the Sikh empire come true. Besides being a successful conqueror, he also proved to be an efficient administrator. The main object of his administration was the welfare of the public. Often he traveled through his empire in disguise to know the real condition of people. Jobs were given on the basis of merit. People of all religions—the Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus, and Europeans, etc. were given high’ posts in his Darbar. Ranjit Singh adopted a policy of secularism towards all religions.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
Explain in detail the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Give character estimate of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Discuss Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a man, a general, a ruler, and a diplomat.
Or
Explain Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Man.
Or
What place would you assign to Ranjit Singh in history? Why is he called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh is counted as one of the greatest personalities not only of India but of the whole world. He was a man of multifarious personality. By virtue of his qualities, he succeeded in establishing a vast and strong Sikh empire in Punjab. He is rightly remembered as Sher-i-Punjab. A brief description of the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh is as follows:

1. As a Man:

1. Appearance: The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very attractive. He had medium-sized stature and a thin body. His face had been disfigured as a result of smallpox in his childhood and deprived him of the left eye. Although the Maharaja was ugly, yet his personality was so attractive that anybody who came to meet him was greatly impressed by him. His face was suffused with a special type of halo and brilliance.

2. Hard-working and Active: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very hard-working and active. He always believed that great men should always be hardworking and active. He expected this from his officers, also. The Maharaja always remained busy in-state work from morning till late night. He delighted in every type of work. He paid personal attention to the minutest work of the state.

3. Courageous and Brave: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a very brave and courageous person. He was fond of going to the battlefields, hunting trips, wielding sword and horse-riding. While young, he gave evidence of his bravery by beheading Hashmat Khan earlier. He was ever foremost in battle and the last to t retreat. He never lost heart even in the face of the most dreadful situation.

4. Illiterate but Intelligent: The Maharaja was not interested in studies. As a result, he remained illiterate. Despite being illiterate, he possessed a very keen, intelligent, and prodigious memory. He knew by heart, the names of thousands of his villages and their geographical location. He could recognize a person at once even if seen many years earlier. He remembered even the smallest details regarding administration. His wisdom was so acute that the foreign travelers wondered at it.

5. Kind Hearted: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness. During his period, Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated many Sikhs, Hindus and. Muslim Chiefs. But, it is remarkable that Maharaja Ranjit Singh never treated his enemies cruelly. The Maharaja did not award a death sentence to any criminal in his reign. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known. According to the famous writer Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, “Ranjit Singh’s popular image is that of a kindly patriarch rather than that of conquering hero or a mighty monarch. He was all three, but his humanity has outlived his splendor and power.”

6. A devoted follower of Sikhism: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had an unshakable faith in Sikhism. Before starting his routine work, he used to listen to the recitation of Gurbani of Guru Granth Sahib Ji and the Kirtan. Hp never took any big decision or launched upon any undertaking without seeking guidance from Guru Granth Sahib Ji. After each victory, the Maharaja paid a thanksgiving visit to Sri Darbar Sahib Ji, Amritsar, and made costly offerings.

He called his government Sarkar- i-Khalsa and his court as Darbar Khalsa Ji. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) at the door of the Guru and the Panth. He issued coins in the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The words ‘Nanak Sahai’ and ‘Gobind Sahai’ were inscribed on them. He liberally gave grants for the construction and maintenance of Gurudwaras. In brief, he was a devout Sikh from heart and soul.

7. Tolerant: Although Ranjit Singh was a staunch Sikh, yet he was liberal towards other religions. He kept religious discrimination and communalism at an arm’s length. He knew very well that for the establishment of a strong and enduring empire, the cooperation of people of different religions was essential. In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit. In his court, the Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Dogras, and Europeans were appointed to the high posts without any discrimination of caste, creed, or nationality.

For instance, his Foreign Minister Faqir Aziz-ad-Din was a Muslim, his Prime Minister, Dhian Singh was a Dogra, his Diwan Bhiwani Das and his Commander Misar Diwan Chand were Hindus and his General Ventura and Allard were EuropeAnswer: In his empire, the people belonging to different religions were at liberty to celebrate their religious ceremonies. According to Dr. Bhagat Singh, “No ruler of ancient or medieval Indian history could match Ranjit Singh in his cosmopolitan approach.’*

2. As a General And Conqueror:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general of his time. He is counted among the greatest generals of the world. He did not have to face defeat in the battles, which he fought during his lifetime. He took pride in taking part in dreadful campaigns. He never lost his heart even in the face of extreme hardship. For instance in 1823 A.D., in the battle with the Afghans at Naushera, when Akali Phula Singh fell a martyr, the Sikh soldiers lost courage. Their defeat seemed certain, At that time, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, infused a new spirit in his soldiers.

Besides being a great general, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great conqueror, also. In 1797 A.D., when he took over the Sukarchakia Misl, he had a very small area under him. By virtue of his ability and bravery, he converted his small kingdom into a big empire. He annexed to his empire, important areas like # Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat, Jammu, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar. In order to annex these areas to his empire, the Maharaja had to fight many hazardous battles. By defeating the Afghans he checked their centuries-old invasions on India across the North-West frontiers.

It was a big achievement of Maharaja. Owing to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquests, his empire had extended its frontiers from Ladakh in the North .to Shikarpur in the South, from the river Sutlej in the East to Peshawar in the West. According to the famous historian Dr. Ganda Singh, “Rightly he may claim to be one of the greatest heroes of India.”

3. As an Administrator:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror but also an able ruler. The main aim of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s administration was public welfare. In order to get co-operation in matters of administration, the Maharaja had appointed many able and honest ministers. With a view to running the administration efficiently, he had divided his kingdom into four big provinces. The smallest unit of administration was ‘Mauza’ or village. The village administration was in the hands of the Panchayat. In order to know the condition of his subjects, he would often tour the state in disguise. The officers, Who dared defy the Maharaja’s orders were given severe punishments. As a result, the public during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times was very happy.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh paid special attention to the military administration. He was quite aware that a powerful army was very essential for the defense and expansion of his empire. He was the first Indian ruler, who started giving training to his army on the European pattern. He gave special importance to infantry and artillery. Special attention was paid to maintaining discipline in the army. The Maharaja would personally inspect the army. The practice of keeping the soldier’s record and branding of horses was started. Special awards were given to those soldiers, who showed bravery on the battlefield. The soldiers and their families were fully looked after by the state. Dr. H.R. Gupta aptly says, “He was one of the best rulers in Indian history.”

4. As a Diplomat:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a shrewd and far-sighted diplomat. At the beginning of his diplomatic career, he made friends with the powerful Misl Sardars. With the co-operation of these Misl Sardars, he merged the weak Misls with his kingdom. Later on, when the Maharaja grew stronger, he grabbed the powerful Misls one by one. It was a characteristic of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s diplomacy that he always treated generously the vanquished Chiefs. He granted them Jagirs on liberal terms. Consequently, they never tried to raise a banner of revolt against Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

It was by virtue of his diplomacy that the Maharaja secured the fort of Attock from Jahandad Khan without any fight. In 1835 A.D., when the ruler of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan came with a large army to attack the Sikhs, the Maharaja played such a trick that he fled from the battlefield without fighting.

In 1809 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave evidence of his political sagacity by establishing a friendship with the British. By clashing with a powerful power like the British, he did not want to ring the death-knell of his empire in its infancy. It was not his weakness, but a symbol of his deep political understanding ‘ and far-sightedness. The Maharaja also gave evidence of deep political understanding in solving the North-West frontier problems. By not attacking Afghanistan, Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave yet another proof of his diplomacy. Afterward when the Britishers did so, they had to face dire consequences. Dr. Bhagat Singh aptly says, “It was not easy to beat him in diplomacy.”

5. His Place in the History of the Punjab:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh is counted among the greatest sovereigns not only of India but also of the whole world. Different historians compare Maharaja Ranjit Singh with Mughal emperor Akbar, Maratha ruler Shivaji, Egyptian ruler Mehmet Ali, and the King of France, Napoleon. An impartial study of history, we come to know that the actual achievements of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were far greater than these rulers. At the time of Ranjit Singh’s accession to the throne, he had a nominal kingdom. But with his efficiency and ability, he was able to carve a vast kingdom.

Thus, he fulfilled the dream of establishing a sovereign Sikh empire. He had also established an excellent administration. Its main object was the welfare of the public. He had adopted a tolerant policy towards all religions. He had also established a powerful army for the safety and expansion of his empire. He had given proof of his wisdom by establishing friendly relations with the British. Due to these multifaced qualities, Maharaja Ranjit Singh is deservedly called Sher-i-Punjab. Undoubtedly, Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupied a glorious place in the history of Punjab. In the end, we agree to these words of Dr. H.R. Gupta, “As a man, warrior, general, conqueror, administrator, ruler and diplomat, Ranjit Singh occupies a high position among the greatest sovereigns of the world.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Man?
Or
Or
Write about the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Mention the three characteristics of the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Though Ranjit Singh was illiterate, he possessed sharp intellect. His memory was very sharp. He was very kind-hearted. He loved his subjects very much. He never treated his enemies ruthlessly. The Maharaja never awarded capital punishment to anybody during his rule. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. His attitude towards other religions was full of respect.

Question 2.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a kind ruler. How?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kind¬ness. Maharaja Ranjit Singh bestowed Jagirs and robes of honor even to their children whom he defeated in the battlefield. The Maharaja did not award a death sentence to any criminal in his region. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known.

Question 3.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. Give arguments in your favor.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was truly a devoted follower of Sikhism. Every day before starting the routine work he used to hear Kirtan and recitation of Gurbani from Guru Granth Sahib Ji and say his prayer. He considered all his victories to be the boon of Almighty. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) of the Guru and Sikh Panth. He preferred to be called ‘Singh Sahib’ rather than Maharaja. For building new Gurdwaras and for the maintenance of langar he had given huge revenue-free-Jagirs.

Question 4.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a Secular Ruler. How?
Answer:
Although Ranjit Singh was a staunch Sikh, yet he was liberal towards other religions. By his policy of tolerance, he succeeded in winning over the hearts of the people of different religions. In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit. In his court, the Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Dogras, and Europeans were appointed to the high posts. In his empire, the people belonging to different reli¬gions were at liberty to celebrate their religious ceremonies.

Question 5.
Describe Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a successful Administrator.
Or
What do you know about Maharaja Ranjit Singh as an Administrator?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was an excellent administrator. The main objective of his administration was the welfare of the public. In order to get cooperation in running the administration, he had appointed many honest and able ministers. The smallest unit of administration was village or Mauza. Its administration was run by the Panchayat. The Maharaja used to travel his state in disguise to know the condition of the people. Consequently, people were well-off during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.

Question 6.
“Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great General and a Conqueror.” Explain.
Or
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and a General?
Or
Write a note on Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and as a Military General.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general of his time. He never faced defeat in any battle that he fought during his lifetime. He annexed important regions like Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat, Jammu, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar to his empire. As a result of his conquests, his empire* stretched from Ladakh in the north to Shikarpur in the south and from the Sutlej in the east to Peshawar in the west.

Question 7.
Why was Maharaja Ranjit Singh known as Sher-i-Punjab?
Or
What place would you assign to Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the History of Punjab? Why is he called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh established a vast empire through his sheer bravery. The main object of his administration was the welfare of the public. People of all religions—were given high posts in his Darbar. He made his army very powerful. He made friends with the English and guarded Punjab against being annexed to the English empire. For all these reasons, Ranjit Singh is called Sher-i-Punjab.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
As a man what were the two characteristic qualities of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was brave and kind-hearted.

Question 2.
Which horse was especially loved by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Lailly.

Question 3.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a firm devotee of Sikhism. Give one argument in support of your- answer.
Answer:
He called his Sarkar as Sarkar-i-Khalsa.

Question 4.
What did Maharaja Ranjit Singh call his Government and Darbar?
Answer:
Darbar-i-Khalsa.

Question 5.
What did Maharaja Ranjit Singh call himself.?
Answer:
Dog (Kookar) of Sikhism.

Question 6.
Name anyone non-Sikh Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Faquir Aziz-ud-Din.

Question 7.
Name prominent historian in the court of Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Sohan Lai Suri.

Question 8.
Mention any one quality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh as an army General.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not face defeat in any battle.

Question 9.
“Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a successful diplomat.” Give anyone proof in this regard.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave proof of his wisdom in not seizing Afghanistan.

Question 10.
Which ruler of Punjab is remembered as Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 11.
Why is Maharaja Ranjit Singh called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Because he established a vast Sikh empire and adopted a liberal policy towards all religions.

Question 12.
Why was Maharaja Ranjit Singh called ‘Paras’?
Answer:
Because he took special care of his subjects.

Fill in the blanks:

1. The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very …………….
Answer:
attractive

2. Maharaha Ranjit Singh specially loved the horse named …………………
Answer:
Lailly

3. Maharaja Ranjit’Singh considered himself ……………… of Sikhism.
Answer:
Kukar

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his government ………………..
Answer:
Sarkar-i-Khalsa

5. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his Darbar ……………….
Answer:
Darbar-i-Khalsa

6. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very fond of ……………..
Answer:
wine

7. Maharaja Ranjit Singh is remembered as ………………
Answer:
Sher-i-Punjab

True or False:

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very industrious and agile.
Answer:
True

2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh loved a horse called Lailly.
Answer:
True

3. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called himself Dog (Kookar) of Sikhism.
Answer:
True

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his government as Sardar-i-Khalsa.
Answer:
True

5. Maharaja Ranjit Singh loved Sikhism only.
Answer:
False

6. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had a great hate for wine.
Answer:
False

7. Maharaja Ranjit Singh is remembered as Sher-i-Punjab.
Answer:
True

8. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror but also an able administrator.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. As a man what were the characteristic qualities of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) He was very industrious and agile.
(b) He was very kind-hearted.
(c) He was illiterate but intelligent.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

2. Which horse was specially loved by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Lailly
(b) Shally
(c) Chetak
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(a) Lailly

3. What did Maharaja Ranjit Singh call his government?
(a) Sarkar-i-Aam
(b) Sarkar-i-Khas
(c) Sarkar-i-Khalsa
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Sarkar-i-Khalsa

4. Who was the most famous scholar in the court of Ranjit Singh?
(a) Sohan Lai Suri
(b) Faqir-Aziz-ud-Din
(c) Raja Dhian Singh
(d) Diwan Mohkam Chand.
Answer:
(a) Sohan Lai Suri

5. Which ruler of Punjab is remembered as Sher-i-Punjab?
(a) Maharaja Raiyit Singh
(b) Maharaja Dalip Singh
(c) Maharaja Sher Singh
(d) Maharaja Kharak Singh.
Answer:
(a) Maharaja Raiyit Singh

6. Which words were engraved on ‘Royal Stamp’ in the Maharaja Ranjit Singh Era?
(a) Fateh Dharam
(b) Akal Sahrai
(c) Fateh Darshan
(d) Nanak Sahai.
Answer:
(a) Fateh Dharam

7. Which words were displayed on the ‘Royal Stamp’ of the Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Nanak Sahai
(b) Akal Sahai
(c) Gobind Sahai
(d) Teg Sahai.
Answer:
(b) Akal Sahai

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Common Errors Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary Common Errors

Correct the following sentences.

(a)
1. There are plenty of fish here.
2. The flowers are beautiful thing.
3. Bible is holy book.
4. The sun rises in east.
5. She is a M.A.
6. He kept me in dark.
7. She can’t help laugh.
8. I enjoy to play hockey.
9. It is no use to cry over spilt milk.
10. He tried cross the river.
Answer:
1. There is plenty of fish here.
2. The flowers are a beautiful thing.
3. The Bible is a holy book.
4. The sun rises in the east.
5. She is an M.A.
6. He kept me in the dark.
7. She can’t help laughing.
8. I enjoy playing hockey.
9. It is no use crying over spilt milk.
10. He tried to cross the river.

(b)
1. It is too cold today.
2. She is so nice.
3. You are too busy.
4. We are the childrens of India.
5. Work hard lest you may not fail.
6. I saw you long before.
7. I have only finished two stories.
8. Please attend your lesson.
9. She found me lie on the ground.
10. I don’t blame to you.
Answer:
1. It is very cold today.
2. She is very nice.
3. You are very busy.
4. We are the children of India.
5. Work hard lest you should fail.
6. I have seen you long before.
7. I have finished two stories only.
8. Please attend to your lesson.
9. She found me lying on the ground.
10. I don’t blame you.

(c)
1. I know who are you.
2. Why did you let him to go ?
3. I requested him help me.
4. Geeta is a holy book.
5. He will be back in few days.
6. Everybody was in holiday mood.
7. I got chance to show my skill.
8. One must do his duty.
9. Mother gave me many advices.
10. Leave in hand, please.
Answer:
1 know who you are.
2. Why did you let him go ?
3. I requested him to help me.
4. The Geeta is a holy book.
5. He will be back in u few days.
6. Everybody was in a holiday mood.
7. I got a chance to show my skill.
8. One must do one’s duty.
9. Mother gave me much advice.
10. Let go of my hand, please.

(1) Errors in the use of nouns

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. Sita is fond of vegtables 2. Ria’s hair are black 3. She threw two breads before the dog. 4. Two of my brother-in-laws are staying with me. 5. These cattles are mine. 6. All the peoples have ‘gone to town. 7. Herds of swines lived in the forest. 8. The child learned the alphabets before he could read. 9. Her house is full of good 10. She wrote very good 11. This is a six-years-old 12. Lara has some grey 13. She expressed her thank to her uncle. 14. Geeta bought two dozens 15. Sher Singh ran a three miles 16. Teachers are sitting in the staff’s 17. She goes to her office on 18. One of my friend is a teacher. 19. Abha is my cousin sister. 20. The sceneries of Kashmir are very charming. 21. Ramu has packed my 22. She sent us many informations. 23. They gave you many advices. 24. She found two long hair in her food. 25. The boys did many 26. In the first inning, our team scored eighty runs.

Sita is fond of vegetables. Ria’s hair is black. She threw two pieces of bread before the dog. Two of my brothers-in-law are staying with me. These cattle are mine. All the people have gone to town. Herds of swine lived in the forest. The child learned the alphabet before he could read. Her house is full of good furniture. She wrote very good poetry. This is a six-year-old horse. Lara has some grey hairs. She expressed her thanks to her uncle. Geeta bought two dozen mangoes. ‘ Sher Singh ran a three-mile race. Teachers are sitting in the staff room. She goes to her office on foot. One of my friends is a teacher. Abha is my cousin. The scenery of Kashmir is very charming. Ramu has packed my luggage. She sent us much information. They gave you much advice. She found two long hairs in her food. The boys did many acts of mischief. (The boys did much mischief.) In the first innings, our team scored eighty runs.

(2) Errors in the use of adjectives

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. She did not eat many bread. 2. Ram ate small honey. 3. Every men are mortal. 4. Much men are poor. 5. Little men are rich. 6. Your uncle should take no side. 7. Take the medicine each four hours. 8. What book do you like the best ? 9. Which nonsense this is ! 10. Buses pass my house each hour. 11. Sita is beautiful than Radha. 12. Megha is my oldest daughter. 13. Tell me the last news. 14. My dress is costlier than you. 15. Tom is wise for his age. 16. My pen is superior than yours. 17. I am senior by him in service. 18. He has bought any bread. 19. He has not bought some bread. 20. He has bought no any bread. 21. His condition is so serious that there is a little hope of his recovery. 22. Little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 23. Hurry up ! We have only little time left. 24. He spent a little money he had. 25. I need few days’ rest. 26. A few women can keep a secret. 27. He read a few books he had. 28. Many young men have served their country nobly. 29. There were trees on every side of the road. 30. The doctor called to see him each other day. 31. They all loved each other. 32. The two men struck one another. 33. This boy is no less cleverer than that.

She did not eat much bread. Ram ate a little honey. All men are mortal. Many men are poor. Few men are rich. Your uncle should take neither side. Take the medicine every four hours. Which book do you like the best ? What nonsense this is ! Buses pass my house every hour. Sita is more beautiful than Radha. Megha is my eldest daughter. Tell me the latest news. My dress is costlier than yours. Tom is wiser for his age. My pen is superior to yours. I am senior to him in service. He has bought some bread. He has not bought any bread. He has not bought any bread. His condition is -so serious that- there is little hope of his recovery. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Hurry up ! We have only a little time left. He spent the little money he had. I need a few days’ rest. Few women can keep a secret. He read the few books he had. Many young men have served their country nobly. (Many a young man has served his country nobly.) There were trees on each side of the road. The doctor called to see him every other day. They all loved one another. The two men struck each other. This boy is no less clever than that.

(3) Errors in the use of articles

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. Dog is faithful animal. 2. Rich should help the, poor. 3. A sun rises in the east. 4. You kept me in dark. 5. He wanted to become teacher. 6. I have never been to Agra Fort. 7. She wants house to live in. 8. Do not lose the heart. 9. He wants little sugar for tea. 10. He is honourable man. 11. The singing is my hobby. 12. We were first to reach the school. 13. His house caught the fire. 14. Next morning I had a idea. 15. Tom was first to protest. 16. They made him feel little better. 17. He will be back in few days. 18. Few students are present in the stadium. 19. I have the headache. 20. The game came to end. 21. She is a honourable lady. 22. I want to buy a umbrella. 23. I am a honest worker. 24. She returned after o hour. 25. Do not make noise.

Dog is a faithful animal. The rich should help the poor. The sun rises in the east. You kept me in the dark. He wanted to become a teacher. I have never been to the Agra Fort. She wants a house to live in. Do hot lose heart. He wants a little sugar for tea. He is an honourable man. Singing is my hobby. We were the first to reach the school. His house caught fire. Next morning I had an idea. Tom was the first to protest. They made him feel a little better. He will be back in a few days. A few students are present in the stadium. I have a headache. The game came to an end. She is an honourable lady. I want to buy an umbrella. I am an honest worker. She returned after an hour. Do not make a noise.

(4) Errors in the use of verbs

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. Vegetables goes bad in summer. 2. Either Mohan or Sham are to be promoted. 3. Neither Tom nor his sister have gone to school. 4. Seventy miles are a long distance. 5. I have finished my play last night. 6. He finished his work when I met him. 7. Law and order are to be maintained. 8. May I came in, Madam ? 9. What will I do next ? 10. She said her friend goodbye. 11. A snake cut her. 12. She laid in her bed. 13. I know to play football. 14. The teacher gave a speech. 15. He was ill for two days when the doctor was sent for. 16. I solved all the questions before the time was over. 17. The patient died before the doctor came. 18. The boat was sunk by a storm which suddenly sprang up. 19. You will be hearing this news already; so I need not to repeat it. 20. Look ! The smoke conies out of the window. 21. If you will play the piano, I will sing. 22. If you played the piano, I will sing. 23. If you had played the piano, I would sing. 24. I learnt that my friend has failed. 25. The judge declared that he is guilty.

Vegetables go bad in summer. Either Mohan or Sham is to be promoted. Neither Tom nor his sister has gone to school. Seventy miles is a long distance. I finished my play last night. He had finished his work when I met him. Law and order is to be maintained. May I come in, Madam? What shall I do next? She bade her friend goodbye. A snake bit her. She lay in her bed. I know how to play football. The teacher made a speech. He had been ill for two days when the doctor was sent for. I had solved all the questions before the time was over. The patient had died before the doctor came. The boat was sunk by a storm which had suddenly sprung up. You will have heard this news already; so I need not repeat it. Look ! The smoke is coming out of the window. If you play the piano, I will sing. If you played the piano, I would sing. If you had played the piano, I would have sung. I learnt that my friend had failed. The judge declared that he was guilty.

(5) Errors in the use for Proposition

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. Manav does not obey to his father. 2. My son does not listen what I say. 3. Meena was angry upon her daughter. 4. He fell from his horse and injured his back. 5. Come and see me at Sunday. 6. I have known him since years. 7. I’d prefer to make the journey with car. 8. I washed the dirt at my hands. 9. This shirt is made with cotton. 10. We cooked food with an open fire. 11. She wore a jacket on her dress. 12. This cloth costs ₹ 50 each metre. 13. They tied him with tree. 14. He wore a blue shirt in his coat. 15. He wanted me to write the preface of his book.

Manav does not obey his father. My son does not listen to what I say. Meena was angry with her daughter. He fell off his horse and injured his back. Come and see me on Sunday. I have known him for years. I’d prefer to make the journey by car. I washed the dirt off my hands. This shirt is made of cotton. We cooked food over an open fire. She wore a jacket over her dress. This cloth costs ₹ 50 per metre. They tied him to a tree. He wore a blue shirt under his coat. He wanted me to write the preface to his book.

(6) Errors in the use of Pronouns

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. Myself can do it. 2. Those are ours toys. 3. This action of her’s was not liked by us. 4. It was me who did it. 5. I and you will help the poor. 6. I and my friend were invited to the party. 7. I, you and he “should attend the meeting. 8. You, he and I broke the rules of this game. 9. It is a secret between he and me. 10. Let he and I do it. 11. We enjoyed much at the hill station. 12. Each of the guests must bring their own card. 13. Everybody were in their best clothes. 14. Neither of these two boys are going to pass. 15. None of those boys were allowed to enter their class.

I can do it myself. Those are our toys. (Those toys are ours.) This action of hers was not liked by us. It was I who did it. You and I will help the poor. My friend and I were invited to the party. You, he and / should attend the meeting. I, he and yow broke the rules of this game. It is a secret between him and me. Let him and me do it. We enjoyed ourselves much at the hill station. Each of the guests must bring his (or her) own card. Everybody was in his (their) best clothes. Neither of these two boys is going to pass. None of those boys was allowed to enter his class.

(7) Errors in the use of auxiliaries

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. I will be obliged to you. 2. If she will come to me, I shall help her. ’ 3. I will be drowned and nobody shall save me. 4. I shall stand by my brother under all circumstances. 5. You will be turned out of the class if you won’t stop talking. 6. Shall you help me ? 7. Will I go to the garden ? 8. He worked hard lest he may not fail. 9. He will know me if he saw me. 10. He can do this if he tried. 11. You ought love your parents. 12. He ought have worked hard. 13. Must I do it ? No, you must not. 14. He dares not come to my house. 15. He dare to stand alone.

I shall be obliged to you. If she comes to me, I shall help her. I shall be drowned and nobody will save me. I will jstand by my brother under all circumstances. You shall be turned out of the class if you don’t stop talking. , Will you help me ? Shall I go to the garden ? He worked hard lest he should fail. He would know me if he saw me. He could do this if he tried. You ought to love your parents. He ought to have worked hard. Must I do it ? No, you need not. He dare not come to my house. He dares to stand alone.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary One Word for Many and their use in Sentences Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary One Word for Many and their use in Sentences

1. Something that can be heard – Audible
What he said was not audible.

2. Something written by an unknown person – Anonymous
I received an anonymous letter yesterday.

3. A written declaration made on oath in the presence of a magistrate or a government official – Affidavit
I submitted an affidavit as a proof of my date of birth.

4. A person who does not believe in God – Atheist
An atheist does not believe in God.

5. A government by one person or one party – Autocracy
Autocracy is not a popular form of government.

6. A word opposite in meaning – Antonym
The antonym of ‘good’ is ‘bad’.

7. A life story of a person written by himself – Autobiography
Gandhiji’s autobiography gives a true description of his life.

8. Medicine to counteract the effect of poison – Antidote
What is the antidote for the poison of the snake ?

9. A representative of a government in a foreign country: -Ambassador
Mr. S.R. Sharma is India’s ambassador in Pakistan.

10. A word or sentence the meaning of which is not clear. – Ambiguous
The minister’s replies were ambiguous.

11. Place for keeping birds – Aviary
This aviary contains almost all kinds of birds.

12. A place for the storage of weapons – Arsenal
Our neighbouring country is building up a big arsenal.

13. To increase the gravity of a situation – Aggravate
Your perpetual agruing with your father will certainly aggravate his rage.

14. The crime of setting things on fire – Arson
Terrorists caused arson on a large scale.

15. A list of things to be discussed at a meeting – Agenda
What is the agenda for the next meeting ?

16. A state of growth between boyhood and youth – Adolescence
Adolescence is an impressionable period of life.

17. A carriage for the sick and wounded – Ambulance
The injured man was taken in an ambulance.

18. Objects having life -Animate
Plants and trees are also animate things.

19. A state where no government exists – Anarchy
Unemployment can lead to anarchy.

20. A person liable to be called to account – Accountable
You are accountable for all your misdeeds.

21. An assembly of listeners – Audience
The audience heard Mr. Modi’s speech very attentively.

22. A person who plays a game or does a work only for pleasure – Amateur
Many amateurs also participated in this mission.

23. One who lives in a foreign country – Alien
An American is an alien in our country.

24. A government managed by state officials – Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy should be responsible to the public.

25. Marrying two wives or husbands – Bigamy
Bigamy is not approved in the Indian society.

26. A man who is not married – Bachelor
A bachelor is generally a carefree man.

27. A thing which can be broken easily – Brittle
Glass is hard but brittle

28. To speak ill of a person in his absence – Backbite
Gentlemen don’t indulge in backbiting.

29. A bunch of flowers -Bouquet
I presented her a bouquet on her birthday.

30. The science which deals with life – Biology
Biology is her favourite subject.

31. A girl just before or after her wedding day – Bride
The bride was wearing a red saree.

32. A boy just before or after his wedding day – Bridegroom
The bridegroom came riding a horse.

33. A person who believes everybody – Credulous
A credulous person easily believes what others say.

34. That which can be corrected – Corrigible
Certain defects are not corrigible.

35. A list of names of books – Catalogue
You should consult the library catalogue.

36. A period of one hundred years – Century
We are living in the twenty-first century.

37. A piece of machinery used for mathematical calculations – Calculator
A calculator helps us in making big calculations easily.

38. The peak point of a story or a plot – Climax
The climax of the film was its best part.

39. A place where the dead are buried – Cemetery
The Christians bury their dead in a cemetery.

40. The art of beautiful writing -Calligraphy
The art of calligraphy is now dying.

41. A musical entertainment given in a public hall – Concert
People came in thousands to the concert.

42. One who eats human flesh – Cannibal
This book gives an account of cannibals of the past.

43. Government of the people, by the people, for the people – Democracy
We are the biggest democracy in the world.

44. One who drinks too much – Drunkard
A drunkard is certain to have a short life.

45. A government by one person – Dictatorship
Dictatorship cannot continue for long.

46. Money or gifts given to a girl at her marriage -Dowry
Her rich parents gave her a big dowry.

47. To injure one’s reputation – Defame
Each new government defames the previous one.

48. The art of management practised by statesmen -Diplomacy
Nehru was very good at international diplomacy.

49. A speech made without preparation -Extempore
His extempore speech impressed the listeners.

50. A book containing every kind of information -Encyclopedia
An encyclopedia enriches our knowledge.

51. A person who examines -Examiner
The examiner has marked the answer-books very carelessly.

52. A thing which is fit to be eaten – Edible
All mushrooms are not edible.

53. To root out an evil —Eradicate
Dowry system cannot be eradicated by law alone.

54. To send articles out of the country —Export
India now exports cars to European countries.

55. One who loves his own religion and hates other religions —Fanatic
A fanatic can never be truly religious.

56. Murder of a brother —Fratricide
He was suspected of fratricide by the police.

57. One who is not easily pleased —Fastidious
She is very fastidious about her dress.

58. A period of two weeks —Fortnight
He comes here every fortnight.

59. That which ends in death —Fatal
He was killed in a fatal accident.

60. A man interested in the welfare of women —Feminist
A feminist favours equal rights for women.

61. A person who eats too much —Glutton
He eats like a glutton.

62. A make-up room behind the stage —Green room
Th hm’oine was dressing up in the green room.

63. Money paid to an employee after his retirement —Liratul:y
He got a big gratuity at his retirement.

64. A place for storing grain —Granary
Punjab is called the granary of India.

65. A medicine that kills germs —Germicide
Keep germicides away from children.

66. A post for which no salary is paid .‘ —Honorary
No wages are given for an honorary post.

67. To cause eggs to produce the young —Hatch
The hen hatches its eggs in a dark place.

68. A place of shelter or safety —Haven
This zoo is a haven for birds.

69. A writing which cannot be read clearly —Illegible
Your handwriting is illegible.

70. One who does not show favour to anyone —Impartial
He gave an impartial decision.

71. That which cannot be solved or dissolved —Insoluble
Oil is insoluble in water.

72. One who cannot read or write —Illiterate
The poor farmer was illiterate.

73. That which cannot be conquered —Invincible
Death is invincible.

74. That which cannot be corrected —Incorrigible
He is an incorrigible gambler.

75. One who never dies —Immortal
The soul is immortal.

76. That which is against law —Illegal
I never do an illegal act.

77. That which cannot be cured —Incurable
Cancer is incurable.

78. That which is not proper —Inept
An inept remark can turn friends into enemies.

79. A thing that must happen —Inevitable
Death is inevitable.

80. A loss which cannot.be repaired or made good —Irreparable
This loss is irreparable.

81. A person easily made angry —Irritable
He has an irritable nature.

82. That which can be understood —Intelligible
Her lecture was intelligible to everyone.

83. An article or thing liable to catch fire easily —Inflammable
Petrol is highly inflammable.

84. Worship of idols —Idolatry
Many religions are against idolatry.

85. Showing or having good sense and wisdom —Judicious
It was a judicious decision.

86. A special skill or ability —Knack
Mohan has a knack of pleasing everybody.

87. A problem or question hard to solve —Knotty
It is a knotty problem.

88. One who can read and write —Literate
Very few people in the village are literate.

89. A copy of a book, piece of music, etc. before it has been printed. —Manuscript
The manuscript was neatly handwritten.

90. A disorderly crowd of people —Mob
The police was unable to control the mob.

91. A person with a bad reputation. —Notorious
Jagga was a notorious dacoit.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 2 सूरदास के पद Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 2 सूरदास के पद

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB सूरदास के पद Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए :

प्रश्न 1.
यशोदा श्री कृष्ण को किस प्रकार सुला रही है?
उत्तर:
यशोदा श्रीकृष्ण को पालने में झूला झूलाते हुए, दुलारते हुए, पुचकारते हुए तथा कुछ गाते हुए सुला रही है।

प्रश्न 2.
यशोदा श्रीकृष्ण को दूर क्यों नहीं खेलने जाने देती है?
उत्तर:
यशोदा श्रीकृष्ण को दूर खेलने इसलिए नहीं जाने देती कि कहीं किसी की गाय उन्हें मार न दे।

प्रश्न 3.
यशोदा श्रीकृष्ण को दूध पीने के लिए क्या प्रलोभन देती है ?
उत्तर:
यशोदा श्री कृष्ण को कहती है कि यदि वे दूध पी लेंगे तो उनकी चोटी भी बलराम की चोटी के समान लंबी-मोटी हो जाएगी।

प्रश्न 4.
श्री कृष्ण यशोदा से क्या खाने की माँग करते हैं ?
उत्तर:
श्रीकृष्ण यशोदा से खाने के लिए माखन-रोटी की माँग करते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
अंतिम पद में श्रीकृष्ण अपनी माँ से क्या हठ कर रहे हैं ?
उत्तर:
अंतिम पद में श्रीकृष्ण अपनी माँ से गाय चराने जाने की हठ कर रहे हैं। वे अपने हाथों से तोड़ कर फल खाना चाहते हैं।

2. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मैया कबहुं बढ़ेगी चोटी।
किती बेर मोहिं दूध पियत भई, यह अजहूं है छोटी।
तू जो कहति बल की बेनी ज्यों, हवै है लांबी मोटी।
काढ़त गुहत न्हवावत जैहै नागिन-सी भुईं लोटी।
काचो दूध पियावति पचि पचि, देति न माखन रोटी।।
सूरदास चिरजीवौ दोउ भैया, हरि हलधर की जोटी ।।
उत्तर:
भक्त सूरदास श्रीकृष्ण के बाल रूप का वर्णन करते हुए कहते हैं कि-बालक कृष्ण अपनी माता यशोदा से शिकायत करते हैं कि-माँ मेरी यह चोटी कब बड़ी होगी? दूध पीते हुए मुझे कितना समय हो गया है, लेकिन यह अभी भी वैसी के वैसी छोटी है। माँ तुम तो कहती हो कि मेरी ये चोटी बलराम भैया की चोटी की भाँति मोटी और लंबी हो जाएगी। इसे निकालते हुए, (कंघी करते हुए) गुंथते और नहाते हुए यह नागिन की भाँति धरती पर लोटने लगेगी। अपनी माँ से शिकायत करते हुए वे कहते हैं कि हे मैया ! तुम बार-बार मुझे कच्चा दूध पीने के लिए देती हो, लेकिन माखन रोटी खाने के लिए नहीं देती हो। पद के अंत में भक्त सूरदास कहते हैं कि बलराम और कृष्ण की यह जोड़ी सदा के लिए बनी रहे।

प्रश्न 2.
आजु मैं गाइ चरावन जैहौं।
बृन्दावन के भांति भांति फल अपने कर मैं खेहौँ ।।
ऐसी बात कहौ जनि बारे, देखौ अपनी भांति।
तनक तनक पग चलिहौ कैसें, आवत वै है. अंति राति।
प्रात जात गैया लै चारन घर आवत हैं सांझ।
तुम्हारे कमल बदन कुम्हिलैहे, रेंगति घामहि मांझ।
तेरी सौं मोहिं घाम न लागत, भुख नहीं कछु नेक।
सूरदास प्रभु कयौ न मानत, पर्यो आपनी टेक।।
उत्तर:
सूरदास जी कहते हैं कि बाल कृष्ण अपनी माँ यशोदा से कहते हैं कि वे आज गाय चराने जाएंगे। इस प्रकार वे वृंदावन के अनेक प्रकार के फल भी अपने हाथ से तोड़ कर खाएँगे। इस पर माता यशोदा उन्हें मना करते हुए कहती हैं कि ऐसी बात मत करो ज़रा अपने को देखो कि तुम अपने छोटे-छोटे कदमों से किस प्रकार चलोगे क्योंकि आते हुए बहुत रात हो जाएगी। सुबह-सुबह गायों को चराने ले जाते हैं तो संध्या के समय घर आते हैं। तुम्हारा कमल जैसा कोमल मुख धूप में भटकने से मुरझा जाएगा। इस पर बाल कृष्ण कहते हैं कि हे माँ ! तुम्हारी कसम मुझे धूप नहीं लगती है और कुछ विशेष भूख भी नहीं है। सूरदास जी कहते हैं कि प्रभु बाल कृष्ण अपनी माता का कहना नहीं मानते और अपनी ज़िद्द अड़े हुए है कि उन्हें गाय चराने जाना है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1.नीचे दिए गए सूरदास के पदों में प्रयुक्त ब्रज भाषा के शब्दों के लिए खड़ी बोली हिंदी के शब्द लिखिए

प्रश्न 1.
ब्रज भाषा – खड़ी बोली
के शब्द – हिंदी के शब्द
कुछ – कुछ
तोको – …………………..
कबहुँक – …………………..
किति – …………………..
अरु – …………………..
निंदरिया – …………………..
कान्ह – …………………..
इहिं – …………………..
भुई – …………………..
तुम्हरे – …………………..
उत्तर:
ब्रज भाषा – खड़ी बोली
के शब्द – हिंदी के शब्द
कछु – कुछ
तोको – तुमको
कबहुँक – कभी
किति – कितनी
अरु – और
निंदरिया – नींद
कान्ह – कृष्ण
इहिं – यहाँ
भुई – भूमि
तुम्हरे – तुम्हारे

2. निम्नलिखित एकवचन शब्दों के बहुवचन रूप लिखिए

एकवचन – बहुवचन
पलक – ……………………
नागिन – ……………………
ग्वाला – ……………………
गोपी – ……………………
चोटी – ……………………
उत्तर:
एकवचन – बहुवचन
पलक – पलकें
नागिन – नागिने
ग्वाला – ग्वाले
गोपी – गोपियाँ
चोटी – चोटियाँ
रोटी – रोटियाँ

(ग) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
श्रीकृष्ण की बाल-लीलाओं के चित्र इकट्ठे करके अपनी कॉपी में चिपकाएँ।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2.
जन्माष्टमी के अवसर पर मंदिर में जाकर श्रीकृष्ण की बाल-लीला से सम्बन्धित झाँकियों का अवलोकन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 3.
जन्माष्टमी के अवसर पर मंदिरों में बच्चों द्वारा श्रीकृष्ण की बाल-लीला से सम्बन्धित कार्यक्रम आयोजित किए जाते हैं। उनमें भाग लीजिए।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 4.
जन्माष्टमी के अवसर पर रात को श्रीकृष्ण के जन्म की कथा सुनाई जाती है। वहाँ जाइए और कथा श्रवण कर रसास्वादन कीजिए अथवा टेलीविज़न/इंटरनेट से श्रीकृष्ण की जन्म-कथा को सुनिए/देखिए।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 5.
आप भी बचपन में दूध आदि किसी पदार्थ को नापसंद करते होंगे। आपके माता-पिता आपको यह पदार्थ खिलाने-पिलाने में कितने लाड-प्यार से यत्न करते होंगे। अपने माता-पिता से पूछिए और लिखिए। उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

(घ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

हिंदी-साहित्य के भक्तिकाल (सन् 1318-1643 तक) की कृष्ण-भक्ति-शाखा के प्रमुख कवि सूरदास माने जाते हैं। इनके अतिरिक्त कृष्णदास, नन्ददास, रसखान जैसे प्रसिद्ध कवियों तथा कवयित्री मीराबाई ने भी श्रीकृष्ण को आधार बनाकर उत्कृष्ट काव्य की रचना की है। श्रीकृष्ण की भक्ति से ओत-प्रोत रसखान के सवैयों को तो विद्वानों ने सचमुच रस की खान ही कहा है। मीराबाई का हिंदी की कवयित्री में अप्रतिम स्थान है। मीरा द्वारा रचित श्रीकृष्ण-भक्ति के सुन्दर और मधुर गीत जगत प्रसिद्ध हैं।

मीरा :
पायो जी मैंने राम रतन धन पायो !
वस्तु अमोलक दी मेरे सतगुरु, करि किरपा अपणायौ!
जन्म-जन्म की पूँजी पाई, जग में सबै खोवायो!
खरचै नहिं कोई चोर न लेवै, दिन दिन बढ़त सवायौ !
सत की नाव खेवटिया सतगुरू, भवसागर तरि आयो!
मीरा के प्रभु गिरधर नागर, हरखि-हरखि जस गायौ!

रसखान :
मानुष हौं तो वही रसखानि बसौं ब्रज गोकुल गाँव के ग्वारन।
जौ पसु हौं तो कहा बस मेरो चरौं नित नंद की धेनु मंझारन।।
पाहन हौं तो वही गिरी को जो कियो हरिछत्र पुरंदर धास।
जौ खग हौं तो बसेरो करौं नित कलिंदी कूल कदंब की डारन ।।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide सूरदास के पद Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
यशोदा माता श्री कृष्ण को पालने (झूले) में झुलाती हुई क्या-क्या करती है ?
उत्तर:
यशोदा माता श्री कृष्ण को पालने में झुलाते हुए उन्हें दुलारती है; पुचकारती है। उसके मन में जो कुछ भी आता है वह उसे गाती है। वह नींद को श्री कृष्ण के पास जल्दी-जल्दी आने के लिए बुलाती है।

प्रश्न 2.
यशोदा माता श्री कृष्ण को सुलाते समय अपनी सखियों से किस प्रकार बात करती है ?
उत्तर:
यशोदा माता श्री कृष्ण को सुलाते समय अपनी सखियों से बिना बोले कुछ केवल इशारों से बात करती है; कुछ बातें समझाती है।

प्रश्न 3.
यशोदा माता इशारों से अपनी सखियों को क्या बताती है ?
उत्तर:
यशोदा माता इशारों से अपनी सखियों को बताती है कि कृष्ण अब सोने ही वाले हैं। वह उन्हें सुलाने के बाद उनके के पास आ जाएगी।

प्रश्न 4.
वह कौन-सा सुख था जो ऋषि-मुनियों को न मिल यशोदा माता को ही मिला था ?
उत्तर:
श्री कृष्ण ने मानव रूप में धरती पर जन्म लिया था। माँ के रूप में उनका पालन-पोषण करने का जो सुख तपस्या करने वाले ऋषि-मुनियों को नहीं मिला था वह यशोदा माता को मिला था।

प्रश्न 5.
यशोदा माता बाल कृष्ण को क्या-क्या नहीं करने के लिए कहती है ?
उत्तर:
यशोदा माता बाल कृष्ण को पुकारते हुए कहती है कि खेलने के लिए घर से दूर न जाए ताकि कहीं किसी की गाय उसे अपने सींग न मार दे।

प्रश्न 6.
श्री कृष्ण की सुंदरता को देखकर गाँव में क्या-क्या प्रतिक्रिया होती है ?
उत्तर:
श्री कृष्ण की सुंदरता को देख कर सभी गोप-गोपियाँ आश्चर्य व्यक्त करते हैं। वे प्रसन्न होते हैं और घरघर में बधाइयाँ दी जाती हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
श्री कृष्ण अपनी माँ से अपनी चोटी की लंबाई से संबंधित क्या शिकायत करते हैं ?
उत्तर:
श्री कृष्ण अपनी माँ से अपनी चोटी की लंबाई से संबंधित शिकायत करते हैं कि उसकी लंबाई छोटी है। वह बलराम की चोटी जैसी लंबी-मोटी नहीं है। वह उसे लंबा करने के लिए कितनी बार दूध पी चुके हैं पर फिर भी बढ़ती ही नहीं।

प्रश्न 8.
यशोदा माता को कृष्ण को गौवें चराने के लिए जाने से क्या-क्या कह कर रोकती हैं ?
उत्तर:
यशोदा माता श्री कृष्ण से कहती है कि वे अभी बहुत छोटे हैं। वे अपने छोटे-छोटे कदमों से जंगल में नहीं जा पाएंगे। गौएं चराने का काम कठिन होता है। सुबह जाकर शाम को घर वापस लौटना होता है। तेज धूप कष्ट देती है। धूप में इधर-उधर भटकने से उनका कमल-सा चेहरा मुरझा जाएगा।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
बालक कृष्ण को सोया हुआ जान कर यशोदा कैसे बातें करती है?
उत्तर:
इशारों से।

प्रश्न 2.
सोते-सोते जब बालक कृष्ण अकुला उठते हैं तो यशोदा क्या करती है?
उत्तर:
यशोदा मधुर स्वर में गाने लगती है।

प्रश्न 3.
श्रीकृष्ण माता यशोदा से किसके बढ़ने के लिए पूछते हैं ?
उत्तर:
अपनी चोटी के।

प्रश्न 4.
गाय चराने कब जाना पड़ता है ?
उत्तर:
प्रात:काल के समय।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 5.
बालक कृष्ण गाय चराने जाने की जिद्द पर अड़े हुए हैं।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 6.
यशोदा बालक कृष्ण को दूर खेलने जाने देती है।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 7.
बालक कृष्ण की चोटी बहुत लम्बी और मोटी है।
उत्तर:
गलत।

प्रश्न 8.
बालक कृष्ण को गाय चराते हुए धूप और भूख नहीं लगती।
उत्तर:
सही।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 9.
इहिं अंतर ……… उठे हरि, ……. मधुरै गावै।
उत्तर:
इहिं अंतर अकुलाई उठे हरि, जसुमति मधुरै गावै।

प्रश्न 10.
काढ़त गुहत ……… जैहै …… सी भुई लोटी।
उत्तर:
काढ़त गुहत न्हवावत जैहै नागिन सी भुई लोटी।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 11.
यशोदा श्रीकृष्ण को किसमें सुला रही है-
(क) पालने में
(ख) गोद में
(ग) पलंग पर
(घ) कंधे पर।
उत्तर:
(क) पालने में।

प्रश्न 12.
सोते हुए श्रीकृष्ण क्या फड़काते हैं-
(क) पलक
(ख) अधर
(ग) हाथ
(घ) पाँव।
उत्तर:
(ख) अधर।

प्रश्न 13.
हलधर किसे कहा गया है
(क) कृष्ण को
(ख) नंद को
(ग) बलराम को
(घ) ग्वालों को।
उत्तर:
(ग) बलराम को।

प्रश्न 14.
बालक कृष्ण क्या नहीं खाना-पीना चाहते-
(क) दूध
(ख) माखन
(ग) रोटी
(घ) माखन-रोटी।
उत्तर:
(क) दूध।

प्रश्न 15.
श्रीकृष्ण गाय चराने कहाँ जाना चाहते हैं-
(क) गोवर्धन
(ख) वृंदावन
(ग) कालिंदी तट
(घ) गोकुल।
उत्तर:
(ख) वृंदावन।

सूरदास के पद सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. जसोदा हरि पालने झुलावै।
हलरावै, दुलराइ मल्हावै, जोइ-सोइ कछू गावै।
मेरे लाल को आउ निंदरिया, काहै न आनि सुवावै।
तू काहैं नहिं बेगहिं आवै, तोको कान्ह बुलावै।
कबहुँक पलक हरि नूदि लेत हैं, कबहुँ अधर फरकावै।
सोवत जानि मौन है रहि रहि, करि करि सैन बतावै।
इहिं अंतर अकुलाई उठे हरि, जसुमति मधुरै गावै।
जो सुख सूर अमर मुनि दुरलभ, सो नंद भामिनि पावै॥

शब्दार्थ:
हरि = श्री कृष्ण। पालना = झूला। हलरावै = हिलाती है। मल्हावै = पुचकारती है। निंदरिया = नींद। बेगिहि = शीघ्रता से। तोको = तुझे। अधर = होंठ। मौन = चुप। सैन = संकेत, इशारे। नंद-भामिनि = नन्द की पत्नी, यशोदा।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद सूरदास द्वारा रचित ‘सूरदास के पद’ से लिया गया है, जिसमें यशोदा माता अपने पुत्र कृष्ण जी को झूले में झुला कर सुलाने का प्रयास कर रही है। कवि ने अत्यन्त मनोहारी ढंग से माता की विभिन्न क्रियाओं को अंकित किया है।

व्याख्या:
सूरदास जी कहते हैं कि यशोदा माता बाल कृष्ण को झूले (पालना) में झुला रही है। वह झूले को हिलाती है, पुत्र को दुलारती है, पुचकारती है और जो कुछ मन में आता है, गाती है। वह गाते हुए कहती है, “ओ री नींद ! तू मेरे लाल के पास आ। तू आकर इसे सुलाती क्यों नहीं है? तुम्हें कब से कन्हैया बुला रहा है।”कृष्ण कभी पलकों को बन्द कर लेते हैं और कभी ओठों को फड़काते हैं। उन्हें सोया हुआ जानकार यशोदा चुप हो जाती है और दूसरों को इशारे से ही कुछ बातें समझाती है। इसी बीच कृष्ण अकुला उठते हैं और यशोदा फिर से मधुर स्वर में गाने लगती है। सूरदास कहते हैं कि नंद की पत्नी यशोदा को जो सुख प्राप्त हो रहा है, वह देवता और मुनियों को भी प्राप्त नहीं होता।

विशेष:

1. सूर ने अन्धे होते हुए भी छोटे बच्चे के सोने और माँ की वात्सल्यमयी क्रियाओं का सुन्दर अंकन किया है।
2. अनुप्रास और पुनरुक्ति अलंकार, ब्रजभाषा, वात्सल्य रस का प्रयोग किया गया है।

2. कहन लागे मोहन मैया मैया।
नंद महर सों बाबा बाबा, अरु हलधर सों भैया।
ऊंचे चढ़ि चढ़ि कहति जसोदा, लै लै नाम कन्हैया।
दूरि खेलन जनि जाहु लला रे, मारैगी काहु की गैया।
गोपी ग्वाल करत कौतूहल, घर घर बजति बधैया।
सूरदास प्रभु तुम्हरे दरस कों, चरननि की बलि जैया।

शब्दार्थ:
मोहन = श्री कृष्ण। महर = मुखिया। हलधर = बलराम (श्री कृष्ण के बड़े भाई)। जनि = मत, न। जाहु = जाना। लला रे = हे पुत्र, हे लाल। कौतूहल = आश्चर्य, हैरानी। बधैया = बधाइयाँ। दरस = दर्शन। बलि जैया = निछावर हूँ।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद सूरदास जी द्वारा रचित ‘सूरदास के पद’ में से लिया गया है, जिसमें सूरदास जी ने श्री कृष्ण के बाल-रूप का वर्णन करते हुए उनके बोलने का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
सूरदास जी कहते हैं कि श्री कृष्ण अब कुछ बड़े हो गये हैं। अब वे यशोदा माता को मैया-मैया कहने लगे हैं तथा ग्वालों के मुखिया नंद जी को बाबा-बाबा और बड़े भाई बलराम जी को भैया-भैया कहने लगे हैं। बालक कृष्ण को बाहर खेलने के लिए जाता हुआ देखकर यशोदा माता घर की छत के ऊपर चढ़ कर श्री कृष्ण का नाम लेकर पुकारती हुई कहती हैं कि हे लाल ! दूर खेलने मत जाओ। तुम्हें किसी की गाय मार देगी। सूरदास जी कहते हैं कि श्री कृष्ण के रूप सौंदर्य पर गोप-गोपियाँ सभी आश्चर्य करते हैं; प्रसन्न होते हैं और घर-घर में बधाइयाँ दी जाती हैं। सूरदास जी कहते हैं कि हे प्रभु, तुम्हारे दर्शन के लिए, मैं तुम्हारे चरणों पर बलिहारी जाता हूँ।

विशेष:

1. बालक कृष्ण द्वारा बोलना प्रारम्भ करने का स्वाभाविक वात्सल्य रस चित्रण है।
2. ब्रज भाषा, संवादात्मकता वात्सल्य रस, अनुप्रास तथा पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार का प्रयोग किया गया है।

3. मैया कबहुँ बढ़ेगी चोटी।
किती बेर मोहिं दूध पियत भई, यह अजहूँ है छोटी।
तू जो कहति बल की बेनी ज्यों, हवै है लांबी मोटी।
काढ़त गुहत न्हवावत जैहै नागिन-सी भुईं लोटी।
काचो दूध पियावति पचि पचि, देति न माखन रोटी।
सूरदास चिरजीवी दोउ भैया, हरि हलधर की जोटी।

शब्दार्थ:
कबहुँ = कब। पियत = पी लिया है। अजहूँ = अब भी। बल = बलराम। बेनी = चोटी। काढ़त = खोलते हुए। गुहत = चोटी बनाते हुए। भुईं = धरती। पचि-पचि = बार-बार। हरि-हलधर = कृष्ण-बलराम।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद सूरदास द्वारा रचित ‘सूरदास के पद’ से अवतरित है। यहाँ सूरदास ने कृष्ण के बाल-सुलभ रूप का अनोखा वर्णन करते हुए कृष्ण द्वारा यशोदा को उलाहना देने की बात की है।

व्याख्या:
भक्त सूरदास श्रीकृष्ण के बाल रूप का वर्णन करते हुए कहते हैं कि-बालक कृष्ण अपनी माता यशोदा से शिकायत करते हैं कि-माँ मेरी यह चोटी कब बड़ी होगी? दूध पीते हुए मुझे कितना समय हो गया है, लेकिन यह अभी भी वैसी के वैसी छोटी है। माँ तुम तो कहती हो कि मेरी ये चोटी बलराम भैया की चोटी की भाँति मोटी और लंबी हो जाएगी। इसे निकालते हुए, (कंघी करते हुए) गुंथते और नहाते हुए यह नागिन की भाँति धरती पर लोटने लगेगी। अपनी माँ से शिकायत करते हुए वे कहते हैं कि हे मैया ! तुम बार-बार मुझे कच्चा दूध पीने के लिए देती हो, लेकिन माखन रोटी खाने के लिए नहीं देती हो। पद के अंत में भक्त सूरदास कहते हैं कि बलराम और कृष्ण की यह जोड़ी सदा के लिए बनी रहे।

विशेष:

1. सूरदास ने बाल कृष्ण द्वारा मैया यशोदा को शिकायत करने का स्वाभाविक वर्णन किया है।
2. पद में गेयता, अनुप्रास, उपमा तथा पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार हैं। ब्रज भाषा सरल, सहज एवं भावानुकूल है।

4. आजु मैं गाइ चरावन जैहौं।
बृन्दावन के भांति भांति फल अपने कर मैं खेहौं।
ऐसी बात कहौ जनि बारे, देखौ अपनी भांति।
तनक तनक पग चलिहौ कैसें, आवत हवै है अति राति।
प्रात जात गैया लै चारन घर आवत हैं सांझ।
तुम्हारे कमल बदन कुम्हिलैहे, रेंगति घामहिं मांझ।
तेरी सौं मोहिं घाम न लागत, भूख नहीं कछु नेक।
सूरदास प्रभु कहयौ न मानत, पर्यो आपनी टेक॥

शब्दार्थ:
चरावन = चरवाने के लिए। जैहौं = जाऊँगा। कर = हाथ। खेहौं = खाऊँगा। जनि = मत। बारे = बालक। चलिहौ = चलोगे। घामहि = धूप। सौं = कसम। टेक = हठ।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद सूरदास द्वारा रचित ‘सूरदास के पद’ से लिया गया है जिसमें कवि ने बाल कृष्ण की गौ चराने की जिद्द तथा माता यशोदा का उन्हें रोकने का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
सूरदास जी कहते हैं कि बाल कृष्ण अपनी माँ यशोदा से कहते हैं कि वे आज गाय चराने जाएंगे। इस प्रकार वे वृंदावन के अनेक प्रकार के फल भी अपने हाथ से तोड़ कर खाएँगे। इस पर माता यशोदा उन्हें मना करते हुए कहती हैं कि ऐसी बात मत करो ज़रा अपने को देखो कि तुम अपने छोटे-छोटे कदमों से किस प्रकार चलोगे क्योंकि आते हुए बहुत रात हो जाएगी। सुबह-सुबह गायों को चराने ले जाते हैं तो संध्या के समय घर आते हैं। तुम्हारा कमल जैसा कोमल मुख धूप में भटकने से मुरझा जाएगा। इस पर बाल कृष्ण कहते हैं कि हे माँ ! तुम्हारी कसम मुझे धूप नहीं लगती है और कुछ विशेष भूख भी नहीं है। सूरदास जी कहते हैं कि प्रभु बाल कृष्ण अपनी माता का कहना नहीं मानते और अपनी ज़िद्द अड़े हुए है कि उन्हें गाय चराने जाना है।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने बाल हठ का सजीव वर्णन किया है। कृष्ण भी अपनी हठ पर अड़े हुए हैं।
2. ब्रज भाषा, गेयता, संवादात्मकता, पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश, अनुप्रास तथा उपमा अलंकार का प्रयोग सराहनीय है।

सूरदास के पद Summary

सूरदास के पद कवि परिचय।

जीवन परिचय:
मध्यकालीन सगुणोपासक एवं कृष्णभक्त कवि सूरदास जी का जन्म सन् 1478 ई० में दिल्ली के निकट सीही ग्राम में एक सारस्वत ब्राह्मण परिवार में हुआ था। कुछ विद्वान् इन्हें जन्म से ही अन्धा मानते हैं तो कुछ मानते हैं कि यह किसी कारणवश बाद में अन्धे हो गए लेकिन इसका कोई भी साक्ष्य नहीं मिलता। सूरदास जी महाप्रभु वल्लभाचार्य जी द्वारा वल्लभ सम्प्रदाय में दीक्षित हुए और उन्हीं की प्रेरणा से ब्रज में श्रीनाथ जी के मन्दिर में कीर्तन करने लगे। इनका देहांत सन् 1583 ई० में मथुरा के निकट पारसौली नामक गाँव में हृया था।

रचनाएँ:
सूरदास जी रचित तीन रचनाएँ सूरसागर, सूरसारावली और साहित्य लहर। हैं। सूरसागर की रचना श्रीमद्भागवत पुराण के आधार पर की गई है। इनका काव्य ब्रजभाषा में रचित, गीतात्मक, माधुर्य गुण से युक्त तथा अलंकारपूर्ण है। . विशेषताएँ-इनके काव्य में श्रृंगार और वात्सल्य का बहुत सहज और स्वाभाविक चित्रण प्राप्त होता है। शृंगार के वियोग पक्ष में इन्होंने गोपियों के कृष्ण के विरह के संतप्त हृदय का मार्मिक चित्रण किया है। श्रीकृष्ण लीलाओं में इनकी बाललीलाओं का वर्णन बेजोड़ है। सूरदास जी की भक्ति भावना सख्य भाव की है।

सूरदास के पद पदों का सार

सूरदास के इन पदों में वात्सल्य रस का मोहक चित्रण किया गया है। पहले पद में यशोदा श्रीकृष्ण को पालने में झूला झुलाकर और लोरी देकर सुला रही है। श्रीकृष्ण कभी पलकें मूंद लेते हैं तो कभी व्याकुल हो उठ जाते हैं। यशोदा उन्हें लोरी गा कर फिर से सुला देती है। दूसरे पद में यशोदा श्रीकृष्ण को दूर खेलने जाने के लिए मना करती है। तीसरे पद में माँ यशोदा श्रीकृष्ण को चोटी बढ़ने का लालच देकर बहाने से दूध पिलाती है परंतु श्रीकृष्ण चोटी न बढ़ने से चिंतित हो कर माखन रोटी खाने के लिए देने के लिए कहते हैं। चौथे पद में श्रीकृष्ण माँ से गायें चराने जाने के लिए हठ करते हैं। परन्तु उनकी बाल-अवस्था देखकर यशोदा उन्हें जाने से रोकना चाहती है।

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab

long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali? What were the reasons of his Punjab invasions?
Or
Write the main causes of invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Answer:
1. Ambition of Abdali: Ahmad Shah Abdali was a very ambitious ruler. He did not feel contented with his small kingdom of Afghanistan. Hence, he wanted to expand his domain by capturing Punjab and other states of India. In order to fulfill his imperialistic ambition he, first of all, decided to invade Punjab.

2. Enormous wealth of India: In order to establish a powerful empire it was very necessary for Abdali to have great wealth. He could not obtain this wealth from his own kingdom of Afghanistan, as it was economically a very backward region. On the other hand, this wealth could be obtained from India, which was famous in the entire world for its enormous wealth.

3. To consolidate his position in Afghanistan: Ahmad Shah Abdali belonged to an ordinary family. He became the ruler of Afghanistan after killing Nadir Shah in 1747 A.D. Many chieftains opposed him due to this reason. Hence, Ahmad Shah Abdali, in order to, consolidate his position in Afghanistan wanted to invade foreign countries. Through these invasions, he wanted to enhance his honor and status and also win the loyalty of the Afghans.

4. Favourable Political condition of India: After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 A.D. the mighty Mughal empire was rapidly going towards its downfall. The successors of Aurangzeb began to spend most of their time in the company of wine and women. Hence, there was complete anarchy in all directions in his reign. In Punjab, the Sikhs were proving to be an uncontrollable menace for the Mughal subedars. Taking advantage of this situation, Ahmad Shah Abdali decided to invade Punjab.

5. Invitation of Shah Nawaz Khan: In 1745 A.D. after the death of Zakriya Khan, his eldest son Yahiya Khan became the new subedar of Lahore. Shah Nawaz Khan, his younger brother, could not tolerate this. For quite some time, he had been dreaming of becoming the subedar of Lahore. In this situation, Shah Nawaz Khan invited Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India. Abdali was in search of such a golden opportunity. Hence, he decided to attack India.

Question 2.
When and how many times did Ahmad Shad Abdali invade Punjab? Describe any five invasions.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab eight times between 1747 and 1767 A.D. On the invitation of Shah Nawaz Khan the Governor of Lahore, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab in December 1747 A.D. for the first time. When he reached the Punjab, Shah Nawaz Khan refused to give him co-operation. Abdali defeated Shah Nawaz Khan who fled to Delhi. Muin-ul-Mulk (Mir-Mannu) gave Abdali a crushing defeat in a battle at Manipur. The Mughal emperor was pleased with it and he appointed Mir Mannu the Governor of Lahore. In order to take revenge, Abdali invaded the Punjab second time at the end of 1748 A.D. This time Mir Mannu got no assistance from Delhi, so he was defeated. He made a treaty with Abdali.

According to this treaty, Mannu accepted to pay Abdali 14 lakh annually. As Mannu could not pay the ransom in time, Abdali invaded Punjab for the third time in 1751-52 A.D. Abdali occupied Punjab during this invasion. During his fifth invasion in Punjab, Ahmad Shah Abdali gave a crushing defeat to the Marathas on 14th January, 1761 A.D. in the third battle of Panipat. The sixth invasion of Abdali on Punjab during 1761-62 A.D. was the most famous. During this invasion on February 5, 1762 A.D. Abdali massacred about 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs at village Kup near Malerkotla. This event is known as the Great Holocaust. In spite of all his efforts, Abdali failed to crush the growing Sikh power.

Question 3.
What do you know about the first invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Or
Write a short note on the Abdali’s first invasion over Punjab.
Answer:
At the invitation of Shah Nawaz Khan, Ahmad Shah Abdali proceeded with his forces towards India in December 1747. Without any resistance he reached Shahdara near Lahore on 8th January 1748. Meanwhile Qamar-ud; Din compromised with Shah Nawaz Khan. As a result Shah Nawaz Khan refused to side with Abdali. This enraged Abdali. By defeating Shah Nawaz Khan on 10th January 1748, he took possession of Lahore. Shah Nawaz Khan fled away to Delhi. After taking possession of Lahore, Abdali plundered it at his will. Then he proceeded for Delhi.

Wazir Qamar-ud-Din advanced with his forces to resist him. In a battle near Sirhind, Qamar-ud-Din was killed. At Manupur on 11th March, 1748 .AD., in a fierce battle Muin-ul-Mulk, son of Qamar-ud-Din, inflicted a crushing defeat on Abdali. Mohammad Shah was pleased over the bravery of Muin-ul-Mulk and made him the Governor of Punjab. He was popularly known as Mir Mannu. Thus, the first invasion of Abdali proved a failure.

Question 4.
Briefly explain the second invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Or
Give a brief account of the seconsd invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to avenge his defeat in the first invasion. Secondly, he was also aware of the facts that the new Wazir of Delhi, Safdar Jang was jealous of Mir Mannu. Because of this Mir Mannu’s position was unstable. Owing to these reasons Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab for the second time in 1748 A.D. Mir Mannu too advanced to face Abdali. In the absence of any help from Delhi, Mir Mannu’s defeat seemed certain. So he signed a pact with Abdali. According to this pact Mir Mannu agreed to pay the annual tribute of Char Mahals (four districts) Sialkot, Pasrur, Gujarat and Aurangabad to Abdali.

The annual revenue of these districts was to the tune of Rs. 14 lakhs. When Mir Mannu was busy with Ahmad Shah Abdali, the Sikhs under the leadership of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia plundered Lahore.

Question 5.
Throw light on the third invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Answer:
There was a great disturbance in Punjab owing to the rampages of the Sikhs and the revolt of Nassir Khan against Mir Mannu. As a result Mir Mannu could not send 14 lakh rupees as annual tribute to Ahmad Shah Abdali. So Abdali invaded Punjab for the third time in November 1751 A.D. Mir Mannu sent Abdali 8 lakh rupees and promised to pay the remaining amount of 6 lakh later on. However, this did not satisfy Abdali and he darted towards Lahore with his forces. When the people of Lahore heard this news, many of them ran away from Lahore in order to escape Abdali’s loot and cruelties. After reaching Lahore, Abdali looted for 3 months. It is said that, no lamp was lighted at night in any house.

All this while Mir Mannu had been waiting for any kind of help from Delhi. A fierce battle was fought between the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Mir Mannu near Lahore on 6th March, 1752 A.D. In this battle Diwan Kaura Mai was killed and Mir Mannu was arrested. Abdali was so greatly impressed by the boldness of Mir Mannu that he appointed him the Governor of Punjab.

Question 6.
Explain the fourth invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
After the death of Mir Mannu in 1753 A.D., his widow Mughlani Begum became the Governor of Punjab. She was a lady with loose character. It caused disturbance in the whole Punjab. On the orders of new Mughal emperor Alamgir II, Mughlani Begum was arrested and brought to Delhi where she was thrown into the prison. Adina Beg was appointed the new Governor of Punjab. From the prison the Mughlani Begum revealed many important secrets through letters to Abdali. Besides, Abdali could not tolerate the appointment of any Mughal Governor over Punjab.

So Abdali invaded Punjab in November 1756 A.D. for the fourth time. On hearing the news of Abdali’s invasion Adina Beg fled to Delhi without putting up any resistance. Abdali made his son Taimur Shah the Governor of Punjab. A fierce battle was fought near Amritsar between the Afghans and the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikh leader Baba Deep Singh Ji displayed unparalleled heroism but was ultimately martyred. To avenge his martyrdom the Sikhs plundered Lahore.

Question 7.
Write a note on the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
The third battle of Panipat was fought between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali on January 14, 1761 A.D. The reason was that both the powers wanted to establish their foothold in North India. In 1758 A.D., the Marathas had defeated Taimur Shah, the son of Abdali and Governor of the Punjab and occupied the Punjab. It was a challenge to Ahmad Shah Abdali’s power. So he invaded in 1759 A.D. and seized Punjab. After that he advanced to Delhi.

A pitched battle took place between the Marathas and Abdali in Panipat. Sada Shiv Rao Bhau was leading the Marathas in this battle. The Marathas faced a crushing defeat and also suffered heavy loss of life and property in this battle. As a result of this battle, the Marathas suffered grievous blow while the Sikhs got a chance to consolidate their power in the Punjab.

Question 8.
What were the results of the third battle of Panipat?
Answer:
The Third Battle of Panipat is considered as an important and decisive one in the History of India.

1. Great tragedy for the Marathas : The Third Battle of Panipat proved to be a big disaster for the Marathas. In this battle 28,000 Maratha soldiers were killed and a large number were wounded. It is said that there was no house in Maharashtra from which’a family member had not been killed in this war. Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao could not bear this insulting defeat and soon bade farewell to this world.

2. Severe blow to the Maratha Power and Prestige : Prior to the Third Battle of Panipat, the Marathas were considered as ope of the primary powers of India. But the defeat in this battle dealt a severe blow to their power and prestige. As a consequence, the Maratha dream of establishing a Hindu empire in India, vanished.

3. End of Maratha Unity : The Third Battle of Panipat dealt a severe blow to the Maratha prestige and led to the end of the Maratha unity. As a result,„ they got entangled in petty differences and fights amongst themselves. Besides, in this battle nearly all the important Maratha leaders had been killed. As a result, selfish and wicked leaders like Ragoba got a chance to put his wicked plans in operation.

4. Rise of the Sikh Power in Punjab : Ahmad Shah Abdali had ended the Mughal rule in Punjab in 1752 A.D. In the Third Battle of Panipat, he crushed the power of the Marathas. As a result, Punjab was lost for ever to the Marathas. Now only two powers were left in Punjab Afghans and the Sikhs to establish their sovereignty. This is how, the rise of the Sikhs in Punjab was facilitated. They defeated the Afghans and established their own rule in Punjab.

5. Rise of the British Power in India : In order to establish their empire in India, the British faced the greatest challenge from the Marathas. The defeat of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat cleared the way for the establishment of the British authority in India. Slowly, the British became the main power in India.

Question 9.
Write a short note on Wada Ghallughara (Second Bloody Carnage).
Or
Explain the sixth invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
The Wada Ghallughara was a very tragic event of Sikh history. The Sikhs had many regions of the Punjab under their control in 1761 A.D. Besides, they had started plundering many other areas also. The Sikhs had also defeated the Governor of Punjab Khwaja Ubaid Khan, appointed by Ahmad Shah Abdali. Abdali could never tolerate the growing influence of the Sikhs, so he invaded the Punjab for the 6th time at the end of 1761 A.D. He easily took control of Lahore. After that Abdali suddenly surrounded the Sikhs at village Kup near Malerkotla on February 5, 1762 A.D.

In this surprise attack 25 to 30 thousand Sikhs were killed. This event is known in Sikh history as Wada Ghallughara. Abdali became very happy over the heavy loss of life of the Sikhs. He thought that it would break the backbone of the Sikh power, but his assessment proved wrong. The Sikhs with redoubled vigour attacked the forces of Abdali. The Sikhs captured Sirhind in 1764 A.D., Lahore in 1765 A.D. and declared their independence.

Question 10.
How did the Sikhs organise their power in their battles against the Afghans?
Answer:
In their battles against the Afghans, the Sikhs had organised themselves in Jathas (regiments). Their unflinching faith in Guru Granth Sahib and Sikh Panth helped in uniting them. Gurmatas were passed through Sarbat Khalsa in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib. All the Sikhs’obeyed these Gurmatas with great respect. A Commander-in-Chief of these Jathas was appointed through Gurmata and all the Sikhs fought against their-enemy under his command. ‘Raj v Karega Khalsa’ had become a belief with every Sikh. Ahmad Shah Abdali could not pay attention to the Sikhs for many years. The Governors appointed by him also could not suppress the Sikhs. In this way, the Sikhs organised themselves as a force against the Afghans.

Question 11.
What were the causes of failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali against the Sikhs? Write any five main reasons.
Or
What were the five causes of failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali against the Sikhs?
Answer:
1. Tenacity of the Sikhs : One of the significant causes of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure was the strong determination of the Sikhs. They had unflinching faith in Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s proclamation, ‘Raj Karega Khalsa.’ (The ‘Chalsa will rule). In the Great Holocaust 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were massacred. Despite this, the Sikhs remained in high spirits. It was not an easy task to defe r community.

2. Guerilla tactics of War : The guerilla tactics of war adopted was one of the n,ain causes responsible for their success and Ahmad She failure. Whenever Ahmad Shah Abdali proceeded against the Sikhs with his huge army, the Sikhs immediately took shelter in forests and hills and finding a suitable opportunity, the Sikhs would strike Abdali’s soldiers, inflict heavy losses on them and then escape to their hiding places. Abdali could not cope with the guerilla tactics of the Sikhs.

3. Non-Cooperation of the people of the Punjab : Another significant cause of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s defeat was that he could not secure the support of the people of the Punjab. Due to his repeated invasions and plundering, an atmosphere of anarchy and lawlessness prevailed in the Punjab. Abdali not only robbed the people of their wealth, but also killed thousands of innocent persons. Their houses and fields were set on fire and their women were maltreated and dishonoured. As a result, the Punjabis had no sympathy for this ruthless invader.

4. Character of the Sikhs : The character of the Sikhs also proved to be an important factor for the failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali. They never attacked any unarmed or fleeing soldier in the battlefield. They gave full respect to women and children, even if they belonged to their enemy. Because of these qualities, the Sikhs became popular with the Punjabis. So, the success of the Sikhs under these circumstances, was no wonder.

5. Capable leaders of the Sikhs : Another significant cause of the victory of the Sikhs against Ahmad Shah Abdali was their able leaders. These leaders led the Sikhs ably and wisely in difficult times. Prominent among these leaders were Nawab Kapoor Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, Charat Singh Sukarchakia, Ala Singh and Lehna Singh Bhangi.

Question 12.
Describe any five important effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions over Punjab.
Answer:
1. End of the Mughal Rule in the Punjab : The first great impact of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasion on Punjab was that the Mughalrule in the Punjab came to an end. Mir Mannu was the last Mughal Governor of Punjab. Abdali took possession of the Punjab and annexed it to his Afghan empire. Abdali too had nominated Mir Mannu as the Governor of Punjab on his behalf. The Mughals tried to recapture Punjab but Abdali frustrated their efforts.

2. Rise of the Sikh Power : In the 18th century a struggle for supremacy was going on among four powers namely Mughals, Afghans, Marathas and the Sikhs. As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions, the Mughal and the Maratha powers in the Punjab came to an end. Now this tussle for the possession of the Punjab was left between the two powers i.e. the Afghans and the Sikhs. The Sikhs had got on the nerves of the Afghans by their guerilla warfare. In the Great Holocaust of 1762 A.D., Abdali massacred thousands of Sikhs but could not dampen their spirits. The Sikhs onquered Sirhind in 1764 A.I). and Lahore in 1765 A.D. The Sikhs proclaimed their independence by circulating their own coins.

3. People of Punjab became Brave : As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions, the people of the Punjab became brave and bold because they had to wield weapons for their defence against the invasions and lootings of Ahmad Shah Abdali. They set up glorious examples of bravery in the long-drawn struggle with the AfghAnswer: The Sikhs finally emerged victorious in this struggle.

4. Enmity between the Sikhs and Muslims increased : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali increased the enmity between the Sikhs and the Muslims. It was because the Afghans always raised the slogan of Jihad (religious war) while fighting against the Sikhs. They committed many atrocities on the Sikhs in the name of Islam. Secondly, by demolishing the most sacred place, Harimandir Sahib of the Sikhs, Abdali turned the Sikhs into his bitter enemies. Owing to these reasons, the gulf between the Sikhs and the Afghans widened.

5. Economic Loss of the Punjab : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali inflicted great loss on the economy of the Punjab. He robbed Punjab of gold, silver, diamonds and pearls of lakhs and croses of rupees. In fact, almost the whole wealth ‘ of the Punjab was drained off to Afghanistan. Due to the repeated invasions agricultural production was adversely affected. Abdali’s soldiers, while marching, badly damaged the crops of thousands of acres of land. Commerce and industries also felt the pinch of the Afghan invasions.

Question 13.
What were ,the effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions on the Sikh struggle for power?
Or
What were the political effects of Abdali’s invasions?
Answer:
The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali had a deep effect on the polity of the Punjab. First of all, the Mughal rule came to an end in Punjab, Abdali annexed the Punjab to Afghanistan in 1752. Secondly, Abdali gave the Marathas a crushing defeat in the third battle of Panipat as result of which the influence of Mafathas ended in Punjab for ever. Thirdly, as a result of continuous attacks of Ahmad Shah Abdali, lawlessness and chaos prevailed in the Punjab. Life and property of the people was not safe.

The government officials exploited the people and justice was to be found nowhere. Fourthly, with the end of Maratha power in Punjab, the Sikhs got an opportunity to consolidate their power. They defeated the forces of Abdali at many places through guerilla warfare. The Sikhs got control over Lahore in 1765 A.D. and declared their independence.

Question 14.
What were the Social effects of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:
1. Increase in the Social Evils : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali encouraged many evils in the Punjab. The people became selfish and characterless. Theft, robbery, murder, looting, cheating and corruption were the order of the day.

2. People of Punjab became Brave : As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions the people of the Punjab became brave and bold. The reason being that they had to wield weapons for their defence against the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali. They set up glorious examples of bravery in the long drawn struggle with the Afghans.

3. Punjabis became spendthrift: Punjabis’ character underwent a significant change as a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions. They became spendthrift. The reason was that Abdali invariably carried money to Afghanistan which he looted from the people during his invasions. This adage became very common at that time :
“Khadha Pita lahe da, Rehnda Ahmad Shahe da.” Whatever you eat and drink is yours, the rest belongs to Ahmad Shah Abdali.

4. Enmity between the Sikhs and Muslims increased : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali increased the enmity between the Sikhs and the Muslims. It’ was because the Afghans always raised the slogan of Jihad (religious war) while fighting against the Sikhs. Secondly, by demolishing the most sacred place, the Sri Harmandir Sahib of the Sikhs, Abdali turned the Sikhs into his bitter enemies. Owing to these reasons the gulf between the Sikhs and the Afghans widened.

Question 15.
What were the economic consequences of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:
The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali inflicted great loss on the economy of the Punjab. He robbed Punjab of gold, silver, diamonds and pearls worth crores of rupees. In fact, almost the whole wealth of the Punjab was drained off to Afghanistan. Due to the repeated invasions agricultural production was adversely effected. Abdali’s soldiers while marching badly damaged the crops of thousands of acres of land. Commerce and industries also felt the pinch of the Afghan invasions. The sense of insecurity and anarchical conditions impeded the growth of trade in terms of quantum and quality.

Travelling was difficult and unsafe. Therefore, Punjab couldn’t expect much external trade. Moreover, many industrial centres were destroyed by the Afghan forces. It all resulted in the poverty of the people.

Essay Type Questions:

Causes Of Abdali’S Invasions:

Question 1.
What were the causes of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Or
Explain the causes of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Or
What were the causes of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab?
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali was the ruler of Afghanistan. He invaded Punjab eight times from 1747 to 1767 A.D. The following causes were responsible for these invasions:

1. Ambition of Abdali : Ahmad Shah Abdali was a very ambitious ruler. He did not feel contented with his small kingdom of Afghanistan. Hence, he wanted to expand his domain by capturing Punjab and other states of India. In order to fulfil his imperialistic ambition he first of all decided to invade Punjab.

2. Enormous wealth of India: In order to establish a powerful empire it was very necessary for Abdali to have great weatlh. He could not obtain this wealth from his own kingdom of Afghanistan, as economically it was a very backward region. On the other hand, this wealth could be obtained from lndia, which was famous in the entire world for its enormous wealth. In 1739 A.D. when he had come to India with Nadir Shah, he was amazed to see India’s enormous wealth. Nadir Shah While returning from India had taken with him unlimited precious gems, gold and silver etc. Abdali also wanted to invade India and loot its enormous wealth.

3. To consolidate his position in Afghanistan: Ahmad Shah Abdali belonged to an ordinary family. He became the ruler of Afghanistan after killing Nadir Shah in 1747 A.D. Many chieftains opposed him due to this reason. Hence, Ahmad Shah Abdali, in order to, consolidate his position in Afghanistan wanted to invade foreign countries. Through these invasions he wanted to enhance his honour and status and also win the loyalty of the Afghans.

4. Favourable Political condition of India: After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 A.D. the mighty Mughal empire was rapidly going towards its downfall. After Mohammad Shah sat on the throne in 1719 A.D. the situation became even more sombre. Most of his time was spent in the company of wine and women. Hence he became famous by the name ‘Rangeela’ (the colourful). During his reign (1719-48 AD.), the actual reins of his government were in the hands of his ministers, who were always busy plotting against one another. Hence, there was complete anarchy in all directions in his reign. In Punjab, the Sikhs were proving to be an uncontrollable menace for the Mughal subedars. Taking advantage of this situation, Ahmad Shah Abdali decided to invade Punjab.

5. Past Experience of Abdali in India: In 1739 A.D. when Nadir Shah invaded India, Ahmad Shah Abdali was his commander-in-chief. Abdali had at that time made a close study of the political situation of Punjab and Delhi and also of the fighting capability of the Indian Army. He had realised that the Mughal empire was like a castle of sand which could not withstand a strong storm. Hence, after becoming an indepedent ruler, Abdali decided to take advantage of this situation.

6. Invitation of Shah Nawaz Khan : In 1745 A.D. after the death of Zakriya Khan, his eldest son Yahiya Khan became the new subedar of Lahore. Shah Nawaz Khan, his younger brother, could not tolerate this. For quite some time, he had been dreaming of becoming the subedar of Lahore. At the end of the year 1746 A.D. he declared war against Yahiya Khan. This war between the two brothers continued for four months. Shah Nawaz Khan won this battle.

He imprisoned Yahiya Khan and himself became the subedar of Lahore. The Wazir (minister) of Delhi, Qamar- ud-din who was the father-in-law of Yahiya Khan could not toleratq this. At his instigation, Muhammad Shah Rangeela refused to accept Shah Nawaz Khan as the subedar of Lahore. In this situation, Shah Nawaz Khan invited Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India. Abdali was in search of such a golden opportunity. Hence, he decided to attack India.

Invasions Of Abdall:

Question 2.
Give a brief account of Ahmad Shah Abdalf s invasions over Punjab.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah was the ruler of Afghanistan. He invaded Punjab eight times during his rule from 1747 to 1767 A.D. A brief description of these invasions is given below :

1. First Invasion of Abdali 1747-48 A.D.: On the invitation of Shah Nawaz, Khan Ahmad Shah Abdali proceeded with his forces towards India in December 1747 A.D. Without any resistance, he reached Shahdara near Lahore on 8th January 1748 A.D.. Meanwhile Qamar-ud-Din compromised with Shah Nawaz Khan. As a result, Shah Nawaz Khan refused to side with Abdali. This enraged Abdali. By defeating Shah Nawaz Khan on 10th January 1748 A.D., he tpok possession of Lahore. Shah Nawaz Khan fled to Delhi. After taking possession of Lahore, Abdali plundered it at his will. Then, he proceeded for Delhi.

Wazir Qamar-ud-Din advanced with his forces to resist him. In a battle near Sirhind, Qamar-ud-Din was killed. At Manupur on 11th March, 1748 A.D. in a fierce battle Muin-ul- Mulk, son of Qamar-ud-Din, inflicted a crushing defeat on Abdali. Mohammad Shah was pleased over the bravery of Muin-ul-Mulk and made him the Governor of Punjab. He was popularly known as Mir Mannu. Taking advantage of the anarchy prevalent in the country, the Sikhs of Punjab had begun to consolidate their power.

2. Second Invasion of Abdali 1748-49 A.D.: Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to avenge his defeat in the first invasion. So, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab for the second time in 1748 A.D. Mir Mannu too, advanced to face Abdali. In the absence

of any help from Delhi, Mir Mannu’s defeat seemed certain. So, he signed a pact with Abdali. According to this pact, Mir Mannu agreed to pay the annual tribute of Char Mahals (four districts) Sialkot, Pasrur, Gujarat and Aurangabad to Abdali. The annual revenue of these districts was to the tune of Rs. 14 lakhs.

3. Third Invasion of Abdali 1751-52 A.D.: There was a great disturbance in Punjab owing to the rampages of the Sikhs and the revolt of Nassir Khan against Mir Mannu. As a result Mir Mannu could not send 14 lakh rupees, the annual revenue to Ahmad Shah Abdali. So, Abdali invaded Punjab for the third time in November 1751 A.D. Mir Mannu sent Abdali 8 lakh rupees and promised to pay the remaining amount of 6 lakh later on. However, this did not satisfy Abdali and he darted towards Lahore with his forces. When the people of Lahore heard this news, many of them ran away from Lahore, in order to escape Abdali’s loot and cruelties.

After reaching Lahore, Abdali looted Lahore for 3 months. It is said that no lamp was lighted at night in any house. All this, while Mir Mannu had been waiting for some kind of help from Delhi.

A fierce battle was fought between the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Mir Mannu near Lahore on 6th March, 1752 A.D. In this battle Diwan Kaura Mai was killed and Mir Mannu was arrested. Next day Mir Mannu was brought before Ahmad Shah Abdali. Abdali was greatly impressed by the boldness of Mir Mannu. So, he not only forgave Mir Mannu but also made him the Governor of Punjab. In this way, Abdali annexed Punjab to his empire in 1752 A.D.

4. Fourth Invasion of Abdali 1756-57 A.D.: After the death of Mir Mannu in 1753 A.D., his widow Mughlani Begum became the Governor of Punjab. On the orders of new Mughal emperor, Alamgir II, Mughlani Begum was arrested and thrown into prison. Adina Beg was appointed the new Governor of Punjab. Abdali could not tolerate the appointment of any Mughal Governor over Punjab. So, Abdali invaded Punjab in November 1756 A.D. for the fourth time. On hearing the news of Abdali’s invasion Adina Beg fled to Delhi without putting up any resistance. Then, Abdali planned to attack Delhi. In the meanwhile the Sikhs had grown in strength in Punjab. They raided the forces of Abdali and looted much of his booty. Abdali decided to settle his scores with the Sikhs on his return from Delhi.

Ahmad Shah Abdali reached Delhi in January 1757 A.D. and caused great havoc. Afterwards, he looted Mathura and Brindaban. On reaching Punjab, he made his son Timur Shah, the Governor of Punjab. He ordered Timur Shah to teach the Sikhs a lesson for their activities. In order to crush the power of the Sikhs, he sent an army to Amritsar under the command of Jahan Khan. A fierce battle was fought near Amritsar between the Afghans and the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikh leader Baba Deep Singh Ji displayed unparalleled heroism. As tradition goes, he continued to fight the enemy even after his head was severed. He breathed his las after reaching Harimandir Sahib on November 11, 1757 A.D. The lom of Baba Deep Singh Ji infused a new spirit among the Sikhs. In the 1 Gurbaksh Singh,

“The martyrdom of Baba Deep Singh Ji and his associates shocked the whole Sikh nation. They determined to retaliate with vengeance.”

5. Fifth Invasion of Abdali 1759-61 A.D. : In 1758 A D., the Sikhs in collaboration with the Marathas drove out Taimur Shah from the Punjab. So Abdali wanted to teach a lesson to the Sikhs and the Marathas. With this objective, Abdali invaded Punjab in October 1759 A.D. Abdali, defeated a famous Maratha leader, Duttaji, at Taraori near Ambala. Swiftly he captured Delhi. Here Abdali stayed for a year. When the news of Maratha’s consecutive defeats reached their Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, he sent a large army under the command of Sada Shiv Rao Bha’u to resist Ahmad Shah Abdali. A fierce battle known as Third Battle of Panipat was fought on 14th January, 1761 A.D. between the two armies.

In this battle Abdali caused much havoc to the Maratha army. Consequently, the power of the Marathas suffered a heavy set-back in the Punjab. Ahmad Shah Abdali could do no harm to the Sikh power. At night when Abdalih soldiers were resting, the Sikhs would suddenly attack them and make away with their treasures. This time Abdali was taking away with him a large number of women from India. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia made a sudden attack and got many women released from Abdali’s captivity and sent them to their homes. In this way Jassa Singh Ahluwalia gave proof of his bravery.

6. Sixth Invasion of Abdali 1762 A.D.: After Ahmad Shah Abdali had returned to Afghanistan, the Sikhs intensified their activities. In order to teach a lesson to the Sikhs he invaded for the sixth time in 1762 A.D. He made a surprise attack on the Sikhs at village Kup on 5th February, 1762 A.D. At that time the Sikhs were taking their families to some safe place. Their arms and rations were lying at village Garma, which was at a distance of 6 kilometres from there. The Sikhs while forming a safety circle around their women and children started resisting Abdali’s soldiers. The Sikhs suffered heavy losses in the battle for want of arms. In this battle 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were massacred. This loss was too jnuch for the Sikhs. That is why this incident is known as Wadda Ghallughara (Great Holocaust) in the Sikh history.

Though the Sikhs had suffered a great loss they had not lost their courage. The Sikhs attacked Kasur in 1763 A.D., and ransacked it. A fierce battle was fpught between the forces of the Sikhs and of Zain Khan, the Governor of Sirhind, on 14th January, 1764 A.D. In this battle Zain Khan was killed.-After this the Sikhs plundered Sirhind and thoroughly destroyed it.

7. Other Invasions of Abdali 1764-67 AD. : Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab for the seventh times in 1764-65 A.D. and the eighth times in 1766-67 A.D. These invasions of Abdali were of no significance. Infact, he failed to crush the power of the Sikhs. During this time the Sikhs had occupied Lahore in 1765 A.D. The Sikhs issued their coins and declared their independence.

The Third Battle of Panipat:

Question 3.
Discuss the causes, events and results of the Third Battle of Panipat.
Or
Discuss the causes, events and results of the Third Battle of Panipat.
Or
What were the causes of the Third Battle of Panipat? Briefly describe the consequences of this battle.
Or
Describe the causes and consequences of the Third Battle of Panipat.
Or
Discuss the causes and events of the Third Battle of Panipat.
Answer:
On 14 January, 1761 A.D. the Third Battle of Panipat took place between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali. It had far reaching consequences on the history of Punjab.

(A) Causes of the Third Battle of Panipat

A brief description of the causes responsible for the Third Battle of Panipat is given below:

1. Plunder of Ruhelkhand by the Marathas: The Ruhelas ruled Ruhelkhand. The Marathas defeated them and forced them to flee from Ruhelkhand. Then Marathas indulged in plunder and loot. The Ruhelas were Afghans and hence were clans of Ahmad Shah. Consequently, they invited Ahmad Shah to avenge this insult to the Afghan race. Abdali immediately accepted the invitation.

2. Policy of establishing Hindu Kingdom by the Marathas: The Marathas were consistently increasing their power. Encouraged by this, the Peshwas declared the establishment of a Hindu empire in India. Then the Muslim Kingdom in India was in grave danger. Hence these kingdoms encouraged Abdali to suppress the Marathas.

3. Lack of unity among the Hindus : The Jjits and the Rajputs who were Hindus, were jealous of growth of the Maratha power in India. The main reason for this was that they themselves wanted to establish their own supremacy in India. Abdali considered this disunity among the Hindus as a golden opportunity to. gain control over India.

4. Occupation of Delhi and Punjab by Marathas : During his previous invasions of India, Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1752 A.D. had established his supremacy over Punjab and in 1756 A.D. over Delhi. In Punjab, he had appointed his son Taimur Shah and in Delhi the Ruhela leader Najib-ud-Daula as his representatives. The Marathas occupied Delhi in 1757 A.D. and Punjab in 1758 A.D. Both these victories of the Marathas were a challenge to the power of Ahmed Shah Abdali. Hence, to establish his honour and supremacy, it became important for him to fight with the Marathas.

(B) Events of the Third Battle of Panipat

At the end of 1759 A.D. Abdali attacked India. First of all, he established control over Punjab. He, then, advanced towards Delhi. The Marathas tried to stop him on the way, but they were unsuccessful. When Balaji Baji Rao got the news of these events, he sent a huge army towards north India. The actual reins of control of this army were in the hands of Sadashiv Eao Bhau. The Peshwa even sent his son Vishwas Rao to help him. The command of the artillery of this army was given to Ibrahim Gardi. Due to Marathas’ improper policies, the Rajputs and the Sikhs of Punjab were already angry with them. That is why at this moment of crisis they did not lend them their support.

The Jat leader, Surajmal advised Sadashiv Rao Bhau to use guerilla warfare methods against Abdali. But he did not accept this wise advice. Surajmal along with his 10,000 soldiers declined to support the Marathas. As a result the Marathas were left with only 45,000 soldiers. On the other hand Ahmad Shah Abdali had 60,000 soldiers under him. Out of these nearly half the soldiers had been sent by the Nawab of Oudh, Shiyaud-Daula and by the Ruhela sardar Najib-ud-daula to support Abdali. Both these armies reached the region of Panipat in November 1760 A.D. For nearly two and a half months neither of these two had the courage to attack.

On 14 January, 1761 A.D. the Marathas attacked the army of Abdali. This was a fearful battle. At the beginning of the battle the Marathas seemed to have the odds in their favour. But when Vishwas Rao was killed by a bullet the whole situation was easily reversed. Sadashiv Rao Bhau got down from his elephant to express sorrow. When the Maratha soldiers saw his palanquin empty on the elephant they thought he had also been killed. As a result panic spread amongst the Maratha soldiers. Abdali’s soldiers grabbed this golden opportunity and followed them and caused them heavy losses. Thus Ahmad Shah Abdali became victorious in the Third Battle of Panipat.

(C) Consequences of the Third Battle of Panipat

The Third Battle of Panipat is considered as an important and decisive one in the History of India. .

1. Great tragedy for the Marathas: The Third Battle of Panipat proved to be a big disaster for the Marathas. In this battle 28,000 Maratha soldiers were killed and a large number were wounded. It is said that there was no house in Maharashtra from which a family member had not been killed in this war. Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao could not bear this insulting defeat and soon bade farewell to this world.

2. Severe blow to the Maratha Power and Prestige: Prior to the Third Battle of Panipat, the Marathas were considered as one of the primary powers of India. But the defeat in this battle dealt a severe blow to their power and prestige. As a consequence, the Maratha dream of establishing a Hindu empire in India, vanished.

3. End of Maratha Unity : The Third Battle of Panipat dealt a severe blow to the Maratha prestige and led to the end of the Maratha unity. As a result, they got entangled in petty differences and fights amongst themselves. Besides, in this battle nearly all the important Maratha leaders had been killed. As a result, selfish and wicked leaders like Ragoba got a chance to put his wicked plans in operation.

4. Rise of the Sikh Power in Punjab : Ahmad Shah Abdali had ended the Mughal rule in Punjab in 1752 A.D. In the Third Battle of Panipat, he crushed the power of the Marathas. As a result, Punjab was lost for ever to the Marathas. Now only two powers were left in Punjab—Afghans and the Sikhs—to establish their
sovereignty. This is how, the rise of the Sikhs in Punjab was facilitated. They defeated the Afghans and established their own rule in Punjab.

5. Rise of the British: Power in India : In order to establish their empire in India, the British faced the greatest challenge from the Marathas. The defeat of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat cleared the way for the establishment of the British authority in India. Slowly, the British became the main power in India. Writing about the consequence of the Third Battle of Panipat, eminent historians P.N. Chopra, T. K. Ravindran and N. Subramanian have said, “The Third Battle of Panipat proved disastrous to the Marathas.”

Question 4.
What were the reasons of failure of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat?
Answer:
There were various causes responsible for the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat. A detailed account of these causes is as follows :

1. Powerful army of the Afghans : One of the principal causes of the defeat of the Marathas in this war was the powerful army of the AfghAnswer: This army was better trained, disciplined and united. Besides this, their artillery was also .very powerful. Hence, the Maratha army could not face them.

2. Able leadership’ of Ahmad Shah Abdali : Ahmad Shah Abdali was an extremely experienced commander. He was included amongst Asia’s greatest commanders. On the other hand, the Maratha commanders Sadashiv Rao Bhau and Vishwas Rao had no experience about the management of war. The defeat of such an army was a matter of no great surprise.

3. Policy of plunder of the Marathas’: Another major cause .of the defeat of the Marathas was that they indulged in terrible plundering of the regions captured by them. Due to this policy the kingdoms of Rajputana, Hyderabad, Awadh, Ruhelkhand and Mysore became their opponents. So, they offered no help to the Marathas, in this moment of crisis. Consequently, the Maratha defeat was a foregone conclusion.

4. Renounced the Guerilla method of warfare : The Marathas belonged to Maharashtra, which-has forests and a mountainous terrain. The Marathas were adept at the method of guerilla warfare. By which they had achieved many amazing victories. But in the Third Battle of Panipat, they discarded this method of guerilla warfare and committed the grave blunder of adopting the policy of direct ground warfare against Abdali. As a result, the Marathas had to face defeat.

5. Co-operation of Muslim States to Abdali : One of the major reasons for Abdali’s victory in this battle’was that he got the support of various Indian Muslim kingdoms like Ruhelkhand and Awadh. This boosted Abdali’s morale and he succeeded in defeating the Marathas.

6. Economic difficulties of the Marathas : The economic difficulties of the Marathas was another main reason for the defeat of the Marathas. Due to lack of funds the Marathas could neither provide their soldiers with appropriate weapons nor foodstuffs. So, the defeat of such an army was sure.

7. Blunder of Sadashiv Rao Bhau : During the Third Battle of Panipat, the Peshwa’s son Vishwas Rao was killed. When Sadashiv Rao Bhau got this news, he descended from his elephant to pay his last respect to the dead. On seeing his palanquin empty on the elephant, the Maratha soldiers thought that even he had been killed in the battle. As a result, panic spread amongst the Marathas and within no time the battle was lost.

Question 5.
Describe the causes, results and failure of Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat.
Answer:
For answer to this question students are requested to see the answers of Question Nos. 3 and 4.

Causes Of The Failure Of Ahmad Shah Abdali:

Question 6.
What were the causes of failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali in the struggle against the Sikhs?
Or
What were the reasons of failure of Ahmad, Shah Abdali against the Sikhs?
Or
Examine carefully the causes of Ahmad SEah Abdali’s ultimate failure to suppress the Sikh power.
Or
Discuss the causes of the success of the Sikhs against Ahmad Sha Abdali.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali was one of the greatest warriors and generals of Asia. He vastly extended his empire by occupying several regions. He was a very brutal king. The enemies trembled at the very mention of his name. Despite all this, he failed to crush the power of the Sikhs. The following factors were responsible for the failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali or the victory of the Sikhs

1. Tenacity of the Sikhs: One of the significant causes of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure was the strong determination of the Sikhs. They had unflinching faith in Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s proclamation, “Raj Karega Khalsa.’ (The Khalsa will rule). That is why they resisted the attacks of Ahmad Shah Abdali tooth and nail. Though Abdali committed untold atrocities on the Sikhs yet they were not demoralised. They stood firm like a rock. In the Great Holocaust 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were massacred. Despite this, the Sikhs remained in high spirits. It was not an easy task to defeat such a community.

2. Guerilla tactics of War : The guerilla tactics of war adopted by the Sikhs was one of the main causes responsible for their success and Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure. The Sikhs were convinced that they would not be able to square up with an experienced general like Ahmad Shah Abdali in the open because Sikhs had limited resources. Whenever Ahmad Shah, Abdali proceeded against the Sikhs with his huge army, the Sikhs immediately took shelter in forests and hills and finding a suitable opportunity, the Sikhs would strike Abdali’s soldiers, inflict heavy losses on them and then escape to their hiding places. Abdali could not cope with the guerilla tactics of the Sikhs. The famous writer Khushwant Singh aptly says, “Fighting the Sikhs was like trying to catch the wind in a net.”

3. Abdali left insufficient Soldiers : Another significant cause of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure to crush the Sikh powers was that he left insufficient number of soldiers in the Punjab for this purpose. He did leave some soldiers in the prominent towns of Punjab but their number was much smaller than the required ones. Consequently, they failed even to hold the ground on which they stood.

4. Incapable representatives of Abdali : Another reason of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s defeat was his incompetent representatives in Punjab. They lacked administrative skill. His son, Taimur Shah remained the Governor of Punjab for only one year. He proved.to be an inefficient ruler. His assistant, Jahan Khan lacked administrative skill. Zain Khan of Sirhind turned his soldiers against himself by refusing to pay them their salaries. Similarly the Governor of Lahore, Khwaja Ubaid Khan was unfit for his office. As a result of these incapable representatives of Abdali, the power of the Sikhs continued to rise rather than decline.

5. Non-Cooperation of the people of the Punjab r Another significant cause of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s defeat was that he could not secure the support of the people of the Punjab. Due to his repeated invasions and plundering, an atmosphere of anarchy and lawlessness prevailed in the Punjab. Abdali not only robbed the people of their wealth, but also killed thousands of innocent persons. Their houses and fields were set on fire and their women were maltreated and dishonoured: As a result, the Punjabis had no sympathy for this ruthless invader. Under such conditions, to think of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s conquest of Punjab was to think of something impossible.

6. Help from Zamindars : In the Sikh-Afghan tussle, the Zamindars of the Punjab extended their full co-operation to the Sikhs. They knew very well that after a brief stay in the Punjab, Abdali would return to Afghanistan. But on the other hand their relations with the Sikhs were of a permanent nature. They did not want to run any risk by taking action against the Sikhs. Besides many Zamindars were actually fighting for freedom and were sympathetic towards the Sikhs. The co¬operation of the Zamindars proved very useful for the growth of the Sikh power.

7. Character of the Sikhs : The character of the Sikhs also proved to be an important factor for the failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali. The sterling qualities of the Sikhs of the 18th century were such as could not but impress even their enemies. Although the Sikhs had to face innumerable hardships, yet they remained happy under all circumstances. They never attacked any unarmed or fleeing soldier in the battlefield.

They gave full respect to women and children, even if they belonged to their enemy. Qazi Nur Mohammad who nursed strong feelings of malice against the Sikhs had also lavished praises on the Sikhs for these qualities in his book entitled ‘Jangnama’. Because of these qualities, the Sikhs became popular with the Punjabis. So, the success of the Sikhs under these circumstances, was no wonder.

8. Capable leaders of the Sikhs : Another significant cause of the victory of the Sikhs against Ahmad Shah Abdali was their able leaders. These leaders led the Sikhs ably and wisely in difficult times. Prominent among these leaders were Nawab Kapoor Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, Charat Singh Sukarchakia, Ala Singh and Lehna Singh Bhangi. Under their leadership the Sikh Panth continued to march on the path of progress.

9. Contribution of Amritsar : In the Sikh-Afghan tussle, the contribution of Amritsar was remarkable. The Sikhs looked upon it as their Mecca. They took pride in being martyred for its sake. In the 18th century the Sikhs would first gather at Harimandir Sahib and take a bath in the holy tank, before attacking their enemy. They passed their Gurmatas at the Akal Takht Sahib. No Sikh would withdraw himself from the decisions taken by these ‘Gurmatas’. In fact, Amritsar had become a symbol of unity and freedom of the Sikhs. Ahmad Shah Abdali tried to finish off the Sikhs by demolishing Harimandir Sahib and filling up its holy tank with debris.

10. Revolts in Afghanistan : The Empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali was very vast. It was very difficult for him to keep it under his control. So, whenever Abdali invaded the Punjab, finding it a golden opportunity .someone or the other always raised a banner of revolt in Afghanistan. Owing to these recurring revolts, Abdali could not pay his undivided attention to the Punjab. Moreover, he had to return to Afghanistan without consolidation of his Conquests. The Sikhs took full advantage of this situation and recaptured all his conquered regions after Abdali’s return to Afghanistan. As a result Abdali failed to crush the power of the Sikhs.

Effects of Abdali’S Invasions On the Punjab:

Question 7.
Narrate the effects of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on the Punjab.
Or
Study the political, social and econmic effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions on the Punjab.
Or
Examine the various effects of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Or
What were the effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab? Discuss in detail.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Punjab eight times between 1747 A.D. to 1767 A.D. His invasions left deep impact on the political, social and economic sphere of the Punjab. A brief account of these effects are as follows :

Political Effects:

1. End of the Mughal Rule in the Punjab : The first great impact of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasion on Punjab was that the Mughal rule in the Punjab came to an end. Mir Mannu was the last Mughal Governor of Punjab. He did not get any help from Delhi. So, he was defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1752 A.D. Abdali took possession of the Punjab and annexed it to his Afghan empire. Abdali too had nominated Mir Mannu as the Governor of Punjab on his behalf. After the death of Mir Mannu in 1753 A.D., the Mughals tried to recapture Punjab but Abdali frustrated their efforts. As a result the Mughal rule in the Punjab came to an end for ever.

2. End of Maratha Power in the Punjab: Adina Beg, the Faujdar of Jalandhar Doab was dreaming of becoming the Governor of Punjab. So, he invited the Marathas to Punjab and entered into an alliance with the Sikhs. In 1758 A.D. the Marathas, after defeating Timur Shah took possession of the Punjab. They nominated Adina Beg as the Governor of Punjab, but he passed away soon. After him the Marathas nominated Sambhaji, the Governor of Punjab. Abdali defeated him in 1759 A.D. Abdali inflicted a crushing defeat on the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14th January, 1761 A.D. As a result of this defeat the Maratha power in Punjab was eclipsed for ever. .

3. Rise of the Sikh Power: In the 18th century a struggle for supremacy was going on among four powers namely Mughals, Afghans, Marathas and the Sikhs. As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions, the Mughal and the Maratha powers in the Punjab came to an end. Now this tussle for the possession of the Punjab was left between the two powers i.e. the Afghans and the Sikhs. The Sikhs had got on the nerves of the Afghans by their guerilla warfare. In the Great Holocaust of 1762 A.D., Abdali massacred thousands of Sikhs but could not dampen their spirits. The Sikhs conquered Sirhind in 1764 A.D. and Lahore in 1765 A.D. The Sikhs proclaimed their independence by circulating their own coins.

4. Anarchy in the Punjab : There was anarchy and lawlessness everywhere in Punjab due to the continuous invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali from 1747 to 1767 A.D. The government officials began to have their own ways. They started fleecing the people. There was no such thing as justice. Since the life and property of the people were insecure, it let to anarchy and chaos in the Punjab.

Social Effects:

5. Increase in the Social Evils : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali encouraged many evils in the Punjab. The people became selfish and characterless. They were not afraid of committing any crime or sin. Theft, robbery, murder, looting,
cheating and corruption were the order of the day. These evils had eaten into the vitals of the society of the Punjab.

6. People of Punjab became Brave : As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions, the people of the Punjab became brave and bold because they had to wield weapons for their defence against the invasions and lootings of Ahmad Shah Abdali. They set up glorious examples of bravery in the long-drawn struggle with the AfghAnswer: The Sikhs finally emerged victorious in this struggle.

7. Punjabis became spendthrift : Punjabis’ character underwent a significant change as a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions. They became spendthrift. The reason was that Abdali had carried away the money to Afghanistan which he looted from the people during his invasions. So the people began to eat, drink and make merry instead of hoarding money. This adage became very common at that time,

“Khada Peeta Lahe da,
Rehnda Ahmad Shahe da.”
Whatever, you eat and drink is yours, the rest belongs to Ahmad Shah Abdali.

8. Enmity between the Sikhs and Muslims increased : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali increased the enmity between the Sikhs and the Muslims. It was because the Afghans always raised the slogan of Jihad (religious war) while, fighting against the Sikhs. They committed many atrocities on the Sikhs in the name of Islam. Secondly, by demolishing the most sacred place, Harimandir Sahib of the Sikhs, Abdali turned the Sikhs into his bitter enemies. Owing to these reasons, the gulf between the Sikhs and the Afghans widened.

Economic and Cultural Effects:

9. Economic Loss of the Punjab : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali inflicted great loss on the economy of the Punjab. He robbed Punjab of gold, silver, diamonds and pearls of lakhs and croses of rupees. In fact, almost the whole wealth of the Punjab was drained off to Afghanistan. Due to the repeated invasions agricultural production was adversely affected. Abdali’s soldiers, while marching, badly damaged the crops of thousands of acres of land. Commerce and industries also felt the pinch of the Afghan invasions. It all resulted in the poverty of the people.

10. Great Blow to Art and Literature : Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions gave a great blow to the development of art and literature in the Punjab. During their invasions, the Afghan soldiers destroyed many rare art pieces and most of literature. Many historical buildings including gurdwaras and temples were razed to the ground. The atmosphere of anarchy and chaos was not conducive to the creation of new art and literary compositions. Thus, the bloody invasions of Abdali resulted in great historic and cultural loss. S.S. Gandhi aptly says, “The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali exercised manifold effects, covering almost all aspects of life.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali? What were the reasons of his Punjab invasions?
Or
Write the main causes of invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Or
What were three causes of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab?
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali was the emperor of Afghanistan. Many factors were responsible for his invasions,

• He wanted to expand his empire,
• He wanted to get wealth from Punjab to consolidate his position in Afghanistan.
• There was anarchy in India. Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to take advantage of this golden opportunity,
• By establishing his control over Punjab, he wanted to earn a name and fame.

Question 2.
What do you know about the first invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Or
Write a short note on the first Abdali invasion over Punjab.
Answer:
On the invitation of Shah Nawaz Khan, Ahmad Shah Abdali proceeded with his forces towards India in December 1747. By defeating Shah Nawaz Khan on 10th January 1748, he took possession of Lahore. Shah Nawaz Khan fled away to Delhi. At Manupur on 11th March, 1748’A. D. in a fierce battle Muin-ul-Mulk gave a crushing defeat to Abdali. Mohammad Shah was pleased , over the bravery of Muin-ul-Mulk and made him the Governor of Punjab. He* was popularly known as Mir Mannu. Thus, the first invasion of Abdali proved a failure.

Question 3.
Briefly explain the second invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Or
Give a brief account of the second invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to avenge his defeat during the first invasion. Secondly, he was also aware that Mir Mannu’s position was unstable. Owing to these reasons Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab for the second time in 1748 A.D. In the absence of any help from Delhi, Mir Mannu signed a pact with Abdali. According to this pact, Mir Mannu agreed to pay the annual tribute of Char Mahals (four districts) Sialkot, Pasrur, Gujarat, and Aurangabad to Ahmad Shah Abdali.

Question 4.
Throw light on the third invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Answer:
Abdali invaded Punjab for the third time in November 1751 A.D. After reaching Lahore, Abdali looted many towns and villages for three months. A fierce battle was fought between the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Mir Mannu near Lahore on 6th March, 1752 A.D. Mir Mannu was defeated and was arrested. Abdali was so greatly impressed by the boldness of Mir Mannu that he appointed him the Governor of Punjab.

Question 5.
Explain the fourth invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
Abdali invaded Punjab in November 1756 A.D. for the fourth time. On hearing the news of Abdali’s invasion Adina Beg, the governor fled to Delhi without putting up any resistance. Abdali made his son Timur Shah the Governor of Punjab. A fierce battle was fought near Amritsar between the Afghans and the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikh leader Baba Deep Singh Ji displayed unparalleled heroism but was ultimately martyred. The Sikhs sworn to avenge his martyrdom.

Question 6.
Who was Timur Shah?
Answer:
Timur Shah was the son and successor of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan. In 1757 A.D., he was appointed as the Subedar of Punjab by Ahmad Shah Abdali. Like his father he was a staunch enemy of the Sikhs. He had destroyed the famous Ramrauni fort of the Sikhs. Besides he had filled the sarovar of Harmandir Sahib with filth. Therefore, in 1758 A.D. the Sikhs along with Marathas and Adina Beg compelled Timur Shah to flee from the Punjab.

Question 7.
What were the three main causes of third battle of Panipat?
Answer:

• The Ruhelas got against the Marathas because of the plunger and. loot caused by the Marathas.
• The Marathas wanted to establish Hindu empire in r India. So Muslims got against them.
• The Jats and the Rajputs were jealous of growth of the Maratha power in India.
• Marathas had established their control over Delhi and Punjab which Abdali could not tolerate,
• To establish his honour and supremacy, it became important for him to fight with the Marathas.

Question 8.
Write a short note on the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
The third battle of Panipat was fought between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali on January 14, 1761 A.D. A pitched battle took place between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali in Panipat. Sada Shiv Rao Bhau was leading the Marathas in this battle. The Marathas faced a crushing defeat and also suffered heavy loss of life and property in this battle. As a result of this battle, the Marathas suffered grievous blow while the Sikhs got a chance to consolidate their power in the Punjab.

Question 9.
What were the results of the third battle of Panipat?
Or
Write down any three results of the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
The results of the third battle of Panipat were of far reaching. This battle resulted in huge loss of men and money of the Marathas. The Maratha Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao couldn’t tolerate this humiliating defeat and he passed away within a few months. Marathas received a severe jolt to their power. Conse¬quently their dream of establishing a Hindu empire in India dashed to the ground. After this defeat the Maratha leaders began to quarrel among themselves. It ended their unity.

Question 10.
Write a short note on Wadda Ghallughara (Second Bloody Carnage).
Or
Write a brief note on Wadda Ghallughara (Great Holocaust), sixth invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Or
Write a short note on Second Big Ghallughara.
Answer:
The Wadda Ghallughara was a very tragic event of Sikh History. Ahmad Shah Abdali could never tolerate the growing influence of the Sikhs. So he sieged the Sikhs at village Kup near Malerkotla on Feb 5, 1762 A.D. In this surprise attack 25 to 30 thousand Sikhs were killed. This event is known in Sikh history as Wadda Ghallughara. Ahmad Shah Abdali became very happy over the heavy loss of life oi the Sikhs. He thought that it would break the backbone of the Sikh power, but his assessment proved wrong.

Question 11.
How did the Sikhs organise their power in their battles against the Afghans?
Answer:
(a) In their battles against the Afghans, the Sikhs had organised themselves in Jathas (regiments),
(b) Gurmatas were passed through Sarbat Khalsa in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib. All the Sikhs obeyed these Gurmatas with great respect.
(Hi) Ahmad Shah Abdali could not pay attention to the Sikhs for many years,
(d) The landlords and common people gave their full co-operation to the Sikhs.

Question 12.
Why did Ahmad Shah Abadali fail in crushing the power of the Sikhs?
Or
What were the causes of victory of the Sikhs and defeat of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Or
What were the causes of failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali against the Sikhs?
Or
Write any three causes of the failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali against the Sikhs.
Answer:

• The firm determination and self-confidence of the Sikhs,
• The Sikhs adopted guerilla system of warfare.
• Ahmad Shah Abdali could not pay his proper attention to the Punjab as revolts broke out in Afghanistan time and again,
• The leaders of the Sikhs were wise and worthy. They fought against the enemy unitedly.

Question 13.
What were the effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions on the Sikh struggle for power?
Or
What were the political effects of Abdali’s invasions?
Answer:

• Ahmad Shah Abdali annexed Punjab to Afghanistan in 1752 A.D.
• Ahmad Shah Abdali gave the Marathas a crushing defeat in the third battle of Panipat as result of which the influence of Marathas ended in Punjab for ever.
• As a – result of continuous attacks of Ahmad Shah Abdali, lawlesness and chaos prevailed in the Punjab,
• Life and property of the people was not safe. So instead of saving the Sikhs started spending lavishly.

Question 14.
Describe important effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions over Punjab.
Answer:

• Punjab was annexed to Afghanistan in’1752 A.D. Consequently, the Mughal rule ended in the Punjab for ever,
• Punjab had to face heavy economic losses due to the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
• Trade also suffered a set back due to the atmosphere of loot and chaos,
• These invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali gave a great blow to the art and literature of the Punjab,
• Punjabis now started spending money lavishly instead of saving it.

Question 15.
What were the social effects of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:

• The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali encouraged many evils in the Punjab. The people became selfish,
• As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions the people of the Punjab became brave and bold,
• Punjabi’s became spendthrift. The reason was that Ahmad Shah Abdali would take away the money,
• Many historical buildings and literature were damaged during Abdali’s invasions.
• His invasions caused heavy economic loss to Punjab.

Question 16.
What were the economic consequences of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:

• The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali inflicted great loss on the economy of Punjab. He robbed Punjab of gold, silver, diamonds, and pearls of worth crores of rupees,
• Abdali’s soldiers badly damaged the crops of thousands of acres of land while marching,
• Commerce and industries also felt the pinch of the Afghan invasions.
• The sense of insecurity and anarchical conditions impeded the growth of trade.
• Travelling was difficult and unsafe.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:
The ruler of Afghanistan.

Question 2.
Where did Ahmad Shah Abdali rule?
Answer:
In Afghanistan.

Question 3.
For how many times Ahmed Shah Abdali invaded Punjab?
Answer:
Eight times.

Question 4.
Give the main cause of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions on Punjab.
Or
Give any one reason of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
He wanted to expand his empire.

Question 5.
When did Ahmad Shah Abdali invade Punjab?
Answer:
1747 to 1767 A.D.

Question 6.
When did Ahmad Shah Abdali invade Punjab for the first time?
Answer:
1747-48 A.D.

Question 7.
When did Ahmad Shah Abdali invade Punjab for the second time?
Answer:
1748-49 A.D.

Question 8.
When did Mir Mannu become the Governor of Punjab?
Answer:
1748 A.D.

Question 9.
When did Ahmad Shah Abdali conquer Punjab?
Answer:
1752 A.D.

Question 10.
Who was appointed as Governor by Ahmad Shah Abdali after he conquered Punjab?
Answer:
Timur Shah.

Question 11.
Who was Timur Shah?
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali’s. son.

Question 12.
Who was Baba Deep Singh Ji?
Answer:
A famous leader of Shaheed Misl.

Question 13.
When was Baba Deep Singh Ji martyred?
Answer:
Nov. 11, 1757 A.D.

Question 14. When did the Marathas occupy Punjab?
Answer:
1758 A.D.

Question 15.
Who was the first Maratha Subedar of Punjab?
Answer:
Adina Beg.

Question 16.
When was the third battle of Panipat fought?
Answer:
January 14, 1761 A.D.

Question 17.
Between whom was the third battle of Panipat fought?
Answer:
Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali.

Question 18.
When did Wadda Ghallughara take place?
Or
When did Second or Big Ghallughara take place?
Answer:
5th February, 1762 A.D.

Question 19.
Where did Second Ghallughara take place?
Or
Where did the Vadda ( big ) Ghallughara happen?
Answer:
At Kup.

Question 20.
When and where did Second (Wadda) Ghallughara take place?
Answer:
In 1762 A.D. at Kup.

Question 21.
Who was responsible for Wadda Ghallughara?
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali.

Question 22.
When did the Sikhs occupy Sirhind?
Answer:
January 14, 1764 A.D.

Question 23.
Who was Zain Khan?
Answer:
Governor of Sirhind from 1761 A.D. to 1764 A.D.

Question 24.
When did the Sikhs take control of Lahore?
Answer:
1765 A.D.

Question 25.
Give any one reason of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure against the Sikhs.
Or
Explain any one cause of the success of the Sikhs against Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
The Sikhs adopted guerilla warfare against Abdali.

Question 26.
Give any one political consequence of Abdali’s invasions.
Or
Write any one effect of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali occupied Punjab in 1752 A.D.

Question 27.
What were the two economic consequences of the invasions of Abdali?
Answer:
The Punjab had to suffer a great economic loss.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Ahmad Shah Abdali was the ruler of ……………
Answer:
Afghanistan

2. Ahmad Shah Abdali became the Emperor of …………… in 1747 A.D.
Answer:
Afghanistan

3. …………… became the ruler of Afghanistan after the killing of Nadar Shah.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali

4. Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked on Punjab …………… times.
Answer:
eight

5. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India for the first time in ……………
Answer:
1747-48 A.D.

6. Ahmad Shah Abdali conquered Punjab in ……………..
Answer:
1752 A.D.

7. Ahmad Shah Abdali appointed ………………. as the Governor of Punjab in 1752 A.D.
Answer:
Mir Mannu

8. Ahmad Shah Abdali appointed ………………. as the Governor of Punjab in 1757 A.D.
Answer:
Timur Shah

9. Baba Deep Singh Ji became a martyr in ………………
Answer:
1757 A.D.

10. The third battle of Panipat was fought on ………………
Answer:
January 14, 1761 A.D.

11. …………….. was the JPeshwa of Marathas at the time .of- the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
Balaji Baji Rao

12. ……………. was the General of Marathas in the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
Sadashiv Rao Bhau

13. ……………. were defeated in the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
Marathas

14. Wadda Ghallughara took place in …………….
Answer:
1762 A.D.

15. Wadda Ghallughara took place at village……………
Answer:
Kup

16. In 1764 A.D. Baba Ala Singh defeated severly the Subedar of Sirhind ………………
Answer:
Zain Khan

17. Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked Punjab …………… times.
Answer:
eight

18. ………….. rule came to an end in Punjab due to invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
Mughal

19. The main cause of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure against the Sikhs was ……………. policy of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guerilla

True or False:

1. Ahmad Shah Abdali was the ruler of Afghanistan.
Answer:
True

2. Ahmad Shah Abdali was the ruler of Afghanistan in 1747 A.D.
Answer:
True

3. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab in 1749 A.D. for the first time.
Answer:
False

4. The main purpose of invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on India was to obtain wealth.
Answer:
True

5. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India for six times.
Answer:
False

6. Mir Mannu defeated Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1748 A.D. in the battle of Manupur.
Answer:
True

7. Ahmad Shah Abdali occupied Punjab in 1751 A.D. (
Answer:
False

8. Timur Shah was the son of Babur.
Answer:
False

9. Baba Deep Singh Ji became a martyr on November 10, 1757 A.D.
Answer:
False

10. The third battle of Panipat took place on January 14, 1761 A.D. between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
True

11. Vishwas Rao was the son of Balaji Baji Rao.
Answer:
True

12. The Sikhs occupied Lahore in 1761 A.D.
Answer:
True

13. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, was conferred the title of ‘Sultan-ul-Quam’ on occupation of Punjab in 1761 A.D.
Answer:
True

14. Wadda Ghallughara took place during the 6th attack of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
True

15. Wadda Ghallughara took place in 1762 A.D.
Answer:
True

16. The big Holocaust was held at Kahnuwal.
Answer:
False

17. The Sikhs occupied Sirhind in 1764 A.D.
Answer:
True

18. The Sikhs declared their independence after the occupation of Punjab in 1765 A.D.
Answer:
True

19. Nadir Shah became the ruler of Afganistan after the death of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
False

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali?
(a) Ruler of Afghanistan
(b) Ruler of Iran
(c) Ruler of China
(d) Ruler of India.
Answer:
(a) Ruler of Afghanistan

2. How many times Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab?
(a) Four
(b) Five
(c) Seven
(d) Eight
Answer:
(d) Eight

3. When did Ahmad Shah Abdali invade Punjab for the first time?
(a) 1745 AD.
(b) 1746 A.D.
(c) 1747 A.D.
(d) 1752 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1747 A.D.

4. In which battle, Ahmad Shah Abdali conquered Punjab?
(a) First
(b) Second
(c) Third
(d) Fourth
Answer:
(c) Third

5. When did Ahmad Shah Abdali conquer Punjab?
Or
When did Mughal rule come to an end in Punjab?
(a) 1748 A.D.
(b) 1751 A.D.
(c) 1752 A.D.
(d) 1761 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1752 A.D.

6. When did Timur Shah become the Governor of Punjab?
(a) 1751 A.D.
(b) 1752 A.D.
(c) 1757 A.D.
(d) 1759 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1757 A.D.

7. When was Baba Deep Singh Ji got martyred?
(a) 1752 A.D.
(b) 1755 A.D.
(c) 1756 A.D.
(d) 1757 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1757 A.D.

8. When was the third battle of Panipat fought?
(a) 1758 A.D.
(b) 1759 A.D.
(c) 1760 A.D.
(d) 1761 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1761 A.D.

9. Who defeated the Marathas in the third battle of Panipat?
(a) Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
(b) Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
(c) Ahmad Shah Abdali
(d) Mir Mannu.
Answer:
(c) Ahmad Shah Abdali

10. When did Wadda Gallughara take place?
(a) 1746 A.D.
(b) 1748 A.D.
(c) 1761 A.D.
(d) 1762 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1762 A.D.

11. Where did Second Gallughara take place?
(a) Kanhunwan
(b) Kup
(c) Kartarpur
(d) Jalandhar.
Answer:
(b) Kup

12. When did the Sikhs occupy Sirhind?
(a) 1761 A.D.
(b) 1762 A.D.
(c) 1763 A.D.
(d) 1764 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1764 A.D.

13. When did the Sikhs occupy Lahore?
(a) 1760 A.D.
(b) 1762 A.D.
(c) 1764 A.D.
(d) 1765 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1765 A.D.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 14 Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 14 Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What was the condition of Muslims under the Mughals?
Or
Write a note on the Muslim society of Punjab during the Mughal times.
Answer:
The condition of the Muslims in the society of the Punjab under the Mughals was very good. Being related to the ruling class, they enjoyed some special privileges in society. They were appointed to all higher posts in the State. At that time the Muslim society was divided into three sections. People of Upper Class, which included mansabdars, governors, landlords, enjoyed a life of pomp and show and luxury. Wine and women were their main sources of entertainment. A large number of servants looked after their comforts.

The Middle Class consisted of peasants, shopkeepers and petty officials. Their standard of living was lower than that of upper class people, but they led a happy life. The Lower Class comprised domestic s mts, labourers, petty shopkeepers and slaves. Their condition was miserable. Being very poor, it was difficult for them to make both ends meet.

Question 2.
What was the condition of the Hindus under the Mughals?
Or
Study in brief the condition of Hindu society in the Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
The condition of the Hindus in the society of the Punjab under the Mughals was not good. Although they formed a majority in the society yet they were deprived of high offices. The Muslims treated them as Kafirs and they were ill-treated. They were forced to embrace Islam. The Hindu society of that time was fragmented into many castes and sub-castes. The caste-system had become more rigid than before. People of high class looked down upon the people of low class and treated them with cruelty. Besides, many restrictions were imposed on them.

Inter-caste marriages and inter-dining were prohibited so much, so that each member of the sociey had to adopt the occupation of his caste. Anybody who violated the caste rules was excommunicated. The caste system of the Hindus, in fact, proved very harmful for them.

Question 3.
What was the position of women in Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
Describe any five evils prevalent among women in the Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
The condition of women in the society of Punjab under the Mughals was miserable. Birth of a female child was considered not good. As enormous amount was required for the marriage of girls, most of them were killed at the time of their birth. The girls who luckily survived were married off at a very young age. Consequently, no attention was given to the education of girls. In the event of the death of husband, the wife was burnt alive on the pyre with her dead husband. This system was called Sati system . Those who did not do so, had to lead the life of a widow. Purdah system was in vogue among Hindu and Muslim women.

Question 4.
What were the main sources of entertainment of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
What were the means of recreation of the people of Punjab during the Mughals?
Answer:
People of the Punjab during the Mughal period had many sources of entertainment. People of higher class entertained themselves by hunting, taking part in chariot races, ftigeon flights, polo and chess playing, by watching fights of elephants and cocks, by swimming and by taking part in drinking sessions. The common people entertained themselves by dancing, music, singing, wrestling, races, jugglery shows and by playing cards. Besides, people actively took part in festivals and fairs. Prominent among Hindu fairs and festivals were Diwali, Dussehra, Baisakhi, Lohri, Holi, Shivratri and Ram Naumi. The Muslims celebrated mainly Id, Shab-e-Barat and Nauroz.

Question 5.
Write a brief note about prevalent education in Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
It was not the responsibility of the state to impart educati ‘’ people during the Mughal period. The Hindus got the primary education in temples while the Muslims got education in mosques. The students were given religious education also. In comparison to the Muslims, the Hindus took more interest in education. No fee was charged from the students. After the completion of education, students gave some offerings (Dakshina) to their teachers. There were schools for providing higher education in Punjab at Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Jalandhar, Sultanpur, Batala, Ambala, Sirhind etc.

The government gave some financial assistance to these schools. In this period, no attention was given to women-education. Only the women of higher families got education. For this arrangement was made in their homes.

Question 6.
Mention any five special features of social condition of people of the Punjab during the Mughal period.
Answer:
The condition of Muslims of the Punjab under the Mughals was very good. As they belonged to the ruling class, they enjoyed some special privileges. The Muslim society was divided into three classes—Upper Class, Middle Class and Lower Class. People of the Upper Class led a life of luxury and pomp and show. Condition of people of the Lower Class was deplorable. Condition of the Hindus, who formed the majority strata of society, was also not good. They were deprived of many rights. The Muslims hated them. The Hindu society was split up into many castes and sub-castes.

Caste system had become more rigid than before. The condition of women folk in society was miserable. The evils like child- marriage, sati system, ban on widow re-marriage, purdah system etc, were prevalent among women folk. Women were considered a commodity of sensual pleasure. People put on cotton and silk clothes. Garments of high class people were very costly while common people wore ordinary clothes. Both men and women were fond of wearing ornaments at that time.

Question 7.
Give an account of agriculture of Punjab under the Mughals.
Or
What policy did the government adopt regarding agriculture in Punjab during the Mughal period?
Or
What was the main occupation of Punjabis under the Mughals?
Answer:
Agriculture-was the main occupation of people of Punjab under the Mughals. About 80% people of the Punjab were engaged in this occupation. Therefore, the Mughal government paid special attention to the encouragement of agriculture. Peasants were given special facilities to bring new land under cultivation. Taqavi loans were given to peasants to develop means of irrigation. Land revenue was fixed on the basis of fertility of land and irrigational facilities and it Varied from one place to the other. Usually it used to be 1/3 of the total produce. Land revenue was accepted in cash or in kind, according to the convenience of the peasants. Land revenue was either written off or reduced in the event of a famine.

Strict orders were issued to those employees who collected revenue, that peasants should not be exploited in any way. Use of fertilisers was encouraged. As a result of all these efforts, there used to be bumper harvests under the Mughals. The main crops of the Punjab were wheat, grains, rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, barley, etc. Besides, oil-seeds, indigo, opium and many types of fruits were also cultivated.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on textile industry of Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
Among the industries prevalent in Punjab under the Mughals, textile industry was the most famous. Of the textile industry the cotton industry was the most important. Fine cloth was manufactured at Amritsar, Lahore, Multan and Gujarat. Multan was famous for mats, table clothes and sheets. Beautiful lungis were manufactured in Peshawar. Pyjamas and salwars were tailored in Multan, Lahore and Amritsar. Chiffon cloth was manufactured in Gujarat. Multan, Kashmir and Amritsar were the famous centres of silk industry. At that time, Gulbadan, Daryai and Dhup-Chhaon silk clothes were manufactured.

There was a great demand for silk Cloth of Multan among courtiers of Lahore and foreign travellers. Amritsar and Kashmir were famous for woollen industry. Kashmiri shawls were famous in the world. Wool was imported for manufacturing shawls. Shawls, blankets and lohis were manufactured in Amritsar. Blankets and lohis of Amritsar were very famous.

Question 9.
What do you know about trade and commerce in Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
The internal and external trade of Punjab under the Mughals was very well developed. This was due to many reasons. First, was the ideal geographic location of the Punjab. Secondly, the means of transport were very developed. Thirdly, the Punjab produced bumper harvests. Its industry also flourished. Trade was in the hands of Khatris, Banias, Mahajans, Aroras, Bohras and Khojas. Foreign trade was carried on with Arab countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, Bhutan, Syria, China and European couptries.

The Punjab exported cotton and silk clothes, shawls, blankets, corn, sugar, indigo and salt to these countries. In exchange the Punjab imported horses of best pedigree, dry fruit, luxury items, fine carpets, silk and precious stones. Transportation of cargo was carried on through carts, camels, horses and oxen. Besides, boats were used to carry the cargo through water routes.

Question 10.
Write a short note on the economic condition of Punjab during the Mughal rule.
Or
Throw light on the economic condition of Punjab under the Mughal rule.
Answer:
The economic condition of people in Punjab during the Mughal perio’d was very sound. Agriculture was the main occupation of people at that time. Land was fertile, there was no dearth of irrigational facilities and special facilities provided by the government encouraged this occupation greatly. Consequently, there was bumper harvest. Main crops of the Punjab were wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, maize, grains and barley. The other occupation of people was industry. Textile industry was the main and most famous industry at that time. Besides, leather industry, sugar industry, arms manufacturing and woodworks were also famous. The internal and external trade of Punjab was fully developed.

The Punjab carried on export with Arab countries, European countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, China etc. The Punjab exported cotton cloth, silk cloth, shawls, blankets, corn, sugar, indigo etc. to these countries. In exchange, precious stones, silk, dry fruit and fine horses were imported from these countries. Cost of commodities in the Punjab was very low. As a result the poor also led a comfortable life.

Essay Type Questions:

Social Condition:

Question 1.
Study the social condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals.
Or
Describe the main features of the social life of the people of the Punjab under the Mughals.
Or
Give a brief account of the social condition of the Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
The Mughals ruled in Punjab from 1526 to 1752 A.D. The social condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals was not so good. The society of Punjab at that time was mainly divided into two sections—the Muslims and the Hindus. A brief description of the social condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals is as follows—

1. Three classes of Muslims: The Muslim society of Punjab under the Mughals was divided into three classes :

• Upper Class: The upper class of the Muslims consisted of big mansabdars, subedars, landlords, army generals and affluent persons. The people of this class led a life of comfort and luxury. They lived in beautiful palatial palaces. Their costumes were very costly. They spent most of their time in sensual pleasures and merry-making. There was a large number of servants who attended on them.
• Middle Class: This class consisted of traders, farmers, soldiers and government officials of the lower rank. Though their standard of living was lower than that of the upper class, yet they led a prosperous life.
• Lower Class: It was the largest class. This class comprised smiths, carpenters, weavers, craftsmen, petty shop-keepers, labourers and slaves. Their condition was miserable. Being poor, they could hardly make both ends meet. They lived in slum areas. This class constituted a large number of slaves. Their condition was also very pitiable. It had become a fashion at that time to keep slave girls.

2. Caste System of the Hindus: The Hindus constituted the majority strata of the society of Punjab. Their society was divided not only in four main’castes, Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaish and Shudra, but also in many other castes and sub¬castes. The people belonging to one caste looked down upon the people of other castes.

3. Condition of Women : In the society of Mughal Punjab, the condition of women was very pitiable. They were deprived of those rights which were enjoyed by men. In the society, remained confined to the four walls of the house.

4. Diet: The diet of the people of upper class was very rich. The people of upper class were fond of ‘puree’ and ‘halwa’. In order to make their food delicious, they would make liberal use of butte!1 and spices. They made a rich use of fresh and dry fruits. The Hindus were mostly vegetariAnswer: The food of the poor was very simple. The use erf ‘lassi’ was very common. During summer ‘cold sharbat’ was greatly used.

5. Dress and Ornaments: The people in the Punjab of the Mughal period put on cotton and silk clothes. The robes of the people of upper class were very costly. Men’s dress consisted of loose kurta, tight pyjama or salwar and turban. Salwar and kamiz were commonly worn by women. The Hindu women would wear sarees. They would cover their head with either a sheet or a ‘dupatta’. The Muslim women would go out in a ‘burqa’. At that time, both men and women were fond of wearing ornaments.

The women would, as far as possible, wear ornaments on every part of their body such as ear-rings in ears, nose-ring in nose, bangles on arms, rings on fingers, anklets on feet and necklace round neck.

6. Means of Entertainment: The people of Punjab during the Mughal period entertained themselves by different meAnswer: The people of high caste entertained themselves by hunting, taking part in chariot races, playing polo, holding pigeon flights, watching elephant and cock fights, swimming, playing chess and taking part in parties (mehfils). The common people entertained themselves by music, dancing, bhangra, wrestling, races, watching juggler and magic shows and playing cards. Besides all these, people took active part in fairs and festivals with great zeal.

7. Education: In the Mughal period, it was not the responsibility of the government to impart education to the people. The Hindus received their early education in the temples, while the Muslims received it in the mosques. The pupils were also given education about their religions. The Hindus took more interest in education than the Muslims. No fee was charged from the students. After the completion of studies, the pupils would give some offerings to the teachers.

There were centres of higher education at places like Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Jalandhar, Sultanpur, Batala, Ambala, Sirhind in Punjab. The government would give them financial aid. During this period no attention was paid to women’s education. Only a few women of upper class families ‘got education. Private arrangement for their education was made at homes.

Question 2.
Describe the major social evils prevalent in the society of Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
The social life of the people under the Mughal rule shows a very terrible scene. At that time caste system, sati system, female infanticide, restriction on widow marriage, polygamy and purdah system etc. were in vogue. As a result the condition of the low caste women was very pitiable. The description of the main social evils during the Mughal rule is as under :

1. Caste System: The Hindus constituted the majority strata of the society of Punjab. Their society was divided not only in four main castes—Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra, but also in many other castes and sub-castes. The people belonging to one caste looked down upon the people of other castes. The people of higher castes perpetrated tyranny on the people of lower castes. The people belonging to the low castes were not allowed to mix with the people of high castes, to recite the Vedas, to visit temples and to draw water from wells and ponds of common use.

Untouchability was wide spread. In the society, everybody worked according to his caste. He could not change it according to his ability. There were many restrictions on the inter-mixing of these castes. He, wbo defied these caste rules, was ostracised. Every caste thought of its own welfare. Famous historian Dr. A.L. Srivastava aptly says, “The caste rules and taboos had become more rigid than in the preceding centuries.”

2. Condition of Women : In the society of Mughal Punjab, the condition of women was very pitiable. They were deprived of those rights which were enjoyed by men. In the society, women were considered no better than man’s shoe. They remained confined to the four walls of the house. Women at that time were regarded as an object of entertainment and lust. They could be sold and bought like animals. At that time the following evil practices regarding women were in vogue :

1. Female Infanticide : In the Hindu society of that time the birth of a girl was considered an ill-omen. According to the prevailing social customs, a huge amount of money had to be spent on the marriage of a girl, but a majority strata of the society, who belonged to the poor class could not incur such a heavy expenditure. So, they had to face many hardships to find a suitable match for their daugthers. But, if a person did not marry off his daugther, it was deemed against the religion and society. Besides this, the Muslims forcibly kidnapped the young Hindu girls. So, many Hindus would kill the new-born girls.

2. Child Marriage : According to the prevalent social customs the girls were married off at a very early age i.e. within 4 or 5 years after their birth. As a result no attention was paid to their education. Owing to early marriage, the responsibilities of married life fell on them, which were beyond their comprehension. Early childbirth badly affected their health. Sometimes-for avarice of money, these innocent girls were married off to persons of older age-group.

3. Sati System : The most heinous and the most horrifying of all the- evils prevalent in the Punjab of Mughal period was the ‘Sati system’. According to this inhuman practice, if the husband of an unfortunate woman died, she was forcibly burnt alive on the pyre of her husband. If she were pregnant at the time of her husband’s death, she would be forced to perform Sati with some relics of her husband after the child birth. Since the life of a widow in the society was hellish, many women would rather perform Sati of their own accord.

4. No permission for Widow Marriage : Those women, who survived the Sati rites, had to live a widowr’s life. Widow marriage was strongly prohibited in the society. A widow had to suffer much. Her hair was cut off. She was given shabby clothes to wear. The use of make up was prohibited. She was forced to do the whole household drudgery. She was not permitted to participate in domestic festivities or festivals. A widow was insulted and ill-treated by all. She was chided with accusations like ill-begotten and husband-eater. In short, they led a miserable life.

5. Polygamy : Polygamy was prevalent among Muslims and upper class of Hindus. According to Islam, a Muslim could marry four times. Divorce was also in vogue among the Muslims. Accordingly, the Muslims divorced their previous wives and married the new ones. In fact, the custom of polygamy had worsened the condition of women in the society.

6. Purdah System: Purdah system was on the increase during the Mughal period. This system was in vogue among the Hindu as well as Muslim women. According to this system, the women always remained in the purdah. This system not only badly affected the health of women but also proved a hurdle in the way of liberal thoughts.

7. Prostitution : The practice of prostitution was in full swing during the Mughal period. The cities were overcrowded with prostitutes. This practice had eroded the moral standard of the society. Dr. A.B. Pandey is quite apt, when he says, “The position of women during this period registered a further decline.”

Economic Condition:

Question 3.
Describe the economic condition of Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
During the Mughal period the people of Punjab were economically prosperous. The prices of commodities were low. So the people could live comfortably. Agriculture, industry and trade were well developed. Lahore and Multan were the most famous trade centres. A brief description of the economic condition of the people of that time is as ahead

1. Agriculture : The chief occupation of the people of Punjab dining Mughal period was agriculture. 80% population of the Punjab was engaged in this occupation. The reason behind this was that the land of Punjab was very fertile and there was no shortage of means of irrigation. ‘Zabti system’ was enforced in Punjab. Under this system the cultivable land in the Punjab was measured. On the basis of its fertility, it was classified as Polz, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar. The government would determine its land revenue on the basis of the fertility of the soil, convenience of irrigation and average output of the previous decade. The maximum revenue of the government was one-third.

The government collected its land revenue in kind or cash according to the convenience of the farmers. The land revenue to be realized from the farmers was exempted or reduced in the event of famine or short produce. The government officials were strictly ordered not to over¬charge any farmer. As a result of all these efforts, there were bumper crops in Punjab. The main crops of Punjab were wheat, rice, sugar-cane, cotton, maize, gram and barley.

2. Industries : Next to agriculture, industry was the main occupation of the people of Punjab. The main industries of that time were as follows

(1) Cotton Industry: During the Mughal period, cotton industry was the most important industry of Punjab. Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Gujarat, Samana, Bajwara and Amritsar were the famous industrial centres of cotton industry. Cotton cloth of several varieties was manufactured at Lahore. Multan was known for carpets and mattresses of top quality. Superior type of cloth was made at Samana, which was in great demand in England.

(2) Silk Industry : During the Mughal period, silk industry was the second famous industry of Punjab. Multan, Kashmir and Amritsar were the famous centres of silk industry. The silk cloth of Multan was in great demand in affluent families. ‘Gulbadan’ and ‘Daryayi’ silk clothes were manufactured at Amritsar and Lahore.

(3) Woollen Industry: Woollen industry was one of the famous industries of Punjab. Kashmir and Amritsar were the two famous centres of this industry. Kashmir was a world famous centre of shawl industry. Blankets and ‘Loees’ (thin blankets) of superior qualities were made at Amritsar.

(4) Leather Industry : During the Mughal period, the leather industry of Punjab was also famous. Many things were made of leather. Chief among them were saddles, reins, shoes, gloves and water-carriers called <mashks\ Hoshiarpur, Peshawar and Multan were the famotis centres of this trade.

3. Animal Rearing : In Punjab many people practised animal rearing. The animals were reared for different purposes. Ox, he-buffalo and camel were used for agriculture. Ox, donkey, mule and camel were used for transport purposes. Horse and camel were used for riding. Cows, buffalbes, sheep and goats were reared to get milk. Wool Was also obtained from sheep. Markets to trade these animals were also held at various places in Punjab.

4. Minerals : During the times of the Mughals, although minerals of many types were found in Punjab, their quantity was very small. Copper and iron were found in the hilly areas of Mandi and Suket. There were zinc mines in Jammu. Salt mines were found in Kheora, Nurpur and Kala Bagh (Sindh). Salt-acid was found in Multan and Gujarat. By sifting the sand of the rivers of Punjab, a little quantity of gold was also found.

5. Trade : The external and internal trade of the Punjab flourished during the Mughal period. The work of trade was in the hands of Kshatriyas, Baniyas, Mahajans, Aroras, Bohras and Khojas. The external trade of the Punjab was carried on with Arab countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, Bhutan, Syria, China and European countries. The Punjab exported cotton and silk clothes, shawls, blankets, grain, sugar, indigo and salt to these countries. In exchange, the Punjab imported horses of superior breed, dry fruit, things of luxury, quality-carpets, silk and precious stones.

6. Famous Commercial Towns : Lahore and Multan were the two most important commercial towns of the Punjab. Besides these, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Sirhind, Bajwara, Batala, Samana, Hissar, Panipat, Sultanpur, Kartarpur were other famous commercial towns of the Punjab.

7. Prices : During the Mughal times, the prices of articles in Punjab were very low. During the reign of Akbar, one maund of wheat cost 12 dam, rice 20 dam, maize 10 dam, gram 16 dam, milk 25 dam and sugar 6 dam. Dam was the most common currency used during the Mughal period. It was made of copper. Even after Akbar, the prices remained the same. Prices being low, the poor people could easily make both ends meet.

Question 4.
What were the main features of the Social and Economic life of the people of the Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:

The Mughals ruled in Punjab from 1526 to 1752 A.D. The social condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals was not so good. The society of Punjab at that time was mainly divided into two sections—the Muslims and the Hindus. A brief description of the social condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals is as follows—

1. Three classes of Muslims: The Muslim society of Punjab under the Mughals was divided into three classes :

• Upper Class: The upper class of the Muslims consisted of big mansabdars, subedars, landlords, army generals and affluent persons. The people of this class led a life of comfort and luxury. They lived in beautiful palatial palaces. Their costumes were very costly. They spent most of their time in sensual pleasures and merry-making. There was a large number of servants who attended on them.
• Middle Class: This class consisted of traders, farmers, soldiers and government officials of the lower rank. Though their standard of living was lower than that of the upper class, yet they led a prosperous life.
• Lower Class: It was the largest class. This class comprised smiths, carpenters, weavers, craftsmen, petty shop-keepers, labourers and slaves. Their condition was miserable. Being poor, they could hardly make both ends meet. They lived in slum areas. This class constituted a large number of slaves. Their condition was also very pitiable. It had become a fashion at that time to keep slave girls.

2. Caste System of the Hindus: The Hindus constituted the majority strata of the society of Punjab. Their society was divided not only in four main’castes, Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaish and Shudra, but also in many other castes and sub¬castes. The people belonging to one caste looked down upon the people of other castes.

3. Condition of Women : In the society of Mughal Punjab, the condition of women was very pitiable. They were deprived of those rights which were enjoyed by men. In the society, remained confined to the four walls of the house.

4. Diet: The diet of the people of upper class was very rich. The people of upper class were fond of ‘puree’ and ‘halwa’. In order to make their food delicious, they would make liberal use of butte!1 and spices. They made a rich use of fresh and dry fruits. The Hindus were mostly vegetariAnswer: The food of the poor was very simple. The use erf ‘lassi’ was very common. During summer ‘cold sharbat’ was greatly used.

5. Dress and Ornaments: The people in the Punjab of the Mughal period put on cotton and silk clothes. The robes of the people of upper class were very costly. Men’s dress consisted of loose kurta, tight pyjama or salwar and turban. Salwar and kamiz were commonly worn by women. The Hindu women would wear sarees. They would cover their head with either a sheet or a ‘dupatta’. The Muslim women would go out in a ‘burqa’. At that time, both men and women were fond of wearing ornaments.

The women would, as far as possible, wear ornaments on every part of their body such as ear-rings in ears, nose-ring in nose, bangles on arms, rings on fingers, anklets on feet and necklace round neck.

6. Means of Entertainment: The people of Punjab during the Mughal period entertained themselves by different meAnswer: The people of high caste entertained themselves by hunting, taking part in chariot races, playing polo, holding pigeon flights, watching elephant and cock fights, swimming, playing chess and taking part in parties (mehfils). The common people entertained themselves by music, dancing, bhangra, wrestling, races, watching juggler and magic shows and playing cards. Besides all these, people took active part in fairs and festivals with great zeal.

7. Education: In the Mughal period, it was not the responsibility of the government to impart education to the people. The Hindus received their early education in the temples, while the Muslims received it in the mosques. The pupils were also given education about their religions. The Hindus took more interest in education than the Muslims. No fee was charged from the students. After the completion of studies, the pupils would give some offerings to the teachers.

There were centres of higher education at places like Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Jalandhar, Sultanpur, Batala, Ambala, Sirhind in Punjab. The government would give them financial aid. During this period no attention was paid to women’s education. Only a few women of upper class families ‘got education. Private arrangement for their education was made at homes.

During the Mughal period the people of Punjab were economically prosperous. The prices of commodities were low. So the people could live comfortably. Agriculture, industry and trade were well developed. Lahore and Multan were the most famous trade centres. A brief description of the economic condition of the people of that time is as ahead

1. Agriculture : The chief occupation of the people of Punjab dining Mughal period was agriculture. 80% population of the Punjab was engaged in this occupation. The reason behind this was that the land of Punjab was very fertile and there was no shortage of means of irrigation. ‘Zabti system’ was enforced in Punjab. Under this system the cultivable land in the Punjab was measured. On the basis of its fertility, it was classified as Polz, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar. The government would determine its land revenue on the basis of the fertility of the soil, convenience of irrigation and average output of the previous decade. The maximum revenue of the government was one-third.

The government collected its land revenue in kind or cash according to the convenience of the farmers. The land revenue to be realized from the farmers was exempted or reduced in the event of famine or short produce. The government officials were strictly ordered not to over¬charge any farmer. As a result of all these efforts, there were bumper crops in Punjab. The main crops of Punjab were wheat, rice, sugar-cane, cotton, maize, gram and barley.

2. Industries : Next to agriculture, industry was the main occupation of the people of Punjab. The main industries of that time were as follows

(1) Cotton Industry: During the Mughal period, cotton industry was the most important industry of Punjab. Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Gujarat, Samana, Bajwara and Amritsar were the famous industrial centres of cotton industry. Cotton cloth of several varieties was manufactured at Lahore. Multan was known for carpets and mattresses of top quality. Superior type of cloth was made at Samana, which was in great demand in England.

(2) Silk Industry : During the Mughal period, silk industry was the second famous industry of Punjab. Multan, Kashmir and Amritsar were the famous centres of silk industry. The silk cloth of Multan was in great demand in affluent families. ‘Gulbadan’ and ‘Daryayi’ silk clothes were manufactured at Amritsar and Lahore.

(3) Woollen Industry: Woollen industry was one of the famous industries of Punjab. Kashmir and Amritsar were the two famous centres of this industry. Kashmir was a world famous centre of shawl industry. Blankets and ‘Loees’ (thin blankets) of superior qualities were made at Amritsar.

(4) Leather Industry : During the Mughal period, the leather industry of Punjab was also famous. Many things were made of leather. Chief among them were saddles, reins, shoes, gloves and water-carriers called <mashks\ Hoshiarpur, Peshawar and Multan were the famotis centres of this trade.

3. Animal Rearing : In Punjab many people practised animal rearing. The animals were reared for different purposes. Ox, he-buffalo and camel were used for agriculture. Ox, donkey, mule and camel were used for transport purposes. Horse and camel were used for riding. Cows, buffalbes, sheep and goats were reared to get milk. Wool Was also obtained from sheep. Markets to trade these animals were also held at various places in Punjab.

4. Minerals : During the times of the Mughals, although minerals of many types were found in Punjab, their quantity was very small. Copper and iron were found in the hilly areas of Mandi and Suket. There were zinc mines in Jammu. Salt mines were found in Kheora, Nurpur and Kala Bagh (Sindh). Salt-acid was found in Multan and Gujarat. By sifting the sand of the rivers of Punjab, a little quantity of gold was also found.

5. Trade : The external and internal trade of the Punjab flourished during the Mughal period. The work of trade was in the hands of Kshatriyas, Baniyas, Mahajans, Aroras, Bohras and Khojas. The external trade of the Punjab was carried on with Arab countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, Bhutan, Syria, China and European countries. The Punjab exported cotton and silk clothes, shawls, blankets, grain, sugar, indigo and salt to these countries. In exchange, the Punjab imported horses of superior breed, dry fruit, things of luxury, quality-carpets, silk and precious stones.

6. Famous Commercial Towns : Lahore and Multan were the two most important commercial towns of the Punjab. Besides these, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Sirhind, Bajwara, Batala, Samana, Hissar, Panipat, Sultanpur, Kartarpur were other famous commercial towns of the Punjab.

7. Prices : During the Mughal times, the prices of articles in Punjab were very low. During the reign of Akbar, one maund of wheat cost 12 dam, rice 20 dam, maize 10 dam, gram 16 dam, milk 25 dam and sugar 6 dam. Dam was the most common currency used during the Mughal period. It was made of copper. Even after Akbar, the prices remained the same. Prices being low, the poor people could easily make both ends meet.

Religious Condition:

Question 5.
Write a critical note on the religious condition of the people of Punjab during the Mughal Period.
Or
What do you know about the religious condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals? Explain.
Answer:
During the Mughal period in Punjab, besides Hinduism and Islam, Sikhism was also popular. At that time Buddhism had disappeared from Punjab and Jainism was limited to the trading class of the cities. The propagation of Christianity also started in this period. The people in this period, laid greater emphasis on superstitions and rituals of religion. Most of the pdople had forgotten the truth behind religion. The Sikh Gurus undertook the great feat of showing the right path of religion to the people of Punjab.

1. Hinduism : Hinduism is counted among the most ancient religions of India. The followers of this religion worshipped Rama, Vishnu, Krishna, Shiva, Hanuman, Durga, Kali and Laxmi etc. Several beautiful temples were built in the memory of these deities. Several attractive idols were kept in these. Hinduism compelled the presence of the Brahmans in all their rituals. Among the religious texts of the Hindus, Vedas, Ramayana and Geeta held an important position. The Hindus greatly respected Brahmans and the cow. Because of his policy of religious tolerance, the Mughal Emperor Akbar ushered the state into a new religious era. He provided religious freedom to the Hindus and withdrew

The pilgrimage tax and Jaziya. Aurangzeb was an orthodox Sunni Emperor. HeJ&d hot accept the prosperity of any other religion besides Islam. Consequently, Enforced the Hindus to convert to Islam. He destroyed several temples and idols. Several restrictions were imposed on them. Consequently, the Hindus became staunch enemies of the Mughal Empire.

2. Islam: Islam became the most preached religion in Punjab. The main reason for this was that the Muslim invaders first of all settled permanently in Punjab. The followers of this religion believed in one Allah. They considered Mohammad Sahib as a representative of God. They read the Namaz 5 times a day. They observed the Rozas in the month of Ramzaan. They considered it mandatory to perform the Haj. They made donations (Zakaat). They were against idol worship. Because the Sultans of Delhi and the Mughal Emperors were Muslims, hence during their reign, Islam spread rapidly. Because the state offered special privileges to the Muslims, several lower class people of Punjab converted to Islam. Aurangzeb forced several people to convert to Islam.

3. Sufism : Sufism was a sect of Islam. The people of this sect adopted the policy of religious tolerance. Their main objective was mutual brotherhood and service to mankind. They believed in music. They popularised Qawwali form of singing. Sufi saints raised their voice against several prevalent socio-religious malpractices in society. During the Mughal period the Silsilas namely Chishti, Suhravardi, Qadari and Naqshbandi were popular. Because the Sufis loved people of all castes, hence several people joined Sufism. Among the Sufi Silsilas, only the Naqshbandis were fanatics. The Naqshbandis had instigated the Mughal emperors to execute Guru Arjan Dev Ji and Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

4. Sikhism: Sikhisrp was bom in Punjab during the Mughal Period. This religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji in the 15th century. Guru Nanak Sahib vehemently opposed the social and religious malpractices prevalent in society at that time. He spread the message of worship of God and mutual brotherhood. He laid the foundation of the institutions of Sangat and Pangat. The doors of Sikhism were open to people of all castes and classes. He rendered the light of knowledge to people treading in the darkness of ignorance. Guru Ji’s message was carried ahead by his nine successors. The policy of religious tolerance observed by Akbar gave a golden opportunity to Sikhism to prosper. As. soon as Jahangir sat on the throne, the relations between the Sikhs and Mughals grew tense. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji in 1606 A.D. and Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji in 1675 A.D. infuriated the Sikhs. To give a strong response to the Mughals against their atrocities, Guru Gobind Singh Ji founded the Khalsa Panth in 1699 A.D.

5. Other Religions : Besides the above mentioned religions, both Buddhism and Jainism were also popular in Mughal period in Punjab. The followers of these religions were few in number. During the Mughal Emperor Akbar’s reign, Christianity started flourishing as a religion. Akbar allowed the Christians to build a Church at Lahore. This religion did not receive much encouragement in Punjab.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What was the condition of Muslims under the Mughals?
Or
Write a note on the Muslim society of the Punjab during the Mughal times.
Answer:
The condition of the Muslims in the society of the Punjab under the Mughals was very good. Being related to the ruling class, they enjoyed some Special privileges in society. People of upper class, enjoyed a life of luxury. Standard of living of the people of middle class was lower than that of upper class people, but they led a happy life. The condition of lower class people was miserable.

Question 2.
What was the condition of Hindus under the Mughals?
Or
Study in brief the condition of Hindu society in the Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
The condition of the Hindus in the society of the Punjab under the Mughals was not good. Although they formed a majority in the society yet they were deprived of high offices. The Muslims treated them as Kafirs and they were ill- treated. They were forced to embrace Islam. The caste-system had become more rigid than before. People-of high class looked down upon the people of low class and treated them with cruelty.

Question 3.
What was the position of women in Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
What was the condition of women in the Mughal Period?
Answer:
The condition of women in the society of Punjab under the Mughals was , not good. Birth of a female-child was considered inauspicious. So most of them were killed at the time of their birth. The girls who luckily survived were married off at a very young age. Consequently, no attention was given to the education of girls. Sati system was prevalent. Widow’s life was worse than an animal’s life. Purdah system was in vogue among Hindu and Muslim women.

Question 4.
What were the main sources of entertainment of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
What were the means of recreation of the people of Punjab during the Mughals?
Answer:
People of the Punjab during the , Mughal period had many sources of entertainment. People of higher class entertained themselves by hunting, taking part in chariot races, polo and chess playing, watching fights of elephants and cocks and swimming and taking part in drinking sessions. The common people entertained themselves by dancing, music, singing, wrestling and racing. Prominent Hindu festivals were Diwali, Dussehra, Baisakhi, Lohri, Holi, Shivaratri and Ram Naumi. The Muslims celebrated mainly Id, Shab-i-Barat and Nauroz.

Question 5.
Write a brief note about prevalent education in Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
It was not the responsibility of the state to impart education to people during the Mughal period. The Hindus got the primary education in temples while the Muslims got education in mosques. In comparison to the Muslims, the Hindus took more interest in education. No fee was charged from the students. After the completion of education, students gave some offerings (Dakshina) to their teachers. In this period, no attention was given to women education.

Question 6.
Mention important features of social condition of people of the Punjab during the Mughal period.
Answer:
The condition of Muslims of the Punjab under the Mughals was very good. As they belonged to the ruling class, they enjoyed some special privileges. The Muslim society was divided into three classes—Upper Class,^Middle Class and Lower Class. People of the Upper Class led a life of luxury. Gbridition of people of the Lower Class was deplorable. Condition of the Hindus, who fdritted the majority strata of society, was also not good. They were deprived of many rights.

Question 7.
What was the condition of agriculture in Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
What policy did the government adopt regarding agriculture in Punjab during the Mughal period?
Or
What was the main occupation of Punjabis under the Mughals?
Answer:
Agriculture was the main occupation of people of Punjab under the Mughals. About 80% people of the Punjab were engaged in this occupation. Therefore, the Mughal government paid special attention to the encouragement of agriculture. Peasants were given special facilities to bring new land under cultivation. Land revenue was fixed on the basis of fertility of land and irrigational facilities The main crops of the Punjab were—wheat, grains, rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, barley etc.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on textile industry of Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
Among the industries prevalent in Punjab under the Mughals, textile industry was the most famous. Of the textile industry the cotton industry was the most important. Fine cloth was manufactured at Amritsar, Lahore, Multan and Gujarat. Multan was famous for mats, table clothes and sheets. Chiffon cloth was manufactured in Gujarat. Multan, Kashmir and Amritsar were the famous centres of silk industry.

Question 9.
What do you know about trade and commerce in Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
The internal and external trade of Punjab under the Mughals was very well developed. Foreign trade was carried on with Arab countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, Bhutan, Syria, China and European countries. The Punjab exported cotton and silk clothes, shawls, blankets, corn, sugar, indigo and salt to these countries. In exchange the Punjab imported horses of best pedigree, dry fruit, luxury items, fine carpets, silk and precious stones.

Question 10.
Write a short note on the economic condition of Punjab during the Mughal rule.
Or
Write a note on the economic condition of Punjabis during the Mughal rule.
Answer:
The economic condition of people in Punjab during the Mughal period was very sound. Agriculture was the main occupation of people at that time. Land was fertile, there was rib dearth of irrigational facilities and special facilities provided by the government encouraged this occupation greatly. The other occupation of people was industry. The internal and external trade of Punjab was fully developed.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Name the two main communities of Punjabi society during the Mughal period.
Answer:
The Muslims and the Hindus.

Question 2.
Into how many sections was the Muslim society of Punjab divided during the Mughal period?
Answer:
Three.

Question 3.
Write the names of three classes of Muslims during the Mughal period.
Or
How many classes of Muslim society were there in Punjab during the Mughal period?
Answer:
Upper Class, Middle Class and Lower Class.

Question 4.
What type of life did people of Upper Class of Muslim society in Punjab lead under the Mughals?
Answer:
Life of luxury.

Question 5.
What was the condition of Lower Class people of Muslim society in Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Deplorable.

Question 6.
How many classes were there in the Hindu society under the Mughals?
Answer:
Four.

Question 7.
What was the condition of Hindu women in society of Punjab during the Mughal period?
Answer:
Pitiable.

Question 8.
Explain any one evil of women society during Mughal rule.
Or
What was the main evil of the women society during the Mughal period?
Answer:
Sati system.

Question 9.
Give the name of any one centre of higher education Of Punjab . under the Mughals.
Answer:
Lahore.

Question 10.
What was the economic condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Sound.

Question 11.
What was the main occupation of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Agriculture.

Question 12.
What was the most important industry of Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Textile industry.

Question 13.
Name any one centre of silk industry of Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
Kashmir.

Question 14.
What was the condition of trade in Punjab during the Mughal rule?
Answer:
Very developed.

Question 15.
Which were the main trade centres of Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Lahore and Multan.

Question 16.
Write the name of any one importent town of Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Lahore.

Question 17.
Which coin Was most prevalent in Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
What currency was in circulation during Mughal period in the Punjab?
Answer:
The Dam.

Question 18.
What was the coin Dam made of?
Or
What was the coin used in Punjab under the Mughals made of?
Answer:
Copper.

Fill in the blanks:

1. The Muslim society in Punjab under the Mughals was divided into …………… classes.
Answer:
three

2. The number of …………….. was the greatest in the lower class of muslim Society in punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
slaves

3. …………….. were considered the superior most in the Hindu society.
Answer:
Brahmans

4. The condition of women in society of Punjab under the Mughals was ……………..
Answer:
pitiable

5. The higher education centres in Punjab under the Mughals were ………………. and ……………..
Answer:
Lahore, Multan

6. The main occupation of people in Punjab under the Mughals was …………….
Answer:
Agriculture

7. During the Mughal’period, …………….. was the most important industry of Punjab.
Answer:
Cotton Industry

8. ……………….. was a world famouos centre of Shawl Industry under the Mughals.
Answer:
Kashmir

9. …………… and …………… were famous for Cotton Industry under the Mughals.
Answer:
Lahore, Multan

10. …………… and …………… were the two most important commercial towns of the Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
Lahore, Multan

11. Akbar withdrew Pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus in ……………. A.D.
Answer:
1563 A.D.

12. Akbar withdrew tax imposed on the Hindus in 1564.
Answer:
Zaziya

13. Aurangzeb reimposed the Jaziya tax on the Hindus in …………….
Answer:
1679 A.D.

14. Islam was very popular in …………….. under Mughals.
Answer:
Punjab

15. ………………. was founded in Punjab under Mughals.
Answer:
Sikhism

16. The main religion of the people of medieval Punjab was ……………….
Answer:
Hindu

True or False:

1. The Muslim society of Punjab under the Mughals was divided into two classes.
Answer:
False

2. The upper class of Muslim society consisted of Mansabdars and Subedars.
Answer:
True

3. The middle class of Muslims consisted mainly slaves.
Answer:
False

4. The lower class of Muslims was the largest.
Answer:
True

5. The Hindu society of Punjab under the Mughals was divided into castes and sub castes.
Answer:
True

6. The condition of Hindu women in society of Punjab under the Mughals was pitiable.
Answer:
True

7. The people of Hindu society under the Mughals did not hate Shudras.
Answer:
False

8. Most of the Hindus of society of Punjab under the Mughals were vegetarians.
Answer:
True

9. The Hindu women under the Mughals wore sarees.
Answer:
True

10. Lahore and Multan were famous centres of higher education under the Mughals.
Answer:
True

11. Women of Mughal period were encouraged to get education.
Answer:
False

12. Lahore was the famous education centre in Mughal period of Punjab.
Answer:
True

13. The chief occupation of the people of Punjab under the Mughal period was agriculture.
Answer:
True

14. The Leather Industry was the most famous industry of Punjab during the Mughal Period.
Answer:
False

15. Jabti System was started in Punjab in 1581 A.D.
Answer:
True

16. The land was divided into five parts in Jabti System.
Answer:
False

17. During the Mughal period, Lahore and Kashmir were famous centres of Silk Industry.
Answer:
False

18. During the Mughal period, Kashmir was the famous centre of shawls.
Answer:
True

19. Daam was made of copper.
Answer:
True

20. The birth of Sikhism took place during the Mughal period.
Answer:
True

21. Chisti Silsila was very famous in Mughal time.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. In how many communities Punjab was divided under the Mughals?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(a) Two

2. In how many sections was the under the Mughals?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(b) Three

3. Which people did not comprise the upper class of Muslim society?
(a) Jagirdars
(b) Mansabdars
(c) Traders
(d) Generals of the army.
Answer:
(c) Traders

4. Which people did not belong to the middle class of Muslim society?
(a) Traders
(b) Peasants
(c) Soldiers
(d) Labourers.
Answer:
(d) Labourers.

5. Which people comprised the lower class of Muslim society?
(a) Slaves
(b) Labourers
(c) Servants
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

6. Which main evil of women society was prevalent under the Mughals?
(a) Female infanticide
(b) Child marriage
(c) Sati system
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

7. What was the main source of recreations of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Hunting
(b) Chess playing
(c) Dance-Music
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

8. Which was the main centre of higher education in Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Lahore
(b) Multan
(c) Sirhind
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

9. What was the main occupation of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Trade
(c) Industry
(d) Animal rearing.
Answer:
(a) Agriculture

10. Which was the main crop raised in Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Wheat
(b) Sugarcane
(c) Cotton
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

11. What was the most important industry of Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Cotton Industry
(b) Leather Industry
(c) Sugar Industry
(d) Wood Industry.
Answer:
(a) Cotton Industry

12. Which was the famous centre of Woollen Industry in Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Kashmir
(b) Gujarat
(c) Lahore
(d) Sialkot.
Answer:
(a) Kashmir

13. Which item was not expored from Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Horses
(b) Cotton textile
(c) Sugar
(d) Blankets
Answer:
(a) Horses

14. Which of the following towns was famous for trade in Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Kashmir
(c) Lahore
(d) Panipat
Answer:
(c) Lahore

15. What was the Dam, the most prevalent coin in Punjab made up of?
(a) Gold
(b) Silver
(c) Iron
(d) Copper
Answer:
(d) Copper

16. Which religion was founded during the Mughal period?
(a) Islam
(b) Hinduism
(c) Sikhism
(d) Christianity
Answer:
(c) Sikhism

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 13 Rise of the Dal Khalsa and its Mode of Fighting Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 13 Rise of the Dal Khalsa and its Mode of Fighting

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What were the main causes of the rise of Dal Khalsa?
Or
Discuss the main causes of the foundation of Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
After the death of Banda Bahadur in 1716 A.D., the Sikhs were left with no able leader to lead them. Under such conditions, the Mughal Governors of Punjab, Abdus Samad Khan, and Zakariya Khan vigorously persecuted the Sikhs. Awards were announced for the heads of the Sikhs. They were forced to take shelter in hills and forests. The Mughal army chased them. Whenever they were seen alone, they were killed. Under such circumstances, they felt the need to organize themselves in ‘Jathas’. So they formed themselves in small Jathas. In 1734 A.D. Nawab Kapoor Singh, by merging all small Jathas organized them into two chief Dais.

This dais was named Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal. In 1745, on the occasion of Diwali at Amritsar, 25 Jathas, each consisting of 100 Sikhs were formed. Gradually the number of these Jathas rose from 25 to 65. On 29th March 1748 A.D., Nawab Kapoor Singh organized Dal Khalsa by merging 65 Sikh Jathas into 12 Jathas.

Question 2.
Discuss the main features of the Dal Khalsa.
Or
What do you know about the organization of Dal Khalsa?
Or
What are the main principles of Dal Khalsa?
Or
When was Dal Khalsa founded? Describe its main features.
Answer:
Dal Khalsa was established at Amritsar for the unity of Sikh Panth at the suggestion of Nawab Kapoor Singh on March 29, 1748. The sixty five Jathas of the Sikhs were merged into 12 Jathas. Each Jatha had a separate leader and a separate banner. SardarJassa Singh Ahluwalia was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of Dal Khalsa. Every Sikh who had faith in the principles laid down by Guru Gobind Singh Ji was considered a member of Dal Khalsa.

It was essential for every Sikh to join Dal Khalsa in order to face the enemies of the Panth. The Sikhs who joined Dal Khalsa were expected to be experts in horse riding and proficient in the use of arms. Every member of Dal Khalsa was free to join any Jatha. One of the twelve Sardars was elected Commander-in-Chief during war time and the other Sardars obeyed him. Cavalry was the most important part of Dal Khalsa’s army. The members of the Dal Khalsa fhced their enemies through guerilla warfare.

Question 3.
Write the five main features of military administration of Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
The following were the main features of the military system of the Dal Khalsa:

1. Cavalry: Cavalry was an important organ of the army of the Dal Khalsa. To fight without horses was considered an insult by the Sikhs. In fact in the 18th centpry, it was impossible to win victory without cavalry. The horses of the Sikhs were well-trained. They could cover a distance between fifty to one hundred miles in a single day.

2. Infantry : In the army of the Dal Khalsa, infantry was considered to be of little importance. The function of this section of the army was only to keep watch. The Sikhs did not consider it worthwhile to join this wing of the army.

3. Arms : There was absence of artillery in the army of the Dal Khalsa. In the battle, the Sikhs used swords, spears, ‘khandas,’ bows and arrows and guns. For lack of ammunition, guns were scarcely used.

4. Salary: The soldiers of the Dal Khalsa were not given any regular pay. They were given only a share of the booty. Later on they began to be given a part of the ‘ land under their possession. If a soldier was wounded in the battle, he was given compensation.

5. Mode of fighting: The most important characteristic of the Dal Khalsa was its mode of fighting. The Sikhs had adopted guerilla tactics. The guerilla warfare proved very useful for the rise of the Sikh power. The Sikhs used to fall upon the enemies suddenly and inflict heavy losses on them. By the time the enemy got alert, the Sikhs escaped hurriedly into their hideouts in forests and hills. It was because of their mode of fighting that the Sikhs were able to challenge the Mughals and the Afghans.

Question 4.
Write a note on Guerilla mode of fighting of the Dal Khalsa.
Or
What were the features of Dal Khalsa’s mode of fighting?
Or
Briefly explain the mode of fighting adopted by Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
Dal Khalsa’s most important feature was the adoption of the guerilla system of warfare. The Sikhs had to adopt this method of warfare due to many reasons. First in the battle of Gurdas Nangal, several Sikhs were arrested along with Banda Singh Bahadur who were later on executed ruthlessly. The Sikhs learnt a lesson that clashing openly with the Mughals would be harmful for them. Secondly, due to limited resources, the Sikhs had no other alternative but to face the tyranny of Abdus Samad Khan, Zakariya Khan, Yahiya Khan and Mir Mannu. The Guerilla system of warfare proved very useful for the rise of Sikh power.

The Sikhs used to pounce suddenly upon the enemy and inflict heavy losses on them and plunder the treasury. By the time the enemy got ready, the Sikhs again escaped into the forests and hills. The Sikhs did it with agility and quickness. The Sikhs succeeded in facing the Mughals and the Afghans through this system of warfare.

Question 5.
Describe the importance of Dal Khalsa.
Or
What is the significance of Dal Khalsa?
Answer:
Dal Khalsa was set up on March 29, 1748, on the eve of Baisakhi at Amritsar. Nawab Kapoor Singh played a vital role in laying the foundation of the Dal Khalsa. The foundation of Dal Khalsa is considered a very significant event in Sikh history. It infused a new life into the Sikh nation. It unified the Sikhs. It enabled the Sikhs to face the tyranny of Mughal and Afghan Governors. It was the outcome of the efforts of Dal Khalsa that the Sikhs could set up their independent Misls in Punjab. The Dal Khalsa propagated democratic principles. In fact, with the foundation of the Dal Khalsa, the Sikhs came out from the era of darkness and entered into a glorious era. Undoubtedly, the contributions of the Dal Khalsa were great.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
What were the causes responsible for the rise of the Dal Khalsa?
Or
Discuss the reasons for the creation, organization, importance, and mode of fighting of the Dal Khalsa.
Or
Discuss the origin, important features, and importance of the Dal Khalsa.
Or
Describe the circumstances leading to the rise of the Dal Khalsa.
Or
Examine its organization, importance and mode of fighting.
Or
Discuss the circumstances leading to the establishment of the Dal Khalsa? What is its significance in the History of Punjab?
Or
Describe the circumstances leading to the establishment of the Dal Khalsa. Give a brief account of its organization, mode of fighting, and importance.
Or
Discuss the circumstances leading to the establishment of the Dal Khalsa. What is its significance in the History of Punjab?
Or
What do you know about the origin, main features and significance of the Dal Khalsa?
Or
How was the Dal Khalsa founded? Describe Its features and significance.
Or
What were the causes responsible for the rise of the Dal Khalsa?
Or
When and why was the Dal Khalsa founded? Explain its main features and importance.
Or
Give an account of the organisation of the Dal Khalsa and examine its significance.
Or
What were the reasons of the creation of the Dal Khalsa? What is its importance in the History of Punjab?
Or
What was the significance of the Dal Khalsa in the History of Punjab?
Or
Describe the main features of the military system of the Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
1. Persecution of the Sikhs: After the death of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 A.D., the Sikhs were left with no able leader to lead them. As a result the Sikhs could not keep themselves united. Under such conditions the Mughal Governors of Punjab, Abdus Samad Khan and Zakariya Khan vigorously persecuted the Sikhs. Awards were announced for the heads of the Sikhs. The Sikhs were arrested and martyred d£ily at Lahore. They were forced to take shelter in hills and forests.

They had to face innumerable hardships. The Mughal army frequently chased them. Whenever they were seen alone or in a small number they were killed. Under such circumstances, they felt the need to organise themselves in ‘Jathas’. So they grouped themselves in small Jathas. These Jathas formed the basis of the Dal Khalsa.

2. Organisation of Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal : In 1734 AD. Nawab Kapoor Singh, by merging all small Jathas organised them into two chief Dais. These Dais were named Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal. In the Buddha Dal,- Sikhs above 40 years of age were recruited. The function of this Dal was to look after the religious places and to propagate Sikh religion. The chief function of the Taruna Dal was to defend the community and to fight with the enemies. The Taruna Dal was further divided into five Jathas and each Jatha was placed under an experienced Sikh Jathedar. The establishment of these Dais infused a new spirit among the Sikhs.

3. Reorganisation of the Dais: The death of Zakariya Khan in 1745 A.D. led to anarchy in Punjab. Taking advantage of the prevailing conditions, the Sikhs passed a ‘Gurmata’ on 14th October, 1745 AD. on the occasion of Diwali at Amritsar. In this ‘Gurmata’ it was decided that 25 Jathas each consisting of 100 Sikhs should be formed. The leaders of these Jathas were appointed by virtue of their ability and bravery. These Jathas adopted guerilla policy to face the government.

These Jathas started killing such ‘Chaudharis’ and ‘Muqaddams’ as had rendered active help to the government against the Sikhs. Gradually the number of these Jathas rose from 25 to 65.

Establishment of the Dal Khalsa:

On 29th March, 1748 A.D. On the day of Baisakhi, the Sikhs gathered at Amritsar. Nawab Kapoor Singh suggested that in view of the hard time ahead, there was a great need for unity and strength of the Panth. Keeping this objective in view, the Dal Khalsa was established on this day. 65 Sikh Jathas were merged into 12 Jathas. Each Jatha had its own separate leader and flag. Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was appointed the Supreme Commander of the Dal Khalsa. It was imperative for every Sikh to join the Dal Khalsa to face the enemy. It was expected of every Sikh who joined the Dal Khalsa to be expert in both horse-riding and use of weapons. Every member of the Dal Khalsa was at full liberty to join any Jatha.

A meeting of the ‘Sarbat Khalsa’ was held every year on the occasions of Baisakhi and Diwali at Amritsar. Sarbat Khalsa meant the whole Sikh ‘Sangat’. In this meeting ‘Gurmatas’ on matters of vital importance were passed in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib. All the Sikhs would obey these ‘Gurmatas’.

Features of the Military System of the Dal Khalsa:

The following were the main features of the military system of the Dal Khalsa :

1. Cavalry: Cavalry was an important organ of the army of the Dal Khalsa. To fight without horses was considered an insult by the Sikhs. In fact in the 18th century, it was impossible to win victory without cavalry. The horses of the Sikhs were well-trained. They could cover a distance between fifty to one hundred miles in a single day.

2. Infantry : In the army of the Dal Khalsa, infantry was considered to be of little importance. The function of this section of the army was only to keep watch. The Sikhs did not consider it worthwhile to join this wing of the army.

3. Arms : There was absence of artillery in the army of the Dal Khalsa. In the battle, the Sikhs used swords, spears, ‘khandas,’ bows and arrows and guns. For lack of ammunition, guns were scarcely used.

4. Recruitment and Discipline : There was no fixed rules for recruitment in the army of the Dal Khalsa. Every Sikh was free to join any Jatha of the Dal Khalsa of his own accord. Whenever he wanted, he could leave one Jatha and join the other. No written record of the names and salaries of the soldiers was maintained. There was no arrangement for the training of the soldiers. In spite of these shortcomings, there was always discipline in the rank and file of the Dal Khalsa. The Sikhs would fight with religious fervour.

5. Salary : The soldiers of the Dal Khalsa were not given any regular pay. They were given only a share of the booty. Later on they began to be given a part of the land under their possession. If a soldier was wounded in the battle, he was given compensation.

6. Mode of fighting: The most important characteristic of the Dal Khalsa was its mode of fighting. The Sikhs had adopted guerilla tactics. Several reasons led the Sikhs to adopt this system. Firstly, in the Gurdas Nangal battle, Banda Singh Bahadur and hundreds of Sikhs were taken prisoners, who were later mercilessly killed. The Sikhs learnt a lesson that open confrontation with the Mughal army could prove harmful.

The guerilla warfare proved very useful for the rise of the Sikh power. The Sikhs used to fall upon the enemies suddenly and inflict heavy losses on them. By the time the enemy got alert, the Sikhs escaped hurriedly into their hideouts in forests and hills. It was because of their mode of fighting that the Sikhs were able vto challenge the Mughals and the Afghans.

Significance of the Dal Khalsa:

The establishment of the Dal Khalsa proved a turning point in the history of the Sikhs. After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, it unified the scattered power of the Sikhs.’ It taught them to lead a disciplined life and sacrifice their everything for the safety of their religion. It instilled a new confidence into the Sikh community. Under the able leadership of the Dal Khalsa, the Sikhs stoutly resisted the Mughals and the AfghAnswer: As a result of the efforts of the Dal Khalsa, the Sikhs finally succeeded in establishing independent Misls in the Punjab.

In fact, the credit for all the great achievements of the Sikhs during this period goes to the Dal Khalsa. Nihar Ranjan Ray aptly says, “The organisation of the Dal Khalsa has been rightly characterised as a landmark in the history of the Sikhs.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What were the main causes of the foundation of the Dal Khalsa?
Or
What were the three main causes of the establishment of Dal Khalsa?
Answer:
After the death of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 A.D., the Sikhs were left with no able leader to lead them. The Mughal Governors of Punjab, vigorously persecuted the Sikhs. Under such circumstances, they felt the need to organise themselves in ‘Jathas’. In 1734 A.D. Nawab Kapoor Singed, organised them into two Chief Dais named Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal. It was a stepping stone in the foundation of Dal Khalsa. On 29 March, 1748 A.D., Nawab Kapoor Singh formed Dal Khalsa.

Question 2.
Write down the main features of the Dal Khalsa.
Or
What do you know about the organisation of the Dal Khalsa?
Or
What are the main principles of the Dal Khalsa?
Or
When was the Dal Khalsa founded? Describe its main features.
Answer:
Dal Khalsa was established at Amritsar on March 29, 1748. Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of Dal Khalsa. Every Sikh, who had faith in the principles laid down by Guru Gobind Singh Ji was considered a member of Dal Khalsa. The Sikhs who joined Dal Khalsa were expected to be expert in horse riding and proficient in the use of arnis. The members of the Dal Khalsa faced their enemies through guerilla warfare.

Question 3.
Write the main three features of military administration of the Dal Khalsa.
Answer:

• Cavalry was the most important constituent of the army of Dal Khalsa. The Sikhs deemed it an insult to fight without horses.
• The Sikhs joined Dal Khalsa according to their will.
• No written record was kept of their names and salaries,
• The Sikhs used swords, spears, bows and guns in battles. The guns were occasionally used due to dearth of ammunition,
• The Sikhs faced their enemies through guerilla warfare.

Question 4.
Write a note on guerilla mode of fighting of the Sikhs.
Or
Write a note on Guerilla battle policy of Sikhs.
Or
What were the features of the Dal Khalsa’s mode of fighting?
Or
Briefly explain the mode of fighting adopted by Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
Dal Khalsa’s most important feature was the adoption of the guerilla system of warfare. Due to limited resources, the Sikhs had to adopt guerilla warfare. The Sikhs used to pounce suddenly upon the enemy and inflict heavy losses on them and plunder the treasury. By the time the enemy got ready, the Sikhs again escaped into the forfeits and hills. The Sikhs succeeded in facing the Mughals and the Afghans through this system of warfare.

Question 5.
Describe the importance of Dal Khalsa.
Or
What is the significance of Dal Khalsa?
Answer:
Dal Khalsa was set up on March 29, 1748, on the eve of Baisakhi at Amritsar, The foundation of Dal Khalsa is infused, a new life into the Sikhs. It enabled the Sikhs to face the tyranny of Mughals and AfghAnswer: It was the outcome of the efforts of Dal Khalsa that the Sikhs could set up their independent Misls in Punjab. The Dal Khalsa propagated democratic principles. In fact, with the foundation of the Dal Khalsa, the Sikhs came out from the era of darkness and entered into a glorious era.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give anyone cause responsible for the origin of the Dal Khalsa.
Or
What was the reason for the creation of the Dal Khalsa?
Answer:
The Sikhs wanted to consolidate their power.

Question 2.
When were Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal established?
Answer:
In 1734 A.D.

Question 3.
Which Sikhs were included in Buddha Dal?
Answer:
The Sikhs are above the age of 40.

Question 4.
Who was the leader of Buddha Dal?
Answer:
Nawab Kapoor Singh.

Question 5.
Which Sikhs were included in Taruna Dal?
Answer:
The Sikhs are below the age of 40.

Question 6.
What was the main duty of the Taruna Dal?
Answer:
To face the enemy.

Question 7.
When was Dal Khalsa established?
Answer:
March 29, 1748 A.D.

Question 8.
By whom was the Dal Khalsa founded?
Or
Who founded Dal Khalsa?
Answer:
Nawab Kapoor Singh.

Question 9.
Where was the Dal Khalsa founded?
Answer:
Amritsar.

Question 10.
What is meant by the Dal Khalsa?
Answer:
Military organization of the Sikhs.

Question 11.
Write the total number of main Jathas of the Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
12.

Question 12.
Write the name of one main Jatha of the Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
Sukarchakia Jatha.

Question 13.
When was the Chief Commander of the Dal Khalsa appointed?
Answer:
1748 A.D.

Question 14.
Who was the Chief Commander of the Dal Khalsa?
Answer:
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.

Question 15.
Who was the First Commander of the Dal Khalsa?
Answer:
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.

Question 16.
What title was conferred upon Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by the Khalsa?
Answer:
Sultan-ul-Qaum.

Question 17.
What do you mean by Sarbat Khalsa?
Answer:
Gathering of all the Sikhs.

Question 18.
What was the characteristic mode of warfare of the Dal Khalsa?
Or
What was the mode of fighting of the Dal Khalsa?
Answer:
Guerilla warfare.

Question 19.
Why did the Dal Khalsa adopt the guerilla mode of fighting?
Answer:
Because the resources of the Sikhs were very limited.

Question 20.
What was the importance of the Dal Khalsa?
Answer:
It consolidated the scattered Sikh force.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal were established in ……………..
Answer:
1734 A.D.

2. ………………. established Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.
Answer:
Nawab Kapoor Singh

3. The Dal Khalsa was established in ……………….
Answer:
1748 A.D.

4. The Dei Khalsa was established at
Answer:
Amritsar

5. Sardar ……………….. was appointed the Chief Commander of Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
Jassa Singh Ahiuwalia

6. ………………… was an important organ of the army of Dal Khalsa.
Answer;
Cavalry

7. The Dal Khalsa adopted …………………. mode of fighting.
Answer:
Guerilla

True or False:

1. Nawab Kapoor Singh established Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal in 1738 A.D.
Answer:
False

2. The Dal Khalsa was established in 1749 A.D.
Answer:
False

3. The Dal Khalsa was established at Sri Anandpur Shib.
Answer:
True

4. Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was appointed the Chief Commander of Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
False

5. The cavalry was an important wing of the Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
True

6. The Dal Khalsa’s mode of fighting was gureiha warfare.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Why was the Dal Khalsa established?
(a) The Sikhs wanted to consolidate their power
(b) Nawab Kapoor Singh wanted to create unity among the Sikhs
(c) The Sikhs wanted to teach the Mughals a lesson
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

2. When was the Dal Khalsa established?
(a) In 1733 A.D.
(b) In 1734 A.D.
(c) In 1739 A.D.
(d) In 1748 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1748 A.D.

3. By whom was the Dal Khalsa established?
(a) Nawab Kapoor Singh
(b) Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
(c) Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
(d) Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
(a) Nawab Kapoor Singh

4. Where was the Dal Khalsa established?
(a) Delhi
(b) Jalandhar
(c) Amritsar
(d) Ludhiana.
Answer:
(c) Amritsar

5. Who was the Chief Commander of the Dal Khalsa?
(a) Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
(b) Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
(c) Nawab Kapoor Singh
(d) Baba Ala Singh.
Answer:
(a) Jassa Singh Ahluwalia

6. The title of Sultan-ul-Qaum was conferred upon which person by the Khalsa?
(a) Maharaja Ranjit Singh
(b) Nawab Kapoor Singh
(c) Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
(d) Jai Singh.
Answer:
(c) Jassa Singh Ahluwalia

7. Where were the Sarbat Khalsa congregations held?
(a) Delhi
(b) Lahore
(c) Amritsar
(d) Khadur Sahib.
Answer:
(c) Amritsar

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 12 Abdus Samad Khan, Zakariya Khan and Mir Mannu: Their Relations with the Sikhs Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 12 Abdus Samad Khan, Zakariya Khan and Mir Mannu: Their Relations with the Sikhs

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a note on Abdus Samad Khan.
Or
Explain Abdus Samad Khan’s relations with the Sikhs from 1713 to 1726.
Answer:
The Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar appointed Abdus Samad Khan the Governor of Lahore in 1713 A.D. to crush the growing power of the Sikhs. Abdus Samad Khan succeeded in 1715 A. D. in arresting Banda Singh Bahadur and some of his Sikh companions. It enhanced the prestige of Abdus Samad Khan. Emboldened by his success, he opened a new chapter of perpetuating tyranny on the Sikhs. Every day the Sikhs were arrested, taken to Lahore, and put to the sword.

The Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar was pleased with the success of Abdus Samad Khan and honored him with the title ‘Sword of the State’. In order to escape his tyranny, the Sikhs took shelter in the forests and hills. Later on, the Sikhs started guerilla warfare against the Mughals. Consequently, Abdus Samad Khan failed to check their power. As a result, he was removed from his post in 1726A.D.

Question 2.
What is meant by Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa? How were their differences resolved?
Or
What was the difference between Tat Khalsa and Bandai Khalsa? Who compromised them?
Or
What do you mean by Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa? Explain.
Answer:
After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Sikhs were divided into two Dals-Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa. The followers of both the Dais had faith in the doctrines of Sikh religion but they differed in their practical actions. The Sikhs who continued to follow the principles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji came to be known as Tat Khalsa (True Khalsa) while those who followed the principles of Banda Singh Bahadur came to be known as Bandai Khalsa. Bandai Khalsa accepted Banda Singh Bahadur as their Guru while Tat Khalsa accepted Guru Granth Sahib as their Guru.

Followers of Bandai Khalsa used the words ‘Fateh Dharam’ and ‘Fateh Darshan’ when they met one another while the followers of Tat Khalsa used ‘Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh’. Bandai Khalsa wore red robes while Tat Khalsa wore blue robes. In 1721 A.D. Bhai Mani Singh Ji, Head priest of Sri Harmandir Sahib, resolved the differences between them. As a result of this Bandai Khalsa merged into Tat Khalsa.

Question 3.
Describe the tyrannies inflicted on the Sikhs during the time of Zakariya Khan.
Or
How did Zakariya Khan try to deal with the Sikhs?
Or
Describe briefly the persecution of Sikhs under Zakariya Khan.
Answer:
Zakariya Khan became the Governor of Punjab in 1726 A.D. He adopted a tough policy to deal with the Sikhs. He arrested the Sikhs in a large number and martyred them. But when he did not succeed in crushing the Sikhs completely, he planned to placate them. Zakariya Khan gave Sardar Kapoor Singh the title of Nawab and a big Jagir. The Sikhs made use of the opportunity and began to organize their power once again. After some time the Sikhs once again started looting the Mughals. Zakariya Khan confiscated the Jagir that he had given and ordered their persecution.

He announced many awards in this regard. As a result, the massacre of the Sikhs started once again. Famous personalities like Bhai Mani Singh, Mehtab Singh Ji, Bhai Taru Singh Ji, and llaqiqat Rai Ji were martyred. But these martyrdoms infused a new spirit into the Sikhs. Despite his best efforts, Zakariya Khan could not succeed in crushing the Sikh power till his death in 1745 ‘ A.D.

Question 4.
Who was Tara Singh Van? What is the importance of his martyrdom in Sikh History?
Answer:
Tara Singh was a resident of village Van in district Amritsar. He was very popular among the Sikhs for his bravery and services to the Sikh Panth. He had taken an active part in the battles of Banda Singh Bahadur. Now he had taken to farming in his village. The Chaudhary of Naushehra, Sahib Rai, used to let loose his horses into the farms of the Sikhs, so as to damage their crops. When the Sikhs objected to it, he used to insult them. The Sikhs could not tolerate this insult. One day, Tara Singh Van caught hold of a mare of Sahib Rai and sold it. He bought grain with that money and gave it in the ‘langar’. When Sahib Rai came to know about it, he sought help from Zakariya Khan. Zakariya Khan sent a troop of 2200 cavaliers under the command of his General Moman Khan.

Tara Singh Van and his 22 companions inflicted a heavy loss on the Mughal force throughout the night. It was only in the morning that the Mughals came to know of the actual strength of the Sikhs. All these Sikhs became martyrs while fighting. Before their martyrdom, they killed 300 Mughal soldiers and wounded many more. This event took place in February 1726 A.D. The martyrdom of Tara Singh Van infused new confidence among the Sikhs.

Question 5.
Who was Bhai Mani Singh Ji? What was the impact of his martyrdom in Sikh History?
Or
What were the causes of the martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji?
Or
What do you know about Bhai Mani Singh Ji and his martyrdom?
Or
Write a short note on Bhai Mani Singh Ji.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji was the most significant event of Zakariya Khan’s period. Bhai Mani Singh Ji was the Head Priest of Sri Darbar Sahib, Amritsar. He was greatly respected among the Sikhs. Zakariya Khan imposed a ban on the Sikhs visiting Sri Darbar Sahib. Bhai Mani Singh Ji got a sanction from Zakariya Khan for the Sikhs to gather at Sri Darbar Sahib on the eve of Diwali by promising to give him Rs. 5000. The Sikhs started assembling at Amritsar in a large number. But a day before Diwali, Zakariya Khan attacked Amritsar. It created pandemonium among the Sikhs and they could not assemble on the eve of Diwali. Zakariya Khan arrested Bhai Mani Singh Ji and demanded the stipulated sum.

Bhai Mani Singh Ji could not pay this amount as Diwali festival could not be held. He was asked to either Embrace Islam or to face death. When Bhai Mani Singh Ji refused to accept Islam, he was ruthlessly martyred at Lahore in 1738 AJD. The martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh caused deep resentment among the Sikhs. So they resolved to uproot the Mughal empire.

Question 6.
Who was Bhai Taru Singh Ji and what is the significance of his martyrdom in Sikh History?
Or
Write a short note on Bhai Taru Singh Ji.
Answer:
Bhai Taru Singh Ji belonged to Puhla village in Majha region’ His profession was agriculture and he used to help the Sikhs with his income. It was a great offence in the eyes of the government. Harbhagat, a man from Jandiala got him arrestetl. He was brought to Lahore where Zakariya Khan asked him to shave off his hair and accept Islam. He was offered all the comforts of the world. Bhai Taru Singh Ji refused to accept both the proposals.

At this Zakariya Khan ordered Bhai Taru Singh Ji’s hair to be scrapped off his scalp. Complying with the orders, the executioner started tearing his skull. At that time Bhai Taru Singh Ji was reciting Japji Sahib. His whole body was drenched in blood but he did not budge. After 22 days, on July 1,1745 he merged with Immortal. This supreme sacrifice of Bhai Taru Sing ;h Ji infused a new spirit among the Sikhs.

Question 7.
Who was Nadir Shah? What was the effect of his invasion on Punjab?
Or
Give a brief account of Nadir Shah’s invasion of Punjab and its impact.
Answer:
Nadir Shah was the emperor of Iran. He invaded India in 1739 A.D. During this invasion, his forces ravaged and ransacked many cities of India including Delhi. It spread: ruin and disorder throughout India and Punjab in particular. Nadir Shah was so ruthless that enemies trembled on hearing his name. When he was returning through Punjab, the Sikhs suddenly pounced upon him and seized a large amount of booty. Nadir Shah was wonder-struck.

He enquired about these Sikhs from Zakariya Khan, the Governor of Punjab. He warned him that if he did not take stern steps immediately against the Sikhs, they would one day get hold of Punjab. As a result, Zakariya Khan stepped up his tyranny over the Sikhs. But after the invasion of Nadir Shah, lawlessness spread in Punjab. Availing themselves of this opportunity, the Sikhs started consolidating their power.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.
Or
When were Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal o.rganised? What is their importance in Sikh History?
Or
What do you mean by ‘Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal’?
Answer:
After the settlement with the Mughals in 1733 A.D., the Sikhs got a golden chance to consolidate their power. Nawab Kapur Singh sent messages to the Sikhs to return to their homes from forests and hills. In this way,’ the persecution of the Sikhs which had continued during the last two decades came to an end. They heaved a sigh of relief. In 1734 A.D. Nawab Kapoor Singh formed two Jathas or Dais with a view to strengthening the Sikh power. These two Jathas came to be known as Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal. The Sikhs above 40 were included in Buddha Dal and below 40 years were included in Taruna Dal.

Taruna Dal was further divided into five groups, each of which had 1300 to 2000 Sikhs. Each group had a separate leader and a flag. Buddha Dal looked after the religious places while Taruna Dal fought against the enemies of the Sikhs.

Question 9.
Who was Yahiya Khan? Give information about his rule?
Answer:
After the death of Zakariya Khan, Yahiya, Khan became the Governor of Lahore in 1746 A.D. He remained on this post till 1747 A.D. In the matter of committing oppressions on the Sikhs, Yahiya Khan did not lag behind his father, Zakariya Khan.

1. Activities of the Sikhs : When Yahiya Khan assumed t;he charge, the atmosphere of anarchy was prevalent in the Punjab. Taking advantage of the opportunity, the Sikhs had organised their power. They attacketd many villages and killed their Chaudharis and Muqaddams for co-operating witk i the government and taking actions against the Sikhs. The Sikh jathas intensifie d their activities in many regions of Punjab.

2. Death of Jaspat Rai: In 1746 A.D. a Sikh jatha which wai3 proceeding on a pilgrimage to Gurdwara Rohri Sahib in Eminabad took away a few goats and sheep from the village Gondlawala. On the complaint of the people, Jaspat Rai, ordered the Sikhs to return the goats and sheep . The Sikhs refused to do so. Consequently, Jaspat Rai with some of his soldiers attacked the Sikhs. In the course of action, Jaspat Rai was killed. With the death of Jaspat Rai hisi soldiers ran for their lives.

3. Actions of Lakhpat Rai against the Sikhs : Diwan Lakh pat Rai’s blood began to boil on hearing the news of his brother Jaspat Rai’s de ath. He took a pledge that he would annihilate the Sikhs. He ordered Diwan Lakhpat Rai to crush the Sikhs. Those who defied these orders were sentenced to death. Many Sikhs inhabiting Lahore were arrested and executed.

4. First Holocaust: With a view to decimate the Sikhs, Yahiya Khan and Lakhpat Rai raised a huge army. This army, unexpectedly, besieged 15,000 Sikhs at Kahnuwan. The Mughal soldiers gave them a hot chase. Here the Sikhs were trapped in a difficult situation. In this attack, 7000 Sikhs were martyred and 3000 arrested. These Sikhs were butchered at Lahore. It was the first occasion in Sikh history, when the Sikhs suffered such a heavy loss of life. That is why this event is known as first Ghallughara or small holocaust in history. This holocaust took place in May 1746 A.D.

Question 10.
What do you know about the First Holocaust of 1746 or the Chhota Ghallughara?
Or
Write a short note on Chhota Ghallughara?
Or
What do you know about ‘First Holocaust?
Answer:
Yahiya Khan and Lakhpat Rai had raised a vast army in order to wipe out the Sikhs. This army suddenly surrounded about 15000 Sikhs at Kahnunwan. The Sikhs escaped from there and took refuge in the hills of Basoli. Here -they were trapped in an awkward situation. On the one side there were steep mountains and on the other Ravi, river was in full spate. The Mughal forces were hotly chasing them from behind while the hill chiefs and people in front were their sworn enemies. The Sikhs had no provisions. Their horses were also in a miserable condition due to the shortage of fodder.

In this attack 7,000 Sikhs were martyred and 3,000 were taken prisoners. These were martyred at Lahore. It was the first instance in Sikh history when the Sikhs suffered such a heavy loss of life. That is why this event is known as First Holocaust or Chotta Ghallughara in Sikh history . It occurred in May, 1746 A.D. Despite this bloody holocaust, morale of the Sikhs remained high and buoyant.

Question 11.
Who was Mir Mannu? What steps did he take against the Sikhs during his period of rule?
Or
How did the rule of Mir Mannu help in the rise of Sikh power?
Or
Study the persecution of the Sikhs by Mir Mannu.
Or
What do you know about the relations between Mir Mannu and the Sikhs?
Or
Write briefly the relations of Mir Mannu with the Sikhs.
Answer:
Mir Mannu was also known as Muin-ul-Mulk. He remained the Mughal Governor of Punjab from 1748 A.D. to 1752 A.D. and the Afghan Governor from 1752 A.D. to 1753 A.D. He represented Ahmad Shah Abdali. Mir Mannu was the sworn enemy of the Si£hs. He issued strict orders to crush the power of the Sikhs and sent military contingents at various places in Pvinjab. As a result, everyday the Sikhs were arrested and brought to Lahore for execution. They were executed in thousands at Shahid Ganj. They were hard pressed. Consequently, they had to take shelter in forests and hills.

When the soldiers of-Mir Mannu could not get hold of the Sikhs, they started arresting Sikh women and children. The cruelty with which they were tortured cannot be explained in words. Despite his extreme cruelty, Mir Mannu could not crush the Sikh power till his end.

Question 12.
Why did Mir Mannu fail to crush the Sikh power?
Or
What were the causes of the failure of Mir Mannu against the Sikhs? Write any five causes.
Answer:
1. Organisation of the Dal Khalsa: The main cause of Mir Mannu’s failure was the organisation of Dal Khalsa. The Sikhs greatly respected Dal Khalsa and were always ready to make any sacrifice at its call. As a result, it became difficult for Mir Mannu to crush the power of the Sikhs.

2. Uncommon qualities of the Sikhs: Another factor responsible for the failure of Mir Mannu was the uncommon qualities of the Sikhs. They had firm determination, unlimited zeal, bravery and spirit of sacrifice for their Panth. They never lost heart despite big hurdles. Mir Mannu subjected Sikh women and children to numerous persecutions, but they remained firm like a rock. It was not an easy task to crush such a community.

3. Guerilla tactics of the Sikhs: The Sikhs adopted guerilla tactics because of their limited resources. According to this policy, whenever the Sikhs found an opportunity, they would attack the Mughal forces, plunder their regions and again take shelter in forests and hills. Since the Sikhs did not confront Mir Mannu in the open field, he failed to crush their power.

4. Cooperation of Diwan Kaura Mai to the Sikhs : Diwan Kaura Mai was an adviser of Mir Mannu. He was a Sahijdhari Sikh. So, he was compassionate towards the Sikhs. Whenever Mir Mannu decided to take any strict action against the Sikhs, Kaura Mai persuaded him to adopt a soft attitude towards the Sikhs. Owing to this valuable co-operation, the Sikhs used to call him ‘Mitha Mai’. This co-operation of Kaura Mai proved helpful in the rise of the Sikh power.

5. Problems of Mir Mannu: During his rule, Mir Mannu was surrounded by several problems, because of which he could not pay his undivided attention to crush the power of the Sikhs. His greatest problem was the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali. For fear of these invasions, Mir Mannu had to postpone action against the Sikhs. Secondly, the Wazir of Delhi, Safdarjang, was jealous of Mir Mannu. So, he was always busy hatching conspiracies to remove Mir Mannu from his post. Consequently, he failed to crush the power of the Sikhs.

Essay Type Questions:

Abdus Samad Khan 1713-26 A.D.

Question 1.
What was the condition of the Sikhs after the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur? How did Abdus Samad Khan tackle the Sikhs?
Or
What steps were taken by Abdus Samad Khan to crush the powers of the Sikhs during 1713-1726 A.D.?
Or
What were the relations of the Sikhs with Abdus Samad Khan from 1713 to 1726 A.D.?
Answer:
Abdus Samad Khan was made the Governor of Lahore by the Mughal emperor, Farrukh Siyar in 1713 A.D. He was appointed to this post with the aim of completely crushing the power of the Sikhs. He started his administration with an iron hand. After defeating Banda Singh Bahadur in the battle of Gurdas Nangal in 1715 A.D. he arrested him along with many other (740) Sikhs. They were brutally martyred in Delhi on 19th June 1716 A.D. Farrukh Siyar was very happy over Abdus Samad Khan’s action. He honored Abdus Samad Khan with many rewards. Abdus Samad Khan remained on this post till 1726 A.D. The main events of his rule were as follows :

1. Farrukh Siyar’s Edict: In 1716 A.D., the Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar, issued a royal edict. In this edict, he ordered the Mughal officials to kill any Sikh they could lay their hands on, but pardon those who embraced Islam. All the Hindus were ordered to shave off their heads and beards. He, who violated this order, was to be treated as a Sikh and to be killed. Even those, who gave help or provided shelter to the Sikhs, were also to be killed. Any person, who gave any clue about the whereabouts of any Sikh or helped the government in arresting the Sikhs, was to be amply rewarded.

2. Steps taken by Abdus Samad Khan against the Sikhs: After the issuance of the edict, Abdus Samad Khan started torturing the Sikhs in various ways. Hundreds of innocent Sikhs were daily arrested and brought to Lahore. They were tempted to embrace Islam in exchange for their life but the Guru’s Sikhs preferred death to this type of life. The executioners killed such Sikhs after subjecting them to untold tortures. In order to escape this bloody policy of Abdus Samad Khan, many Sikhs took shelter in the jungles and in the Shivalik hills.

There they had to face many hardships. In this way during the early years of Abdus Samad Khan’s rule, this policy paid rich dividends. Feeling happy with him Farrukh Siyar honoured him with the title of ‘Sword of the State’.

3. Split among the Sikhs: After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Sikhs were divided into two chief sects “Tat Khalsa’ and ‘Bandai Khalsa’. Tat Khalsa’ were the firm advocates of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s religious principles. ‘Bandai Khalsa’ began to regard Banda Singh Bahadur as their leader. The followers of Tat Khalsa used to greet each other with ‘Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa and Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh’, while those of Bandai Khalsa used to greet each other with ‘Fateh Darshan’ and ‘Fateh Dharam’.

The disciples of Tat Khalsa wore blue robes, while those of Bandai Khalsa wore red ones. As a consequence of their differences the Sikhs could not jointly resist the cruelties of Abdus Samad Khan.

4. Change in Circumstances: After 1720 A.D, things began to change and events turned in favour of the Sikhs. The royal court had become a den of conspiracies. In view of political instability, the central govt, could not pay due attention towards the Sikhs. In Punjab too, Abdus Samad Khan was involed in crushing the revolts of Isa Khan and Hussain Khan. Therefore, laxity crept into the action against the Sikhs. In 1721 A.D., with the efforts of Bhai Mani Singh Ji a compromise was made between ‘Tat Khalsa’ and ‘Bandai Khalsa’ at Amritsar on the occasion of Baisakhi. Consequently, Bandai Khalsa merged itself into Tat Khalsa. Thus, they were united.

5. Activities of the Sikhs: The changed circumstances and the newly achieved unity gave a new impetus to the Sikhs. They formed Jathas consisting of one hundred Sikhs each and started looting the Mughal provinces. They began to inflict heavy punishments on those Hindus and Muslims, who had handed over the Sikh women and children to the Mughals and had seized their property. In order to teach the Sikhs a lesson, Abdus Samad Khan sent a force under Aslam Khan to Amritsar. The Sikhs launched a surprise attack and gave a crushing defeat to the imperial forces. Har Sahai was killed in this battle, and Aslam Khan and Dev fled for their lives.

6. Failure of Abdus Samad Khan: Despite his best efforts, Abdus Samad Khan failed to crush the power of the Sikhs. There were many reasons for it. Firstly, Abdus Samad Khan had started aging, so-he lacked the enthusiasm of his youthful days. Secondly, the Sikhs had forged unity. So they were able to counter the cruelties of Abdus Samad Khan. Thirdly, Abdus Samad Khan became the victim of the conspiracies of the Mughal nobles. So, Abdus Samad Khan was removed from his office in 1726 A.D.

Question 2.
What measures were adopted by Zakariya Khan to crush the powers of the Sikhs? How far did he succeed in his efforts?
Or
Describe briefly the persecution of the Sikhs in the reign of Zakariya Khan.
Or
Discuss the relations of Zakariya Khan with the Sikhs.
Or
How did Zakariya Khan treat with the Sikhs?
Answer:
After Abdus Samad Khan, his eldest son Zakariya Khan succeeded him as the Governor of Lahore in 1726 A.D. He continued to occupy this post till 1745 AiD. Zakariya Khan was even a greater tyrant than his father. That is why he was honoured with the title of ‘Khan Bahadur’.

1. Harsh measures against the Sikhs: Immediately after assuming his office, Zakariya Khan started taking repressive measures against the Sikhs. In order to crush the power of the Sikhs completely, he recruited 20,000 soldiers in his army. The villagers were warned against giving shelter to the Sikhs. They were required to inform the Government, if they sighted any Sikh. Through an order, it was declared that anybody who gave information about a Sikh, got him arrested, handed him over to the Government or presented his head to the Government, would be awarded Rs. 10, Rs. 25, Rs. 50 and Rs. 100 respectively. Hundreds of Sikhs began to be martyred everyday at Delhi gate in Lahore. Therefore the place began to be called ‘Shahid Ganj’.

2. Martyrdom of Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van: Bhai Tara Singh Ji was a resident of village Van in district Amritsar. He was very popular among the Sikhs for his bravery and services to the Sikh Panth. He had taken active part in the battles of Banda Singh Bahadur. The Chaudhary of Naushera, Sahib Rai, used to let loose his horses into the farms of the Sikhs, so as to damage their crops. When the Sikhs objected to it he used to insult them.

The Sikhs could not tolerate this insult. One day Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van caught hold of a mare of Sahib Rai and sold it. He bought grain with that money and gave it to the ‘langar’. When Sahib Rai came to know about it, he sought help from Zakariya Khan. Zakariya Khan sent a troop of 2200 cavaliers under the command of his General Moman Khan. Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van and his 22 companions inflicted a heavy loss on the Mughal force. All these Sikhs became martyrs while fighting. Before their martyrdom they had killed 300

Mughal soldiers and wounded many more. This event took place in February, 1726 A.D. In the words of S.S. Seetal, “The news of his martyrdom deeply moved the feelings of the Sikhs.”

3. Retaliatory measures of the Sikhs: All the Sikhs of Punjab were provoked to avenge the martyrdom of Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van and his companions. The Sikhs who had hidden themselves in jungles and hills took a pledge to end the Mughal rule. They began to raid and loot the government treasuries. Besides, they attacked certain places and killed the government henchmen. Whenever, Zakariya Khan sent his soldiers to take action against the Sikhs, they would at once take shelter in jungles and hills.

4. Incident of Haidri Flag : Zakariya Khan was greatly disturbed due to the growing activities of the Sikhs. He raised the slogan of ‘Jihad’ to crush the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Muslims gathered under the banner of Innayatullah Khan. The command of this army was entrusted to Inayatulla Khan. On the auspicious day of Id, they were given a Haidri flag and it was proclaimed that God would certainly bestow victory on those who fought under this flag. One day about seven thousand Sikhs suddenly attacked these Ghazis and caused havoc in their ranks. Thousands of Ghazis were killed. It gave a great jolt to the Government.

5. Agreement of Zakariya Khan with the Sikhs : Now, Zakariya Khan realised that it was not easy to annihilate the Sikhs. So, he adopted the policy of placating the Sikhs; In 1733 A.D., he sent a message that if the Sikhs stopped their anti-government activities, they would be given ‘Jagir’ which would yield an annual revenue of one lakh rupees, and their leader would be honoured with the title of ‘Nawab’. At first the Sikhs were opposed to this compromise, but later they accepted it. The Sikhs gave this honour of receiving the ‘Jagir’ and the title of Nawab to Sardar Kapoor Singh Faizalpuria.

6. Organisation of Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal: The compromise with the Mughals gave the Sikhs a golden opportunity to organise their power/ Nawab Kapoor Singh sent a message to the Sikhs that they should return to their homes from their hideouts in jungles and hills. Thus, the two decade old struggle between the Mughals and Sikhs came to an end. The Sikhs heaved a sigh of relief. In order to strengthen the power of the Sikhs Nawab Kapoor Singh organised them in two groups in 1734 A.D. These groups were known as Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.

The Sikhs above the age of 40 were recruited in the Buddha Dal and below the age of 40 in the Taruna Dal. The Taruna Dal was further divided into five groups. Each group had its own leader and banner. The Buddha Dal looked after the religious places and the Taruna Dal fought with the enemies.

7. Renewed struggle between the Mughals and the Sikhs: After organising their power, the Sikhs again started creating disturbance in Punjab. They again began to plunder the government treasuries. This enraged Zakariya Khan and in 1735 A.D. he confiscated the ‘Jagir’ which he had given to the Sikhs. He again announced awards for getting the Sikhs arrested or killed. He gave full freedom to the Hindus and the Muslims to burgle Sikh houses. The Sikhs again began to be arrested and killed. Thus, the Sikhs were once again compelled to take shelter in forests. Taking advantage of this opportunity, the Mughals took possession of Sri Harmandir Sahib.

8. Martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji: The martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji occupies a significant place in the Sikh History. He had been the head priest of Harmandir Sahib since 1721 A.D. The Sikhs were greatly perturbed when the soldiers of Zakariya Khan occupied Harmandir Sahib. In 1738 A.D. Bhai Mani Singh Ji requested Zakariya Khan to allow the Sikhs to enter Sri Harmandir Sahib on the Diwali festival and he would offer him Rs. 5000. Zakariya Khan readily accepted the offer. In fact, he hatched a plan. According to this plan he wanted to make a surprise attack and completely decimate the Sikhs who were supposed to gather at Amritsar on Diwali.

Zakariya Khan took the Sikhs unawares and killed a large number of them. Consequently, the festival of Diwali could not be observed at Sri Harmandir Sahib. Afterwards Zakariya Khan demanded Rs. 5000/- as promised by Bhai Mani Singh Ji.

Because the government had prevented the Sikhs from entering Sri Harmandir Sahib, Bhai Mani Singh Ji was unable to pay the stipulated amount. On his inability to pay, the government arrested Bhai Mani Singh Ji and sent him to Lahore. Bhai Sahib Ji was asked to embrace Islam but he refused. Therefore, he was cut to pieces limb by limb in 1738 A.D. This martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji supplied the much.needed fillip to the Sikh struggle for independence. In the words of Khushwant Singh, “The killing of the pious and venerable head priest caused deep resentment among the Sikhs.”

9. Sikhs robbed Nadir Shah : The Sikhs were on the look out for a golden opportunity to avenge the martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji. They got this opportunity in 1739 A.D. at the time of Nadir Shah’s invasion on India. After ruthless looting in Delhi, he was going back to Iran via Punjab. When the Sikhs came to know of it, they suddenly attacked and made away with most of the booty. Nadir Shah made enquiries from Zakariya Khan about these Sikhs and warned him that the day is not distant, when the Sikhs would rule in Punjab.

10. Zakariya Khan’s actions against the Sikhs : Nadir Shah’s warning had made a deep impact on Zakariya Khan’s mind. So, he decided to annihilate the Sikhs. The Sikhs again began to be killed ruthlessly daily as before. Here is given a brief description of some prominent martyrs :

(a) Bhai Bota Singh Ji : Zakariya Khan killed many Sikhs. In haughtiness, he announced that he had annihilated all the Sikhs. In order to show the existence of the Sikhs, Bhai Bota Singh Ji had set up a toll-post at Sarai Nurdin and began to charge one anna as toll-tax per cart and one paisa per donkey-load. When Zakariya Khan learnt of it, he could not tolerate it. He sent some soldiers under Jalal Khan. Jalal Khan asked him to surrender, but the brave warrior refused to do so. He fought valiantly with the enemy and finally achieved martyrdom.

(b) Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji and Bhai Sukha Singh Ji: Chaudhary Massa Rangar of village Mandiala, District Amritsar had desecrated Sri Harmandir Sahib by his activities. Therefore, the blood of the Sikhs was boiling for revenge. They wanted to teach Massa Rangar a lesson. Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji and Bhai Sukha Singh Ji hatched a plan. They packed some bags with pieces of stone and covered them with some coins, and reached Sri Harmandir Sahib. When enquired by the soldiers, they told them that they had brought revenue which they wanted to present to Massa Rangar.

Seeing the bags full of coins, they were allowed to go in. At that time, Massa Rangar was busy in merry-making. He was immensely pleased to see the bags full of coins. The moment he bowed forward to receive the bags, Mehtab Singh beheaded him with his sword. Later on Bhai Mehtab Singh and Bhai Sukha Singh were arrested and martyred mercilessly in 1740. A. D.

(c) Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji : Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was the resident of Sialkot. One day a Muslim boy uttered some words, which were derogatory to the Hindu deities. Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji could not tolerate it. He said some offensive words about Prophet Mohammad and his. daughter Fatima. So, Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was arrested. In order to, save himself, he was asked to embrace Islam. Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji spurned this offer. As a result, Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was beheaded in 1742 A.D. The martyrdom of Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji inflammed the feelings of the Hindus and the Sikhs.

(d) Bhai Taru Singh Ji: Bhai Taru Singh Ji was the resident of village Puhla in the Majha region. He did farming and hepled the Sikhs with his incdme. In the eyes of the government, it was a blatant crime. He was brought to Lahore. Here Zakariya Khan offered him the usual choice of Islam or death. Bhai Sahib Ji refused to embrace Islam. Complying with the order of Zakariya Khan, the executioners removed his skull. When Bhai Sahib Ji’s skull was being removed, he was reciting Japji Sahib. This unique martyrdom in 1745 A.D. deeply stirred the Sikhs.

Zakariya Khan undoubtedly committed great cruelties on the Sikhs till his end. However, he failed to crush the power of the Sikhs. Zakariya Khan died on 1st July, 1745 A.D. In the words of Patwant Singh, “No one persecuted the Sikhs with greater zeal than Zakariya Khan.”

Question 3.
Briefly describe the relations of Abdus Samad Khan and Zakariya Khan with the Sikhs.
Answer:

Abdus Samad Khan was made the Governor of Lahore by the Mughal emperor, Farrukh Siyar in 1713 A.D. He was appointed to this post with the aim of completely crushing the power of the Sikhs. He started his administration with an iron hand. After defeating Banda Singh Bahadur in the battle of Gurdas Nangal in 1715 A.D. he arrested him along with many other (740) Sikhs. They were brutally martyred in Delhi on 19th June 1716 A.D. Farrukh Siyar was very happy over Abdus Samad Khan’s action. He honored Abdus Samad Khan with many rewards. Abdus Samad Khan remained on this post till 1726 A.D. The main events of his rule were as follows :

1. Farrukh Siyar’s Edict: In 1716 A.D., the Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar, issued a royal edict. In this edict, he ordered the Mughal officials to kill any Sikh they could lay their hands on, but pardon those who embraced Islam. All the Hindus were ordered to shave off their heads and beards. He, who violated this order, was to be treated as a Sikh and to be killed. Even those, who gave help or provided shelter to the Sikhs, were also to be killed. Any person, who gave any clue about the whereabouts of any Sikh or helped the government in arresting the Sikhs, was to be amply rewarded.

2. Steps taken by Abdus Samad Khan against the Sikhs: After the issuance of the edict, Abdus Samad Khan started torturing the Sikhs in various ways. Hundreds of innocent Sikhs were daily arrested and brought to Lahore. They were tempted to embrace Islam in exchange for their life but the Guru’s Sikhs preferred death to this type of life. The executioners killed such Sikhs after subjecting them to untold tortures. In order to escape this bloody policy of Abdus Samad Khan, many Sikhs took shelter in the jungles and in the Shivalik hills.

There they had to face many hardships. In this way during the early years of Abdus Samad Khan’s rule, this policy paid rich dividends. Feeling happy with him Farrukh Siyar honoured him with the title of ‘Sword of the State’.

3. Split among the Sikhs: After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Sikhs were divided into two chief sects “Tat Khalsa’ and ‘Bandai Khalsa’. Tat Khalsa’ were the firm advocates of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s religious principles. ‘Bandai Khalsa’ began to regard Banda Singh Bahadur as their leader. The followers of Tat Khalsa used to greet each other with ‘Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa and Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh’, while those of Bandai Khalsa used to greet each other with ‘Fateh Darshan’ and ‘Fateh Dharam’.

The disciples of Tat Khalsa wore blue robes, while those of Bandai Khalsa wore red ones. As a consequence of their differences the Sikhs could not jointly resist the cruelties of Abdus Samad Khan.

4. Change in Circumstances: After 1720 A.D, things began to change and events turned in favour of the Sikhs. The royal court had become a den of conspiracies. In view of political instability, the central govt, could not pay due attention towards the Sikhs. In Punjab too, Abdus Samad Khan was involed in crushing the revolts of Isa Khan and Hussain Khan. Therefore, laxity crept into the action against the Sikhs. In 1721 A.D., with the efforts of Bhai Mani Singh Ji a compromise was made between ‘Tat Khalsa’ and ‘Bandai Khalsa’ at Amritsar on the occasion of Baisakhi. Consequently, Bandai Khalsa merged itself into Tat Khalsa. Thus, they were united.

5. Activities of the Sikhs: The changed circumstances and the newly achieved unity gave a new impetus to the Sikhs. They formed Jathas consisting of one hundred Sikhs each and started looting the Mughal provinces. They began to inflict heavy punishments on those Hindus and Muslims, who had handed over the Sikh women and children to the Mughals and had seized their property. In order to teach the Sikhs a lesson, Abdus Samad Khan sent a force under Aslam Khan to Amritsar. The Sikhs launched a surprise attack and gave a crushing defeat to the imperial forces. Har Sahai was killed in this battle, and Aslam Khan and Dev fled for their lives.

6. Failure of Abdus Samad Khan: Despite his best efforts, Abdus Samad Khan failed to crush the power of the Sikhs. There were many reasons for it. Firstly, Abdus Samad Khan had started aging, so-he lacked the enthusiasm of his youthful days. Secondly, the Sikhs had forged unity. So they were able to counter the cruelties of Abdus Samad Khan. Thirdly, Abdus Samad Khan became the victim of the conspiracies of the Mughal nobles. So, Abdus Samad Khan was removed from his office in 1726 A.D.

After Abdus Samad Khan, his eldest son Zakariya Khan succeeded him as the Governor of Lahore in 1726 A.D. He continued to occupy this post till 1745 AiD. Zakariya Khan was even a greater tyrant than his father. That is why he was honoured with the title of ‘Khan Bahadur’.

1. Harsh measures against the Sikhs: Immediately after assuming his office, Zakariya Khan started taking repressive measures against the Sikhs. In order to crush the power of the Sikhs completely, he recruited 20,000 soldiers in his army. The villagers were warned against giving shelter to the Sikhs. They were required to inform the Government, if they sighted any Sikh. Through an order, it was declared that anybody who gave information about a Sikh, got him arrested, handed him over to the Government or presented his head to the Government, would be awarded Rs. 10, Rs. 25, Rs. 50 and Rs. 100 respectively. Hundreds of Sikhs began to be martyred everyday at Delhi gate in Lahore. Therefore the place began to be called ‘Shahid Ganj’.

2. Martyrdom of Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van: Bhai Tara Singh Ji was a resident of village Van in district Amritsar. He was very popular among the Sikhs for his bravery and services to the Sikh Panth. He had taken active part in the battles of Banda Singh Bahadur. The Chaudhary of Naushera, Sahib Rai, used to let loose his horses into the farms of the Sikhs, so as to damage their crops. When the Sikhs objected to it he used to insult them.

The Sikhs could not tolerate this insult. One day Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van caught hold of a mare of Sahib Rai and sold it. He bought grain with that money and gave it to the ‘langar’. When Sahib Rai came to know about it, he sought help from Zakariya Khan. Zakariya Khan sent a troop of 2200 cavaliers under the command of his General Moman Khan. Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van and his 22 companions inflicted a heavy loss on the Mughal force.

All these Sikhs became martyrs while fighting. Before their martyrdom they had killed 300 Mughal soldiers and wounded many more. This event took place in February, 1726 A.D. In the words of S.S. Seetal, “The news of his martyrdom deeply moved the feelings of the Sikhs.”

3. Retaliatory measures of the Sikhs: All the Sikhs of Punjab were provoked to avenge the martyrdom of Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van and his companions. The Sikhs who had hidden themselves in jungles and hills took a pledge to end the Mughal rule. They began to raid and loot the government treasuries. Besides, they attacked certain places and killed the government henchmen. Whenever, Zakariya Khan sent his soldiers to take action against the Sikhs, they would at once take shelter in jungles and hills.

4. Incident of Haidri Flag : Zakariya Khan was greatly disturbed due to the growing activities of the Sikhs. He raised the slogan of ‘Jihad’ to crush the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Muslims gathered under the banner of Innayatullah Khan. The command of this army was entrusted to Inayatulla Khan. On the auspicious day of Id, they were given a Haidri flag and it was proclaimed that God would certainly bestow victory on those who fought under this flag. One day about seven thousand Sikhs suddenly attacked these Ghazis and caused havoc in their ranks. Thousands of Ghazis were killed. It gave a great jolt to the Government.

5. Agreement of Zakariya Khan with the Sikhs : Now, Zakariya Khan realised that it was not easy to annihilate the Sikhs. So, he adopted the policy of placating the Sikhs; In 1733 A.D., he sent a message that if the Sikhs stopped their anti-government activities, they would be given ‘Jagir’ which would yield an annual revenue of one lakh rupees, and their leader would be honoured with the title of ‘Nawab’. At first the Sikhs were opposed to this compromise, but later they accepted it. The Sikhs gave this honour of receiving the ‘Jagir’ and the title of Nawab to Sardar Kapoor Singh Faizalpuria.

6. Organisation of Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal: The compromise with the Mughals gave the Sikhs a golden opportunity to organise their power/ Nawab Kapoor Singh sent a message to the Sikhs that they should return to their homes from their hideouts in jungles and hills. Thus, the two decade old struggle between the Mughals and Sikhs came to an end. The Sikhs heaved a sigh of relief. In order to strengthen the power of the Sikhs Nawab Kapoor Singh organised them in two groups in 1734 A.D. These groups were known as Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.

The Sikhs above the age of 40 were recruited in the Buddha Dal and below the age of 40 in the Taruna Dal. The Taruna Dal was further divided into five groups. Each group had its own leader and banner. The Buddha Dal looked after the religious places and the Taruna Dal fought with the enemies.

7. Renewed struggle between the Mughals and the Sikhs: After organising their power, the Sikhs again started creating disturbance in Punjab. They again began to plunder the government treasuries. This enraged Zakariya Khan and in 1735 A.D. he confiscated the ‘Jagir’ which he had given to the Sikhs. He again announced awards for getting the Sikhs arrested or killed. He gave full freedom to the Hindus and the Muslims to burgle Sikh houses. The Sikhs again began to be arrested and killed. Thus, the Sikhs were once again compelled to take shelter in forests. Taking advantage of this opportunity, the Mughals took possession of Sri Harmandir Sahib.

8. Martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji: The martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji occupies a significant place in the Sikh History. He had been the head priest of Harmandir Sahib since 1721 A.D. The Sikhs were greatly perturbed when the soldiers of Zakariya Khan occupied Harmandir Sahib. In 1738 A.D. Bhai Mani Singh Ji requested Zakariya Khan to allow the Sikhs to enter Sri Harmandir Sahib on the Diwali festival and he would offer him Rs. 5000. Zakariya Khan readily accepted the offer. In fact, he hatched a plan. According to this plan he wanted to make a surprise attack and completely decimate the Sikhs who were supposed to gather at Amritsar on Diwali.

Zakariya Khan took the Sikhs unawares and killed a large number of them. Consequently, the festival of Diwali could not be observed at Sri Harmandir Sahib. Afterwards Zakariya Khan demanded Rs. 5000/- as promised by Bhai Mani Singh Ji.

Because the government had prevented the Sikhs from entering Sri Harmandir Sahib, Bhai Mani Singh Ji was unable to pay the stipulated amount. On his inability to pay, the government arrested Bhai Mani Singh Ji and sent him to Lahore. Bhai Sahib Ji was asked to embrace Islam but he refused. Therefore, he was cut to pieces limb by limb in 1738 A.D. This martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji supplied the much.needed fillip to the Sikh struggle for independence. In the words of Khushwant Singh, “The killing of the pious and venerable head priest caused deep resentment among the Sikhs.”

9. Sikhs robbed Nadir Shah : The Sikhs were on the look out for a golden opportunity to avenge the martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji. They got this opportunity in 1739 A.D. at the time of Nadir Shah’s invasion on India. After ruthless looting in Delhi, he was going back to Iran via Punjab. When the Sikhs came to know of it, they suddenly attacked and made away with most of the booty. Nadir Shah made enquiries from Zakariya Khan about these Sikhs and warned him that the day is not distant, when the Sikhs would rule in Punjab.

10. Zakariya Khan’s actions against the Sikhs : Nadir Shah’s warning had made a deep impact on Zakariya Khan’s mind. So, he decided to annihilate the Sikhs. The Sikhs again began to be killed ruthlessly daily as before. Here is given a brief description of some prominent martyrs :

(a) Bhai Bota Singh Ji : Zakariya Khan killed many Sikhs. In haughtiness, he announced that he had annihilated all the Sikhs. In order to show the existence of the Sikhs, Bhai Bota Singh Ji had set up a toll-post at Sarai Nurdin and began to charge one anna as toll-tax per cart and one paisa per donkey-load. When Zakariya Khan learnt of it, he could not tolerate it. He sent some soldiers under Jalal Khan. Jalal Khan asked him to surrender, but the brave warrior refused to do so. He fought valiantly with the enemy and finally achieved martyrdom.

(b) Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji and Bhai Sukha Singh Ji: Chaudhary Massa Rangar of village Mandiala, District Amritsar had desecrated Sri Harmandir Sahib by his activities. Therefore, the blood of the Sikhs was boiling for revenge. They wanted to teach Massa Rangar a lesson. Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji and Bhai Sukha Singh Ji hatched a plan. They packed some bags with pieces of stone and covered them with some coins, and reached Sri Harmandir Sahib. When enquired by the soldiers, they told them that they had brought revenue which they wanted to present to Massa Rangar.

Seeing the bags full of coins, they were allowed to go in. At that time, Massa Rangar was busy in merry-making. He was immensely pleased to see the bags full of coins. The moment he bowed forward to receive the bags, Mehtab Singh beheaded him with his sword. Later on Bhai Mehtab Singh and Bhai Sukha Singh were arrested and martyred mercilessly in 1740. A. D.

(c) Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji : Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was the resident of Sialkot. One day a Muslim boy uttered some words, which were derogatory to the Hindu deities. Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji could not tolerate it. He said some offensive words about Prophet Mohammad and his. daughter Fatima. So, Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was arrested. In order to, save himself, he was asked to embrace Islam. Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji spurned this offer. As a result, Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was beheaded in 1742 A.D. The martyrdom of Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji inflammed the feelings of the Hindus and the Sikhs.

(d) Bhai Taru Singh Ji: Bhai Taru Singh Ji was the resident of village Puhla in the Majha region. He did farming and hepled the Sikhs with his incdme. In the eyes of the government, it was a blatant crime. He was brought to Lahore. Here Zakariya Khan offered him the usual choice of Islam or death. Bhai Sahib Ji refused to embrace Islam. Complying with the order of Zakariya Khan, the executioners removed his skull. When Bhai Sahib Ji’s skull was being removed, he was reciting Japji Sahib. This unique martyrdom in 1745 A.D. deeply stirred the Sikhs.

Zakariya Khan undoubtedly committed great cruelties on the Sikhs till his end. However, he failed to crush the power of the Sikhs. Zakariya Khan died on 1st July, 1745 A.D. In the words of Patwant Singh, “No one persecuted the Sikhs with greater zeal than Zakariya Khan.”

Yahiya Khan 1746-47 A.D.

Question 4.
What steps were taken by Yahiya Khan to crush the power of the Sikhs?
Answer:
After the death of Zakariya Khan, Yahiya Khan became the Governor of Lahore in 1746 A.D. He remained on this post till 1747 A.D. In the matter of committing oppressions on the Sikhs, Yahiya Khan did not lag behind his father, Zakariya Khan.

1. Activities of the Sikhs : When Yahiya Khan assumed the charge, the atmosphere of anarchy was prevalent in the Punjab. Taking advantage of the opportunity, the Sikhs had organised their power. They attacked many villages and killed their Chaudharis and Muqaddams for co-operating with the government and taking actions against the Sikhs. The Sikh jathas intensified their activities in many regions of Punjab.

2. Death of Jaspat Rai: In 1746 A.D. a Sikh jatha which was proceeding on a pilgrimage to Gurdwara Rohri Sahib in Eminabad took away a few goats and sheep from the village Gondlawala. On the complaint of the people, Jaspat Rai, who was the Faujdar of Eminabad, ordered the Sikhs to return the goats and sheep . The Sikhs refused to do so. Consequently, Jaspat Rai with some of his soldiers attacked the Silkhs. In the course of action, Jaspat Rai was killed. With the death of Jaspat Rai his soldiers ran for their lives. This event happened in March 1746 A.D.

3. Actions of Lakhpat Rai against the Sikhs,; Diwan Lakhpat Rai’s blood began to boil on hearing the news of his brother Jaspat Rai’s death. He took a pledge that he would annihilate the Sikhs. Yahiya Khan was already thinking of crushing the power of the Sikhs. He ordered Diwan Lakhpat Rai to crush’the Sikhs. Lakhpat Rai imposed many restrictions on the Sikhs. Thereafter, no one could utter the word ‘Guru’. He told the people to use ‘Rori’ for ‘Gud’ because the word ‘Gud’ sounded like ‘Guru.’ Likewise, he ordered to use the word ‘Pothi’ for the ‘Granth’. Those who defied these orders were sentenced to death. Many Sikhs inhabiting Lahore were arrested and executed.

4. First Holocaust: With a view to decimate the Sikhs, Yahiya Khan and Lakhpat Rai raised a huge army. This army, unexpectedly, besieged 15,000 Sikhs at Kahnuwan. The Sikhs escaped from there and took shelter in the hills of Basoli. The Mughal soldiers gave them a hot chase. Here the Sikhs were trapped in a difficult situation. On one side there were high hills, while on the other the river .Ravi was in full spate. The Mughal soldiers were chasing them from behind while in front they were faced by the Hill Chiefs and, those people, who were their bitter enemies.

The Sikhs were short of food-stuffs. Owing to the shortage of fodder, the horses too were suffering from starvation. In this attack, 7000 Sikhs were killed and 3000 arrested. These Sikhs were butchered at Lahore. It was the first occasion in Sikh history, when the Sikhs suffered such a heavy loss of life. That is why this event is known as first Ghallughara or small holocaust in history. This holocaust took place in May 1746 A.D. Gurbaksh Singh aptly says, “This devastating blow to the Sikhs in 1746 made them more determined than ever to put an end to the genocide.”

5. Fall of Yahiya Khan: In November 1746 A.D., the younger brother of Yahiya Khan, Shah Nawaz Khan, raised the banner of revolt. It resulted in a civil war between the two brothers. This war continued till 1747 A.D. In this war, Shah Nawaz Khan ultimately succeeded and he threw Yahiya Khan and Diwan Lakhpat Rai into the prison on 17 March, 1747 A.D. In this way, their cruelties came to an end, but they could not put an end to the Sikhs.

Question 5.
What steps were taken by Zakariya Khan and Yahiya Khan from 1726-1746 A.D. in order to crush the power of the Sikhs?
Or
Describe the persecution of the Sikhs during the rule of Zakariya Khan and Yahiya Khan.
Answer:

After Abdus Samad Khan, his eldest son Zakariya Khan succeeded him as the Governor of Lahore in 1726 A.D. He continued to occupy this post till 1745 AiD. Zakariya Khan was even a greater tyrant than his father. That is why he was honoured with the title of ‘Khan Bahadur’.

1. Harsh measures against the Sikhs: Immediately after assuming his office, Zakariya Khan started taking repressive measures against the Sikhs. In order to crush the power of the Sikhs completely, he recruited 20,000 soldiers in his army. The villagers were warned against giving shelter to the Sikhs. They were required to inform the Government, if they sighted any Sikh. Through an order, it was declared that anybody who gave information about a Sikh, got him arrested, handed him over to the Government or presented his head to the Government, would be awarded Rs. 10, Rs. 25, Rs. 50 and Rs. 100 respectively. Hundreds of Sikhs began to be martyred everyday at Delhi gate in Lahore. Therefore the place began to be called ‘Shahid Ganj’.

2. Martyrdom of Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van: Bhai Tara Singh Ji was a resident of village Van in district Amritsar. He was very popular among the Sikhs for his bravery and services to the Sikh Panth. He had taken active part in the battles of Banda Singh Bahadur. The Chaudhary of Naushera, Sahib Rai, used to let loose his horses into the farms of the Sikhs, so as to damage their crops. When the Sikhs objected to it he used to insult them.

The Sikhs could not tolerate this insult. One day Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van caught hold of a mare of Sahib Rai and sold it. He bought grain with that money and gave it to the ‘langar’. When Sahib Rai came to know about it, he sought help from Zakariya Khan. Zakariya Khan sent a troop of 2200 cavaliers under the command of his General Moman Khan. Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van and his 22 companions inflicted a heavy loss on the Mughal force.

All these Sikhs became martyrs while fighting. Before their martyrdom they had killed 300 Mughal soldiers and wounded many more. This event took place in February, 1726 A.D. In the words of S.S. Seetal, “The news of his martyrdom deeply moved the feelings of the Sikhs.”

3. Retaliatory measures of the Sikhs: All the Sikhs of Punjab were provoked to avenge the martyrdom of Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van and his companions. The Sikhs who had hidden themselves in jungles and hills took a pledge to end the Mughal rule. They began to raid and loot the government treasuries. Besides, they attacked certain places and killed the government henchmen. Whenever, Zakariya Khan sent his soldiers to take action against the Sikhs, they would at once take shelter in jungles and hills.

4. Incident of Haidri Flag : Zakariya Khan was greatly disturbed due to the growing activities of the Sikhs. He raised the slogan of ‘Jihad’ to crush the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Muslims gathered under the banner of Innayatullah Khan. The command of this army was entrusted to Inayatulla Khan. On the auspicious day of Id, they were given a Haidri flag and it was proclaimed that God would certainly bestow victory on those who fought under this flag. One day about seven thousand Sikhs suddenly attacked these Ghazis and caused havoc in their ranks. Thousands of Ghazis were killed. It gave a great jolt to the Government.

5. Agreement of Zakariya Khan with the Sikhs : Now, Zakariya Khan realised that it was not easy to annihilate the Sikhs. So, he adopted the policy of placating the Sikhs; In 1733 A.D., he sent a message that if the Sikhs stopped their anti-government activities, they would be given ‘Jagir’ which would yield an annual revenue of one lakh rupees, and their leader would be honoured with the title of ‘Nawab’. At first the Sikhs were opposed to this compromise, but later they accepted it. The Sikhs gave this honour of receiving the ‘Jagir’ and the title of Nawab to Sardar Kapoor Singh Faizalpuria.

6. Organisation of Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal: The compromise with the Mughals gave the Sikhs a golden opportunity to organise their power/ Nawab Kapoor Singh sent a message to the Sikhs that they should return to their homes from their hideouts in jungles and hills. Thus, the two decade old struggle between the Mughals and Sikhs came to an end. The Sikhs heaved a sigh of relief. In order to strengthen the power of the Sikhs Nawab Kapoor Singh organised them in two groups in 1734 A.D. These groups were known as Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.

The Sikhs above the age of 40 were recruited in the Buddha Dal and below the age of 40 in the Taruna Dal. The Taruna Dal was further divided into five groups. Each group had its own leader and banner. The Buddha Dal looked after the religious places and the Taruna Dal fought with the enemies.

7. Renewed struggle between the Mughals and the Sikhs: After organising their power, the Sikhs again started creating disturbance in Punjab. They again began to plunder the government treasuries. This enraged Zakariya Khan and in 1735 A.D. he confiscated the ‘Jagir’ which he had given to the Sikhs. He again announced awards for getting the Sikhs arrested or killed. He gave full freedom to the Hindus and the Muslims to burgle Sikh houses. The Sikhs again began to be arrested and killed. Thus, the Sikhs were once again compelled to take shelter in forests. Taking advantage of this opportunity, the Mughals took possession of Sri Harmandir Sahib.

8. Martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji: The martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji occupies a significant place in the Sikh History. He had been the head priest of Harmandir Sahib since 1721 A.D. The Sikhs were greatly perturbed when the soldiers of Zakariya Khan occupied Harmandir Sahib. In 1738 A.D. Bhai Mani Singh Ji requested Zakariya Khan to allow the Sikhs to enter Sri Harmandir Sahib on the Diwali festival and he would offer him Rs. 5000. Zakariya Khan readily accepted the offer. In fact, he hatched a plan. According to this plan he wanted to make a surprise attack and completely decimate the Sikhs who were supposed to gather at Amritsar on Diwali.

Zakariya Khan took the Sikhs unawares and killed a large number of them. Consequently, the festival of Diwali could not be observed at Sri Harmandir Sahib. Afterwards Zakariya Khan demanded Rs. 5000/- as promised by Bhai Mani Singh Ji.

Because the government had prevented the Sikhs from entering Sri Harmandir Sahib, Bhai Mani Singh Ji was unable to pay the stipulated amount. On his inability to pay, the government arrested Bhai Mani Singh Ji and sent him to Lahore. Bhai Sahib Ji was asked to embrace Islam but he refused. Therefore, he was cut to pieces limb by limb in 1738 A.D. This martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji supplied the much.needed fillip to the Sikh struggle for independence. In the words of Khushwant Singh, “The killing of the pious and venerable head priest caused deep resentment among the Sikhs.”

9. Sikhs robbed Nadir Shah : The Sikhs were on the look out for a golden opportunity to avenge the martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji. They got this opportunity in 1739 A.D. at the time of Nadir Shah’s invasion on India. After ruthless looting in Delhi, he was going back to Iran via Punjab. When the Sikhs came to know of it, they suddenly attacked and made away with most of the booty. Nadir Shah made enquiries from Zakariya Khan about these Sikhs and warned him that the day is not distant, when the Sikhs would rule in Punjab.

10. Zakariya Khan’s actions against the Sikhs : Nadir Shah’s warning had made a deep impact on Zakariya Khan’s mind. So, he decided to annihilate the Sikhs. The Sikhs again began to be killed ruthlessly daily as before. Here is given a brief description of some prominent martyrs :

(a) Bhai Bota Singh Ji : Zakariya Khan killed many Sikhs. In haughtiness, he announced that he had annihilated all the Sikhs. In order to show the existence of the Sikhs, Bhai Bota Singh Ji had set up a toll-post at Sarai Nurdin and began to charge one anna as toll-tax per cart and one paisa per donkey-load. When Zakariya Khan learnt of it, he could not tolerate it. He sent some soldiers under Jalal Khan. Jalal Khan asked him to surrender, but the brave warrior refused to do so. He fought valiantly with the enemy and finally achieved martyrdom.

(b) Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji and Bhai Sukha Singh Ji: Chaudhary Massa Rangar of village Mandiala, District Amritsar had desecrated Sri Harmandir Sahib by his activities. Therefore, the blood of the Sikhs was boiling for revenge. They wanted to teach Massa Rangar a lesson. Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji and Bhai Sukha Singh Ji hatched a plan. They packed some bags with pieces of stone and covered them with some coins, and reached Sri Harmandir Sahib. When enquired by the soldiers, they told them that they had brought revenue which they wanted to present to Massa Rangar.

Seeing the bags full of coins, they were allowed to go in. At that time, Massa Rangar was busy in merry-making. He was immensely pleased to see the bags full of coins. The moment he bowed forward to receive the bags, Mehtab Singh beheaded him with his sword. Later on Bhai Mehtab Singh and Bhai Sukha Singh were arrested and martyred mercilessly in 1740. A. D.

(c) Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji : Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was the resident of Sialkot. One day a Muslim boy uttered some words, which were derogatory to the Hindu deities. Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji could not tolerate it. He said some offensive words about Prophet Mohammad and his. daughter Fatima. So, Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was arrested. In order to, save himself, he was asked to embrace Islam. Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji spurned this offer. As a result, Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was beheaded in 1742 A.D. The martyrdom of Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji inflammed the feelings of the Hindus and the Sikhs.

(d) Bhai Taru Singh Ji: Bhai Taru Singh Ji was the resident of village Puhla in the Majha region. He did farming and hepled the Sikhs with his incdme. In the eyes of the government, it was a blatant crime. He was brought to Lahore. Here Zakariya Khan offered him the usual choice of Islam or death. Bhai Sahib Ji refused to embrace Islam. Complying with the order of Zakariya Khan, the executioners removed his skull. When Bhai Sahib Ji’s skull was being removed, he was reciting Japji Sahib. This unique martyrdom in 1745 A.D. deeply stirred the Sikhs.

Zakariya Khan undoubtedly committed great cruelties on the Sikhs till his end. However, he failed to crush the power of the Sikhs. Zakariya Khan died on 1st July, 1745 A.D. In the words of Patwant Singh, “No one persecuted the Sikhs with greater zeal than Zakariya Khan.”

After the death of Zakariya Khan, Yahiya Khan became the Governor of Lahore in 1746 A.D. He remained on this post till 1747 A.D. In the matter of committing oppressions on the Sikhs, Yahiya Khan did not lag behind his father, Zakariya Khan.

1. Activities of the Sikhs : When Yahiya Khan assumed the charge, the atmosphere of anarchy was prevalent in the Punjab. Taking advantage of the opportunity, the Sikhs had organised their power. They attacked many villages and killed their Chaudharis and Muqaddams for co-operating with the government and taking actions against the Sikhs. The Sikh jathas intensified their activities in many regions of Punjab.

2. Death of Jaspat Rai: In 1746 A.D. a Sikh jatha which was proceeding on a pilgrimage to Gurdwara Rohri Sahib in Eminabad took away a few goats and sheep from the village Gondlawala. On the complaint of the people, Jaspat Rai, who was the Faujdar of Eminabad, ordered the Sikhs to return the goats and sheep . The Sikhs refused to do so. Consequently, Jaspat Rai with some of his soldiers attacked the Silkhs. In the course of action, Jaspat Rai was killed. With the death of Jaspat Rai his soldiers ran for their lives. This event happened in March 1746 A.D.

3. Actions of Lakhpat Rai against the Sikhs,; Diwan Lakhpat Rai’s blood began to boil on hearing the news of his brother Jaspat Rai’s death. He took a pledge that he would annihilate the Sikhs. Yahiya Khan was already thinking of crushing the power of the Sikhs. He ordered Diwan Lakhpat Rai to crush’the Sikhs. Lakhpat Rai imposed many restrictions on the Sikhs. Thereafter, no one could utter the word ‘Guru’. He told the people to use ‘Rori’ for ‘Gud’ because the word ‘Gud’ sounded like ‘Guru.’ Likewise, he ordered to use the word ‘Pothi’ for the ‘Granth’. Those who defied these orders were sentenced to death. Many Sikhs inhabiting Lahore were arrested and executed.

4. First Holocaust: With a view to decimate the Sikhs, Yahiya Khan and Lakhpat Rai raised a huge army. This army, unexpectedly, besieged 15,000 Sikhs at Kahnuwan. The Sikhs escaped from there and took shelter in the hills of Basoli. The Mughal soldiers gave them a hot chase. Here the Sikhs were trapped in a difficult situation. On one side there were high hills, while on the other the river .Ravi was in full spate. The Mughal soldiers were chasing them from behind while in front they were faced by the Hill Chiefs and, those people, who were their bitter enemies.

The Sikhs were short of food-stuffs. Owing to the shortage of fodder, the horses too were suffering from starvation. In this attack, 7000 Sikhs were killed and 3000 arrested. These Sikhs were butchered at Lahore. It was the first occasion in Sikh history, when the Sikhs suffered such a heavy loss of life. That is why this event is known as first Ghallughara or small holocaust in history. This holocaust took place in May 1746 A.D. Gurbaksh Singh aptly says, “This devastating blow to the Sikhs in 1746 made them more determined than ever to put an end to the genocide.”

5. Fall of Yahiya Khan: In November 1746 A.D., the younger brother of Yahiya Khan, Shah Nawaz Khan, raised the banner of revolt. It resulted in a civil war between the two brothers. This war continued till 1747 A.D. In this war, Shah Nawaz Khan ultimately succeeded and he threw Yahiya Khan and Diwan Lakhpat Rai into the prison on 17 March, 1747 A.D. In this way, their cruelties came to an end, but they could not put an end to the Sikhs.

Question 6.
Explain in brief the persecution of the Sikhs during 1716 to 1747 A.D.
Or
What steps did the Mughal Governors take to crush the Sikhs between 1716-1747 A.D.? Why did the Mughal Governors fail to suppress the Sikhs?
Answer:
Abdus Samad Khan was made the Governor of Lahore by the Mughal emperor, Farrukh Siyar in 1713 A.D. He was appointed to this post with the aim of completely crushing the power of the Sikhs. He started his administration with an iron hand. After defeating Banda Singh Bahadur in the battle of Gurdas Nangal in 1715 A.D. he arrested him along with many other (740) Sikhs. They were brutally martyred in Delhi on 19th June 1716 A.D. Farrukh Siyar was very happy over Abdus Samad Khan’s action. He honored Abdus Samad Khan with many rewards. Abdus Samad Khan remained on this post till 1726 A.D. The main events of his rule were as follows :

1. Farrukh Siyar’s Edict: In 1716 A.D., the Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar, issued a royal edict. In this edict, he ordered the Mughal officials to kill any Sikh they could lay their hands on, but pardon those who embraced Islam. All the Hindus were ordered to shave off their heads and beards. He, who violated this order, was to be treated as a Sikh and to be killed. Even those, who gave help or provided shelter to the Sikhs, were also to be killed. Any person, who gave any clue about the whereabouts of any Sikh or helped the government in arresting the Sikhs, was to be amply rewarded.

2. Steps taken by Abdus Samad Khan against the Sikhs: After the issuance of the edict, Abdus Samad Khan started torturing the Sikhs in various ways. Hundreds of innocent Sikhs were daily arrested and brought to Lahore. They were tempted to embrace Islam in exchange for their life but the Guru’s Sikhs preferred death to this type of life. The executioners killed such Sikhs after subjecting them to untold tortures. In order to escape this bloody policy of Abdus Samad Khan, many Sikhs took shelter in the jungles and in the Shivalik hills.

There they had to face many hardships. In this way during the early years of Abdus Samad Khan’s rule, this policy paid rich dividends. Feeling happy with him Farrukh Siyar honoured him with the title of ‘Sword of the State’.

3. Split among the Sikhs: After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Sikhs were divided into two chief sects “Tat Khalsa’ and ‘Bandai Khalsa’. Tat Khalsa’ were the firm advocates of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s religious principles. ‘Bandai Khalsa’ began to regard Banda Singh Bahadur as their leader. The followers of Tat Khalsa used to greet each other with ‘Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa and Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh’, while those of Bandai Khalsa used to greet each other with ‘Fateh Darshan’ and ‘Fateh Dharam’.

The disciples of Tat Khalsa wore blue robes, while those of Bandai Khalsa wore red ones. As a consequence of their differences the Sikhs could not jointly resist the cruelties of Abdus Samad Khan.

4. Change in Circumstances: After 1720 A.D, things began to change and events turned in favour of the Sikhs. The royal court had become a den of conspiracies. In view of political instability, the central govt, could not pay due attention towards the Sikhs. In Punjab too, Abdus Samad Khan was involed in crushing the revolts of Isa Khan and Hussain Khan. Therefore, laxity crept into the action against the Sikhs. In 1721 A.D., with the efforts of Bhai Mani Singh Ji a compromise was made between ‘Tat Khalsa’ and ‘Bandai Khalsa’ at Amritsar on the occasion of Baisakhi. Consequently, Bandai Khalsa merged itself into Tat Khalsa. Thus, they were united.

5. Activities of the Sikhs: The changed circumstances and the newly achieved unity gave a new impetus to the Sikhs. They formed Jathas consisting of one hundred Sikhs each and started looting the Mughal provinces. They began to inflict heavy punishments on those Hindus and Muslims, who had handed over the Sikh women and children to the Mughals and had seized their property. In order to teach the Sikhs a lesson, Abdus Samad Khan sent a force under Aslam Khan to Amritsar. The Sikhs launched a surprise attack and gave a crushing defeat to the imperial forces. Har Sahai was killed in this battle, and Aslam Khan and Dev fled for their lives.

6. Failure of Abdus Samad Khan: Despite his best efforts, Abdus Samad Khan failed to crush the power of the Sikhs. There were many reasons for it. Firstly, Abdus Samad Khan had started aging, so-he lacked the enthusiasm of his youthful days. Secondly, the Sikhs had forged unity. So they were able to counter the cruelties of Abdus Samad Khan. Thirdly, Abdus Samad Khan became the victim of the conspiracies of the Mughal nobles. So, Abdus Samad Khan was removed from his office in 1726 A.D.

After Abdus Samad Khan, his eldest son Zakariya Khan succeeded him as the Governor of Lahore in 1726 A.D. He continued to occupy this post till 1745 AiD. Zakariya Khan was even a greater tyrant than his father. That is why he was honoured with the title of ‘Khan Bahadur’.

1. Harsh measures against the Sikhs: Immediately after assuming his office, Zakariya Khan started taking repressive measures against the Sikhs. In order to crush the power of the Sikhs completely, he recruited 20,000 soldiers in his army. The villagers were warned against giving shelter to the Sikhs. They were required to inform the Government, if they sighted any Sikh. Through an order, it was declared that anybody who gave information about a Sikh, got him arrested, handed him over to the Government or presented his head to the Government, would be awarded Rs. 10, Rs. 25, Rs. 50 and Rs. 100 respectively. Hundreds of Sikhs began to be martyred everyday at Delhi gate in Lahore. Therefore the place began to be called ‘Shahid Ganj’.

2. Martyrdom of Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van: Bhai Tara Singh Ji was a resident of village Van in district Amritsar. He was very popular among the Sikhs for his bravery and services to the Sikh Panth. He had taken active part in the battles of Banda Singh Bahadur. The Chaudhary of Naushera, Sahib Rai, used to let loose his horses into the farms of the Sikhs, so as to damage their crops. When the Sikhs objected to it he used to insult them.

The Sikhs could not tolerate this insult. One day Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van caught hold of a mare of Sahib Rai and sold it. He bought grain with that money and gave it to the ‘langar’. When Sahib Rai came to know about it, he sought help from Zakariya Khan. Zakariya Khan sent a troop of 2200 cavaliers under the command of his General Moman Khan. Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van and his 22 companions inflicted a heavy loss on the Mughal force.

All these Sikhs became martyrs while fighting. Before their martyrdom they had killed 300 Mughal soldiers and wounded many more. This event took place in February, 1726 A.D. In the words of S.S. Seetal, “The news of his martyrdom deeply moved the feelings of the Sikhs.”

3. Retaliatory measures of the Sikhs: All the Sikhs of Punjab were provoked to avenge the martyrdom of Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van and his companions. The Sikhs who had hidden themselves in jungles and hills took a pledge to end the Mughal rule. They began to raid and loot the government treasuries. Besides, they attacked certain places and killed the government henchmen. Whenever, Zakariya Khan sent his soldiers to take action against the Sikhs, they would at once take shelter in jungles and hills.

4. Incident of Haidri Flag : Zakariya Khan was greatly disturbed due to the growing activities of the Sikhs. He raised the slogan of ‘Jihad’ to crush the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Muslims gathered under the banner of Innayatullah Khan. The command of this army was entrusted to Inayatulla Khan. On the auspicious day of Id, they were given a Haidri flag and it was proclaimed that God would certainly bestow victory on those who fought under this flag. One day about seven thousand Sikhs suddenly attacked these Ghazis and caused havoc in their ranks. Thousands of Ghazis were killed. It gave a great jolt to the Government.

5. Agreement of Zakariya Khan with the Sikhs : Now, Zakariya Khan realised that it was not easy to annihilate the Sikhs. So, he adopted the policy of placating the Sikhs; In 1733 A.D., he sent a message that if the Sikhs stopped their anti-government activities, they would be given ‘Jagir’ which would yield an annual revenue of one lakh rupees, and their leader would be honoured with the title of ‘Nawab’. At first the Sikhs were opposed to this compromise, but later they accepted it. The Sikhs gave this honour of receiving the ‘Jagir’ and the title of Nawab to Sardar Kapoor Singh Faizalpuria.

6. Organisation of Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal: The compromise with the Mughals gave the Sikhs a golden opportunity to organise their power/ Nawab Kapoor Singh sent a message to the Sikhs that they should return to their homes from their hideouts in jungles and hills. Thus, the two decade old struggle between the Mughals and Sikhs came to an end. The Sikhs heaved a sigh of relief. In order to strengthen the power of the Sikhs Nawab Kapoor Singh organised them in two groups in 1734 A.D. These groups were known as Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.

The Sikhs above the age of 40 were recruited in the Buddha Dal and below the age of 40 in the Taruna Dal. The Taruna Dal was further divided into five groups. Each group had its own leader and banner. The Buddha Dal looked after the religious places and the Taruna Dal fought with the enemies.

7. Renewed struggle between the Mughals and the Sikhs: After organising their power, the Sikhs again started creating disturbance in Punjab. They again began to plunder the government treasuries. This enraged Zakariya Khan and in 1735 A.D. he confiscated the ‘Jagir’ which he had given to the Sikhs. He again announced awards for getting the Sikhs arrested or killed. He gave full freedom to the Hindus and the Muslims to burgle Sikh houses. The Sikhs again began to be arrested and killed. Thus, the Sikhs were once again compelled to take shelter in forests. Taking advantage of this opportunity, the Mughals took possession of Sri Harmandir Sahib.

8. Martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji: The martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji occupies a significant place in the Sikh History. He had been the head priest of Harmandir Sahib since 1721 A.D. The Sikhs were greatly perturbed when the soldiers of Zakariya Khan occupied Harmandir Sahib. In 1738 A.D. Bhai Mani Singh Ji requested Zakariya Khan to allow the Sikhs to enter Sri Harmandir Sahib on the Diwali festival and he would offer him Rs. 5000. Zakariya Khan readily accepted the offer. In fact, he hatched a plan. According to this plan he wanted to make a surprise attack and completely decimate the Sikhs who were supposed to gather at Amritsar on Diwali.

Zakariya Khan took the Sikhs unawares and killed a large number of them. Consequently, the festival of Diwali could not be observed at Sri Harmandir Sahib. Afterwards Zakariya Khan demanded Rs. 5000/- as promised by Bhai Mani Singh Ji.

Because the government had prevented the Sikhs from entering Sri Harmandir Sahib, Bhai Mani Singh Ji was unable to pay the stipulated amount. On his inability to pay, the government arrested Bhai Mani Singh Ji and sent him to Lahore. Bhai Sahib Ji was asked to embrace Islam but he refused. Therefore, he was cut to pieces limb by limb in 1738 A.D. This martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji supplied the much.needed fillip to the Sikh struggle for independence. In the words of Khushwant Singh, “The killing of the pious and venerable head priest caused deep resentment among the Sikhs.”

9. Sikhs robbed Nadir Shah : The Sikhs were on the look out for a golden opportunity to avenge the martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji. They got this opportunity in 1739 A.D. at the time of Nadir Shah’s invasion on India. After ruthless looting in Delhi, he was going back to Iran via Punjab. When the Sikhs came to know of it, they suddenly attacked and made away with most of the booty. Nadir Shah made enquiries from Zakariya Khan about these Sikhs and warned him that the day is not distant, when the Sikhs would rule in Punjab.

10. Zakariya Khan’s actions against the Sikhs : Nadir Shah’s warning had made a deep impact on Zakariya Khan’s mind. So, he decided to annihilate the Sikhs. The Sikhs again began to be killed ruthlessly daily as before. Here is given a brief description of some prominent martyrs :

(a) Bhai Bota Singh Ji : Zakariya Khan killed many Sikhs. In haughtiness, he announced that he had annihilated all the Sikhs. In order to show the existence of the Sikhs, Bhai Bota Singh Ji had set up a toll-post at Sarai Nurdin and began to charge one anna as toll-tax per cart and one paisa per donkey-load. When Zakariya Khan learnt of it, he could not tolerate it. He sent some soldiers under Jalal Khan. Jalal Khan asked him to surrender, but the brave warrior refused to do so. He fought valiantly with the enemy and finally achieved martyrdom.

(b) Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji and Bhai Sukha Singh Ji: Chaudhary Massa Rangar of village Mandiala, District Amritsar had desecrated Sri Harmandir Sahib by his activities. Therefore, the blood of the Sikhs was boiling for revenge. They wanted to teach Massa Rangar a lesson. Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji and Bhai Sukha Singh Ji hatched a plan. They packed some bags with pieces of stone and covered them with some coins, and reached Sri Harmandir Sahib. When enquired by the soldiers, they told them that they had brought revenue which they wanted to present to Massa Rangar.

Seeing the bags full of coins, they were allowed to go in. At that time, Massa Rangar was busy in merry-making. He was immensely pleased to see the bags full of coins. The moment he bowed forward to receive the bags, Mehtab Singh beheaded him with his sword. Later on Bhai Mehtab Singh and Bhai Sukha Singh were arrested and martyred mercilessly in 1740. A. D.

(c) Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji : Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was the resident of Sialkot. One day a Muslim boy uttered some words, which were derogatory to the Hindu deities. Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji could not tolerate it. He said some offensive words about Prophet Mohammad and his. daughter Fatima. So, Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was arrested. In order to, save himself, he was asked to embrace Islam. Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji spurned this offer. As a result, Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was beheaded in 1742 A.D. The martyrdom of Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji inflammed the feelings of the Hindus and the Sikhs.

(d) Bhai Taru Singh Ji: Bhai Taru Singh Ji was the resident of village Puhla in the Majha region. He did farming and hepled the Sikhs with his incdme. In the eyes of the government, it was a blatant crime. He was brought to Lahore. Here Zakariya Khan offered him the usual choice of Islam or death. Bhai Sahib Ji refused to embrace Islam. Complying with the order of Zakariya Khan, the executioners removed his skull. When Bhai Sahib Ji’s skull was being removed, he was reciting Japji Sahib. This unique martyrdom in 1745 A.D. deeply stirred the Sikhs.

Zakariya Khan undoubtedly committed great cruelties on the Sikhs till his end. However, he failed to crush the power of the Sikhs. Zakariya Khan died on 1st July, 1745 A.D. In the words of Patwant Singh, “No one persecuted the Sikhs with greater zeal than Zakariya Khan.”

After the death of Zakariya Khan, Yahiya Khan became the Governor of Lahore in 1746 A.D. He remained on this post till 1747 A.D. In the matter of committing oppressions on the Sikhs, Yahiya Khan did not lag behind his father, Zakariya Khan.

1. Activities of the Sikhs : When Yahiya Khan assumed the charge, the atmosphere of anarchy was prevalent in the Punjab. Taking advantage of the opportunity, the Sikhs had organised their power. They attacked many villages and killed their Chaudharis and Muqaddams for co-operating with the government and taking actions against the Sikhs. The Sikh jathas intensified their activities in many regions of Punjab.

2. Death of Jaspat Rai: In 1746 A.D. a Sikh jatha which was proceeding on a pilgrimage to Gurdwara Rohri Sahib in Eminabad took away a few goats and sheep from the village Gondlawala. On the complaint of the people, Jaspat Rai, who was the Faujdar of Eminabad, ordered the Sikhs to return the goats and sheep . The Sikhs refused to do so. Consequently, Jaspat Rai with some of his soldiers attacked the Silkhs. In the course of action, Jaspat Rai was killed. With the death of Jaspat Rai his soldiers ran for their lives. This event happened in March 1746 A.D.

3. Actions of Lakhpat Rai against the Sikhs,; Diwan Lakhpat Rai’s blood began to boil on hearing the news of his brother Jaspat Rai’s death. He took a pledge that he would annihilate the Sikhs. Yahiya Khan was already thinking of crushing the power of the Sikhs. He ordered Diwan Lakhpat Rai to crush’the Sikhs. Lakhpat Rai imposed many restrictions on the Sikhs. Thereafter, no one could utter the word ‘Guru’. He told the people to use ‘Rori’ for ‘Gud’ because the word ‘Gud’ sounded like ‘Guru.’ Likewise, he ordered to use the word ‘Pothi’ for the ‘Granth’. Those who defied these orders were sentenced to death. Many Sikhs inhabiting Lahore were arrested and executed.

4. First Holocaust: With a view to decimate the Sikhs, Yahiya Khan and Lakhpat Rai raised a huge army. This army, unexpectedly, besieged 15,000 Sikhs at Kahnuwan. The Sikhs escaped from there and took shelter in the hills of Basoli. The Mughal soldiers gave them a hot chase. Here the Sikhs were trapped in a difficult situation. On one side there were high hills, while on the other the river .Ravi was in full spate. The Mughal soldiers were chasing them from behind while in front they were faced by the Hill Chiefs and, those people, who were their bitter enemies.

The Sikhs were short of food-stuffs. Owing to the shortage of fodder, the horses too were suffering from starvation. In this attack, 7000 Sikhs were killed and 3000 arrested. These Sikhs were butchered at Lahore. It was the first occasion in Sikh history, when the Sikhs suffered such a heavy loss of life. That is why this event is known as first Ghallughara or small holocaust in history. This holocaust took place in May 1746 A.D. Gurbaksh Singh aptly says, “This devastating blow to the Sikhs in 1746 made them more determined than ever to put an end to the genocide.”

5. Fall of Yahiya Khan: In November 1746 A.D., the younger brother of Yahiya Khan, Shah Nawaz Khan, raised the banner of revolt. It resulted in a civil war between the two brothers. This war continued till 1747 A.D. In this war, Shah Nawaz Khan ultimately succeeded and he threw Yahiya Khan and Diwan Lakhpat Rai into the prison on 17 March, 1747 A.D. In this way, their cruelties came to an end, but they could not put an end to the Sikhs.

Mir Mannu 1748-53 A.D.

Question 7.
Discuss the persecution of Sikhs under Mir Mannu. Explain the causes of his failure also.
Or
Describe Mir Mannu’s relations with the Sikhs. Why did he fail to achieve his objective?
Or
Who was Mir Mannu? What were the causes of his failure to crush the Sikhs?
Or
Describe the relations between Mir Mannu and the Sikhs.
Or
What were the main reasons of the failure of Mir Mannu against the Sikhs?
Or
Why did Mir Mannu fail to crush the Sikhs?
Or
Explain the causes of failure of Mir Mannu.
Answer:
Mir Mannu who was also known by the name of Muin-ul-Mulk, was the son of Mughal emperor Mohammad Shah Rangila’s Wazir Qamar-ud-Din. He was known for his bravery, strict discipline and wise diplomat. He remained the Governor of Punjab from 1748 to 1753 A.D. According to Harbans Singh, “Mir Mannu proved a worse foe of the Sikhs than his predecessors.”

1. Difficulties of Mir Mannu: When Mir Mannu became the Subedar of Punjab he had to face many uphill tasks. Owing to the struggle for power between Yahiya Khan and Shah Nawaz Khan anarchy had prevailed in Punjab. The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali further complicated the political situation of Punjab. Taking advantage of this situation, the Sikhs had intensified their activities of looting. Besides these, the state treasury was almost empty. Mir Mannu paid special attention to overcome these difficulties.

2. Action against tjie Sikhs: Mir Mannu first of all turned his attention towards the Sikhs. In order to crush the Sikhs, he. sent military troops to different regions of Punjab. He issued strict orders to Adina Beg* the Faujdar of Jalandhar Doab, to take severe action against the Sikhs. As a result, the Sikhs were arrested and martyred daily in Lahore. In June 1748 A.D. in a battle between Adina Beg and the Sikhs, 600 Sikhs were martyred. For their self-defence the Sikhs took shelter in their hideouts in hills and forests.

3. Siege of Ram Rauni Fort: The Sikhs had assembled at Amritsar orr the occasion of Diwali in October 1748. When Mir Mannu came to know about it, he decided to take action against the Sikhs. On hearing this news 500 Sikhs took shelter in the Ram Rauni fort and others fled to their hideouts. Mir Mannu besieged the Ram Rauni fort. This siege continued for four months. Under such trying times, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia came to the help of the Sikhs.

His arrival encouraged the morale of the besieged Sikhs. At that time Mir Mannu got the information that Ahmad Shah Abdali was about to attack Punjab. Therefore, Mir Mannu compromised with the Sikhs and lifted the siege. According to the compromise, Mir Mannu gave the estate of Patti to the Sikhs so that they might give up their activities of looting and live peacefully.

4. Second Invasion of Abdali: Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab for the second time in December 1748 A. D. In the absence of any help from Delhi, the defeat of Mir Mannu was certain. Acting wisely, Mir Mannu entered into a pact with Abdali. According to this pact, Mir Mannu agreed to give Abdali the revenue of four mahals (districts) that included Sialkot, Gujarat, Pasrur and Aurangabad.

5. Persecution of the Sikhs: The second invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali gave an excellent opportunity to the Sikhs to indulge in looting. Taking advantage of Mir Mannu’s absence from Lahore, the Sikhs under the leadership of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, ruthlessly looted Lahore. When Mir Mannu came to know about it, he flew into a rage. He took a pledge to annihilate the Sikhs completely. He confiscated the estate, which he had given to the Sikhs. Awards were announced for arresting and killing the Sikhs. Thus, the persecution of the Sikhs was started once again with full vigour.

6. Revolts of Nasir Khan and Shah Nawaz Khan: At the instigation of Wazir Safdarjang of Delhi, Nasir Khan, the Faujdar of four mahals revolted against Mir Mannu. He was defeated near Sialkot by Mir Mannu and succeeded in fleeing to Delhi. At the insistence of Safdarjang, Shah Nawaz Khan, the Governor of Multan also revolted. Shah Nawaz Khan instigated the Sikhs to create disturbance in the region around Lahore. Mir Mannu could not tolerate it. He sent Kaura Mai to crush the revolt of Shah Nawaz Khan. In this battle, Shah Nawaz Khan was defeated and killed.

7. Third Invasion-of Abdali: ‘Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab for the third time towards the end of 1751 A.D. A fierce battle was fought near Lahore between the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Mir Mannu on 6th March, 1752. A.D. In this battle Kaura Mai was killed and Mir Mannu was arrested. In this way, Ahmad Shah Abdali took possession of Punjab in 1752 A.D. and annexed it to his kingdom. Ahmad Shah Abdali appointed Mir Mannu as the Governor of Punjab and ordered him to take strict action against the Sikhs.

8. Renewal of Sikh Persecution : Mir-Mannu once again pledged to annihilate the Sikhs. Prices (awards) were fixed for the heads of the Sikhs. Severe punishments were awarded to those who gave shelter to the Sikhs. In March 1753 A.D. on the occasion of Hola Mohalla the Sikhs assembled at Makhowal (Anandpur Sahib), Adina Beg suddenly attacked them and killed many Sikhs. Mir Mannu sent his troops to different places of Punjab in order to quell the power of the Sikhs. When they could not lay hand on the Sikhs, these troops arrested large number of women and children and took them to Lahore.

The atrocities committed on these women and children defy description. Despite such fierce persecution, the number of the Sikhs continued to increase rather than showing the downward trend. The following couplet was in vogue :

“Mannu is our sickle,
We the fodder for him to mow,
The more he reaps the more we grow.”

9. Death of Mir Mannu : Mir Mannu’s actions against the Sikhs had reached their climax. On November 3,1753 A.D. when he received the information that some Sikhs had hidden themselves in a sugarcane farm, he immediately rode on a horse to teach sikhs a lesson. His horse frightened by the bullet shots of the Sikhs went berserk and overturned Mir Mannu, but one of his feet was trapped in the stirrup. The horse kept on dragging Mir Mannu leading to his death. Thus, nature avenged Mir Mannu’s cruelties. Famous historian, Dr. N.K. Sinha has rightly written, “Indirectly Mir Mannu was responsible for the growth of the power of the Sikhs.”

Causes of the Failure of Mir Mannu:

Question 8.
What were the main reasons for the failure of Mir Mannu against the the Sikhs?
Or
Why did Mir Mannu fail to crush the Sikhs?
Or
Explain the main reasons of the failure of Mir Mannu.
Answer:
During his rule of five years, Mir Mannu left no stone unturned to crush the growing power of the Sikhs. Despite all this, he failed in his objective. The following were the chief factors, which contributed to his failure :

1. Organisation of the Dal Khalsa: The main cause of Mir Mannu’s failure was the organisation of Dal Khalsa. There were 65 Jathas of the Sikhs before 1748 A.D. Now they had regrouped themselves into 12 Jathas to resist the cruelties of Mir Mannu. The Sikhs greatly respected Dal Khalsa and were always ready to make any sacrifice at its call. As a result, it became difficult for Mir Mannu to crush the power of the Sikhs.

2. Uncommon qualities of the Sikhs: Another factor responsible for the failure of Mir Mannu was the uncommon qualities of the Sikhs. They had firm determination, unlimited zeal, bravery and spirit of sacrifice for their Panth. They never lost heart despite big hurdles. Mir Mannu subjected Sikh women and children to numerous persecutions, but they remained firm like a rock. It was not an easy task to crush such a community.

3. Guerilla tactics of the Sikhs: The Sikhs’ Guerilla tactics contributed a great deal to defeat the purpose of Mir Mannu. The Sikhs adopted guerilla tactics because of their limited resources. According to this policy, whenever the Sikhs found an opportunity, they would attack the Mughal forces, plunder their regions and again take shelter in forests and hills. Since the Sikhs did not confront Mir Mannu in the open field, he failed to crush their power.

4. Cooperation of Diwan Kaura Mai to the Sikhs : Diwan – Kaura Mai was an adviser of Mir Mannu. He was a Sahijdhari Sikh. So, he was compassionate towards the Sikhs. On the other hand, Mir Mannu too had deep faith in him. He did not take any action against the Sikhs. Whenever Mir Mannu decided to take any strict action against the Sikhs, Kaura Mai persuaded him to adopt a soft attitude towards the Sikhs. It was because of Kaura Mai that Mir Mannu gave an estate to the Sikhs. Owing to this valuable co-operation, the Sikhs used to call him ‘Mitha Mai’. This co-operation of Kaura Mai proved helpful in the rise of the Sikh power.

5. Dual Policy of Adina Beg: Mir Mannu also failed to crush the Sikh power owing to the dual policy of Adina Beg. He was the Faujdar of Jalandhar.Doab and dreamt of becoming the Governor of Punjab after Mir Mannu. So, whenever Mir Mannu ordered him to take strict action against the Sikhs, he left the action incomplete. He had made a secret alliance with the Sikhs to create disturbance off and on. He knew it well that if he took strict action against the Sikhs, the atmosphere of unrest will continue. Then, his dream to become the Governor of Punjab would not come true.

6. Problems of Mir Mannu: During his rule, Mir Mannu was surrounded by several problems, because of which he could not pay his undivided attention to crush the power of the Sikhs. His greatest problem was the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali. For fear of these invasions, Mir Mannu had to postpone action against the Sikhs. Secondly, the Wazir of Delhi, Safdarjang, was jealous of Mir Mannu. So, he was always busy hatching conspiracies to remove Mir Mannu from his post. It was at his instigation that Nasir Khan and Shah Nawaz Khan raised the banner of revolt against Mir Mannu. Mir Mannu remained busy in crushing these revolts. Consequently, he failed to crush the power of the Sikhs.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a note on Abdus Samad Khan.
Or
Briefly explain the repressions done on the Sikhs by Abdus Samad Khan.
Answer:
Abdus Samad Khan remained the Governor of Lahore from 1713-1726 A.D. Abdus Samad Khan succeeded in 1715 A. D. in arresting Banda Singh Bahadur and some of his Sikh companions. With this opened a new chapter of perpetrating tyranny on the Sikhs. The Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar was pleased with the success of Abdus Samad Khan and honoured him with the title ‘Sword of the State’. However, Abdus Samad Khan failed to check the of the Sikhs power. As a result, he was .removed from his post in 1726 A. D.

Question 2.
What is meant by Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa? How were their differences resolved?
Or
How were the differences between Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa finished?
Or
What was the difference between Tat Khalsa and Bandai Khalsa? Who compromised them?
Or
What was the position of the Sikhs after the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur?
Answer:
After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Sikhs were divided into two Dals-Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa. The Sikhs who continued to follow the principles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji came to be known as Tat Khalsa while those who followed the principles of Banda Singh Bahadur came to be known as Bandai Khalsa. In 1721 A.D. Bhai Mani Singh Ji, Head priest of Sri Harmandir Sahib Ji, resolved the differences between them.

Question 3.
Describe the tyrannies inflicted on the Sikhs during the time of Zakariya Khan.
Or
How did Zakariya Khan try to deal with the Sikhs?
Or
Discuss the persecution of the Sikhs under Zakariya Khan.
Or
Describe briefly the persecution of Sikhs under Zakariya Khan.
Or
What measures were adopted by Zakariya Khan to crush the power of the Sikhs?
Or
What measures were adopted by Zakariya Khan to crush the power of Sikhs? How far did he succeed in his efforts?
Answer:
Zakariya Khan became the Governor of Punjab in 1726 A.D. He adopted a tough policy to deal with the Sikhs. He arrested the Sikhs in a large number and executed them. But when he did not succeed in crushing the Sikhs completely, he planned to placate them. After some time the Sikhs once again started their activities against the Mughals. So Zakaria Khan had to change his policy towars the Sikhs. He started massacre of the Sikhs once again.

Question 4.
Who was Tara Singh Van? What is the importance of his martyrdom in Sikh History?
Or
Write a short note on Tara Singh Van.
Answer:
Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van was very popular among the Sikhs for his bravery and services to the Sikh Panth. The Chaudhary of Naushera, Sahib Rai, used to let loose his horses into the farms of the Sikhs, to damage their crops. One day, Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van caught hold of a mare of Sahib Rai and sold it. He bought grain with that money and gave it in the ‘langar’. When Sahib Rai came to know about it he attacked the Sikhs to teach them a lesson. Bhai Tara Singh Van and his 22 companions became martyrs while fighting in Feb, 1726. It deeply moved the feelings of the Sikhs.

Question 5.
Who was Bhai Mani Singh Ji? What was the impact of his martyrdom?
Or
What were the causes of the martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji?
Or
What do you know about Bhai Mani Singh Ji and his martyrdom?
Or
Write a note on martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji.
Or
Write any three causes of the martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji.
Or
Who was Bhai Mani Singh Ji? What were the causes of his martyrdom?
Answer:
Bhai Mani Singh was the Head Priest of Sri Darbar Sahib, Anlritsar. Zakariya Khan imposed a ban on the Sikhs visiting Sri Darbar Sahib. Bhai Mani Singh Ji got a sanction from Zakariya Khan for the Sikhs to gather at Sri Darbar Sahib on the eve of Diwali by promising to give him Rs. 5000. But one day before Diwali, Zakariya Khan attacked Amritsar. Bhai Mani Singh Ji could not pay this amount. He was ruthlessly executed at Lahore in 1738 A.D. His martyrdom infused a new confidence among the Sikhs.

Question 6.
Who was Bhai Taru Singh Ji and what is the significance of his martyrdom in Sikh History?
Or
Write a short note on Bhai Taru Singh Ji.
Answer:
Bhai Taru Singh Ji belonged to. Puhla village in Majha region. His profession was agriculture and he used to help the Sikhs with his income. It was a great offence in the eyes of the government. So Bhai Taru Singh was arrested. He was asked to accept Islam but Bhai Taru Singh Ji refused to accept. On the orders of Zakaria Khan he was martyred on July 1, 1745. His unique martyrdom deeply stirred the Sikhs.

Question 7.
Who was Nadir Shah? When did he invade India? What was the effect of his invasion on the Punjab?
Or
Give a brief account of Nadir Shah’s invasion on Punjab and its impacts.
Answer:
Nadir Shah was the emperor of Iran. He invaded India in 1739 A.D. During this invasion his forces ravaged and ransacked many cities of India including Delhi. When he was passing through Punjab, the Sikhs suddenly pounced upon him and seized a large amount of booty. Nadir Shah was wonder struck. He warned Zakaria Khan that if he did not take stern steps immediately against the Sikhs, they would one day get hold of Punjab. As a.result, Zakariya Khan stepped up his tyranny over the Sikhs.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.
Or
When were Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal organised? What is their importance in Sikh History?
Or
What do you mean by ‘Buddha Dal’ and ‘Taruna Dal’?
Or
Write a short note on Taruna Dal.
Answer:
In 1734 A.D. Nawab Kapoor Singh formed two Jathas or Dais in order to strengthen the Sikh power. These two Jathas came to be known as Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal. The Sikhs above 40 were included in Buddha Dal and below 40 years were included in Taruna Dal. Taruna Dal was further divided into five groups. Buddha Dal looked after the religious places while Taruna Dal fought against the enemies of the Sikhs.

Question 9.
Who was Yahiya Khan? Give information about his rule.
Answer:
Yahiya Khan became the Governor of Punjab in 1746 A.D. and remained on this post upto 1747 A.D. He followed the policy of persecution of the Sikhs. In a battle with the Sikhs in 1746 A.D. Jaspat Rai, the brother of Diwan Lakhpat Rai of Lahore, was killed. In order to take revenge on the Sikhs, Lakhpat Rai perpetrated tyranny on the Sikhs. As a result, 7000 Sikhs were killed and 3000 were taken prisoners. This ghastly massacre is known as Chhota Ghallughara (Small Holocaust) in Sikh History. In 1747 A. D. Yahiya Khan was toppled.

Question 10.
What do you know about the First Holocaust of 1746 or the Chhota Ghallughara?
Or
What do you know about First Holocaust?
Or
Write a short note on Chhota Ghallughara?
Or
What do you know about the ‘Chhota Ghallughara’?
Answer:
Yahiya Khan and Lakhpat Rai had raised a vast army in order to wipe out the Sikhs. This army suddenly surrounded about 15000 Sikhs at Kahnuitwan. In this attack 7,000 Sikhs were killed and 3,0 00 were taken prisoness. The Sikhs suffered a heavy loss of life. That is why this event is known as First Holocaust or Chotta Ghallughara in Sikh History. It occurred in May, 1746 A.D. Despite this bloody holocaust, morale of the Sikhs remained high.

Question 11.
Who was Mir Mannu? What steps did he take against the Sikhs during his period of rule?
Or
Describe briefly the Sikh persecution under Mir Mannu.
Or
Study the persecution of the Sikhs by Mir Mannu.
Or
What do you know about the relations between Mir Mannu and the Sikhs?
Or
Write briefly the relations of Mir Mannu with the Sikhs.
Answer:
Mir Mannu remained the Governor of Punjab from 1748 A. D. to 1753 A. D. Everyday the Sikhs were arrested and brought to Lahore for execution. They were executed in thousands at Shahid Ganj. They were hard pressed. Consequently, they had to take shelter in forests and hills. When the soldiers of Mir Mannu could not get hold of the Sikhs, they started arresting Sikh women and children. The cruelty with which they were tortured cannot be explained in words. Despite his extreme cruelty, Mir Mannu could not crush the Sikh power till his end.

Question 12.
Why did Mir Mannu fail to crush the Sikh power?
Or
What were the causes of the failure of Mir Mannu against the Sikhs?
Or
Write any three causes of the failure of Mir Mannu against the Sikhs.
Answer:

• The Sikhs never lost heart despite heavy odds. They founded Dal. Khalsa in 1748 A.D. It organised the Sikh power in 12 Jathas. All the Sikhs respected the instructions of Dal Khalsa and were ready to sacrifice everything on its directive,
• The guerilla warfare of the Sikhs played a major role in the failure of Mir Mannu’s plans,
• Mir Mannu’s Diwan Kaura Mai was sympathetic towards the Sikhs.
• The dual policy of Adina Beg, the Faujdar of Jalandhar Doab also became the cause of the failure of Mir Mannu.
• Mir Mannu had to face several problems during his period of the rule so he could not crush the Sikh power.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give the name of one Mughal Governor who persecuted the Sikhs.
Or
Name anyone Mughal Governor of Punjab from 1716 A.D. to 1752 A.D.
Answer:
Abdus Samad Khan.

Question 2.
When was Abdus Samad Khan appointed the Governor of Lahore?
Answer:
1713 A.D.

Question 3.
Which was the most important success of Abdus Samad Khan?
Answer:
The defeat of Banda Singh Bahadur.

Question 4.
With which title Abdus Samad Khan was honoured by the Mughal emperor, Farrukh Siyar?
Answer:
The Sword of the State.

Question 5.
Name the two sects of the Sikhs after the death of Banda Singh Bahadur.
Answer:
Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa.

Question 6.
What was the difference between Banzai and Tat Khalsa?
Or
What do you understand by Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa?
Answer:
Tat Khalsa believed in the principles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji while Bandai Khalsa believed in the principles of Banda Singh Bahadur.

Question 7.
When were the differences between Tat Khalsa and Bandai Khalsa solved?
Answer:
In 1721 A.D.

Question 8.
Who abolished dispute between Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa?
Answer:
Bhai Mani Singh Ji.

Question 9.
Who were called Sahajdhari Sikhs?
Answer:
Sahajdhari Sikhs were those persons who believed in the principles of Khalsa but had not embraced it.

Question 10.
Who was Zakariya Khan?
Answer:
Governor of Lahore.

Question 11.
When did Zakariya Khan become the Subedar of Lahore?
Answer:
In 1726 A.D.

Question 12.
Name any one famous Sikh who was martyred during Zakariya Khan’s period as Governor.
Answer:
Bhai Mani Singh Ji.

Question 13.
When did Zakariya Khan make a treaty with the Sikhs?
Answer:
In 1733 A.D.

Question 14.
Name the Sikh leader who was given the title of Nawab according to the treaty of 1733 A.D.
Answer:
Sardar Kapoor Singh.

Question 15.
Name the two Dais of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.

Question 16.
When were Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal established?
Answer:
In 1734 A.D.

Question 17.
Where were Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal founded?
Answer:
Amritsar.

Question 18.
Who founded Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal?
Answer:
Nawab Kapoor Singh.

Question 19.
What is meant by Buddha Dal?
Answer:
Buddha Dal included the Sikhs above the age of 40.

Question 20.
What is meant by Taruna Dal?
Answer:
It included the young Sikhs.

Question 21.
During whose reign occur the incident of Haidri Flag?
Answer:
Zakaria Khan.

Question 22.
When was Bhai Tara Singh Ji Van martyred?
Answer:
1726 A.D.

Question 23.
Who was Bhai Mani Singh Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Mani Singh Ji was the Head Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.

Question 24.
When was Bhai Mani Singh Ji martyred?
Answer:
1738 A.D.

Question 25.
Who was Nadir Shah?
Answer:
The ruler of Iran.

Question 26.
When did Nadir Shah invade India?
Answer:
1739 A.D.

Question 27.
Who was Massa Ranghar?
Answer:
Chaudhary of Mandiala village in Amritsar district.

Question 28.
When was Haqiqat Rai executed?
Answer:
1742 A.D.

Question 29.
Why was Bal Haqiqat Rai executed?
Answer:
Because he had said some objectionable words for Bibi Fatima.

Question 30.
When did Zakariya Khan die?
Answer:
1745 A.D.

Question 31.
For how long Yahiya Khan remained the Governor of Punjab?
Answer:
1746 A.D. to 1747 A.D.

Question 32.
When did the First or Small Holocaust (Chhota Ghallughara) take place?
Or
When did First Ghallughara take place?
Answer:
1746 A.D.

Question 33.
Where did the Small Holocaust take place?
Answer:
Kahnuwan.

Question 34.
When did Mir Mannu become the Governor of Lahore?
Answer:
1748 A.D.

Question 35.
With what other name Muin-u-Mulk became popular?
Answer:
Mir Mannu.

Question 36.
Who was the last Mughal Governor of Punjab?
Or
Who was the first Afgan Governor of Punjab?
Answer:
Mir Mannu.

Question 37.
Who was Mir-Mannu?
Answer:
Son of Qamru-ud-din, the Wazir of Delhi.

Question 38.
Why did Mir Mannu oppress the Sikhs?
Answer:
Because of increasing influence of the Sikhs in Punjab.

Question 39.
Give any one reason for success of the Sikhs against the Mughals.
Answer:
Their policy of guerilla warfare.

Question 40.
Why did Mir Mannu fail in suppressing the power of the Sikhs?
Answer:
The guerilla warfare of the Sikhs.

Question 41.
When did Mir Mannu die?
Answer:
In 1753 A.D.

Question 42.
Who was Mughlani Begum?
Answer:
The Subedar of Punjab in 1753 A.D.

Question 43.
Who was the widow of Mir Manuu?
Answer:
Mughlani Begum.

Question 44.
When did Mughlani Begum become the Subedar of Punjab?
Answer:
In 1753 A.D.

Question 45.
Why did the Sikhs call Kaura Mai as Mitha Mai?
Answer:
For his sympathy towards the Sikhs.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Abdus Samad Khan was appointed the Governor of Lahore in ………………
Answer:
1713 A.D.

2. For the persecutation of Sikhs, Abdus Samad Khan was honoured with the title of ………………
Answer:
The Sword of the State

3. The names of the two sects of Sikhs after the death of Banda Singh Bahadur were ………….. and ……………
Answer:
Bandai Khalsa, Tat Khalsa

4. In 1721 A.D. the conflict between Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa came to an end with the efforts of …………….
Answer:
Bhai Mani Singh Ji

5. The Subedar of Punjab was …………….. before Zakariya Khan.
Answer:
Abdus Samad Khan

6. Zakariya Khan was appointed the Governor of Lahore in ………………
Answer:
1726 A.D.

7. Zakariya Khan compromised with the Sikhs in …………………
Answer:
1733 A.D.

8. Sardar ……………… was given the title of Nawab according to the treaty of 1733 A.D.
Answer:
Kapoor Singh)

9. Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal were organised in …………….
Answer:
1734 A.D.

10. Bhai Mani Singh Ji was martyred in ………………..
Answer:
1738 A.D.

11. Chaudhary ……………….. of Mandiala Village of Amritsar district broke the sanctity of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
Massa Ranghar

12. Chaudhary Massa Ranghar was the chaudhary of ……………… village.
Answer:
Mandiala

13. Nadir Shah invaded India in ………………..
Answer:
1739 A.D.

14. Nadir Shah was the emperor of ………………
Answer:
Iran

15. First or Chotta Ghallughara occurred in ………………
Answer:
1746 A D.

16. ……………….. was the Governor of Punjab when First Ghallughara occurred.
Answer:
Yahiya Khan

17. Mir Mannu was also known by the name of ………………
Answer:
Muin-ul-Mulk

18. Mir Mannu was elected Governor of Punjab in …………….
Answer:
1748 A.D.

19. Mir Mannu appointed …………………. as the Faujdar of Jalandhar Doab.
Answer:
Adina Beg

20. Mir Mannu died in ……………..
Answer:
1753 A.D.

True or False:

1. Abdus Samad Khan became the Subedar of Lahore in 1716 A.D.
Answer:
False

2. Mughal Emperor, Furrukh Siyar appointed Abdus Samad Khan as Subedar of Punjab.
Answer:
True

3. Abdus Samad Khan was called ‘Sword of the State.
Answer:
True

4. After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur the Sikhs of Punjab were divided into two sects Tat Khalsa and Bandai Khalsa.
Answer:
True

5. Bhai Mani Singh Ji made a compromise between two sects i.e. Tat Khalsa and Bandai Khalsa.
Answer:
True

6. In 1721 A.D. a compromise was made between Tat Khalsa and Bandai Khalsa.
Answer:
True

7. Zakariya Khan was appointed the Subedar of Lahore in 1720 A.D.
Answer:
False

8. Tara Singh Ji Van was martyred in 1726 A.D.
Answer:
True

9. An agreement was made between Zakariya Khan and the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

10. Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia founded Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.
Answer:
False

11. Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal were established in 1734 A.D.
Answer:
True

12. Nadir Shah invaded India in 1739 A.D.
Answer:
True

13. Zakariya Khan executed Bhai Mani Singh Ji in 1738 A.D.
Answer:
True

14. Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji was martyred in the time of Abdus Samad Khan.
Answer:
False

15. Bhai Taru Singh Ji was martyred in 1745 A.D.
Answer:
True

16. Zakariya Khan died in 1745 A.D.
Answer:
True

17. The Chotta Ghallughara happened in 1746.
Answer:
True

18. Mir Mannu became the Governor of Lahore in 1748 A.D.
Answer:
True

19. Ahmad Shah Abdali occupied Punjab in 1752 A.D.
Answer:
True

20. Mir Mannu died in 1754 A.D.
Answer:
False

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was the Governor of Lahore in 1716 A.D.?
(a) Abdus Samad Khan
(b) Ahmad Shah Abdali
(c) Mir Mannu
(d) Zakariya Khan
Answer:
(a) Abdus Samad Khan

2. With which title Abdus Samad Khan was honoured by Farrukh Siyar?
(a) Khan Bhadur
(b) The Sword of the State
(c) Nasir Khan
(d) Mittha Mai
Answer:
(b) The Sword of the State

3. When were the differences with .Tat Khalsa and Bandai Khalsa solved?
(a) In 1711 A.D.
(b) In 1716 A.D.
(c) In 1721 A.D.
(d) In 1726 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1721 A.D.

4. With whose efforts did the conflict between Bandai Khalsa and Tat Khalsa come to an end?
(a) Baba Deep Singh Ji
(b) Nawab Kapoor Singh
(c) Bhai Mani Singh Ji
(d) Bhai Taru Singh Ji.
Answer:
(c) Bhai Mani Singh Ji

5. When was Zakariya Khan appointed the Governor of Lahore?
(a) In 1716 A.D.
(b) In 1717 A.D.
(c) In 1726 A.D.
(d) In 1728 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1726 A.D.

6. In whose rule the incident of Haidri flag took place?
(a) Abdus Samad Khan
(b) Yahihya Khan
(c) Ahmad Shah Abdali
(d) Zakariya Khan.
Answer:
(d) Zakariya Khan.

7. When did compromise take place between Zakariya Khan and the Sikhs?
(a) In 1721 A.D.
(b) In 1724 AD.
(c) In 1733 A.D.
(d) In 1734 A.D. .
Answer:
(c) In 1733 A.D.

8. When were Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal organised?
(a) In 1730 A.D.
(b) In 1735 A.D.
(c) In 1734 A.D.
(d) In 1733 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1734 A.D.

9. By whom were Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal established?
(a) Nawab Kapoor Singh
(b) Bhai Mani Singh Ji
(c) Baba Deep Singh Ji
(d) Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji
Answer:
(a) Nawab Kapoor Singh

10. When was Bhai Mani Singh Ji martyred?
(a) In 1721 AD.
(b) In 1733 AJ).
(c) In 1734 A.D.
(d) In 1738 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1738 A.D.

11. When did Nadir Shah invade India?
(a) In 1736 A.D.
(b) In 1737 A.D.
(c) In 1738 A.D.
(d) In 1739 A-D.
Answer:
(d) In 1739 A-D.

12. Who was Massa Ranghar?
(a) Chaudhary of Mandiala
(b) Chaudhary of Vaan
(c) Faujdar of Jalandhar
(d) Faujdar of Sirhind
Answer:
(a) Chaudhary of Mandiala

13. When was Bal Haqiqat Rai martyred?
(a) In 1739 A.D.
(b) In 1740 A.D.
(c) In 1741 A.D.
(d) In 1742 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1742 A.D.

14. When did Zakariya Khan die?
(a) In 1742 A.D.
(b) In 1743 A.D.
(c) In 1744 A.D.
(d) In 1745 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1745 A.D.

15. Where did First Ghallughara take place?
(a) Kahnuwan
(b) Kup
(c) Sirhind
(d) Mandiala
Answer:
(a) Kahnuwan

16. When did First Ghallughara take place?
(a) In 1733 A.D.
(b) In 1734 A.D.
(c) In 1739 A.D.
(d) In 1746 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1746 A.D.

17. When did Mir Mannu become the Subedar of Punjab?
(a) In 1748 A.D.
(b) In 1749 A,D.
(c) In 1752 A.D.
(d) In 1753 A.D.
Answer:
(a) In 1748 A.D.

18. Who was Adina Begh?
(a) Advisor of Mir Mannu
(b) Diwan of Zakariya Khan
(c) Faujdar of Jalandhar Doab
(d) Chaudhary of Mandiala Village
Answer:
(c) Faujdar of Jalandhar Doab

19. When did Mir Mannu die?
(a) In 1750 A.D.
(b) In 1751 A.D.
(c) In 1752 A.D.
(d) In 1753 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1753 A.D.

20. Why did Mir Mannu fail against the Sikhs?
(a) Dual policy of Adina Beg
(b) Guerilla warfare of the Sikhs
(c) Cruelity of Mir Mannu
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

21. When did Mughlani Begum become the Subedar of Punjab?
(a) In 1751 A.D.
(b) In 1752 A.D.
(c) In 1753 A.D.
(d) In 1754 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1753 A.D.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 19 Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan and his N.W.F. Policy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 19 Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan and his N.W.F. Policy

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Attock? What was its significance?
Or
Give a brief account of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Attock and the battle of Hazro.
Answer:
The fort of Attock was geographically very significant. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time Jahandad Khan, the Afghan Governor, was ruling over Attock. He was under the Kabul government only in name, otherwise, he was ruling independently. In 1813 A.D. when the Wazir of Kabul, Fateh Khan attacked Kashmir and defeated his brother Ata Mohammad Khan, he was alarmed. He was confident that Fateh Khan’s next target would be Attock.

Therefore, he started negotiations with Ranjit Singh. In exchange of a big Jagir yielding an annual revenue of Rs. 1 lakh he agreed to surrender the fort of Attock to Ranjit Singh. When Fateh Khan came to know about it, he flew into a rage.

In order to bring the fort of Attock under his control, he with his army proceeded towards Attock. On 13th July, 1813 A.D., at a place called Hazro or HaiXdru a fierce battle was fought between the armies of Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan. In this battle Ranjit Singh gave a crushing defeat to Fateh Khan. It was the first battle fought between the Afghans and the Sikhs. This victory not only strengthened Ranjit Singh’s hold on Attock but also spread his fame far and wide.

Question 2.
Write about the battle of Hazro or Haidro or Chuch.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh had got the fort of Attock from Governor Jahandad Khan in exchange for Jagir of one lakh rupees, in March 1813 A.D. This fort was very important from the geographical point of view. When Fateh Khan came to know about it, he flew into rage. He started from Kashmir to Attock with heavy military force. He declared Jihad (religious war) against the Sikhs. A force for help from Kabul was also sent for Fateh Khan. On the other hand Maharaja Ranjit Singh also sent a vast army for the defence of the fort of Attock under General Hari Singh Nalwa, S. Jodh Singh Ramgarhia and Diwan Mohkam Chand.

A bloody battle between the two forces took place at Hazro, Haidro or Chuch. On July 13, 1813 A.D. the forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave Fateh Khan’s army a crushing defeat. It not only confirmed the control of Maharaja Ranjit Singh over the fort of Attock but also his fame spread far and wide.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on Shah Shuja.
Or
Give a brief account of Shah Shuja’s relations with Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Shah Shuja was the emperor of Afghanistan. He ruled from 1803 to 1809 A.D. He proved a very incompetent ruler. In 1809 A.D. he left the throne and fled away. He was arrested by Ata Mohammad Khan, the Afghan Governor of Kashmir. In the first expedition of Kashmir in 1813 A.D. the forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh got him released and brought him to Lahore. In exchange for it, Maharaja Ranjit Singh got the world famous diamond Koh-i-noor from his wife Wafa Begum.

In 1833 A.D. Shah Shuja made an agreement with Maharaja Ranjit Singh in order to regain his lost throne, but he did not succeed in his efforts. On June 26, 1838″ A.D. a Tripartite Treaty was signed among the English, Shah Shuja and Maharaja Ranjit Singh. According to this treaty, efforts were made to make Shah Shuja the emperor of Afghanistan. As a result of the efforts of the English, Shah Shuja became the emperor of Afghanistan in 1839 A.D. but soon he was. killed in a rebellion against him.

Question 4.
Write a short note on the relations between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Dost Mohammad Khan.
Answer:
Dost Mohammad Khan became the ruler of Afghanistan in 1826 A.D. Dost Mohammad Khan could never accept the fast growing influence of Maharaja Ranjit S Singh. A gulf had been created between them on the issue of Peshawar. A tussle started between Shah Shuja the ex-ruler of Afghanistan and Dost Mohammad Khan over the throne. Taking advantage of the situation, Maharaja Ranjit Singh took control of Peshawar very easily on May 6, 1834 A.D. After defeating Shah Shuja, Dost Mohammad Khan tried again to bring Peshawar under his control but he did not succeed.

In 1837 A.D. Dost Mohammad Khan sent a vast army to Peshawar under his son Akbar Khan. In the bloody battle of Jamraud, although General Hari Singh Nalwa was killed, but he ensured victory for the Sikhs. After this, Dost Mohammad Khan never turned his face towards Peshawar.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on Syed Ahmad.
Or
Write a note on the Zihad (Religious War) of Syed Ahmad.
Answer:
During 1827 to 1831 A.D. a fanatic named Syed Ahmad continued a rebellion against the Sikhs in the Attock and Peshawar regions. He hailed from Bareilly. He used to say, “Allah has sent me to conquer the Punjab and India and to expel the Sikhs from Afghan states and to finish them.” Taken in by his utterances, many Afghan sardars became his followers. In a very short period, he collected a vast army. It was a challenge to the authority of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

He was defeated by the Sikh forces first at Saidu and then at Peshawar but luckily on both occasions he succeeded in saving himself. In spite of his defeats, he continued his struggle against the Sikhs. At last, Syed Ahmad was killed at Balakot, fighting against Prince Sher Singh in 1831 A.D. Thus, a great headache of the Sikhs came to an end.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the Battle of Jamraud.
Answer:
Dost Mohammad Khan did not sit quietly on reaching Kabul. He wanted to avenge the insult suffered by him at the hands of the Sikhs. On the other side, the Sikhs were also busy in consolidating their position in Peshawar. In order to, prevent the Afghans from invading Peshawar, General Hari Singh Nalwa got a strong fort constructed at Jamraud. Dost Mohammad Khan could not tolerate the growing power of the Sikhs in Peshawar. So, he sent twenty thousand soldiers under the command of Mohammad Akbar and Shamsudin to invade Jamraud.

This army attacked Jamraud on 28th April, 1837 A&D. Sardar Mahan Singh with his 600 soldiers bravely resisted the Afghans for two days. At that time, General Hari Singh Nalwa was lying seriously ill at Peshawar. When he heard the news of Afghan attack, roaring like a lion, he reached Jamraud with his 10,000 soldiers. He trounced the Afghan forces. Being hit by a shell, General Hari Singh Nalwa died a martyr’s death on 30th April, 1837 A.D.

In order to, avenge his martyrdom, the Sikh army made so powerful attack on the Afghans that they fled to Kabul like jackals. Thus, the Sikhs emerged victorious in this decisive battle of Jamraud. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh heard the news of the death of his great general, Hari Si»gh Nalwa, tears kept flowing down his eyes for days together. After the battle of Jamraud, Dost Mohammad Khan never dared to attack Peshawar again. He felt assured that it was not possible to recover Peshawar from the Sikhs.

Question 7.
Write a short note on Akali Phula Singh.
Or
Who was Akali Phula Singh? Write a note on his military achievements.
Answer:
Akali Phula Singh was a pillar of the Sikh empire. He greatly contributed towards strengthening the foundations and expansion of Sikh empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh respected him very much due to his exemplary bravery, fearlessness, love for Sikhism and high moral character. Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded in taking control of Kasur due to the bravery of Akali Phula Singh in 1807 A.D. In the same year, Akali Phula Singh brought Jhang also under his control. It was due to him that in 1816 A.D., the revolts by Muslim rulers against the Sikh rule in Multan, Bhakhar and Bahawalpur could be crushed. His contribution in the conquest of Multan in 1818 A.D., was also significant.

In the same year, Maharaja Ranjit Singh got his services during the Peshawar expedition. During the conquest of Kashmir in 1819 A.D. also, he was with Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Akali Phula Singh was killed in a battle against the Afghans at Naushehra on March 14, 1823 A.D. Undoubtedly Akali Phula Singh was a great saviour of the Sikh empire.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on Hari Singh Nalwa.
Or
Who was Hari Singh Nalwa? What do you know about him? Give a brief account.
Answer:
Hari Singh Nalwa was the greatest and most fearless general of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He was matchless in the art of horse riding, swordsmanship and shooting. Besides being a great warrior, he was also a great administrator. Impressed by his bravery Maharaja Ranjit Singh had enlisted him in the army. Very soon he attained the high post of general. Once he had killed a lion with his hands, at which he was awarded the title of Nalwa by the Maharaja. He was so brave that the enemy trembled before him. He took part in most of the hazardous expeditions of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and achieved success in them. He remained the Nazim (governor) of Kashmir in 1820-21 A.D. and became Nazim of Peshawar in 1834 A.D. and remained on this post till 1837 A.D.

While working on-these posts, he not only created law and order in these regions but also initiated many reforms. He was killed on April 30, 1837 A.D. fighting against the Afghans at Jamraud. His death was a great blow to Maharaja Ranjit Singh and he kept weeping for many days. Undoubtedly, Hari Singh Nalwa had contributed greatly in consolidating and expanding the empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 9.
Explain the features of North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Write down the main five features of the North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe the five features of North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh had conquered and annexed Attock, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Ismail Khan and Peshawar etc. of north-west frontier region to his empire. Acting wisely, he did not try to occupy Afghanistan at all. He was already facing many problems in north-west frontier states, so he did not want to invite a new headache for himself. Maharaja Ranjit Singh took many steps to make north-west frontiers safe. He got many new forts constructed at strategic points and repaired old ones. A well-trained army was kept in these forts.

Mobile military squads were formed to crush the rebels. Maharaja Ranjit Singh showed an excellent grasp of the realities of the situation in running the administration of this region. He allowed the conventions and customs of this region to continue and did not interfere with the matters of tribal people unnecessarily. Army generals were appointed as the governors to run the administration. This step was taken keeping in view the temperament of the local tribes.

Question 10.
What is the significance of North-West Frontier Policy of Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
The North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupies a special place in the history of Punjab. It speaks volumes about his far-sightedness, diplomacy and administrative ability. By bringing Multan, Kashmir, Peshawar etc. under his control, Ranjit Singh was able to put an end to the Afghan influence in this region. As a result Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded in making his empire safe from Afghan invasions.

It was a great political achievement of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Because of his successful policy Ranjit Singh brought the various tribal people under his control. Moreover, he was able to establish law and order in this region. The revolts were crushed with iron hands. Means of transport were developed. Special steps were taken to encourage agriculture. Land revenue was reduced to a considerable extent. Trade was also given a new boost. Consequently, the people of North-West Frontier region became prosperous and happy.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
Briefly describe Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s relations with the Afghans.
Or
Give a brief account of the main stages of relations of Maharaja Ranjit Singh with Afghanistan.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan can be divided into the following four stages:

• First stage of Sikh-Afghan relations 1797-1812 A.D.
• Second stage of Sikh-Afghan relations 1813-1834 A.D.
• Third stage of Sikh-Afghan relations 1834-1837 A.D.
• Fourth stage of Sikh-Afghan relations 1838-1839 A.D.
• First Stage of Sikh-Afghan Relations 1797-1812 A.D.

1. Ranjit Singh and Shah Zaman : The relations between Ranjit Singh and the Afghans started at the time, when in 1797 A.D. Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakia Misl. At that time, Shah Zaman was the king of Afghani¬stan. He considered Punjab as his personal heritage, because his grandfather Ahmad Shah Abdali had occupied it in 1752 A.D. Shah Zaman had invaded Punjab thrice by 1797 A.D., before Ranjit Singh ascended the throne. During his fourth invasion, Shah Zaman besieged Lahore on 27th November, 1798. At that time, Lahore was ruled over by the three Bhangi Misl Sardars (Chet Singh, Sahib Singh and Mohar Singh). They fled from the city without giving any resistance to Shah Zaman.

Shah Zaman had to go back to Kabul to crush the revolt. The Bhangi Sardars once again took possession of Lahore in January, 1799 A.D. Ranjit Singh defeated the Bhangi Sardars and occupied Lahore on 7th July, 1799 A.D.. After¬wards, with a view to improrve his relations with Shah Zaman, Ranjit Singh sent to Kabul his 12 to 15 guns, which had fallen in the river Jhelum. Shah Zaman felt pleased with Ranjit Singh and acknowledged his control over Lahore.

2. Political Instability in Afghanistan: In 1800 A.D., a war of succession for the royal throne started in Kabul. Shah Zaman was dethroned and Shah Mehmud became the new king of Afghanistan. He ruled only for three years (1800-03 A.D.). In 1803 A.D. Shah Shuja forcibly took possession of the throne from Shah Mehmud. He ruled till 1809 A.D. He proved to be an unworthy king. It led to chaos in Af¬ghanistan.

On finding this golden opportunity, the Afghan Governors of Attock, Kashmir, Multan and Derajat declared their independence. Maharaja Ranjit Singh also took advantage of the weakness of the Kabul government and took possession of the Afghap areas like Kasur, Jhang, Khushal and Sahiwai. In 1809 A.D. Shah Shuja was dethroned and Shah Mehmud again became the new king of Afghani-stan.

Since Fateh Khan had rendered every possible help to Shah Mehmud in getting the royal throne, so he appointed him his Prime Minister. By 1812 A.D. Fateh Khan had greatly consolidated his position in Afghanistan- In 1812 A.D. the ruler of Attock, Jahandad Khan had imprisoned Shah Shuja and sent him to Kashmir. The ruler of Kashmir Ata Mohammad Khan had thrown him into the prison.

(B) Second Stage of Sikh-Afghan Relations 1813-1834 A.D.

came to know of it, he lost his temper. He himself proceeded with a huge army to drive out the Sikhs from Attock. On July 13,1813 A.D. a fierce battle was fought at a place called Hazro or Haidru, in which Maharaja Ranjit Singh inflicted a crushing defeat on Fateh Khan. This victory gave a severe blow to the power of the Afghans and enhanced the prestige of the Sikhs.

5. Conquest of Kashmir 1819 A.D.: Encouraged by the victory of Multan in 1818 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh made a plan in 1819 A.D. to conquer Kashmir. A large army under the command of Misar Diwan Chand, was sent to Kashmir. The army succeeded in defeating the Kashmir ruler, JaJbbar Khan and capturing Kash¬mir. This significant victory greatly enhanced the prestige of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. It dealt a severe blow to the Afghan power.

6. Battle of Naushera 1823 A.D.: Azim Khan made Ayub Khan the new king of Afghanistan and himself became the Wazir. Taking advantage of the disturbed situation in Afghanistan, Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Peshawar in 1818 A.D. Yar Mohammad Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan, who ran the Government of Peshawar jointly accepted the suzerainty of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Azim Khan could not tolerate it.

As a result on 14th March 1823 A.D., a decisive battle was fought between the two forces at Naushera or Tibba Tehri. In this battle, the Sikhs inflicted such a crushing defeat on the Afghans, that they fled from the battlefield. According to Dr. B.J. Hasrat, “The Sikh victory at Naushera sounded the deathknell of Afghan supremacy beyond the?iver Indus.”

7. Revolt of Sayyed Ahmad 1827-31 A.D. : During the period 1827 A.D. to 1831 A.D., a man named Sayyed Ahmad had created disturbance against the Sikhs in Attock and Peshawar. He declared that God has sent him to conquer Punjab and India, and to drive out the Sikhs from the Afghan territories. Taken in by his utterances, many Afghan Sardars became his disciples. In no time, he was able to organise a big army.

It was a challenge to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s power. The Sikh forces defeated him first at Saidu and then at Peshawar, but fortunately he escaped both the times. Despite these defeats, he continued his struggle against the Sikhs. At last in 1831 A.D., he died at Balakot while fighting against. Prince Sher Singh. In this way a big nuisance for the Sikhs was over.

8. Treaty with Shah Shuja 1833 A.D.: On 12th March, 1833 AJD., a treaty was signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja. According to the treaty, Shah Shuja accepted Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s suzerainty on all the areas conquered in the North-West of river Indus. In return Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave help him help to fight against Dost Mohammad Khan.

9. Annexation of Peshawar to the Lahore Kingdom 1834 A.D. : In 1834 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh decided to annex Peshawar to the Lahore Raj. With this objective, he sent to Peshawar a large army under the command of prince Naunihal Singh, Hari Singh Nalwa and General Ventura. When, Sultan Mohammad heard the news of attack by the Sikhs, he fled to Kabul without putting up any resistance. Thus, on 6th May, 1834 A.D., Peshawar was annexed to the Lahore Kingdom. In order to run the administration of Peshawar, Hari Singh Nalwa was appointed the first Governor.

(C) Third Stage of Sikh-Afghan Relations 1834,1837 A.D.

The annexation of Peshawar to the Lahore Kingdom in 1834 A.D., ushered in a new era in the Sikh-Afghan relations. During this period, the Afghans tried to recapture Peshawar, but the Sikh forces frustrated all their efforts.

10. Efforts to recapture Peshawar by Dost Mohammad Khan 1835 A.D.: In 1834 A.D., when Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexed Peshawar to his empire, Dost Mohammad Khan lost this temper. He could not tolerate the rule of the Sikhs over an important territory like Peshawar. But, at that time, he was involved in a civil war with Shah Shuja. After defeating Shah Shuja, he asked Ranjit Singh either to hand over Peshawar to him or be ready to fight with him.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh chose the second option. In order to consolidate his position, Dost Mohammad Khan raised the slogan of Jihad (religious war). As a result, Afghan tribes in large numbers gathered under his banner. He won over to his side, his brother, Sultan Mohammad, who was the governor of Peshawar.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not fully prepared for the battle, so he sent Faqir Aziz-ud-Din and Harlan to hold talks. Another objective of this mission was to create a wedge between Dost Mohammad Khan and Sultan Mohammad Khan. This mission succeeded in achiev¬ing both the objectives. Near Peshawar, when both the forces came face to face, Sultan Mohammad with his soldiers went over to the side of the Sikhs.

On seeing this, Dost Mohammad Khan retreated to Kabul with his soldiers without putting up any resistance on 11th May, 1835 A.D. In this’tvay, Maharaja Ranjit Singh won a significant victory without shedding a drop of blood.

11. Battle of Jamraud 1837 A.D.: Dost Mohammad Khan wanted to avenge his humiliation suffered at the hands of the Sikhs. On the other hand, the Sikhs also wanted to consolidate their position in Peshawar. In <?rder to counter the Af¬ghan invasions, Hari Singh Nalwa got a strong fort constructed at Jamraud. In order to check this operation of Hari Singh Nalwa, Dost Mohammad Khan sent a huge army of 20,000 soldiers under the command of his son Mohammad Akbar and Shamsudin.

This army attacked the fort of Jamraud on 28th April, 1837 A.D. Hari Singh Nalwa was then lying seriously ill at Peshawar. When he heard the news of Afghan attack, he with his 10,000 soldiers attacked the Afghans at Jamraud with a view to teach them a lesson. Although Hari Singh Nalwa was killed in this battle, the Sikhs caused such a havoc among the Afghans that they never turned their face towards Peshawar thereafter.

(D) Fourth Stage of Sikh-Afghan Relations 1838-39 A.D.

Britishers wanted to establish Mendly relations with the Afghanistan ruler. Dost Mohammad Khan. With this end in view, they sent Captain Alexander Burns to Afghanistan. But the talks could not mature. Then the British made a plan to make the ex-ruler of Afghanistan, Shah Shuja, the new ruler of Afghanistan. The British forced Ranjit Singh, also to become a party to the treaty. In this way, a tripartite treaty between the British, Shah Shuja and Maharaja Ranjit Singh was signed on 26th June 1838 A.D.

The prominent terms of the tripartite treaty were :

• Shah Shuja would be made the king of Afghanistan with the co-operation of the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
• Shah Shuja would accept Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s suzerainty over the Afghan territories conquered by him.
• Shah Shuja promised to abide by all those decisions concerning Sind taken by the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
• Shah Shuja would have no contact with any world power without the permission of the British and the Sikhs,
• The enemy of one power would be

Question 2.
Describe the chief characteristics of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s North-West Frontier Policy. Was the Maharaja successful in this policy?
Or
Discuss the North-West Frontier Policy of Ranjit Singh.
Or
Explain the North-West Frantier Policy of Maharaja Single.
Or
Which problems had Maharaja Ranjit Singh to face in the North-West Frontier territories? What steps did the Maharaja take to solve these problems?
Or
Examine the main features of the North-West Frontier Policy of Ranjit Singh. What was its significance?
Answer:
The North-West Frontier has always formed a vital problem for the rulers ‘ of Punjab, as well as, of India. The reason was that the foreign invaders coming through this route caused much havoc in Punjab and India. Besides, this territory was inhabited by very savage tribes. Their chief occupation was to carry on loot and arson. They were indisciplined by nature. They were staunch fanatics and remained ever ready to die in the name of religion. It was not an easy task to . encounter them. Maharaja Ranjit*Singh was the first ruler, who paid his attention to solve this tangle.

Main Features of North-West frontier Policy

The main features of North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were as given below:

1. Conquests of North-Western Territories : There were two stages of the conquests of North-Western territories by Ranjit Singh. After conquering Attock, Multan and Kashmir, he had annexed them to his kingdom. After these conquests, Maharaja Ranjit Singh paid attention to the territories beyond Indus river. He conquered Peshawar in 1818 A.D., Bhawalpur in 1820 A.D. and Dera Ismail Khan and Mankera in 1821 A.D. Acting wisely, Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not annex these areas to his kingdom.

He left them under the-care of the Muslims in return for the annual revenue (khiraj) from these areas. By 1827 A.D. to 1831 A.D. Maha raja Ranjit Singh’s power had greatly increased, he decided to annex these areas to his kingdom. Consequently, Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexed to his kingdom, Dera Gazi Khan in 1831 A.D., Tonk in 1832 A.D., Bannu in 1833 A.D., Peshawar in 1834 A.D. and Dera Ismail Khan in 1836 A.D.

2. Decision of not conquering Afghanistan: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a wise statesman. So he never tried to conquer Afghanistan. He was already facing many hardships in the North-West frontier areas. Under such a situation, he did not want to invite any more trouble by conquering Afghanistan. Perhaps on one occasion only did he think seriously of attacking Afghanistan. This idea occurred to him in 1837 A.D. to avenge the death of his great General Hari Singh Nalwa who was killed in the battle of Jamraud. Soon his anger cooled down and he gave up the idea of attacking Afghanistan. It is true that Maharaja Ranjit Singh joined the Tripartite Treaty in June 1838 A.D., but he did not want to attack Afghani¬stan. He joined this treaty so that the British might not harm his interests.

3. Efforts to crush the Tribes: Many Afghan tribes lived in the North-West¬ern Frontier areas which were under the control of Ranjit Singh. Of these tribes Yussufazai, Mohammadzai, Daudzai, Afridi and Khattak were the most savage. During the period 1827 and 1831 A.D. Sayyed Ahmad instigated the tribes of these territories against the Sikhs. Ranjit Singh sent many military campaigns to crush these tribes.

In 1831 A.D. Sayyed Ahmad was killed along with his 500 companions, while fighting against Prince Sher Singh at Balakot. In spite of this, these tribes continued to create disturbances against the Sikhs. In 1834 A.D. when Peshawar was annexed to the Sikh empire, Hari Singh Nalwa was appointed as Governor there. Hari Singh Nalwa followed a very strong policy to crush these tribes.

4. Measures for the defence of the North-West Frontier: Maharaja Ranjit Singh took many steps for the defence of the North-West Frontiers. He got con¬structed new forts like the fort of Attock, Khairabad, Jahangira, Jamraud and Fatehgarh at places of strategical importance. In addition, old forts were repaired. Trained soldiers were deployed in these forts. These soldiers were always ready to crush the rebels. Besides, mobile squads were also raised. These squads had cre¬ated such a panic in the hearts of these tribes that they would seldom raise their heads.

5. Administration of North-West Frontier Territories : In order to keep the tribes of North-West Frontier territories under control, Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed military Governors. He did not bring about any revolutionary change in the administration of these territories. Old laws, customs and traditions were not interfered with. Every Khan enjoyed a good status in this area, as enjoyed by him previously. He would collect taxes from the people belonging to his tribe.

He settled their disputes and punished them according to the prevalent customs. With a view to encourage agriculture, canals and wells were dug up in the area. The rate of revenue was greatly reduced. By virtue of these efforts, Maharaja Ranjit Singh tried to win the confidence of the people living there. On the other hand, the trouble¬shooters were severely dealt with.

Importance of N.W.E Policy

The N.W.F. Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded to a-considerable ex¬tent. Undoubtedly it was one of his greatest achievements. By conquering Multan, Kashmir and Peshawar etc. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had ended the Afghan influ¬ence. He succeeded in establishing peace by crushing the turbulent tribes living in North-Western Frontiers. He took special steps to encourage agriculture. It led to the economic prosperity of the people living there. Dr. G.S. Nayyar aptly says, “It was the first time after Anangpal that the series of invasions from the North-West were checked and the tribesmen ruled.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Attock? What was its significance?
Or
Give a brief account of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Attock and the battle of Hazro.
Answer:
In exchange of a big Jagir yielding an annual revenue of Rs. 1 lakh Jahandad Khan agreed to surrender the fort of Attock to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. When Fateh Khan came to know about it, he flew into a rage. In order to bring the fort of Attock under his control, he proceeded towards Attock with his army. On I3th July, 1813 A.D., at a place called Hazro or Haidru, a fierce battle was fought between the armies of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan. In this battle Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave a crushing defeat to Fateh Khan. It boosted the morale of the Sikh army.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on Shah Shuja.
Or
Give a brief account of Shah Shuja’s relations with Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
He ruled Afghanistan from 1803 to 1809 A.D. In 1809 A.D. he left the throne and fled away. He was arrested by Ata Mohammad Khan, the Afghan Governor of Kashmir. In the first expedition of Kashmir in 1813 A.D. the forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh got him released and brought him to Lahore. On June 26, 1838 A.D. a Tripartite Treaty was signed between the English, Shah Shuja and Maharaja Ranjit Singh. According to this treaty, efforts were made to make Shah Shuja the emperor of Afghanistan but it remained unsuccessful.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the relations between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Dost Mohammad Khan.
Answer:
Dost Mohammad Khan became the ruler of Afghanistan in 1826 A.D. Dost Mohammad Khan could never accept the fast growing influence of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Maharaja Ranjit Singh took control of Peshawar very easily on May 6, 1834 A.D; In 1837 A.-D. Dost Mohammad Khan sent a vast army to Peshawar under his son Akbar Khan. In the bloody battle of Jamraud, although S. Hari Singh Nalwa was killed, yet the Sikhs, ultimately came out victorious. After this, Dost Mohammad Khan never turned his face towards Peshawar.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on Sayyed Ahmad.
Or
Write a note on the Jihad (Religious War) of Sayyed Ahmad.
Answer:
During 1827 to 1831 A.D. a fanatic named Sayyed Ahmad continued a rebellion against the Sikhs in the Attock and Peshawar regions. He hailed from Bareilly. He used to say, “Allah has sent me to conquer the Punjab and India and to expel the Sikhs from Afghan states and to finish them.” Taken in by his utterances, many Afghan sardars became his followers. He was killed at Balakot, fighting against Prince Sher Singh in 1831 A.D. .

Question 5.
Write a short note on Akali Phula Singh.
Or
Who was Akali Phula Singh? Write a note on his military achievements.
Answer:
Akali Phula Singh was a pillar of the Sikh empire. He greatly contributed . towards strengthening the foundations and expansion of Sikh empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded in taking control of Kasur due to the bravery of Akali Phula Singh in 1807 A.D. His contribution in the conquest of Multan in 1818 A.D., was also significant. During the conquest of Kashmir in 1819 AD. also, he was with Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Akali Phula Singh was killed in a battle against the Afghans at Naushehra on March 14, 1823 A.D.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the battle of Jamraud.
Answer:
General Hari Singh Nalwa had got a strong fort built at Jamraud with the objective of consolidating his position in Peshawar. Dost Mohammad Khan could never tolerate it. So he sent a vast army to Jamraud under the command of his son Akbar Khan. His forces surrounded the fort of Jamraud on April 28, 1837 A.D. Hari Singh Nalwa attacked the Afghans but he was killed. Inspite of that the Sikhs gave a crushing defeat to the Afghans on April 30,1837 A.D. After this the Afghans never dared to conquer Peshawar.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on Hari Singh Nalwa.
Or
What do you know about Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa?
Or
Write a note on S&rdar Hari Singh Nalwa.
Answer:
Hari Singh Nalwa was the greatest and most fearless General of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He took part in most of the hazardous expeditions of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and achieved success in them. He remained the Nazim (Governor) of Kashmir in 1820-21 A.D. and Nazim of Peshawar from 1834 A.D. to 1837 A.D. While working on these posts, he not only created law and order in these regions but also initiated many reforms. He was killed on April 30, 1837 AD. fighting against the Afghans at Jamraud.

Question 8.
Describe the main features of North-West Frontier policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Write down the main features of the North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer: (a) Maharaja Ranjit Singh took many steps. To make north-west frontiers safe. He got many new forts constructed at strategic points and repaired old ones.
(b) Mobile military squads were formed to crush the rebels. (Hi) He allowed the conventions and customs of this region to continue (d) He did not interfere with the matters of tribal people unnecessarily, (v) Army Generals were appointed as the Governors to run the administration.

Question 9.
What is the significance of North-West Frontier Policy of naraja Ranjit Singh?
Or
Write down the three main features of the North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
The North-West Frontier policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh speaks volumes for his far-sightedness, diplomacy and administrative ability. By bringing Multan, Kashmir, Peshawar etc. under his control, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was able to put an end to the Afghan influence in this region. As a result Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded in making his empire safe from Afghan invasions. He was able to establish law and order in this region. Means of transport were developed. Special steps were taken to encourage agriculture. Trade was also given a new boost.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Name any one ruler of Afghanistan during the rule of Maharaja RanjitSingh.
Answer:
Shah Shuja.

Question 2.
Name any two Barkzai Brothers.
Answer:
Dost Mohammad Khan and Yar Mohammad Khan.

Question 3.
Who was Shah Zaman?
Or
What was Shah Shuja?
Answer:
He was the ruler of Afghanistan.

Question 4.
When did Shah Zaman occupy Lahore?
Answer:
On Nov. 27,1798 AD.

Question 5.
Who was ruling at Lahore when Shah Zaman occupied it in 1798 AD.?
Answer:
Three Bhangi Sardars or Bhangi Misl.

Question 6.
Who was Fateh Khan?
Answer:
Wazir of Shah Mahmud, the ruler of Afghanistan.

Question 7.
Where did the alliance take place between Mdharqja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan regarding the control over Kashmir?
Answer:
At Rohtas.

Question 8.
When was the battle of Hazro or Haidru fought?
Answer:
July 13, 1813 A.D.

Question 9.
Give one result of the battle of Hazro?
Answer:
It gave a crushing blow to the Afghan pow

Question 10.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupy Kashmir?
Answer:
1819 A.D.

Question 11.
When was the battle of Naushera fought?
Answer:
March 14, 1823 AD.

Question 12.
Who was defeated in the battle of Naushera?
Answer:
Azim Khan.

Question 13.
Who was Akali Phula Singh?
Answer:
A famous army general of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 14.
Name the battle in which Akali Phula Singh died.
Or
In which battle Akali Phula Singh died?
Answer:
The battle of Naushera.

Question 15.
Who was Syed Ahmad?
Answer:
He called himself the Caliph of the Muslims.

Question 16.
By whom was the religious war (Jihad) led against Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Syed Ahmad.

Question 17.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh annex Peshawar to his empire?
Answer:
1834 A.D.

Question 18.
Whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh appoint the first Governor of Peshawar?
Answer:
Hari Singh Nalwa.

Question 19.
When did the battle of Jamraud take place?
Answer:
30 April, 1837

Question 20.
Who was Hari Singh Nalwa?
Answer:
Famous General of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 21.
When was the Tripartite Treaty signed?
Answer:
June 26, 1838 A.D.

Question 22.
Mention any one clause of Tripartite Treaty.
Answer:
Shah Shuja was to be made the ruler of Afghanistan.

Question 23.
Name any one problem of Maharaja Ranjit Singh regarding the North-West Frontier States.
Answer:
He had to deal with the tribes of North-West Frontier States.

Question 24.
Give a characteristic of Maharaja Raqjit Singh’s North-West Frontier Policy.
Answer:
He never tried to capture control over Afghanistan,

Question 25.
Name a barbaric tribe of North-West at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Yusufjais.

Question 26.
Mention any one effect of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s North-West Frontier Policy.
Answer:
Peace was established.

Fill in the blanks :

1. The ruler of Afghanistan during the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was ……………..
Answer:
Shah Zaman

2. ……………. became the new king of Afghanistan in 1800 A.D.
Answer:
Shah Mehmud

3. In 1813 A.D., a pact was signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan at …………….
Answer:
Rohtas

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh took hold of ………….. from Jahandad Khan.
Answer:
Attock

5. The battle of Naushera was fought between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Afghans in …………..
Answer:
1823 A.D.

6. Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexed Peshawar to his empire in ……………
Answer:
1834 A.D.

7. In 1838 A.D., the Tripartite Treaty was signed among the English ………………. and Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Shah Suja

8. Hari Singh Nalwa died in ……………….
Answer:
1837 A.D.

True or False:

1. Shah Zaman was the ruler of Afghanistan during the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

2. Shah Mehmood became the new ruler of Afghanistan in 1805 A.D.
Answer:
False

3. A settlement took place between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan in 1813 A.D. at Rohtas.
Answer:
True

4. The battle of Hazro was fought on July 13, 1818 A.D.
Answer:
True

5. Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupied Multan in 1818 A.D.
Answer:
True

6. Mahafaja Ranjit Singh conquered Kashmir in 1819 A.D.
Answer:
True

7. Hari Singh Nalwg was appointed new Governor of Kashmir in 1820.
Answer:
True

8. Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa was honoured by Zaffarjung.
Answer:
False

9. The battle of Naushera was fought on March 14, 1828 A.D.
Answer:
False

10. Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexed Peshawar to his empire in 1834 A.D.
Answer:
True

11. The battle of Jamraud was fought in 1837 A.D.
Answer:
True

12. The North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit-Singh succeeded to a considerable extent in solving the N.W.F. problems.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. When did Shah Zaman occupy Lahore?
(a) 1796 A.D.
(b) 1797 A.D.
(c) 1798 A.D.
(d) 1799 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1798 A.D.

Who was Fateh Khan?
(a) Wazir of Afghanistan
(b) Wazir of Ranjit Singh
(c) Wazir of Iran
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Wazir of Afghanistan

3. When did the alliance take place between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan regarding the control over Kashmir?
(a) 1803 A.D.
(b) 1805 A.D.
(c) 1809 A.D.
(d) 1813 AD.
Answer:
(d) 1813 AD.

4. Where did the alliance take place between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan?
(a) Rohtas
(b) Rohtang
(c) Supeen
(d) Hazro,
Answer:
(a) Rohtas

5. When did Akali Phuila Singh get martyrdom while fighting with the Afghans?
(a) 1813 A.D.
(b) 1815 A.D.
(c) 1819 A.D.
(d) 1823 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1823 A.D.

6. In which places Syed Ahmad created disturbance against the Sikhs?
(a) Attock and Peshawar
(b) Peshawar and Kashmir
(c) Kashmir and Multan
(d) Multan and Attock.
Answer:
(a) Attock and Peshawar

7. When did Syed Ahmad revolt against the Sikhs?
(a) 1823 A.D.
(b) 1825 A D.
(c) 1827 A.D.
(d) 1831 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1827 A.D.

8. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexJPeshawar to his Empire?
(a) 1823 A.D.
(b) 1831 A.D.
(c) 1834 A.D.
(d) 1837 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1834 A.D.

9. In which battle famous Sikh General Hari Singh Nalwa was killed?
(a) Battle of Jamraud
(b) Battle of Naushera
(c) Battle of Hazro
(d) Battle of Supeen
Answer:
(a) Battle of Jamraud

10. Which person was to be appointed as ruler of Afghanistan according to the Tripartite Treaty?
(a) Shah Zaman
(b) Shah Shuja
(c) Shah Mehmud
(d) Dost Mohammad Khan.
Answer:
(b) Shah Shuja