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Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 6 Agroforestry Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Agriculture Chapter 6 Agroforestry

Agriculture Guide for Class 10 PSEB Agroforestry Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one-two words:

Question 1.
How much area should under forests in Punjab, as per National Forest Policy 1988?
Answer:
20%.

Question 2.
How much area is under forests and tree cover in Punjab?
Answer:
6.49%.

Question 3.
How many major agro climatic zones are there in Punjab on the basis of climate?
Answer:
Three.

Question 4.
In which season acute shortage of fodder is felt in Kandi region of Punjab?
Answer:
In winter.

Question 5.
What is the spacing for planting of poplar on boundary of a field?
Answer:
3 metres.

Question 6.
What types of .soils are there in Kandi region?
Answer:
Soil is undulating that is not uniformly levelled. It has many ups and down.

Question 7.
Name two trees used for fodder in Kandi region.
Answer:
Dhak, Beri, Chhal, Kachnar etc.

Question 8.
What should be the pH of soil for poplar cultivation?
Answer:
6.5 to 8.0.

Question 9.
Name the trees suitable for commercial agroforestry in Punjab.
Answer:
Poplar, Eucalyptus

Question 10.
How many Poplar plants are planted in per hectare?
Answer:
200 trees per acre.

(B) Answer in one-two sentences:

Question 1.
What is the planting time of Poplar in Punjab?
Answer:
Suitable time for planting poplar in Punjab is January-February.

Question 2.
Define Agroforestry.
Answer:
Agroforestry is a land management system in which cultivation of trees and crops is done together in a field along with rearing of animals on the same piece of land.

Question 3.
What type of soil and irrigation facilities are available in Central plain zone in Punjab?
Answer:
In this zone, soil is fertile and irrigation facilities are available here.

Question 4.
What type of trees are found in S-W region of Punjab?
Answer:
Kikar, Tahli, Mango, Dhrek, Nim, Jamun, Toot etc. trees are planted in south-western zone.

Question 5.
Write down planting and spacing requirements of Eucalyptus.
Answer:
Cuttings are used for the propagation of Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus can be planted on the boundaries of the field or in block plantation. Plant to plant spacing on the boundaries should be 2 metres and if planted in block plantation the spacing should be 4 x 2 m.

Question 6.
Write the clones of poplar planted in Punjab.
Answer:
PL-1, PL-2, PL-3, PL-4, PL-5, L-47/88, L-48/89 are clones of poplar.

Question 7.
What is the planting time of Eucalyptus in Punjab?
Answer:
Eucalyptus can be planted in March-April and July-August.

Question 8.
Write down the names of the industries where poplar wood is used.
Answer:
Wood obtained from poplar can be used in Match box industry, ply manufacturing, packing cases etc.

Question 9.
What is the spacing for poplar planting?
Answer:
If poplar is planted on boundaries then plant spacing should be 3 metre and if it is planted in die whole field then spacing should be 8 x 2.5 m or 5 x4m.

Question 10.
Write the name of trees grown in Kandi region.
Answer:
Toot, Nim, Tahli, khair, Kikkar, Bel, Kachnar, Mango, Subabaul, Aijun, Harar, Behra, Phalis and dhak, Dehrek, Sohanjana etc.

(C) Answer in Jive-six sentences:

Question 1.
Write down the clones planted and spacing for poplar planting in Punjab. .
Answer:
PL-1, PL-2, PL-3, PL-4, PL-5, L-47/88, L^18/89 are some of the clones of poplar. If poplar is planted on boundaries then plant spacing should be 3 metre and if it in planted is the whole field then spacing should be 8 x 2.5 m or 5 x 4 m. 200 plants per acre can be planted in the field.

Question 2.
Write down the source of clonal Eucalyptus plants in Punjab.
Answer:
We should plant Eucalyptus plants prepared from cuttings in Agroforestry. These all grow uniformely. These can be obtained from any nursery of department of forests and wildlife preservation, Punjab, PAU, Ludhiana or any other private registered nursery.

Question 3.
How poplar can be planted?
Answer:
Make a pit which is 3 feet deep and have diameter of 15-20 cm. Use chloropyriphos and Emisan-6 against termies and diseases. Plant poplar trees in the month of January and February. Water the plants immediately after planting the poplar tree. If poplar is planted on boundaries then plants spacing should be 3 metre and if it in planted in the whole field then spacing should be 8 x 2.5 m or 5 x 4 m. 200 plants per acre can be planted in the fields.

Question 4.
Where poplar wood is used?
Answer:
Cultivation of poplar is helpful in creating employment and also in small enterprises in which wood is the raw-material. Poplar is used in various industries e.g. it is used in the manufacturing of match sticks. It is also used in the manufacture of plywood and also in the packaging industry to make boxes. This way one can earn by the cultivation of poplar. It sheds off its leaves in winter thus has no harm for Rabi crops.

Question 5.
Why Poplar and Eucalyptus are suitable for commercial Agroforestry? Or Why are Eucalyptus and poplar cultivated as commercial agro forestry in Punjab?
Answer:
Poplar and Eudalyptus are suitable for commercial agroforestry in Punjab. Wood obtained from these trees can be easily marketed. The income from these trees in more than wheat-rice cropping system.

Safeda:
It grows in less time, stem is straight, its branches shed off regularly. Its wood is used as building material, its pulp is used in paper industry, wooden beams are also obtained from it. Therefore it is suitable for cultivation in agroforestry.

Poplar:
It provides employement. Its wood is used in small scale industry; like, ply, match sticks, packing boxes etc. It also does not affect the Rabi crops.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Guide Agroforestry Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
According to National Forest Policy 1988, forests should occupy of area in plain states.
(a) 5%
(b) 20%
(c) 50%
(d) 29%.
Answer:
(b) 20%

Question 2.
In central plain region trees are grown.
(a) Poplar
(b) Dek
(c) Eucalyptus
(d) All
Answer:
(d) All

Question 3.
………….. is not a variety of poplar:
(a) PL-5
(b) PL-47/88
(c) PL-858
(d) PL-48/89.
Answer:
(b) PL-47/88

Question 4.
Poplar trees become ready in years for harvesting.
(a) 5 to 7
(b) 1 to 2
(c) 10 to 12
(d) 15 to 25.
Answer:
(a) 5 to 7

Question 5.
pH value for soil for poplar cultivation.
(a) 10
(b) 6.5 to 8.0
(c) 3 to 4
(d) 4 to 5.5.
Answer:
(b) 6.5 to 8.0

Question 6.
In which direction the trees are planted on ridges of the farms for agro forestry?
(a) North-South
(b) East-west
(c) South-east
(d) North-east.
Answer:
(a) North-South

Question 7.
For timber production after how many years Eucalyptus can be harvested?
(a) 13 to 15 years
(b) 6 to 8 years
(c) 4 to 6 years
(d) 2 to 4 years.
Answer:
(a) 13 to 15 years

Question 8.
For batten production, after how many years Eucalyptus can be harvested?
(a) 13 to 15 years
(b) 6 to 8 years
(c) 4 to 6 years
(d) 2 to 4 years.
Answer:
(c) 4 to 6 years

Question 9.
For paper pulp production, after how many years Eucalyptus can be harvested?
(a) 13 to 15 years
(b) 6 to 8 years
(c) 4 to 6 years
(d) 2 to 4 years.
Answer:
(b) 6 to 8 years

True False:

1. Poplar is more successful in Bet area.
Answer:
True

2. Poplar tree become ready for harvesting after 5-7 years.
Answer:
True

3. To save orchards from wild life, Jatropha are grown around the orchards.
Answer:
True

4. Poplar cultivation is successful in Kallar and water logged soils.
Answer:
False

5. Eucalyptus clonal plants should be planted in Agroforestry.
Answer:
False

Fill in the blanks:

1. Poplar wood is used in the manufacture of ……………. .
Answer:
Match sticks

2. For boundaries poplar trees are planted at spacing.
Answer:
3 m

3. …………….. erosion is major problem in sub-mountainous zone.
Answer:
Soil

4. Pl-3 is a …………….. clone.
Answer:
poplar

5. In winter the scarcity of ……………. is felt in submountaneous zone.
Answer:
fodder.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is agroforestry suitable for Punjab?
Answer:
It helps in increasing the area under the forests and trees.

Question 2.
Can we take income from agroforestry?
Answer:
Yes, more than the conventional agricultural practices i.e. more than paddy-wheat cropping system.

Question 3.
In which direction, trees should be planted on the boundaries of fields? (PS.E.B. 2017)
Answer:
In North-South direction.

Question 4.
In how many zones is Punjab divided on the basis of climate?
Answer:
Three zones.

Question 5.
On what basis the farmer in Kandi area grow their crops?
Answer:
Agriculture is based on the rainfall.

Question 6.
Which of the trees are planted to save the orchards?
Answer:
Jatroffa, Karonda, Ipomea.

Question 7.
What type of soil is found in south-western zone?
Answer:
Saline and alkaline soil.

Question 8.
Poplar is not harmful for rabi crops, how?
Answer:
Its leaves shed off in winter and it is not harmful for rabi crops.

Question 9.
What type of soil is not suitable for poplar?
Answer:
Kallar and water-logged.

Question 10.
In which area poplar is must successful?
Answer:
In bet area.

Question 11.
How many poplar trees can be planted in the field?
Answer:
200 trees per acre.

Question 12.
In how many years poplar trees are ready?
Answer:
5 to 7 years.

Question 13.
What type of Eucalyptus plants should be planted?
Answer:
Prepared from cuttings.

Question 14.
How many Eucalyptus plants are planted In the whole field?
Answer:
500 trees per acre.

Question 15.
If Eucalyptus cultivation is for long time, what should be row spacing?
Answer:
8 metre.

Question 16.
After how many years can we get wood for buildings (timber) from Eucalyptus?
Answer:
13 to 15 years.

Question 17.
After how many years is Eucalyptus ready for pulp?
Answer:
6 to 8 years.

Question 18.
After how many years Eucalyptus is ready for battens?
Answer:
4 to 6 years.

Question 19.
Write file name of two trees which are mainly grown in Punjab for commercial agroforestry.
Answer:
Poplar, Eucatyplus.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name bf two main models for agroforestry?
Answer:
There are two main models for agroforestry-Boundary plantation and intercropping in block plantation.

Question 2.
Where do farmers plant trees if they use boundary plantation model?
Answer:
They plant trees on the boundaries of fields.

Question 3.
Which of the trees are used for planting on the boundaries?
Answer:
Subabaul, Drek, Toot, Eucalyptus, Poplar, Siris, Lassora, Sohanjana, Nim, Tahli etc. –

Question 4.
Which farmers do the mixed farming of crops and trees?
Answer:
Those farmers who have more agricultural land can do mixed farming.

Question 5.
Which of the trees are suitable for planting in the whole field?
Answer:
Poplar, Eucalyptus, Dhrek and Tun are suitable trees.

Question 6.
In which area is the problem of soil erosion found?
Answer:
Soil found in the Kandi area is not uniform and land has many ups and downs (undulating) therefore problem of soil erosion is also found there.

Question 7.
Which type of soil is suitable for poplar?
Answer:
Well drained, loamy to sandy, fertile soil and which have pH value from 6.5 to 8.0 is suitable for growing popular.

Question 8.
List four uses of wood of Eucalyptus.
Answer:
Batten, pulp, wood used in buildings construction, industry, furniture

Question 9.
Write the name of four trees which are grown in whole field in agroforestry.
Answer:
Poplar, Eucalyptus, Toon, Dhrek.

Question 10.
Why salinity is found in the upper surface of the soil in the South-Western zone?
Answer:
Water under the earth in this zone is saline. This makes upper surface of the soil also saline.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write about trimming and pruning of poplar? Or Write the benefit of correctly pruning poplar plants at the right time.
Answer:
There is no need of trimming in the first year, but in the second year after shedding off the leaves there is a need of pruning of the trees to make it straight and to give it good appearance. If trimming and pruning is done at proper time then the stem remains straight and without nodes.

Question 2.
Which of the qualities of Eucalyptus make it suitable for cultivation in agroforestry? Or For which qualities Eucalyptus is grown in agroforestry?
Answer:
It grows in less time, stem is straight, its branches shed off regularly. Its wood is used as building material, its pulp i§, used in paper industry, wooden beams are also obtained from it. Therefore it is suitable for cultivation in agroforestry.

Question 3.
Define Agroforestry.
Answer:
According to National Forest Policy 1988, to fulfil the needs based on wood and to keep the environment safe, area under the forests should be 20%. But it is not possible to increase the area under the forests therefore this is achieved by agroforestry. Agroforestry is the cultivation of trees and crops together in the same field. The objective behind this, type of cultivation is that farmers can fulfil their needs e.g. cereals, wood, fuel, fodder and also can save the natural resources e.g. soil, water, air etc. There is also an increase in their income.

Question 4.
What do you mean by agroforestry? Explain in detail about the planting trees on farm boundaries in agroforestry.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Punjabi Book Solutions Punjabi Grammar Ling ਲਿੰਗ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB 8th Class Punjabi Grammar ਲਿੰਗ

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 1.
ਲਿੰਗ ਕੀ ਹੈ ? ਇਹ ਕਿੰਨੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ ?
ਜਾਂ
ਸ਼ਬਦ ਦੇ ਲਿੰਗ ਤੋਂ ਕੀ ਭਾਵ ਹੈ ? ਇਹ ਕਿੰਨੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ ?
ਉੱਤਰ :
ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾ :
ਸ਼ਬਦ ਦਾ ਪੁਰਖਵਾਚਕ ਤੇ ਇਸਤਰੀਵਾਚਕ ਭਾਵ ਉਸ ਦਾ ਲਿੰਗ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਜਾਨਦਾਰ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਨਰ-ਮਦੀਨ, ਨਿਰਜੀਵ ਜਾਂ ਸਬੂਲ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਦੇ ਵੱਡੇ-ਛੋਟੇ ਆਕਾਰ ਜਾਂ ਸ਼ਕਲ ਨੂੰ ਨਿਸ਼ਚਿਤ ਕਰਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਿਨਾਂ ਆਪ-ਮੁਹਾਰੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿਚ ਵੀ ਵਿਚਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਵਾਕ ਦੇ ਹੋਰਨਾਂ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਿਤ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ।
ਲਿੰਗ ਦੋ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਦਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ-ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਅਤੇ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ।
(ਉ) ਪੁਲਿੰਗ :
ਪੁਰਖਵਾਚਕ ਭਾਵ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਗਟ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਜਾਨਦਾਰ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਨਰ ਭਾਵ ਨੂੰ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਰਜੀਵ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਦੇ ਵੱਡੇ ਆਕਾਰ ਜਾਂ ਸ਼ਕਲ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਗਟ ਕਰਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਿਨਾਂ ਆਪ-ਮੁਹਾਰੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿਚ ਵੀ ਵਿਚਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਵਾਕ ਦੇ ਹੋਰਨਾਂ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਿਤ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ; ਜਿਵੇਂ-ਮੁੰਡਾ, ਬਲਦ, ਪਹਾੜ ਆਦਿ ।

(ਅ) ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ :
ਇਸਤਰੀਵਾਚਕ ਭਾਵ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਗਟ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਜਾਨਦਾਰ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਮਦੀਨ ਭਾਵ ਨੂੰ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਰਜੀਵ ਤੇ ਸਥਲ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਦੇ ਛੋਟੇ ਆਕਾਰ ਜਾਂ ਸ਼ਕਲ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਗਟ ਕਰਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਿਨਾਂ ਆਪ-ਮੁਹਾਰੇ ਵਿਚ ਵੀ ਵਿਚਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਵਾਕ ਦੇ ਹੋਰਨਾਂ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਿਤ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ; ਜਿਵੇਂ-ਕੁੜੀ, ਗਾਂ, ਪਹਾੜੀ ਆਦਿ ।

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 2.
ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਨਾਂਵਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਦੇ ਨੇਮ ਦੱਸੋ । ਉਦਾਹਰਨਾਂ ਵੀ ਦਿਓ ।
ਉੱਤਰ :
ਲਿੰਗ ਬਦਲੀ ਦੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਨਿਯਮ ਹਨ । ਹੇਠਾਂ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨਿਯਮਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਉਦਾਹਰਨਾਂ ਸਹਿਤ ਪੇਸ਼ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ
1. ਜੇਕਰ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਨਾਂਵ ਦੇ ਅਖੀਰ ਵਿਚ ਮੁਕਤਾ ਅੱਖਰ ਹੋਵੇ, ਤਾਂ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਅੱਗੇ ਬਿਹਾਰੀ (ੀ), ‘ਨੀ’, ‘ਣੀ, ਕੰਨਾ, “ਕੰਨਾ +ਣੀ’, ‘ਕੀ ਜਾਂ ‘ੜੀ’ ਨੂੰ ਵਧਾ ਕੇ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਜਿਵੇਂ-

(ਉ) ਬਿਹਾਰੀ ਵਧਾ ਕੇ

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ – ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਕਬੂਤਰ – ਕਬੂਤਰੀ
ਦੇਵਤਾ – ਦੇਵੀ
ਬਾਂਦਰ – ਬਾਂਦਰੀ
ਹਰਨ – ਹਰਨੀ
ਦਾਸ – ਦਾਸੀ
ਪੁੱਤਰ – ਪੁੱਤਰੀ
ਟੋਪ – ਟੋਪੀ
ਗਿੱਦੜੇ – ਗਿੱਦੜੀ
ਮੁੱਛ – ਮੱਛੀ
ਬ੍ਰਾਹਮਣ – ਬਾਹਮਣੀ
ਪਹਾੜ – ਪਹਾੜੀ
ਘੁਮਿਆਰ – ਘੁਮਿਆਰੀ
ਮਿਆਰ – ਮਿਆਰੀ
ਕੁੱਕੜ – ਕੁੱਕੜੀ
ਗੁੱਜਰ – ਗੁੱਜਰੀ
ਲੂੰਬੜ – ਲੂੰਬੜੀ
ਗਲਾਸ – ਗਲਾਸੀ
ਹਿਰਨ – ਹਿਰਨੀ
ਬੱਦਲ – ਬੱਦਲੀ
ਜੱਟ – ਜੱਟੀ
ਗੁਜਰ – ਗੁਜਰੀ

(ਅ) ਨੂੰ ਵਧਾ ਕੇ

ਫ਼ਕੀਰ – ਫ਼ਕੀਰਨੀ
ਜਥੇਦਾਰ – ਜਥੇਦਾਰ
ਸੂਬੇਦਾਰ – ਸੂਬੇਦਾਰਨੀ
ਠੇਕੇਦਾਰ – ਠੇਕੇਦਾਰਨੀ
ਜਮਾਂਦਾਰ – ਜਮਾਂਦਾਰਨੀ
ਨੰਬਰਦਾਰ – ਨੰਬਰਦਾਰਨੀ
ਬਾਜ਼ੀਗਰ – ਬਾਜ਼ੀਗਰਨੀ
ਸ਼ੇਰ – ਸ਼ੇਰਨੀ
ਮੋਰ – ਮੋਰਨੀ
ਸਰਦਾਰ – ਸਰਦਾਰਨੀ
ਸ਼ਾਹੂਕਾਰ – ਸ਼ਾਹੂਕਾਰਨੀ
ਜਾਦੂਗਰ – ਜਾਦੂਗਰਨੀ
ਸੇਵਾਦਾਰ – ਸੇਵਾਦਾਰਨੀ
ਪੁੱਤਰ – ਪੁੱਤਰੀ

(ੲ) ‘ਈਂ ਵਧਾ ਕੇ

ਊਠ – ਊਠਣੀ
ਉਸਤਾਦ – ਉਸਤਾਦਣੀ
‘ਮਹੰਤ – ਮਹੰਤਣੀ
ਸੱਪ – ਸੱਪਣੀ
ਸਿੱਖ’ – ਸਿੱਖਣੀ
ਭਗਤ – ਭਗਤਣੀ
ਸ਼ਾਹ – ਸ਼ਾਹਣੀ
ਸਰਾਫ਼ – ਸਰਾਫ਼ਣੀ
ਸੁੰਮ – ਮੂੰਮਣੀ
ਸਾਧ – ਸਾਧਣੀ
ਭੰਡ – ਭੰਡਣੀ
ਭਾਲ – ਭੀਲਣੀ
ਰਾਗ – ਰਾਗਣੀ
ਰਿੱਛ – ਗਿੱਛਣੀ
ਕੁੜਮ – ਕੁੜਮਣੀ
ਸੰਤ – ਸੰਤਣੀ
ਨਾਗ – ਨਾਗਣੀ

(ਸ) ਕੰਨਾ ‘ ਵਧਾ ਕੇ

ਨਾਇਕ – ਨਾਇਕਾ
ਸੇਵਕ – ਸੇਵਕਾ
ਲੇਖਕ – ਲੇਖਕਾ
ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕ – ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕਾ
ਪ੍ਰਚਾਰਕ – ਪ੍ਰਚਾਰਕਾ
ਪ੍ਰੀਤਮ – ਪੀਤਮਾ
ਅਧਿਆਪਕ – ਅਧਿਆਪਕਾ
ਪਾਠਕ – ਪਾਠਕਾ
ਉਪਦੇਸ਼ਕ – ਉਪਦੇਸ਼ਕਾ

(ਹ) ‘ਕੰਨਾ + ਈਂ ਵਧਾ ਕੇ

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ – ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਪੰਡਤ – ਪੰਡਤਾਣੀ
ਸੇਠ – ਸੇਠਾਣੀ
ਨੌਕਰ – ਨੌਕਰਾਣੀ
ਦਿਓਰ – ਦਿਓਰਾਣੀ
ਜੇਠ – ਜੇਠਾਣੀ
ਪ੍ਰੋਹਤ – ਪ੍ਰੋਹਤਾਣੀ
ਮਾਸਟਰ – ਮਾਸਟਰਾਣੀ
ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰ – ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰਾਣੀ
ਮੁਗਲ – ਮੁਗ਼ਲਾਣੀ

(ਕ) ‘ਸੀਂ ਜਾਂ ‘ੜੀ ਵਧਾ ਕੇ

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ – ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਢੋਲ – ਢੋਲਕੀ
ਚੰਮ – ਚੰਮੜੀ
ਖੰਭ – ਡੋਲ
ਡੋਲਕੀ –
ਬਾਲ – ਬਾਲੜੀ
ਸੂਤ – ਸੂਤੜੀ
ਸੰਦੂਕੜੀ

2. ਜੇਕਰ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦੇ ਅਖ਼ੀਰ ਵਿਚ ਕੰਨਾ (ਾ) ਲੱਗਾ ਹੋਵੇ, ਤਾਂ ‘ਕੰਨੇ ਦੀ ਜਗਾ ਬਿਹਾਰੀ (ੀ), ਜਾਂ “ਨ’ ਲਾ ਕੇ ਜਾਂ ਕੰਨਾ ਹਟਾ ਕੇ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਜਿਵੇਂ

(ਉ) ਕੰਨੇ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ ‘ਬਿਹਾਰੀ (ੀ)’ ਲਾ ਕੇ

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ – ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਦਾਦਾ – ਦਾਦੀ
ਖੋਤਾ – ਖੋਤੀ
ਪਠੋਰਾ – ਪਠੋਰੀ
ਆਰਾ – ਆਰੀ
ਮਹਿਰਾ – ਮਹਿਰੀ
ਕੁੜਤਾ – ਕੁੜਤੀ
ਵੱਢਾ – ਵੱਛੀ
ਬਾਟਾ – ਬਾਟੀ
ਕਿਰਲਾ – ਕਿਰਲੀ
ਕੁੱਤਾ – ਕੁੱਤੀ
ਮਾਮਾ – ਮਾਮੀ
ਝੋਟਾ – ਝੋਟੀ
ਬੋਤਾ – ਬੋਤੀ
ਚਾਚਾ – ਚਾਚੀ
ਰਾਖਾ – ਰਾਖੀ
ਘੋੜਾ – ਘੋੜੀ
ਭੁੱਖਾ – ਭੁੱਖੀ
ਚਰਖਾ – ਚਰਖੀ
ਬੱਚਾ – ਬੱਚੀ
ਨਾਨਾ – ਨਾਨੀ
ਭਤੀਜਾ – ਭਤੀਜੀ
ਭਾਣਜਾ – ਭਾਣਜੀ/ਭਣੇਵੀਂ
ਤਾਇਆ – ਤਾਈ
ਮੁਰਗਾ – ਮੁਰਗੀ
ਬਿੱਲ – ਬਿੱਲੀ

(ਅ) ਕੰਨੇ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ ‘ਨ ਲਾ ਕੇ

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰੀ – ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰਨ
ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀ – ਸ਼ਹਿਰਨ
ਮਛੇਰਾ – ਮਛੇਰਨ
ਲੁਟੇਰਾ – ਲੁਟੇਰਨ
ਵਣਜਾਰਾ – ਵਣਜਾਰਨ
ਭਠਿਆਰਾ – ਭਠਿਆਰਨ
ਸਪੇਰਾ – ਸਪੇਨ
ਕਸੇਰਾ – ਕਸੇਰਨ
ਹਤਿਆਰਾ – ਹਤਿਆਰਨ
ਹਾਣੀ – ਹਾਣਨ
ਖਿਡਾਰੀ – ਖਿਡਾਰਨ
ਲਿਖਾਰੀ – ਲਿਖਾਰਨ

(ੲ) ‘ਕੰਨਾ (ਾ)’ ਹਟਾ ਕੇ
ਗੱਡਾ – ਗੱਡ
‘ਸੰਢਾ – ਸੰਢ
ਠੰਡਾ – ਰੰਡ

3. ਜੇਕਰ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਨਾਂਵ ਦੇ ਅਖ਼ੀਰ ਵਿਚ ਬਿਹਾਰੀ + ਆ ਹੋਵੇ, ਤਾਂ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦੋਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਹਟਾ ਕੇ “ਨ ਜਾਂ ‘ਣ ਲਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ , ਜਿਵੇਂ-

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ – ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਪੋਠੋਹਾਰੀਆ – ਪੋਠੋਹਾਰਨ
ਪੂਰਬੀਆ – ਪੂਰਬਣ
ਹਟਵਾਣੀਆ – ਹਟਵਾਣਨ
ਦੁਆਬੀਆ – ਦੁਆਬਣ
ਪਹਾੜੀਆ – ਪਹਾੜਨੇ
ਪਸ਼ੌਰੀਆ – ਪਸ਼ੌਰਨ
ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰੀਆ – ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ

4. ਜੇਕਰ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਨਾਂਵ ਦੇ ਅੰਤ ਵਿਚ ਬਿਹਾਰੀ ਹੋਵੇ, ਤਾਂ ਬਿਹਾਰੀ ਹਟਾ ਕੇ ‘ਣ’, ‘ਇਣ’ ਜਾਂ “ਆਣੀ ਲਾ ਕੇ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਜਿਵੇਂ

(ਉ) ਬਿਹਾਰੀ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ ‘ਣ ਲਾ ਕੇ

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ – ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਮਾਲ – ਮਾਲਣ
ਧੋਬੀ – ਧੋਬਣ
ਗੁਆਂਢੀ – ਗੁਆਂਢਣ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ – ਪੰਜਾਬਣ
ਸਾਥੀ – ਸਾਥਣ
ਤੇਲੀ – ਤੇਲਣ
ਮੋਚੀ – ਮੋਚਣ
ਗਿਆਨੀ – ਗਿਆਨਣ
ਧੋਬੀ – ਧੋਬਣ

(ਅ) ਬਿਹਾਰੀ ‘ਈਂ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ “ਇਣ ਲਾ ਕੇ

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ – ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਨਾਈ – ਨਾਇਣ
ਅਰਾਈਂ – ਅਰਾਇਣ
ਈਸਾਈ – ਈਸਾਇਣ
ਕਸਾਈ – ਕਸਾਇਣ
ਸੁਦਾਈ – ਸੁਦਾਇਣ
ਹਲਵਾਈ – ਹਲਵਾਇਣ

(ੲ) ਬਿਹਾਰੀ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ ਆਣੀ ਲਾ ਕੇ

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ – ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਖੱਤਰੀ – ਖੱਤਰਾਣੀ
ਚੌਧਰੀ – ਚੌਧਰਾਣੀ
ਸਾਂਸੀ – ਸਾਂਸੀਆਣੀ
ਪਾਦਰੀ – ਪਾਦਰਆਣੀ
ਭਾਈ – ਭਾਈਆਣੀ
ਮਾਂਦਰੀ – ਮਾਂਦਰਆਣੀ

5. ਜੇਕਰ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਨਾਂਵ ਦੇ ਅਖੀਰ ਵਿਚ ‘ਦੁਲੈਂਕੜ ਹੋਵੇ ਤਾਂ ‘ਣੀ, ਜਾਂ ‘ਆਣੀ ਦਾ ਵਾਧਾ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਜਿਵੇਂ-

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ – ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਪੇਂਡੂ – ਪੇਂਡੂਆਣੀ
ਹਿੰਦੂ – ਹਿੰਦੂਆਣੀ
ਸਾਊ – ਸਾਊਆਣੀ

6. ਕਈ ਵਾਰੀ ਬਿਨਾਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਨੇਮ ਤੋਂ ਵੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਬਦਲੀ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ | ਅਜਿਹੀ ਹਾਲਤ ਵਿਚ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਅਤੇ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਇਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਤੋਂ ਬਿਲਕੁਲ ਭਿੰਨ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਜਿਵੇਂ-

ਪੁਲਿੰਗ – ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਪੁੱਤਰ – ਧੀ
ਰਾਜਾ – ਰਾਣੀ
ਨਵਾਬ – ਬੇਗ਼ਮ
ਵਰ -ਕੰਨਿਆ
ਭੂਤ – ਚੁੜੇਲ
ਖ਼ਸਮ – ਮੱਝ
ਗੱਭਰੂ – ਮੁਟਿਆਰ
ਪਿਓ – ਮਾਂ
ਲਾੜਾ – ਵਹੁਟੀ
ਨਰ – ਮਾਦਾ
ਪਿਤਾ – ਮਾਤਾ
ਦਵਿਆਹੁਰਾ – ਦਢੇਸ
ਮਿੱਤਰ – ਸਹੇਲੀ
ਪੁਰਖ – ਇਸਤਰੀ
ਦਿਓ – ਪਰੀ
ਫੁੱਫਿਆਹੁਰਾ – ਫੁਫੇਸ
ਮਰਦ – ਤੀਵੀਂ
ਮਾਨ – ਸ੍ਰੀਮਤੀ
ਭਰਾ – ਭੈਣ
ਸਹੁਰਾ – ਸੱਸ
ਮੁੰਡਾ – ਕੁੜੀ
ਸਾਹਿਬ – ਮੇਮ

7. ਕਈ ਪੁਲਿੰਗਾਂ ਦੇ ਦੋ-ਦੋ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਕਈ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗਾਂ ਦੇ ਦੋ-ਦੋ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਜਿਵੇਂ-
ਪੁਲਿੰਗ – ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ
ਭਰਾ – ਭੈਣ, ਭਰਜਾਈ
ਸਾਲਾ – ਸਾਲੀ, ਸਾਲੇਹਾਰ
ਪੁੱਤ – ਧੀ, ਨੂੰਹ
ਸਾਲਾ, ਸਾਂਢੂ – ਸਾਲੀ
ਜਵਾਈ, ਪੁੱਤਰ – ਧੀ
ਭਰਾ, ਭਣਵੱਈਆ – ਭੈਣ

8. ਕਈ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਤੋਂ ਬਣਦੇ ਹਨ, ਜਿਵੇਂ-
ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ – ਪੁਲਿੰਗ
ਭੈਣ – ਭਟੱਵਈਆ
ਭੂਆ, ਫੁੱਫੀ – ਫੁੱਫੜ
ਮਾਸੀ – ਮਾਸੜ
ਨਿਨਾਣ – ਨਿਨਾਣਵਈਆ
ਨਣਦ – ਨਣਦੋਈਆ
ਰੇਤ – ਰੇਤਾ

9. ਕਈ ਵਾਰ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਕਿਸੇ ਚੀਜ਼ ਦੇ ਵੱਡੇ ਅਕਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਗਟ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਛੋਟੇ ਅਕਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਜਿਵੇਂ-

ਇ: ਲਿੰਗ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ
ਮੱਖੀ – ਮੁੱਖ
ਤੱਕੜੀ – ਤੱਕੜ
ਪਗੜੀ – ਪੱਗੜ
ਛਤਰੀ – ਛਤਰ
ਟੋਕਰੀ – ਟੋਕਰਾ
ਆਰੀ – ਆਰਾ
ਬਾਟਾ – ਬਾਟੀ
ਰੰਬਾ – ਰੰਬੀ
ਪੱਖਾ – ਪੱਖੀ
ਸੰਦੂਕ – ਸੰਦੂਕੜੀ
ਘੜਾ – ਘੜੀ
ਡੱਬਾ – ਡੱਬੀ

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 3.
ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਵਾਕਾਂ ਵਿਚੋਂ ਮੋਟੇ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦੇ ਲਿੰਗ ਬਦਲ ਕੇ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਲਿਖੋ
(ੳ) ਉਹ ਇਕ ਕਮਜ਼ੋਰ ਆਦਮੀ ਹੈ ।
(ਅ) ਵੀਰ ਜੀ ਘਰ ਪਹੁੰਚ ਗਏ ਹਨ ।
(ੲ) ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਪੜ੍ਹ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ ।
(ਸ) ਹਾਥੀ ਨਦੀ ਵਿਚ ਪਾਣੀ ਪੀ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ ।
ਉੱਤਰ :
(ੳ) ਉਹ ਇਕ ਕਮਜ਼ੋਰ ਤੀਵੀਂ ਹੈ ।
(ਅ) ਭੈਣ ਜੀ ਘਰ ਪਹੁੰਚ ਗਏ ਹਨ ।
(ੲ) ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥਣ ਪੜ੍ਹ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ ।
(ਸ) ਹਥਨੀ ਨਦੀ ਵਿਚ ਪਾਣੀ ਪੀ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ ।

ਪਸ਼ਨ 4.
ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦੇ ਲਿੰਗ ਬਦਲੋ
(ਉ) ਸੱਪ, ਬੱਕਰਾ, ਹਾਥੀ, ਚਾਚਾ, ਵੱਛਾ, ਨਾਨੀ ।
(ਅ) ਮਾਮੀ, ਧੋਬਣ, ਸੋਹਣੀ, ਤੇਲਣਾ |
(ੲ) ਪੁੱਤਰੀ, ਮੋਰਨੀ, ਨੌਕਰਾਣੀ, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, ਰਾਗ ।
(ਸ) ਸੰਤ, ਲਾੜਾ, ਮੁਗ਼ਲ, ਸੰਦੂਕ, ਖੋਤਾ, ਭੂਤ |
ਉੱਤਰ :
(ਉ) ਸੱਪਣੀ, ਬੱਕਰੀ, ਹਾਥਣ, ਚਾਚੀ, ਵੱਛੀ, ਨਾਨਾ ।
(ਅ) ਮਾਮਾ, ਧੋਬੀ, ਸੋਹਣਾ, ਤੇਲੀ ।
(ੲ) ਪੁੱਤਰ, ਮੋਰ, ਨੌਕਰ, ਪੰਜਾਬਣ, ਰਾਗਣੀ ।
(ਸ) ਸੰਤਣੀ, ਲਾੜੀ, ਮੁਗਲਾਣੀ, ਸੰਦੂਕੜੀ, ਖੋਤੀ, ਭੁਤਨੀ ॥

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 5.
ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਵਾਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਲਿੰਗ ਬਦਲ ਕੇ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਲਿਖੋ
(ਉ) ਵਕੀਲ, ਡਾਕਟਰ ਤੇ ਮਾਸਟਰ ਸਲਾਹਾਂ ਕਰ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ ।
(ਅ) ਪਿੰਡਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਜੱਟ, ਝੀਉਰ, ਬਾਹਮਣ, ਨਾਈ, ਸਿੱਖ ਤੇ ਹਿੰਦੂ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ ।
(ੲ) ਬਾਗ਼ ਵਿਚ ਮੋਰ, ਚਿੜੀਆਂ, ਕਬੂਤਰ ਤੇ ਸੱਪ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ ।
(ਸ) ਮੇਰਾ ਦਿਓਰ, ਜੇਠ, ਫੁੱਫਿਆਹੁਰਾ, ਦਵਿਆਹੁਰਾ ਤੇ ਮਮਿਅਹੁਰਾ ਮਿਲਣ ਲਈ ਆਏ ।
(ਹ) ਮੇਰੇ ਪਤੀ ਨੇ ਗਵਾਂਢੀ ਦੇ ਸਿਰ ਵਿਚ ਸੋਟਾ ਮਾਰਿਆ ।
ਉੱਤਰ :
(ਉ) ਵਕੀਲਣੀਆਂ, ਡਾਕਟਰਾਣੀਆਂ ਤੇ ਮਾਸਟਰਾਣੀਆਂ ਸਲਾਹਾਂ ਕਰ ਰਹੀਆਂ ਹਨ ।
(ਅ) ਪਿੰਡਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਜੱਟੀਆਂ, ਝੀਉਰੀਆਂ, ਬਾਹਮਣੀਆਂ, ਨਾਇਣਾਂ, ਸਿੱਖਣੀਆਂ ਤੇ ਹਿੰਦੁਆਣੀਆਂ ਰਹਿੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ।
(ੲ) ਬਾਗ਼ ਵਿਚ ਮੋਰਨੀਆਂ, ਚਿੜੇ, ਕਬੂਤਰੀਆਂ ਤੇ ਸੱਪਣੀਆਂ ਰਹਿੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ।
(ਸ) ਮੇਰੀ ਦਰਾਣੀ, ਜਿਠਾਣੀ, ਫੁੱਫੀ, ਦੇਸ ਤੇ ਮਐਸ ਮਿਲਣ ਲਈ ਆਈਆਂ ।
(ਹ) ਮੇਰੀ ਪਤਨੀ ਨੇ ਗਵਾਂਢਣ ਦੇ ਸਿਰ ਵਿਚ ਸੋਟੀ ਮਾਰੀ ।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Punjabi Book Solutions Punjabi Grammar Sabadam di bhida-nanva ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦੇ ਭੇਦ-ਨਾਂਵ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB 8th Class Punjabi Grammar ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦੇ ਭੇਦ-ਨਾਂਵ

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 1.
ਨਾਂਵ ਦੇ ਲੱਛਣ ਤੇ ਇਸ ਦੇ ਭੇਦ (ਕਿਸਮਾਂ) ਉਦਾਹਰਨਾਂ ਸਹਿਤ ਦੱਸੋ ।
ਜਾ
ਨਾਂਵ ਕੀ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ? ਇਹ ਕਿੰਨੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਦਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ? ਉਦਾਹਰਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਦੱਸੋ ।
ਉੱਤਰ :
ਨਾਂਵ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਖਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ; ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਅਸੀਂ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ, ਮਨੁੱਖਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਥਾਂਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ ਲੈਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ ; ਜਿਵੇਂ-ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ, ਸੁਰਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ, ਜਮਾਤ, ਸ਼ਹਿਰ, ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ, ਸੋਨਾ, ਮਿੱਟੀ, ਮਿਠਾਸ, ਕੁੜੱਤਣ ਆਦਿ ।
ਨਾਂਵ ਪੰਜ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ-
1. ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ਜਾਂ ਜਾਤੀਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ :
ਜਿਹੜੇ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਕਿਸੇ ਸਮੁੱਚੀ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ ਜਾਂ ਜਿਣਸ ਲਈ ਵਰਤੇ ਜਾਣ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ਜਾਂ ਜਾਤੀਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਵੇਂ-ਕਪਤਾਨ, ਪੁਸਤਕ, ਮਨੁੱਖ, ਨਗਰ, ਮੁੰਡਾ, ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ, ਆਦਮੀ, ਪਿੰਡ, ਸ਼ਹਿਰ, ਦਰਿਆ, ਘੋੜਾ, ਆਦਿ ।

2. ਖ਼ਾਸ ਨਾਂਵ ਜਾਂ ਨਿੱਜਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ :
ਜਿਹੜੇ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਕਿਸੇ ਖ਼ਾਸ ਪੁਰਖ, ਇਸਤਰੀ ਜਾਂ ਥਾਂ ਦਾ ਨਾਂ ਪ੍ਰਗਟ ਕਰਨ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ‘ਖ਼ਾਸ ਨਾਂਵ ਜਾਂ “ਨਿੱਜਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ” ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਜਿਵੇਂਜਲੰਧਰ, ਗੁਰਮੀਤ, ਪੰਜਾਬ, ਸੁਰਜ, ਅਮਰੀਕਾ, ਅਕਾਸ਼, ਸਤਲੁਜ, ਬਿਆਸ, ਰਾਵੀ, ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, ਜੰਡਿਆਲਾ, ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ, ਆਨੰਦਪੁਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਆਦਿ ।

3. ਇਕੱਠਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ :
ਜਿਹੜੇ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਗਿਣਨਯੋਗ ਵਸਤੁਆਂ ਦੇ ਇਕੱਠ ਜਾਂ ਸਮੂਹ ਲਈ ਵਰਤੇ ਜਾਣ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ‘ਇਕੱਠਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ” ਆਖਦੇ ਹਨ ; ਜਿਵੇਂ-ਟੀਮ, ਜਮਾਤ, ਸਭਾ, ਝੰਡ, ਮੰਡਲੀ, ਡਾਰ, ਹੇੜ, ਢੇਰ, ਕਮੇਟੀ, ਵੱਗ, ਕਤਾਰ, ਪਰਜਾ, ਲੋਕ ਆਦਿ ।

4. ਵਸਤੂਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ :
ਜਿਹੜੇ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਲਈ ਵਰਤੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ, ਜੋ ਕੇਵਲ ਤੋਲੀਆਂ ਜਾਂ ਮਿਲੀਆਂ ਹੀ ਜਾ ਸਕਣ, ਪਰ ਗਿਣੀਆਂ ਨਾ ਜਾ ਸਕਣ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ “ਵਸਤਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ’ ਆਖਦੇ ਹਨ ; ਜਿਵੇਂ-ਸੋਨਾ, ਚਾਂਦੀ, ਪਾਣੀ, ਰੇਤ, ਲੋਹਾ, ਤੇਲ, ਖੰਡ, ਪੱਥਰ, ਸ਼ਰਬਤ, ਪਾਣੀ ਆਦਿ ।

5. ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ :
ਜਿਹੜੀਆਂ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਨਾ ਦੇਖੀਆਂ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਤੇ ਨਾ ਹੀ ਫੜੀਆਂ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਕੇਵਲ ਅਨੁਭਵ ਹੀ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਲਈ ਵਰਤੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ‘ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ਕਿਹਾ ਹੈ ; ਜਿਵੇਂ-ਮਿਠਾਸ, ਖ਼ੁਸ਼ੀ, ਗ਼ਮੀ, ਕੁੜੱਤਣ, ਜੁਆਨੀ, ਪਿਆਰ, ਸੇਵਾ, ਸੱਚ, ਪੁੰਨ, ਪਾਪ, ਦੁੱਖ, ਬਿਮਾਰੀ, ਹਾਸਾ, ਕਮਜ਼ੋਰੀ ਆਦਿ ।

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 2.
ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਲਿਖੋ
(ਉ) ਵਸਤੂਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਅ) ਇੱਕਠਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਈ) ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ।
ਉੱਤਰ :

(ਉ) ਵਸਤੂਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ :
ਜਿਹੜੇ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਲਈ ਵਰਤੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ, ਜੋ ਕੇਵਲ ਤੋਲੀਆਂ ਜਾਂ ਮਿਲੀਆਂ ਹੀ ਜਾ ਸਕਣ, ਪਰ ਗਿਣੀਆਂ ਨਾ ਜਾ ਸਕਣ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ “ਵਸਤਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ’ ਆਖਦੇ ਹਨ ; ਜਿਵੇਂ-ਸੋਨਾ, ਚਾਂਦੀ, ਪਾਣੀ, ਰੇਤ, ਲੋਹਾ, ਤੇਲ, ਖੰਡ, ਪੱਥਰ, ਸ਼ਰਬਤ, ਪਾਣੀ ਆਦਿ ।

(ਅ) ਇਕੱਠਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ :
ਜਿਹੜੇ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਗਿਣਨਯੋਗ ਵਸਤੁਆਂ ਦੇ ਇਕੱਠ ਜਾਂ ਸਮੂਹ ਲਈ ਵਰਤੇ ਜਾਣ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ‘ਇਕੱਠਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ” ਆਖਦੇ ਹਨ ; ਜਿਵੇਂ-ਟੀਮ, ਜਮਾਤ, ਸਭਾ, ਝੰਡ, ਮੰਡਲੀ, ਡਾਰ, ਹੇੜ, ਢੇਰ, ਕਮੇਟੀ, ਵੱਗ, ਕਤਾਰ, ਪਰਜਾ, ਲੋਕ ਆਦਿ ।

(ਈ) ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ :
ਜਿਹੜੀਆਂ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਨਾ ਦੇਖੀਆਂ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਤੇ ਨਾ ਹੀ ਫੜੀਆਂ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਕੇਵਲ ਅਨੁਭਵ ਹੀ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਲਈ ਵਰਤੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ‘ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ਕਿਹਾ ਹੈ ; ਜਿਵੇਂ-ਮਿਠਾਸ, ਖ਼ੁਸ਼ੀ, ਗ਼ਮੀ, ਕੁੜੱਤਣ, ਜੁਆਨੀ, ਪਿਆਰ, ਸੇਵਾ, ਸੱਚ, ਪੁੰਨ, ਪਾਪ, ਦੁੱਖ, ਬਿਮਾਰੀ, ਹਾਸਾ, ਕਮਜ਼ੋਰੀ ਆਦਿ ।

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 3.
ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਵਾਕਾਂ ਵਿਚੋਂ ਨਾਂਵ ਚੁਣੋ । ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਕਿਸਮ ਵੀ ਦੱਸੋ-
(ਉ) ਸ਼ੇਰ ਜੰਗਲ ਦਾ ਰਾਜਾ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ ।
(ਅ) ਹਰ ਚਮਕਣ ਵਾਲੀ ਚੀਜ਼ ਸੋਨਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦੀ ।
(ਈ) ਨੇਕੀ ਦਾ ਫਲ ਮਿੱਠਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ।
(ਸ) ਜਮਾਤ ਵਿਚ ਤੀਹ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਬੈਠੇ ਹਨ ।
(ਰ) ਬਜ਼ਾਰੋਂ ਸਰੋਂ ਦਾ ਤੇਲ ਲਿਆਉ ।
(ਕ) ਮੋਹਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਨੇ ਮੁੰਡੇ ਦਾ ਵਿਆਹ ਬੜੀ ਧੂਮ-ਧਾਮ ਨਾਲ ਕੀਤਾ ।
(ਖ) ਬਿੱਲੀ ਨੇ ਚੂਹਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਮਾਰ ਮੁਕਾਇਆ ।
(ਗ) ਜਵਾਨੀ ਦੀਵਾਨੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ ।
(ਘ) ਅੱਜ ਬਹੁਤ ਗ਼ਰਮੀ ਹੈ ।
(ਛ) ਮੋਰ ਪੈਲ ਪਾ ਕੇ ਥੱਕ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ ।
ਉੱਤਰ :
(ਉ) ਸ਼ੇਰ, ਜੰਗਲ, ਰਾਜਾ-ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ।
(ਅ) ਚੀਜ਼-ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ, ਸੋਨਾ-ਵਸਤੂਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ।
(ਇ) ਨੇਕੀ-ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ, ਫਲ-ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ।
(ਸ) ਜਮਾਤ-ਇਕੱਠਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ : ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ-ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ।
(ਰ) ਬਜ਼ਾਰੋਂ-ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ; ਸਗੋਂ, ਤੇਲ-ਵਸਤੂਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਕ) ਮੋਹਣ ਸਿੰਘ-ਖ਼ਾਸ ਨਾਂਵ, ਮੁੰਡੇ-ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ | ਵਿਆਹ-ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ।
(ਖ) ਬਿੱਲੀ, ਚੂਹਿਆਂ-ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ।
(ਗ) ਜਵਾਨੀ-ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ।
(ਘ) ਗਰਮੀ-ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ।
(ਛ) ਮੋਰ, ਪੈਲ-ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ।

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 4.
ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦੇ ਸਾਹਮਣੇ ਨਾਂਵ ਦੀ ਕਿਸਮ ਲਿਖੋ-
((ੳ) ਸੁਹੱਪਣ
(ਅ) ਫੁੱਲ
(ਈ) ਇਸਤਰੀ
(ਸ) ਲੋਹਾ
(ਹ) ਖ਼ੁਸ਼ੀ
(ਕ) ਤੇਲ
(ਖ) ਸੁਗੰਧ
(ਗ) ਮਨੁੱਖਤਾ
(ਘ) ਗੰਗਾ
(ਛ) ਜਮਾਤ ।
ਉੱਤਰ :
(ੳ) ਸੁਹੱਪਣ – ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਅ) ਫੁੱਲ – ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਇ) ਇਸਤਰੀ – ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਸ) ਲੋਹਾ – ਵਸਤੂਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਹੀ) ਖ਼ੁਸ਼ੀ – ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਕ) ਤੇਲ – ਵਸਤਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਖੀ) ਸੁਗੰਧ – ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਗ) ਮਨੁੱਖਤਾ – ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਘ) ਗੰਗਾ – ਖ਼ਾਸ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਝਛ) ਜਮਾਤ-ਇਕੱਠਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ।

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 5.
ਖ਼ਾਲੀ ਥਾਂਵਾਂ ਭਰੋ-
(ਉ) ਨਾਂਵ ………… ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ ।
(ਅ) ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਮਨੁੱਖ, ਵਸਤੂ, ਥਾਂ ਆਦਿ ਦਾ ਨਾਂ ਪਤਾ ਲੱਗੇ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ………… ਕਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ ।
(ਈ) ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ਦਾ ਦੂਸਰਾ ਨਾਂਵ ………… ਨਾਂਵ ਹੈ ।
(ਸ) ਨਿੱਜ-ਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ਨੂੰ ………… ਵੀ ਕਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ ।
(ਹ) ਸ਼ੀਲਾ, ਮੀਨਾ ਤੇ ਸੁਨੀਤਾ ………… ਨਾਂਵ ਅਖਵਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ।
(ਕ) ਸੈਨਾ, ਜਮਾਤ, ਇੱਜੜ ………… ਨਾਂਵ ਅਖਵਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ।
(ਖਿ) ਸ਼ਹਿਰ, ਪਿੰਡ, ਪਹਾੜ ………… ਨਾਂਵ ਅਖਵਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ।
(ਗ) ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ, ਬੰਦਾ ਬਹਾਦਰ ………… ਨਾਂਵ ਅਖਵਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ।
(ਘ) ਖੰਡ, ਗੁੜ, ਕਣਕ, ………….. ਨਾਂਵ ਹਨ ।
(ਛ) ਗਰਮੀ, ਸਰਦੀ, ਜਵਾਨੀ ………… ਨਾਂਵ ਹਨ ।
ਉੱਤਰ :
(ੳ) ਪੰਜ
(ਅ) ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਈ) ਜਾਤੀਵਾਚਕ
(ਸ) ਖ਼ਾਸ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਹ) ਖ਼ਾਸ ਨਾਂਵ
(ਕ) ਇਕੱਠਵਾਚਕ
(ਖ) ਆਮ
(ਗ) ਖ਼ਾਸ
(ਘ) ਵਸਤਵਾਚਕ
(ਛ) ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ।

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 6.
ਠੀਕ ਵਾਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਸਾਹਮਣੇ (✓) ਅਤੇ ਗਲਤ ਵਾਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਸਾਹਮਣੇ (✗) ਲਗਾਓ
(ੳ) ਖ਼ਾਸ ਸਥਾਨ, ਵਸਤੂ, ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦਾ ਗਿਆਨ ਦੇਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ।
(ਅ) ਸੈਨਾ, ਦਲ, ਸਭਾ, ਇੱਜੜ, ਡਾਰ, ਇਕੱਠਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ਹਨ ।
(ਇ) ਖ਼ੁਸ਼ੀ, ਉਦਾਸੀ, ਗ਼ਮੀ ਵਸਤੂਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ਹਨ ।
(ਸ) ਪੁਸਤਕ, ਮਨੁੱਖ, ਸ਼ਹਿਰ, ਪਿੰਡ ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ਹਨ ।
(ਹ) ਨਾਂਵ ਅੱਠ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ ।
(ਕ) ਦਿੱਲੀ, ਹਿਮਾਲਾ, ਖ਼ਾਸ ਨਾਂਵ ਹਨ ।
ਉੱਤਰ :
(ੳ) ਖ਼ਾਸ ਸਥਾਨ, ਵਸਤੂ, ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦਾ ਗਿਆਨ ਦੇਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ । (✗)
(ਅ) ਸੈਨਾ, ਦਲ, ਸਭਾ, ਇੱਜੜ, ਡਾਰ, ਇਕੱਠਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ਹਨ । (✓)
(ਇ) ਖ਼ੁਸ਼ੀ, ਉਦਾਸੀ, ਗ਼ਮੀ ਵਸਤੂਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ਹਨ । (✗)
(ਸ) ਪੁਸਤਕ, ਮਨੁੱਖ, ਸ਼ਹਿਰ, ਪਿੰਡ ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ਹਨ । (✓)
(ਹ) ਨਾਂਵ ਅੱਠ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ । (✗)
(ਕ) ਦਿੱਲੀ, ਹਿਮਾਲਾ, ਖ਼ਾਸ ਨਾਂਵ ਹਨ । (✓)

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 7.
ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਨਾਂਵ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਵਿਚੋਂ ਖ਼ਾਸ ਨਾਂਵ ਤੇ ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ ਚੁਣੋ-
ਸੈਨਾ, ਜਮਾਤ, ਇੱਜੜ, ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ, ਦਿੱਲੀ, ਹਿਮਾਲਾ, ਸਰਦੀ, ਗਰਮੀ, ਜਵਾਨੀ, ਡਾਰ, ਖੰਡ, ਗੁੜ, ਕਣਕ, ਸ਼ਹਿਰ, ਪਿੰਡ, ਪਹਾੜ ।
ਉੱਤਰ :
ਆਮ ਨਾਂਵ – ਸ਼ਹਿਰ, ਪਿੰਡ, ਪਹਾੜ !
ਖ਼ਾਸ ਨਾਂਵ – ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ, ਦਿੱਲੀ, ਹਿਮਾਲਾ ।

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on establishment (formation) of SAARC and discuss its objectives.
Or
Describe background and efforts made for the establishment of South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC).
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by the late Zia-Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March, 1980, was given concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation) in August, 1983. On August 1, 1983, foreign ministers of seven countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) met at New Delhi and approved programme of economic co-operation. They decided on an integrated programme of action for regional co-operation. Thus, the seven South Asian countries formally established the SAARC in 1985.
In its 14th Summit which was held at New Delhi on April 3-4-2007, Afghanistan becomes the 8th member of SAARC.

Background And Efforts Made for the Establishment of SAARC:
1. Working Paper on SAARC:
Before the formal launching of SAARC, useful and productive ground work was done by several meetings of the seven South Asian states. The working paper was prepared by Bangladesh’s former President Mr. Zia-Ur-Rehman. He stressed the need of setting up an organisation to promote regional co-operation.

2. Colombo Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of South Asian States (1981):
At this meeting the foreign ministers of South Asian countries- India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka and Maldives, acknowledged the importance of regional co-operation. The meeting agreed to explore the possibilities of co-operation in five spheres i.e. agriculture, rural development, communication, weather and health and population activities.

3. Foreign Secretaries. Meeting in Kathmandu (1981):
At this meeting the recommendations of the seven nation study group and the report of the coordination committee of the whole was accepted. It also decided to explore the possibilities of Transport, Postal Service and Scientific and Technological cooperation.

4. Islamabad Meeting of Foreign Secretaries (1982):
This meeting approved the recommendations of the study group set up in Kathmandu and decided to constitute new study groups on sports, arts and culture.

5. Dhaka Meeting (1983):
This meeting evaluated the mutual co-operation in different fields and recommended the adoption of integrated programme of action by the foreign ministers. It also decided to set up a standing committee.

6. New Delhi Meeting of Foreign Ministers (1983):
In this meeting the foreign ministers signed the declaration of South Asian regional cooperation. The declaration listed the following objectives of South Asian Regional Co-operation.

• to promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to raise their standard of living,
• to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region;
• to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries,
• to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems;
• to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields;
• to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and
• to co-operate with international and regional organisations with similar aims and objectives.

The declaration also stated that SAARC is based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non¬interference in the international affairs of other states and mutual benefits. The heads of state or government meet annually. It also decided to set up different committees.

7. New Delhi Meeting (1984):
This meeting gave a call for developing friendly relations among the countries of this region, along with co-operation in socio-economic and cultural field.

8. Standing Committee Meeting in Male in Feb. 1985:
This meeting recommended the establishment of a ministry council of South Asian countries through which the common will of mutual co-operation could be given institutional form. Thus, after so much hard work, studies and meeting SAARC was formally inaugurated in Dec. 1985.

Objectives and Principles of SAARC:
The South Asian Association of Regional Co-operation was formally inaugurated in Dec. 1985. The SAARC is an organisation of Eight countries of South Asia:Bhutan, India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC was established primarily for co-operation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics and terrorism.

Objectives of SAARC:
The objectives of the association are : 1. to promote the welfare of the people of South : 2. to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region; 3. to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries. 4. to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems; 5. to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields; 6. to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and 7. to co-operate with international and regional organisations.

Principles of SAARC:

1. SAARC is based on the principles of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and mutual benefits.
2. Decisions at all levels are taken on the basis of unanimity. But bilateral and contentious issues will be excluded from the deliberations.
3. SAARC is not a political organisation but is formed to accelerate development through mutual co-operation.
4. The members of SAARC would not act as obstruction in having relations with the individual countries of SAARC and with other countries.

Question 2.
What important activities SAARC has taken up during its existence? What has been India’s role in them?
Answer:
SAARC is active since 1985. It has taken up many activities as a regional co-operation association. It’s activities are as follows :
First SAARC Summit:
The leaders of seven South Asian countries Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and India, concluded on Dec. 8, 1985. at Dhaka their first ever regional summit. The Summit Conference adopted a Charter of this regional body to be known as South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. This marked a major development in co-operation among the countries of the region. It will also help in the maintenance of peace and stability in the area.

Second Summit of SAARC:
The second summit of SAARC was held at Bangalore on Nov. 16-17, 1986 under the Chairmanship of Sh. Rajiv Gandhi. It decided to evolve a joint policy to fight terrorism in South Asia, to set up technical committees on women’s participation in development, drug abuse and drug trafficking.

Third Summit of SAARC:
The third summit of SAARC was held at Kathmandu (Nepal) in Nov. 1987, where agreements were reached on terrorism and established a SAARC Reserved Food Grain Stock. The Reserved Food Grain Stock, launched at the summit, will begin with a stock of 200,000 tonnes of wheat and rice. The summit also decided to commission a comprehensive study of the region’s environment and the necessary measures for its protection and preservation.

Fourth SAARC Summit:
The fourth annual summit of SAARC ended in Islamabad on December 31, 1988. The summit pledged to stamp out terrorism and meet the basic needs of the people through a regional plan ‘SAARC 2000’ with specific targets.

Fifth SAARC Summit 1990:
Fifth SAARC summit was held in Male, the capital of Maldives, in November, 1990. The summit decided to enlarge visa-free travel facilities beyond the present categories of members of Parliament and Supreme Court Judges.

Ninth Session of SAARC Council of Ministers, 1991. On July 4, 1991 the Ninth Session of the SAARC Council of Ministers agreed on taking co-ordinated action to combat the menace of terrorism which they said threatened to destabilize the region. On the economic front, the SAARC Council-also approved to institutionalise co-operation in tourism and trade manufacture and service.

Sixth SAARC Summit 1991:
Sixth SAARC summit was held in Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka, on Dec. 21, 1991. The seven SAARC nations have agreed to liberalise trade and called for greater co-operation and interaction among the member states to combat terrorism in the region. India has done well by proposing a collective economic security system for the region.

Seventh SAARC Summit 1993:
Seventh SAARC summit was held at Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, on April, 1993. The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation entered a new phase of economic co-operation as the seventh summit approved the 63 point Dhaka declaration and endorsing the South Asia Preferential trade agreement seeking to reduce trade barriers in the region.

Eighth SAARC Summit 1995:
Eighth SAARC summit was held in New Delhi on 2nd May, 1995. All the members of SAARC countries agreed to liberalise trade and called for greater co-operation. Delhi declaration of the eighth SAARC summit called for an international convention prohibiting the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons under any circumstances and strongly deploring acts of terrorism spreading in and outside the region. The declaration called for the production of organised tourism in a big way in the SAARC region. Another significance of this Summit was agreement on South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA).

Ninth SAARC Summit 1997:
Ninth SAARC summit was held at Male, the capital of Maldives on 11th May, 1997. Leaders of seven South Asian nations accepted India’s proposal to transform the region into a free trade area by 2001. SAARC countries agreed for the removal of all trade barriers and structural impediments by advancing the deadline by four years from the earlier agreed goal of SAFTA by 2005.

Tenth SAARC Summit 1998:
Tenth SAARC summit was held at Colombo on 29th July, 1998. Despite its failings and shortcomings, SAARC has taken several bold steps including establishing a framework for SAPTA (South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement) and SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area). India made a fine gesture that it would remove import restrictions on over two thousand products to facilitate intra-regional trade. With the solitary exception of Pakistan, all other member-countries of SAARC also agreed on the need to hasten the process by two years to realise SAFTA by 2001.

Eleventh SAARC Summit, 2002:
The Eleventh SAARC summit was held at Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal on 5th Jan. 2002 under tenscious shadow of Indo- Pak relations. The 11th SAARC Summit decided for the urgent conclusion of comprehensive convention on combating International terrorism and conducting international cooperation in ending this scourge in conformity with the U.N. Charter. The Summit recognised the importance of creating a free trade area. The declaration called for coordination among the SAARC member states on all World Trade Organisation issues.

Twelfth SAARC Summit (2004):
The 12th SAARC Summit was held at Islamabad; the capital of Pakistan in January 2004. During this summit firstly, SAFTA was approved and it will take effect from January, 2006. Secondly, all the SAARC nations signed its ‘Social Charter’. Thirdly, it was decided to start a ‘SAARC Award’ to respect and encourage the contribution of individual in the spheres of peace, poverty alleviation, social welfare etc. Fourthly, the SAARC nations signed a protocol on the prevention of terrorism.

Thirteenth SAARC Summit (2005):
The 13th SAARC summit was held at Dhaka on November 12, 2005. Summit decided a united fight against terrorism afflicting the region.

Fourteenth SAARC Summit:
The Fourteenth SAARC Summit was held at New Delhi on April 3-4, 2007. All the eight members were present. Afghanistan is the latest addition in the SAARC and because of this addition the total members of the SAARC are eight now. SAARC Summit adopted a 30-point declaration with commitment to ensure market access by all SAARC member countries and also collectively combat poverty, diseases, disaster and terrorism. All the eight members of the SAARC were unanimous for taking strict steps to curb terrorism in the Universe. Two agreements on establishing South Asian University and SAARC Food Bank were signed in the concluding session of the 14th SAARC Summit in New Delhi.

Fifteenth SAARC SUMMIT:
The Fifteenth SAARC Summit was held in Colombo, SRI LANKA on August, 2-3, 2008. The Summit concluded with the leaders expressing serious concern over the threat posed by terrorism to the peace, stability and security of the region and emphasizing the need for strongest possible co-operation in fighting terror and transnational organised crime. The Summit adopted the Colombo Declaration titled ‘Partnership for the growth of our people’ at the concluding session on August 3. The declaration stressed the importance of completing all legislative and other relevant measures to implement within the member states the provisions of the Regional Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances.

Sixteenth SAARC Summit:
The Sixteenth SAARC Summit was held in Thimpu, Bhutan on April 28-29, 2010. The Summit concluded with the leaders express serious concerns over terrorism. SAARC leaders also decided to celebrated the decade of 2011-2020 as a ‘Decade of Intraregional Connectivity in SAARC’.

17th SAARC Summit (2011):
The 17th SAARC Summit was held in Addu (Maidive) on Nov. 10-11, 2011. The Addu declaration said that the leaders agreed upon the theme of ‘Building Bridges.’ The leaders committed to work towards a huge boost in intra SAARC trade, improving air, rail, motor and water transport connectivity between member countries and putting their heads together to solve common development concerns.

18th SAARC Summit-2014:
The 18th SAARC Summit was held in 2014 in Nepal. It concluded adopting a 36-point declaration with commitment to control Terrorism and Religious Fundamentalism.

India’s Role in SAARC :
India has been playing a vital role in the activities of SAARC. To make this organisation a success India has made constructive contributions. Its contributions in the founding and functioning of the organisation are significant and these are as follow:

1. India played a leading role in the formation of SAARC. With India’s effort SAARC was constituted in 1985 with a view to promote co-operation in the neighbouring countries.
2. The second SAARC Summit was held in Bangalore in 1986 under the chairmanship of Late Prime Minister Sh. Rajiv Gandhi.
3. India announced a grant of Rs. 150 lacs to SAARC for the year 1987-88.
4. In 1988, India offered 1,53,200 tonnes of foodgrains to create a reserved foodgrains stock for SAARC nations.
5. India announced a contribution of Rs. 2 crores for SAARC activities for the year 1989-90.
6. Industrial Development Bank of India hosted a meeting of national development institutions of the member countries in October 1991.
7. In Dec. 1991, during the Sixth SAARC Summit India proposed a collective economic security system for the region.
8. India hosted the first cultural festival of SAARC countries in October, 1992.
9. India also ratified SAARC convention on Narcotic Drugs.
10. The Eighth SAARC Summit was held in New Delhi on 4 May, 1995.
11. The first SAARC Trade fair was also held in New Delhi from 9th to 14th January, 1996.
12. India has removed all Quantitative Restrictions from SAARC countries from August 1, 1998.
13. To boost the trade within the region India has placed over 2000 products from the Restricted List to Open General List.
14. Under SAPTA India offered duty concessions to SAARC nations on 160 items.
15. India has offered to conclude bilateral free trade agreements with those SAARC nations who are willing to move faster.
16. India has already free trade agreements with Nepal and Bhutan.
17. India has given financial aid to SAARC nations on a large scale particularly to Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.
18. In 12th SAARC Summit India pledged a contribution of Rs. 21.5 million for conferences to give concrete shape to freeing the SAARC region from hunger and giving an added impetus to the SAARC food bank.
19. In the 13th SAARC Summit India offered concrete proposals to strengthen, including the facility of daily air services by designated airlines on a reciprocal basis, provision of transit facilities, setting up of a South Asian University and establishment of Regional Food Bank, SAARC High Economic Council and SAARC Museum of Textiles and Handicrafts.

Thus, India has played a constructive role in SAARC. It has always helped the member-states in time of need and emergency. India’s role in SAARC activities is a mark of India’s firm belief in SAARC and its policies.

Question 3.
Describe India’s role in SAARC.
Answer:
India has been playing a vital role in the activities of SAARC. To make this organisation a success India has made constructive contributions. Its contributions in the founding and functioning of the organisation are significant and these are as follow:

1. India played a leading role in the formation of SAARC. With India’s effort SAARC was constituted in 1985 with a view to promote co-operation in the neighbouring countries.
2. The second SAARC Summit was held in Bangalore in 1986 under the chairmanship of Late Prime Minister Sh. Rajiv Gandhi.
3. India announced a grant of Rs. 150 lacs to SAARC for the year 1987-88.
4. In 1988, India offered 1,53,200 tonnes of foodgrains to create a reserved foodgrains stock for SAARC nations.
5. India announced a contribution of Rs. 2 crores for SAARC activities for the year 1989-90.
6. Industrial Development Bank of India hosted a meeting of national development institutions of the member countries in October 1991.
7. In Dec. 1991, during the Sixth SAARC Summit India proposed a collective economic security system for the region.
8. India hosted the first cultural festival of SAARC countries in October, 1992.
9. India also ratified SAARC convention on Narcotic Drugs.
10. The Eighth SAARC Summit was held in New Delhi on 4 May, 1995.
11. The first SAARC Trade fair was also held in New Delhi from 9th to 14th January, 1996.
12. India has removed all Quantitative Restrictions from SAARC countries from August 1, 1998.
13. To boost the trade within the region India has placed over 2000 products from the Restricted List to Open General List.
14. Under SAPTA India offered duty concessions to SAARC nations on 160 items.
15. India has offered to conclude bilateral free trade agreements with those SAARC nations who are willing to move faster.
16. India has already free trade agreements with Nepal and Bhutan.
17. India has given financial aid to SAARC nations on a large scale particularly to Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.
18. In 12th SAARC Summit India pledged a contribution of Rs. 21.5 million for conferences to give concrete shape to freeing the SAARC region from hunger and giving an added impetus to the SAARC food bank.
19. In the 13th SAARC Summit India offered concrete proposals to strengthen, including the facility of daily air services by designated airlines on a reciprocal basis, provision of transit facilities, setting up of a South Asian University and establishment of Regional Food Bank, SAARC High Economic Council and SAARC Museum of Textiles and Handicrafts.

Thus, India has played a constructive role in SAARC. It has always helped the member-states in time of need and emergency. India’s role in SAARC activities is a mark of India’s firm belief in SAARC and its policies.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about SAARC? Write the names of its member countries.
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by late Zia- Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March 1980, was given a concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC. The leaders of seven South Asian countries India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives concluded on December 5, 1985 at Dhaka their first ever regional summit. The summit conference adopted a Charter of this regional body to be known as South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.

This marked a major development in co-operation among the countries of this region. The Indian Prime Minister in his inaugural address termed it as the beginning of a new dawn. The Dhaka Declaration stated that the Heads of State or Government shall meet annually. The SAARC Secretariat was set up at Kathmandu on 16 January, 1987. In its 14th summit which was held at New Delhi on April, 3-4-2007, Afghanistan became the 8th member of SAARC. The basic aim of the organisation as declared by Dhaka Declaration is “to make the full use of all the human and natural resources and to accelerate the economic and social development of the region.”

Question 2.
Write main objectives of SAARC.
Answer:
The objectives of the association are:

• to promote the welfare of the people of South
• to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region;
• to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries.
• to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems;
• to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields;
• to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and
• to co-operate with international and regional organisations.

Question 3.
WHhat are the main principles of SAARC? Write the names of its member countries.
Or
Write down the names of the member countries of SAARC.
Answer:
Principles of SAARC:

1. SAARC is based on the principles of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and mutual benefits.
2. Decisions at all levels are taken on the basis of unanimity. But bilateral and contentious issues will be excluded from the deliberations.
3. SAARC is not a political organisation but is formed to accelerate development through mutual co-operation.
4. The members of SAARC would not act as obstruction in having relations with the individual countries of SAARC and with other countries.

Names of the member countries of SAARC:

1. India
2. Pakistan
3. Bangladesh
4. Bhutan
5. Maldives
6. Sri Lanka
7. Nepal,
8. Afghanistan.

Question 4.
Write a short note on SAFTA.
Answer:
The aim of SAFTA is to establish a ‘South Asian Free Trade Area’ through mutual co-operation. A free trade area means that trading among the countries of the area is free from taxes and custom restrictions. During its establishment it was hoped that SAFTA will replace SAPTA before the start of 21st century. The Tenth SAARC Summit decided to set up a committee of experts to conclude on Treaty 2001 on SAFTA. In 12th SAARC Summit held on January, 2004 in Islamabad the SAARC nations have signed the treaty.

On December 29, 2005 the Union Cabinet of India cleared the implementation of South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement though the actual movement of commodities among Seven Nations started from July 1, 2006. SAFTA allows for a differential and progressively freer regions. India, in effect, will offer relatively unhindered access to its markets for Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal, the poorest SAARC members, while different ‘sensitive lists’ on goods and services would be prepared for Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Question 5.
Write down any four achievements of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:

• All the member countries of SAARC have come closer to one another and their mutual tension has been lessened.
• All the member countries are collectively working for their socio-economic development.
• SAARC has created “Food Stock Pool”. It has developed a sense of self-reliance and self-respect among SAARC nations.
• SAARC has accelerated development in the region.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about SAARC?
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by late Zia- Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March 1980, was given a concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC. The leaders of seven South Asian countries India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives concluded on December 5, 1985 at Dhaka their first ever regional summit.

Question 2.
Write the full name of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:
The full name of SAARC is South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

Question 3.
Write down the names of SAARC member countries.
Or
Write the names of any four countries of SAARC.
Answer:

1. India
2. Pakistan
3. Bangladesh
4. Bhutan
5. Maldives
6. Sri Lanka
7. Nepal,
8. Afghanistan.

Question 4.
Write a short note on SAFTA
Answer:
The aim of SAFTA is to establish a ‘South Asia Free Trade Area’ through mutual co-operation. A free trade area means that trading among the countries of the area is free from taxes and custom restrictions.

Question 5.
Write down any two achievements of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:

• All the member countries of SAARC have come closer to one another and their mutual tension has been lessened.
• All the member countries are collectively working for their socio-economic development.

Question 6.
Write any two problems of SAARC.
Answer:

• The first problem is Political lnstability in the SAARC Region.
• The second problem of SAARC is Terrorism.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by SAARC?
Or
What is the full form of SAARC?
Answer:
SAARC i.e. South Assian Association for Regional Cooperation is an organisation of eight countries of South Asia. It has been established with the objective of increasing mutual co-operation between these countries.

Question 2.
When was SAARC established?
Answer:
A Conference of the Foreign Ministers of seven countries was held on 1-2 August, 1983. They deliberated about the establishment of SAARC. It was formally founded in its first conference at Dhaka in Bangladesh in 1985.

Question 3.
What has been the impact of SAARC as a means of Regional Co-operation?
Answer:
Because of SAARC, the South Asian Countries have come closer to each other. It has been successful in settling some common problems in these countries.

Question 4.
Mention full form of SAARC and SAFTA
Answer:

• SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.
• SAFTA: South Asian Free Trade Area.

Question 5.
When and where was the 18th SAARC Conference held?
Answer:
The 18th SAARC Summit conference was held at Thimpu, the capital of Nepal on Nov. 2014.

Question 6.
Write down names of member countries of SAARC.
Answer:
SAARC includes countries such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bengladesh, Maldives and Afganistan.

Question 7.
When and in which conference, Afganistan was made a member country of SAARC?
Answer:
Afganistan was made a member of SAARC in the 14th Summit Conference held in India in April, 2007.

Question 8.
Where is the office of SAARC situated?
Answer:
The office of SAARC is in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

Question 9.
Write down any two countries in the north of India who have joined SAARC.
Answer:
In the north of India, Nepal and Bhutan are the member countries of SAARC.

Question 10.
Write down any two countries in the south of India who have joined SAARC.
Answer:
In the south of India, Sri Lanka and Maldives are the member countries of SAARC.

Question 11.
When was SAARC established?
Answer:
1985.

Question 12.
Write down any one name of the member country of SAARC.
Answer:
India.

Question 13.
How many conferences of SAARC have been held so far?
Answer:
There have been 18 Summit Conferences of SAARC so far.

Question 14.
Where was the 14th Summit Conference of SAARC held?
Answer:
In India.

Fill in The Blanks

1. The SAARC is an organisation of ………….. member states.
Answer:
Eight

2. ………….. is playing an important role in SAARC activities.
Answer:
India

3. First SAARC Summit was concluded on 8 Dec ………….. .
Answer:
1985

4. 17th SAARC Summit was held in ………….. .
Answer:
Maldives.

True Or False Statement

1. SAARC is a national organisation.
Answer:
False

2. SAARC is an Institution of South Asian countries.
Answer:
True

3. India is not a member of SAARC.
Answer:
False

4. Afghanistan becomes 8th member of SAARC.
Answer:

5. So far fifteen summits have concluded of SAARC.
Answer:
False.

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
SAARC was initiated by:
(a) Mr. Zia-ul-Rehman
(b) Mr. Zia-ul-Haq
(c) Mrs. Indira Gandhi
(d) Mr. Mujib-ur-Rehman
Answer:
(a) Mr. Zia-ul-Rehman

Question 2.
SAARC is a/an:
(a) Universal Organisation
(b) Regional Organisation
(c) World Organisation
(d) International Organisation
Answer:
(b) Regional Organisation

Question 3.
The 18th Summit of SAARC
(a) India
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Nepal
(d) Bhutan.
Answer:
(c) Nepal

Question 4.
The SAARC was formed
(a) 1987
(b) 1983
(c) 1985
(d) 1982.
Answer:
(b) 1983

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. In 2021, the number of elders in India will be
(a) 140 million
(b) 150 million
(c) 160 million
(d) 170 million
Answer:
(a) 140 million

2. In 2001, how many elders were there in India?
(a) 80 million
(b) 77 million
(c) 83 million
(d) 86 million
Answer:
(b) 77 million

3. In the Indian Census Survey, who is considered as an elder?
(a) 58 years
(b) 65 years
(c) 60 years
(d) 63 years
Answer:
(c) 60 years

4. Which of these is the sign of old age?
(a) Tooth decay
(b) Baldness
(c) Grey hair
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

5. Which science studies the process of old age?
(a) Gerontology
(b) Dermitology
(c) Physiology
(d) Botany
Answer:
(a) Gerontology

6. Which of these problems is faced by the old age people?
(a) Economic insecurity
(b) Deteriorating health
(c) Change in Roles
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Fill in the Blanks:

1. ………………. is a natural stage of human life which is bound to come.
Answer:
Old age

2. In 1947, around ……………… crore people were elders.
Answer:
1.9

3. According to United Nations, the world population till 2050 will be ……………….
Answer:
910 crore

4. Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act was passed in ………………. A.D.
Answer:
2007

5. According to 6th All India Educational Survey, around …………………. crore children need special education.
Answer:
two

True/False:

1. The age of retirement in India is 70 years.
Answer:
True

2. The colour of elders changes into black.
Answer:
False

3. There is tooth decay in old age.
Answer:
True

4. There is a provision of reservation in government jobs for disable persons.
Answer:
True

5. Old age people are given a pension of? 5000 per month.
Answer:
False

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is the population of the world?
Answer:
The world’s population is 650 crores.

Question 2.
According to United Nations, in 2050, what would be world’s population?
Answer:
It will be 910 crores in 2050.

Question 3.
In 2021, what would be the population of old age people?
Answer:
It will be around 121 million.

Question 4.
Who is considered as an elder in India?
Answer:
One who is having age of 60 years or more.

Question 5.
Give few signs of old age.
Answer:
Tooth decay, baldness, grey hair, hearing and viewing problems etc.

Question 6.
What do we call to the study of the process of ageing?
Answer:
We call it Gerontology.

Question 7.
What was the major issue in Hindi movie Piku?
Answer:
Major issue in Piku was the mutual relation between an aged father and his daughter in which father was completely dependent on his daughter.

Question 8.
What is the impact of ageing on health?
Answer:
With ageing, body becomes physically and mentally weak.

Question 9.
When was ‘The Rehabilitation Council Act’ passed?
Answer:
It was passed in 1992.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by Gerontology?
Answer:
Gerontology is a type of science which studies the process of ageing and studies the problems faced by the old age people. Gerontologist studies age, increasing age and the process of ageing.

Question 2.
Activity theory of ageing.
Answer:
Activity theory of ageing says that to remairi happy in old age, one must remain active. This theory says that is the existing roles and rules stops functioning, they must be replaced because with the decline in activity level, the level of satisfaction will also come down.

Question 3.
Problems of old age.
Answer:

• In old age, one becomes physically and psychologically weak.
• Economically he depends upon children and becomes economically insecure.
• Old people are not ready to adapt the changing conditions of life.

Question 4.
Old age homes.
Answer:
Many people are unable to maintain balance with their parents and throw them out of their homes. For such elders, government has made old age homes so that they can in peace in the last stage of their life. Here, every type of care is taken about their needs.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Causes of Problem of Aged.
Answer:

• The importance and respect of the elders have been decreased due to the decreasing effect of the caste system and that’s why they have to face many types of problems.
• Due to the development of technology, the importance of the art of elders has been decreased because of which they have to face many types of problems.
• People are leaving their houses and villages and are moving towards cities due to the spread of education and the problems of elders start from here.
• People use the whole of their savings to give a better future to their children because of which they have to face many economic problems.

Question 2.
Status of Aged in Ancient times.
Answer:
Status of the aged in ancient India was very good. Patriarchal and joint families were there because of which control of the family was in the hands of elders. Wealth and property of the family was under their control. They had complete knowledge related to art and occupation. They were getting full respect in the family. They used to take all the decisions of the family and no one was going against their wishes. In this way the status of the elders was very good.

Question 3.
Problems which come in old age.
Answer:

• In old age people suffer from diseases like blood pressure, sugar, heart problem etc.
• People spend whole of their saving in giving a better future to their children because of which they have to face many economic problems in old age.
• If elders are dependent upon their children then they have to obey their children because of which many times they are disrespected by their children.

Question 4.
Problem of aged related to health.
Answer:
Persons work for the whole life with great heart. When he becomes old his body hardly responds. He suffers from many diseases like sugar, blood pressure. He is unable to do anything. In this way health related problems are very important for elders.

Question 5.
Old age Homes.
Answer:
If the children of an aged person throw him out of the house he is left with no option except to live in old age homes. In this way old age homes are those houses where those elders are living who are unable to live with their family members. Elders are properly cared in these homes. They are given complete security and shelter ‘in these homes. In this way those aged who are unable to live with their children, they have to live in old age homes. Many old age homes are running in big cities.

Question 6.
Generation Gap.
Answer:
The difference between ideals, rules, ways of behaviour etc. of persons of two generations is known as the generation gap. Actually the old generation expects from the young generation that they must live their lives according to them. But young generation is having its own rules, ideals, ways of behaviour etc. and they never let any one to interfere in their lives. This leads to conflict between the both generations which is known as the generation gap.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you know about the Problems of the Aged?
Answer:
If we look at the Indian population before Indian independence then we will come to know that the rate of life expectancy before independence was around 31 years. It means that person who is born in India lives around 31 years of average. But after independence and after the opening up of health facilities like hospitals, dispensaries etc. the average life expectancy has been increased and has reached to the age of 62 years. It means that within 50 years the life expectancy in India has doubled. Many changes have come in the life of the people after the start of 20th century. First and the most important change which has come is that the average life of the person has been increased. Generally it has been said that the person whose age is more then 60 years or who has been retired from his job has become an aged person or old person. The number of aged persons have also increased with the increase in average age.

This increasing numbers of aged is becoming a challenge for the country. In earlier times every member of the family was coming to the end. It hardly matters that whether he was a child or an aged. If any person was becoming an aged then he was completely taken care by the family. But now people hardly take care of the aged due to the changes which came in the institution of the family, westernization and modernization. They are either not cared by their children or they are sent to old aged homes by their children. This is the biggest problem of the aged.

Generally it has been believed that the problems of a person increases with his increase in age. Rosow says that yet aged people have many problems but one can take them in health, social and financial problems. Person’s utility, in modern age, can be seen on the basis of economic basis and aged people are not considered as useful. Situation of the aged further deteriorates due to technical progress and social change. Problems of the aged has been increased to a great extent due to the increasing number of people of the’ age of 60 years in last few decades. These days aged people have to face many types of social, economic and psychological problems. Even aged people of rural and urban areas have to face the problem of spending their leisure time.

After looking at this we should treat the aged people like humans and should be kept one thing in mind that these people also have their needs and wishes That’s why we should look at their needs from their point of view so that we should be able to understand them and should fulfil their needs.

Historical Perspective:

If we look at the status of the aged people in ancient Indian Society then their position was very good. People in ancient societies were living in the groups of hunters and food gatherers. Aged people were specialized in doing every type of activity. They were considered as very important. Aged, people in ancient societies were given very much importance. Status of the aged people was very powerful in social, religious and political sphere. One scholar has analysed many ancient societies and said that the behaviour, traditions and customs were running according to aged people in ancient societies which was very particular from cultural point of view.

Aged people in ancient Hebru society were considered as the gift of the God. Importance of the aged people in pre industrial societies was considered till that time until they would be able to contribute towards society. Every type of power of society was in their hands and they were given enough security in the society. When they were unable to contribute towards society then they used to retire from their duties. Control of the family was then generally given to the elder son of the family. Because they were elders and had done a lot for the society and family, that’s why they were given enough security from the family. They were the main sources of cultural knowledge.

In Rome, aged people were seen from negative point of view. Due to their more age they were considered as wicked. But some of them were made guardians of small hildren of rich families. Their work was to take the children to school and to bring lem back safely. But elder people in Rome’s history were seen in the negative form.

Question 2.
Explain the status of aged in India.
Answer:
Status of the aged people in ancient Indian society was very good. Aged person was the head of the family and family and property were both in his complete control. He was given the great respect in society and his status was higher than all. At that time it was said that experience of person increases with the increase in age and they give this experience to their next generation. With the passage of time Arya people came to India and they divided the Indian society in four Varnas. Age of the person was considered as 100 years and it was divided in the four ashramas of 25-25 years.

These 4 ashramas were given the names of Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vaan Prastha and Sanyasa ashrama’s. Person was getting education in first ashram and he was establishing his house after marriage in second ashrama. He had to pay the three debts of life i.e. Dena Rina, Pitri Rina and Rishi Rina. During this time, it was expected from young generation that they should take care of elder people in grihastha ashram. Aged persons were given the security through this ashrama system and all the functions of family and society were being done by aged people.

Persons in the age group of 50 years used to move towards forests in vaan prastha ashram by giving everything in the hands of their children. But many a times they used to come back to their homed to give advice on any matter to their children. That’s why they were given enough respect in the society. With the passage of time, this system was changed but the status of aged people remained as it is Actual change in the status of women came after the advent of the Britishers.

The Britishers started to win over India and with this they started to bring social change in India. They adapted a new judicial and educational system with whirl changes came in ancient relations. Young generation started to live away from their elders due to new educational institutions and industries. People started to move from rural areas to urban areas with which a danger came on the existence of ancient and joint families. When people started to move towards urban areas then they started to live in nuclear families because of which they were unable to take care of elder people. New social structure, values, social and political system and new social processes started to come forward. All these have brought some changes in socio¬economic system of society which are given below:

• In earlier times production was being done at home but now production is being done in factories because of which now family is no more remains as a centre of economic production.
• People started to move from rural areas to urban areas in the search of employment especially the people of young age.
• When people started to move away from rural areas to urban areas then join! families were disintegrated and nuclear families came into being.
• Very big organizations and new occupations came into being in cities with this the importance of art of occupation, given by elders, was reduced. Importance of knowledge of elders was reduced due to the advancement of new type of knowledge of different occupations.
• Due to industries, work started to be done on machines. With this one danger started to occur for person and that danger was to be retire from the job. Now the role of the elders remain without any role.
• Facilities of health were increased due to industrialization and new invention with which death rate was reduced very quickly. Average age was increased very quickly and the number of elder people in total population were increased.

At this moment new problem were started for elders like old age, problem of retirement, problem of health, problem of loneliness. When young generation had left their villages then in the start they were sending money to their villages and even going back to the villages to meet them. But slowly and slowly this was also reduced and the problems of the aged were further increased. Even elders were called as a problem. Loneliness, inability, economic dependence are these problems which are seen as the problems of elders in society.

In 1931 or before independence the average age in India was 31 years but after independence most of the evil diseases or serious diseases were kept under control. Average age in 2011 was increase up to 66 year due to health facilities. In this way number of elders were increased due to increase in age and their problems were also increased due to this. Views of the people were also changed due to industrialization, westernization and modernization because of which the rude behaviour towards elders was also increased. Attack towards elders is also included in rude behaviour.

Giving sanction to the problem of rude behaviour towards elders and to find misbehaviour is not an easy work. If any elder is not doing anything then he generally lives in the house. They depend upon their family. Here one thing is important that elders never like to talk to anyone about rude behaviour towards them. If any one comes to know about this even then they never accept this thing. They think that their own children are misbehaving them it hardly matters. Many elders are afraid of the fact that if they would be left by their children with then what would happen lo them, he will remain alone. That’s why they don’t like to talk with any one about the rude behaviour of their children. Elders never like to live in any old age home. They like to live with their children because they don’t have any other option without this.

Quantity of Misbehaviour. If we will do research on the rude behaviour over the elders then the very wrong results will come in front of us because we will not be able to get the required data. It’s reason is that the aged people will not talk with anyone regarding this. According to one research 4 out of 100 aged persons are misbehaved and out of 100, 3 have to face physical violence. Not only this females are more misbehaved as compared to males. Here one thing should be kept in mind that boys misbehave more with their parent as compared to girls even they have to face violence also. Girls are doing less violence with their parents. This problem is going on all over the place. Yet any research on national level has not taken place but some researchers have tried to do so but all of them are unable to tell us that how much serious this problem is? But on the basis of newspapers and reports we caii say that this problem is very serious.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences

Analyse the following sentences, selecting the Principal Clause and the Noun Clause. Also, state the function of the Noun Clause.

(A)

1. That Mohan was a doctor was not known to me.
2. Where the boys will stay is not yet known.
3. That Mohan will stand first is certain.
4. What cannot be cured must be endured.
5. Why the thief did not take away the gold is a mystery.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	It was not known to me	that Mohan was a doctor. (Subject to the verb ‘was not known’.)
2.	It is not known yet	where the boys will stay. (Subject to the verb ‘is not known’.)
3.	It is certain	that Mohan will stand first. (Subject to the verb ‘is’.)
4.	It must be endured	what cannot be cured. (Subject to the verb ‘must be endured’.)
5.	It is a mystery	why the thief did not take away the gold. (Subject to the verb ‘is’.)

(B)

1. Ask Asha if Papa has come.
2. Can you tell me why Mohan is absent today?
3. I know that she loves music.
4. Tell me why you hate me.
5. I had never thought that your brother was so lazy.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	Ask Asha	if Papa has come. (Object to the verb ‘ask’.)
2.	Can you tell me	why Mohan is absent today ? (Object to the verb ‘tell’.)
3.	I know	that she loves music. (Object to the verb ‘know’.)
4.	Tell me	why you hate me. (Object to the verb ‘tell’.)
5.	I had never thought	that your brother was so lazy. (Object to the verb ‘thought’.)

(C)

1. My fear was that Mohan would reach late.
2. Life is what you make it.
3. It seems that it will rain soon.
4. Things are not what they appear to be.
5. My firm belief is that Harpreet will stand first.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	My fear was	that Mohan would reach late. (Complement to the verb ‘was’.)
2.	Life is	what you make it. (Complement to the verb ‘is’.)
3.	It seems	that it will rain soon. (Complement to the verb ‘seems’.)
4.	Things are not	what they appear to be. (Complement to the verb ‘are’.)
5.	My firm belief is	that Harpreet will stand first. (Complement to the verb ‘is’.)

(D)

1. Aren’t you ashamed of what you have done ?
2. She must listen to what her teacher says.
3. She agrees to whatever Mohan says.
4. There is no truth in what is stated by Asha.
5. Your success depends on how hard you work.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	Aren’t you ashamed of	what you have done ? (Object to the preposition ‘of’)
2.	She must listen to	what her teacher says. (Object to the preposition ‘to’.)
3.	She agrees to	whatever Mohan says. (Object to the preposition ‘to’.)
4.	There is no truth in	what is stated by Asha. (Object to the preposition ‘in’.)
5.	Your success depends on	how hard you work. (Object to the preposition ‘on’.)

(E)

1. The statement that all students will get two rasgullas every day is not true.
2. The news that Sania Mirza has won is correct.
3. The story that Ram Nath kidnapped his own nephew has been confirmed.
4. It is true that boys are generally taller than girls.
5. The fact that Harbhajan is a cricketer is known to all.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	The statement is not true	that all students will get two rasgullas every day. (In apposition to the noun ‘statement’.)
2.	The news is correct	that Sania Mirza has won. (In apposition to the noun ‘news’.)
3.	The story has been confirmed	that Ram Nath kidnapped his own nephew. (In apposition to the noun ‘story’.)
4.	It is true	that boys are generally taller than girls. (In apposition to the pronoun ‘it’.)
5.	The fact is known to all	that Harbhajan is a cricketer. (In apposition to the noun ‘fact’.)

(F)

1. Finding that the situation was getting worse, the police opened fire.
2. I went to the manager finding that I had been cheated by the company.
3. Thinking that he was a stranger to the city, I helped him.
4. Mohan left the meeting saying that he could not compromise with his principles.
5. We attacked the robber knowing that he was desperate to do anything.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	The police opened fire finding	that the situation was getting worse. (Object to the participle ‘finding’.)
2.	I went to the manager finding	that I had been cheated by the company. (Object to the participle ‘finding’.)
3.	I helped him thinking	that he was a stranger to the city. (Object to the participle ‘thinking’.)
4.	Mohan left the meeting saying	that he could not compromise with his principles.    (Object to the participle ’saying’.)
5.	We attacked the robber knowing	that he was desperate to do anything. (Object to the participle ‘knowing’.)

(G)

1. I want to confirm if he has a hand in it.
2. We asked him to explain what he had done.
3. She wants to know how the quarrel stafted.
4. I want to know for certain if you helped the thief.
5. I want to know why he stole the money.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	I want to confirm	if he has a hand in it. (Object to the infinitive ‘to confirm’.)
2.	We asked him to explain	what he had done. (Object to the infinitive ‘to explain’.)
3.	She wants to know	how the quarrel started. (Object to the infinitive ‘to know’.)
4.	I want to know for certain	if you helped the thief. (Object to the infinitive ‘to know’.)
5.	I want to know	why he stole the money. (Object to the infinitive ‘to know’)

Pick out the Adjective Clauses from the following sentences and state the function of each.

1. She is the girl who helped me.
2. He killed the snake that bit his wife.
3. The habits that are formed in early age are difficult to break.
4. The furniture he gave us was worth nothing.
5. He who helps others is sure to be helped by God.
6. Such students as work hard are liked by all.
7. He who has no money has no friends.
8. This is the doctor who treated me.
9. This is the reason why she refused to marry Mohan.
10. There was not a single worker who did not go on strike.
11. I gave him such advice as was very useful.
12. Time once lost is lost for ever.
13. This is the school that the President visited.
14. I remember the village where I was born.
15. He is the man who displayed those magic tricks.
Answer:
The Adjective Clauses are :
1. ‘who helped me’ – Adjective Clause qaualifying the noun ‘girl’
2. ‘that bit his wife’ Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘snake?
3. ‘that are formed in early age’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘habits’.
4. ‘(that) he gave us’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘furniture’.
5. ‘who helps others’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the pronoun ‘he’.
6. as work hard. Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘students’.
7. ‘who has no money’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the pronoun ‘he’!
8. ‘who treated me’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘doctor’
9. ‘why she refused to marry Mohan’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the ‘noun reason’
10. ‘who did not go on strike’ – Adjective Clause qualifying he noun ‘worker’.
11. as was very useful – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘advice’.
12. (that is) once lost – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘time’.
13. that the President visited – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘school’.
14. where I was born – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘village’.
15. ‘who displayed those magic tricks’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘man’.

Pick out the Adverb Clause from each of the following sentences and state the function of each.

(A)

1. Look before you leap.
2. No sooner did the train stop than the boys jumped out.
3. Strike the iron while it is hot.
4. The plane had landed before I reached the airport.
5. As long as you work hard, we will not throw you out.
Answer:
1. before you leap’—Adverb clause showing time.
2. No sooner did the train stop? Adverb clause showing time.
3. While it is hot’ –Adverb clause showing time.
4. before I reached the airport-Adverb clause showing time.
5. As long as you work hard-Adverb clause showing time.

(B)

1. The boat sailed where the wind took it.
2. Send the scooter where it came from.
3. I’ll go with you wherever you go.
4. He gets into trouble wherever he goes.
5. Buy this book wherever you find it.
Answer:
1. where the wind took it-Adverb clause showing place.
2. where it came from –Adverb clause showing place.
3. ‘wherever you goʻ–Adverb clause showing place.
4. ‘wherever he goes’-Adverb clause showing place.
5. wherever you find it-Adverb clause showing place.

(C)

1. Since you are late, I cannot let you in.
2. You will pass the examination because you are working hard.
3. I respect her because she is kind to me.
4. I am glad that you have acted honestly.
5. He is afraid that he may be punished.
Answer:
1. “Since you are late’-Adverb clause showing reason.
2. because you are working hard-Adverb clause showing reason.
3. because she is kind to me-Adverb clause showing reason.
4. that you have acted honestly–Adverb clause showing reason.
5. that he may be punished-Adverb clause showing reason.

(D)

1. I’ll help her provided she works hard.
2. If Mohan comes late, the teacher will punish him.
3. He won’t get the book unless he comes to me.
4. If it rains, we shall stay indoors.
5. If the bus is late, we will take a taxi.
Answer:
1. ‘provided she works hard’-Adverb clause showing condition.
2. If Mohan comes late’-Adverb clause showing condition.
3. ‘unless he comes to me-Adverb clause showing condition.
4. If it rains’-Adverb clause showing condition..
5. If the bus is late-Adverb clause showing condition.

(E)

1. Mohan is as active as he is hard-working.
2. As you sow, so shall you reap.
3. Dress as you like.
4. I know French better than you do.
5. He behaves as if he was mad.
Answer:
1. as he is hard-working-Adverb clause showing extent.
2. As you sow-Adverb clause showing manner.
3. as you like’-Adverb clause showing manner.
4. better than you do’-Adverb clause showing comparison.
5. ‘as if he was mad-Adverb clause showing manner.

(F)

1. No matter how hard up she is, she cannot be mean.
2. We shall go ahead with this business even if we suffer a great loss.
3. Although he tried hard, he did not succeed.
4. You cannot pass however hard you may try.
5. Papa did not agree though I requested him time and again.
Answer:
1. No matter how hard up she is’ — Adverb clause showing contrast.
2. ‘even if we suffer a great loss — Adverb clause showing contrast.
3. Although he tried hard’ – Adverb clause showing contrast.
4. however hard you may try – Adverb clause showing contrast.
5. though I requested him time and again’ – Adverb clause showing contrast.

Sentences तीन प्रकार के होते हैं :

1. Simple Sentence (सरल वाक्य)-जिस वाक्य की केवल एक ही Clause हो, उसे Simple Sentence कहा जाता है; जैसे
1. The boy broke his leg.
2. She washed her clothes.
3. Mohan stood first in his class.
4. I wrote a letter to my father.

2. Compound Sentence (संयुक्त वाक्य) -जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक अनाश्रित Clauses हों, उसे Compound Sentence कहा जाता है, उदाहरण के रूप में
1. Sita saw Rama and she became happy.
2. You must work hard or you will fail.
3. Many were called, but few were chosen.
4. The sun rose and the fog disappeared.
Compound Sentence की प्रत्येक Clause को Co-ordinate Clause कहा जाता है।

3. Complex Sentence (मिश्रित वाक्य) – जिस वाक्य में एक मुख्य वाक्य (Principal
Clause) हो तथा एक या एक से अधिक आश्रित वाक्य (Subordinate Clauses) हों, उसे Complex Sentence कहा जाता है।
Principal Clause को Main Clause भी कहा जाता है। Subordinate Clause को Dependent Clause भी कहा जाता है।

Kinds Of Subordinate Clauses

Subordinate Clauses तीन प्रकार की होती हैं :
1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause
3. Adverb Clause

1. Noun Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद एक संज्ञा (Noun) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Noun Clause कहा जाता है।
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Noun Clause बनाते हैं :
1. That John was a thief was not known to me.
2. He was told that he must not be late again.
3. Learning that my brother had received serious injuries, I left for Shimla.

2. Adjective Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी विशेषण (Adjective) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adjective Clause कहा जाता है। निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Adjective Clause बनाते हैं :
1. The company that supplied goods has failed.
2. The house where my brother lives has been sold.
3. The complaint which he made against me is false.

3. Adverb Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी क्रिया-विशेषण (Adverb) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adverb Clause कहा जाता है। निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए. शब्द-समूह Adverb Clause बनाते हैं :
1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. You should act as the doctor advises you.
अब हम Complex Sentence के सम्बन्ध में प्रत्येक प्रकार की Clause का विस्तारपूर्वक अध्ययन करेंगे।

Noun Clause

Noun Clause (संज्ञा उपवाक्य)- जिस उपवाक्य का प्रयोग प्रधान वाक्य के किसी शब्द के साथ सम्बन्ध रखने वाली संज्ञा के रूप में किया जाये, उसे Noun Clause कहा जाता है। यह संज्ञा निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में हो सकती हैं :
1. Subject to a Verb.
2. Object to a Verb.
3. Object to a Participle.
4. Object to an Infinitive.
5. Object to a Preposition.
6. Complement to a Verb.
7. In apposition to a Noun.
8. In apposition to a Pronoun.

अब हम प्रत्येक प्रकार की Noun Clause का विस्तारपूर्वक अध्ययन करेंगे।

1. Subject to a Verb.
1. How she reached there is a mystery.
2. That Vinod was a thief was not known to me.
3. Whether he did so is doubtful.

2. Object to a Verb.
1. He was told that he must not be late again.
2. He asked her how old she was.
3. I always do whatever is right.

3. Object to a Participle.
1. He went there thinking that he might be able to help him.
2. Seeing that the child was drowning, I jumped into the canal.
3. Fearing that he should be late, he ran all the way to the station.

4. Object to an Infinitive.
1. I was shocked to hear that his only son had died.
2. I want to know what you are doing here.
3. He came to ask if I was going to school.

5. Object to a Preposition.
1. Listen to what your teacher says.
2. The horse will sell for what it costs.
3. They were arguing about who should do it.

6. Complement to a Verb.
1. The fact is that he knows nothing
2. We are what we think.
3. It seems that he will be a great man one day.

नोट : be (is, am, are, was, were, been), seem, look, appear, become, आदि Linking Verbs के बाद प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द अथवा पद Complement कहलाते हैं।

7. In apposition to a Noun.
1. They took a vow that they would die for their motherland.
2. He fufilled his promise that he would help me.
3. The rumour that war has broken out is not true.

8. In apposition to the Pronoun “it.
1. It is true that he is honest.
2. See to it that the boy is not hurt.
3. It is unfortunate that he has failed.

Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause (विशेषण उपवाक्य)-जो उपवाक्य प्रधान वाक्य के किसी शब्द के सम्बन्ध में विशेषण का काम कर रहा हो, उसे Adjective Clause कहा जाता है। Adjective Clause दो अवस्थाओं में हो सकती है।

1. Qualifying a Noun.
2. Qualifying a Pronoun. अब हम प्रत्येक प्रकार की Adjective Clause का विस्तारपूर्वक अध्ययन करेंगे।

1. Qualifying a Noun.
1. The company that supplied the goods has failed.
2. The house where your brother lived has been sold.
3. The complaint he made against me is false.

2. Qualifying a Pronoun.
1. There was none but wept.
2. He that climbs too high is liable to fall.
3. All that glitters is not gold.

Adjective Clause के प्रयोग के सम्बन्ध में ध्यान रखने योग्य कुछ ज़रूरी बातें :

(1) Adjective clause को Principal clause के साथ जोड़ने के लिए प्रायः निम्नलिखित sentence linkers का प्रयोग किया जाता है

(a) Relative Pronouns : Who, whom, whose (+ noun), that, which, as, but.
1. The boys who are playing there are my students.
2. He is the man whom I gave my book.
3. She is the girl whose book was stolen.
4. You can take the pen which you like.
5. He has cut down the tree that grew in your field.
6. Nothing but hard work pays in the long run.

(b) Relative Adverbs : When, where, why.
1. We saw the house where he was born.
2. He met me on the day when I was leaving for Mumbai.
3. I told her the reason why she had failed.

(2) Who, whom तथा whose का प्रयोग मनुष्य-जाति के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे
1. He who works hard will succeed.
2. She is the girl whom I gave my books.
3. There stands the boy whose purse has been stolen.

(3) Whose का प्रयोग कई बार निर्जीव वस्तुओं के लिए भी कर लिया जाता है; जैसे
1. Draw a triangle whose sides are equal.
2. This is the house whose owner has died.

(4) Which का प्रयोग जानवरों और निर्जीव वस्तुओं के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे
1. The dog which bit him has been killed.
2. This is the watch which I wanted to buy.

(5) That का प्रयोग मनुष्य-जाति के लिए, जानवरों के लिए और निर्जीव वस्तुओं के लिए भी किया जा सकता हैजैसे
1. Happy is the man that (= who) is honest.
2. This is the house that (= which) I wanted to buy.
3. The man that (= whom) we were looking for has arrived.

किन्तु यह बात ध्यान रखने योग्य है कि that का प्रयोग whose, of which, in which, to whom, आदि के स्थान पर नहीं किया जा सकता है। यदि Relative Pronoun से पूर्व-स्थित संज्ञा बिना बताए ही स्पष्ट (understood) हो और वह नपुंसक लिंग की हो, तो Relative Pronoun के रूप में which की बजाए what का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे

1. I cannot tell you what has happened. [what = the thing which]
2. I have brought what he wanted. [what = the thing(s) which]

Adverb Clause

Adverb Clause किया विशेषण उपवाक्य : जो उपवाक्य प्रधान वाक्य के किसी सब्द के सम्बन्ध में क्रिया-विशेषण का काम कर रहा हो, उसे Adverb Clause कहा जाता है। यह विशेषता निम्नलिखित
1. Time
2. Place
3. Purpose
4. Reason
5. Condition
6. Result
7. Comparison
8. Contrast
9. Manner
10. Extent.

अब हम प्रयेक प्रकार की Adverb Clause का विस्तारपूर्वक अध्ययन करेंगे

1. Showing Time.
1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. Wait here till I return.
3. As soon as she saw her father, she began to cry.

2. Showing Place.
1. I went where he led me.
2. You can go wherever you like.
3. Where there is a will, there is a way.

3. Showing Purpose.
1. People work so that they may earn a living.
2. He died in order that freedom might live.
3. He ran fast lest he should miss the train.

4. Showing Reason.
1. He is unable to attend school because he is ill.
2. I cannot see you as I am not keeping well.
3. Since you are over fourteen, you will have to pay full fare.

5. Showing Condition.
1. If you work hard, you will succeed.
2. I will not go there unless you accompany me.
3. In case you come to me, I will help you.

6. Showing Result (or Effect).
1. It was so dark that we could hardly see a foot before us.
2. He is so weak that he cannot move about.
3. He is such a dull boy that he cannot understand it.

7. Showing Comparison.
1. He is as intelligent as his brother.
2. You are stronger than I am.
3. I can run faster than you.

8. Showing Contrast.
1. Although he is poor, he is honest.
2. The teacher gave him pass marks, though he deserved less.
3. Weak as he is, he does his duty.

9. Showing Manner.
1. You should follow me as I follow him.
2. He ran as if he were mad.
3. You should act as the doctor advises.

10. Showing Extent.
1. So far as I know, he has left the place.
2. The more you have, the more you want.
3. The higher you go, the cooler it is.