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PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits

January 20, 2024January 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits

Science Guide for Class 6 PSEB Electricity and Circuits Intext Questions and Answers

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 124)

Question 1.
The part of the bulb which produces light is called ……………….
Answer:
The part of the bulb which produces light is called a filament.

Question 2.
The electric bulb has ……………. terminals.
Answer:
The electric bulb has two terminals.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 128)

Question 1.
What is the function of electric switch ?
Answer:
The function of electric switch is to make (complete) or break the flow of current in the circuit.

Question 2.
In an electric circuit the circuit breaks when switch is in position.
Answer:
In an electric circuit the circuit breaks when switch is OFF in position.

PSEB 6th Class Science Guide Electricity and Circuits Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercise – 1

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(a) A device that is used to break or make an electric circuit is called …………….
Answer:
switch

(b) An electric bulb glows when …………… flows through it.
Answer:
current

(d) Current cannot pass through ……………..
Answer:
Insulators

2. Write True or False:

(a) Electric current can flow through metals.
Answer:
True

(b) Instead of metal wires, a jute string can be used to make a circuit.
Answer:
False

(d) When chemicals in dry cell are used up, it stops working.
Answer:
True

(e) Led based lamps are eco-friendly.
Answer:
True

3. Match the Column A with Column B:

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits 1
Answer:

4. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Battery is a combination of:
(a) Conductors
(b) Insulators
(c) Electric cells
(d) Filaments.
Answer:
(c) Electric cells

Question (ii)
The basic electric circuit needs to have:
(a) Only a source of electric current
(b) Only a few conducting wires
(c) Only a device or appliance
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question (iii)
On passing current through an electric bulb, bulb starts emitting light because its:
(a) Filament starts emitting light and then gets heated up
(b) Thick connecting wires start emitting light and then get heated up
(c) Filament gets heated up and then starts emitting light
(d) Thick wires get heated up and then starts emitting light.
Answer:
(c) Filament gets heated up and then starts emitting light

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
What is electric cell ?
Answer:
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits 3
Electric Cell.
It is a device used to produce electric current. In electric cell chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. An electric cell has two terminals positive ( + ) terminal and negative (-) terminal. The metal cap is the positive terminal of the cell while the metal disc is the negative terminal.

Question (ii)
What is Electric Current ?
Answer:
Electric Current. The flow of charge per unit time is called electric current. Electric current flows from positive terminal to negative terminal outside the cell.

Question (iii)
What is Electric Circuit ?
Answer:
Electric Circuit.
The arrangement between the two terminals of electric cell that provides complete path for flow of current is called electric circuit.
The diagram of an electric circuit is given in the above figure in which one electric cell is connected to bulb with the help of a switch. The bulb glows when the switch is in its “ON” position.
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits 4

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Tools like screw drivers and pliers, used by electricians have handles made up of plastic, rubber, wood. Why ?
Answer:
Handles of electirical tools are made up of plastic, rubber or wood to provide insulation, so that the person/electrician can be safe from electrical shock.

Question (ii)
Why should we dry our hands before touching an electric appliance or a switch ?
Answer:
We should not touch electric gadgets live open wires or electric switches with wet hands because in such situation we can get electric shock due to easy flow of current. This may prove fatal in some cases. So we should dry our hands before touching electric appliance or a switch.

Question (iii)
A student while performing an experiment in the science lab, connected an electric bulb to an electric cell through an electric switch. He noticed that the bulb does not glow when the electric switch was set in its ON position. Mention any two reasons for this observation.
Answer:
An electric bulb connected in an electric circuit with switch in its “ON’ position if does not glow there. There can be two possible reasons which are given here below :

The filament of the bulb may be broken or the bulb may be fused. If it is so then the electric circuit will not become complete resulting in not glowing of the bulb.
The connecting wires may have been left loose at same point.

Question (iv)
Distinguish between the terms conductors and insulators of electricity. Give two examples of each type.
Answer:
Conductors. Those substances which allow electric current to pass through them are called conductors of electricity e.g. copper wire, key made of iron. Human body.
Insulators. Those substances (materials) which do not allow current to pass through them are called insulators e.g. Rubber, Plastic and Wood.

Question (v)
Explain why the bulb would not glow in the arrangement shown at below.
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits 5
Answer:
We know that the bulb would light up when the electric cell starting from one terminal of the cell and ending at the other terminal of the cell is complete so that there is a continuous flow of current. In the present set up we find the elpctric circuit is incomplete (broken) and this is why the electric bulb does not glow.

Question (vi)
Match the labels with the correct parts of the circuit given below :
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits 6
Answer:

Switch (A device used for Making/Breaking a circuit).
Cell (Provides Electric Current).
Electric Bulb (Device which Lights up).

7. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Using the “conduction tester” on an object it was found that the bulb begins to glow. Is that object conductors or insulator. Explain.
Answer:
Because with this object the bulb begins to glow showing that the electric current is flowing in the circuit i.e. The electric circuit is complete. This can be possible only when the material of the object allows the current to flow through it and we know that only conductors allow current to flow through them. Therefore, the object is a conductor.

Question (ii)
The handles of the tools like screw drivers and pliers used by electrician for repair work usually have plastic or rubber covers on them. Can you explain why ?
Answer:
The handles of tools used by electrician for repair work usually have handles made of plastic, rubber or wood. These covers are of non-conducting material and therefore, do not allow current to pass through them. So such handles protect electricians from getting electric shock.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Science Electricity and Circuits Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
A device which is used to break the circuit is:
(a) Electric cells
(b) Switch
(c) Electric bulb
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Switch

Question 2.
An electric cell has terminals:
(tt) Three
(b) One
(c) Two
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Two

Question 3.
To make electric wires is used :
(a) Rubber
(b) Aluminium
(c) Plastic
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Aluminium

Question 4.
In electric cell the source of current is:
(a) Positive terminal
(b) Negative terminal
(c) Chemical stored in it
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Chemical stored in it

Question 5.
In an electric circuit the direction of current in a cell is
(a) from positive to negative terminal
(b) from negative to positive terminal
(c) for half time from positive to negative terminal and for other half time from negative to positive terminal.
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) from positive to negative terminal

Question 6.
A subsance through which electric current can flow is :
(a) Conductor
(b) Insulator
(c) Electric circuit
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Conductor

Question 7.
Cell is a device used to convert:
(a) electrical energy into light energy
(b) magnetic energy into electric energy
(c) chemical energy into electrical energy
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) chemical energy into electrical energy

Question 8.
The filament of electric bulb is made of ……………
(a) Tungsten
(b) Copper
(c) Platinum
(d) Aluminium.
Answer:
(a) Tungsten

Question 9.
What is the name of a device used for making or breaking an electric circuit ?
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits 7
(a) cell
(b) wire
(c) bulb
(d) switch.
Answer:
(d) switch

Fill in the Blanks:

(a) A device that is used to break an electric circuit is called …………… .
Answer:
switch

(b) An electric cell has ……………… terminals.
Answer:
two

(d) Our body is a ……………….. of electricity.
Answer:
conductor

(e) Electric cell is a source of ……………….. .
Answer:
current

Write (T) against true and (F) against false statements:

(a) Electric current can flow through matals.
Answer:
True

(b) Instead of metal wires, a jute string can be used to make a circuit.
Answer:
False

(d) Switch can only break a circuit.
Answer:
False

(e) Electric current can pass through human body.
Answer:
True

Match the Column:

Match the items in Column A with items in Column B.

Column A	Column B
(1) Electric cell	Electric Insulators
(2) Bakelite	To protect themselves from electric shock
(3) Electric wires	Source of electric current
(4) Electricians use rubber gloves	Copper

Answer:
(1) – Source of electric current,
(2) – Electric Insulators,
(3) – Copper,
(4) – To protect themselves from electric shock.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the source of electric current on a torch ?
Answer:
In a torch electric energy is obtained from chemicals stored in the cell.

Question 2.
Where is electric cell used ?
Answer:
Electric cell is used in alarm clocks, hand watch, Radio, Camera and other devices.

Question 3.
What is the positive terminal of electric cell ?
Answer:
Carbon rod is the positive terminal of electric cell.

Question 4.
What is the negative terminal of cell ?
Answer:
Zinc disc is the negative terminal of electric cell.

Question 5.
When does electric cell stop working ?
Answer:
When the chemicals stored in the cell are consumed up. the cell stops doing work.

Question 6.
What is filament of bulb made of ?
Answer:
The thin metallic wire which gives out light is called filament.

Question 7.
What do the two terminals of Electric cell or electric bulb represent ?
Answer:
Two terminals of Electric bulb or electric cell represent positive terminal and negative terminal.

Question 8.
If you connect wires connected to two terminals of the cell to a switch and device like bulb then what will happen ?
Answer:
By doing so the chemicals stored in the cell would be used up.

Question 9.
What is Electric circuit ?
Answer:
Electric Circuit. It is the complete path between the two terminals of the cell for continuous flow of current.

Question 10.
What is the direction of flow of current in an electric circuit ?
Answer:
In an electric circuit, the direction of flow of current is from positive terminal to negative terminal of electric cell.

Question 11.
When does electric bulb fuse ?
Answer:
When the filament of the bulb is broken, then electric circuit does not become complete and as a result the bulb does not glow than the bulb is said to have become fused.

Question 12.
What is Switch ?
Answer:
Switch. It is a simple device which is used to make or break electric circuit.

Question 13.
What type of material can be used to complete electric circuit ?
Answer:
For making electric circuit electric conducting materials can be used.

Question 14.
List three such materials which are conductors of electricity.
Answer:

Keys
Alpins
Aluminium strip metal.

Question 15.
Name four electric insulating materials.
Answer:

Cork
Rubber
Glass
Block of wood.

Question 16.
Which metal is used for making electric wires ?
Answer:
Ordinarily copper and Aluminium metals are used for making electric wires.

Question 17.
Is our body a conductor or Insulator ?
Answer:
Human body is conductor of electricity. Therefore, we should not touch uncovered open wires.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the various tasks for which we can use electricity ?
Answer:
Uses of electricity :

We light our homes with electricity.
Electricity helps us to run fan, refrigerator, television and other devices.
Electricity can also work telephones and computers.

Question 2.
Why should an electrician use gloves while repairing an electric switch at your home ? Explain.
Answer:
Electricians use rubber gloves while repairing an electric switch as rubber is an insulator and current cannot pass through it. So electrician uses rubber gloves while carrying out electrical repairs without getting electric shock.

Question 3.
What is the purpose of using an electric switch ? Name some electrical gadgets that have switches built into them.
Answer:
Switches are used to light up an electric bulb and to work other electric devices. Switches used at homes work on same principle but they have complex designs. T.V., computer, automatic electric iron have switches built into them.

Question 4.
Would the bulb glow after completing the circuit shown in the figure; if instead of safety pin we use eraser ?
Answer:
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits 8
No the bulb will not glow because eraser is a non-conducting (insulating) material which does not allow the current to pass through it and complete electric circuit.

Question 5.
Would the bulb light up in the circuit shown in the figure ?
Answer:
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits 9
Yes, as the current flows easily because wire is connected directly and properly and moreover the circuit is complete.

Question 6.
Pick out conductors and insulators from the following:
Coin, cork, Glass, Rubber, Keys, Pin, Plastic scale, Wooden block, Aluminium foil, Candle, Sewing needle, Thermocol, Paper and Lead of pencil.
Answer:
Conductors. Coin, Keys, Pin, Aluminium foil, Sewing needle, pencil lead.
Insulators. Cork, Rubber, Glass, Plastic scale, Wooden block, Thermocol, Candle, Paper.

Question 7.
Why are metals used for making wire ?
Answer:
Metals are good conductors of electricity therefore, metals are used for making wires. Usually copper and aluminium, metals are used to make wires.

Question 8.
Why should we not keep connected the wires attached to the terminal of an electric cell to the bulb ?
Answer:
The wires attached to the two terminals of cell should not be kept connected to the bulb and devices like switch. If we will do so then the chemicals stored in the cell will be consumed quickly and the cell will stop working as a result of this.

Question 9.
What is the direction of electric current in an electric circuit ?
Answer:
In an electric circuit the direction of electric current will be from positive terminal (+) of the cell to its negative terminal (-) as shown in the figure. When the terminals of electric bulb are joined to the terminals of the cell with the help of connecting wires, then electric current flows through the filament of the bulb and the bulb lights up.
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits 10

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Explain the construction and working of an electric bulb.
Answer:
Electric bulb.
It is an electric device that provides light when an electric current is passed through it.
Construction.
A bulb has an outer case of glass that is fixed on a metallic base as shown in the figure. A thin wire is fixed in the middle of the glass case which gives off light. This thin wire is called the filament. This filament is fixed to two other thick wires to provide support to the filament. One of two thick wires is connected to the metal case at the base of the bulb. The other thick wire is connected to the metal base. The base and the metal tip at the base are the two terminals of the bulb. These two terminals are so placed that they do not touch each other.
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits 11
Working.
On connecting the bulb in an electric circuit electric current begins to flow through the filament of the bulb as a result of which the filament first becomes hot and then on more heating the temperature increases and it becomes red hot and ultimately white-hot and starts emitting light.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 Windows Explorer

January 20, 2024January 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Computer Science Book Solutions Chapter 2 Windows Explorer Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Computer Science Chapter 2 Windows Explorer

Computer Guide for Class 7 PSEB Windows Explorer Textbook Questions and Answers

Choose the Suitable Option and fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
Windows Explorer has two panes. These are …………… and …………….
(a) First, Second
(b) Left, Right
(c) Top, Bottom
(d) File, Folder.
Answer:
(b) Left, Right

Question 2.
……………. type and date of modified of a file.
(a) Details
(b) Tiles
(c) List
(d) Content.
Answer:
(a) Details

Question 3.
………………… command is used to move an item from its place.
(a) Copy
(b) Paste
(c) Cut
(d) Delete.
Answer:
(c) Cut

Question 4.
A …………. combination of pictures, colors and sounds on our computer.
(a) Background
(b) Desktop
(c) Screen Saver
(d) Theme.
Answer:
(d) Theme.

Question 5.
A …………. software program that becomes activated after the computer is not in use for a specified duration of time.
(a) Background
(b) Desktop
(c) Screen Saver
(d) Theme.
Answer:
(c) Screen Saver.

2. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which Window application is used for management of flies?
Answer:
Windows Explorer is used to manage files properly.

Question 2.
What do we call a folder inside another folder?
Answer:
Sub-folder.

Question 3.
What is the method of opening Windows Explorer?
Answer:
There are ways to open Windows Explorer.

Press Windows key + E.
Type Explorer in the Run box.

Question 4.
Write the name of any default library of Window.
Answer:
By default Windows has four libraries-Documents, Music, Pictures, and Videos.

Question 5.
Which option is used to make a duplicate of an item?
Answer:
The copy/paste option is used to make a duplicate of an item.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many panes are available in Window Explorer? Write their names.
Answer:
Windows Explorer has two panes.

Left pane
Right pane.

Question 2.
Write the name of different parts of Window Explorer.
Answer:
Windows Explorer has the following components:

Title bar
Back and forward buttons
Address bar
Search box
Menu bar
Tool bar
Status bar.

Question 3.
Define File and Folder.
Answer:
A file is a common storage unit in a computer in which data, programs, software, etc. are stored. Computers have different files that have different functions. The data stored in the file can be “updated, deleted, edited” at any time.
The folder is where the files are stored. We can save more than one file and folder in one folder. For example I have a box containing 10 apples. In this example the box is a folder and the apples are the files saved in it. Another folder inside any folder is called a sub-folder.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Windows Explorer? Give different ways to open Windows Explorer.
Answer:
Windows Explorer is also called File Explorer. It is used to view files and folders on our computer. We can open the data, folder and library of the disk in the computer and also search for an item. We can use it to open, delete, rename, copy, move and create new folders.
We can open window explorer in many ways. Some of these are as follow:

Just press Win key +E and File Explorer starts immediately.
Or
Click Windows-Keys > All Programs > Accessories > Windows Explorer.
Or
Press Windows key – the search box will open. Now type file explorer in it.
Or
Press Windows key +R key together. The Run box will open. Now type explorer in it.
Or
By default, Windows 10 includes a File Explorer shortcut on the taskbar. Its icon looks like a folder. Click or tap on it and File Explorer is opened.

Question 2.
Explain different views of Windows Explorer.
Answer:
View means how files and folders appear in a computer system. Explorer has five types of views. These are:
1. Small, Medium, Large and Extra Large Icons View:
Items in this view are in more than one row and each item appears in the shape of an icon. Each item has a name.

2. Tiles Icon View:
Items in this view are in more than one row and each item appears in the shape of an icon. Each item has a name. It contains other information, such as the type of file and its size.

3. List Icon View:
Items in this view are in more than one column. Each item has a name and the icon, is to the left of the name.

4. Content Icon View:
Items in this view appear in the column. Each item is in the shape of an icon. It has a name and type of the file is written below it. Some other properties such as modification date and size below it are also visible. By default this view is used for search.

5. Detail Icon View:
Each item appears as a table row. The first column contains the name of the item in the form of a small icon and the rest of the column lists its properties such as its size and the date and type of modification.

Question 3.
What are the options to customize the Desktop in Windows Environment?
Answer:
Customizing is the process of changing the settings of a desktop.
1. Themes:
Themes are a combination of pictures, colors, and sounds. It has background, screen saver, border color and sound scheme.
Windows has the following themes:

My Themes
Arrow Themes
Basic and High Contrast The-mes Following are the steps to apply the theme:

Open Settings.

Click on Personalization.
Click on Themes.
Click the Get more themes in the Microsoft Store option.
Select the theme you want.
Click the Get button.
Click the Apply button.
Click the newly added theme to apply it from the “Themes” page.

2. Desktop Background:
It is a wallpaper image that appears behind the icons on your computer’s desktop. It can be in JPEG or Gif format. The following are steps to change the desktop background:

Right-click the desktop and choose Personalize from the shortcut menu. The Personalization window appears.
Click the Desktop Background link. The Desktop Background dialog box appears.
Select a category of desktop background options from the Picture Location list box and then click the image from the background preview list that you want to use.
The background is previewed on your desktop. Click Save Changes.

3. Screen Saver:
Screen saver is the graphics that appear on the screen after not working on the computer for some time. It is used for security and protection of the screen. We can set our own screen saver.
Steps to set the screen saver: Here are the steps to set up a screen saver:

Right-click the desktop and choose Personalize from the shortcut menu. The Personalization window appears.
Click the Lock Screen option. The lock screen dialog box appears.
In the Screen Saver Settings window, choose a screen saver from the drop-down list.
Click on the Preview button to preview the screen saver.
The screensaver has to be set to run automatically from the desktop. So type the time setting in the Wait option that appears in the picture.
Click on Apply button and press Ok button.

Question 4.
How can we Copy items using the ‘send to’ option?
Answer:
The Send to Option is an easy way to copy one or more items or programs to a new location. Following are the steps to use Send to option:

Select the item to be copied.
Press the right mouse button; select the option “Send To” from the menu.
Now select the specified location. By default, the Send To sub menu contains the following locations:
- Compressed (zipped) folder
- Desktop (Create Short-cut)
- Documents Library
- Fax and mail recipients
- Removable devices, such as: USB. Memory Sticks
Select the option as needed.

Question 5.
Write about Screen Saver.
Answer:
Screen saver is the graphics that appear on the screen after not working on the computer for some time. It is used for security and protection of the screen. We can set our own screen saver.
Steps to set the Screen Saver:
Here are the steps to set up a screen saver:

Right-click the desktop and choose Personalize from the shortcut menu; The Personalization window appears.
Click the Lock Screen option. The lock screen dialog box appears.
In the Screen Saver Settings window, choose a screen saver from the drop-down list.
Click on the Preview button to-preview the screen saver.
The screensaver has to be set to run automatically from the desktop. So type the time setting in the Wait option that appears in the picture.
Click on Apply button and press Ok button

PSEB 7th Class Computer Guide Windows Explorer Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Windows Explorer has ………. views.
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five.
Answer:
(d) Five.

Question 2.
The ………………. command is used to run the program.
(a) Calculator
(b) Window
(c) View
(d) Bun.
Answer:
(d) Bun.

Question 3.
The …………. view displays the files as a list.
(a) Tile
(b) Content
(c) Large
(d) I&t.
Answer:
(d) I&t.

Question 4.
The ………… option is used to copy files and folders.
(a) Cut
(b) Copy
(c) Paste
(d) Run.
Answer:
(b) Copy

Question 5.
Explorer can be run by typing …………….. in the run box.
(a) Exp
(b) Explorer
(c) Command
(d) GMD.
Answer:
(b) Explorer

Question 6.
The …………… option is used to find files and folders.
(a) Select
(b) File
(c) Search
(d) Delete.
Answer:
(c) Search

Question 7.
The calculator is opened by typing …………….. in the run box.
(a) Calculator
(b) Cal
(c) Calc
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Calc

Question 8.
The ………… command is used to remove an item from its place.
(a) Copy
(b) Paste
(c) Cut
(d) Delete.
Answer:
(c) Cut

2. True/False

Question 1.
Explorer is used to manage folders.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
A folder can contain many files and folders.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
How to open Explorer
Start> All Programs> Accessories> Windows Explorer
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Explorer is a system software.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
“Invert Selection” option is used to reverse the selection.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
To select all files in a folder press Ctrl+A keys.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
A single file can contain many files and folders.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
Windows Explorer is an operating system.
Answer:
False

Question 9.
The Copy option is used to duplicate an item.
Answer:
True

3. Match the Columns

Column A	Column B
1. Views of Explorer	(a) List
2. Calculator	(b) Deleted files
3. Desktop	(c) Picture, Music
4. My Documents	(d) Background
5. Recycle Bin	(e) Calculations.

Answer:

Column A	Column B.
1. Views of Explorer	(a) List
2. Calculator	(e) Calculations.
3. Desktop	(d) Background
4. My Documents	(c) Picture, Music
5. Recycle Bin	(b) Deleted files

4. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Windows Explorer?
Answer:
Windows Explorer is a very important application of operating system. This manages files and folders. It helps to keep files and folders in the correct order i.e cut, copy, paste and delete them.

Question 2.
How to delete files and folders?
Answer:
Delete command is used to delete a file or folder. Following are the steps to delete file/folder:

Select the file or folder you want to delete.
Press the Delete key from the keyboard. A message will appear asking for deletion.
Click on “Yes”. Item will be deleted.

If you want to delete file permanently then you will need to empty the Recycle Bin.

Question 3.
Write down steps to create a new folder.
Answer:
Here are some ways to Create a File in Explorer:

Select the drive or folder in the left pane where you want to create the place of the cursor where you want to add your folder.
In File Explorer, click on the Home menu item.
From the Home ribbon, click on the New folder button.
Enter the name of your new folder and press enter key.

Question 4.
How is a file or folder restored?
Answer:
Sometimes when we delete a file or folder we feel the need for it later. The Recycle Bin feature can be used to store files and folders again. The steps to restore a file or folder are as follows:

Double click on the Recycle Bin. (The Recycle Bin window will open.)
Click on the file or folder to be restored.
Click on File. Restore menu.

Question 5.
What do you know about calculators?
Answer:
Calculator:
Calculator is like a program with the help of which calculations are done. With its help +, c, z etc. calculations are done. For example, to multiply 2 by 5, first click on 2. Then click on the multiplication sign. Then click on 5. Then click the = sign. 10 will appear as a result.

5. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a series of locations? Explain in detail.
Answer:
Series of Locations:
The folders and drives in the computer, the computer connected to the network and its shared folders, drives and printers are arranged in a tree shape. This sequence is called a series of locations. It contains the following items:

1. Favorites:
The top most folder in this series is the Desktop folder. It contains desktop, downloads and recent place items.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 Windows Explorer 1

2. Library Folder:
By default this folder contains four libraries, such as; Documents, music, photos and videos. These folders contain related items; Such as pictures in pictures folder, related videos in video folder, etc.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 Windows Explorer 2

3. Personal Folder:
Your personal folder is named after the user name to which you have logged in to the computer and by default it contains the following folders; such as Contacts, Downloads, Favorites, Links, My Documents, My Music, My Pictures, My Videos, Saved Games and Search.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 Windows Explorer 3

4. MY Computer:
Disks in a computer; such as C: drive, D: Drive, E: Drive etc. and other connected devices such as Printer, USB, memory- stick and camera are attached to the computer, they are visible here.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 Windows Explorer 4

5. Network: If you are connected to a local network, you see other computers and devices in it.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 Windows Explorer 5

6. Control Panel:
Control Panel is used to configure hardware and software of computer system and to change settings of computer system.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 Windows Explorer 6

7. Recycle Bin: It contains deleted files/folders or programs.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 Windows Explorer 7

Question 2.
How are items selected? Write different ways to do this.
Answer:
Selecting the Items:
Usually before doing any work on a file or folder such as opening a file, closing a file, deleting file, copy a file etc. we have to select it. There are different ways to select a single file/folder or multiple files/folders.

1. Selecting a Single Item:
If more than one item is available and you want to select one of the items in it, it can be selected by clicking with the mouse on that file.

2. Selecting More Than One File:
There are a few ways to select more than one file at a time:

(a) If your viewing your files as icons, you can click and drag the mouse to draw a box around the files you want to select. When you’re done, release the mouse; the files will be selected. You can now move, copy, or delete all of these files at the same time.

(b) Selecting All Items:
If you want to select all files in a folder at the same time, open the folder in File Explorer and press Ctrl+A or click “Select all” option from the “Select” group on the Home tab. All of the files in the folder will be selected.

(c) Select items using the Shift key:
To select a group of files from a folder, click the first file, press and hold the Shift key on your keyboard, then click the last file. All of the files between the first and last ones will be selected.

(d) Selecting an item using (Ctrl key):
To select specific files from a folder, press and hold the Control key on your keyboard, then click the files you want to select.

3. Reverse selection: To reverse the selection, select the “Invert Selection” option in the Edit menu.

Question 3.
Write different ways to create a folder.
Answer:
Creating a Folder
If you want to create a new folder, it is created in the current location. Here are some ways to create a folder:
1. Open the File explorer, click on the “New Folder” button option.
2. The new folder will appear.
Type the desired name for the folder and press Enter.
Or
Press the Ctrl + Shift + N keys together from the keyboard. The new folder will appear. Type the name of the folder and press Enter key.
Or
Right-click on a blank space, click “New” => “Folder” in the context menu. The new folder will appear. Type the name of the folder and press Enter key.
Or

Place the cursor where you want to add your folder.
In File Explorer, click on the Home menu item.
From the Home button, click on the New folder button.
Enter the name of your new folder and press

Question 4.
Write the steps to rename the item.
Answer:
Re-naming the Item:
You can change the name of any file or folder. Here are the steps to rename an item:
1. Click the file or folder, wait about one second, and click again. An editable text field will Explore appear. open
2. Type the desired name on your keyboard and press Enter. The name will be changed.

Or
1. You can also right-click the Cut folder and select “Rename” copy option from the menu that create shortcut appears. An editable text field will appear.
2. Type the desired name from Properties keyboard and press Enter. The name will be changed.

Question 5.
Write the steps to delete an item.
Answer:
Delete a File or Folder:
If you no longer need to use a file, you can delete it. When you delete a file, it is moved to the Recycle Bin, If you change your mind, you can move the file from the Recycle Bin back to its original location. If you’re sure you want to permanently delete the file, you will need to empty the Recycle Bin. Following are the steps to delete file/folder:

Select the file or folder you want to delete.
Press the Delete key from the keyboard. A message will appear asking for deletion.
Click on “Yes”. Item will be deleted.

Question 6.
Write the steps for copying or pasting items.
Answer:
Copying or Pasting Items:
To copy a file/folder the steps are as follow:
1. Select the item to be copied.

2. Select the “Copy” option from the “Clipboard” group on the “Home” tab.
Or
Press Ctrl + c keys from the keyboard.
Right-click on the file/folder you want to copy. A menu will open. From this menu select the “copy” option. Now your file/folder will be copied. Steps to paste the file/Folder are as follow:
1. Place the cursor where you want to paste the file/folder.
2. Select the “Paste” option from the “Clipboard” group on the “Home” tab.
3. Your copied item will now be pasted.
Or
Press the Ctrl + V key from the keyboard.
Or
Locate and right-click the desired location, then select “Paste” option from the menu appeared.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets

January 20, 2024January 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Science Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets

Science Guide for Class 6 PSEB Fun with Magnets Intext Questions and Answers

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 135)

Question 1.
Materials attracted by a magnet are called ……………….
(Magnetic/Non-magnetic)
Answer:
Materials attracted by a magnet are called magnetic.

Question 2.
Materials not attracted by a magnet are called ……………..
(Magnetic/Non-magnetic)
Answer:
Materials not attracted by a magnet are called Non-magnetic.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 136)

Question 1.
A freely suspended bar magnet always points towards direction:
(a) North-South (b) East-West
Answer:
A freely suspended bar magnet always points towards direction : North-South

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 138)

Question 1.
The poles of a bar magnet are ……………… to its ends. (near/far)
Answer:
The poles of a bar magnet are near to its ends.

Question 2.
Bar magnet has ……………… poles.
Answer:
Bar magnet has two poles.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 139)

Question 1.
Magnetic compass is a device to find the ……………. of earth, (directions/time)
Answer:
Magnetic compass is a device to find the directions of earth.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 140)

Question 1.
Like poles of two magnets ……………. each other. (Repel, Attract)
Answer:
Like poles of two magnets repel each other.

Question 2.
Unlike poles of two magnets …………… each other. (Repel, Attract)
Answer:
Unlike poles of two magnets attract each other.

PSEB 6th Class Science Guide Fun with Magnets Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercise – 1

Fill in the Blanks:

(a) Magnetite is ……………… magnet.
Answer:
natural

(b) Plastic is not a ……………… material.
Answer:
magnetic

(d) The poles of a bar magnet are at its ………………
Answer:
ends

(e) ………………. is used for finding directions on earth.
Answer:
Compass

2. Write True or False:

(a) Poles of a magnet can be separated.
Answer:
False

(b) A magnet does not attract glass material.
Answer:
True

(d) Magnetic compass always points towards East-West direction.
Answer:
False

(e) Magnets lose their property on hammering.
Answer:
True

3. Match the Column A with Column B:

Column A	Column B
1. Wood	(a) Repel
2. Iron	(b) Natural Magnet
3. North pole-North pole	(c) Non-magnetic material
4. Magnetite	(d) Attract
5. North pole-South pole	(e) Magnetic material

Answer:

Column A	Column B
1. Wood	(c) Non-magnetic material
2. Iron	(e) Magnetic material
3. North pole-North pole	(a) Repel
4. Magnetite	(b) Natural Magnet
5. North pole-South pole	(d) Attract

4. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Non-magnetic material is:
(a) Iron
(b) Needle
(c) Paper
(d) None of them.
Answer:
(c) Paper

Question (ii)
Which can be converted into magnet
(a) Eraser
(b) Iron Nail
(c) Wooden bar
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Iron Nail

Exercise – 2

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Write name of any two things used in our daily life that contains magnet.
Answer:
Things containing magnet in daily use : (1) Door Closer (2) Sticker (Chipko).

Question (ii)
When a bar magnet is placed on iron filings, where the filings will be attracted more ?
Answer:
When a bar magnet is placed on iron filings, the iron filings are attracted more at the poles of the magnet. This happens because a magnet has more attractive power at its poles.

Question (iii)
What is a Artificial Magnet ?
Answer:
Artificial Magnet. A magnet made by a man in the laboratory is called Artificial Magnet.

Question (iv)
Write any two properties of magnet ?
Answer:
Properties of Magnet :

A magnet when freely suspended always sets itself in North-South direction.
Every magnet has two poles : (a) North pole and the other (b) South pole which cannot be separated.

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
What is a magnet ? Name the poles of magnet.
Answer:
Magnet. A substance which attracts iron and substances made of iron towards itself, is called Magnet. Every magnet has two poles : (1) North pole and (2) South pole. These two poles cannot be separated.

Question (ii)
Give three reasons by which a magnet loses its property.
Answer:
Reasons by which a magnet loses its property :

By heating a magnet
By striking a magnet with hammer
Dropping a magnet from height
By not properly storing a magnet.

Question (iii)
What is a compass ? For what purpose it is used ?
Answer:
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets 1
Magnetic compass.
It is an instrument which is used to determine the geographical directions of earth. It has a small magnetic needle enclosed in a plastic or aluminium circular box and is supported on a vertical axis. The needle can freely rotate in a horizontal direction freely.

The north pole of the needle is painted red to distinguish it from the other pole.
Geographical direction are marked on the dial of the compass.

Question (iv)
What are magnetic and non-magnetic materials ? Give examples.
Answer:
Magnetic materials.
Those substances which are attracted towards magnet, are called magnetic materials. As for example Iron, Cobalt and Nickle.

Non-magnetic materials.
Those materials which are not attracted towards magnet are called Non-magnetic materials e.g. Wood, Plastic, Paper and Cloth.

7. Long Answer Type Question:

Question (i)
How will you make your own magnet from a given strip of iron ? Describe.
Answer:
Method of making Iron strip a magnet (By Rubbing)
Take an iron strip. Place it on a table. Now take a bar magnet and place one of its pole on one end of the strip. Now without lifting the magnet rub it gently along the length of the strip to its other end. Now lift the magnet and bring the same pole of the magnet to the previous end of the strip. Rub the magnet as before. Repeat this process 30-40 times. Now to test whether the iron strip has become magnet or not, bring some alpins or some iron filings near one of its ends. If alpins/iron filings are attracted then the given iron strip has become magnet otherwise not. If not, then continue the process of rubbing till it acquires magnetism. Note that the rubbing pole and the direction of rubbing the strip does not change.
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets 2

Precautions : (1) The direction of rubbing with magnet has to be the same.
(2) While rubbing the pole of the magnet should remain the same everytime.

Question (ii)
Give some uses of magnets in our daily life.
Answer:
Uses of magnets in daily life :

Magnet is used in hard disc of computers which we use daily.
Magnets are used in TV, speakers and radios magnet and coil used in speakers convert electric signals into sound.
These are used in generators which change mechanical energy into electric energy. In some other type of motors magnets are used to convert electric energy into mechanical energy.
Electrically charged magnets in cranes help to lift heavy iron loads and carry them from one place to another place which cannot be done by human labour.
Magnets are used in filter machines where are is separated from crushed rock pieces.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Science Fun with Magnets Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question (i)
A magnet has poles :
(a) Three
(b) One
(c) Two
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Two

Question (ii)
A magnet attracts :
(a) Iron
(b) Rubber
(c) Glass
(d) Wood.
Answer:
(a) Iron

Question (iii)
On suspending a magnet freely it always stays in:
(a) North-West direction
(b) North-East direction
(c) North-South direction
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) North-South direction

Question (iv)
A magnet made from iron is called:
(a) Artificial magnet
(b) Natural magnet
(c) Spherical ended magnet
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Artificial magnet

Question (v)
To preserve the properties of a magnet the pairs of magnet should be with:
(a) similar poles near each other
(b) dissimilar poles near each other
(c) poles struck with hammer
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) dissimilar poles near each other

Question (vi)
For ascertaining direction is used :
(a) Magnous rod
(b) Non-magnetic substances
(c) Compass
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Compass

Question (vii)
In which part of the magnet, the force of attraction is maximum ?
(a) At the ends
(b) In the middle
(c) Between the end and the centre of magnet
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) At the ends

Question (viii)
The similar poles of the magnet mutually :
(a) attract each other
(b) repel each other
(c) neither attract nor repel
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) repel each other

Question (ix)
Between dissimilar poles of a magnet there is :
(a) Attraction
(b) Repulsion
(c) Neither attraction nor repulsion
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Attraction

Fill in the Blanks:

(a) Artificial magnets are made in different shapes such as …………….. , …………… and ……………..
Answer:
bar magnets, horse-shoe magnet, cylindrical,

(b) The materials which are attracted towards magnet are called ………………
Answer:
Magnetic materials

(d) In olden days, sailor used to find direction by suspending a piece of ………………
Answer:
Natural magnet (load stone)

(e) A magnet always has ……………… poles.
Answer:
two

Write (T) against true and (F) against false Statements:

(a) A cylindrical magnet has only one pole.
Answer:
False

(b) Artificial magnets were discovered in Greece.
Answer:
False

(d) Maximum iron filings stick in the middle of a bar magnet when it is brought near them.
Answer:
False

(e) Bar magnet always point towards North-South direction.
Answer:
True

(f) A compass can be used to find East-West direction at any place.
Answer:
True

(g) Rubber is a magnetic material.
Answer:
False

Matching Match the following:

Column A	Column B
(1) To find geographical direction at a place	Natural magnet
(2) Two dissimilar poles	Rubbing with a permanent magnet
(3) Freely suspended magnet stays	Magnetic compass
(4) An iron needle becomes megnet	Attract
(5) Magnetite	North-South direction

Answer:
(1) – Natural magnet,
(2) – Rubbing with a permanent magnet.
(3) – Magnetic compass,
(4) – Attract,
(5) – North-South direction

Very short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where are stickers (Chipko) generally used ?
Answer:
Stickers are generally used in steel almirahs or refrigerators so that these do not open when not required.

Question 2.
Name some four common things which have magnet in them.
Answer:

Pin holder,
Pencil box,
Tape recorder and
Radio.

Question 3.
Name the shepherd who first discovered natural magnet.
Answer:
Magnus.

Question 4.
What is natural magnet ?
Answer:
Natural magnet. Natural rock of magnetite found in the form of magnet is called natural magnet.

Question 5.
Name three magnetic substances.
Answer:

Iron
Nickle
Cobalt.

Question 6.
List four non-magnetic substances.
Answer:

Plastic
Cloth
Paper
Wood.

Question 7.
How iron particles separated from a mixture of iron, sand and dust ?
Answer:
Iron particles can be separated from the mixture with the help of a magnet.

Question 8.
Where do iron particles stick more at the middle of the poles of a magnet ?
Answer:
Iron particles stick more at the poles of a magnet than in the middle.

Question 9.
In which direction a freely suspended magnet stays ?
Answer:
A freely suspended magnet always stays in the North-South direction.

Question 10.
What is North pole of a magnet ?
Answer:
The end of a freely suspended magnet which points towards the geographical North is called North pole of magnet.

Question 11.
What is South pole of a magnet ?
Answer:
That end of a freely suspended magnet which points towards geographical South pole is called South pole of magnet.

Question 12.
Which property of magnet is used to determine the direction ?
Answer:
A freely suspended magnet always points in N-S direction. This property is used to determine the direction.

Question 13.
Which instrument is used to find direction ?
Answer:
Magnetic compass.

Question 14.
Do the like poles of two magnets attract or repel each other ?
Answer:
Like poles of two magnets repel each other.

Question 15.
Do unlike poles of two magnets attract or repel each other ?
Answer:
Unlike-poles of two magnets attract each other.

Question 16.
Where are poles of bar magnet situated ?
Answer:
Poles of bar magnet are situated near its ends.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How was natural magnet discovered ?
Answer:
It is believed that there was a shepherd named Magnes, who lived in ancient Greece. He used to take his herd of sheep and goats to the nearby mountains, for grazing. He would take a stick with him to control his herd. At one end of the stick there was a small piece of iron attached. One day while sitting on a rock, he was surprised to find that he had to pull hard to free his stick from that rock. He felt as if the stick was being attracted by the rock. Actually the rock was a natural magnet. This is how natural magnet was discovered. It was given the name magnetite after his own name.

Question 2.
What is magnet ? What are its different types ?
Answer:
Magnet. A magnet is a substance which attracts iron and iron made things towards it. When freely suspended it points in the North-South direction.

Types of Magnets. Mainly it is of two types.
(i) Natural magnet and
(ii) Artificial magnet

(i) Natural magnet. A magnet found in the nature is called natural magnet. Magnetite is a natural magnet.

(ii) Artificial magnet. A man made magnet is called Artificial magnet. Artificial magnets are made in different shapes. For example Bar magnet, Horse-shoe shaped magnet, Ring magnet, cylinderical magnet, Ball ended magnet.

Question 3.
It was observed that a pencil sharpener gets attracted by both the poles of a magnet although its body is made of plastic. Name a material that might have been used to make some part of it.
Answer:
The blade of sharpener is made of iron which is a magnetic material. Therefore, it is attracted by both poles of a magnet.

Question 4.
How will you separate iron particles from the sand or soil ?
Answer:
Spread mixture of sand and iron particles on a piece of paper. Move a magnet through the mixture. Iron particles will stick to the magnet. In this way, iron particles can be separated from sand or soil.

Question 5.
Show that the strength of a magnet is more at the poles that in the middle.
Answer:
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets 3
Take a bar magnet and some iron fillings. Now spread iron filings on a sheet of a paper and then put the bar magnet on the filings. We will observe that iron filings are attracted by magnet most on the both ends of the magnet as shown in the figure.

This activity shows that the strength of the magnet is more at the poles than in the middle of it

Question 6.
Column I shows different positions in which one pole of magnet is placed near that of other. Column II indicates the resulting action between them for each situation. Fill in the blanks.

Column I	Column II
N – N	………………
N …………	Attraction
S – N	…………..
…….. S	Repulsion

Answer:

Column I	Column II
N – N	Repulsion
N – S	Attraction
S – N	Attraction
S – S	Repulsion

Question 7.
A bar magnet has no marking to indicate its poles. How would you find out near which end is its north pole located ?
Answer:
Identifying poles of a magnet. Take a bar magnet with poles marked on it. Suspend it freely with a thread from a wooden stand. Now take the unmarked bar magnet. Bring its one pole towards the north pole of the magnet suspended from the wooden stand. If it attracts then -it is south pole otherwise it is north pole and the other pole will be south pole.

Question 8.
Write any four properties of a magnet.
Answer:
Properties of a magnet.

Magnet has two poles, which cannot be isolated.
Magnet always rests in North-south direction when suspended freely.
Like poles of a magnet repel each other while unlike pole attract each other.
Magnet attracts magnetic substances like iron, cobalt, nickel etc.
When a magnetic substance is rubbed with magnet, it also becomes a magnet.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is artificial magnet ? Give one method of making an artificial magnet.
Answer:
Artificial magnet. A magnet made by man is called artificial magnet. It can be of different shapes e.g.
(i) Bar magnet (ii) Horse shoe shaped (U-shaped) magnet (iii) cylinderical magnet.
Method of making an artificial magnet.
Method of making Iron strip a magnet (By Rubbing)
Take an iron strip. Place it on a table. Now take a bar magnet and place one of its pole on one end of the strip. Now without lifting the magnet rub it gently along the length of the strip to its other end. Now lift the magnet and bring the same pole of the magnet to the previous end of the strip. Rub the magnet as before. Repeat this process 30-40 times. Now to test whether the iron strip has become magnet or not, bring some alpins or some iron filings near one of its ends. If alpins/iron filings are attracted then the given iron strip has become magnet otherwise not. If not, then continue the process of rubbing till it acquires magnetism. Note that the rubbing pole and the direction of rubbing the strip does not change.
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets 2

Precautions : (1) The direction of rubbing with magnet has to be the same.
(2) While rubbing the pole of the magnet should remain the same everytime.

Question 2.
Show experimentally that like poles repel and unlike poles attract each other.
Answer:
Experiment to show like poles repel and unlike poles attract each other. Take two bar magnets. Suspend one of these bar magnets by a string at some distance away from the other magnet and mark its north and south poles. Now, hold the first magnet in your hand and brings its north pole close to each pole of the suspended magnet, one by one. Repeat the same experiment now with the south pole of the bar magnet held in your hand. You will observe that the north poles of the two magnets, repel one another. The same is true for their south poles. However, the north pole of one magnet attracts the south pole of the other and vice-versa.

The observations can be summarised in the following way:
Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other.
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets 4

Question 3.
What is a magnetic compass ? Explain it.
Answer:
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets 5
Compass.
This is a device which is used to find the directions. It is based on principle that a magnet always rests in North-South direction when suspended freely.

Construction.
A magnetic compass consists of a small magnet pivoted at its centre so that it can rotate freely about that pointed in the horizontal plane. Its north pole is generally paintd red and is enclosed in a small box of aluminium having a glass cover. Its needle always comes to rest in north-south direction. It is used to find directions at any place. Fig. Magnetic Compass

Question 4.
How are magnets’ safety preserved?
Answer:
If the magnets are not kept properly, they get weaken with time. To store magnets safely the following arrangement should be made.
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets 6
1. The opposite poles should be kept near each other with a strip of wood in between them and also place some soft iron pieces near their ends.
2. To store a horseshoe magnet place a soft iron piece in between its poles.
Keep your magnets away from Cassettes Mobiles, Televisions, Music systems, CDs, Computer, etc.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time

January 20, 2024January 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 13 Motion and Time

Science Guide for Class 7 PSEB Motion and Time Intext Questions and Answers

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 162)

Question 1.
What is a simple pendulum?
Answer:
Simple pendulum. It consists of a heavy mass (metal sphere) tied to a thread and suspended a fixed point of rigid support.

Question 2.
What is the to and fro motion of a simple pendulum called?
Answer:
The to and fro motion of a simple pendulum is called oscillation.

Question 3.
The time taken for one oscillation of the pendulum is called its ……………… .
Answer:
Time Period.

Question 4
………………… is the number of oscillations per unit time.
Answer:
Frequency.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 163)

Question 1.
What do we measure by using a stop clock ?
Answer:
Stop clock is used to measure short-time intervals.

Question 2.
What is the unit of measuring distance ?
Or
Name the S.I. unit of distance.
Answer:
Meter.

PSEB 7th Class Science Guide Motion and Time Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) The motion of an object in a straight line is called ……………… .
Answer:
Linear motion

(ii) A clock is used to measure …………………. .
Answer:
Time

(iii) The distance-time graph for uniform speed is a ………………. line.
Answer:
Straight line

(iv) The motion of a simple pendulum is called ………………….. motion.
Answer:
Oscillatory

2. Write True or False:

(i) Speed is the distance travelled by an object per unit time.
Answer:
True

(ii) The S.I. unit of speed is Km/s.
Answer:
False

(iii) The time taken to complete one oscillation of a pendulum is its time period.
Answer:
True

(iv) The instrument used to measure the speed of a vehicle is odometer.
Answer:
True

Match the Column I with Column II:

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 1
Answer:

4. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Which of the following is a Distance-Time Graph for an object at rest ?
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 4
Answer:
(c) A straight line graph parallel to horizontal (x-axis) axis

Question (ii)
Which of the following relation is a correct for finding speed of an object ?
(a) Speed = Distance × Time
(b) Speed = Distance/Time
(c) Speed = Time/Distance
(d) Speed = 1 /Distance × Time.
Answer:
(b) Speed = Distance/Time

Question (iii)
Simple pendulum is an example of ……………….. motion.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 5
(a) Rectilinear motion
(b) Oscillatory motion
(c) Periodic motion
(d) Rotational motion.
Answer:
(c) Periodic motion

Question (iv)
A car moves with a speed of 40 km/h for 15 minutes and then with speed of 60 km/h for the next 15 minutes. The total distance covered by the car is:
(a) 100 km
(b) 25 km
(c) 15 Km
(d) 10 Km
Answer:
(b) 25 km.

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Define speed. Give its S.I. units ?
Answer:
Speed. The distance travelled per unit time is called speed of the object.
Speed (v) = Total distance covered (s)/ Total time spent (t)
S.I. unit of speed is m/s.

Question (ii)
Which instruments were used for measuring time by the ancient people ?
Answer:
In ancient times, people measured time by natural phenomena. Over time some devices were invented for measuring time. Some of them are given below:
(1) Solar Clock. A change in the position of the sun due to a change in the position of the shadow is used to measure time.
(2) Hour Glass. To measure the time it takes one hour for sand to flow from one bulb to another.
(3) Water Clock. Used to measure the flow of water from one vessel to another at a particular time.
(4) Pendulum. A simple pendulum takes equal time for each oscillation. So Pendulum was used to measure time.

Question (iii)
Name the instruments used for measuring : (a) the speed of a moving vehicle, (b) the distance moved by a vehicles.
Answer:
(a) Instrument for measuring speed of a moving vehicle is Speedometer.
(b) Instrument for measuring distance covered by a vehicle is Odometer.

Question (iv)
What is Graph ? Give its types.
Answer:
Graph. A graph is a pictorial representation of variation of one quantity with respect to the other quantity. When one quantity is changed, the value of the other quantity also changes by itself.

Types of Graph. There are several types of graphs, such as:

Linear graph,
Bar graph,
Pie chart.

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Differentiate between slow and fast motion. Give examples.
Answer:
Slow motion. If an object takes too long to cover a short distance, its motion is called slow motion. Example : Motion of tortoise and snail.

Fast motion. If an object takes less time to cover the same distance, its motion is fast motion.
Example : Racing car and leopard is fast motion.

Question (ii)
Differentiate between uniform and non-uniform motion. Give examples.
Answer:
Uniform motion.
If an object travels equal distances in equal interval of time regardless of the however small the interval may be their its motion is called uniform motion.
For example : A bus covers a distance of 10 km in the first 15 minutes and a distance of 10 km in the next 15 minutes, then again in the next 15 minutes it covers the same distance of 10 km. The bus is said to have uniform motion.

Non-uniform motion.
If an object does not cover equal distances in equal interval of time however small the time interval may be, then the motion of that object is called non-uniform motion.
Example : Suppose a car covers a distance of 25 km in 10 minutes on a straight road and travels 30 km in the next 10 minutes and 20 km in the next 10 minutes, then the car is said to have is non-uniform motion.

Question (iii)
Ajay goes to his school 600 meters away from his house. Find the speed in ms^-1, with which he must walk to reach his school in 5 minutes.
Solution:
Distance from Ajay’s school from his house = 600 meters
Time taken to cover the distance from school to house = 5 minutes
We know 1 minute = 60 sec.
So, Time taken = 5 × 60 seconds
= 300 seconds
Total distance covered = 600
Now speed of Ajay = PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 6
= \(\frac{600 \text { metres }}{300 \text { second }}\)
= 2 m/s

Question (iv)
The distance between two stations is 216 km. In how many hours will a train reach the destination which is moving at a speed of 20 m/s ?
Answer:
Distance between two stations = 216 km
Speed of train = 20 m/s. [∵ 1km/h = \(\frac {5}{18}\) m/s]
= 20 x \(\frac {18}{5}\) km/h
= 72 km/h
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 7

Question (v)
Find the time period of a simple pendulum, which takes 20 s to complete 50 oscillations ?
Solution:
Number of oscillations of a simple pendulum = 50
Time taken to complete 50 oscillations = 20 seconds
We know, Frequency = PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 8
= \(\frac {20}{50}\)
= \(\frac {2}{5}\) = 0.4 sec^-1

7. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Describe the method to find the time period of a simple pendulum.
Answer:
Make a simple pendulum by tying a metal sphere with one end of a thread about 1 meter long as shown in the diagram. If there is a fan running around, turn it off. Now let the bob of the pendulum come to rest in the middle position. Mark the middle position with chalk on the floor. Take a stop watch or mobile or wrist watch to measure the time period of the pendulum. Hold the bob and ensure that the thread is stretched and take it one extreme. Now release the sphere slowly. When the sphere is at its starting end, start the stop watch. Count the oscillations.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 9
Note the time taken by the pendulum to complete 20 oscillations. Record your observations in the table below. Time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation is called its time period. It is measured in second.

Sr. No.

Time taken for 20 oscillations

Time period

Repeat this action 3-4 times and note observations in the table above.
You will notice that the time period of pendulum will be almost the same each time.

Question (ii)
A car moves a distance of 60 km in 1st hour, 75 km in 2nd hour, 55 km in 3rd hour and 50 km in 4th hour. Plot a distance-time graph for the motion of the car.
(1) Find the speed of the car for the whole journey.
(2) Find the speed of the car between 1st and 3rd hour.
Answer:
(1) Distance covered in the entire journey = 60 km + 75km + 55 km +50 km
= 240 km
And, Total time spent = 4 hours
The average speed of the car = The total distance covered/Total time spent
= 240 km/4 hr
= 60 km/hr

(2) Speed from the first hour to the third hour
Distance covered = 75 km + 55km
= 130 km
= 2 hours
Car speed between the first hour and the third hour =130 km/2hr = 65 km/hr
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 10

Question (iii)
Figure shown below represents the distance-time graph for the motion of two vehicles A and B. Which one of them is moving faster ?
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 11
Answer:
Study of the distance-time graph of both the vehicles shows that the ratio of distance and time for vehicle A is higher than that of vehicle B, hence the speed of vehicle A is higher than that of vehicle B.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Motion and Time Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) The distance covered by an object in unit time is called …………………
Answer:
Speed

(ii) The time taken by a pendulum to make a swing is called ………………………..
Answer:
Time period

(iii) An instrument used to measure the distance covered by vehicles is called ……………….
Answer:
Odometer

(iv) …………………… is the instrument that measures the speed of moving vehicles.
Answer:
Speedometer

(v) A graph drawn for the distance and time taken for a uniform motion is ………………………
Answer:
Straight line parallel to time axis

2. Match the Column ‘I’ with Column ‘II’:

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 12

Answer:

3. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
The basic unit of time is:
(a) Minute
(b) Hour
(c) Second
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Second.

Question (ii)
The Speed of train is expressed in :
(a) m/h
(b) km/h
(c) cm/h
d) mm/h.
Answer:
(b) km/h.

Question (iii)
The S.I. unit of speed is:
(a) m/s
(b) km/s
(c) cm/s
(d) mm/s.
Answer:
(a) m/s.

Question (iv)
Which of the following relation is correct:
(a) Speed = Distance × Time
(b) Speed = \(\frac{\text { Distance }}{\text { Time }}\)
(c) Speed = \(\frac{\text { Time }}{\text { Distance }}\)
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Speed = \(\frac{\text { Distance }}{\text { Time }}\)

Question (v)
A motion which repeats itself after fixed interval of time is:
(a) Oscillatory motion
(b) Periodic motion.
(c) Time period
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Periodic motion.

Question (vi)
The device which measures the distance moved by the vehicle is called:
(a) Speedometer
(b) Odometer
(c) Pendulum
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Odometer.

Question (vii)
The time taken by a vibrating body to complete one oscillation is called:
(a) Time period
(b) Oscillation
(c) Uniform motion
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Time period.

Question (viii)
Which of the following Distance-Time Graph shows the object at rest position ?
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 16
(a) (i)
(b) (ii)
(c) (iii)
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) (i).

Question (ix)
What is the basic unit of speed ?
(a) km/min.
(b) m/min.
(c) km/hr.
(d) m/s.
Answer:
(d) m/s.

State True or False:

(i) The basic unit of time is second.
Answer:
True

(ii) Every object moves with a constant speed.
Answer:
False

(iii) Distances between two cities is measured in kilometres.
Answer:
True

(iv) The time period of a given pendulum is not constant.
Answer:
False

(v) The speed of a train is expressed in m/h.
Answer:
False

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The rate at which distance is covered corresponds to which quantity-speed or velocity ?
Answer:
Speed.

Question 2.
The rate at which displacement is covered corresponds to which quantity, speed or velocity ?
Answer:
Velocity.

Question 3.
What is formula of average speed ?
Total distance covered
Answer:
Average speed = PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 17

Question 4.
Name two types of motions.
Answer:
(i) Uniform motion
(ii) Non-uniform motion.

Question 5.
Working of clock depends on which type of motion ?
Answer:
Periodic motion.

Question 6.
Name any two time measuring devices.
Answer:
(1) Clock,
(2) watch.

Question 7.
What is metallic ball of a pendulum known as ?
Answer:
Bob of the Pendulum.

Question 8.
What type of motion is shown by simple pendulum ?
Answer:
Oscillatory motion / Periodic motion

Question 9.
What is basic unit of time ?
Answer:
Second.

Question 10.
What are larger units of time ?
Answer:
Minute, hour

Question 11.
What is odometer ?
Answer:
Odometer. The device which measures the distance moved by the vehicle, is called odometer.

Question 12.
What is function of speedometer ?
Answer:
It records speed directly in km/h.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which devices were used for measuring time before pendulum clocks ?
Answer:
(i) Sundial.
(ii) Water clock,
(iii) Sand clock.

Question 2.
What important points are to be kept in mind while choosing the most suitable scale for drawing a graph ?
Answer:
Points to be considered while choosing the scale for drawing a graph :
(0 The difference between the highest and the lowest values of each quantity.
(ii) The intermediate values of each quantity.
(iii) To utilize the maximum part of the graph paper.

Question 3.
What is a simple pendulum ?
Answer:
Simple pendulum. It consists of a small metallic ball or a piece of stone suspended from a rigid support by a thread. The metallic ball is called the bob of the pendulum.

Question 4.
Classify the following as Linear, circular or Periodic motion :
(i) Motion of your hands while running.
(ii) Motion of a horse pulling a cart on a straight road.
(iii) Motion of a child in a merry go round.
(iv) Motion of a child over see-saw.
(v) Motion of the hammer of an electric bell.
(vi) Motion of a train on a straight bridge.
Answer:
(i) Periodic motion
(ii) Linear motion
(iii) circular motion
(iv) Periodic motion
(v) Periodic
(vi) Linear Motion.

Question 5.
A simple pendulum takes 32 s to complete 20 oscillations. What is the time period of the pendulum ?
Solution:
Number of oscillations = 20
Time taken to complete 20 oscillations = 32 s
∴ Time period of pendulum = PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 18
(i.e. time taken to complete 1 oscillation) = \(\frac {32}{20}\)
= \(\frac {8}{5}\)
= 1.6 s

Question 6.
The distance between two stations is 200 km. A train takes 4 hours to cover this distance. Calculate the speed of the train.
Solution:
Distance covered by train between two stations = 200 km
Time taken t = 4 hr
∴ Speed of the train = PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 19
= \(\frac{200 \mathrm{~km}}{4 \mathrm{hr}}\)
= 50 km/hr

Question 7.
Salma takes 15 minutes from her house to reach her school on a bicycle. If the bicycle has a speed of 2 m/s, calculate the distance between her house and her school.
Time taken = 15 min.
= 15 × 60
= 900 sec
Speed of bicycle = 2 m/s
Distance covered = Speed × Time
= 2 × 900 m
= 1800 m
= \(\frac{1800}{1000}\)
= 1.8 km.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Define
(i) Periodic motion
(ii) Oscillatory motion
(iii) Oscillation
(iv) Time period.
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 20
(i) Periodic motion. A motion that repeats itself after a fixed interval of time is periodic motion.
(ii) Oscillatory motion. To and fro motion of an object about a fixed mean position is oscillatory or vibratory motion.
(iii) Oscillation. The motion of the pendulum from one extreme position to another extreme position and back to the first extreme position is one complete oscillation.
(iv) Time period. The time taken by a vibrating particle to complete one oscillation is called the time period of the pendulum.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

January 20, 2024January 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Science Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

PSEB 6th Class Science Guide The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks :

(a) The respiratory organs of fish are ………………
Answer:
Gills

(b) Environment consist of ……………. and ……………… component.
Answer:
Biotic and Abiotic

(d) Animals that live on land are called …………………
Answer:
Terrestrial animals

(e) All ……………….. beings show growth and reproduction.
Answer:
Living

2. Write True or False:

(a) Cactus carry out photosynthesis using their stems.
Answer:
True

(b) A camel’s hump stores food and water.
Answer:
False

(d) Biotic components consist of water, air and soil.
Answer:
False

3. Match the Column A with Column B:

Column A	Column B
1. Main source of energy on earth	(a) Plants or animals
2. Arboreal	(b) Waxy coating on stem
3. Cactus	(c) Monkey
4. Biotic components	(d) The sun.

Answer:

Column A	Column B
1. Main source of energy on earth	(d) The sun
2. Arboreal	(c) Monkey
3. Cactus	(b) Waxy coating on stem
4. Biotic components	(a) Plants or animals.

4. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Abiotic components include:
(a) Air, water, plants
(b) Air, water, soil
(c) Plants and animals
(d) Soil, plants, water.
Answer:
(c) Plants and animals

Question (ii)
Cactus is a ……………..
(a) Xerophyte
(b) Decomposer
(c) Hydrophyte
(d) Herb.
Answer:
(a) Xerophyte

Question (iii)
…………….. have a streamlined body.
(a) Earthworms
(b) Tigers
(c) Fishes
(d) Polar bears.
Answer:
(b) Tigers

Question (iv)
Organisms living in water are called ……………….. animals.
(a) Aquatic
(b) Terrestrial
(c) Xerophytes
(d) Aerial.
Answer:
(a) Aquatic

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Define habitat.
Answer:
The place where living beings live is called Habitat.

Question (ii)
Define adaptation.
Answer:
The ability of living things to adjust themselves to their surroundings is called adaptation.

Question (iii)
Give two examples -each of terrestrial and aquatic animals.
Answer:
Terrestrial animals : Monkey, Human beings

Question (iv)
What are the producers ?
Answer:
Organisms that can manufacture their own food are called producers.

Question (v)
What are biotic components ?
Answer:
Living things like plants, animals, human beings and micro-organisms in a habitat are biotic components.

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Define scavengers and decomposers.
Answer:
Scavengers. The animals that feed on dead animals and help us in keeping our environment clean, e.g. vultures, dogs etc.

Decomposers. Micoorganisms which feed on dead bodies of plants and animals and break them into simple substances are called Decomposers.

Question (ii)
What are two adaptations of fish ?
Answer:
Two adaptations of fish are :

They have streamlined body to reduce resistance due to water.
Fins in fish and flippers in whales help them in swimming.

Question (iii)
Which animal is called ‘ship of desert’ ? Write its two features.
Answer:
Camel is known as ‘ship of desert’.

Question (iv)
What is Hibernation ? Give one example.
Answer:
The long winter sleep of animals for survival is called Hibernation.
For example : Frogs, Lizards.

7. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Write short notes on :
(1) Producers
(2) Consumers
(3) Decomposers.
Answer:
(1) Producers. Organisms that can manufacture their own food are called producers. For example, green plants make their own food by photosynthesis.

(2) Consumers. Organisms that cannot prepare their own food but consume food pepared by green plants are consumers. They also obtain their food by eating other living or dead animals.

Types of Consumers :
(a) Primary Consumers or Herbivores. Animals that get their food directly from plants are Herbivores, e.g. cow, dear, goat etc.
(b) Secondary Consumers or Carnivores. They eat primary consumers, e.g. snakes, frog, lizard.
(c) Tertiary Consumers. They eat secondary consumers, e.g. lion, tiger, leopards etc.

(3) Decomposers. The microorganisms which fed on the dead bodies of plants and animals and break them into simple substances are caled Decomposers, e.g. Bacteria and fungi.

Question (ii)
Briefly describe the various types of habitats.
Answer:
Types of Habitat. There are three main kinds of habitat :
(1) Terrestrial
(2) Aquatic and
(3) Aerial or Arboreal Habitat.

(1) Terrestrial habitat. The organisms that live on land are called Terrestrial organisms and their habitat is terrestrial habitat. Examples of terrestrial habitats are desert, grasslands, mountain.

(2) Aquatic (water) habitat. Organisms that live in lakes, ponds, rivers and oceans are aquatic organisms and their habitats are aquatic habitat. Examples of aquatic habitats are Oceans, seas, certain lakes etc.

(3) Aerial or Arboreal habitat. Organisms that live in air are called aerial or arboreal animals and their habitats are called aerial or arboreal habitats. Most birds and winged animals are arboreal in habit. Organisms are adapted for aerial existence as no organism is bom in air.

Question (iii)
Distinguish between living and non-living things.
Answer:

Living things	Non-living things
(1) Living things grow.	(1) They do not grow.
(2) They show movement.	(2) They never move.
(3) They can reproduce.	(3) They cannot reproduce.
(4) Living things can respire.	(4) They do not respire.
(5) Living beings need food.	(5) They don’t feed.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Science The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Pick out living among following :
(a) Plough
(b) Mushroom
(c) Water
(d) Wool.
Answer:
(b) Mushroom

Question 2.
The process by which waste materials of a body are thrown out, is:
(a) Digestion
(b) Excretion
(c) Reproduction
(d) None.
Answer:
(b) Excretion

Question 3.
Gills are breathing organs of :
(a) Fishes
(b) Frog
(c) Flies
(d) None.
Answer:
(a) Fishes

Question 4.
Pups of a dog grows into adult. This characteristic of living organisms is
(a) Reproduction
(b) Growth
(c) Respiration
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Growth

Question 5.
Basic unit of life is:
(a) Tissue
(b) Organ
(c) Cell
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Cell

Question 6.
Average life span of Bacteria is :
(a) Two days
(b) 20 minutes
(c) 10 seconds
(d) 20 seconds
Answer:
(b) 20 minutes

Question 7.
Which of the following is a Decomposer ?
(a) Lion
(b) Deer
(c) Monkey
(d) Bacterium.
Answer:
(d) Bacterium.

Question 8.
Plants live on desert area are:
(a) Hydrophytes
(b) Xerophytes
(c) Aquatic
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Xerophytes

Question 9.
Which of the following has webbed feet for swimming ?
(a) Fishes
(b) Whales
(c) Jelly fish
(d) Duck.
Answer:
(d) Duck.

Question 10.
Forelimbs are modified in :
(a) Animals
(b) Plants
(c) Birds
(d) None.
Answer:
(c) Birds

Fill in the Blanks :

(a) In every habitat, there are many ……………… of various kinds.
Answer:
organisms

(b) Bones are …………… in aerial organisms.
Answer:
hollow

(d) The plants live in water are ………………..
Answer:
Hydrophytes

(e) In cactus plants, leaves are reduced to ……………….
Answer:
spines

(f) Lion and …………… are animals of ………………..
Answer:
deer, grasslands

(g) Steamlined body is present in …………………
Answer:
fishes

(h) Frogs have ……………….. feet to swim in water.
Answer:
webbed

(i) The ability of animals to adapt themselves according to the environment is called ………………
Answer:
Adaptation

(j) …………….. feed on dead animals.
Answer:
Scavangers

True/False:

(a) There is lot of water available in deserts.
Answer:
False

(b) All animals cannot adapt themselves to their surroundings.
Answer:
False

(d) Desert plants have deep roots for absorbing water.
Answer:
True

(e) Snow leopard has no fur to cover its body.
Answer:
False

(f) All living organisms excrete.
Answer:
True

(g) Aquatic plants are found on the land.
Answer:
False

(h) Frogs have strong back legs for jumping.
Answer:
True

(i) Car, scooter, bus etc. are moving but are non-living.
Answer:
True

(j) All living things have same characteristics.
Answer:
True

Match the following:

Column A	Column B
(1) Hydrilla	Webbed feet
(2) Cactus	Streamlined body
(3) Ducks	Modified leaves into spines
(4) Whales	Hydrophytic plant

Answer:
(1) Hydrilla – Hydrophytic plant
(2) Cactus – Modified leaves into spines
(3) Ducks – Webbed feet
(4) Whales – Streamlined body.

(b)

Column A	Column B
(1) Camel	Cold habitat
(2) Lion	Aerial Habitat
(3) Bat	Desert animal
(4) Penguine	Aquatic animal
(5) Fish	Terrestrial animal

Answer:
(1) Camel – Desert animal
(2) Lion – Terrestrial animal
(3) Bat – Aerial Habitat
(4) Penguine – Cold habitat
(5) Fish – Aquatic animal.

(c)

Column A	Column B
(1) Vultures	Consumers/carnivores
(2) Fungi	Producers
(3) Green plants	Decomposers
(4) Lion	Scavengers

Answer:
(1) Vultures – Scavengers
(2) Fungi – Decomposers
(3) Green plants – Producers
(4) Lion – Consumers/camivores.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the trees found on mountains.
Answer:
Oaks, pines, deodars.

Question 2.
Give example of unicellular organisms.
Answer:
Amoeba.

Question 3.
Why do living beings need food ?
Answer:
They need food to cany out their daily activities.

Question 4.
Define stimuls.
Answer:
Living things respond to immediate and long term changes in their environment called stimulus.

Question 5.
What do you mean by life span ?
Answer:
The duration if life for which living organisms live.

Question 6.
What is life span of a housefly ?
Answer:
1 – 4 years.

Question 7.
Can plants reproduce ?
Answer:
Yes, they reproduce with the help of seeds.

Question 8.
Define respiration.
Answer:
Process of taking oxygen in, combining with food and throwing out carbon dioxide and water vapour.

Question 9.
How do plants take carbon dioxide ?
Answer:
Through stomata.

Question 10.
In what forms our body excrete ?
Answer:
Our body exretes in the form of urine, faeces, sweat and exhaled air.

Question 11.
Why do organisms move ?
Answer:
They move to protect themselves from their enemies and natural calamities.

Question 12.
Where cactus plants grow ?
Answer:
Cactus grows in hot and dry areas of deserts.

Question 13.
Name some tertiary consumers.
Answer:
Lion, tiger, leopards.

Question 14.
How sunlight is helpful ?
Answer:
Plants make their food with the help of sunlight.

Question 15.
How water is essential ?
Answer:
Water is essential for life as the bodies of plants and animals contain large amounts of water.

Question 16.
How cactus is adapted in xerophytic conditions ?
Answer:
Cactus have very long roots, small leaves or spines and wax coated stem to conserve water.

Question 17.
Who is “ship of desert” ?
Answer:
Camel.

Question 18.
What is the function of Humb in camels ?
Answer:
It stores fat as reserve food.

Question 19.
What is the role of air bladder in Ducks ?
Answer:
They help ducks to float on water.

Question 20.
Name the animals who Hibernate.
Answer:
Frogs, Lizards, Bears.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is function of scales on the body of fish ?
Answer:
Functions of scales. The scales present on the body of fish are slippery in nature. They protect the fish and help for easy movement in water.

Question 2.
Why do camels have long legs ?
Answer:
Camels have long legs to keep its body away from the intense heat during hot days.

Question 3.
How are animals adapted to live in mountain regions ?
Answer:
Adaptations of animals for living in mountain regions.

Thick skin or fur to protect from cold e.g. yak.
Strong hooves (goat) for running up rocky slopes.

Question 4.
Name the sea animals which do not have gills. How do they respire ?
Answer:
Dolphins and Whales do not have gills. They respire through nostrils or blowholes, which are present on the upper parts of their heads. They swim near to the surface and breathe in fresh air. They can stay inside the water for a long time without breathing.

Question 5.
Define respiration, growth, and excretion.
Answer:
Respiration. The process of taking in oxygen and giving out carbondioxide is called respiration.
Growth. The process of changing from a child to a-grown up is called growth. A seed grows into a plant.

Excretion. The process of throwing out waste materials from the body is known as excretion.

Question 6.
Show with an example that living things respond to stimuli.
Answer:
Living things respond to stimuli. When we move from a dark room into bright sunlight, our eyes shut themselves automatically for a moment to adjust themselves to the changed conditions. Similarly, when light is switched on in a dark room, cockroaches run to move in dark comers. Some plants also respond to light and touch (e.g. Touch-me not).

Question 7.
What are adaptations of camel ?
Answer:

Camel has no sweat glands in order to reduce water loss.
Hump is present to reserve food in the form of fat.
They have thick skin to bear heat of desert.
Their toes are bread and pedded that are suitable for walking on hot and loose sand.

Question 8.
Write the adaptations of hydrophyts.
Answer:

They have poorly developed roots.
Their stems are flexible
Leaves are wax coated.

Question 9.
What do you mean by terrestrial and aquatic habitat ?
Answer:
Terrestrial habitat. This includes habitat of all the organisms which live and propagate on land. Example; Cow, camel, horse, dog are terrestrial organisms and forest is their terrestrial habitat.

Aquatic habitat. The habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called aquatic habitat. Examples : fishes, crocodile, snake etc. are aquatic organisms and water is their aquatic habitat.

Question 10.
What are biotic and abiotic components ?
Answer:
All living organisms like plants, animals and human beings include biotic components. All non-living parts such as light, water, soil and air are abiotic components.

Question 11.
What are the characteristics of xerophytes ?
Answer:
Characteristics of Xerophytes.

These plants have extensive long root system.
The stem of plants become thick and store water. Example, Opuntia.
Leaves are modified into spines as in cactus.
Leaves are coated with cuticle to check the loss of water.

Question 12.
Write physical conditions of Terrestrial habitat.
Answer:
Physical conditions of terrestrial habitat,

Oxygen supply is uniform, sufficient and easily available.
Temperature varies from place to place and season to season.
Light is available in sufficient quantity and for sufficient duration.
In certain region organisms have to adapt to avoid dehydration.

Question 13.
Write physical conditions of aquatic habitat.
Answer:
Physical conditions of aquatic habitat,

Except in deep ocean, uniform supply of light, temperature, oxygen is available.
Light and temperature vary in deep oceans at different depths.
Pressure also varies in deep oceans at different depths.

Question 14.
Write the main characteristics of living and nor living things.
Answer:
We have many things around us which are two types i.e. living and non-living.
Living things. In living things life processes take place, so they need food. They grow upto a certain age. They respire and respond to external stimuli. They have ability to produce their young ones. They die after a certain age.

Non-living things. In non-living things, no life processes take place, so they do not need food. They do not grow and do not respond to external stimuli. They do not excrete. There is no death in the case of non-living things.

Question 15.
What are hydrophytes ?
Answer:
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings 1
Hydrophytes. These are the plants which grow in watery places or the places which remain wet throughout the year. Examples : Hydrilla, Pista,
Lotus, Vallsneria.

Question 16.
What are the differences between Aquatic and Terrestrial habitat ?
Answer:
Difference between Aquatic and Terrestrial habitat:

Aquatic habitat	Terrestrial habitat
(1) These include habitat of organisms that live and propagate in water.	(1) These include habitat of organisms that live and propagate on land.
(2) Water absorbs and loses heat gradually therefore, sudden fluctuation in temperature is not found in aquatic habitat.	(2) The terrestrial habitat have rapid fluctuation in the climate, temperature, moisture, i.e. it is not uniform everywhere.

Question 17.
What are unicellular of multicellular organisms ?
Answer:
Organisms made up of only one cell are Unicellular organisms, e.g. : Amoeba, Paramoecium. Organisms made up of large number of cells are called multicellular organisms, e.g. Humans, cat, dog etc.

Question 18.
What do you mean by excretion ? Write different modes of excretion in animals.
Answer:
Excretion.
The process of getting rid of waste or removal of waste materials from body is called excretion.

Mode of Excretion.
Larger animals even the human beings remove these wastes in the form of fluids like urine and faecal matter. The removal of waste is necessary since these may be poisonous and harmful to the organism.

Smaller organisms like bacteria, amoeba (one celled animals) remove their waste through body surfaces.

Question 19.
Differentiate living and non-livings on the basis of Growth and Respiration.
Answer:
Living organisms can grow as well as respire but non-living cannot.

Question 20.
What are the saline water habitats and fresh water habitats include ?
Answer:
Fresh water habitat. Rivers, ponds, lakes.
Saline water habitat. Oceans, seas, certain lakes.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the term ‘Adaptation’ ?
Answer:
Adaptation.
The development of characteristics which help an organism to sun’ive in a particular environment is known as adaptation.
Adaptation commonly involves a combination of characteristics, shape, size, structure, colour and mode of life. For example, a fish shows many adaptations for aquatic life. It has a streamlined body provided with fins which enables it to swim in water, presence of gills for breathing.

Question 2.
How biotic and abiotic components of a habitat are interacted ? Draw its chart also.
Answer:
Interaction of biotic and abiotic environment.
All biotic components such as plants, animals and micro-organisms are influenced by abiotic components such as water, light, air, oxygen and temperature in different ways. Green plants prepare their own food and all the animals depend upon plants for the food. Some animals feed on other animals. Plants also provide shelter to the animals thus all the organisms are related through food chain.
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings 2
After death and decay of the plants and animals, they are decomposed into simple minerals into soil. These minerals are again used by plants through the roots. Thus they are interrelated and share common surroundings.

Thus we see that all the plants and animals and the abiotic components involving air. light, water are related and interdependent on each other in the habitat.

Question 3.
In what ways living things differ from non-living things ?
Answer:
Differences between living and non-living things :

Living things	Non-living things
(1) Food is necessary for the life processes in living things.	(1) In non-living things, no life processes take place, so they do not need food.
(2) Respiration is necessary for living things.	(2) There is no respiration in non-living things.
(3) Living things grow upto a certain age.	(3) These do not grow on their own.
(4) Living things respond to external stimuli.	(4) Non-living things do not respond to external stimuli.
(5) Living things excrete waste product from their body.	(5) Non-living things do not excrete.
(6) Living things produce their young ones.	(6) There is no procreation in non-living things.
(7) The body structure of living things is cellular.	(7) Non-living things do not have cellular body.

Question 4.
How is camel adapted for xeric adaptation / deserts ?
Answer:
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings 2
The camel is superbly adapted for xeric conditions that is why it is rightly called the ‘ship of the desert’. The following adaptations are found in camel :

It uses its entire foot while walking and its hooves are covered by a large sole which helps it to move on hot, slippery sand.
It has a hump on the back which is filled with fat. This stores food that is utilized during the time when the camel does not get anything to eat.
It can drink as much as 50 litres of water in one gulp when water is available to it.
It excretes very little water from its body.
It passes nearly dry dung.
It does not perspire.

Question 5.
What are the abiotic components? Explain.
Answer:
The non-living components like rocks, roil, air, water, sunlight, temperature are abiotic components

Air. Both plants and animals require air to live. Animals take oxygen and give out carbon dioxide while plants give out oxygen and take carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis also takes place in the air.
Soil. It contains water, air, and living organisms. It provides nutrients to plants.
Sunlight. Plants perform photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight. Humans require sunlight for vitamin D. So, All organisms depend on sunlight directly and indirectly.
Water. Water is essential for life as it is present in large amounts in plants and animals.
Temperature. All living organisms can receive only within a specific range of temperature

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

January 20, 2024January 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Physical Education Chapter 3 Yoga

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which is the oldest method of Indian exercises?
Answer:
Yoga Asana.

Question 2.
How much time Search Asana may be performed daily?
Answer:
2 minutes only

Question 3.
Name the Asana which prevents Hernia and Urinary diseases.
Answer:
Chabar Asana.

Question 4.
Mention any two advantages of Searsh Asana.
Answer:

Increase the learning power.
Remove the fat of the body.

Question 5.
Mention any two advantages of Vazur Asana.
Answer:

It cures night fall.
It also cures diabetes.

Question 6.
Mention any two advantages of Padam Asana.
Answer:

Cure the pain of waist.
Passing of urine become normal.

Question 7.
Describe any two advantages of Bhujang Asana.
Answer:

Remove constipation.
Albumin disease is cured.

Question 8.
Mention any two advantages of Dhanur Asana.
Answer:

Arthritis is cured.
Menstruation and Venereal diseases of women are cured.

Question 9.
Which is the means of uniting soul with God?
Answer:
Yoga.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Chapter 3 Yoga

Question 10.
Which is the best Asana for mental concentration?
Answer:
Padam Asana.

Question 11.
How many types of Fatigue are there?
Answer:
Two types of fatigue:

Mental
Physical.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.

“Yoga is the means of uniting soul with God.” How?
Answer:
Yoga can be defined as science of healthy and better living physically, mentally, intellectually and spiritually. Thus, Yoga is the union of soul with God. The medium of this sweet and happy union is body. The union of soul and God takes place by means of healthy and strong body, and we can have a vision of the Almighty God. Yoga makes body strong and healthy.
As such, it is the only means of the union of soul and God.

God is the embodiment of other-worldly qualities, actions and knowledge. He is all pervading like the sky. The mutual relation between the living being and God is a must. Yoga is helpful in strengthening’these bonds or connections.Man’s aim is to enjoy all the comforts of the world and to make the living soul one with God so that he may get rid of the cycles of births and rebirths and attain salvation.

Question 2.
Yoga is becoming very popular in foreign countries. Why?
Answer:
Yoga is an ancient knowledge of India. Yogic science is very important in human life. All over the world doctors and physical education teachers accept the importance of this ancient knowledge. Yoga Asana is a scientific knowledge and useful for persons of all ages. Yoga contributes in the complete development of man.

Question 3.
Write any five points which one should keep in mind while doing Asana.
Answer:
1. Yoga Asanas should be performed in the morning after the practitioner eases himself. It is better to perform Yoga Asanasafter having a bath. After taking bath body feels light and flexib and Asanas get performed very easily. Asanas can, of course, be don with empty stomach in the evening, too.

2. The place of Asanas should be clean and peaceful. It is desirable if Asanas are performed in a green park or garden.

3. The place where Asanas are to be performed should be even. Asanas should be performed on a mat so that one’s concentration is not disturbed by gravitational pull of the earth or by anything else.

4. One should not indulge in talks while performing Asanas. One should concentrate on one’s breathing and on the organ on which pressure is felt. The more one gets concentrated the more shall be the benefit of the Asanas performed. Perform Shavasana before doing other Asanas to make body, mind and breath calm and poised.

5. Yogic exercises are slow and non-aggressive. They should never be performed with jerks. Each Asana should be performed slowly by making the body alert and tense. Then the body should be kept in a relaxed state after some time. The second Asana should be performed when breathing becomes normal.

Question 4.
Describe tKe importance of Shav Asana.
Answer:
This asana should be performed for 3-5 minutes. It should be performed at the start and end of every asana.
Importance-

Shavasana helps in getting rid of high blood pressure and mental tension.
It keeps the heart and the brain fresh.
It removes the fatigue in the body.

Question 5.
Describe the Advantages of Yoga Asana.
Answer:

Man’s basic faculties of body and mind develop by means of Yoga. Lungs get enough air through the exercise of pranayama, as a result of which they get exercised and energised, and get rid of many ailments.
Man’s body remains completely healthy through Yoga.’ Dhoti and Basti help in cleaning liver and intestines respectively. Clean body, we know, always remains healthy.
Body gets strengthened with Yoga.
By doing Yogic Asanas the organs of body become flexible. For example Hal-Asana and Dhanur-Asana help in increasing the flexibility of the backbone.
All body systems begin to function properly with Yogic exercises.
Yogic exercises keep human body in good and correct posture, as a result of which man’s personality improves. For example, by doing Brikh-Asana, knees do not strike, and by doing Padam-Asana, one’s belly does not protrude and shoulders do not develop hump.
Mental discipline develops by doing Yoga. By doing Yama and
Niyama, one is enabled to exercise control on one’s undesirable emotions and vices.
Many ailments get removed by performing Yoga Asanas correctly. Vajar-Asana and Mastainder-Asana help in the removal of diabetes. Similarly, Pranayama keeps the lungs free from ailments.
Yoga Asanas help in removing physical and mental fatigue. Shavasana helps in the removal of tiredness.
Man’s intelligence and memory increase as a result of performing Yoga Asanas. Shirsh-Asana proves to be very useful in this respect.
Yogic exercises develop a sort of rhythm in man’s body.
Yogic Asanas are the best means of attaining peace and balance of mind.

Question. 6.
Describe the Technique of Shav Asana.
Answer:
Shav Asana:
In this asana, one lies down prostrate and loosens the body. In order to perform this asana, lie down straight on the ground over the back and loosen all the parts of the body completely. Gradually, breathe in deeply. The distance between the feet should be 1.5 ft.Keep the wrists of the hands away from the body, facing the sky. Close your eyes, introspect and think as if the body were getting loose. Feel that the body is in a position of rest.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 1

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Yoga? What are the advantages of Yoga?
Answer:
‘Yoga can be defined as science of healthy and better living physically, mentally, intellectually and spiritually.” Thus, Yoga is the union of soul with God. The medium of this sweet and happy union is body. The union of soul and God takes place by means of healthy and strong body, and we can have a vision of the Almighty God. Yoga makes body strong and healthy. As such, it is the only means of the union of soul and God. God is the embodiment of other-wordly qualities, actions and knowledge. He is all-prevading like the sky. The mutual relation between the living being and God is a must. Yoga is helpful in strengthening these bonds or connections.

Advantages of Yoga:

Prevention of Diseases.
Corrective Values and Relaxation.
Development of Strength.
Development of Physical, Mental and Latent power of man.
Emotional development.
Internal cleanliness of body.
Spirit of Sacrifice and Discipline.

Question 2.
“Yoga is the means of uniting soul with God.” How?
Answer:
Yogic science is very important in human life. Yoga is not only the ancient knowledge of India but of the whole world. All over the world doctors and Physical Education teachers accept the importance of this ancient knowledge. Through Yoga body and mind remain healthy and nerves also remain strong and flexible. Yoga keeps one away from all ailments, and in case one falls ill, Yoga helps him to cure through various exercises. Not only does it make one healthy, strong and energetic it also makes one’s personality attractive. In fact, it takes one to a world of supreme bliss, life, health, comfort and peace.

It is the river of that knowledge, the single drop of which is sufficient to cure an ailment. It is a great means of uniting one with God. Body is, thus, a medium of the meeting of soul and supreme soul (God). Through a healthy body one can visualize the Almighty God. Yoga makes one healthy and strong as also efficient and skilful. It infuses in us energy. It is useful not only for the patients but also for the healthy persons. Healthy persons can make best use of Yoga. Yoga is useful for persons of all ages.

Aim of Yoga:
The main aim of Yoga is to win over the mind by maintaining the body healthy, flexible, energetic and active and by developing Great Powers by which the soul may unite with the Supreme Soul (God). In fact, salvation (‘Mukti’) is getting rid of the cycles of births and deaths by uniting the soul with the Supreme Soul. Two forms of ’V Yoga Asanas and Pranayams are directly related to Physical Education. Through Yogic science, man merges into God by winning over the mind, keeping the body healthy, energetic and active, and disciplining conduct and behaviour.

Question. 3.
Describe the technique of any five Asana and explain their advantages.
Answer:
Shavasana:
Position: In Shavasana one lies down prostrate loosing the body-

Technique. In order to do this asana lie down straight on the ground ones the back and loosen all the parts of body completely.
Then breathe in deeply.
Relax the whole body.
Keep the distances of the feet of 1.5 ft.
Keep the wrists away from the body facing the sky.
Close your eyes, try to concentrate your mind.

Fact as of the whole body is getting loose and that the body is in the state of rest.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 2

Advantages:

Shavasana helps in geting rid of blood pressure and mental tension.
It keeps the heart and the brain fresh.
It removes physical fatigue.

Paschimottan Asana:
In it, one holds, the thumbs of the feet with fingers and sits in such a say that the trunk moves towards one side.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 3
Position of Paschimottan Asana:
In doing this asana, the whole body is stretched and bent:
Technique of Paschimottan Asana-

Spread both the legs forward.
Sit on the ground. Hold the thumbs of the feet with both the hands.
Breathe out slowly and try to touch the knees.
Breathe in slowly. Raise the head upwards and return to the former position.
Repeat this asana 10-15 times.

Advantages:

It lends strength to the thighs.
It helps cleanse the blood vessels.
It helps in getting rid of the various diseases of the belly.
It reduces the excess fat of the body.
It helps in the removal of gas trouble.

Dhanur Asana:
In performing this asana one lies prostrate, pulls up the legs and holds*the knees with the help of hands.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 4
Technique of Dhanurasana:
In this asana, the shape of the body is like that of a bow. In order to perform this asana, lie over the belly on the ground. Bend the knees backward. Hold the feet near the ankles with hands. Breathe in deeply and raise the chest upwards as much as possible. Now make the feet tense so that the body acquires the shape of a bow. Remain in the position as long as possible. Breathe out. Keep the body loose and go back to the former position. Repeat this asana 3-4 times. Shalabhasana and Dhanurasana should be done turn by turn.

Advantages:

Dhanurasana reduces obesity.
It increases digestive power.
It helps in getting rid of rheumatism and urinary diseases.
It makes the stomach and intestines strong.
The vertebral column and muscles become strong and flexible with this asana.

Padam Asana:
In performing this Asana, one sits squatting.
Position of Padam Asana:
In this asana the position of the body is like that of lotus.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 5
Technique of Padamasana-
After sitting in the squatting position, place the right foot on the left thigh in such a way that the heel of the right foot touches the hip bone of the left thigh. Then lift the left foot up, and in the same way place it on the right thigh of the right foot. The vertebral column should be perfectly straight. Stretch the arms on the knees. It becomes very easy to perform this asana after a few days’ practice.

Advantages:

It increases the digestive power.
It is very good for the concentration of the mind.
It helps in getting rid of backache.
It enables a person to escape from the diseases of the heart and belly.
It helps in the removal of urinary troubles.

Halasan:
Position: In doing this asana one lies in the supine position.

Technique. Raise both legs and keep the head away and lift both feet and bring both legs behind the head.
Touch the thumb of your feet to the ground. .
Maintain the position as you can.
Bring your feet at the same place from where you have started to left.

Advantages:

Hal Asana is very useful for every men and women of every age.
It is the best asana for the person of heart disease or a person who is suffering from high or low blood pressure.
It regulates the circulation of blood.
Removes fat of the body slim the waste and belly.
It provides flexibility to the backbone.

Sarvang Asana:
In this Asana, one stands on one’s shoulders.
Technique of Sarvang Asana: In this asana, the position of the body is like that of Ardh Hal Asana. For performing this asana, straighten the body and lie on the ground over the back. Place both the hands along the thighs. Lift both the feet once. Resting the back with the help of wrists, let the elbows rest on the ground. Keep the whole of your body straight. Let the weight of the body be on the shoulders and the neck. Let the chin touch the neck.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 7
After remaining in this position for some time, return td the former position slowly. In the beginning, do this asana for a minute or two. Then increase the duration of this asana from 5 to 7 minutes.The persons who cannot perform Sheershasasna should do Sarvangasana

Advantages:

This asana helps to remove constipation.
It increases appetite.
The bulging belly goes in.
All the body organs become active.
The gas trouble is removed.
The blood circulation quickens and blood is purified.
It helps in getting rid of piles.

Bhujang Asana:
In this asana, one lies down straight and loosens the trunk.
Technique of Bhujang Asana .It is also called Sarpasana. In it, the position of the body is like that of a serpent.
In order to perform it, lie down on the belly on the ground. Place both hands near the shoulders. Make the legs tense slowly, and with the help of wrists raise the chest so much that the arms are completely straight. Pull in the toes and hang the head slowly backwards. Return gradually to the former position. Repeat this asana 3-5 times daily.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 8
Advantages:

Bhujangasana increases the digestive power.
It helps get ride of the diseases of liver and spleen.
It strengthens vertebral column and muscles.
It helps in the removal of constipation.
It helps the bulge of the belly go in.
It makes the lungs strong.

Question 4.
Discuss the techniques of Garur Asana and Tar Asana. Describe their advantages.
Answer:
Position of Garur Asana:
The position of Garur Asana is standing on both feet-
Techniques:

While standing straight, lift the left leg and encircle the other leg.L
Left thigh will come over right thigh. The part of the lower leg will cover right side of the lower leg.
Put the body weight on one foot.
Encircle left arm to the right arm and left.
Both palm and come to the position of Namaskar.
Then bend the left leg and bring the body in sitting position. In this way all nerves of the body will get stretched. Again straighten up the body and come to the position of Attention.
Now change your legs and hands and repeat the same. Garur asana should be performed on each leg from one minutes to five minutes.

Advantages of Garur Asana:

It strengthens all parts of the body.
Body becomes healthy.
It prevents the disease of Hernia.
Legs become strong.
One feels fresh and light.
Circulation of blood increases.
Man remains healthy and away from so many diseases.

1. Tar Asana:
In this asana the trunk is pulled upwards while in the standing position. The position of tar asana is like the Tar tree.
Technique of Tar Asana. Stand up, join the heels and toes of both the feet and lift the arms straight upward. Let the fingers of one hand cross those of the other hand. The wrists should be upward and the sight in front. Breathe in fully. Raise the heels and put the whole body weight on toes. Pull the body upwards. After sometime, breathe out and lower the body. Repeat this action 10-15 times.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 10
Advantages of Tar Asana:

It reduces obesity of the body.
It raises the stature
It removes constipation.
It prevents the diseases of the intestines.
It serves to cleanse the bowels if it is done after taking cold water everyday.

Question 5.
What is the technique of Shirsh Asana ? Discuss its advantages. What precaution would you take while performing Shirsh Asana?
Answer:

Shirsh Asana:
Position. Bring your head down and keep legs upward.
Technique-

Put blanket or towel on the floor and sit down on your knees.
The fingers of both hands should be tightly interlocked. Put both hands on blanket.
Put your head between both hand in such a way that thumb of the hand may press back part of your head.
Bring both legs inside and put your thumb and legs straight upward.
Lift the feet gradually. Firstly straight one leg and another.
Try to keep your body in a straight line.
Put your body weight on head and both arms equally.
You can take help of the wall or your team-mates.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 11
Advantages:

Increases apettite.
Make a person slim.
Live and spleen become more active.
It removes all diseases concerning primary track.
Piles are cured.
By doing regular practice of Shirsh Asana, mental diseases are cured.

Precautions:

When eyes become red, Asana should be stopped.
On feeling giddiness don’t do Shirsh Asana.
Shirsh Asana should be stopped while feeling too much air in the ears.
This asana should not be performed when inhalation becomes difficult.
When body do not bear the weight.
On shivering arms and legs.
While feeling uneasiness. Shirsh Asana may not be performed.
Shirsh Asana should be performed all alone.
Take assistance when you feel necessity.
Shirsh Asana can be performed from one minute to five minutes. More time would be harmful.

Question 6.
Describe the technique and advantages of Vajur Asana.
Answer:
Vajur Asana:
Position. Sitting on legs while keeping his feet behind.
Technique-

Put on knees under your hip and sit down while facing the feet upper side.
The thumb of the feet should touch each other.
Both the knees may touch each other back and waist must be in a straight line.
Put both hands on the both thighs.
Breathing may be long.
Vajur Asana may be performed daily from three minutes to twenty minutes.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 12
Advantages:

Body becomes more active.
Remove the fats of the body.
Body becomes healthy.
Muscles get strengthened.
It helps to get rid of Night fall.
It removes the pain of feet and legs.
Mind becomes cool.
Person becomes carefree.
It cures diabetes.
It improves digestion.

Question 7.
What are the eight components of Yoga according to Patanjali Rishi? Discuss in brief.
Answer:
According to Rishi Patanjali, there are eight stages or components of Yoga. They are follows:

Yama, Forbearance
Niyama, Observance
Asana, Posture
Pranayama, Regulation of Breathing
Pratyahara, Abstraction
Dharana, Concentration
Dhyana, Meditation
Samadhi, Trance

The first five components or stages out of the above-mentioned eight stages are connected with external Yogic exercises, and the remaining three are related to internal Yogic exercises. All these stages have been further divided as follows:

1. Yama:
Forbearance. It has the following five components:

Ahimsa (Non-violence)
Satya (Truth)
Astey (Conquest of the senses of mind)
Aprigraha (Non-receiving)
Brahamcharya (Celibacy)

2. Niyama:
Observance: These two have the following five stages of components :

Shauch (Obeying the call of nature)
Tapa (Penance)
Santosh (Contentment)
Savadhyaye (Self-study)
Ishwar Paridhan (God-consciousness).

3. Asana:
Posture The number of Asanas is as much as the number of birds. Asanas should be performed according to the capacity of the body. They should be done by exhaling air through breathing, stopping breath and re-Breathing everyday.

4. Pranayama:
Regulation of Breathing. Pranayama is a part of meditation. It has the following three parts:

Purak (Inhalation)
Rechak (Exhalation)
Kumbhak (Holding of Breath): Holding breath and exhalation are called Pranayama (Regulation of breathing).

5. Pratyahara: Abstraction. Pratyahara means detachment of mind from all the vgorldly pleasures and comforts.

6. Dharana: Concentration Dharanameans exercising control over our organs But it is very difficult to practise it.

7. Dhyana:
Meditation. When a person gains control over mind the state of Dhyana sets in. In this state, body and mind become like the flow of the river in which the currents of water have no effect at all.

8. Smadhi Trance:
It is the state of mind which starts with Dharana and ends with Samadhi. All these states have deep connection among them.The science of Yoga is a valuable contribution of India to the world. Yoga is gaining popularity at home and abroad. All the doctors and teachers of Physical Education acknowledge its utility. Yogic exercises are completely scientific in nature and in accordance with the structure of the body.

Question 8.
Discuss the main principles of Yoga
Answer:
Main Principles of Yoga:
There are some principles which one must observe while doing Yoga. An account of these principles is given below:
1. Yoga Asanas should be performed in the morning after the practitioner eases himself. It is better to perform Yoga Asanas after having a bath. After taking bath body feels light and flexible and Asanas get performed very easily. Asanas can, of course, be done on empty stomach in the evening, too.

2. The place of Asanas should be clean and peaceful. It is desirable if Asanas are performed in a green park or garden.

4. One should not indulge in talks while performing Asanas. One should concentrate on one’s breathing and on the organ on which pressure is felt. The more one gets concentrated, the more shall be the benefit of the Asanas performed. Perform Shavasana before doing other Asanas to make body, mind and breath calm and poised.

6. Increase the duration of the Yoga Asanas slowly. Practise daily to reach the optimum level of an Asana. The body will become flexible slowly.

7. One should put on minimum clothes while doing Asanas,
keeping in view the needs of the season, of course. .

8. The Yoga Asanas can be performed by persons of all ages, children, old men, men or women. Persons from 10 to 80 or 85 years of age can perform Yoga Asanas. But Asanas should be performed systematically.

9. The person who performs Asanas should take light food. Food should be easily digestible, fresh and ‘Satwik’. Lighter the food, the more will be the efficiency of the Yogic practitioner.

10. A person suffering from some acute disease should not perform Asanas or Pranayam.

11. Don’t perform many Asanas in the beginning. Every Asana should be done slowly by keeping the eyes closed. Sarvangasana and Shishasana can be slowly performed upto 10 minutes. Don’t come back too soon from the initial stage to the last.

12. The order of the Asanas should be so arranged that one should be able to perform the counter-pose of the Asana performed. For example, Paschimotanasana followed by Konasana, its counter-pose, and Sarvangasana followed by Matsyasana, its counter-pose.

13. Shavasana must be performed after the completion of Yoga Asanas. One can have the benefit of Asanas only if one allows the body rest and relaxation by doing shavasana. Shavasana is a complete Asana in itself. It generates great power in the body.

14. Don’t eat anything at least for half an hour after completing the programme of Asanas or Pranayam.

15. Practise stopping breathing after exhaling air.

16. Yoga Asanas should be performed daily.

Question. 9.
Yoga is the means of Health. Describe.“Yoga is the means of uniting soul with God.” How?
Answer:
“Yoga is the means of Health”
The prominent aim of Yoga is to keep man strong and energetic physically and mentally, and to increase his sensibility and con- sciouness. The chief qualities of Yoga are as follows :

Man’s basic faculties of body and mind develop by means of Yoga. Lungs get enough air through the exercise of pranayama, as a result of which they get exercised and energised, and get rid of many ailments.
Man’s body remains completely healthy through Yoga. Dhoti and Basti help in cleaning liver and intestines respectively. Clean body, we know, always remains healthy.
Body gets strengthened with Yoga.
By doing Yogic Asanas the organs of body become flexible. For example Hal-Asana and Dhanur-Asana help in increasing the flexibility of the backbone.
All body systems begin to function properly with Yogic exercises.
Yogic exercises keep human body in good and correct posture, as a result of which man’s personality improves. For example, by doing Brikh-Asana, knees do not strike, and by doing Padam-Asana, one’s belly does not protrude and shoulders do not develop hump.
Mental discipline develops by doing Yoga. By doing Yama and
Niyama, one is enabled to exercise control on one’s undesirable emotions and vices.
Many ailments get removed by performing Yoga Asanas correctly. Vajar-Asana and Mastainder-Asana help in the removal of diabetes. Similarly, Pranayama keeps the lungs free from ailments.
Yoga Asanas help in removing physical and mental fatigue. Shavasana helps in the removal of tiredness.
Man’s intelligence and memory increase as a result of
performing Yoga Asanas. Shirsh-Asana proves to be very useful in this respect.
Yogic exercises develop a sort of rhythm in man’s body.
Yogic Asanas are the best means of attaining peace and balance of mind.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

January 20, 2024January 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Computer Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Computer Science Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

Computer Guide for Class 7 PSEB Typing Tutor Textbook Questions and Answers

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
To use number pad, ……………. should be kept ON.
(a) Num lock
(b) Caps lock
(c) Scroll lock
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Num lock

Question 2.
In home-row, …………… key is pressed with the little finger of left hand,
(a) A
(b) S
(c) D
(d) F.
Answer:
(a) A

Question 3.
In home row, ……………. key is pressed with Middle finger of right hand.
(a) J
(b) K
(c) L
(d) ;
Answer:
(b) K

Question 4.
In second row, ………………. key is pressed with ring finger of left hand.
(a) Q
(b) W
(c) E
(d) R.
Answer:
(b) W

Question 5.
In third row, …………….. key is pressed with the index finger of right hand.
(a) B
(b) N
(c) M
(d) M, N.
Answer:
(d) M, N.

2. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
For typing purpose, a keyboard can be divided in how many parts?
Answer:
The keyboard for typing is divided into two parts. The first part is on the left side and the second part is on the right side.

Question 2.
Write the name of the technique for typing with all fingers without looking at the keyboard.
Answer:
Touch typing technology allows us to type without looking.

Question 3.
Write the name of any one font.
Answer:
Anmol Lipi font.

Question 4.
Which finger is used to press spacebar during typing?
Answer:
The thumb of your right hand is used to press the space bar key.

Question 5.
Which key is used to go to new line during typing?
Answer:
Enter key is used to move to new line.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is touch typing?
Answer:
This is a technique by which we learn how to type correctly without looking at the keyboard. The keyboard is divided into two parts, left side and right side. Typing is done by placing the fingers on right position accordingly.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 1

Question 2.
Describe the position of our fingers on Home Row Key.
Answer:
The “home row” is the center row of keys on a keyboard. It starts from the alphabet A. The fingers are always rest on this line. The position of the fingers on this row is as follows:
First of all, the fourth finger (little finger) of our left hand is on the ‘A’ key, then third finger on the ‘S’ key, then second finger on the ‘D’ key and then first finger on the ‘F’ key and alternately on the ‘7’ key. The fourth, third, second and first fingers of the right hand should be on ‘L’, ‘K’, ‘J’ and ‘H’ respectively. Thumbs of both hands should be on space bar.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 2

Left Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	A
Ring Finger	S
Middle Finger	D
Index Finger	F & G

Right Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	;
Ring Finger	L
Middle Finger	K
Index Finger	J & H

Question 3.
What are the tips to improve typing speed?
Answer:
Typing speed can be increased by keeping the following in mind:

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 3

- Concentrate in consistently, comfortably and correctly typing.
- The position of our hands I fingers should always be on the home-row We should always start from this position and come back to the saine position. We should move from the home-row position to other keys.
- As we press each key, we should repeat that letter in our mind.
- We should focus on pressing the right key rather than speed. Speed will increase automatically with time and practice.
- Do not look at the keyboard.

Question 4.
While typing numbers from numeric keypad, which hand we should use? Explain the position of your fingers on numeric keypad
Answer:
The numeric keypad is located on the right hand side of the keyboard and has a total of 17 keys. They act as a calculator. While using the numeric keypad Num lock key must be turned on. Use the right hand when typing numbcon the numeric keypad.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 4
The position of the fingers on the numeric keypad is as follows:

- - The thumb of the right hand is on the ‘0’
  - On the first finger of the right hand ‘4’
  - The second finger of the right hand on the ‘5’ The third finger of the right hand on the ‘6’

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the proper posture while typing.
Answer:

- - The computer monitor should be in front of our eyes.
  - Our focus should be on the monitor.
  - Our fingers should be on the home-row keys.
  - We should sit straight and in front of the keyboard.
  - We should quickly press each key and return to the home- row position.
  - Our feet should be straight on the ground.

Question 2.
Explain Following Keys
(a) Enter key
(b) Backspace key
(c) Shift key Answer:
Answer:
(a) Enter Key: This key is used to move to a new line. We use the smallest finger of our right hand to press the Enter
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 6
(b) Backspace key:
This key is used to delete a character to the left of the cursor. We use the little finger of our right hand for this.

(c) Shift Key:
This key is located on both side of the keyboard. It is used to write capital letters. If you want to type a capital letter with your left hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of your right hand similarly, to write a capital letter with the right hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of the left hand.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 7

PSEB 7th Class Computer Guide Typing Tutor Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Type master is used for learning,
(a) Programming
(b) Computer
(c) Printing
(d) Typing.
Answer:
(d) Typing.

Question 2.
Keyboard is divided into sections.
(a) Three
(b) Four
(c) Two
(d) Five.
Answer:
(b) Four

Question 3.
The numeric pad is on the side.
(a) Right
(b) Left
(c) Upper
(d) Lower.
Answer:
(a) Right

Question 4.
The key is on both sides of the keyboard.
(a) Function
(b) Special
(c) Arrow
(d) Shift.
Answer:
(d) Shift.

2. True/False

Question 1.
The typemaster helps to improve the typing speed.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
In touch typing we can type without touching the keyboard.
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
The numeric pad is on the right side of the keyboard.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Text is typed with a numeric pad.
Answer:
False.

Question 5.
Shift key is only one.
Answer:
False.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write instructions for keyboard expertise.
Answer:

Do not press the keys too quickly.
Press the keys evenly and equally.
Make it a habit to press the keys lightly.
After typing each word, press the space bar with the thumb of your right hand.
Your eyes, hands and brain need to be in perfect balance as you type.

Question 2.
What is a type master?
Answer:
Type master is a program that helps you learn to type and improve your speed. It helps us to type without looking at the keyboard.

Question 3.
What is numeric keypad?
Answer:
The numeric keypad is located on the right hand side of the keyboard and has a total of 17 keys. They act as a calculator. While using the numeric keypad Num lock key must be turned on. Use the right hand when typing numbers on the numeric keypad.

Question 4.
What is a shift key?
Answer:
This key is located on both side of the keyboard. It is used to write capital letters. If you want to type a capital letter with your left hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of your right hand similarly, to write a capital letter with the right hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of the left hand.

Question 5.
State the position of the fingers on the second row.
Answer:
The keys on the above line of the home row are called the keys on the second line. It starts with the letter Q’. Turn the fourth finger (little finger) of your left hand on the ‘Q’ key, the third finger on the ‘W’ key, the second finger on the ‘E’ key and the first finger on the ‘R’ key or the “T” key. Similarly, place the fourth finger of the right hand on the ‘P’ key, the third finger on the ‘O’ key, the second finger on the T key and the first finger on the ‘U ’or‘ Y ’key alternately.

Left Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	Q
Ring Finger	W
Middle Finger	E
Index Finger	R & T

Right Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	P
Ring Finger	O
Middle Finger	I
Index Finger	U & Y

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give some instructions for keyboard mastery.
Answer:
Typing speed can be increased by keeping the following in mind:
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 10

- - Concentrate in consistently, comfortably and correctly typing.
  - The position of our hands I fingers should always be on the home-row We should always start from this position and come back to the saine position. We should move from the home-row position to other keys.
  - As we press each key, we should repeat that letter in our mind.
  - We should focus on pressing the right key rather than speed. Speed will increase automatically with time and practice.
  - Do not look at the keyboard.

Question 2.
Write a note on shift key.
Answer:
Shift Key:
This key is located on both side of the keyboard. It is used to write capital letters, If you want to type a capital letter with your left
hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of your right hand. Similarly, to write a capit.al letter with the right hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of the left hand.

Question 3.
State the position of the fingers on the fourth row.
Answer:
Fourth Row:
The fourth row corresponds to the numeric keys. Be careful while typing the numbers. Our fingers should be on the home row. To type the numbers 100 correctly, it is recommended to press the numeric key with the corresponding finger and then bring it back to the home row, If all work is related to numbers, keep your fingers on the fourth line.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 11

Left Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	Z
Ring Finger	X
Middle Finger	C
Index Finger	V & B

Right Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	/
Ring Finger	.
Middle Finger	,
Index Finger	M & N

Question 4.
Write in detail about the special keys of the key board.
Answer:
Special Keys on Keyboard:
The special keys of the keyboard are as follows:
1. Enter Key:
This key is used to move to a new line, We use the smallest finger of our right hand to press the Enter key.

2. Space Bar: The space-bar key is used 1.0 leave a space in two words. We use our thumb to press the space key.

3. Shift Key:
This key is located on both side of the keyboard. It is used to write capital letters. If you want to type a capital letter with your left hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of your right hand. Similarly, to write a capital letter with the right hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of the left hand.

4. Backspace:
This key is used to delete a character to the left of the cursor. We use the little finger of our right hand for this.

5. Caps lock Key:
If the whole word, line or paragraph is to be written in capital letters, keep the Caps Lock Key in ON position. We use the little finger of our left hand for this.

Question 5.
What are some ways to avoid stress and mistakes while typing on the computer?
Answer:
How to Avoid the Stress of Typing:
Stress and mistakes while typing on computer can be avoided as follows.

Set your keyboard so that it is straight and slightly raised at the back. Do not keep your keyboard tilted downwards.
Sit properly in front of your computer. Our screen should be two feet away from u and our copy should be in front of our eyes.
Stretch your arms before starting work and also during intervals and strengthen your arms with exercise.
We should re-st our wrists when we are not typing.
When typing, keep your wrists straight and bend your elbows at a 90 degree angle. Our wrists should not rest on the table while typing.
If sitting on a chair, our knees are bent 90 degrees and our feet are straight on the ground, then the height of our chair is perfect.
Exercise daily. This helps our body avoid stress after typing.
Rest for a short time instead of a large interval while typing.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

January 20, 2024January 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Physical Education Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the various functions of the Food?
Answer:
Whatever the food we take, it performs so many functions after digestion and absorption. The functions of foods are as under:
1. It helps for the growth and development of the body. Food helps us in the development of the various organs of our body.

2. Provide strength. It gives us the strength to do various activities. To perform these activities the power comes from the food.

3. Produce energy in our bodies. When the food after absorption mixes with the oxygen which we inhale, produces energy in our body. This energy is very necessary for us. We cannot live without energy.

4. Construct new cells and repair old ones. Food repairs the broken cells and also produces new cells due to the activities of our body. So many cells destroy and much of them are broken. It is the food which creates new cells.

5. Prevent diseases. Food is to human-machine what petrol is to an automobile. It creates strength in our body which enables us to fight against diseases

Question 2.
What is food? Why we take food?
Answer:
Food is such type of material which produces blood in our body.

Formation of new cells.
Food supplies energy to body.
Food supplies heat to body.
Food helps in growth and development of body.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Question 3.
What are vitamins? Why are vitamins needed for our body?
Answer:
Vitamins are such chemical materials which help our body for proper growth and development. By now many vitamins have been discovered but the most prominent of all these are vitamins A, B, C, D and K.

Need of Vitamins to Our Body:

Vitamins maintain our health.
Vitamins help in the growth and development of our body.
Vitamins increase appetite.
Vitamins purify our blood and increase blood in our body.
Vitamins strengthen the bones and teeth.
Vitamins help us to create immunity in our body.
Vitamins cure the skin diseases.
Vitamins provide energy to our body.

Question 4.
What is Calorie?
Answer:
Calorie. The smallest unit to measure food constituents is called a calorie.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are various types of vitamins? Describe their functions and their sources.Write down the sources and advantages of the following vitamins A, B, C, D and K.
Answer:
Vitamins. By now many vitamins have been discovered, but the most prominent of all these are vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K. The details about the sources and functions of various vitamins have been given below:

1. Vitamin A:
The following are the functions of vitamin A:

It improves eyesight.
It increases appetite.
It keeps digestive function normal.
It helps in the development and strengthening of body.

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin A:

The lack of vitamin A causes night blindness.
The skin becomes dry.
Nose, throat, eyes and skin become more prone to infectious diseases.
The body becomes weak and its development stops.
The lungs get weakened.

Sources:
It is available in plenty in milk, curd, butter, cheese, egg, fish, fresh vegetables such as spinach, carrot, cabbage and tomato, orange, mango, papaya, fig, etc.

2. Vitamin B:
The following are the functions of vitamin B:

It regulates Nervous System and keeps it normal.
It energizes nerves, muscles, heart and brain.
It stimulates appetite.
It gives protection against skin diseases.

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin B:

One feels less appetite.
The development of children stops.
One is afflicted with a disease called beri-beri and skin diseases.
One develops blisters on the tongue.
The hair begins to fall off.

Sources:
It is available in milk, curd, butter,cheese, whole pulses, cereals, soyabean, peas, eggs, leaves of green vegetables, cabbage, onion, spinach, tomato, salad, etc.

3. Vitamin C:
The functions of vitamin C are:

It purifies the blood.
It strengthens teeth.
It helps in the % rapid recovery of fractured bones.
It protects the body against diseases.
It saves throat from several diseases.
It protects one from bad cold, etc.

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin C:

One is afflicted with such teeth diseases as pyorrhoea.
The bones get weakened.
Wounds do not heal quickly.
One suffers from anaemia.
Bleeding does not stop quickly.

Sources:
It is found in orange, lemon, malta, pomegranate, guava, amla, etc. In addition to these, it is available in green vegetables, tomato, cabbage, carrot, spinach, etc. ,

4. Vitamin D:
The functions of vitamin D are :
1. It helps in the formation of bones and teeth.
2. It strengthens bones and teeth.
3. It is needed most for the growth of children. Vitamin D we get from sun.
Sources
It is found in milk, egg yolk, butter, ghee, cod liver oil, etc. It forms itself in the rays of the sun.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 4

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin D:

Bones become weak.
The teething of childern gets delayed.
One is afflicted with such diseases as epilepsy, hysteria and rickets.
Muscles become weak.

5. Vitamin E:
The functions of vitamin E are

It increases the reproduction power.
It prevents impotency in men and infertility in women.

Harms due to lack of Vitamin E:

Boils are formed on the skin.
One is afflicted with infertility

Sources:
It is available in cabbage, carrot, salad, peas, onion, tomato, cauliflower. In addition to these, it is found in honey, wheat, rice, egg yolk, almond, pistachis, gram pulse, etc.

6. Vitamin K:
The functions of Vitamin K are as follows:

It stops blood flow from cuts.
It helps in blood clotting.
It saves one from skin diseases.

Harms due to lack of Vitamin K:

The process of blood clotting gets stopped.
One is afflicted with some skin diseases.

Sources: It is found in cabbage, spinach, fish, soyabean, tomato and egg yolk.

Question 2.
Why carbohydrates and Fats are essential for us?
Answer:
Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body. Indians, in general, compensate 70-80% of their food with this compound.

Sources:
Carbohydrates are available in wheat, rice, barley, maize, millet, jaggery, sugar, potatoes, etc.
Advantages of Carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body.
They help in digesting fat.
They cleanse intestines and liver.

Harms Due to Lack of Carbohydrates:

As a result of the lack of Carbohydrates, blood loses its alkaline nature, and becomes more acidic. In such a condition, a person may become unconscious. In such a condition due to hunger one may get diabetes.
Intestines are not cleaned properly.
As a result of lack of carbohydrates, fats remain undigested in the body.
As a result of lack of carbohydrates acidic elements in the liver get cleansed, and it is harmful to the body.
A person becomes very weak and may die in case there is excess or lack of carbohydrates in his food.

Harms due to Excess of Carbohydrates. The excess of carbohydrates causes:

fatness
high blood pressure
joint pains and
diabetes.

Proper Quantity. Our food has 50-80% of carbohydrates. 50-60% part of balanced diet consists of carbohydrates. A normal person should have 400 to 700 gms. of carbohydrates in his daily food.

Fats – Fats are of two types:
1. vegetable fats
2. animal fats
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 8

Sources:

Vegetable Fats. These are available in almonds, walnuts, soyabeans, groundnuts, coconut oil, mustard, etc.
Animal Fats. These are available in ghee, butter, milk, meat, fish, egg, etc.

Advantages:

It provides energy to the body.
It keeps the body temperature stable.
It protects all parts of the body against external injuries.
It keeps in reserve vitamins A, D and K according to the needs of the body.

Harms due to the Lack of Fats:
The body suffers in the following ways in case there is lack of fats :

Skin becomes dry.
The deficiency of vitamins A, D and K follows.
The skin goes dry because of the lack of acids of fat.

Harms due to the Excess of Fats:
The excess of fats in one’s food also proves to be harmful in the following ways:

One suffers from obesity.
Heart diseases are caused.
Digestion weakens.
One suffers from diabetes.
Stones may form in the abdomen.

Proper Quantity:
A normal person should have 50 to 75 gms of fats in his daily food.

Question 3.
Why different mineral salts are necessary for our body?
Answer:
Mineral Salts. Our body has 4% of minerals and salts. Phosphorus, calcium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 9
Sources:
Minerals and salts are available in green vegetables, green fruit, meat, milk. Milk has less amount of iron, but it has all other minerals.
Advantages

Minerals strengthen our teeth and bones.
They help in the development of muscular tissues.
They make the blood red.
Calcium helps in blood clotting,
Minerals help in the proper functioning of all parts of the body.

Harms due to Lack of Minerals:

The lack of calcium causesthe weakening of teeth and bones.
Body loses its power of resistance to diseases.
The lack of iodine is the cause of goitre in the body.

1. Calcium and Phosphorus:
These minerals are found in abundance in milk, curd, cheese, eggs, fish, meat, vegetables, fresh fruit, pulses, almonds, etc. They are helpful in the growth of body. They help in formation of teeth and bones. The are useful to heart and brain.

2. Iron:
Iron is available mostly in green vegetables, fruit, cereals, eggs and meat. It helps in producing new iron and stimulates hunger. It cleanses blood.

3. Sodium:
It is generally available in lady fingers, fig, coconut, salt, radish, carrot, turnip, etc. It removes many diseases of stomach and kidneys.

4. Potassium:
It is available in pear, coconut, lemon, fig, cabbage, radish, etc. It nourishes liver and heart, and removes constipation.

5. Iodine:
It is availablein sea fish, sea salt, onion, garlic, tomato, apple, spinach, carrot and milk, etc. It gives energy and increases body weight. Lack of Iodine cause Goitre disease.

6. Magnesium:
It is available mostly in orange, fig, tomato, wheat, spinach, malta, etc. It prevents skin diseases and strengthens muscle’s.

7. Sulphur:
It is available in plenty in onion, radish, cabbage, cauliflower. It helps in increase of nails and hair. It cleanses skin.

8. Chlorine:
It is available in plenty in onion, spinach, radish, carrot, cabbage and tomato. It excretes waste products from the body. It cleanses the body.

Question 4.
Write a note on the following :
A. Balanced diet
B. Proteins
C. Water
Answer:
A. Balanced Diet:
Food, nutritious elements, the need of food, all relate to nutrition. The science deals with our food, its related customs, traditions and our mental attitude or feelings.Balanced Diet. Balanced diet is the diet which has all the nutrients in right proportion, and which is capable of fulfilling all the needs of the body.

It should have all nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, salts and water in proper proportion. Such a diet needs to be taken for the proper development of body, protection from diseases and good health. No single item of food is balanced diet in itself. Only milk is an exception, as it has got almost all nutrients.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 10

B. Proteins:
Proteins. Protein is a complex compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen. It is of two kinds-vegetable protein and animal protein.
Sources

Vegetable Protein-It is availably in soyabeans, groundnuts, cashew-nuts, pistachio, walnuts, wheat, millet, maize, etc.
Animal Protein-It is available in meat, fish, egg, cheese, etc.

Advantages of Protein:

It ensures physical growth and development
It repairs broken tissues
It keeps the body temperature normal
It produces energy in case there is lack of the quantity of carbohydrates or fats in the body.

Harms due to lack of Proteins:
The body catches the following diseases due to lack of proteins:

1. Kwashiorkor:
This disease is common in children in the age group of 1-3 years in case there is lack of proteins. At first, the child’s legs are affected. Then this disease causes swelling on his face and then the whole body. The skin of the child becomes rough and red. The child becomes irritated.

2. Rickets or Rachitis:
As a result of the lack of proteins children suffer from rachitis. A child affected with this disease looks very thin and weak. Bones are visible through his flesh.

3. Hunger Oedema:
Because of prolonged hunger and lack of protein, the body does not get nourishment, and water gets accumulated in cells, and body appears to be swelled up.

4. Pellagra:
As a result of this disease, one’s skin appears to be rough and dry.

5. Defect of the Livbr:
Liver gets damaged due to the lack of protein in food.

Harms of the Excess of Proteins:
One may suffer from kidney ailments in case of excessive intake of proteins. Blood vessels too get affected, and one begins to have joint pains.

Proper Quantity:
Children in the age group of 1-6 years are in dire need of proteins in large amounts. A normal person should consume 70 to 100 gms. of proteins everyday.

C. Water:
Our body is composed of 2/3rd of water. It is formed of the combination of oxygen and hydrogen. It is as important as air for our body.

Sources:
It is available in pure form in many nutrients also such as milk, fruit and vegetables.
Advantages of Water

Water helps in the formation of cells.
It carries nourishment to cells. It helps in the excretion of waste products from the body.
It helps in digestion of food.
It regulates the heat in our body.
It helps in mixing nutrients with blood.
It keeps the parts and joints of body soft.
It ensures blood circulation in the body.

Harms due to Lack of Water in the Body:
There are many harms of drinking less water –

The food does not digest properly in case one drinks less water.
Liver remains heavy.
Constipation is caused.
One feels physical fatigue all the time.
The body gets weakened.
The face turns pale.
Waste products in the body do not get excreted properly.
One is afflicted with joint pains.
Stones are formed in kidneys.

Harms due to Excess of Water:
Water should always be taken in right proportion. Liver remains filled by taking water in excess and one does not feel appetite. If one continues taking water with food, food does not digest properly.
Proper Quantity:
The quantity of water intake varies with season, exercise and food. Normally, 5-6 glasses of water are enough for a normal person.

Question 5.
What is importance of Roughage in food?
Answer:
For our growth and development we take balance diet which must consists all food constituents in proper ratio as carbohydrates, fat, protein, mineral salts, water and vitamins, all these elements are not useful. The waste material, which are to be thrown out, can not excrete and it gets stuck with intestine. Raw vegetables like radish, turnip, flour should not be suited which eating. The unseived flesh works as a cleaning, brush in stomach and intestine. Body remain vigorous. Therefore food should be fibrous.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the various constituents of Balanced diet. Discuss them briefly.
Answer:
Balanced Diet. Balanced diet is the diet which has all the nutrients in right proportion, and which is capable of fulfilling all the needs of the body. It should have all nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, salts and water in proper proportion. Such a diet needs to be taken for the proper development of body, protection from diseases and good health. No single item of food is balanced diet in itself. Only milk is an exception, as it has got almost all nutrients.
1. Proteins:
Protein is a complex compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen. It is of two kinds vegetable protein and animal protein.

Sources:
Vegetable Protein. It is available in soyabeans, groundnuts, cashew-nuts, pistachio, walnuts, wheat, millet, maize, etc.Animal Protein. It is available in meat, fish, egg, cheese, etc.

Advantages of Protein:

It ensures physical growth and development
It repairs broken tissue
It keeps the body temperature normal
It produces energy in case there is lack of the quantity of carbohydrates or fats in the body.

Harms due to Lack of proteins:
The body catches the following diseases due to lack of proteins:
(i) Kwashiorkor:
This disease is common in children in the age group of 1-3 years in case there is lack of proteins. At first the child’s legs are affected. Then this disease causes swelling on his face.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 12
(ii) Rickets or Rachitis:
As a result of the lack of proteins children suffer from rachitis. A child affected with this disease looks very thin and weak. Bones are visible through his flesh.

(iii) Hunger Oedema:
Because of prolonged hunger and lack of protein, the body does not get nourishment, and water gets accumulated in cells, and body appears to be swelled up.

(iv) Pellagra:
As a result of this disease, one’s skin appears to be rough and dry.

(v) Defect in the Liver:
Liver gets damaged due to the lack of protein in food.

Harms of the Excess of Proteins:
One may suffer from kidney ailments in case of excessive intake of proteins. Blood vessels too get affected, and one begins to have joint pains.

Proper Quantity:
Children in the age group of 1-6 years are in dire need of proteins in large amounts. A normal person should consume 70 to 100 gms. of proteins everyday.

2. Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body. Indians, in general, compensate 70-80% of their food with this compound.

Sources:
Carbohydrates are available in wheat, rice, barley, maize, millet, jaggery, sugar, potatoes, etc.
Advantages of Carbohydrates:

Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body.
They help in digesting fat.
They cleanse intestines and liver.

Harms Due to Lack of Carbohydrates:

As a result of the lack of carbohydrates, blood loses its alkaline nature, and becomes more acidic. In such a condition, a person may become unconscious. In such a condition due to hunger one may get diabetes.
Intestines are not cleansed properly.
As a result of lack of carbohydrates, fats remain undigested in the body.
As a result of lack of carbohydrates acidic elements in the liver get cleansed, and it is harmful to the body.
A person becomes very weak and may die in case there is excess of lack of carbohydrates in his food.

Harms due to Excess of Carbohydrates:
The excess of carbohydrates causes

fatness
high blood pressure
joint pains, and
diabetes.

Proper Quantity:
Our food has 50-80% of carbohydrates, 50-60% part of balanced diet consists of carbohydrates. A normal person should have 400 to 700 gms. of carbohydrates in his daily food.

3. Fats:
Fats are of two types:

vegetable fats
animal fats.

Sources:

Vegetable Fats:
These are available in almonds, walnuts, soyabeans, groundnuts, coconut oil, mustard etc.
Animal Fats .
These are available in ghee, butter, milk, meat, fish, egg, etc.,

Advantages:

It provides energy to the body.
It keeps the body temperature stable.
It protects all parts of the body against external injuries.
It keeps in reserve vitamins A, D and K according to the needs of the body.

Harms due to the Lack of Fats:
The bod suffers in the following ways in case there is lack of fats :

Skin becomes dry.
The deficiency of vitamins A, D and K follows.
The skin goes dry because of the lack of acids of fat.

Harms due to the Excess of Fats:
The excess of fats in one’s food also proves to be harmful in the following ways:

One suffers from obesity.
Heart diseases are caused.
Digestion weakens.
One suffers from diabetes.
Stones may form in the abdomen.

Proper Quantity:
A normal person should have 50 to 75 gms. of fats in his daily food.

4. Mineral Salts:
Our body has 4% of minerals and salts. Phosphorus, calcium, sodium, chlorine.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 15
Potassium, magnesium, manganese, iodine and zinc are some prominent minerals.
Sources:
Minerals and salts are available in green vegetables, green fruit, meat, milk. Milk has less amount of iron, but it has all other minerals.
Advantages:

Minerals strengthen our teeth and bones.
They help in the development of muscular tissues.
They make the blood red.
Calcium helps in blood clotting.
Minerals help in the proper functioning of all parts of the body.

2. Iron:
Iron is available mostly in green vegetables, fruit, cereals, eggs and meat. It helps in producing new iron and stimulates hunger. It cleanses blood.

3. Sodium:
It is generally available in lady fingers, fig, coconut, salt, radish, carrot, turnip, etc. It removes many diseases of stomach and kidneys.

4. Potassium:
It is available in pear, coconut, lemon, fig, cabbage, radish, etc. It nourishes liver and heart, and removes constipation.

5. Iodine:
It is available in sea fish, sea salt, onion, garlic, tomato, apple, spinach, carrot and milk, etc. It give energy and increases body weight.

6. Mangesium:
It is available mostly in orange, fig, tomato, wheat, spinach, malta, etc. It prevents skin diseases and strengthens muscles.

7. Sulphur:
It is available in plenty in onion, radish, cabbage, cauliflower. It helps increase nails and hair. It cleanses skin.

8. Chlorine:
It is available in plenty in onion, spinach, radish, carrot, cabbage and tomato. It excretes waste products from the body. It cleanses the body.

9. Water:
Our body is composed of 2/3rd of water. It is formed of the combination of oxygen and hydrogen. It is as important as air for our body.

Sources:
It is available in pure form in many nutrients also such as milk, fruit and vegetables.
Advantages of Water

Water helps in the formation of cells.
It carries nourishment to cells. It helps in the excretion of waste products from the body.
It helps in digestion of food.
It regulates the heat in our body.
It helps in mixing nutrients with blood. .
It keeps the parts and joints of body soft.
It ensures blood circulation in the body.

Harms due to Lack of Water in the Body:
There are many harms of drinking less water:

The food does not digest properly in case one drinks less water.
Liver remains heavy.
Constipation is caused.
One feels physical fatigue all the time.
The body gets weakened.
The face turns pale.
Waste products in the body do not get excreted properly.
One is afflicted with joint pains.
Stones are formed in kidneys.

Proper Quantity:
The quantity of water intake varies with season, exercise and food. Normally, 5-6 glasses of water are enough for a normal person.

6. Vitamins:
By now many vitamins have been discovered, but the most prominent of all these are vitamins, A, B, C, D, E and K. The details about the sources and functions of various vitamins have been given below :

(i) Vitamin A:
The following are the functions of vitamin A:

It improves eyesight.
It increases appetite.
It keeps digestive function normal.
It helps in the development and strengthening of body.

The lack of vitamin A causes night blindness.

The skin becomes dry.
Nose, thorat, eyes skin become more prone to infectious diseases.
The body becomes weak and its development stops.
The lungs get weakened.

Sources:
It is available in plenty in milk, curd, butter, cheese, egg, fish, fresh vegetables such as spinach, carrot, cabbage and ’ tomato, orange, mango, papaya fig, etc.

(ii) Vitamin B:
The following are the functions of Vitamin B –

It regulates nervous system and keeps it normal.
It energizes nerves, muscles, heart and brain.
It stimulates appetite.
It gives protection against skin diseases.

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin B:

One feels less appetite.
The development of children stops.
One is afflicted with a disease called beri-beri and skin diseases.
One develops blisters on the tongue.
The hair begins to fall off.

Sources:
It is available in milk, curd, butter, cheeses, whole pulses, cereals, soyabean, peas, eggs, leaves of green vegetables, cabbage, onion, spinach, tomato, salad, etc.

(iii) Vitamin C:
The functions of vitamin C are :

It purifies the blood.
It strengthens teeth.
It helps in the rapid recovery of fractured bones
It protects the body againstdiseases
It saves throat from several diseases.
It protects one from bad cold Sources, etc.

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin C:

One is afflicted with such teeth diseases as pyorrhoea.
The bones get weakened.
Wounds do not heal quickly.
One suffers from anaemia.
Bleeding does not stop quickly.

Sources:
It is found in orange, lemon, malta, pomegranate, guava, amla, etc. In addition to these, it is available in green vegetables, tomato, cabbage, carrot, spinach, etc.

(iv) Vitamin D:
The functions of Vitamin D are :
1. It helps in the formation of bones and teeth.
2. It strengthens bones and teeth.
3. It is needed most for the growth of children.
Sources.
It is found in milk, egg yolk, butter, ghee, cod liver oil, etc. It forms itself in the rays of the sun.
Harms due to Lack of Vitamin D:

Bones become weak.
The teething of children gets delayed.
One is afflicted with such diseases as epilepsy, hysteria and rickets.
Muscies become weak

(v) Vitamin E:
The functions of vitamin E are :

It increases the reproduction power.
It prevents impotency,in men and infertility in women.

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin E:

Boils are found on the skin.
One is afflicted with infertility.

Sources:
It is available in cabbage, carrot, salad, peas, onion, tomato, cauliflower. In addition to these, it is found in honey, wheat, rice, egg yolk, almond, pistachio, gram, pulse, etc.

(vi) Vitamin K:
The functions of Vitamin K are as follows :

It helps in blood clotting.
It saves one from skin diseases.

Harms due Lack of Vitamin K:

The process of blood clotting gets stopped.
One is afflicted with some skin diseases.

Sources:
It is found in cabbage, spinach, fish, soyabean, tomato and egg yolk.

Question 2.
How many calories should a normal player take?
Answer:
Porper Quantity of Diet for a player –
The following is the proper quantity of diet for a normal player Porper:
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 17

Question 3.
Milk is a complete diet. Discuss.
Answer:
Milk:
Milk is an ideal and whole food. It has got all the essential nutrients. It has 3.6% fat, 3.4% protein, 4.8% carbohydrates,0. 7% salts and 7.5% water. Milk is given to growing children because it is a complete food. At home patient is also given milk which acts as complete food.For good health milk serves as balanced diet.

All the essential nutrients as portein, carbohydrates, fat, minerals, salts, water,vitamins are available in milk in right proportion. All these nutrients have different functions to perform in our body. Milk is considered to be an ideal food as it has all the essential nutrients including vitamins, though it does not have iron.

Question 4.
Write down important Rule for taking food.
Answer:
Important Rules for Taking Food
We must follow some essential rules if we want to make the best use of the food we eat. These rules are as follows :

Food must be taken at fixed time.
Hands should be properly washed before eating food.
Food must be eaten slowly, and chewed properly.
At the time of taking food one should refrain from reading anything or talking to somebody else.
One should remain cheerful. One should stop worrying.
Food should be taken when one is hungry.
Food must be taken according to need. Neither should it betaken less nor in excess.
Fried eatables are not easily digested. So fried things should be used sparingly.
Stale or bad food is harmful to health.
Rest for some time after taking noon-time food (lunch) is beneficial to health.
Food should be taken 2 hours before one goes to bed. It is harmful to sleep immediately after taking dinner.
Doing exercise immediately after taking food is harmful.
One should avoid taking cold water immediately after taking food.
Teeth should be properly rinsed and brushed after taking meal, otherwise small pieces of food remain stuck in bet ween teeth, and one suffers from many tooth diseases and bad odour.
The place where one takes food should be clean.
Extremely hot and spicy food is harmful to health.
Food should be kept covered.
There should be variety in food items.
Excessively sweet or sour things should be avoided.
Water should always be taken during the taking of one’s meal.
Food should be properly cooked.

Question 5.
Why do we cook food? What are the various methods of cooking food?’Discuss which is the best.
Answer:
Need for Cooking Food. Properly cooked food is useful for health, Food must be cooked properly. If food is over-cooked, it loses some essential nutrients like vitamins C and D. Food must be cooked for the following reasons:

Properly cooked food becomes easily digestible.
By cooking food disease germs get killed.
Cooked food is tasty. One feels like eating it.
We can preserve the cooked food for long.

Methods of Cooking Food:
The following methods for cooking are generally followed :

Boiling
Cooking with steam
Roasting
Frying.

These methods are explained in brief below :
1. Boiling:
In this method, food articles are cooked by boiling in water. But essential vitamins and mineral salts dissolve in water
and are lost in this method of cooking. A little quantity of water should be used in boiling eatables. If water used in boiling is excessive, it should not be thrown. Rice, pulses, meat and vegetables are cooked by boiling.

2. Cooking with Steam:
Food is also cooked with steam. Essential nutrients do not lost in cooking by this method. The food cooked in a steam cooker is nutritious and beneficial to health. So, this method is considered to be better than other methods.

3. Roasting:
In this method, food is directly roasted on the fire. Excessive roasting also destroys essential nutrients. The roasted meat is tasty and easily digestible.

4. Frying:
There are many food items such a ‘pakora’, ‘samosa’ and “puriran” which are fried. Food is cooked very soon by frying. But essential nutrients also lost in this method. Moreover, fried food is not easily digestible, and is often harmful to one’s health. Best Method. Of all the methods of cooking, cooking with steam is the best. The food cooked in this way does not lose essential nutrients, and it is very beneficial to one’s health.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants

January 19, 2024January 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants

PSEB 7th Class Science Guide Nutrition in Plants Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) The process of obtaining and utilization of food by an organism is called ……………..
Answer:
nutrition

(ii) ………………. from the air is taken in through the tiny pores called stomata present on the surface of leaves.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide

(iii) ……………… is the initial product of photosynthesis.
Answer:
glucose (Carbohydrate)

(iv) The plants which depend on the food produced by other plants are called ………………..
Answer:
heterotrophs

2. State True or False:

(i) Carbohydrates is not an essential component of food.
Answer:
False

(ii) All green plants are autotrophs.
Answer:
True

(iii) Euglena is an organism that has both plant and animal like characters.
Answer:
True

(iv) Sunlight is not necessary for photosynthesis.
Answer:
False

3. Match the Column ‘A’ with Column ‘B’:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Agaricus	(a) Parasite
2. Rhizobium	(b) Feaves
3. Chlorophyll	(c) Feguminous plants
4. Cuscuta	(d) Saprophyte

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Agaricus	(d) Saprophyte
2. Rhizobium	(c) Leguminous plants
3. Chlorophyll	(b) Leaves
4. Cuscuta	(a) Parasite

4. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
An Organism that fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the soil is :
(a) Amarbel
(b) Mushroom
(c) Rhizobium
(d) Chlorophyll
Answer:
(c) Rhizobium.

Question (ii)
The Organisms that cannot prepare their own food and depends on others for food are known as :
(a) Autotrophs
(b) Fleterotrophs
(c) Nutrients
(d) Minerals
Answer:
(b) Heterotrophs.

Question (iii)
Food factory of the plants is :
(a) Leaf
(b) Stem
(c) Root
(d) Flower
Answer:
(a) Leaf.

Question (iv)
Which of the following is a saprophyte ?
(a) Rhizobium
(b) Agaricus
(c) Cuscuta
(d) Protein
Answer:
(c) Cuscuta.

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Define Nutrition.
Answer:
Nutrition. The act of obtaining and using food by the organism is called nutrition. Not all living things have the same food.

Question (ii)
What is photosynthesis ?
Answer:
Photosynthesis. It is a process in which food (carbohydrates) is produced by the plants. During this process, carbon dioxide and water are synthesized into glucose (simple carbohydrates) in the presence of sunlight by plant’s green matter (chlorophyll pigment).
Through this action green plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Chemical Equation :
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants 1

Question (iii)
Name the raw materials required for photosynthesis.
Answer:
Ingredients for photosynthesis :

Carbon dioxide
Water
Solar Energy

Question (iv)
What are insectivorous plants ?
Answer:
Insectivorous plants. Plants that have a system for catching and digesting organisms are called insectivorous plants, such as pitcher plant. The leaves of these plants are transformed into pot compositions to catch insects.

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
What do you mean by parasitic mode of nutrition ?
Answer:
Parasitic Nutrition. Nutrition in which the parasitic organism harms another organism and derives its food from it is called parasitic nutrition.

Question (ii)
Explain symbiotic relationship.
Answer:
Symbiotic relationship. Two different organisms co-exist with each other and depend on each other for their nourishment, then it is called symbiotic relationship. In this kind of relationship both the beings get benefit from each other. Like the fungus found on the roots of many plants. The fungus gets nourishment from the roots of the plant and in turn absorbs water and minerals from the soil. Fungus and moss are a good example of symbiotic relationship. Here the fungi absorb water from the earth and in turn the algae provide food through photosynthesis.

Question (iii)
How does the pitcher plant catch insects ?
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants 2
The pitcher plant transforms its leaves into pot-like structures to catch insects. This pot-like creation has curly hair on the face. When an insect sits on it, it slips down and cannpt climb up again and falls to the bottom of the pot. The enzymes present at the bottom digest the insect.

7. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
How are nutrients replenished in the soil ?
Answer:
Regain of nutrients by soil. Plants continue to absorb water, minerals and other nutrients from the soil which leads to lack of nutrients in the soil. Time to time nutrition should be provided to the soil so that the fertility of the soil is maintained. Farmers usually recreate these nutrient deficiencies by mixing manure in the soil and Fertilizers (which contain one or more preservatives) to fulfil nutrients.
In forest the forest waste, leaves and animal waste is decomposed by decomposers into nutrients to improve fertility of the soil.

Question (ii)
What do you mean by nutrients ? Explain various modes of nutrition in plants.
Answer:
Nutrients. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals are the main components of food. They help in the formation and function of the body and are called nutrients.

The main methods of nutrition in plants are :
(a) Autotrophic Nutrition. Those who prepare their own food from simple foods are called Autotrophs. This process of preparing food by such plants is called Autotrophic nutrition. All green plants are Autotrophic. In this method, chlorophyll, a green pigment present in plants, takes carbon dioxide and water from the air and makes food in the form of carbohydrates in the presence of solar energy. This action is called photosynthesis. Example-all green plants.

(b) Heterotrophic Nutrition. Some plants do not have green pigment (chlorophyll) and cannot make their own food, so they rely on food prepared by other plants for food. Such plants are called Heterotrophic plants and this method of obtaining food is called Heterotrophic nutrition. Example. Amar Bel.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Nutrition in Plants Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) Green plants are called …………….. since they synthesise their own food.
Answer:
Autotrophs

(ii) The food synthesised by the plants is stored as ………………..
Answer:
Starch

(iii) In photosynthesis solar energy is captured by the pigment called …………….. .
Answer:
Chlorophyll

(iv) During photosynthesis plants take ……………… and produce …………….. .
Answer:
Carbondioxide, Oxygen

2. State True or False:

(i) Carbondioxide is released during photosynthesis.
Answer:
False

(ii) Plants which synthesise their food themselves are called saprotrophs.
Answer:
False

(iii) The product of photosynthesis is not a protein.
Answer:
False

(iv) During photosynthesis solar energy is converted into chemical energy.
Answer:
True

3. Match the Column I with Column II :

Column I	Column II
(i) Chlorophyll	(a) Bacteria
(ii) Nitrogen	(b) Pitcher plant
(iii) Amarbel	(c) Leaf
(iv) Animals	(d) Parasite
(v) Insects	(e) Heterotrophs

Answer:

Column I	Column II
(i) Chlorophyll	(c) Leaf
(ii) Nitrogen	(a) Bacteria
(iii) Amarbel	(d) Parasite
(iv) Animals	(e) Heterotrophs
(v) Insects	(b) Pitcher plant

4. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
The organisms which depend upon other organisms for food are called ……………..
(a) Symbionts
(b) Parasites
(c) Autotrophs
(d) Saprophytes.
Answer:
(b) Parasites.

Question 2.
Which part of the plant usually contains stomata ?
(a) Roots
(b) Stem
(c) Leaves
(d) Flower.
Answer:
(c) Leaves.

Question 3.
Which gas is released during photosynthesis ?
(a) Oxygen
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Nitrogen
(d) Hydrogen.
Answer:
(a) Oxygen.

Question 4.
What is the unit of living beings
(a) Organ
(b) Organ system
(c) Cell
(d) Tissue.
Answer:
(c) Cell.

Question 5.
What is the ultimate source of energy in the living beings ?
(a) Moon
(b) Sun
(c) Stars
(d) Planet.
Answer:
(b) Sun.

Question 6.
Name one eatable fungus.
(a) Alga
(b) Bacteria
(c) Rhizopus
(d) Mushroom.
Answer:
(d) Mushroom.

Question 7.
Plants breathe through:
(a) Epidermis
(b) Buds
(c) Stomata
(d) Root hairs.
Answer:
(c) Stomata.

Question 8.
What are green coloured thread like structures over the pond water called ?
(a) Fungi
(b) Algae
(c) Amoeba
(d) Paramecium.
Answer:
(b) Algae.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the nutrients.
Answer:
Nutrients. Carbohydrates, vitamins, fats, proteins, minerals, roughage.

Question 2.
How do plants synthesise food ?
Answer:
Green plants synthesise their food material using carbondioxide, water and solar energy.

Question 3.
Name the various type of nutrition.
Answer:
Types of Nutrients. Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, Saprotrophic and Parasitic.

Question 4.
What are openings / pores in a leaf known as ?
Answer:
Stomata.

Question 5.
What is function of chlorophyll in a leaf ?
Answer:
Chlorophyll capture the energy of sunlight.

Question 6.
Which is ultimate source of energy for all living organisms ?
Answer:
Sun.

Question 7.
What are products of photosynthesis ?
Answer:
Carbohydrates and oxygen.

Question 8.
Name the various parts of plants which take part in photosynthesis.
Answer:
Green stems and green leaves.

Question 9.
Besides green leaves, which other coloured leaves are found in plants ?
Answer:
Deep red, violet or brown.

Question 10.
What is algae ?
Answer:
Algae It is a slimy, green patch found in pond or in stagnant water.

Question 11.
Do algae photosynthesis ? Why ?
Answer:
Yes, algae do photosynthesis as they contain chlorophyll.

Question 12.
From which elements are carbohydrates made up of ?
Answer:
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Question 13.
Name some four human parasites.
Answer:

Mosquitoes
lice
bed bug
leech.

Question 14.
Write one eatable fungus.
Answer:
Mushrooms.

Question 15.
Where does mould grow ?
Answer:
Moist and rainy areas.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the definite word for the following:
(i) Weak stem parasitic plant.
(ii) A plant in which both Autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition are found,
(iii) The holes through which gases are exchanged in the leaves.
Answer:
(i) Amar bel (Cuscuta)
(ii) Pitcher plant
(iii) Stomata

Question 2.
Differentiate autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
Answer:
Differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition.

Autotrophic nutrition	Heterotrophic nutrition
(1) Organisms prepare their own food by obtaining energy from sun.	(1) Organisms obtain ready-made food from other plants or animals.
(2) It occurs in green plants and blue green algae.	(2) It occurs in parasitic plants, fungi, most of bacteria and animals.

Question 3.
Why do coloured leaves photosynthesise when they are not green in colour ?
Answer:
Coloured leaves (red, brown etc.) do contain chlorophyll but large amount of red, brown pigment mask the green colour. So, they can photosynthesise.

Question 4.
How do fungus grow on the things ?
Answer:
Spores of fungi are present in air. When they land on wet and warm things, they germinate.

Question 5.
How do lichens show symbiotic relationship ?
Answer:
Lichens, a chlorophyll partner algae and non-green fungus live together. The fungus provides shelter, water and minerals to algae while algae provides food which is synthesised by it. So they both show symbiotic relationship.

Question 6.
Explain the parasitic relationship between Rhizobium and plants.
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants 3
Rhizobium is a bacterium that lives in nodules on the roots of legumes. It converts the nitrogen in the air into a usable form which is used by the plant and in return provides shelter and food to bacteria.

Question 7.
What do you understand by a parasites, saprophytes and symbiosis ? Give one example for each.
Answer:

Parasites. Those plants or animals which obtain their food from a host and also get shelter from it, are known as parasites, e.g. Cuscuta and Viscum etc.
Symbiosis. It is a type of relationship which is mutually beneficial for both the parents (host and parasite), e.g. Lichens are combination of algae and fungi. The fungus holds the algal cells in its mat of web-like hyphae and in return supplies water and dissolved minerals.
Saprophytes. Those organisms which grow on dead and decaying organic matter and obtain their food from decomposed bodies are known as saprophytes, e.g. Bacteria, mushrooms etc.

Question 8.
Distinguish between a parasite and a saprotroph.
Answer:
Differences between a parasite and saprotroph.

Parasite	Saprotroph
(1) These organisms depend upon other living organisms for its food. Example : Cuscuta, tape- worms, roundworms.	(1) These organisms obtain their food from dead organic matter. Example : Fungi, bacteria.
(2) They produce special type of organs like suckers, hooks to obtain their food.	(2) They secrete some enzymes to decompose complex molecules into simple form.

Question 9.
What are the conditions required for Autotrophic nutrition and its basic and by-products ?
Answer:
Photosynthesis is essential for Autotrophic nutrition which requires the following conditions : (1) sunlight (2) chlorophyll (green pigment), (3) carbon dioxide and (4) water.

The by-products of this process are: The basic products of photosynthesis are oxygen gas and glucose. Afterwards glucose is stored in the form of starch.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Symbiosis is beneficial for both the partners, justify.
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants 4
Symbiosis. The type of association in which both the partner’s benefit is called symbiosis.
In plants like lichens, there is an association between green algae and non-green fungus. The fungus forms a mat of web-like hyphae to hold the algal cells. The fungal hyphae supply water and minerals to the algae. The algae can synthesize food for themselves as well as for the fungus.

Football Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

January 19, 2024January 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Football Game Rules.

Football Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 1.
Write a note on the FootBall playground, Goal Area, Goal, Penalty Area, Corner Area, Lines, and Ball?
Answer:
Football playground:
The football ground will be rectangular. Its Length is a Minimum of 90 M (100 yards), Maximum of 120 M (130 yards). Width Minimum 45 M (50 yards), Maximum 90 M (100 yards).

International Match. Length: Minimum 100 M (110 yards), Maximum 110 M (120 yards) Width: Minimum 64 M (70 yards), Maximum 90 M (100 yards).

Football image 1

Marking:
The playfield should be marked with distinctive lines. These lines should not exceed five inches in width. Long lines are called touch lines and the short lines the goal lines. At each comer of the playfield a flag post is placed. Such a post should not be less than one yard outside the touch line. A circle shall be drawn in the centre of the field of play with a radius of ten yards.

Goal Area:
At each end of the playfield two lines shall be drawn which shall be at right angles to the goal lines. Each line shall extend upto 10 yards in the field, and shall be joined by a line drawn parallel to the goal line. The space encircled by these lines and the goal lines is called the goal area.

Penalty Area:
Two lines shall be drawn at each comer of the field at right angles to the goal lines. These lines shall be at a distance of 18 yards from each goal post, and shall be joined by a line drawn parallel to the goal line. The space enclosed by these lines and the goal lines is called a penalty area.

Goal Post:
Two posts shall be placed in the centre of goal lines at a distance of 8 yards or 24 feet. Their ends are joined by a crossbar. These are 8 high from the ground. The width and the thickness of goal posts and cross bars should not exceed 5″.

Football image 2

Corner Area:
From the post of each corner flag, a quarter circle, with a radius of one yard, will be drawn inside the playground. On all the four comers of the playfield 3 yard high flags are placed. Two flags are placed on either sides of the centre line outside the ground at a distance of 1 yard. The remaining flags are placed on the corner of the ground.

Ball:
The shape of football is spherical. Its upper part is made of leather or of some other approved material. Its circumference is not less than 68.5 cms and not more than 71 cms. Its weight shall be from 14 to 16 ounces. The ball cannot be changed during the play without the permission of the referee.

Question 2.
How many players take part in the game of Foot Ball? Describe the duration of the game, dress, numbers of officials, and goal?
Answer:
Number of players:
A football match is played between two teams. Each team consists of 11 players and 5 extra players. In a match no team is allowed to substitute more than two players. The substituted player is not allowed to take part in the match again.

Dress:
The player can normally wear a shirt or jersey, underpants (knickers), socks and shoes. The colour of the goalkeeper’s shirt or jersey shall be different from that of other players. The shoes are to be worn compulsorily.

Officials:
Among the officials are a referee and two line men. The referee makes the players obey the rules of the game and decides any matter of big dispute. His decision, about what happened in the game and what was the result, is final.

Duration of the Game:
The game is played in two equal durations of 45 minutfes each. An interval of 5 minutes follows the first duration, and of 10 minutes with the consent of the two teams. The start of play. In the beginning of the play the choice of the first kick and the side is made by a toss. The toss winning team is free to choose either side and to kick first.

Score or Goal:
When a ball, according to rules, crosses completely the goal line under the cross bar between the goal posts, a goal is allowed. The team scoring more goals shall be declared the winner. In case, no goal is scored or an equal number of goals are scored, the game shall be termed a draw. But if the tournament is taking place as per league rules, then in case of a draw both the teams shall be awarded 1 point each.

Golden Goal

If the football match ends in draw, the extra time for play will be given of which duration of play will be 15-15 minute each whenever during the period of a goal is scored by a team the match ends there and then. In case there is no result during the play, then 5-5 penalty strokes are made by each team till the winner is decided.

The Ball In and Out of play

The ball is out of play as a result of the following reasons:

If the ball crosses the goal line on the ground or in the air.
When the referee has stopped the game.
When the ball goes out after having touched the goal post, cross bar or comer flag post.
When the ball goes out of the goal line, in the goal posts under the crossbar, provided the ball is not thrown with hand or arm.
When a player played the ball when the ball was at a lesser distance than him from the goal line of his rival.

The ball in the play

The ball remains in the play from the beginning to the end, but when it was in these situations:

If the ball bounces back after having struck the goal post, the crossbar comer and flag.
From a wrong play to the whistling of the umpire.
When the ball strikes the umpire or line man when he is in the playfield.
Till the sound of the whistle from outside the playfield.
The game continues despite any infringement of a rule until the umpire stops the game.

Formation of Players:
The formation of players in football matches varies. Normally, it is 1-2-3-5. But in the European countries it is as follows:

Football image 3

The players continue to change the formation during the play according to the need.

Question 3.
What do you understand by off side, Free kick, Throw in, Penalty kick, Corner kick, Goal kick?
Answer:
(1) Off-side:
A player is off-side when he is in the half of his opponents or their goal line, and when there are no two opponents behind him. Even in such cases he is not off side if he is in the following situations:

When he is in his own half of the field of play.
When the ball last touches him or he plays with it.
When he receives the ball from goal kick, throw-in or comer kick or he is thrown down by the referee.
When the ball has been played by the opponent. For the violation of this rule, a free kick will be awarded to the players of the opposing team from the place of offence.

(2) Free Kick:
Free kick is of two types:
Direct kick and Indirect kick. When a player is taking a direct or indirect kick, opposing players should remain at a distance of 10 yards. The direct kick is that from which a goal can be scored direct. Indirect kick is that from which a goal cannot be scored unless the ball has been touched by any other player. In case of violation of this rule, the defensive team is awarded an indirect free kick from the spot of infringement.

(3) Throw-in:
When the ball passes over the touch line, either on the ground or in the air, it is thrown inside from the point where it has crossed the line. One player of the offending team throws the ball inside the playfield from the point where the ball has crossed the line.

The thrower at the time of delivering the ball must face the field. Either of his foot should be on or outside the touch line. The thrower will make use of both of his hands, and throw the ball from behind and over his head. He cannot play the ball until it has been touched or played by any other player.

If the throw-in is not proper, the opposing team takes the throw-in. If the thrower touches the ball before the ball has been touched or played by any other player, the opposing team is awarded a free indirect kick.

(4) Penalty Kick:
This kick is taken from the penalty mark. When it is being taken, only the player taking the kick and the opposing goalkeeper remain in the field of play. This mark will be at least 10 yards away. In order to complete the penalty kick the half time or the full time may be extended.

When a player is taking the penalty kick, the goalkeeper should remain standing at one place in the goal area. The goalkeeper can move after the kick has been taken. If such infringement takes place, the kick will be taken again. If, for some reason, the player taking the penalty kick misses it, then the defender is asked to take the kick from a distance of 16 yards.

If the defending team violates the rules and a goal has not been scored, the kick shall be taken again. In case of infringement of the rule by the opposing team, then the kick shall be taken again even though the goal has been Scored. If the infringement of the law is made by the player taking the kick, a player of the opposing team shall take a free hit on the place of infringement.

(5) Corner kick:
When the ball passes over the goal line and it has last been played by one of the players of the defending team, a member of the offending team is asked to take comer kick. The player of the opposing team takes the comer kick in a quarter area of the nearest flag post. Until the comer kick is taken, the players of the opposing team shall remain away at a distance of 10 yards. The kicker cannot touch the ball until it has been touched or played by another player.

Football image 4

(6) Goal Kick:
When the ball passes over the goal line (not over the goal posts), and it is being played by the opposing team, then the defending team takes the kick outward the penalty area. When the kick is being taken, the players of the opposing team shall remain outside the penalty area. If the ball does not go out of the penalty area and does not reach the playground direct, the kick shall be re-taken. The kicker cannot touch it until it has been touched or played by another player.

Fouls and Offences in the Game of Football

(a) If a player intentionally commits the following offences or infringement of rules, the opposing team shall be awarded an indirect free kick from the place of infringement:

Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent.
Jumps, pushes or strikes a blow at an opponent.
Charges an opponent in a violent or dangerous manner.
Charges an opponent from behind.
Holds an opponent or plays by holding on to his clothes.
Hurts or attempts to hurt an opponent.
Obstructs an opponent or throws him by the use of his legs or attempts to throw him.
Pushes an opponent with his hand or any part of his arm.
Holds the ball in his hand.

If a player of the defending team commits any of these offences in the penalty area, the attacking team is given penalty kick.

(b) If a player, commits the following offences, the opposing team shall be awarded an indirect free kick from the place of infringement:

When he plays the ball in dangerous way.
When the ball is away and he charges the other player with shoulder.
While playing, he deliberately obstructs the player of the opposing team.
To attack the goalkeeper, except:

- When he is obstructing an opponent.
- When he is holding the ball.
- When the ball goes out of his goal area.

5. (a) When as a goalkeeper, he takes more than four steps without throwing the ball on the ground.

Football image 5

(b) When as a goalkeeper he indulges in such tactics as hold up a game and waste the time, and tries to give undue advantage to his team.

he indulges in abuses and plays foul.
he misbehaves even on being warned.
he plays foul or misbehaves. In that case, the referee can send him off the field for the whole duration of the game.

Question 4.
Describe some important Technique of Football?
Answer:
The important Technique of Football

Kicking:
Kicking is a way of moving the ball towards the required direction with the help of feet, with the required speed keeping in view that the ball reaches its destination. In the art of kicking, accuracy, speed, direction and distance are maintained not by left or right foot but by both feet.

The most important point in the training of the players is about the need of playing the game with both feet. It is easy to teach the young new players how to play with both feet. Without it, it is difficult for a player to reach any level of success in the game.

To kick with the inside of feet.
To kick with the outside of feet.

When the ball is kicked within a short distance these two variations are put into use. The ball moves slowly but a great improvement is brought about, as result of which this method is often put into use at the time of aiming towards the goals.

Football image 6

Half Kick:
When the ball comes bouncing to the player or is in the air, there is then a sort of instability not only about its direction of bouncing because of the level of football ground but also about its height and speed. The most effective way of making it clear is the right time, co-ordination of the movements of kicking feet and the raising of the ball upto a proper height.

Football image 7

Over head kick:
This kick is taken with a three-fold purpose

(a) to deflect the ball from the opposing player
(b) to move the ball towards the direction of the kick, and
(c) to turn the ball back towards the direction from where it came. Over-head kick is an improved form of kick, and is generally taken in case the ball is bouncing.

To Make Pass:
The action of making ‘passes’ in football is the basis of team work. The pass increases the co-ordination among the team and adds to the growth of team work. Connected with the condition of the play a ‘pass’ is an evidence of the team play and hence is a basic element for which special time and attention should be given during the training and practice of the team. To achieve perfection at goals a team pass is a right type of kick by an individual player.

It is said that a successful pass is better than kicks. To give pass is an important part of inter-relatedness. It is to harmonize the complex structure of mutual movement between players with individual intelligence at the time of attack and defence during the play. In giving pass, one who makes ‘pass’ the ball and the one who receives the ‘pass’ are involved.

Making passes are normally categorised into long and short passes:

(a) Long passes:
These passes are made use of when there is rapid movement in the game. In such situations long passes prove to be very useful. In such passes, the ball can be moved both sideways and backward. In all long passes, the upper part of the foot or kick is used. The long passes strengthen the defence and facilitate short passes.

(b) Short passes:
Short passes are used for a distance of 15 yards or so, and they are more quick and accurate than long passes.

Push pass:
The use of push pass is made when the opponent is not very near. It is also made to throw the ball in the goal area at a close distance and to throw the ball towards the sides.

Low-pass:
It is shorter than push-pass. In it, the ball is raised high and bounced. It is used to cross the ball over the head of the opponent when he is quite near or is trying to take the throw-ball.

The Outer-parts of Feet-Flick or Jab Pass

In contrast to the other two passes, the flick pass is used to flick or push the ball, having turned the feet inward. This type of pass is used to give pass towards the back while keeping the ball in possession and dribbling it.

Trapping:
Trapping is the basis of controlling the ball. The trapping of the ball means preventing the ball from going away from the player. It is not merely an activity of stopping the ball or making it stationary but also an essential technique used to take the ball in firm hold. Stopping the ball is first step of ball control, and the second part which the player brings into practice for his own benefit is also essential.

Note:
The training of traps should be given for
(a) dribbling ball and
(b) bouncing ball.

Football image 8

Trap with the Under-foot:
Such a type of trapping is good if you have no hurry and enough freedom, and nobody is beside you.

Trap with Inner Parts of Feet

It is most effective and commonly used trap. Not only does this trap enable a player to trap the ball but also helps him in moving towards any direction. This trap is particularly good for the ball coming from a side or a comer. If the ball comes straight, the body is moved in the direction in which the ball is to go.

Football image 9

Trap with the Outer Part of Foot

It is like the earlier one but it is difficult for in it one has to keep the balance as the weight of the player’s body turns outside and off the centre.

Pet or Chest-trap

When the ball is above the waist and cannot be effectively trapped with feet, it is taken on the abdomen or chest or as it bounces from the ground.

Football image 10

Head-trap

It is meant for those experienced players who are well-versed in the foundation of ‘heading’.

Football image 11

Important Information About the Football Game

The length of the ground = 100 yards to 130 yards 100 metre to 120 metre
The Breadth of the ground = 50 yards to 100 yards 45 meter to 90 metre
The shape of football ground = square
Number of players in one team = 11 and 5 substitutes
Circumference of the ball = 27° to 28°
Weight of the ball = 14 Aunce to 18 aunce
Duration of the match = 45-45 minutes of two half
Interval time = 15 minutes
Substitution of players in one match = 3 players
Official of the match = One table official, one referee, two line man,
Height of the goal post = 2.44 m
Height of the corner flag = 5
The match is played between two teams. Each team has eleven players. The total number of players in a team are 16, out of which only 11 play. Among these players there is a goalkeeper. 5 players are kept in reserve as substitutes.
During the play a team cannot substitute more than two players. A substituted player is not allowed to play again.
The duration of the game will be 45-5-45 minutes. The interval will be of 5 minutes.
After the interval the teams change their ends/sides.
By giving pass to each other on the fixed spot on the centre, line, that players start the game. Ends are decided by toss.
One table official, a referee and two line men are officials for the match.
The dress of the goalkeeper is different from that of his team.
The player should not wear anything which may prove to be dangerous to other players.
The game stops when the ball crosses the goal or side line.
The referee can ask for the stoppage of the game for some reason.