Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 8 Output Devices Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Computer Science Chapter 8 Output Devices

Computer Guide for Class 6 PSEB Output Devices Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Monitor is soft and is hard output device.
(a) Printer
(b) Plotter
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Printer

Question 2.
………….. is used to listen to sound of computer
(a) Printer
(b) Speaker
(c) Microphone
(d) Mouse.
Answer:
(b) Speaker

Question 3.
……………. prints output on paper
(a) Printer
(b) Keyboard
(c) Mouse
(d) Speaker.
answer:
(a) Printer

Question 4.
……………. printer prints by joining dots
(a) Dot matrix
(b) Inkjet
(c) Laser
(d) None of these
answer:
(a) Dot Matrix

Question 5.
Monitors are of …………. types.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
answer:
(a) 2

Question 6.
Headphones are also called …………
(a) IPhone
(b) Earphone
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these
answer:
(b) Earphone.

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are output devices?
Answer:
Output devices are those devices which are used to get output from the computer.
They can give us soft as well as hard copies of output.

Question 2.
What are Speakers?
Answer:
Speaker is an output device which is used to get sound output from the computer. It is connected to sound card in the computer.

Question 3.
Where is projector used ?
Answer:
Projectors are used to display the output in big size. These are mainly used in meetings or to display presentations to a large number of people. They are also used in the classroom for teaching.

Question 4.
What are the types of printers ?
Answer:
The different types of printers are :

1. Dot Matrix printer
2. Ink printer
3. laser printer.

Question 5.
Write a note on Printer ?
Answer:
Printer is an output device which is used to get a hard copy of the output. They can print black and white as well as in color. There are many types of printers available these days. Printers give the output on paper.

Question 6.
Write the name of any three output devices.
Answer:
The name of three output devices are :

1. Printer
2. Monitor
3. Speaker.

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write note on the monitor and its types.
Answer:
Monitor is also called visual display terminal. It is used to get a soft copy of the output. It is the most common output device. It looks like a television screen.

There are different kinds of monitors available these days:

1. Cathode ray tube
2. Flat panel display

1. Cathode ray tube monitor :
These monitors were used in earlier days. These monitors use cathode ray technology to display the information. These look like bulky television sets. The size of these monitors is measured by the diagonal length on the screen. Monitors are available in 15, 17, 19 and 21 inches screens. Initially these were black and white but now colored monitors are also available.

2. Flat panel display monitors:
These are the monitors which have a thin display portion. These are reduced in volume, weight and Pi requirement. These monitors can be hung up on the walls. We can see these monitors on calculators, video games, laptop computers etc. These monitors consume less power. Some examples of flat panel display monitors are LCD, LED and plasma.

Question 1.
Write the difference between Input and Output Devices.
Answer:
Following are the differences between input and output devices :

Input devices:

1. These are used to give input to computer
2. Data and instructions are given as input using these devices
3. Input devices are available in large categories
4. Some common input devices are keyboard, mouse, scanner, web camera

Output devices:

1. These devices are used to get output from the computer
2. After processing information is taken using these devices
3. The categories of availability of in output devices is less
4. The common output devices are printer, monitor, speaker

Activity
Let’s check our knowledge in the form of an activity. Count the devices in your school and fill in the boxes against their names. Also Tick (V) in the related box for each device type:

Answer:

PSEB 6th Class Computer Guide Output Devices Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Speakers give ………….. type of output.
(a) Speed
(b) Light
(c) Sound
(d) Text
Answer:
(c) Sound

Question 2.
Headphone work like ……………..
(a) Monitor
(b) Speaker
(c) Printer
(d) Projector
Answer:
(b) Speaker

Question 3.
displays large images ………………
(a) Monitor
(b) Printer
(c) Projector
(d) Plotter
Answer:
(c) Projector

Question 4.
…………….. prints large images
(a) Printer
(b) Plotter
(c) Speaker
(d) Projector
Answer:
(b) Plotter.

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name different types of output devices.
Answer:
Output devices are of following types:

1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Speaker
4. Headphone
5. Plotter
6. Projector.

Question 2.
Name the types of monitors.
Answer:
Monitors are of two types:

1. Cathode Ray Tube Monitor
2. Flat Panel Display Monitor.

Question 3.
Where the projectors are used?
Answer:
Projectors are used to display large display to large number of audience.

Question 4.
Name the types of printers.
Answer:
Printers are of following types:

1. Dot Matrix Printer
2. Inkjet Printer
3. Laser Printer

Question 5.
Writer a note on Plotter.
Answer:
Plotter is an output device which is used to print big sized text and images. It works like printer but on large scale. It is used in CAD. Plotters are of different types.

Question 6.
Name the devices which can be used as both input and output devices.
Answer:
Pendrive, CD, DVD, Modem, Touch Screen.

Question 7.
What are speakers?
Answer:
Speakers are output devices which are used to give audio output. We can listen music, songs etc. using speakers. Speakers are of many types.

Question 8.
What do you mean by headphones?
Answer:
Headphones are output device which work like speakers. They are used by placing in ears. They are also called ear phones.

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are printers? Explain three types of printers.
Answer:
Printer prints output on paper. It is a hard output device. The output of printer is permanent. Its output can be preserved. Printers are available with different speed resolution and size in the market. Black and white as well as coloured Printers are available now a days. Coloured printers
give coloured printout.

Printers are of three types:

1. Dot matrix Printer
2. Inkjet Printer
3. Laser Printer

Dot Matrix Printer:
This type of printers prints by joining dots. Its printing cost is very low.Its speed is slow and their printing output is very poor. It produces sound while working. The resolution of its printing is very low

Inkjet Printer:
This type of printer is an example of coloured printer. These printers are having less cost and it does not produce sound while working. Its speed is faster than dot matrix printer. The running cost of this type of printers is very high.

Laser Printer:
This type of printers is both black and white as well as coloured. These printers are very costly. Their speed is very fast as compared to other printers. Their printing quality is very high. They work silently and their running cost is very low. These printers are most widely used due to their less running cost and very high printing quality.

Question 2.
Differentiate between CRT and Flat Panel Display.
Answer:
CRT Monitor:

1. CRT monitors are big in size
2. CRT monitors are heavy
3. They produce large amount of heat.
4. They use more electricity
5. CRT monitors are cheaper

Flat Panel Display Monitors:

1. Flat panel monitors are small in size
2. Flat panel monitors are light weight
3. Flat panel produce very less heat
4. They use less electricity
5. These monitors are costly

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 5 Quality Control of Seeds, Fertilizers and Insecticides Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Agriculture Chapter 5 Quality Control of Seeds, Fertilizers and Insecticides

Agriculture Guide for Class 9 PSEB Quality Control of Seeds, Fertilizers and Insecticides Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in 1-2 words:

Question 1.
Name the Act to control the quality of seeds.
Answer:
Seed Control Order 1983.

Question 2.
Name the Act of controlling the quality of fertilizers.
Answer:
Fertilizers Control Order, 1985

Question 3.
Name the places where laboratories for checking the quality of fertilizers are located?
Answer:
Ludhiana and Faridkot.

Question 4.
Name the Act to control the quality of insecticides.
Answer:
Insecticides Act-1968.

Question 5.
Who gives advice to Government of India regarding implementation of insecticide act 9
Answer:
Central Insecticide Board.

Question 6.
Name the places where laboratories to check quality of insecticides are located?
Answer:
Ludhiana, Bathinda, Amritsar.

Question 7.
Who gives permission to import pesticides from foreign countries?
Answer:
Central Registration Committee.

Question 8.
Under Insecticide Act who is declared as Insecticide Inspector?
Answer:
ADO (Agricultural Development Officer) is declared as Insecticide Inspector.

Question 9.
To whom shall you file a complaint against a dealer who sells low quality fertilizer?
Answer:
Chief Agricultural Officer.

Question 10.
Name the item for which TL label is used?
Answer:
For seeds it is labelled as truthfully labelled (TL).

(B) Answer in 1-2 sentences:

Question 1.
Why the quality control of fertilizers is important?
Answer:
Fertilizers play an important role in the agriculture. It is given to the crop so that the plants can develop properly. If fertilizers are not of good quality, it will badly affect the growth of the plants. All the hard work will go in vain. Therefore, Quality Control of Fertilizers is very important.

Question 2.
Why the quality .control of seeds is important?
Answer:
If seeds are not of good quality the produce will also be of lower quality and yield is also less. All the hard work will go in vain and farmer will not get expected price and profit. Therefore, seeds should be of good quality.

Question 3.
Name the commodities related to agriculture which are included under Essential Commodities Act?
Answer:
Government of India has included three main commodities : seeds, fertilizers and insecticides under Essential Commodities Act.

Question 4.
Name the laws which are implemented to control the quality of seeds, fertilizers and insecticides?
Answer:
For seeds it is Seed Control Order-1983, for fertilizers it is Fertilizer Control Order-1985, for insecticides it is Insecticides Act-1968.

Question 5.
What are the rights of seed inspector for controlling the quality of seeds?
Answer:
Seed Inspector can check stock, sale, purchase and ask for the information about the, seeds in the store from the dealer. He can search the seed store or shop. He can take samples of seeds and send them to the testing laboratories. If some fault is found he can ban the sale of the seeds. He can take possession of the documents related to seeds and can check them. In case shop keeper is found guilty, inspector can cancel the licence of the shop-keeper.

Question 6.
What are the rights of a farmer under Seed Control Order?
Answer:
Under this act, rights of the farmers who purchase the seeds are protected and secured. In case of low quality, fake or damaged seeds, farmer can get compensation for his expenditure occurred on seeds. If buyer feels that crop failure has occurred due to the low quality of seeds sold to him’by the seed dealer; he can file written complaint against the dealer to the Seed Inspector.

Question 7.
What evidence is required to file a complaint against dealer who sold low quality seeds ?
Answer:
Following evidences are required to file a complaint against dealer who sold low quality seeds :

• Receipt or bill given by dealer at the time of purchase of seeds.
• Label, tagged on the bags of seed.
• Empty seed bag or container or packet.
• Sample taken from purchased seeds.

Question 8.
Name the law for assurance of quality of fertilizers. Name the officer of agriculture department deputed for the proper implementation of this act.
Answer:
The law for assurance of quality of fertilizers is Fertilizer Control Order-1985. The implementation of this order in Punjab is done by Director, Department of Agriculture through Agriculture Officer and Agriculture Development Officer (ADO).

Question 9.
To check the quality of insecticides, what are the important actions taken by an Insecticide Inspector ?
Answer:
Insecticide inspector can do inspection of insecticide shops, godowns, sale centres and other related places which fall under his jurisdiction. He can collect samples of insecticides and send them to laboratories located at Ludhiana, Bathinda and Amritsar for investigation. He can check the stock to know about the expiry date of the chemicals sold by the dealer. He can also verify the weight and other such related facts. He can cancel the licence in case the dealer is found guilty of breaking the laws.

Question 10.
Write about Article-7 of Seed Act.
Answer:
This act is related to the selling of seeds. This act protects the rights of the farmers and prevents the dealer to sell low quality or damaged seed. Under Article-7 of the Seed Act, dealer can sell only notified seeds.

(C) Answer in 5-6 sentences:

Question 1.
Why is it important to control the quality of seeds, fertilizers and insecticides?
Answer:
For profitable farming three important things are required which are seeds, fertilizers and insecticides. All these three commodities are equally very important in profitable farming. These all should be of good quality. Fertilizers play an important role in the agriculture. It is applied so that the plants can develop properly. If fertilizers are not of good quality, it will badly affect the growth of the plants. All the hard work will go in vain. Therefore, Quality Control of Fertilizers is very important. If seeds are not of good quality the produce will also be of lower quality and yield is also less. All the hard work will go in vain and farmer will not get expected price and profit. Therefore, seeds should be of good quality. If these three are not of good quality then expenditure occured by profit is not upto the expectation, these will not be able to control the weeds, insects etc. Insects will damage the crop. It is very important to control the quality of seeds, fertilizers and insecticides.

Question 2.
How the quality of insecticides is controlled with the help of Insecticide Act?
Answer:
This act was passed in 1968 and was implemented in whole of the country. This act was implemented to check adulteration and discrepancies in the insecticides. According to this act, outdated expired and packs or bottles weighing less of insecticides cannot be sold. Government of Punjab has given authority to provide licence to dealers to the Chief Agriculture Officer at district level. ADO is declared as insecticide inspector who can check shops, godowns and sale centres of insecticides and can collect sample for sending to laboratories for investigation. Laboratories are located at Ludhiana, Amritsar, Bathinda. Those who are found flouting the act, legal action can be taken against them and their licence can be cancelled.

Question 3.
Describe the five main articles of seed control order?
Answer:
1. Right to give licence: According to this order, the state Government can appoint any officer who is suitable according to government as licence officer and also decide his jurisdiction area. In Punjab this right is given to department of Agriculture.

2. Seed Inspector: Under this act, State Government has appointed Agriculture Development Officer as seed inspector and also notified their jurisdiction and powers. Seed inspector can ask for any type of information from the dealer e.g., he can check stock of seeds, purchase of seeds, sale of seeds etc. Seed inspector can take samples of seeds and can check the seed shops. He can send the samples to the seed testing laboratories. If the dealer is found to flout the laws, seed inspector can restrict the sale of the seeds and can also take documents related with seeds in his possession. He can write to licence officer for cancelling of the licence of the dealer.

3. Rights of Farmers: Under this act, rights of the farmers who’ purchase the seeds are protected and secured. In case of low quality, fake or damaged seeds, farmer can get compensation for his expenditure on seeds. If buyer feels that crop failure has occured due to the low quality of seeds sold to him by the seed dealer; he can file written complaint against the dealer to the Seed Inspector.

Following evidences are required to file a complaint against dealer who sold low quality seeds :

• Receipt or bill given by dealer at the time of purchase of seeds.
• Label, tagged on the bags of seed.
• Empty seed bag or container or packet.
• Sample taken from purchased seeds.

4. Law regarding sale of seeds: Article-7 of the Seed Act, allows sale of only notified seeds. Seeds should be properly packed and labelled. Pack of seeds should have attached with it a label of certified seeds or truthfully (TL) seeds.

5. Certification of Seeds. Producer of the seeds if wants can get certification for the seeds produced by him.

Question 4.
What are the rights that are enjoyed by the farmers under Seed Control Order ?
Answer:
Answer yourself.

Question 5.
Name three products required for the development of agriculture and also give a brief description about their quality control.
Answer:
Answer yourself.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
When was Seed Control Act passed?
Answer:
1983.

Question 2.
When was Fertilizer Control Act passed?
Answer:
1985.

Question 3.
Who implements Seed, fertilizer, pesticide related acts in Punjab?
Answer:
Department of Agriculure, Punjab.

Question 4.
Which quality label is attached with the sealed packets, containers or bags of seeds?
Answer:
T.L. (Truthfully Labelled) or Certified seeds.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
When was Insecticide Act passed?
Answer:
This act was passed in 1968 and was implemented in whole of the country.

Question 2.
To whom Punjab Government has given the authority to give license to the dealer for selling insecticides?
Answer:
Punjab Government has given the authority to Chief Agriculture Officer of respective districts to give license to the dealer for selling insecticides.

Question 3.
Which points should be kept in mind while purchasing insecticides?
Answer:
Farmer should get receipt of the purchased insecticide. Containers and bottels containing insecticides should be porperly sealed. Farmer should check the expiry date on the container. In case of any doubt or problem contact Agriculture Development Officer or Chief Agriculture Officer.

Long Answer Type Question:

Question 1.
What is the meaning of Fertilizer Control Order 1985? How is it helpful in the Quality Control of Fertilizers?
Answer:
Fertilizer Control Order-1985 was made for assuring quality and correct weight of the fertilizers and also to prevent sale of adulterated fertilizers. It also prevents the sale of low-quality and non-certified fertilizers. Dealer has to get license for sale of fertilizers from the Chief Agriculture Officer of the district.

For checking the quality of fertilizers, monitoring is done at various levels. Dealers are not allowed to sell the fertilizers which are below specific standards. Competent authorities have been given proper rights to check the quality of fertilizers. They can check and inspect the fertilizer factories and dealers or shopkeepers which fall under their jurisdiction. If needed inspectors can take samples of fertilizers and send them to testing laboratories. Those dealers or shopkeepers who defy the law, their license can be cancelled and legal action can be taken against them.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Guide Quality Control of Seeds, Fertilizers and Insecticides Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Fertilizer testing laboratories are located at:
(a) Ludhiana
(b) Kapurthala
(c) Jalandhar
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Ludhiana

2. Insecticide testing laboratories are located at:
(a) Ludhiana
(b) Bathinda
(c) Amritsar
(d) All correct
Answer:
(d) All correct

3. Seed control order was made in:
(a) 1980
(b) 1983
(c) 1950
(d) 1995
Answer:
(b) 1983

4. Insecticide Act was made in :
(a) 1950
(b) 1968
(c) 1990
(d) 2000
Answer:
(b) 1968

5. Fertilizer control order was made in :
(a) 1985
(b) 1968
(c) 1995
(d) 1989
Answer:
(a) 1985

True/False:

1. For profitable farming main commodities required are seeds, fertilizers, and insecticides.
Answer:
True

2. Insecticides Act was not made in 1968.
Answer:
False

3. Government of India has made certain laws under the Essential Commodities Act.
Answer:
True

4. These acts are Seed Control Order, Fertilizer Control Order, Insecticides Act.
Answer:
True

5. Under article 7 of the Seed Act, notified seeds can not be sold.
Answer:
False

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Fertilizer testing laboratories are located at …………….. and ……………..
Answer:
Ludhiana, Faridkot

2. Fertilizer Control Order was made in …………….. which is used to prevent adultration, low quality and non-certified fertilizers, and to ensure quality and corrupt weight of fertilizers.
Answer:
1985

3. Insecticides samples are sent to the laboratories located at Ludhiana, Bathinda, …………….. for testing.
Answer:
Amritsar

4. Central Insecticide Board gives advice to …………….. to implement the laws.
Answer:
government

5. Central Registration Committee provides registration for the …………….. of agrochemicals and also provides permission for their import and export.
Answer:
manufacturing

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 4 Marketing of Farm Produce Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Agriculture Chapter 4 Marketing of Farm Produce

Agriculture Guide for Class 9 PSEB Marketing of Farm Produce Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in 1-2 words:

Question 1. Is the efficient marketing of produce start before or after harvesting of the crop?
Answer:
Before harvesting.

Question 2.
What is the major job of the Market Committee for the farmers?
Answer:
To protect the interests of the farmers.

Question 3.
If there is faulty weighment of produce to whom the farmers should complain?
Answer:
Higher officials of the Market Committee.

Question 4.
Before the farmers bring their produce in the market what are the two major issues to be taken care of?
Answer:

• Moisture content should not be more than the prescribed limit.
• Cleaning of produce.

Question 5.
Name the agency which has established bulk handling units at Mandi Gobindgarh, Moga, and Jagraon.
Answer:
Food Corporation of India (FCI).

Question 6.
Which form is to be procured by the farmers from the commission agents after the weighment of produce?
Answer:
J-Form.

Question 7.
What are different sources of market information about the prices of different kind of farm produce?
Answer:
TV, Radio and Newspaper etc.

Question 8.
What is basis on which the government procurement agencies quote the prices of agricultural produce in regulated market?
Answer:
On the basis of moisture content.

Question 9.
In the case of doubtful weighment of the produce what per cent of produce is rechecked for test weighment free of cost?
Answer:
10% of the produce free of cost.

Question 10.
Which Act, gives right to the farmers for test weighment of the produce?
Answer:
Under Market Act 1961.

(B) Answer in 1-2 sentences:

Question 1.
What are different issues relating to the farming on which the expert needs to be consulted?
Answer:
For sowing, hoeing, irrigation, right combination of chemical fertilizers, use of weedicides and insecticides, harvesting and threshing etc. experts needs to be consulted.

Question 2.
What points are to be taken care of in choosing the crops for cultivation?
Answer:
Farmers should choose such crops which can produce more monetary benefits, they should sow best quality variety of the crop.

Question 3.
Before bringing produce to the market what major factors are to be examined?
Answer:

• Moisture content should be according to the prescribed limits.
• Bring the crop after grading.
• Weigh the product before bringing it to the market.

Question 4.
What factors should be taken care of while disposal of farm produce in the market?
Answer:
Farmer should supervise his produce at the time of cleaning, weighing and at the time of auction. This is done to avoid any losses in the form of price. If farmer finds the offered price to be less than his expectations, he can refuse to sell his produce. In case of any problem in the disposal of his produce he can contact the higher officials of the Market Committee.

Question 5.
What are advantages of disposing of the produce at the bulk handling units/silos?
Answer:
Advantages of disposing of the produce at the bulk handling units/silos are

• on-the-spot payment in cash.
• time is saved and bag filling and weighment is done without paying i.e. no market charges.
• produce is saved from losses occuring due to natural calamities like rain, storms, etc.

Question 6.
Why the supervision of the produce is important in the market?
Answer:
It is commonly seen that palledars mix produce of one farmer with the produce of other farmer and sometimes they mix- the produce with waste material. This causes losses to the farmers. Therefore, supervision of the produce is important in the market.

Question 7.
What are advantages of the knowledge of prices of produce in different markets?
Answer:
Depending on the produce volume arrivals in the market prices keep fluctuating. Farmers should remain informed about the prices in the nearby markets, so that they can sell their produce when rates are higher.

Question 8.
What are two major functions of the Market Committee?
Answer:

• Main job of the Market Committee is to protect the interests of the farmers in the market.
• Market Committee coordinates the auction process.
• It also ensures the right weighment of the produce.

Question 9.
What is meant by Grading?
Answer:
Produce is categorised in different groups based on size, colour, little damaged, etc. one can earn higher profits by grading or categorizing the produce.

Question 10.
What are the advantages of taking J-Form?
Answer:
Farmers should get J-Form after the sale of the produce. This form contains all the details about the weight of the produce, price and total charges are mentioned, name of purchaser etc. This form also helps in getting bonus later on announced by Government and fudging of the market fees by the commission agents can be saved.

(C) Answer in 5-6 sentences :

Question 1.
Write Short note on Public intervention in marketing.
Answer:
In olden times farmers were totally dependent on the lenders or businessmen. They usually paid less amount to the farmers for their produce. Now government has set certain laws which help the farmers against such loot. Government has established Market Committees and Cooperative societies. Farmers are getting right price for their produce because government announces MSP for wheat and rice etc. In case of any doubt farmer can get weighed his produce again free of cost. Government has established mechanical handling units. Farmer can get Form-J from the purchaser after selling his produce. This form helps the farmer to avail bonus announced by the government.

Question 2.
Give a brief account of Cooperative Marketing.
Answer:
Farmers can get right price for their produce by cooperative marketing. These societies usually act as commission agencies. These societies are formed by farmers themselves. These help the farmers to get good price of their produce. Through these societies farmers can get their payments from the purchaser easily and quickly. These societies help the farmers by providing other facilities; e.g. loans, fertilizers, insecticides are provided to the farmers at lower interest rate and subsidized rates.

Question 3.
What are advantages of grading of the produce ?
Answer:
Graded produce can be sold at higher price. Good part of the produce can be sold separately. The other part of the produce which may be little damaged or may not be looking good can be sold differently. If damaged produce is placed below the good crop and sold in this way. For few days we can sell such produce but later on it will badly affect our goodwill and purchaser will always have doubt on the quality of our produce. If we sell our produce honestly, purchaser will wait for us and we can survive in the market for longer time.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on mechanical handling units.
Answer:
The Punjab Mandi Board has established some mechanical handling units in some of the mandies. These help in the cleaning of produce, bag filling and weighment by mechanical methods within no time. If labourers are to_do this work, it takes hours to finish the work. Farmer has to spend very low time in such units. Payment is done on the spot. Food Corporation of India has set up bulk handling units for storage and handling of grains of wheat on large scale at Moga, Gobindgarh and JJagraon. Farmers can sell their produce directly here. Payment is done on the same day, there are no market charges, produce is also saved from natural calamities; like rain, storms etc.

Question 5.
What are advantages of efficient marketing of farm produce?
Answer:
Crop growing requires lot of time and hard work, farmers should get proper price for their produce. For this, marketing plays an important role. Farmers should take care of the marketing from the time they sow their crop. Farmers should cultivate such crops which can bring more monetary benefits. Best quality seed of improved variety of the crop which can bring more benefit, should be sown. Take care of the growing crop. Farmers should take expert opinion for sowing, hoeing, application of fertilizer, irrigation, harvesting etc. Bring the produce in the market after grading and weighing. Try to reach the market in time so that produce can be sold on the same day.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How can we get right price of our produce?
Answer:
By taking care of the marketing of the produce.

Question 2.
When does the right marketing start?
Answer:
From the time of sowing.

Question 3.
What should be moisture content in the produce?
Answer:
It should be according to the prescribed limits.

Question 4.
Where should the farmer be at the time of cleaning, weighment and auction?
Answer:
He should be near his produce.

Question 5.
What type of crops should be cultivated ? Which can bring more benefits?
Answer:
Cultivate those crops which are in demand and can be sold easily and at good price.

Question 6.
Should farmers collect information about nearby market before going to market for selling his produce?
Answer:
Yes, he should collect information about the market.

Question 7.
Is there any need to take care of for proper marketing or not?
Answer:
It is very important to take care of the marketing.

Question 8.
Why should farmer weigh his produce before going to sell it in the market?
Answer:
This helps the farmer to know how much money he may get in the market.

Question 9.
Why is it necessary to get form-J ?
Answer:
Form-J contains the details of earning, expenditure etc. and farmer can get an idea of total.

Question 10.
If farmer is not getting right price for his produce, to whom he should complain?
Answer:
He should take the help of market inspector.

Question 11.
What is the benefit of grading of the produce?
Answer:
We can get higher price by grading our produce.

Question 12.
What should a farmer do to make his goodwill?
Answer:
Farmer should sell his produce with honesty to make his goodwill.

Question 13.
What is the meaning of the marketing of the produce?
Answer:
To get higher and proper price for the produce in the market.

Question 14.
What is the requirement to get best quality produce?
Answer:
Treated best quality improved seeds and good management.

Question 15.
How much extra a farmer can earn if produce is sold by grading?
Answer:
10 to 20%.

Question 16.
When should the produce be brought to the market?
Answer:
In the morning.

Question 17.
If we harvest before proper ripening of the erop, what happens?
Answer:
Grain shrinks and quality deteriorates.

Question 18.
What-happens if harvesting is done late i.e. delayed?
Answer:
Grain loss occurs and yield becomes less.

Question 19.
Where is the grading assistant posted?
Answer:
In the market.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you mean by proper method to store the produce?
Answer:
Proper method 4;o store the crops means all the things involving hoeing, use of insecticides, pesticides, fertilizers, watering, harvesting and threshing etc. Expert opinion should be taken to do all these activities.

Question 2.
What should a farmer do to get more price for his produce?
Answer:

• Farmer should bring his produce in the market after weighment.
• He should grade his produce in different categories before bringing it to the market.
• Moisture content in the grains or products should be according to the prescribed value.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What points should be kept in mind to sell the produce in the market?
Answer:

• The farmer should supervise his produce at the time of cleaning, weighment and auction.
• If farmer is facing some problem in the disposal of his produce or if he does not get proper price for his produce, he should contact the higher officials of the market.
• At the time of weighment farmers should check the legal marks of approval by the government on the balance and on the weights.
• Farmer should get receipt after selling his produce.

Question 2.
What points should be kept in mind by farmers to earn more profit?
Answer:

• Cultivate those crops which are in demand and can be sold easily and at higher price.
• Sow after knowing the best quality improved varieties.
• Protect the crop and preserve the produce properly.
• Take expert opinion for various activities, like hoeing, use of insecticides, pesticides, fertilizers, irrigation, harvesting, and threshing, etc.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Guide Marketing of Farm Produce Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Produce should he brought to the market :
(a) at night
(b) in the morning
(c) in the evening
(d) while it is raining.
Answer:
(b) in the morning

2. Effect of late harvesting is :
(a) Grain loss occur
(b) Nothing happen
(c) We get more profit
(d) All wrong
Answer:
(a) Grain loss occur

3. Correct statement is :
(a) Produce should be brought to market after grading.
(b) Market act 1961 gives right to the farmers for test weighment of the produce.
(c) Farmers should get form J
(d) All correct
Answer:
(d) All correct

4. Farmers can earn extra if produce is sold by grading :
(a) 10-20%
(b) 50%
(c) 1%
(d) 40%.
Answer:
(a) 10-20%

True/False:

1. If marketing is done in a proper way one can earn more income.
Answer:
True

2. Sowing, hoeing, irrigation, use of weedicides and insecticides etc. should be done with the expert opinions.
Answer:
True

3. For good marketing, one should take care of the crop from the time of sowing.
Answer
True

4. Get form and receipt from the purchaser so that farmer could know their gains and investment.
Answer:
True

5. Farmers should not keep and get the information and knowledge of the markets near them.
Answer:
False

Fill in the Blanks:

1. After threshing, ……………… the produce.
Answer:
weigh

2. Produce should be marketed through ……………… societies.
Answer:
cooperative

3. Punjab Mandi Board has set up ……………… units in Punjab in some of the man dies.
Answer:
mechanical handling

4. Bulk handling units have been established by ……………… at Mandi Gobindgarh, Moga, and Jagraon for storage and handling of wheat on large scale.
Answer:
Food Corporation of India

5. ………………. can be known from Radio, T.V., and Newspapers, etc.
Answer:
Rates

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB BeeKeeping Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one to two words:

Question 1.
Name two hive-bee species.
Answer:
Indian bees, Italian bees.

Question 2.
How many legs a honey bee has?
Answer:
Three pairs.

Question 3.
Name two wild species of honey bees.
Answer:
Rock bee, little bee.

Question 4.
Which is the most suitable period to start beekeeping in Punjab?
Answer:
February-March and November.

Question 5.
How many days a drone bee takes to complete its life cycle?
Answer:
24 days.

Question 6.
Do you have to pay fee for getting beekeeping training?
Answer:
No.

Question 7.
How many bee frames should be used to start a new colony for higher profit?
Answer:
Eight bee frames.

Question 8.
What material is used by honey bees to seal ripe honey?
Answer:
Bees wax.

Question 9.
After how much period, queen bee in a colony should be replaced?
Answer:
After every year.

Question 10.
Are the worker bees male or female?
Answer:
Female.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
Where do rock bees construct their comb?
Answer:
Rock bees construct their comb on projections of water tanks, buildings, rocks, tree branches, etc.

Question 2.
How will you differentiate new and old queen bee?
Answer:
New queen has long firm abdomen and is golden brown in colour. Old queen has dark brown or black adbomen and is sluggish in movement.

Question 3.
From where training on beekeeping may be obtained?
Answer:
Training on beekeeping may be obtained from PAU, Ludhiana, Krishi Vigyan Kendras or Department of agriculture.

Question 4.
How will you shift honey bee colonies to shady place during summer season?
Answer:
To protect bees from heat in summer, colonies should be shifted to the thick shade by 2-3 feet daily. Ventilation should be proper for the hives. There should be a sources of water near the apiary.

Question 5.
What should be hive to hive and row to row distance of colonies in an apiary?
Answer:
Hive to hive distance should be 6-8 feet and row to row distance should be 10 feet.

Question 6.
What hive products other than honey can be obtained from honey bee colonies?
Answer:
Hive products obtained from colonies other than honey are bees wax, propolis bee venom, royal jelly etc.

Question 7.
Why should not unripe honey be extracted?
Answer:
We should not extract unripe honey because its shelf life is low.

Question 8.
How can honey be filtered?
Answer:
After extracting honey we should remove wax and floating impurities from the extracted-honey for this use double layer muslin cloth for filtering the honey.

Question 9.
What are the equipment’s required for starting beekeeping?
Answer:
Equipment’s required for starting beekeeping are-hive tool, bee veil, smoker and comb foundation etc.

Question 10.
Write a note on honey marketing.
Answer:
There are traders and exporters who procure honey. Several self help groups (SHG) are also involved in the marketing of honey. Bottling of honey in attractive bottles having proper information labels fixed on them add to the profit from honey trading.

(C) Answer in five to six sentences: 

Question 1.
What care should be taken while purchasing honey bee colonies?
Answer:

• Start beekeeping at suitable time, in Punjab suitable time for starting bee keeping is February to March and November.
• For higher productivity starts new colony with eight bee frames.
• Purchase new colony which have mated new queen, open and sealed brood, pollen and brood but have minimum number of drone brood and drone bees.
• Shift colonies during late night or early morning with closed gates of the hives.

Question 2.
Explain the process of honey extraction.
Answer:
Honey is ready for extraction, it is indicated from the holes in the frame if 75% of holes are sealed, we can extract honey. Honey should not be extracted unripe, because its shelf life is low and it becomes sour in short duration. Remove bees from the frames by shaking and with the help of bees brush. We can use machines for extracting honey or it can be done manually. Remove wax layer from honey combs by using uncapping knife. After extraction, empty combs should be returned to the colonies. Remove the impurities and filter the honey using double muslin cloth.

Question 3.
How can bees wax be extracted?
Answer:
While extracting honey, wax layer is removed from the comb using uncapping knife. Put this wax, very old, broken or damaged combs or wild bee combs in hot water and filter it using thick cloth. Discard the impurities which remained on the top of the cloth. Allow the molten wax in hot water to settle for a night. Wax floats on the water surface as a harden block. This can be collected easily.

Question 4.
What are the. subsidy facilities being provided by the Government in Punjab?
Answer:
For encouraging the beekeeping occupation, government is providing subsidy on bee hive and honey bee colonies through National Horticulture Mission. Government also provides subsidy on honey extracting machine, uncapping knife, drip tray, food grade plastic container for honey.

Question 5.
Explain importance of beekeeping.
Answer:
Beekeeping is an important and beneficial agricultural based subsidiary occupation. One can earn good income from this occupation. This can be adopted by women, farmers, students etc. as subsidiary occupation. Italian Honey bees can yield 20 kg of honey per colony per year under stationary beekeeping and 60 kg honey per colony per year can be obtained under migratory beekeeping conditions. Other than honey, we can get bee wax, propolis, pollen, bee venom and royal jelly. These are also source of income, one can earn by selling queen bees and colonies etc. Honey bees also help in increasing the crop yield by pollination of field, crops, fruit and vegetable crops.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide BeeKeeping Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Which species of the bee was reared earlier, in India?
Answer:
Only Indian bees.

Question 2.
Which states were involved in beekeeping in earlier times?
Answer:
Hilly and southern areas.

Question 3.
How much honey can be obtained per colony per year from Italian bees under stationary conditions?
Answer:
20 kg.

Question 4.
How much honey can be obtained per colony per year from Italian bees under migratory conditions?
Answer:
60 kg.

Question 5.
How many body parts are there in bee body?
Answer:
Three parts-head, thorax, abdomen.

Question 6.
Which are male bees? Do they sting?
Answer:
Drone bee, No they do not have sting.

Question 7.
Does queen bee has sting?
Answer:
Yes, it has.

Question 8.
When does a queen bee use its sting?
Answer:
Against rival queen bee.

Question 9.
Which state is leader in honey production?
Answer:
Punjab.

Question 10.
How many worker bees can be there in a colony of bees?
Answer:
8000 to 80,000 and sometimes more.

Question 11.
Which species of bee is more aggressive?
Answer:
Rock bee.

Question 12.
What is the size of Indian bee?
Answer:
Medium size.

Question 13.
Which bees are produced from unfertilized eggs?
Answer:
Male bees.

Question 14.
What can be the maximum age of worker bees?
Answer:
One to one and half month i.e. six weeks.

Question 15.
Which season is suitable for starting beekeeping?
Answer:
Spring (February to April).

Question 16.
Name species of bees found in India.
Answer:
Little bee, rock bees, Indian bee, Italian bee.

Question 17.
What is common name of Apis Florea?
Answer:
Little bee.

Question 18.
What is common name of Apis Mellifera?
Answer:
Italian bee.

Question 19.
Which bee species is reared in Punjab?
Answer:
Italian bee.

Question 20.
What is life period for a queen bee?
Answer:
2-4 years.

Question 21.
What is the function of drones in the colony?
Answer:
They mate with queen bee.

Question 22.
Which bees are produced from fertilized eggs?
Answer:
Worker bees.

Question 23.
In which direction should bee hives face?
Answer:
Facing the sun.

Question 24.
What is the position of Punjab in the production of honey?
Answer:
It is a leading state.

Question 25.
How do bees help us?
Answer:
They help by pollinating crops in the fields, flowers, vegetables etc. and help in increasing the yield.

Question 26.
Name the wild species of bee.
Answer:
Rock bee and Little bee.

Question 27.
Where does the rock bee construct its comb?
Answer:
Projection of water tanks, buildings, rocks and thick branches of trees.

Question 28.
Where does the little bee construct its comb?
Answer:
In bushes, stacked sticks or thin twigs of trees.

Question 29.
Which species of the bees are reared?
Answer:
Indian and Italian bees.

Question 30.
How many castes of Honey bees are there in a colony?
Answer:
Three-queen, worker, drones.

Question 31.
Describe queen bee.
Answer:
It is long, light brown and shining.

Question 32.
What is difference between abdomen of worker and drone bee?
Answer:
Worker bees have conical abdomen and drones have roundish and hairy adbomen.

Question 33.
Write name of crops which are used by bees for getting nectar and pollen?
Answer:
Sheesham, khair, litchi, ber, cucurbits, peach etc.

Question 34.
Which is the second best season for bee keeping?
Answer:
October-November (Autumn Season).

Question 35.
In which season bee activities are slow?
Answer:
Winter season (December to January).

Question 36.
Why should there be water source near the bee live?
Answer:
Bees use water to cool their comb.

Question 37.
What should be distance between boxes?
Answer:
10 feet.

Question 38.
What is Propolis?
Answer:
It is honey gum.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about queen bee?
Answer:
Queen plays the role of laying eggs and maintains the colony. It can lay 1500 to 2000 eggs in a day. It can live for many years but its capacity to lay eggs starts reducing after one year. It have long firm abdomen, light brown in colour, wings of queen bee does not cover its abdoment completely.

Question 2.
How is Italian bee better than other species of bees?
Answer:
Quantity of honey obtained from Italian bee is more than the quantity of honey obtained from other species and it is not aggressive.

Question 3.
What arrangement should be done at bee farm for sunlight and shade?
Answer:
There should be arrangement of sunlight in winter and of shade in summer, plant autumn trees near it.

Question 4.
What are the four stages of honey bee?
Answer:
Egg, larva, pupa, adult.

Question 5.
Write a note on life span of queen and its replacement?
Answer:
Queen honey bee has a life span of 2-4 years. Queen bee is replaced every year with new queen bee.

Question 6.
Write note on life span of worker bee.
Answer:
Worker bee has life span of one to one and half month, but in winter it can live for six months.

Question 7.
Write a note on the body structure male bees?
Answer:
Drones (male bees) are black and big in size than worker bees. They have large compound eyes which unite at top of their head. Tip of abdomen is round and hairy.

Question 8.
Which equipment is required for starting bee keeping?
Answer:
Hive, gloves, hive tool, bee veil, smoker, comb foundation, honey extractor, queen cage, uncapping knife, bee brush, containers etc.

Question 9.
What is the importance of honey in human diet?
Answer:
Honey is a good food. One should take 50 gram honey daily. It contains carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. It contains many antibiotics. It can be used in case of cough. It is also beneficial for eyes and brain.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many species of honey are there? Write about their size and nature.
Answer:
There are four species of honey bees. Little bee, rock bee, Indian bee. Italian bee. Rock bee is larger of all and is very aggressive. Little bee is smallest among them. Rock bee and little bee are wild species. Indian bees and Italian bees can be reared and medium sized. Italian bee is calm in nature.

Question 2.
What do you know about life cycle of honey bee and write about management of colony?
Answer:
Honey bee has four stages in life cycle-egg, larva, pupa, adult. Life cycle of queen bee completes in 16 days, worker bee and drone bee complete their life cycle in 21 days and in 24 days respectively.

There are three castes of honey bees. Queen, worker, and drone (male) bees. There is one queen in a colony. There are thousands of worker bees and drones are a few hundred in number. Worker bees construct the comb, collect pollen and nectar, and can sacrifice their life for the betterment of their hive.

Question 3.
How many worker bees are there is a colony? What are the tasks they do?
Answer:
There can be 8000-80,000 worker bees in a colony depending upon in size. These do not lay eggs but perform all other duties. They keep the hive clean, take care of the brood, make a hive, collect nectar and pollen and fill in the comb, take care of the live, temperature regulation and guard the live, feeding young ones and queen.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Mushroom Cultivation Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one to two words:

Question 1.
Name two important commercially grown mushrooms.
Answer:
Button mushroom, Paddy straw mushroom, shiitake mushroom.

Question 2.
Name the health benefits of mushrooms.
Answer:
Mushrooms are rich in proteins, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium etc. These are also suitable for patients having Sugar and blood pressure.

Question 3.
How many crops of button mushroom can be obtained in the winter season in Punjab?
Answer:
Two crops can be obtained from September to March.

Question 4.
What is the maximum height of the compost stack during compost preparation for button mushroom?
Answer:
Five feet.

Question 5.
What is the ratio of farm yard manure and sandy soil for preparation of casing soil?
Answer:
FYM and garden soil should be in the ratio of 4:1.

Question 6.
Which insecticide is used for control of insect pests of mushrooms?
Answer:
Nuvan (Dichlorovos).

Question 7.
What is the gap period between spray of insecticide for control of flies and next harvest of mushrooms?
Answer:
48 hours.

Question 8.
What is the amount of spawn required for 3 quintals of straw?
Answer:
300 grams.

Question 9.
What is the total mushroom production in Punjab presently?
Answer:
Nearly 45000-48000 tones per annum.

Question 10.
How many turnings are given during preparation of compost?
Answer:
Seven turning.

Question 11.
What is the pH of good quality ready compost?
Answer:
7.0 to 8.0 pH.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
What are the important nutritional attributes of mushrooms?
Answer:
Calcium, phosphorus, iron, potash, minerals and vitamin C etc. are present in mushrooms in ample quantity.

Question 2.
What are the requirements for growing mushrooms?
Answer:
Fresh paddy straw (not older than one year), bamboo sticks and mushroom seed (spawn), Kisan Khad, urea, murate of potash, gypsum,
gamma, B.C. 20E, Furadan, Molasses etc. are required.

Question 3.
Why is it important to turn the compost stack during compost preparation?
Answer:
By turning the compost stack the original outer portion goes inside and central portion becomes the outer part. This helps in increase in microbial activity.

Question 4.
How is the compost prepared for mushroom growing treated?
Answer:
Before sowing the mushroom seeds, prepared compost is treated with Bavistin 50% soluble 20 mg per litre. 20 gram dust of Bavistin is required for one quintal compost which is enough for four boxes.

Question 5.
What is the significance of casing? How is casing soil prepared?
Answer:
Casing provides proper environment for growth of mushrooms. Casing mixture is obtained by mixing FYM and garden soil in the ratio 4: 1 or spent compost and FYM in the ratio of 1:1.

Question 6.
What are the recommended varieties of mushrooms for cultivation in Punjab and give their technical names?
Answer:
According to environment of Punjab, there are five varieties of mushrooms-Button mushrooms, shiitake mushroom, Chinese mushrooms, Milky, oyster mushrooms.

Question 7.
Give the turning schedule for preparation of compost and the details of what all is required for compost production.
Answer:
Turning schedule for preparation of compost:

Thus seven turnings are done. Initial three turning after even’ four days and the remaining turnings after every three days.

Question 8.
How is casing soil mixture disinfected before use?
Answer:
Disinfecting soil:
Wet the mix of compost and garden soil. Spray 4-5% of Formalin on it. In addition 20 g Furadan per quintal of casing soil is also added. Treated soil is covered with tarpaulin sheet or Polythene sheets for at least 48 hours. Then it is opened and turned again and again, so that formalin evaporates completely from it.

Question 9.
What are the quality attributed of well prepared compost?
Answer:
Attributes of well prepared compost are its colour, smell and moisture content. When colour of compost is dark brown and there is no smell of ammonia and moisture is 65-72% then the compost is ready for spawning and pH value should be 7.0 to 8.0.

Question 10.
What is the production of mushrooms from one square meter bed area?
Answer:
Production of mushrooms from one square metre bed area is 8-12 kg. mushrooms.

(C) Answer in five to six sentences:

Question 1.
What is the importance of mushrooms in our diet?
Answer:
Mushrooms are used as food in whole of the world. It contains many nutrients and thus help in keeping the body fit. Mushrooms contain protein in large quantity, which is easily digestible. Mushrooms also contain potassium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, minerals and vitamin C in large amount. Carbohydrates and fats are present in small amounts. Therefore, mushrooms are beneficial for blood pressure and sugar patients.

Question 2.
Give the procedure for preparation of stack for composting in button mushroom?
Answer:
Spread wheat straw on “pucca” floor and wet it with clean water. Keep this straw as such for 48 hours. Mix bran and fertilizers separately and wet it with water. After 24 hours bran fertilizer mixture is broadcasted on the wetted wheat straw. Prepare stacks of the size 5 feet high, 5 feet broad and 5 feet long on the wooden boards. Height and breadth of the stack should not be more than 5 feet each.

Question 3.
What do you know about the marketing of mushrooms?
Answer:
Do not cut or pull the Mushrooms rather pick them by gentle twisting of the buttons. The mature unopened mushrooms are harvested once a day. This way no harm is done to the small button mushroom. After picking, clean off the straw pieces sticking to the mushrooms. Pack them in perforated polythene bags in 200 g lots. These packed mushrooms are sent for marketing. Mushrooms can be dried in sun or in shade and can be used in off season marketing.

Question 4.
What is mushroom spawn? How is spawning done in trays for button mushroom?
Answer:
See next questions.

Question 5.
What are the different steps in button mushroom production and briefly discuss each one?
Answer:
Steps in button mushroom production-
1. Ingredient, for compost preparing:
Wheat straw 300 kg., wheat bran 15kg, CAN 9 kg; urea, super phosphate and murate of potash 3 kg each of the three; gypsum 30 kg, gamma BHC (20% E.C.) 60 ml, molasses 5 kg, Furadan (3G) 150 gram.

2. Stack preparation:
Spread the wheat straw on a pucca floor and wet properly with water, leave it open for at least 48 hours. Mix wheat bran/husk powder with fertilizers (separately) mentioned in step 1 and moisten with water. Broadcast wheat bran mixture on the wet wheat straw after 24 hours. Mix using pitchforks. Prepare a stack of 5 x 5 x 5 foot high with the help of 3 wooden boards. Stack should not be higher than 5 feet.

3. Turning the compost stack:
Layer of stack is removed from top and all sides, it is thoroughly mixed and wetted. This way the inner part of the stack forms outer part of the new stack and outer part of the original stack goes inside the new stack. Repeat the same process when needed. Turning is necessary to increase the microbial activity which helps in decomposition. Turn the stack every fourth day and add to it. molasses, gypsum, furadan, lindane dust respectively at first, third, fifth, sixth and seventh turning.

The compost prepared from 300 kg wheat straw is used to fill 20-25 crates of the size 100 x 150 x 18 cm. When color of compost is dark brown and there is no smell of ammonia and moisture content is 65-72% then the compost is ready for spawning and pH should be 7.0 to 8.0.

4. Disinfecting the compost:
Before spawning, prepared compost is mixed with Bavistin 50% soluble 20 mg per litre. 20 gram Bavistin dust is required for one quintal compost which can be filled in four crates or boxes.

5. Filling crates and spawning:
Dismantle the compost stack and let it attain the room temperature. Take out spawn from the bottles and by using two layer growing method, broad cast spawn on the compost and fill in the boxes. Cover it with thick layer of compost. Broadcast the remaining part of spawn on this layer. Cover the boxes with wet newspaper or other papers.

6. Covering crates with soil:
Crates covered with 80-100% mycelium are covered uniformly with FYM and garden soil in the ratio 4:1 or covered with well rotten rice bran- and gobar gas slurry in the ratio 1:1. Before covering, treat it with 4-5% formalin.

7. Disinfecting soil:
Wet the mix of compost and garden soil. Spray 4-5% of Formalin on it..In addition 20g Furadan per quintal of casing soil is also added. Treated soil is covered with tarpaulin sheet or polythene sheets for at least 48 hours. Then it is opened and turned again and again so that formalin evaporates completely from it.

8. Covering of trays:
After 2-3 weeks of spawning remove the news paper and cover the compost covered with mycelium with a l’to 15 inch thick layer of disinfected soil.

9. Arranging containers:
Trays can be stacked and the area under cultivation can be increased. The trays are arranged one above the other in lines and the lines are 2 to 2.5 feet apart up and below. This way adequate working area is available and no harm is done to small pinheads of mushroom. After picking, the lower most part of the stalk of the mushroom is cut off with the help of a knife and clean mushrooms are collected.

10. Packing: Fresh Mushrooms are packed in perforated polythene bags in a lot of 200 grams.

11. Yield: 12 kg Mushrooms are available in one square metre area in one season.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Mushroom Cultivation Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many trays are covered with Mycelium in 2-3 weeks?
Answer:
80-100 percent.

Question 2.
How many grams of Mushrooms are filled in poly bags for marketing?
Answer:
200 grams.

Question 3.
What is name of Mushroom seed?
Answer:
Spawn.

Question 4.
Which nutrients are found in less quantity in Mushrooms?
Answer:
Carbohydrates and fats.

Question 5.
Which variety of Mushroom is grown in summer and how many crops can be obtained?
Answer:
It is paddy straw mushroom. We can obtain four crops from this.

Question 6.
For how many boxes the compost prepared from 300 kg of wheat straw is enough?
Answer:
20-25 boxes of. the size 100 x 150 x 18 cm.

Question 7.
How will you identify the prepared compost?
Answer:
When color of the compost becomes dark brown and there is no ammonical smell, compost is ready.

Question 8.
Name any disease, which can be cured by taking mushrooms.
Answer:
Blood pressure.

Question 9.
How many crops of mushrooms are obtained in winter?
Answer:
White button mushrooms give two crops in winter.

Question 10.
When the winter mushrooms sown?
Answer:
From October to April.

Question 11.
Which materials are required for Mushroom compost?
Answer:
Molasses, Gypsum, furadan, gamma B.H.C. etc. are required.

Question 12.
How much seed is required for one square metre?
Answer:
300 gram seed is required for one square metre.

Question 13.
What is the yield of Mushrooms obtained from one square metre?
Answer:
In one season 8-12 kg of fresh Mushrooms can be obtained from one metre square.

Question 14.
How many crops are taken from summer season Mushroom?
Answer:
From milky mushroom three crops can be taken.

Question 15.
How many mushroom growers are there in Punjab?
Answer:
400.

Question 16.
What is the time when we can take crop of button mushroom?
Answer:
September to March two crops.

Question 17.
What is the time when we can take crop of oyster.
Answer:
October to March, one crop.

Question 18.
What is time of taking shiitake Mushroom?
Answer:
One crop September to March.

Question 19.
Which variety of Mushroom is cultivated more in Punjab?
Answer:
Button mushroom.

Question 20.
From where can we get seed of mushroom?
Answer:
Punjab Agricultural University, Department of Micro Biology.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How is spawning done in boxes or crates?
Answer:
Dismantle the compost pile and let it attain the room temperature. Take out spawn from the bottles and by using two layer growing method, broad cast spawn on the compost and fill in the boxes. Cover it with thick layer of compost. Broadcast the remaining part of spawn on this layer. Cover the boxes with wet newspaper or other papers.

Question 2.
How will you fill the bags for cultivation of Dhingri (Oyster Mushroom)?
Answer:
Polythene bags are filled up-to 3 level with wheat straw and bits of spawn are broadcast on it. Fill the bag again up-to 2 level with wheat straw and broadcast spawn. Fill the bag with alternate layers of straw and spawn to its full capacity. The upper end of the bag is tied with gunny thread and bottom comers of the bag are given cut to drain off the excess of water. Place these bags in a room with proper facility of light. After 3¬4 weeks of spawning small mushroom primordia appear and at this stage bags are cut open. Water the straw only to keep them moist.

Question 3.
What should be taken care of while picking mushrooms (harvesting)?
Answer:
Do not cut or pull the Mushroom they are picked by gentle twisting of the buttons. The mature unopened mushrooms and harvested once a day.

Question 4.
Which insect is harmful for Mushrooms? How can we control it?
Answer:
Mushroom flies are harmful for Mushrooms, When these are seen in the beds, on the window panes, walls or ceiling then spray 30 millilitre Nuvan 100 EC (WP) per 100 cubic metre. After spray close the doors and windows for at least 2 hours and do not pick the mushrooms for at least 48 hours. Do not spray directly on the beds.

Question 5.
What is done to increase the crop area?
Answer:
Boxes are placed on each other to increase the crop area and the Distance between boxes placed in sines is 2 to 2.5 feet and the distance between trays placed over each other is one foot.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
How are paddy straw mushrooms cultivated?
Answer:
1. Material required: Fresh paddy straw (not older than one year) bamboo stick, spawn.

2. Method or procedure:
Make bundles weighing 1-1.5 kg from dry paddy straw. Tie both ends and cut the protruded ends on both sides to make them equal-sized. Soak these bundles in clean water for 16 to 20 hours. Place these bundles on a sloping surface to drain the excess water. Place five bundles on two bamboo sticks which are kept one foot apart. Spawn is broadcasted on these bundles. This way a bed of 22 bundles per square metre is prepared. To get more area under the cultivation, beds are laid on one another. For one bed 300 grams of seed is required.

3. Seed Broadcast (Spawning): 300 grams of seed is required for a bed. Keep uniformity for each layer.

4. Watering: Water after 2-3 days of spawning. Ventilation is not required initially but later on proper ventilation is required.

5. Crop appearance:
After 7-9 days of spawning small plant heads start appearing. Fruit bodies of mushrooms become worth harvesting on the tenth day. Mushroom continues to appear for 15-20 days in 4 flushes. One crop of this mushroom is over in one month. This way four crops from April to August can be obtained.

6. Packing: Mushrooms are packed in perforated polythene bags in a lot of 200 grams.

7. Yield and cost: 22 kg of dry paddy straw can give a yield of 2.5 to 3 kg of fresh mushrooms.