Class 9 – Page 24 – PSEB Solutions

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 7 Decision Making

January 27, 2024January 25, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Book Solutions Chapter 7 Decision-Making Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Welcome Life Chapter 7 Decision Making

Welcome Life Guide for Class 9 PSEB Decision Making InText Questions and Answers

Textbook Page No. 39-40-41

Activity song that asks questions.

Those who answer are brilliant.

1. To wake up late or rise early
Which habit is good?
Answer::
To rise early.

2. Neat clothes / dirty clothes. What is suitable?
Answer:
Neat clothes.

3. One time / Always late.
Who will rise high?
Answer:
On-time.

4. Hardworker / Copycat Who is the wise child?
Answer:
Hard worker.

5. Decent child / Mischievous Who will score well?
Answer:
Decent child.

6. Happy child / Irritated Who will get more love?
Answer:
Happy child.

7. Responsible / Careless Which is bad?
Answer:
Careless.

8. Cheat / Genuine Who will live long?
Answer:
Genuine.

9. Truth / Lie Which is good?
Answer:
Truth.

10. Active / Lazy
Who will reach the destination?
Answer:
Active.

11. Wellwisher / Enemy Which is the bad way?
Answer:
Enemy.

12. To be together / To fight What should we do?
Answer:
To be together.

13. Sweet talk / To be abusive Which habit is bad?
Answer:
To be abusive.

14. To be obedient or quarrelsome
Which behavior is good?
Answer:
To be obedient.

15. Burger, Noodles, Fruits, Salad Which is good for health?
Answer:
Fruits, salad.

16. Cold drink / Lassi
Which is healthy?
Answer:
Lassi.

17. Watching movies / Exercise physical
Affect eyes badly?
Answer:
Watching movies.

Textbook Page No. 41

Practice

Question 1.
Which habits do you like?
Answer:

I like my habit that I do any work with utmost diligence and keeping on working for it till it is completed.
I do everything with full concentration so that the work should be done in the best possible way.
I am punctual. I knew the urgency of the situation and would finish the work before its too late.

Question 2.
Write about those habits of you which you don’t like.
Answer:

I get so obsessed with completing any task that I don’t even notice anything.
I want everyone to follow and obey me which is not possible.
I get angry at people very quickly which is wrong. I should talk peacefully with other people.

Question 3.
Do you use the Internet?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 4.
Do you play video games?
Answer:
No.

Question 5.
For how much time do you give spend on your mobile phone?
Answer:
15 minutes.

Question 6.
Give an example about the bad effects of drug addiction from our surroundings.
Answer:
Drugs cause many deaths which ruin their families.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Guide Decision Making Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. ………………… is of great importance in life.
(a) Decision
(b) Not taking a decision
(c) Lie
(d) Jealousy
Answer:
(a) Decision

2. One right decision can …………….
(a) Destroy the life
(b) Change the life
(c) Stops the life
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Change the life

3. While taking a decision we must :
(a) think of the short term consequences
(b) think of the long term consequences
(c) don’t think of the consequences
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) think of the long-term consequences.

4. Decisions in ………………… age are taken with the help of friends.
(a) adolescent
(b) young
(c) old
(d) early
Answer:
(a) adolescent

5. We must adopt ………….. habits.
(a) good
(b) bad
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(a) good

6. There is a need to identify ………………
(a) good habits
(b) personality
(c) bad habits
(d) all of these
Answer:
(c) bad habits.

7. To reach our destination ……………….
(a) there is a need to move in the right direction.
(b) don’t care about direction.
(c) do the work without thinking
(d) all of these.
Answer:
(a) there is a need to move in the right direction.

8. …………….. is a must to complete any work.
(a) Dishonesty
(b) Dedication
(c) Ego
(d) No one.
Answer:
(b) Dedication.

Fill in the Blanks:

1. We must know us………………..
Answer:
destination

2. ……………….. is must to reach our destination.
Answer:
education

3. Misuse of …………………. can take us in the wrong direction.
Answer:
social media

4. ………………. is of great importance in life.
Answer:
Decision

5. Don’t take any decision under anyone……………….
Answer:
pressure

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (x) Statement:

1. Taking a decision is a must.
Answer:
x

2. Take decisions under someone’s pressure.
Answer:
x

3. Just think about long-term consequences before making a decision.
Answer:
✓

4. Dedication is a must to complete any
Answer:
✓

5. We must leave bad habits.
Answer:
✓

Match the Following:

(A)	(B)
Decision	Good habit
Completing work	Right time
Effect of friends	Dedication
Taking drugs	Adolescent age
Be honest	Bad habit

Answer:

(A)	(B)
Decision	Right time
Completing work	Dedication
Effect of friends	Adolescent age
Taking drugs	Bad habit
Be honest	Good habit

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the importance of right decisions in life,?
Answer:
Right decisions can change the whole life.

Question 2.
What should be kept in mind while taking decisions?
Answer:
We should be kept in mind that what could be the long-term effect of that decision.

Question 3.
By whom the decisions are influenced in adolescent age?
Answer:
In adolescent age, decisions are influenced by friends.

Question 4.
What is necessary to reach any destination?
Answer:
Movement in the right direction is necessary to reach any destination.

Question 5.
What type of problem drug abuse is?
Answer:
Drug abuse is a social problem.

Question 6.
What is the disadvantage of misusing social media?
Answer:
Misuse of social media can lead us in a- wrong direction.

Question 7.
How can we come to know that our dedication is in the right direction?
Answer:
If we know about our destination, we realize that our dedication is in the right direction.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How do we need to make decisions? Write a note on it.
Answer:
We live in social life in which we have to make many decisions. So decisions are quite important in life and one right decision can bring a great change in life. But while taking decisions, we need to look into all of its aspects. We need to think about the long-term effects of any decision. Decisions taken in the adolescent age are not influenced by parents but by friends.

Question 2.
What is the importance of good and bad habits in life?
Answer:
Everyone is having a few good and bad habits. The main thing is which part is more strong. If good habits are more and bad habits are less then the person will definitely do progress in life. But if bad habits are more in number then life can be ruined. That’s why it is a must for us to shunt out bad habits and adopt good habits.

Question 3.
Why is it necessary to give the right direction to one’s dedication?
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that it is necessary to give the right direction to one’s dedication. Everyone is having an aim in his life and there is a need to move in the right direction to reach that aim. If we will move in the wrong direction, we will not be able to achieve our aim. There are many things that give us stability but a few things attract us as well. We must be attracted to right things. For example, drugs attract us but we must not get attracted.

Long Answer Type Question:

Question 1.
What did you learn from this chapter?
Answer:
We learned many things from this chapter such as :

We take a lot of decisions in life and therefore decisions are very important in our life.
Because we make so many decisions in life, even one decision can change our life.
When making any decision, we should think about all aspects of that decision. It is also important to think about the far-reaching consequences of that decision,
No decision should be made under pressure. If something is not right then it should not be done.
Everyone has some good and bad habits. We must give up bad habits and adopt good ones.
Everyone has a goal. It is important to direct your dedication to achieve the goal. We must not get attracted to bad things.

Source-Based Question:

Question 1.
Read the source and answer the questions that follow :
Seerat was the only child of his parents. He was too pampered. His school friends used to smoke. They used to offer cigarettes to Seerat. His parents had told him about right and wrong. Seerat used to refuse to smoke. One day, his friends started making fun of him. He got annoyed and smoked slowly he got addicted to it.

1. Should Seerat have refused to smoke strictly?
Answer:
Yes, Seerat should have refused to smoke.

2. If you would have been in Seerat’s place, what you would have done?
Answer:
I definitely would have refused to smoke and complained to teachers about this.

3. What strength do we have to say ‘no’?
Answer:
A great determination is needed to say ‘no’ to anything which is wrong.

4. What did Seerat’s friends do in school?
Answer:
Seerat’s friends frequently smoked cigarettes in school.

5. What did Seerat do in anger?
Answer:
Once Seerat’s friends made fun of him. Seerat became angry and smoked, Gradually he got addicted to it.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 6 Internet Applications

January 27, 2024January 25, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 6 Internet Applications Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Computer Science Chapter 6 Internet Applications

Computer Guide for Class 9 PSEB Internet Applications Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

1. ‘Gmail’ is a free email service provided by …………………
(a) Yahoo
(b) Google
(c) Rediffmail
(d) Hotmail
Answer:
(b) Google

2. Every machine on the Internet has a unique number assigned to it, called an ……………
(a) Address
(b) E-mail
(c) ID
(d) Unique IP Address
Answer:
(d) Unique IP Address

3. A …………… is a type of test used in computing to determine whether or not the user is human.
(a) CAPTCHA
(b) DERTSA
(c) HEPTCHA
(d) NEPHCA
Answer:
(a) CAPTCHA

4. ………………. is a type of malware designed to provide unauthorized, remote access to a user’s computer.
(a) Spyware
(b) Trojan
(c) Malware
(d) Horse
Answer:
(c) Malware

5. TV and radio on the Internet are examples of …………….. media.
(a) Streaming
(b) Limited
(c) Online
(d) Offline
Answer:
(a) Streaming

2. True/False

1. Spyware is an e-mail fraud method in which the wrongdoer sends out legitimate-looking emails in an attempt to gather personal and financial information from recipients.
Answer:
True

2. Google Drive does not allow us to store and share files online.
Answer:
False

3. The best way to deal with the threat of a computer virus is to use antivirus software.
Answer:
True

4. In BCC we type the addresses of people we want to send a copy of the mail to, without the other recipients knowing.
Answer:
True

5. Digital signatures are created and verified by means of biography.
Answer:
False

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a CAPTCHA code?
Answer:
Short for completely automated public hiring test to tell computers and humans apart, a technique used by a computer to tell if it is interacting with a human or another computer. Because computing is becoming pervasive, and computerized tasks and services are commonplace, the need for increased levels of security has led to the development of this way for computers to ensure that they are dealing with humans in situations where human interaction is essential to security. Activities such as online commerce transactions, search engine submissions, Web polls, Web registrations, free e-mail service registration, and other automated services are subject to software programs, or bots, that mimic the behavior of humans in order to skew the results of the automated task or perform malicious activities, such as gathering e-mail addresses for spamming or ordering hundreds of tickets to a concert.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Google Apps?
Answer:
Google Apps is a package of cloud-based services that can provide your company or school with a whole new way to work together online—not just using email and chat, but over video conferences, social media, real-time document collaborations, and more. .

Question 3.
What is Digital Signature?
Answer:
Digital signatures are the public-key primitives of message authentication. In the physical world, it is common to use handwritten signatures on handwritten or typed messages.

Question 4.
Write the process of sending an e-mail.
Answer:
Different steps to send and receive mail are :

Open your Gmail account by clicking on the Gmail link on the Google search page.
Click the button labeled ‘Compose’.
Go to the To: box. In the To: box type in the email address of the person you would like to send an email to. If there are multiple people you want to send it to, click on the Add Cc and Add Bcc buttons.
Type the email subject. The subject lets people know what the email is going to be about.
Type your message in the big box below the subject box.
Click the Send button below the message box.
Wait until the person you sent the email replies.

Question 5.
Write the basic steps of downloading.
Answer:
Follow these steps for downloading software, games, or any other files from the Internet if you use a PC running Windows XP, Vista, or Windows 7.

If you don’t already have one, create a Temporary Files folder by opening Windows Explorer, highlighting your hard drive (typically the c: drive), then selecting File/New/Folder. When the folder appears, name it Temp files.
Once you locate the software you want to download, click on the link to begin the download process.
First, you will be asked if you want to save the file. Click the Save button, then locate the Temp file folder on your hard drive and double-click to open it. Next, click the Save button.
You can watch the file as it downloads.

Question 6.
What is cloud printing?
Answer:
cloud printing. Printing from a computer or mobile device to a remote printer via the Internet (the cloud). For example, users can snap photos on a smartphone and send them to a printer at their home or office. Cloud printing apps are available for smartphones and tablets that work with almost any printer. Printing to the cloud. It refers to scanning a photo or document on an Internet-connected multifunction printer and sending it directly from the device to a photo or document sharing service on the Internet.

Question 7.
Name four anti-virus software.
Answer:
Four anti-viruses are:
a. AVG
b. McAfee
c. Norton
d. Kaspersky

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is IP Address? Explain.
Answer:
Unique IP Address
A Unique IP is an IP address that is specific to your domain. When you add hosting to a domain/subdomain, it’s assigned an IP on the Apache server which is shared with other sites. This shared IP address is most often the only IP you’ll need. However, certain applications may require you to add a Unique IP to your site. You can add a Unique IP to any Fully Hosted domain/subdomain hosted at DreamHost on the page.

Need of a Unique IP
Unique IPs are most commonly used with domains that have secure hosting enabled. While it is possible to use secure hosting without a Unique IP, some older browsers which do not support Server Name Indication display a certificate warning when viewing your site. While not a comprehensive list, this includes :

Windows XP versions of Internet Explorer.
The default browser in Android 2.4 is “Gingerbread” and earlier. (4.0 “Ice Cream Sandwich” and later will work correctly.)
Various older mobile browsers, including BlackBerry, Symbian OS, and older versions of Opera Mobile.

If you expect a significant number of the visitors to your secure site to be using these browsers, you will need a Unique IP.

Benefits of a Unique IP Address :
There are a lot of reasons why it is recommended to use a Dedicated IP address for a website, hosted on a Shared server, but we shall look through the main ones here:

It provides higher stability
It grants access to your website anytime you need
It is beneficial for the email sender’s reputation
It is good for a business identity
It is required for particular third-party applications/ scripts

Question 2.
Explain any three Google Apps.
Answer:
Google Docs
Google Docs is an online word processor that lets you create and format text documents and collaborate with other people in real-time. Here’s what you can do with Google Docs:

Upload a Word document and convert it to a Google document
Add flair and formatting to your documents by adjusting margins, spacing, fonts, and colors — all that fun stuff
Invite other people to collaborate on a document with you, giving them edit, comment, or view access
Collaborate online in real-time and chat with other collaborators — right from inside the document „
View your document’s revision history and roll back to any previous version
Download a Google document to your desktop as a Word, Open Office, RTF, PDF, HTML, or zip file
Translate a document to a different language ‘
Email your documents to other people as attachments

Google Sheets
Google Sheets is an online spreadsheet app that lets you create and format spreadsheets and simultaneously work with other people. Here’s what you can do with Google Sheets :

Import and convert Excel, .csv, .txt, and .ods formatted data to a Google spreadsheet
Export Excel, .csv, .txt and .ods formatted data, as well as PDF and HTML files
Use formula editing to perform calculations on your data, and use formatting to make it look the way you’d like
Chat in real-time with others who are editing your spreadsheet
Create charts with your data
Embed a spreadsheet — or individual sheets of your spreadsheet — on your blog or website

Google Slides
Google Slides is an online presentations app that allows you to show off your work in a visual way. Here’s what you can do with Google Slides:

Create and edit presentations
Edit a presentation with friends or coworkers, and share it with others effortlessly
Import .pptx and .pps files and convert them to Google presentations
Download your presentations as a .pdf, .ppt, .svg, .jpg, or .txt file
Insert images and videos into your presentation
Publish and embed your presentations on a website

Question 3.
Explain the process of creating an e-mail account in Gmail.
Answer:
Follow these step-by-step instructions to create a Gmail account

Step 1: Open up your internet browser and go to the Google home page.

Step 2: Click on Gmail at the top right comer of the page.

Step 3: You’ll now be in the ‘Sign in’ section. As you don’t have a Google account yet, you need to create one. Click Create an account.

Step 4: To set up your new account, Google needs some information about you – first, your first, and last names. The ‘choose your username’ is the unique email address that you wish to use, which will be placed before ‘@gmail.com’. Because it needs to be unique, Google may have to check the vail ability of any name that you decide on to make sure that no one already has it. Type an email name into the ‘choose your username’ box and then fill out the rest of your information. You will need to ensure that the ‘I agree to the Google terms of service and Privacy Policy’ is ticked. Then click next step.

Question 4.
What are the benefits of google drive?
Answer:
Google Drive is one of the most popular cloud storage services available today, offering 15 gigabytes (15GB) of free storage space. If you’ve never used a cloud-based storage service like Google Drive before, take a moment to consider the advantages of keeping your files online. Because files can be accessed from any computer with an Internet connection, Drive eliminates the need to email or save a file to a USB drive. And because Drive allows you to share files, working with others becomes much easier.

There are no. benefits for creating and sharing different files on Google Drive which are:

Documents: For composing letters, flyers, essays, and other text-based files (similar to Microsoft Word documents)
Spreadsheets: For storing and organizing information (similar to Microsoft Excel Workbooks) .
presentations: For creating slideshows (similar to Microsoft PowerPoint presentations)
Forms: For collecting and organizing data
Drawings: For creating simple vector graphics or diagrams.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Guide Internet Applications Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks

1. Gmail, yahoo mail, Hotmail, etc. are …………………….
(a) google
(b) Microsoft
(c) e-mail
(d) Skymail
Answer:
(c) e-mail

2. play store is a product of ……………….
(a) Microsoft
(b) Play store
(c) Play
(d) Google
Answer:
(d) Google

3. Files can be shared with ………………
(a) Hotmail
(b) Play store
(c) Google Drive
(d) Virus
Answer:
(c) Google Drive

4. …………………. cures ………………….
(a) Antivirus, virus
(b) Google, Yahoo
(c) E-mail, virus
(d) Antivirus, server.
Answer:
(a) Antivirus, virus

True or False

1. Gmail is a product of Microsoft.
Answer:
False

2. We can share files on the internet.
Answer:
True

3. Data is not destroyed on Google Drive.
Answer:
True

4. Cloud means Air clouds in computer terminology.
Answer:
False

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is E-mail?
Answer:
E-mail stands for electronic mail. Most networks support some form of an email. The most popular, of course, is Internet email. E-mail allows you to send a text (such as a letter) to another person on another computer. In order to send an email, you have to know the email address of the recipient.

Question 2.
How often is the imagery in Google Earth updated?
Answer:
Google Earth displays the best available imagery, most of which is one to three years old. The information in Google Earth is collected over time and is not in real-time. It is not possible to see live changes in images. We add data to our Primary Database on a regular basis.

Question 3.
Why do I see blurry imagery in Google Earth?
Answer:
Google Earth combines data of different resolutions to offer a seamless viewing experience, so some locations look a bit blurry. We offer high-resolution imagery (greater than 1-meter) for thousands of cities and more are on the way.

Question 4.
What is an IP address?
Answer:
An IP address is a network layer protocol address for a host in a TCP/IP network.

Question 5.
What is the use of an IP address?
Answer:
The IP address is used to uniquely identify each host in a network. The IP address is needed in order to communicate with other hosts in the network using the TCP/IP suite of protocols.

Question 6.
Which version of IP is covered by this document?
Answer:
This document covers IP version 4.

Question 7.
How does a host determine its IP address?
Answer:
A host determines its IP address during the boot-up process either from a configuration file stored in the local hard disk of the system or using a network protocol like RARP, DHCP, BOOTP from the servers in the network.

Question 8.
Is there any relation between the MAC address and the IP address of a host?
Answer:
No. There is no relation between the MAC address and the IP address of a host.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on email.
Answer:
Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information stored on a computer that is exchanged between two users over telecommunications. More plainly, e-mail is a message that may contain text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group of individuals. The first e-mail was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971. By 1996, more electronic mail was being sent than postal mail.

Question 2.
Write the various steps for writing an email.
Answer:
Writing an e-mail
When writing an e-mail message, it should look something like the example window below. As you can see, several fields are required when sending an e-mail:

The To field is where you type the e-mail address of the person who is the recipient of your message.
The From field should contain your e-mail address.
If you are replying to a message, the To and From fields are automatically filled out; if it’s a new message, you’ll need to enter them manually.
The CC or Carbon Copy field allows you to send a copy of the message to another e-mail address but is not mandatory.
The Subject Line, although not required, should consist of a few words describing the e-mail’s contents.
Finally, the Message Body is the location you type your main message. It often contains your signature at the bottom; similar to a hand-written letter.

PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 5 Progress of Sports in Punjab Since 1947

January 27, 2024January 25, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 5 Progress of Sports in Punjab Since 1947 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Physical Education Chapter 5 Progress of Sports in Punjab Since 1947

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Is there any bad effects of Partition of Punjab on the development of sports?
Answer:
Yes, there is great bad effect.

Question 2.
When Punjab Olympic Association gain came into existance?
Answer:
1948.

Question 3.
Name any two units which promote sports in Punjab.
Answer:
(i) Punjab Police
(ii) Boarder Security Force.

Question 4.
Whether Panchayati Khed Parishad organised Football competition for girls or not.
Answer:
No.

Question 5.
Tug of war is organised for boys or girls. (Right or Wrong)
Answer:
Right.

Question 6.
Is Leader Engineering Works promoting, sports in Jalandhar or not?
Answer:
No.

Question 7.
Who looks after the development of sports in Punjab school education?
Answer:
D.P.I. schools.

PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Book Chapter 5 Progress of Sports in Punjab Since 1947

Question 8.
Who looks after the sports in Punjab education colleges?
Answer:
D.P.I. colleges.

Question 9.
Is there any contribution of Punjab Sports Department in the field of sports?
Answer:
Yes, there is great contribution.

Question 10.
Name the different games which are organised by the Panchayati Raj Parishad for girls?
Answer:
Hockey, Kabbaddi, Kho-Kho and Tug of War.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the effects of Partition of India on the Sports development of Punjab.
Answer:
India got independence from the British on 15th August, 1947 and India was divided into two parts :
India and Pakistan. This division adversely affected the promotion of sports in Punjab. A large number of playgrounds and the main sports goods manufacturing city, Syalkot, remained in Pakistan. All sports Associations were dissolved. In this way Punjab became headless in the field of sports.

Question 2.
How did the Punjab Olympic Association come into existence?
Answer:
The partition of India adversely affected the promotion of sports in Punjab. When India got freedom the issue of sports in Punjab was discussed among the sports lovers of the state. A meeting of the representatives of sports was held at Shimla in 1948. The Punjab State Olympic Association came into existence. Mr. G.D. Sondhi was appointed the founder president of Punjab State Olympic Association.

Question 3.
Name the various organisations which promote sports in our state.
Answer:

The Punjab Police
The Border Security Force
Leader Engineering Works, Jalandhar.
Jagatjit Cotton and Textiles Mills, Phagwara.
Punjab State Electricity Board.
Pepsu Road Transport Corporation.

Question 4.
Mention the various sports competitions which are organized by the Panchayati Raj Khed Parishad.
Answer:
The Panchayati Raj Khed Parishad organises the following competitions in sportsn:
FOR BOYS:

Foot Ball
Kabaddi
Hockey
Volley Ball
Tug of War
Athletics
Weight Lifting and Power Liftingi
Wrestling
Gymnastics

FOR GIRLS:

Kabaddi
Kho-Kho
Hockey

Question 5.
The Punjab Sports Department has a special place in the promotion of Games and Sports. Do you agree with this statement? Or Discuss the contribution of Punjab Sports Department.
Answer:
Punjab Sports Department:
The Punjab Government created Punjab State Sports Dept, in 1961 for the development of sports. This department has opened a sports department in every district and it is run by District Sports Officer. Each district has been divided into Tehsils and Tehsils into sub-centres. In each of these sub-centres an arrangement of good coaches has been made.

For the facilities of sports persons, Sports Hostels at several places have been opened. For the students residing in these hostels, the Govt, of Punjab makes arrangement of sports equipment, fee and other facilities in sports. In order to encourage the sportsmen for good performance scholarships are given. Moreover the state government organises state-level competitions in different games every year.

These competitions are known as “Men Sports Festival” and ‘Women Sports Festival.” The Dept, gives certificates and scholarships to those players who get honours in international competitions. It organises Maharaja Ranjit Singh Hockey Tournament at Amritsar every year. It also does gradation for the reserved seats of students in professional colleges.

Question 6.
Write the contribution of Punjab State Sports Council.
Answer:
The Punjab State Sports Council:
The Punjab Government formed a council in 1971 For the promotion of sports and named it the Punjab State Sports Council. The main function of the council was to encourage the youth of the state to participate in games and sports. The main function of the council is to provide help in building playgrounds and stadiums, building Gymnasiums and swimming pools for the development of sports. For this purpose the Govt, of India and the Punjab Govt, give grants to various sports bodies.

The Punjab State Sports Council has established District Sports Council in every district. This council works undfer the Deputy Commissioner of the district. District Sports Officer acts as the secretary of the District Council of Sports. The chief minister of the state acts as the president of the State Sports Council and director of sports as the secretary of council. The State Sports Council always tries to promote sports in the state.

This council honours outstanding sports persons who have achieved an honour in international competition with Maharaja Ranjeet Singh Award. The Council also provides pension to those outstanding old players who had participated in international competition. This council arranges for the expenditure of all teams which participate in National level competitions. The council also provides funds to such Punjabi players who go abroad to participate in international competition.

Question 7.
Describe the contribution of Panchayati Raj Sports Council (Khed Parishad.)
Answer:
The Panchayati Raj Sports Council (Khed Parishad):
The Punjab Govt, founded the Punjab Panchayat Raj Khed Parishad in 1969. Its founder was G. Mukhtar Singh, a man of distinction and prominent player. Before this organisation came into existence, there was only the State Sports Dept, which was active in sports field. The rural players did not get the facilities which were available to urban players. Keeping in view this fact, the then Akali Govt, in the state decided to establish a new sports organisation for rural players which was named the Punjab Panchayati Khed Parishad.

It was decided that the Chief Minister of Punjab will be the Chairman of the organisation and Rural Development Minister, its Senior Vice-president. The person to be appointed its secretary will be well versed in sports. In order to run this organisation properly 22 coaches were appointed in the beginning. Its main office kept under the supervision of Zila Parishad. This organisation organises tournaments for boys I Foot .Ball, Hockey, Kabaddi, Volley Ball, Tug of War, Athletics, Weight lifting, Gymnastics and Kabaddi, Hockey and Kho-Kho etc. for girls. This organisation also gives scholarships to prominent rural players.

Question 8.
Write The contribution of the Punjab School Education Board.
Answer:
The Punjab School Education Board:
The Punjab School Education Board came into existence to decrease the work load of Examination of Punjab University, to conduct smooth examination and to declare the results as early as possible. The main function of this Board is to prepare a syllabi and get the concerned books published for the students.

The Punjab School Education Board has done remarkable work to introduce Physical Education as an elective subject and to conduct examinations in this very subject. Punjab School Education Board takes a special interest to promote the game of Hockey and organises various competitions in games and sports. This board also organises sports competitions at primary level and zonal level in schools to promote games and sports.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the development of sports in Punjab since 1947.
Answer:
India got Freedom in 1947. The English left India aftc. ruling for 200 year. On the eve of independence, Britishers divide India into two countries i.e. India and Pakistan. This division bad! affected the promotion of sports in Punjab. The beautiful playgrounc. were left in Pakistan. The Punjab Govt, and other people of Punja were left behind in the field of sports. Punjab remained withoi grounds or play- fields. The sports city which were very famous manufacturing sports goods i.e. Syalkot was also left in Pakistai The Sports Associations of various games were dissolved.

The position of Sports and games in Punjab turned from bad to worse. After the partition of Punjab, sports lovers again tried to promoi sports in Punjab and a meeting of the Association was held in Shim in 1948. In the same year Punjab State Olympic Association we again founded . Mr. G.D. Sondhi became its President and Mr. F.C Arora became its Secretary. This Association started its function in immediately. In 1948 and 1951 Hockey and Volley Ball Association came into existence. After these Associations, Basket Ball, Kabaddi. Boxing, Cycling Associations of Punjab were formed.

After the formation of these Associations, Districts and State Leve competitions were started to promote sports in Punjab. After 1948 Punjab Hockey and Volley Ball Association started t invite teams of Pakistan and other foreign countries. In order raise the standard of sports All India Level Tournaments wer. organised in various sports. Among these tournaments Maharaj, Ranjeet Singh Tournament Amritsar, Major Bhupinder Singi Tournament Ludhiana, Shaheed Karnail Singh Memoria tournament are prominent.

In 1957 Punjab Olympic Associatio organised a state level tournament for the first time. The Punja Government has also taken a keen interest to promote sports an games in Punjab. The Punjab Government has started to proviti financial aid to the Universities of the state for creatin infrastructure of sports i.e. Gyms, swimming pools etc. The Punjab Police, The Border Security Force, Leader Engineering Works Jalandhar, The Jagatjit Cotton and Textiles Mills, Phagwara have also contributed a lot for the promotion of sports in our state.

The above mentioned teams have participated in Durand Cup Delhi, Gold Cup Bombay, Nehru Hockey Tournament Delhi and many prestigious positions in these tournaments. The Punjab Government has established Govt. College of Physical Education, Patiala to promote the sports and games and for the training of teachers. The Punjab Government also declared Physical Education as one of the elective subjects in schools and colleges. Due to the keen interest of Punjab Govt, the state is progressing in the field of sports day by day. The Punjab state has produced very outstanding players, who have won laurels not only for Punjab but have brought honours for our country also at the international level.

Question 2.
Describe the contribution of the Punjab Education Department in the promotion of sports.
Answer:
The Punjab Education Department has contributed a lot in the promotion of sports which may be described as under:
1. The Punjab Government has established a separate department under D.P.I. (Schools) and D.P.I. (Colleges) for sports and games. This department is trying their best to develop sports in Punjab.

2. To promote sports, the Punjab Education Department started State School of Sports and State College of Sports at Jalandhar in 1961. In these institutions budding players get special training in sports along with their education. The players get admission in these institutions get free boarding and lodging facilities from Education Department.

3. Punjab Education Department has appointed, Punjab District Eudcation officers in every District of Punjab to look after the sports activities of that District. In every District, Competitions are organised at the zonal and the District level. Some of these Competitions are held in winter and other are held in summer by the Education Department.

4. For the promotion of sports, Punjab Education Department organizes different categories of competitions in sports and games. Now even primary, Mini and Junior Competitions are organised.

5. The Education Department has started inservices training centres at Patiala, Jalandhar and Ferozepur. In these Centres new changes in Physical Education and sports are being taught to the people concerned.

6. The Punjab Education Department has started Physical Education in schools and colleges as one of the elective subjects like others subjects.

7. Education Department organises summer Coaching Camps for budding players in various games.

8. Education department also provides financial assistance in schools and colleges for the training of sports persons. Financial assistance is also given to construct sports fields and to purchase sports Equipment.

9. The Punjab Education Department also organizes competitions in National Physical Fitness Programmes.

10. There are reserved seats for outstanding sportsperson in Engineering and Medical colleges. In this way the outstanding players can also qualify in Medical and Engineering colleges and can continue their sports activities in these Colleges. Thus the Punjab Education Department is playing a big role for the development of sports and games.

Question 3.
Write the contribution of the Punjab Olympic Association.
Answer:
The Punjab Olympic Association:
The Punjab Olympic Association was founded by Sh. G.D. Sondhi in 1920. Its first President was Lieut Col. H.N.O. Garret vice- principa1 cf Govt College Lahore. G.D. Sondhi became its honorary secretary. Sir Sikandar Khan became the President on the retirement of Col. Garret in 1937.

In 1947, this association ceased working. After the partition in 1947 the Punjab State Olympic Association was again founded with the efforts of Mr. G.D. Sondhi. Mr. G.D. Sondhi became its President, Dr. J.R. Khosla became its secretary. A meeting of the Association was held in Shimla in 1948. In this meeting MR. G.D. Sondhi and Mr. F.C. Arora were appointed the President and the Secretary respectively. All sports Associations of Punjab became its members.

The District Olympic Association also became the part and parcel of Punjab State Olympic Association. The main function of Punjab State Olympic Association is to look after the functioning of the various Associations of Punjab. It is the duty of Olympic Association to check the Audit Reports of all Association of accounts in time. This Association also gives suggestions to various Associations for the development and care of sports in the state and settle desputes if there are any among the Associations themseleves or with other organisation.

They also celebrate Olympic day every year and provide information regarding Olympic movement. The main responsibility of Olympic Association is to enforce the rules and regulations of Olympic in all competitions and prevent professional players to participate in Amateur competition. The Olympic Association conducts senior and junior sports competitions every year at district and the state levels.

Question 4.
Discuss the contribution of the Universities of Punjab State.
Answer:
The Universities of Punjab State:
At the time of partition of India, there was only one Punjab University in our state at Lahore. After 1947, the Punjab University was shifted to Chapdigarh. Now there are four universities in our state:

The Punjab University, Chandigarh
The Punjabi University, Patiala
The Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana,and
The Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.

Only agricultural colleges are affiliated to Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana and Poly technical Colleges of our state , come under the Technical University Jalandhar, other colleges are affiliated to these universities. The department of Physical education has been created under the care of Director Physical Education in all universities. The Director organises the competitions among all affiliated colleges of the university.

After inter college competition he gets the university team selected and sends these teams of boys and girls for inter university tournaments after training them properly in a coaching camp. It also sends teams for participation in other competitions. Every university has an administrative department in sports, the functions of which are to look after the playfields of the university, the equipment and to organise the sports competitions.

In the subject of department of Physical Education, they teach Physical Education like other subjects except Agricultural University Ludhiana. They also hold examinations in Physical Education subject. In every department of all universities seats are reserved for out-standing sports persons which enables them to get higher education to become engineers, doctors and the scientists.

For the development of sports and games each university possesses huge playgrounds, Swimming pools, Stadium and Gymnasium. In Punjab University, Chandigarh and Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar special departments have been opened to train Physical Education Teachers. In brief we can say that these universities are playing a vital role to produce outstanding sports persons in our state.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 4 Empathy

January 27, 2024January 25, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Book Solutions Chapter 4 Empathy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Welcome Life Chapter 4 Empathy

Welcome Life Guide for Class 9 PSEB Empathy InText Questions and Answers

Textbook Page No. 22

Activity 1

Tell
PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 4 Empathy Img 1

Answer:

S.No.	Feeling	Situation (when the Certain feeling arrived)
1.	Laughter	When someone is Jocking.
2.	Anger	When anyone abuses me.
3.	Sorry	When I get fewer marks in exams.
4.	Fear	When exams are coming closer.
5.	Crying	When anyone scolds me without reason.

Activity 2

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 4 Empathy Img 2

(a) You feel the emotion of ……………….. at your elder brother’s marriage. (Fill in the blank)
Answer:
happy

(b) How did you feel at the departure of Doli at the time of your sister’s marriage ? .
Answer:
I started crying as a girl was leaving her father’s house.

Textbook Page No. 23

Activity 3.

Dear students, today you have to change your seating plan for this period so that you can play an interesting game in your classroom just now. For this activity, one student of each double seater bench ( desk) please get up and interchange your seat with another bench sitter. In this way, one new student will be sitting on each bench. Now the new team will be formed. Just try to get friendly with your new companion and all set to start a new game, which is amazing. One student from each team will try to express the name of any game, player, bird, fruit, weather condition, any idiom and name of his I her friend whatever the name told by the class teacher in his/ her ear. The student will convey the names only by gestures, actions and not by speaking. The other member of the team will try to guess the name within 20 seconds and will note down the score in the note hook. However, the class teacher will describe the names and conduct the game.

Let us conclude :

Question 1.
Which quality did you learn and adopt today by playing this game?
Answer:
From this game, I learned that we should live in cooperation with others. If we will cooperate with others, every work will be done very easily.

Question 2.
Note down three qualities you found in your new friend?
Answer:

He knew how to cooperate with others.
He cooperated with others and we were able to finish the game very quickly.
He had the quality of understanding others very quickly.

Textbook Page No. 23

Question 1.
Did you feel that you can learn a lot from your new friend?
Answer:
Yes, I can learn a lot from my new friend such as a sense of cooperation, power to understand others very quickly.

Question 2.
Fill in the blank :
The more I interact with the people, the ………………
Answer:
I will go closer to them and will learn a sense of cooperation from them.

Activity 4.

Each child will write the answer on their own worksheet. Instead of considering one student as the winner, the winning team will be declared by adding the scores of two students sitting on the bench.
PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 4 Empathy Img 3

Answer:

S.No.	Questionnaire	Answer
1.	Kuchipudi is a folk dance of which Indian state?	Andhra Pradesh
2.	The Kannada language is associated with which Indian state?	Karnataka
3.	By what othe”r name is bhangra known?	Malwai Giddha
4.	Which city is called the pink city?	Jaipur
5.	Sammy folk dance is performed on folk instrument ‘Dhol’ (drum).	Yes
6.	Which is the language of West Bengal?	Bengali
7.	Where are the four towers located?	Hyderabad
8.	The bridegroom s of Khasi village of Meghalaya move in with their in-laws after marriage.	Yes
9.	Which is the most popular folk dance of Gujarat?	Garba
10.	Write down 2 traditional drinks of Punjab.	Butter Milk, Church

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Guide Empathy Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is of great importance in life?
(a) Emotions
(b) Cars
(c) Buildings
(d) Watches.
Answer:
(a) Emotions

2. Which of these is an emotion?
(a) Anger
(b) Love
(c) Fear
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. Which of these is necessary?
(a) To identify an emotion
(b) To accept an emotion
(c) To control an emotion
(d) All of these
Answer;
(d) All of these

4. Which of these is not necessary?
(a) To identify an emotion
(b) To move according to emotions
(c) To control emotions
(d) To accept emotions.
Answer:
(b) To move according to emotions.

5. Society based on certain rules, norms, etc. is known as ………………..
(a) Civilised society
(b) Individual society
(c) Cultural society
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Civilised society

6. Which of these is a feature of a civilized society?
(a) Honesty
(b) Helping others
(c) Sense of responsibility
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

7. Which of these is a famous dance of Punjab?
(a) Giddha
(b) Bhangra
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Natti.
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

8. Which of these is of great importance in our lives?
(a) Cooperation
(b) Maintaining balance
(c) Helping others
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

9. We can find many ………………….. in this world.
(a) Differences
(b) Similarities
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

10. There is …………………. in diversity in India.
(a) Ideology
(b) Unity
(c) Difference
(d) Equality
Answer:
(b) Unity

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Showing ……………… can be good or bad.
Answer:
feelings

2. Identifying …………….. and controlling them is necessary.
Answer:
expressions

3. Society is based on ………………..
Answer:
rules

4. The world is full of ……………….
Answer:
diversity

5. Spirit of ……………… others is must in every individual.
Answer:
helping

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (x) Statement:

1. There is no importance of cooperation in social life.
Answer:
x

2. Both similarities and differences are there in society.
Answer:
✓

3. We share our pain and pleasure with each other.
Answer:
✓

4. Helping others is not good.
Answer:
x

5. Expressing feelings can be good or bad.
Answer:
✓

Match the Following:

(A)	(B)
Anger	Civilized society
Unity in	Expression
Helping others	Diversity
Recognizing expressions	Helpless
Based on values	Controlling emotions

Answer:

(A)	(B)
Anger	Expression
Unity in	Diversity
Helping others	Helpless
Recognizing expressions	Controlling emotions
Based on values	Civilized society

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Which emotions are of great importance in our lives?
Answer:
Emotions such as anger, love, peace, pain, hardness, sympathy, etc. are of great importance in our lives.

Question 2.
Which ability of emotions should be learned?
Answer:
We must learn when and how any expression needs to be expressed.

Question 3.
What is necessary for emotions?
Answer:
Recognizing emotions, accepting and controlling them is a must for us.

Question 4.
Which is a civilized society?
Answer:
A civilized society is a society that is based on certain rules, values, and traits.

Question 5.
On what society is based?
Answer:
Society is based on similarities and differences.

Question 6.
How are people different from each other?
Answer:
People are different from each other from the point of view of language, religion, ways of living, eating habits, etc.

Question 7.
What should we do with diversity?
Answer:
We should welcome and respect diversity.

Question 8.
When should we help anyone?
Answer:
Help should be given at a time when someone needed it quite badly.

Question 9.
Who should be helped?
Answer:
One who is helpless should be helped.

Question 10.
Who is a Diwyang?
Answer:
The person is a Diwyang whose any part of the body is not working properly such as an eye, tongue, ear, arm etc.

Question 11.
How should we treat Diwyangs?
Answer:
We should show sympathy towards Diwyangs.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the importance of emotions in our lives?
Answer:
We have many emotions such as anger, love, peace, hardness, pain, sympathy, etc. These are of great importance in our lives. These emotions are good if we know when and how to use these emotions. It is a must for us to learn that how* much of the expression is to be expressed. If we can have such capability, we can do progress very easily.

Question 2.
How can we maintain the balance of emotions?
Answer:
Emotions can be balanced with the following methods :

Recognizing emotions. First of all, it is a must for us to recognize that when we need to express an emotion.
Accepting emotions. With this, we need to accept that a particular emotion needed to use.
Controlling emotions. Finally, we need to learn the method to control emotions that should be used at an appropriate time.

Question 3.
What is the importance of social norms and values in a civilized society?
Answer:
Each society runs on the basis of fixed norms, values, traits, etc. Such a society is known as a civilized society. To run a society smoothly, it is necessary that it should work with fixed rules and regulations. If this will not happen then everyone will make his own rules and there will be chaos everywhere. There will be no balance in society. That’s why social norms and values are quite important as they are quite helpful for the smooth functioning of society.

Question 4.
Discuss unity in diversity in Indian society.
Answer:
We live in India and can see that the country is full of diversity. Our ways of behavior, habitat, religious values, ways of social behavior, dialect, eating habits, etc. are very much different from each other but still, we are tied with a thread of unity that we are Indians. Although we are different from each other, still live in unity and that’s why we can say that there exists unity in diversity in India.

Question 5.
Write a note on helping the needy.
Answer:
Helping others is good but it is necessary to look that help should be given to the rifeedy one. Along with this, it is a must look that help should do welfare of the needy one. If the needy one is given a thing that is not required by him then the help will be wasted. That’s why it is the duty of everyone to help needy people. Maybe you will require the help of anyone in the near future. In this way, if we help each other, society will run smoothly.

Long Answer Type Question:

Question 1.
Which values did you learn in this chapter?
Answer:

Emotions. Individuals have many emotions but they must know that when and how much of the emotion is to be used.
Balance of emotions. Maintaining a balance of emotions is necessary. For this, we need to recognize, understand, accept and control our emotions.
Social values. Every society is based on fixed values and such a society is known as a civilized society. To run society smoothly, values and rules are necessary or there will be complete chaos in society.
Unity and Diversity. People of different religions, cultures, languages, etc. live in India in peace and harmony with each other. This shows unity in diversity in India.
Helping the Needy one. We meet many people who need someone’s help to do something. We should help such people.

Source-Based Question:

Question 1.
Read the source and answer the questions that follow :
The entire creation and the world are full of diversity. Every animal, bird, every plant, every creature is unique. Even one leaf of a tree is not like another. In society, we see a lot of differences in language, dress, color, occupation, customs, and culture. Indian culture also speaks of unity in diversity. Even though we are full of diversity. We are united with the thread of patriotism and unity. Our joys and sorrows are shared. We live in a world. Let us now share the information gathered about various heritage, cultural, differences in the context of India, in the form of quizzes.

1. Is there any similarity that exists in society?
Answer:
Yes, we have many many similarities among us.

2. There are many differences in society. Explain.
Answer:
This means that people living in society have many similarities as well as differences.

3. Which similarities are widespread in society?
Answer:
We all are humans, do the same type of work, we are the citizens of a single country who follow the same laws, our life is the same, etc.

Question 4.
Which differences exist between us?
Answer:
Our language and dialect are different, our religions are different, our ways of behavior, eating habits, etc. are different. Our personality is different as well.

Question 5.
What type of diversity exists in India?
Answer:
We can find much diversity in India such as many religions exist in India, we use more than 1600 languages, our ways of eating, wearing, living, etc. are different. Our religious rituals, ways of doing marriage, ways of cremating dead bodies are also different. In this way, we can find a lot of diversity in India.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 7 E-Governance

January 27, 2024January 25, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 7 E-Governance Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Computer Science Chapter 7 E-Governance

Computer Guide for Class 9 PSEB E-Governance Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

1. G2C stands for ……………
(a) Government to cooperation
(b) Grievances to cooperation
(c) Government to citizen
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Government to citizen

2. G2G stands for …………………
(a) Government to Government
(b) Get to Go
(c) Gather to Go
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Government to Government

3. G2E stands for ……………..
(a) Grievance to employee
(b) Government to an employee
(c) Government to environment
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Government to an employee

4. G2B stands for ……………..
(a) Government to Banks
(b) Government to Businessmen
(c) Government to Business
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Government to Businessmen

5. IRCTC stands for ………………..
(a) Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Cooperation ltd.
(b) Indian Runway Catering and tourism Cooperation ltd.
(c) Indian Railway Catering and travelling Cooperation ltd.
(d) Indian Railway Cargo and tourism Cooperation ltd
Answer:
(a) Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Cooperation ltd.

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is E-governance?
Answer:
Governance is a framework that is developed with a combination of man and machine. The implementation of any e-governance services requires advanced technology infrastructure like web-based applications that require a dedicated server and user-friendly web interface.

Question 2.
What are the two main objectives of e-governance?
Answer:
1. To satisfactorily fulfil the public’s needs and expectations by simplifying their interaction with various online services.
2. To facilitate a speedy, transparent, accountable, efficient and effective process for performing government administration activities.

Question 3.
Write the area of E-governance in urban.
Answer:
The area of E-Governance in urban are in transportation, railway, Information and public relation key services, roads and traffic management etc.

Question 4.
Write the area of E-governance in rural.
Answer:
E-Governance in rural areas are in the field of Agriculture, Local information, Disaster management, Land record management and Panchayat etc.

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the main characteristics of Good Governance.
Answer:
1. Good governance is transparent which means that people are able to clearly see how and why a decision was made.
2. Good governance follows the rule of law.
3. Good governance is responsive which means that government always tries to serve the needs of the entire community timely and appropriately.

Question 2.
Explain the four pillars of E-Governance.
Answer:
Fundamentally, e-Government projects would stand on four key pillars – People, Process, Technology and Resource (PPTR), Figure below. Each of the components needs to be addressed carefully and in a holistic manner, to achieve the desired results of the project, figure below :
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 7 E-Governance Img 1

1. PEOPLE: As e-government projects are rolled out across the country people within and outside the government will play an increasingly important role in ensuring the success of these projects. The scale of transformation is huge and enormous resources not only in terms of money but also the expertise, skills and commitment of the people will be required.

2. PROCESS: E-Government is not just about the automation of manual records and existing processes, with all their inefficiencies. Rather, it is about transforming government processes and creating new relationships between the government and its citizens and businesses. Hence, a fresh set of process parameters and related workflow should be created, without creating unmanageable and chaotic changes, to maintain the consistency and sustainability of the process.

3. TECHNOLOGY: The Technology Challenges relate to lack of overall architecture and a road map for e-Government, lack of standards, poor IT Infrastructure, especially the poor communication networks, and, above all, adoption of the hardware approach rather than service-approach in the design and implementation of e-Gov projects. These challenges, if not addressed adequately and in time, result in an ad-hoc approach to e-Gov implementation. A few projects get implemented in isolation with big questions on their sustainability and scalability.

4. RESOURCES: New technologies demand new types of implementation models. Adopting conventional procurement methods would not take us far on the path of e-government. In the conventional approach, the project ownership lies with the public sector itself along with the responsibility for funding it and bearing the entire risk.

Question 3.
Explain the four models of e-governance.
Answer:
The followings are the four models of e-governance :

1. Government to citizens (G2C)
This model of e-governance refers to the government services which are shared by citizens. In this model, citizens visit the links of services that they want to use. This model strengthens the bond between the government and its citizen. Type of services which are provided by this model includes:-

Payment of online bills such as electricity, water, telephone bills, etc.
Online registration of applications.
Copies of land record.
Online filling of complaints.
Availability of any kind of online information.

2. Government to government (G2G)
This model refers to the services which are shared between the governments. There is lots of information that need to be shared between various government agencies, department and organizations. These types of services or information areas :

Sharing of information between police departments of various states.
Government document exchange which includes preparation, approval, distribution, and storage of all governmental documents, is also done through e-governance.
Most of the finance and budget works are also done through e-governance.

3. Government to businessmen (G2B)
Through this model, the bond between the private sector and the government is strengthened. It is used by businessmen to communicate to the government. Type of services which are provided by this model includes:-

Rejection and approval of patent are done by this model.
Payment of all kinds of bills and penalties.
Sharing of all kinds of information, rules, and data.
Complaints or any kind of dissatisfaction can be shown by this.

4. Government to employees (G2E)
This model increases the transparency between the government and its employee. Here, employees can keep a check on the functioning and working of the government and the government can keep track of its employees. Information that can be shared by this model:

All kinds of data submission (attendance record, employee record, etc.) from various government offices is done by this model.
An employee can file all kinds of complaints and dissatisfaction with this model.
All kinds of rules- regulations,s, and information for employees can be shared by this.

Question 4.
Write about E-GOVERNANCE IN HEALTH and EDUCATION.
Answer:
E-Governance provides many services in the health sector also. With the help of EGovemance, people can online check the availability of medicines, health camps, and other facilities. The following are the projects under the health area are Hospital OPD Appointment: It is the system of welfare measures started by the Chandigarh Government to make the life of citizens simpler and comfortable. HEALING: This project is started by the Kerala Government for Medical Health and Family Welfare Department,

E-Governance in the education sector is helpful in providing basic education and education facilities to children. Its aim is to provide computer education to children and online results for various classes. The following are the projects under the education field are Online Scholarship Management System: Its purpose is the distribution of scholarships and fees among brilliant and needy students. AISES (All India School Education Survey): The aim of this project is to survey the number of schools in the district which helps in the Census. This project was started by Assam Government.

Question 5.
Describe the history and development of E-governance.
Answer:
Among developing countries, India has been an early adopter of e-governance. The first wave can be considered to have evolved bottom-up. Some social entrepreneurs convinced district-level officials of the wonders of new ICTs, especially in providing convergent services to remote areas and improving transparency and oversight in this regard. The Gyandoot project in Dhar district, which begun in 2000, is considered the forerunner of what was to be a rash. of projects that built a front-end in many village communities which were supposed to be serviced by a back-end mostly in the district collectorate. The idea and the effort were to create pressure from the community front-end for the digitization of back-end departmental processes.

The latter was largely a localized effort, mostly dependent on the initiative and energy of the concerned district collector, often with some very spirited support of the district National Informatics Centre (NIC) staff. Perhaps the most organized and successful effort in this first phase of e-governance in India, roughly between 2000-05, was Rural e-Seva in the West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. As for community-level front-end development two initiatives, N-Logue and Drishti stand out, each of which at one time claimed to be running thousands of community telecentres across the country that could deliver e-governance services.

There is a general tendency to classify these early efforts as failures. Indeed, around 2005-06, N-Logue closed down and Drishti moved out of e-governance services. Rural e-Seva also was never scaled up. However, what is noteworthy is that in a relatively short time, these early projects created a lasting impression of new ICTs as a possible means to bring governance close to the people, and perhaps, also make it more transparent and accountable. To that extent, they had a very significant impact,

even if these initiatives themselves could not survive, due to a variety of reasons which we cannot discuss in greater detail, here. (However, if we compare this situation with the burst of the dot-com bubble in the early part of the last decade, one can see some common factors.) They created the context for the very ambitious National E-Governance Plan (NeGP), especially its flagship project, the Common Service Centres, which was inaugurated by the Government of India in 2006.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Guide E-Governance Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks

1. ………………… means the government to employees.
(a) G2L
(b) G2G
(c) G2E
(d) G2B
Answer:
(c) G2E

2. E-governance has ………………… main objectives.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(a) 2

3. ………………….. do work of e-governance in urban areas.
(a) Transportation
(b) Municipal Corporation
(c) Road Safety
(d) All of above
Answer:
(b) Municipal Corporation

4. ………………….. do work of e-governance in a rural areas.
(a) Health
(b) Panchayat
(c) Agriculture
(d) Municipal Corporation
Answer:
(b) Panchayat

True or False

1. E-governance do not work in education.
Answer:
False

2. E-governance has four models.
Answer:
True

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is e-Government?
Answer:
The term e-Government is understood differently across the world. E- Govemment or Electronic Government is the delivery of more convenient, customer-oriented, and cost-effective public services and sharing of information through electronic media. Specifically, e-Government harnesses information and communication technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government.

Question 2.
What is the difference between e-Government and e-Governance?
Answer:
E-Govemment is the transformation of internal and external public sector relationships, through Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in order to optimize government service delivery and citizen participation. Digital society is a society or community that is well advanced in the adoption and integration of digital technology into daily life at home, work and play. E-Governance is the development, deployment, and enforcement of the policies, laws, and regulations necessary to support the functioning of a Knowledge Society as well as of e-Government.

Question 3.
What are the objectives of e-Governance?
Answer:
The strategic objective of e-Governance is to support and simplify governance for government, citizens, and businesses. The use of ICT can connect all three parties and support processes and activities. Other objectives are to make government administration more transparent, speedy and accountable while addressing the society’s needs and expectations through efficient public services and effective interaction between the people, businesses and government.

Question 4.
what are the benefits of e-Governance?
Answer:
E-Governance offers many benefits and advantages for the government, corporate sector and society. E-Governance facilitates better delivery of government services to citizens, improved interactions with business and industry, citizen empowerment through access to information, or more efficient government management. It simplifies internal operations and improves the performance of government departments while helping all sections of society to avail government services at lower cost with maximum ease of use.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
List the various services of E-governance for urban.
Ans. The followings are the various services of e-governances for urban :

1. Transportation: There are many services which are provided by e-governance in transportation like provision of booking facility of interstate transport, plans for regional transportation, time table of buses and transportation improvement program etc. The following are the projects under e-governance in transportation such as:OSRTC- The Orissa State Road Transport Corporation project was started to provide online facilities in the transportation department.HRTC- The Himachal Road Transport Corporation project provides many facilities like online booking, availability and cancellation of seats and buses etc.

2. Online payment of bills and taxes: E-Governance also provides online transactions,payment of bills, EMIs and taxes etc. The project under e-governance in online payment is FRIENDS which is started by Kerala Government to make onlinepayments of fees, water and electricity bills etc.

3. Municipal services: The services provided by municipal sector are house taxes, issuethe death certificates, maintain records of property and approval for site plans etc.The following are the projects under municipal services are:SDO Suite: This project was started by Assam Government. It provides manyfacilities by issuing certificates like permission for land sale, birth and death reportetc.

4. Rural Digital Services: It gives many social security services such as old agepension, widow and freedom fighter pension.

5. Roads and. traffic management: The services provided by road and trafficmanagement are construction and maintenance of roads, traffic management andpollution control schemes. The project under e-govemance in road and trafficmanagement is CFST (Citizen Friendly Services of Transport) which is started by Andhra Pradesh Government. It checks the pollution control level, road safety andsafety of people. ’

Question 2.
List the various services of E-governance for rural.
Answer:
The followings are the various services of e-governances for rural:

1. Agriculture: The farmers rely on the information provided by the govemmentthrough e-governance. Governments are working on many projects used in agriculture like MARKET which is approved by the Department of Marketing and inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture and Government of India. ‘

2. Local information: Government provides many local information such as prices of seeds, loan rates etc. The project under e-governance in local information is EJanSamparkwhich is started by Chandigarh Government to help people access the local information in their locality to fulfil their needs.

3. Land record management: With the help of this management, huge number of land records can be maintained in a very small time. The following are the projects under land record management are : Bhooftii: It was started by Karnataka Government and known as the first E-Governanceland records management projects.Land Records Management System State Government of Punjab.

4. Panchayat: Panchayat provides many services such as issuing the birth and death certificates, various schemes for poor people and water supply and sanitation etc.

Question 3.
List the various E-Governance Services from Government To Government.
Answer:
E-Governance Services from Government to Government (G2G): It is also known as E-Administration. In this model, services are being shared between many governments. Information are shared among various government agencies, organizations and departments. The following arethe services discussed in the G2G model:

E-Secretariat: E-Secretariat provides huge, valuable and functional information of the state. In E-Secretariat,multiple departments are linked together on internet and exchange the information of various components. Italso links all the governmental departments with their headquarters and state capitals. .

E-Police: E-Police helps everyone to feel safe and secure. For this purpose, E- Police maintain two databases.First database is of police personnel which provide records (current and previous posting etc.) of persons working in police. This database helps people to find the specialization of policemen according to geographical regions and skills. Second database is of criminal records. This database provides full detail of any criminal byjust typing the name of criminal. This database also provide the past activities and area of operation of anycriminal.

E-Court: E-Court will bring a revolution in the Indian pending court cases. In India, there are a number of pending cases that produce frustration in people and will bring the system to a halt. Both consumers and the system need the change. If the system w3ill work in the same manner in future, than one day it will collapse. In E- Court, IT transforms the system into databases of cases having zero level dependency. In such systems, Judges can consider the appeals from intranet, give their decisions online by considering recorded facts of case and reduce the backlog of cases.
The success of G2G model is based on some important aspects like expenditure, the establishment of the network, planning, monitoring and controlling the performance of process resources like human and financial.

Question 4.
What are the various stages of E-governance?
Answer:
Stages of e-Governance :
It is apparent in various research studies that e-Governance is fundamentally linked with the development of computer technology, networking of computers and communication systems. In developing nations, such technologies and systems became available with an observable time lag as compared to developed nations. When appraising the e-governance model in India, it is established that with the liberalization of the economy from the early 1990s onwards, there has been a convergence in the availability of progressive technologies and opportunities in this field. The inception of e-Governance proceeded through four stages in India.

1. Computerization: In the first stage, with the availability of personal computers, the majority of Government offices are well equipped with computers. The use of computers begem with word processing, quickly followed by data processing.

2. Networking: In this stage, some units of a few government organizations are connected through a hub leading to sharing of information and flow of data between different government entities.

3. On-line presence: In the third stage, with increasing internet connectivity, a need was felt for maintaining a presence on the web. This resulted in the maintenance of websites by government departments and other entities. Generally, these web pages/websites contained information about the organizational structure, contact details, reports and publications, objectives and vision statements of the respective government entities.

4. On-line interactivity: A natural significance of online presence was opening up of communication channels between government entities and the citizens, civil society organizations etc. The main objective of this stage was to lessen the scope of personal interface with government entities by providing downloadable Forms, Instructions, Acts, and Rules.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 4 Introduction to DBMS

January 27, 2024January 25, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 4 Introduction to DBMS Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Computer Science Chapter 4 Introduction to DBMS

Computer Guide for Class 9 PSEB Introduction to DBMS Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

1. ……………… is the full name of DBMS.
(a) Database manager system
(b) Database managing system
(c) Database management System
(d) Database Messenger Software.
Answer:
(c) Database management System

2. To control the Database ………………… is responsible.
(a) Data master
(b) Database administrator
(c) User
(d) Common man
Answer:
(b) Database administrator

3. After processing data is Convert into …………………..
(a) Database
(b) Information
(c) Entity
(d) Software
Answer:
(b) Information

4. Information associate with each other makes………………..
(a) Database
(b) DBMS
(c) DBA
(d) File Processing System
Answer:
(a) Database

5. To store the same data again and again in a database is called …………………
(a) Integrity
(b) Redundancy
(c) Object
(d) Foreign key
Answer:
(b) Redundancy

6. …………………. is a unique key.
(a) Primary key
(b) Foreign key
(c) Electronic key
(d) Database key
Answer:
(a) Primary key

2. Full Forms

1. DBA
Answer:
Database administrator.

2. DBMS
Answer:
Database management System.

3. SQL
Answer:
Structured query language.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a database?
Answer:
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images.

Question 2.
What are the different types of relationships?
Answer:
One-to-One Relationships
One-to-Many Relationships
Many-to-Many Relationships
Self-Referencing Relationships

Question 3.
Write the names of different DBA’s.
Answer:
Administrative DBA
Development DBA
Data Architect
Data Warehouse DBA

Question 4.
What is SQL?
Answer:
SQL is a Structured Query Language, which is a computer language for storing, manipulating, and retrieving data stored in a relational database. SQL is the standard language for Relation Database Systems. All relational database management systems like MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres, and SQL Server use SQL as standard database language.

Question 5.
Name the different types of keys.
Answer:

Primary key
Foreign key
Composite key
Natural key
Surrogate key
Candidate key
Compound key

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe Normalization. How many types of Normalization?
Answer:
Normalization is a process of organizing the data in the database to avoid data redundancy, insertion anomaly, update anomaly & deletion anomaly.
Here are the most commonly used normal forms :

First normal form(1NF)
Second normal form(2NF)
Third normal form(3NF)

First normal form (1NF)
As per the rule of the first normal form, an attribute (column) of a table cannot hold multiple values. It should hold only atomic values.

Second normal form (2NF)
A table is said to be in 2NF if both the following conditions hold :
The table is in INF (First normal form)
No non-prime attribute is dependent on the proper subset of any candidate key of the table. An attribute that is not part of any candidate key is known as a non-prime attribute.

Third Normal form (3NF)
A table design is said to be in 3NF if both the following conditions hold:
The table must be in 2NF
Transitive functional dependency of non-prime attribute on any super key should be removed. An attribute that is not part of any candidate key is known as a non-prime attribute.

In other words, 3NF can be explained like this: A table is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for each functional dependency X-> Y at least one of the following conditions hold :
X is a super key of the table
Y is a prime attribute of the table
An attribute that is a part of one of the candidate keys is known as a prime attribute.

Question 2.
What is a file processing system? What are the disadvantages of the file processing system?
Answer:
A file processing system is a collection of files and programs that access/ modify these files. Typically, new files and programs are added over time (by different programmers) as new information needs to be stored and new ways to access information are needed. A File can store records and we can extract these records using different applications programs.
Disadvantages of File Processing System.
The conventional file processing system suffers from the following shortcomings :

1. Data Redundancy – Data Redundancy means the same information is duplicated in several files. This makes data redundant.

2. Data Inconsistency – Data Inconsistency means different copies of the same data are not matching. That means different versions of the same basic data are existing. This occurs as the result of update operations that are not updating the same data stored at different places. Example: Address Information of a customer is recorded differently in different files.

3. Difficulty in Accessing Data – It is not easy to retrieve information using a conventional file processing system. Convenient and efficient information retrieval is almost impossible using a conventional file processing system.

4. Data Isolation – Data are scattered in various files, and the files may be in different formats, writing a new application program to retrieve data is difficult.

5. Integrity Problems – The data values may need to satisfy some integrity constraints. For example, the balance field Value must be greater than 5000. We have to handle this through program code in file processing systems. But in the database, we can declare the integrity constraints along with the definition itself.

6. Atomicity Problem – It is difficult to ensure atomicity in the file processing system. For example, transferring $100 from Account A to account B. If a failure occurs during execution there could be a situation like $100 is deducted from Account A and not credited in Account B.

7. Concurrent Access anomalies – If multiple users are updating the same data simultaneously it will result in an inconsistent data state. In a file processing system, it is very difficult to handle this using program code. This results in concurrent access anomalies.

8. Security Problems – Enforcing Security Constraints in the file processing system is very difficult as the application programs are added to the system in an ad-hoc manner.

9. Observations and Conclusions – Data Redundancy may lead to Data inconsistency if redundant data are not updated simultaneously. Data inconsistency leads the system into an inconsistent state since the operations based on inconsistent data results in more inconsistency.

Question 3.
What do you mean by DBMS? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of DBMS.
Answer:
A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases.
The DBMS has a number of advantages as compared to the traditional computer file processing approach. The DBA must keep in mind these benefits or capabilities during designing databases, coordinating and monitoring the DBMS.

The major advantages of DBMS are described below :

Controlling Data Redundancy
Data Consistency
Data Sharing
Data Integration
Integrity Constraints

Disadvantages of Database Management System (DBMS):
Although there are many advantages the DBMS may also have some minor disadvantages. These are :

Cost of Hardware & Software
Cost of Data Conversion
Cost of Staff Training
Appointing Technical Staff

Question 4.
What is an entity? Write the types of entities in DBMS.
Answer:
An entity can be a real-world object, either animate or inanimate, that can be easily identifiable. For example, in a school database, students, teachers, classes, and courses offered can be considered entities. All these entities have some attributes or properties that give them their identity. An entity set is a collection of similar types of entities. An entity set may contain entities with attributes sharing similar values. For example, a Student set may contain all the students of a school; likewise, a Teachers’ set may contain all the teachers of a school from all faculties. Entity sets need not be disjoint.

The Entity-Relationship (ER) model consists of different types of entities. The existence of an entity may depend on the existence of one or more other entities, such an entity is said to be existence dependent. Entities whose existence not depending on any other entities are termed as not existence dependent. Entities based on their characteristics are classified as follows.

Strong Entities
Weak Entities
Recursive Entities
Composite Entities

Strong Entity Vs Weak Entity
An entity set that has a primary key is termed a strong entity set. An entity set that does not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key is termed a weak entity set. A weak entity is existence-dependent. That is the existence of a weak entity depends on the existence of an identifying entity set. The discriminator (or partial key) is used to identify other attributes of a weak entity set. The primary key of a weak entity set is formed by the primary key of identifying the entity set and the discriminator of the weak entity set. The existence of a weak entity is indicated by a double rectangle in the ER diagram. We underline the discriminator of a weak entity set with a dashed line in the ER diagram.

Recursive Entity
A recursive entity is one in which a relationship can exist between occurrences of the same entity set. This occurs in a unary relationship.

Composite Entities
If Many too Many relationships exist we must create* a bridge entity to convert it into 1 to Many. Bridge entity composed of the primary keys of each of the entities to be connected. The bridging entity is known as a composite entity.

Question 5.
What do you mean by data models? Write the parts of it.
Answer:
Data Models are fundamental entities to introduce abstraction in a DBMS. Data models define how data is connected to each other and how they are processed and stored inside the system. The very first data model could be a flat data model, where all the data used are to be kept in the same plane A data model organizes data elements and standardizes how the data elements relate to one another. Since data elements document real-life people, places, and things and the events between them, the data model represents reality, for example, a house has many windows or a cat has two eyes. Computers are used for the accounting of these real-life things and events and therefore the data model is a necessary standard to ensure exact communication between human beings.

A data model consists of two parts as shown in the figure:

DDL – Data definition language
DML – Data manipulation language
i.e. Data Model = DDL + DML
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 4 Introduction to DBMS Img 1

PSEB 9th Class Computer Guide Introduction to DBMS Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the Blanks

1. ……………….. is a set of one or more attributes taken collectively to uniquely identify a record.
Answer:
Super Key

2. ……………….. attribute can be taken as a primary key.
Answer:
Id

3. A ………………… is a property of the entire relation, rather than of the individual tuples in which each tuple is unique.
Answer:
Key

4. …………………… cannot be taken as a primary key?
Answer:
Street.

True or False

1. Processed data is called information.
Answer:
True

2. Database is secure and reliable.
Answer:
True

3. DBA has no responsibility to manage DBMS.
Answer:
False

4. Related data items are called records.
Answer:
True

5. Collection of related data items is called a file.
Answer:
False

6. Meaningful data is called information.
Answer:
False

7. Ordering meaningful data is called a database.
Answer:
True

8. Meaningful data items are called files.
Answer:
False

9. Collection of related records is called data.
Answer:
False

10. DBA controls database system
Answer:
True

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Database.
Answer:
A prearranged collection of figures known as data is called a database.

Question 2.
What is DBMS?
Answer:
Database Management Systems (DBMS) are applications designed especially which enable user interaction with other applications.

Question 3.
What are the various kinds of interactions catered by DBMS?
Answer:
The various kind of interactions catered by DBMS are :

Data definition
Update
Retrieval
Administration

Question 4.
Segregate database technology’s development.
Answer:
The development of database technology is divided into :

Structure or data model
Navigational model
SQL/ relational model

Question 5.
Who proposed the relational model?
Answer:
Edgar F. Codd proposed the relational model in 1970.

Question 6.
What are the features of Database language?
Answer:
A database language may also incorporate features like DBMS-specific Configuration and management of storage engine Computations to modification of query results by computations, like summing, counting, averaging, grouping, sorting, and cross-referencing Constraint enforcement Application Programming Interface.

Question 7.
What do database languages do?
Answer:
As special-purpose languages, they have :

Data definition language
Data manipulation language
Query language

Question 8.
Define database model.
Answer:
A data model determining fundamentally how data can be stored, manipulated, and organized and the structure of the database logically is called a database model.

Question 9.
What is SQL?
Answer:
Structured Query Language (SQL) being ANSI standard language updates database and commands for accessing.

Question 10.
Enlist the various relationships of the database.
Answer:
Tire various relationships of the database are :

One-to-one: Single table having drawn relationship with another table having similar kind of columns.
One-to-many: Two tables having primary and foreign key relations.
Many-to-many: Junction table having many tables related to many tables.

Question 11.
Define Normalization.
Answer:
Organized data void of inconsistent dependency and redundancy within a database is called normalization.

Question 12.
Enlist the advantages of normalizing the database.
Answer:
Advantages of the normalizing database are :

No duplicate entries
Saves storage space
Boasts the query performances.

Question 13.
Define Denormalization.
Answer:
Boosting up database performance, adding redundant data which in turn helps rid of complex data is called denormalization.

Question 14.
Define DDL and DML.
Answer:
Managing properties and attributes of a database are called Data Definition Language (DD L). Manipulating data in a database such as inserting, updating, deleting is defined as Data Manipulation Language. (DML)

Question 15.
Define Object-oriented model.
Answer:
Compilations of objects make up this model in which values are stored within instance variables that are inside the object. The object itself comprises bodies of objects for its operation which are called methods. Objects containing the same kind of variables and methods are called classes.

Question 16.
Define Entity.
Answer:
It can be defined as being a ‘thing’ with an independent existence in the real world. –

Question 17.
What do you mean by Entity type?
Answer:
A set of entries having similar attributes are entity types.

Question 18.
Define Entity Set.
Answer:
Compilation of all entries of any particular type of entry in the database is called Entity Set.

Question 19.
What do you mean by Entity type extension?
Answer:
Compilation of similar entity types into one particular type which is grouped together as an entity set.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Enlist the disadvantages of the query.
Answer:
The disadvantages of the query are :

No indexes
Stored procedures are excessively compiled.
Triggers and procedures are without SET NOCOUNT ON.
Complicated joins making up inadequately written queries.
Cursors and temporary tables showcase a bad presentation.

Question 2.
What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?
Answer:
The first normal form or INF is the first and the simplest type of normalization that can be implemented in a database. The main aims of INF are to :

1. Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table.
2. Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify each row with a unique column (the primary key).

Question 3.
What is Data?
Answer:
Data is a plural of datum, which is originally a Latin noun meaning “something given.” Today, data is used in English both as a plural noun meaning “facts or pieces of information” and as a singular mass noun meaning “information”. In computing, data is information that has been translated into a form that is more convenient to move or process. Relative to today’s computers and transmission media, data is information converted into binary digital form.

Question 4.
Define Database.
Answer:
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images. In computing, databases are sometimes classified according to their organizational approach. The most prevalent approach is the relational database, a tabular database in which data is defined so that it can be reorganized and accessed in a number of different ways. A distributed database is one that can be dispersed or replicated among different points in a network. An object-oriented programming database is one that is congruent with the data defined in object classes and subclasses.

Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files, such as sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer profiles. Typically, a database manager provides users the capabilities of controlling read/ write access, specifying report generation, and analyzing usage.

Question 5.
What is DBMS (Database Management System)?
Answer:
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of an integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way.

Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, users can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency, and restoring the database from backups. A DBMS also provides the ability to logically present database information to users.

Question 6.
What is the need for DBMS?
Answer:
A database management system (DBMS) can help address the employee count scenario and a range of even more complex situations related to cost, order status, or inventory management by presenting the same data to everyone in the business at the same time. A DBMS also eliminates the frustrating hunt for the right version of the right spreadsheet on a vast and disorganized network drive.

As businesses grow, the volume of data they accumulate grows exponentially. Managing this data deluge becomes increasingly difficult just at the moment when superior data management becomes more important to business success.
As businesses expand, more sophisticated tools are needed to manage data. Tools that serve start-ups well are overwhelmed by the demands faced by larger businesses,
A database management system (DBMS) is a powerful tool used to store data, secure it, protect it and make it quickly available to people who need it.
A DBMS enables a business to squeeze more value from the data it collects for improved decision-making.

Question 7.
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS?
Answer:
The advantages and disadvantages of DBMS are as follows :

Advantages :

Reduced data redundancy
Reduced updating errors and increased consistency
Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs
Improved data access to users through the use of host and query languages
Improved data security
Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs
Facilitated development of new applications program

Disadvantages :

Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design
Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs
Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database system
Initial training is required for all programmers and users.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Civics Chapter 1 History, Development and Expansion of the Modern Democracy

January 27, 2024January 25, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Civics Chapter 1 History, Development and Expansion of the Modern Democracy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 History, Development and Expansion of the Modern Democracy

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB History, Development and Expansion of the Modern Democracy Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The smallest unit of administration during the Cholas Reign was ________
Answer:
Urr.

Question 2.
________ led the socialistic party in Chile.
Answer:
Salvador Allende.

II. Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Which of the following countries inspired other countries of the world to adopt Parliamentary system?
(i) Germany
(ii) France
(iii) England
(iv) China.
Answer:
(iii) England.

Question 2.
Which of the following country doesn’t have the Veto Power?
(ii) India
(ii) U.S.A
(iii) France
(iv) China.
Answer:
(i) India.

III. Write T (for True) and F (for False) Statements :

Question 1.
India is a permanent member of the Security Council of UNO.
Answer:
F-False

Question 2.
Democracy is surviving continuously in our neighboring country- Paskistan.
Answer:
T-True.

IV. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which form of ruling system is being adopted in majority of the nations of the world these days?
Answer:
These days, most of the nations adopt democratic setup of government.

Question 2.
Give the names of ideologies remained in Italy and Germany and were responsible for the set hack of democarcy after 1st World War.
Answer:
Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany.

Question 3.
When was Allende elected President of Chile?
Answer:
Salvador Allende was elected the President of Chile in 1970 A.D.

Question 4.
When did the reinstallation of democracy take place in Chile?
Answer:
In Chile, democracy was installed again in 1990 A.D.

Question 5.
Who led the strike for demand of democratic rights in Poland?
Answer:
Lech Walesa led the strike for the demand of democratic rights in Poland.

Question 6.
When did the election take place in Poland for Presidentship? Who was elected President?
Answer:
In 1990, the elections were held for the post of President and Lech Walesa was elected the President of Poland.

Question 7.
WTien was the universal adult franchise given to the citizens of India?
Answer:
In 1950, with the implementation of the Indian Constitution, Universal Adult Franchise was given to the Indian Citizens.

Question 8.
Which two big continents were fell prey to Colonialism?
Answer:
Asia and Africa were the victims of colonialism.

Question 9.
When did Ghana-a country of South Africa continent become independent?
Answer:
Ghana became an independent country in 1957 A.D.

Question 10.
Which military dictator took hold of the elected Government in 1999 in our neighbouring country Pakistan?
Answer:
General Parvez Musharraf.

Question 11.
Give the names of two international organisations.
Answer:
United Nations Orgnisation and International Monetary Fund.

Question 12.
What is the function of International Monetary Fund?
Answer:
It provides loan to various countries for development projects.

Question 13.
How many countries are members of the UN?
Answer:
UN has 193 member countries.

Question 14.
Give the names of different ruling system prevailing in the world.
Answer:
Monarchy, totalitarianism, authoritarianism, dictatorship, military dictatorship and democracy.

V. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by adult Franchise?
Answer:
All the Indian citizens, irrespective of their caste, gender, varna, race etc after attaining a fixed age, are given a right to vote in elections. It is known as Universal Adult Franchise. In India, citizens after attaining the age of 18 years, without any discrimination, are given right to vote.

Question 2.
Write a note on the democracy at local level in Chola Kingdom.
Answer:
To run the administration smoothly, Chola rulers divided whole of their kingdom into different units and such administrative units had independent rights. To run the local administration they started a Samiti system which was known as ‘Wariam System’. Different Samitis were formed for different purpose. The smallest unit of administration was ‘Urr’ and to run its administration a samiti of 30 members were elected by the adults of Urr for one year. Each Urr was divided into wards whose members were elected by the people.

Question 3.
What is the meaning of ‘Veto Power’? Give the names of countries having Veto Power.
Answer:
The meaning of Veto Power is to ‘say no’. It means that who so ever is given the right to use Veto Power, no resolution can be passed without its approval. Five members of the Security Council of U.N.O. have the right to use veto power. If any of the five members of the Security Council uses veto, against any resolution, it cannot be passed. The Countries with veto power are-United States of America, England, Russia, France and China.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on the history of democracy in our neighbouring country Pakistan.
Answer:
Pakistan was formed in 1947 by dividing India and its history of democracy is not good. Army in Pakistan is quite powerful and it is quite influential in its politics. In 1958, Prime Minister Firoz Khan Noon was removed by the Army head General Ayub Khan who became head of the country. After this, in 1977, popular and elected Prime Minister Zulfikar Ah Bhuto was again removed by Army General Zia-Ul-Haq and declared himself as the President of Country. In the same way, in 1999, elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was overthrown through a military coup by then Army General Parvez Mussharaf. In 2002, MusshaTaf declared himself as the President of Pakistan. In this way from time to time democratic governments were overthrown by the Army Generals.

Question 5.
Write brief note on the history of democracy in Chile.
Answer:
Chile is a South American country in which Salvador Allende’s Socialist party won President’s elections in 1970. Allende became the President of Chile and he started doing many welfare works for the people, brought many reforms in education and did many works which were opposed by the multi-national companies. On 11 September, 1973, Army head General Augusto Pinochet overthrew the government in which Allende was killed. Power came in the hands of General Pinochet. After ruling the country for 17 years, Pinochet conducted a referendum in which people voted him out of power. In 1990, elections were conducted in the country and democracy was restored in the country.

Question 6.
Who played a great role for the freedom of Ghana-a country of African continent? What was the influence of freedom of Ghana on other countries of African continent?
Answer:
Ghana got independence from the British in 1957 A.D., A person Kwame Nkrumah played the most important role in its freedom struggle. During the freedom

struggle, he along with the people, got the country independent. He became the first Prime Minister and later on the President of country. Ghana’s freedom had a great impact on the other African countries which got motivated by its independence. They along with the passage of time also got freedom from other colonial countries.

VI. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on International Monetary Fund.
Answer:
International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are known? Brentton Wood institutions. International Monetary Fund started its economic operations in 1947 A.D. The decision making process of these institutions is controlled by the western countries. U.S.A. holds the major voting rights of I.M.F. and the World Bank.

This institution gives credit to different countries. It has 188 members and each country has voting rights. The power of giving vote for each country is fixed by the monetary contribution given by it to the institution. 52% voting rights of I.M.F. are controlled only by 10 countries and these are U.S.A., Japan, Germany, France, England, China, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Canada and Russia. As a result, 178 members have very less rights of taking decisions in the institution. In this way we can say that the decision making process in this institution is not democratic.

Question 2.
Write a note on United Nations Organization.
Answer:
United Nations Organization is an international organization which was formed after second world war on 24th October, 1945. It had 51 original members and India was one of them. United Nations was a result of those efforts which were made by keeping in mind the world peace and to stop further wars. Presently it has 193 members.

United Nations has a Parliament which is known as United Nations General Assembly. Here each country is given equal voting rights and members here discuss all the issues related to the problems of world. The meeting of general Assembly is presided over by the Chairman. United Nations has one Secretriate whose head is known as ‘Secretary General’. All the decisions are taken by consulting the concerned members. It has six organs and these are General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and the Secretriate.

Question 3.
Explain in brief the development of democracy in ancient period of Greece and Romans.
Answer:
If we look at the beginning of democracy in the whole world, it begin in the Greece and Roman republics. During ancient times, the cities of Greece had direct democracy, population of these states was quite less. The administrative decisions of the state were directly taken by the people. All the citizens of the state took part in the decision making process of making laws to solve economic, political and social problems, to pass annual budget of the state and to frame public policy.

But this democracy was a limited democracy because a large part of population of the state was of slaves. Slaves were not allowed to take part in the administrative functions of the state. Although the Roman Kings were elected by the people but they run the administration according to their will. Theoretically kings represented whole of the population but practically they run the administration according to their wish.

Question 4.
“Multinational Companies are posing a threat to democracy in the modern era.” Explain the statement.
Answer:
The present age is of globalisation and there has been an increased inter dependency between different countries. Many multinational companies have come forward which work and trade in different countries. But the question arises whether such companies are a threat to democracy?

Presently, most of the doveloping and under developed countries have adopted globalisation and open market policy. Under this policy, multinational companies are doing their business. The major motive of such companies is to earn more and more profit and consequently they continuely increase the price of their products. Such companies always try to exploit the people in one way or the other which is actually against the spirit of democracy.

Although our governments call themselves democratic but they are actually run by business sector. These multinational companies are completely controlled by business sector and they make government policies in ther favour. That’s why rich are becoming more rich and poor are becoming more poor. But this is actually exactly opposite to the spirit of democracy. In this way, such companies are a threat to democracy.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide History, Development and Expansion of the Modem Democracy Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Democracy exists :
(a) In 70 countries
(b) In Europe only
(c) In the majority countries of the world
(d) In the whole world.
Answer:
(c) In the majority countries of the world.

Question 2.
Who was the President of Chile, when his government was overthrown on 11 Sept. 1973?
(a) Salvador Allende
(b) Michelle Bachelet
(c) General Augusto Pinochet
(d) Lech Walesa.
Answer:
(a) Salvador Allende.

Question 3.
Military coup took place in Chile on :
(a) 11 September 1975
(b) 21 September 1976
(c) 11 September 1973
(d) 11 September 1974.
Answer:
(c) 11 September 1973.

Question 4.
Poland had its first election in :
(a) April 1989
(b) October 1990
(c) April 1990
(d) October 1992.
Answer:
(b) October 1990.

Question 5.
Who was elected the President of Poland in 1990?
(a) General Augusto Pinochet
(b) Salvador Allende
(c) Michelle Bachelet
(d) Lech Walesa.
Answer:
(d) Lech Walesa.

Question 6.
In which year referendum was held in Poland on Pinochet’s military dictatorship?
(a) 1995
(b) 1988
(c) 1992
(d) 1982.
Answer:
(b) 1988.

Question 7.
In 1980 in Poland which was the ruling party?
(a) Solidarity Party
(b) Polish Socialist Party
(c) Communist Party
(d) Polish United Workers’ Party.
Answer:
(d) Polish United Workers’ Party.

Question 8.
Which one of the following was the feature of Walesa government of Poland?.
(a) No interference in economic affairs
(b) Foreign intervention in domestic affairs
(c) Govt, .control on all big industries
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) No interference in economic affaris.

Question 9.
Which of the following was the feature of Allende government of Chile?
(a) Widespread corruption
(b) Free Market
(c) Govt, control on big industries
(d) Foreign Intervention in domestic affairs.
Answer:
(c) Govt, control on big industries.

Question 10.
Which of the following was the common feature of Allende government of Chile and Michelle’s Chile?
(а) Power was exercised by the military rulers
(б) Direct democracy
(c) Rule of few persons
(d) Power was exercised by government elected by the people.
Answer:
(d) Power was exercised by government elected by the people.

Question 11.
Which of the following is a feature of Democracy?
(a) Franchise based on Property qualification
(b) Frachise based on educational qualification
(c) Landlords are the voters
(d) Universal Adult Franchise.
Answer:
(d) Universal Adult Franchise.

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
Democracy begin in ________ the ________ and republics.
Answer:
Greece, Roman

Question 2.
The system of running the local administration under the Chola rulers was known as ________
Answer:
Wariam

Question 3.
________ said that the democracy is a govt, of the people, for the people and by the people.
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln

Question 4.
A new country ________ was formed by dividing India in 1947.
Answer:
Pakistan

Question 5.
In Poland ________ was dismissed from the job in 1976 for demanding higher wages.
Answer:
Lech Walesa

Question 6.
In ________, Allende was elected as the President of Chile.
Answer:
1970

Question 7.
Universal Adult Frenchise was given in ________ with the implementation of its constitution.
Answer:
India.

True/False:

Question 1.
Iraq gained independence in 1932 from the American colonialism.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The 52% voting rights of I.M.F. are with the 10 countries.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
America became the only superpower in 1991 with the disintegration of U.S.S.R.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
15 members of the security council hag the veto power.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
There were 100 primary members of the united nations.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
United Nations Organisation has 193 members.
Answer:
True

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When the government of President Salvador Allende was over thrown and who was the leader of military coup?
Answer:
The government was overthrown by General Augusto Pinochet on 11 Sept. 1973.

Question 2.
Does army has the right to arrest any one?
Answer:
No, army does not have the right to arrest anyone.

Question 3.
When did General Pinochet in Chile conduct referendum?
Answer:
General Pinochet conducted referendum in 1990 in Chile.

Question 4.
When was political freedom restored in Chile?
Answer:
In 1990.

Question 5.
Which party ruled Poland in 1980?
Answer:
Polish United Workers party ruled Poland in 1980.

Question 6.
Was there any other political party in Poland except Polish United Workers party?
Answer:
No, as no other party was allowed in Poland.

Question 7.
Who was elected as the President of Chile in January 2006?
Answer:
Michelle Bachelet.

Question 8.
Which trade union did strike in Poland in 1988?
Answer:
Solidarity did strike in Poland in 1988.

Question 9.
Give one feature of a non-democratic government.
Answer:
Here government is not elected by the people.

Question 10.
In 19th century, democracy in which country was constantly changed and was re-established again?
Answer:
In France, there was a complete turmoil during whole of the 19th century.

Question 11.
Name the two countries where non-democratic governments still exist.
Answer:

North Korea
China.

Question 12.
Which form of government mostly prevails in most of the countries?
Answer:
Presently, most of the countries prefer democratic form of government.

Question 13.
Which country was disintegrated in 1991 and it formed 15 independent countries?
Answer:
In 1991, U.S.S.R. was disintegrated and there formed 15 independent nations.

Question 14.
In which Asian country, a democratically elected government was dismissed in 2005?
Answer:
In 2005, the new king of Nepal dismissed her democratic government.

Question 15.
When was United Nations Organisation established?
Answer:
On 24th October, 1945.

Question 16.
Write names of all the organs of the United Nations.
Answer:
General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and the Secreteriate.

Question 17.
Give one basic objective of the United Nations.
Answer:
United Nations was established on the theory of equality among nations.

Question 18.
Name the permanent members of the Security Council.
Answer:
USA, U.K., Russia, France and China.

Question 19.
How many members of the United Nations are there?
Answer:
United Nations has 193 members.

Question 20.
Who gives credit to the members of U.N. if any need arises?
Answer:
International Monetai’y Fund and the World Bank gives credit to the members of U.N. if any need arises.

Question 21.
Which organ of the United Nations have the real power?
Answer:
Security Council.

Question 22.
What is Referendum?
Answer:
Referendum is the process in which laws made by the parliament are kept in front of public to know their opinion. Law will be applicable only if it is approved by the public.

Question 23.
What do you mean by the coalition government?
Answer:
When many political parties come together to form the government, it is called the coalition government.

Question 24.
What do you mean by coup?
Answer:
When a government is illegally thrown out of power, it is called coup.

Question 25.
What is the meaning of strike?
Answer:
When workers stop working to get their demands met it is called strike.

Question 26.
What do you understand by Trade Union?
Answer:
Group or union of workers is called trade union. It works for the welfare of workers.

Question 27.
When did workers strike at Lenin shipyard in Poland ?
Answer:
They did strike on 14th August, 1980.

Question 28.
Why did workers of Lenin shipyard do strike?
Answer:
The workers of Lenin shipyard did strike for illegally removing a woman Crane worker.

Question 29.
Presently, which type of government is there in Nepal and Pakistan?
Answer:
Presently there are democratic governments in Nepal and Pakistan.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which political work you were not allowed to do during the regime of Polish Workers Union Party of 1980 which you can do in your country?
Answer:
In 1980, few political functions were not allowed in Poland:

In Poland, it was not allowed to start a political party as it was ruled by a single party.
People had no right to elect the leader of the communist party according to their wish.
People had no freedom to elect and criticise the government.
People had no freedom of speech and to express their views.

Question 2.
Do you think it is good to elect someone as the President for life? Or is it better to hold regular elections after every few years?
Answer:
It is not good to elect someone as the President for life. This is not democratic. Someone elected as the President for life become dictator and corrupt. The best example is of Ghana’s president N, Krumah. The elections of the President must be held after a regular interval of 4 or 5 years, so that people must elect their ruler freely at regular interval.

Question 3.
Do you think that the American invasion of Iraq encourages democracy? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:

The American invasion of Iraq in no way encourages democracy.
No country has the right to interfere in the internal matters of other countries. Invasion cannot led to the establishment of democracy.
No external force can establish democracy in the other state for a longer period of time. People have to struggle themselves for the establishment of democracy.

Question 4.
Give four important features of democracy.
Answer:

People elect their rulers themselves.
Elections to elect the rulers are held after a fixed period of time.
Democracy gives us a chance to correct our mistakes.
People have the freedom of speech, to express their views and to form associations.

Question 5.
Write a short essay on the life of Aung San Suu Kyi.
Answer:
Myanmar (Burma) got freedom in 1948 and became a democratic country. But the democratic government was overthrown in 1962 and military rule was established. Elections were held in 1990. Aung San Suu Kyi was the national leader of Myanmar. Suu Kyi was the leader of National League for democracy. National League for democracy won the election under the leadership of Suu Kyi.

But military ruler instead of handing over the government to the elected leader, put all the leaders including Suu Kyi under house arrest. However Suu Kyi continued her campaign for democracy. According to her, “The quest for democracy in Myanmar is the struggle of the people to live whole, meaningful lives as free and equal members of the world community. She has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.”

Question 6.
“At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, few countries were not completely democratic.” Give two reasons in its favour.
Answer:
On the following two basis we can say that at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century few countries *Were not completely democratic :

Females had no voting rights in the countries like Switzerland, England, France.
In the United States of America, Black people had no voting right.

Question 7.
How was democracy restored in Poland?
Answer:

In 1988, to keep power with himself, Chile’s military rulers conducted a referendum.
Democracy and the welfare works done by Allende were still fresh in the minds of the people. That’s why Pinochet lost the referendum.
In Chile, President’s elections were held after 17 years and an elected person became the President of the country.

Question 8.
Explain the process of establishment of democracy in Poland?
Answer:

In 1980, workers of Lenin Shipyard went on strike and the government was forced to sanction the strike.
Workers formed their union called solidarity.
Workers again conducted a strike again in 1988 which greatly pressurised the government.
Finally government decided to hold elections in which communist government was defeated and solidarity formed the government.

Question 9.
What do you know about solidarity?
Answer:

Solidarity was a worker’s organization formed by the workers of Poland.
This organization was formed after a treaty signed between the workers and government.
Within one year of its establishment, its members increased upto one crore.
In 1989, elections were held in Poland in which solidarity won 99 out of 100 seats. Its leader Lech Walesa formed the government.

Question 10.
What was the impact of the end of colonialism on the newly independent nations after the cold war?
Answer:

Newly independent countries had to face lot of problems in the establishment of their government and political institutions.
Most of the newly independent countries adopted the democratic form of government but democracy did not get a success in these countries.
In most of these countries, military rule was established and democracy came to an end.

Question 11.
What do you know about the decline of the U.S.S.R.?
Answer:

After 1917, a communist government was formed in Russia. Due to many of its policies, U.S.S.R. was disintegrated in 1991 and divided into 15 independent nations.
These newly independent countries adopted democratic system to remove communist system of government.
Most of these republics recognised and adopted the multi party system.
The impact of U.S.S.R. on the Eastern Europe completely came to an end.

Question 12.
Give some ways to establish a democratic set up at the international level.
Answer:

For the establishment of a democratic set up at the International level, there is a need to make international institutions more democratic.
People must be given political, social and economic rights so that they can live a happily life.
From time to time, independent and impartial elections must be conducted.
People must have the freedom of speech and expression.

Question 13.
Why did President Allende continually talk about the laborers? Why were rich people not happy with him?
Answer:
President Allende continuely talked about the interests of the labourers. He made many laws in the interests of labourers such as change in the educational system, distribution of land to peasants and providing free milk to children. For their welfare, he continuely to talk with the workers. Rich people were not happy with president Allende because they did not like his policies of public welfare.

Question 14.
Why did most of the countries gave right to vote quite late? Why did this not happen in India?
Answer:
Most of the countries gave females the right to vote quite late because they were not considered equal to males. In India, they took part in the freedom struggle along with males. During this time, many positive and democratic values came forward in India. In these values, females were considered equal to males. That’s why females got voting rights straight away with the formation of the constitution.

Question 15.
Why is direct democracy not possible in the present age?
Answer:
In modern times, direct democracy is not possible. Its reason is that the modern states are large in size and their population is in crores. It is not possible to adopt direct democracy in such countries. In a country like India, such a system is not possible because having a referendum is not an easy task and laws cannot be made by asking questions. It takes crores to conduct general elections in the country and it is a time-consuming process as well. That’s why it is not possible to implement the institution of direct democracy over here.

Question 16.
What do you mean by Adult Franchise?
Answer:
The meaning of universal Adult Franchise is the right to vote to the adult citizens of the country in an impartial and free manner. The age of achieving adulthood is fixed, by the state Initially this age was 21 years in England but later on they changed it to 18 years. This is also 18 years in the U.S.A. and Russia. In India also, initially, it was 21 years but by the 61 Constitutional Amendment, it was changed to 18 years.

Question 17.
Give two reasons in favour of Universal Adult Franchise.
Answer:

Power is in the hands of the people. In democracy, power is in the hands of the people and administration is run with the wish and welfare of the public. So, everyone should have the right to vote.
Everyone is under the effect of laws.’ Whichever laws are made in the state, they influence everyone equally. That’s why everyone should have the right to make laws.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“Democracy has continually progressed during the 20th century.” Explain the statement.
Answer:
The present age is the age of democracy. Democracy in most countries has been evolved throughout the 20th century. There is no part of the world in which democracy has not been progressed.

Europe, Asia, Africa, South America everywhere democracy has been established.

Britain. It has been said that democracy in Britain was established with the Glorious Revolution in 1088. But actually, it was established in the 20th century. The adult franchise was implemented in England in 1928 A.D.
France. French revolution took place in 1789 A.D. but democracy was established gradually in phases. During the 18th and 19th centuries, gradually the powers of kings and Feudal Lords were reduced. A maximum number of people were given the right to vote. But the actual democratic setup was established in 1944 A.D. with the implementation of adult franchise.
The U.S.A. America declared itself independent in 1776 A.D. With the freedom of other states, the United States of America was formed. The Constitution in the U.S.A. come into force in 1787 and democracy was established. Adult franchise in the U.S.A. was established in 1965.
New Zealand. Adult franchise, in New Zealand, come into force in 1893.
End of Colonialism. After the second world war, many of the Asian and African countries gained freedom from British imperialism. India gained independence on 15th August 1947 and then democracy was established over here. In the same way, democracy was also established in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Ghana.
The disintegration of U.S.S.R.. In 1991, the elsewhere USSR was disintegrated USSR was divided into 15 independent nations, and democracy was established over there.
Presently more, than 140. countries are democratic countries but many countries have military dictatorship or rule of one party.

Question 2.
What did Augusto Pinochet do after becoming the President of Chile?
Answer:
After becoming the president of Chile, Augusto Pinochet did many non-democratic functions :

Pinochet established his dictatorship in Chile.
He killed many of the supporters of Allende.
Pinochet arrested the wife and daughter of General Bachelet, Airforce chief, and send them to Jail.
He killed Airforce head General Bachelet and other officials.
He killed almost 3000 innocent persons.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Democracy: Meaning and Importance

January 27, 2024January 25, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Democracy: Meaning and Importance Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Democracy: Meaning and Importance

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Democracy: Meaning and Importance Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
According to “Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.”
Answer:
Sealey.

Question 2.
The word Democracy has been derived from two Greek words ________ and ________
Answer:
Demos, Croatia.

II. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which of the following conditions apply for the success of democracy?
(i) Enlightened citizens
(ii) literate citizens
(iii) Universal adult franchise
(iv) Above all.
Answer:
(iv) Above all.

Question 2.
Etymological meaning of democracy is :
(i) Rule of one man
(ii) Bureaucracy
(iii) Military dictatorship
(iv) Rule of people.
Answer:
(iv) Rule of people.

III. Read the statements carefully and write True/False against every statement:

Question 1.
There is no liberty to express different opinion in democracy.
Answer:
False.

Question 2.
Democracy clearly condemns use of means of violence although it may be used for the welfare of society.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
In democracy citizens are entitled different types of rights.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Awareness of citizens is essential for democracy.
Answer:
True.

IV. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain Etymological meaning of democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is made of two Greek words ; Demos and Cratia. The meaning of Demos is people and of Cratia is rule. So its literal meaning is ‘rule of people’.

Question 2.
Why democratic form of government is popular?
Answer:

It gives its citizens the right to express their views.
In this, people have the participate in electing their government.

Question 3.
Write any two hurdles in the way of democracy.
Answer:
Regionalism, Casteism, Communalism are hurdles in the way of democracy.

Question 4.
Give any one definition of democracy.
Answer:
According to Dicey, “Democracy is a form of government in which the governing body to comparatively a large fraction of the entire nation.”

Question 5.
Mention any two conditions essential for democracy.
Answer:
Political freedom and economic equality are the two conditions essential for democracy.

Question 6.
Write any two principal of democracy.
Answer:

In democracy, people have the right to express their ideas.
Democracy is based on the principal of tolerance.

Question 7.
What is the source of power in a democracy?
Answer:
People are the source of power in a democracy.

Question 8.
Which are the two forms of democracy?
Answer:
Democracy is of two types-direct:

Democracy and
Indirect democracy.

V. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain any two conditions for the success of democracy.
Answer:

Political freedom: For the success of democracy, people must have political freedom. They must have the right to speech, to form association, to express ideas and to criticise wrong policies of the government.
Moral Characters: To make democracy a success, people must have high moral character. If people and leaders will be corrupt then democracy will not be able to successfully do its work.

Question 2.
How poverty is a threat to democracy? Describe in brief.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that poverty is an obstacle in the way of successful democracy. First of all people do not caste their vote because its more important for them to earn money instead of giving vote. Along with this, many times a poor person is forced to sell his vote. Rich people buy his vote to win the elections. A poor person even cannot express his ideas.

Question 3.
How illiteracy is a challenge for democracy? Describe in brief.
Answer:
One of the major enemy of democracy is illiteracy. An* illiterate person, who does not know the meaning of democracy, cannot play a part in its successful functioning. That’s why there is a decline of democratic value that every one participates in it. An illiterate person hardly knows about the political, economic and social problems of the country. That’s why he becomes a victim of false promises done by the leaders and is unable to cast his vote for the right candidate.

Question 4.
“Political equality is essential for democracy.” Explain this statement.
Answer:
It is true that the political equality is essential for the success of democracy. For the success of democracy, people must have the freedom of speech and freedom to form association. Along with this, they must have the right to criticise wrong policies of the government and freedom to express their views. All these freedom are available only in democracy because of which it becomes successful.

Question 5.
How the existence of political party is essential for democracy? Explain this statement.
Or
‘Political parties are wheels of democracy.’ Explain.
Answer:
The existence of political parties is very much necessary for democracy. Actually political parties are the means of a particular ideology and different political parties came into existence because of different ideas. Different views give way to the birth of political parties. Political parties keep public views in front of the government. They act as a link between the people and government. Except this we need political parties to- contest elections without them, elections are not possible in democracy.

Question 6.
How decentralization of power is essential for democracy?
Answer:
One of the basic feature of democracy is division of powers and the meaning of decentralisation is division of powers among all the levels of government. If there will be no decentralisation, powers will remain concentrated in few hands. There will come a danger of the advent of dictatorship in the country. If there will be division of powers, there will be no danger of dictatorship and the system will run smoothly so, decentralization of powers is very much necessary for democracy.

Question 7.
Explain any two principles of democracy.
Answer:

Democracy is based on the concept of tolerance. In democracy, every one has the freedom to express his views.
Democracy helps in enhancing the dignity of an individual. This is the reason that people have different rights in democracy.

VI. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief the basic principles of democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is based on the following democratic principles :

The sovereignty of the people: Sovereignty resides in the people and the administration is run to accordance with the wishes of the people.
Rule of People: The administration is run by the people other directly or indirectly.
Rulers are Elected. Rulers are elected by the people. Final decision-making power must lie with those elected by the people.
Free and Fair Election: Democracy must be based on a free and fair election. The ruling party should have a fair chance of defeat.
Adult Franchise: In a democracy each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
Interest of People: The administration is run in the best interests of the people.
Rule of Law: Democracy is based on rule of law. Law is supreme. No body is above the law.
Equality: Equality is a basic principle of democracy. Everybody enjoys the right of equality and liberty.
Fundamental Rights: In a democracy citizens enjoy fundamental rights which are protected by the Judiciary.

Question 2.
Explain in brief the main obstacles in the way of democracy.
Answer:
In the whole world, democracy is the most prevalent form of government but there are few obstacles in the way of its successful functioning which are given below :

Casteism and Communalism: Giving preference to one’s caste and considering one’s religion superiors than the other creates hurdles in the way of successful democracy.
Regionalism: The meaning of regionalism is giving preference to own region over the other or country. It leads to conservation of human mentality and one never care about the national interests. It can become a danger to national integrity.
Illiteracy: Illiteracy is also one of the obstacle is the way of democracy. As illiterate person cannot understand the importance of democratic values and his vote. Cousequently either he does not caste his vote or sells his vote. It raises doubts on the success oLdemocracy.
Unhealthy people: If citizens of the country are not healthy then they cannot contribute towards the progress of the nation. Such people do not keep any interest in the public and political activities.
Indifferent attitude: If people are indifferent in their attitude or they do not care about their social and political responsibilities, they are definitely obstacles in the way of democracy. They even are unable to use their right to vote in a proper way. They do not show interest in listening to the leaders and this is exactly opposite to the principles of democracy.

Question 3.
Describes any five conditions of the success of democracy.
Answer:
In order that democracy may work successfully in any state there are certain conditions which must be satisfied.

Enlightened citizenship: The citizens should remain alert and protect their rights. They should perform their duties in a sincere manner.
Education: Citizens should be educated. It is only the educated electorates that will elect the right type of persons to government,
Local self-government: It is quite essential for the success of democracy that the administration should be decentralized one.
Protection of Fundamental Rights: In a democratic state people should be given fundamental rights and their rights should be protected by the Constitution.
Economic Equality and Security: Economic equality and security is also essential condition for the success of democracy. There should not be too much gulf between the rich and the poor.
Social Equality: No discrimination should be made on the basis of caste, colour, race, sex, religion etc.
High Moral Character: A high moral character of the people is very essential for the success of democracy.
Free and Fair Election: For the success of democracy elections should he held free and fair.
Freedom of Press: Democracy cannot flourish best without the freedom of press.

Question 4.
Give one definition of the democracy system and explain in brief the importance of democracy.
Answer:
Definitions of Democracy:

According to Dicey, “Democracy is a government in which the governing body is comparatively a large fraction of entire nation.”
According to Seeley, ‘Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.”
According .to Abraham Lincoln, “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”.

Importance of Democracy : Presently, most of countries have adopted the democratic form of government and that’s why the importance of democracy has increased.

The importance of democracy is given below ;

Equality. In democracy, no one is discriminated on any bases as it is based on equality. In this everyone is given equal rights and value of every one’s vote is same.
Representative of Public Opinion. Actually democracy is representative of the public opinion. Democratic government is elected by the people and it forms the law on the basis of public opinion. If the government does not work according to public opinion, it can be removed.
Protector of Individual Liberty. Only democracy is a type of government in which individual liberties of the public are protected. In democracy, people have the right to express their opinion, to criticize and to form associations. Even the freedom of press is also protected in this system.
Political Awareness. In democracy, elections are held on regular basis with which people become politically aware. Different political parties form public opinion and they continually evaluate the government. It leads to the development of political consciouness among the people.
Development of Moral Qualities. Out of all the governments’ only democracy helps in the development of moral qualities among the people. It also helps in building their high character. It develops the qualities to co-operate, tolerence etc, among the people.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Democracy: Meaning and Importance Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
The term democracy is derived from which of the following Greek words :
(a) Demos and Kratia
(b) Casta
(c) Famulus
(d) Pocta.
Answer:
(a) Demos and Kratia.

Question 2.
“Democracy is government of the people, for the people and by the people.” Who gave this definition?
(a) A.B. Hal
(b) Abraham Lincoln
(c) Aristotle
(d) Herodotus.
Answer:
(b) Abraham Lincoln.

Question 3.
Which of the following is the basis of democracy?
(a) Equality
(b) Liberty
(c) Fraternity
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(d) All the above.

Question 4.
Who is the real source of power in a democratic country?
(a) People
(b) Educated People
(c) Aristocratic people
(d) King.
Answer:
(a) People.

Question 5.
Which of the following is an obstacle in the way of democracy?
(а) Distinctions on the basis of caste, colour and creed.
(b) Lack of education
(c) Communication
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(d) All the above.

Question 6.
Direct democracy is that government in which :
(a) All the citizens cannot participate in administration
(b) All the citizens directly take part in the administration
(c) All the citizens indirectly participate in administration.
(d) The representatives of the public run the administration.
Answer:
(6) All the citizens directly take part in administration.

Question 7.
Which of the following conditions are necessary for the success of democracy?
(а) Citizens should be educated.
(b) There should be economic equality in society.
(c) There should be no distinction on the basis of caste, colour and creed.
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(d) All the above.

Question 8.
Direct democracy exists in :
(a) India
(b) U.K.
(c) Switzerland
(d) U.S.A.
Answer:
(c) Switzerland.

Question 9.
In India exists :
(a) Indirect democracy
(b) Direct Democracy
(c) Referendum
(d) Initiative
Answer:
(a) Indirect democracy.

Question 10.
Which one of the following is not the method of direct democracy?
(a) Referendum
(b) Initiative
(c) Landsgemeinde
(d) Political parties.
Answer:
(d) Political parties.

Question 11.
Which one of the following is not a hindrance in the path of democracy?
(a) Poverty
(b) Illiteracy
(c) Ignorance
(d) Election.
Answer:
(d) Election.

Question 12.
Which of the following is a hindrance in the path of democracy?
(a) Illiteracy
(b) Education
(c) Equality
(d) Rule of Law.
Answer:
(a) Illiteracy.

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Damos and Kratia are the ________ words.
Answer:
Greek

Question 2.
In ________ rulers run the system as the representatives of the people.
Answer:
democracy

Question 3.
Political parties are the tools of ________
Answer:
ideologies

Question 4.
Practically, democracy is the rule of ________
Answer:
majority

Question 5.
In ________ A.D., males and females were given equal rights.
Answer:
1950

Question 6.
In China, elections are held after every ________ years.
Answer:
five

Question 7.
Mexico became independent in ________ A. D.
Answer:
1930.

True/False:

Question 1.
In dictatorship, rulers are elected by the people.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Free elections are the base of democracy.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Democratic government does not work according to the Constitution.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Dictatorship protect, the individual liberty.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Parvez Mussharaf captured the power of Pakistan in 1999.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
There is only one communist party in China.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
PRI is the political party of china.
Answer:
False.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
From which words the term ‘Democracy’ is derived?
Answer:
The term ‘Democracy’ is derived from the Greek words-Demos and Kratia.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of Democracy?
Answer:
The meaning of democracy is ‘power of the people’ or ‘rule of the multitude’.

Question 3.
Give one definition of Democracy.
Answer:
According to Abraham Lincoln, “Democracy is a government of the people by the people and for the people.”

Question 4.
Explain one basic principle of Democracy.
Answer:
Sovereignty resides in the people and the administration is run in accordance with the wishes of the people.

Question 5.
What is Direct Democracy?
Answer:
In Direct Democracy, the people directly participate in the government of the country.

Question 6.
What do you understand by Indirect Democracy?
Answer:
In Indirect Democracy, the administration is run by the People’s representative.

Question 7.
Write one merit of Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is based on the principal of equality.

Question 8.
Write one demerit of Democracy.
Answer:
Democratic government is a government by the incompetent and the ignorant.

Question 9.
Write any one condition that is essential for a successful Democracy.
Answer:
Enlightened citizenship is the first condition for the success of democracy.

Question 10.
Mention the terms that are often used to describe non-democratic government.
Answer:
Terms that are often used to describe non-democratic government are authoritarian, dictatorship and totalitarian.

Question 11.
Mention the names of two democratic states.
Answer:
India and U.S.A.

Question 12.
Give examples of various kinds of Dictatorship.
Answer:

Military dictatorship,
Party dictatorship,
Benevolent dictatorship,
Charismatic dictatorship.

Question 13.
Write down anyone characteristic of Dictatorship.
Answer:
Dictatorship is a Government by the powerful man who has right to exercise authority because of his superior physical force.

Question 14.
Mention any one merit of Dictatorship.
Answer:
The administration under a dictator is always very strong.

Question 15.
Write down any one demerit of Dictatorship.
Answer:
Individuals are not granted civil liberties and other rights in dictatorship.

Question 16.
Mention various devices adopted for Direct Democracy.
Answer:
There are four types of direct democratic devices i.e. Initiative, Referendum, Becall, Plebiscite.

Question 17.
What is Initiative?
Answer:
Initiative means, the power of the voters to get the laws passed in accordance with their wishes.

Question 18.
What do you understand by Referendum?
Answer:
The method of referendum gives the final authority to the people to accept or reject the laws passed by the legislature.

Question 19.
Which state is known as home of Direct Democracy?
Answer:
Switzerland.

Question 20.
Is it possible for all the voters in your parliamentary constituency to sit together and have a useful discussion?
Answer:
It is not possible for the voters of parliamentary constituency to assemble at one place and have meaningful dialogue.

Question 21.
Which is the most common form of Democracy in the world?
Answer:
Representative type of democracy.

Question 22.
What is the aim of true Democracy?
Answer:
The aim of true democracy is to remove poverty and unemployment.

Question 23.
Which party always forms government in China?
Answer:
Communist Party always forms the government in China.

Question 24.
Which party has won elections in Mexico from 1930 till 2000 A.D.?
Answer:
P.R.I.-Institutional Revolutionary Party.

Question 25.
What lacks in the democracy of Fiji?
Answer:
In Fiji, the value of the vote of Fijian people is more than the vote of the Indians living over there.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the word meaning of Democracy.
Answer:
The term ‘Democracy’ has been derived from the Greek words Demos and Kratos, the former meaning the people and latter ‘Power’. Democracy thus means ‘power of the people’ or ‘rule of the multitude. ‘Democracy means that the Government of the state is to be run by the people. In democracy the sovereignty resides in the people and the people either directly or indirectly govern over themselves.

Question 2.
What is Direct Democracy?
Answer:
Direct Democracy is the real or true democracy. In this system there is no difference between the rulers and ruled. In such a system of government the people directly participate in the government of the country. The entire population forms an assembly for the purpose of making laws. People discuss the problems of the state and control the state machinary. But it is not possible to practise direct democracy completely in the present age. Modern devices of direct democracy are initiative. Referendum, Recall and Plebiscite.

Question 3.
Give the meaning of Dictatorship.
Answer:
In dictatorship, power remains in the hands of one person. Dictator uses all the powers according to his wish and he is not responsible to any one. He remains on his post until the power to run the administration remains in his lands. Ford has defined dictatorship.” Dictatorship is the illegal attainment of power by the head of the country.

Question 4.
Write down any two charcteristics of Dictatorship.
Answer:

Based on Physical Strength. Dictatorship is a Government by the powerful man who had right to exercise authority because of his superior physical scope.
Arbitrary Rule. Dictatorship is an arbitrary rule. The dictator runs the government according to his own sweet will and the other people have no right to participate in the government. The dictator is not responsible to any other authority for all his actions and policies.

Question 5.
Mention any two merits of Dictatorship.
Answer:
1. Strong Administrative. The administration under a dictator is always very strong. The dictator suppresses disorder and opposition with a strong hand and he gives his country a strong government which can perform its functions well.

2. Less Expensive. Dictatorship is less expensive whereas democratic government is very costly. In dictatorship one does not find the luxuries of insecure and superfluous posts.

Question 6.
Distinguish between Direct and Indirect Democracy with examples.
Answer:
Democracy is of two types. Direct democracy and Indirect democracy. Following are the differences between the two:

In direct democracy, people participate in the government of the country, while in indirect democracy people indirectly participate in the government.
In direct democracy people directly participate in law-making, while in indirect democracy participation in law making’ is indirect.
The selection of magistrates is directly in direct democracy, while in indirect democracy selection of magistrates is indirect.
In direct democracy, the institutions of initiative, referendum and recall exist, but no initiative and referendum in an indirect democracy.
Direct democracy is prevalent in Switzerland, while indirect democracy exists in India, U.K. U.S.A. etc.

Question 7.
What are the major hindrances in the successful working of the Democracy?
Answer:

Illiteracy: Illiteracy is one of the major hindrance in the successful working of democracy.
Poverty: The other major hindrance in the successful working of Democracy in poverty.
Economic Inequality: Economic inequality is a great hindrance in the successful working of democracy.
Social Inequality: Social inequality is a big hindrance in the successful working of democracy.

Question 8.
Why is democracy important?
Answer:

Democracy recognises the Natural Rights of man in the street and raises him high on the peak of political.
Democracy gives liberty to all the citizens of a democratic state.
Democracy is the rule of the people, by the people and for the people.
Democracy is based on public opinion.

Question 9.
What do you mean by one person one vote?
Answer:
The meaning of one person one vote is giving right to vote every one without any discrimination of caste, religion, class, gender etc. Actually one person one vote is the other name of political equality. For the progress and integrity of the country, all the citizens are given the right to vote and the value of every one’s vote is one or same.

Question 10.
How was democracy destroyed in Pakistan?
Answer:
In 1999, Pakistan Army head General Parvez Musharraf played a military conspiracy and dismissed the democratically elected government. He then, took power in his hands. With the help of parliament he reduced the powers of state Legislative Assemblies. He passed a law and declared himself the Chief Excutive of the country and later on as the President of Pakistan. He also made arrangement that the President can dissolve the Parliament at any time. In this way Parvez Musharraf destroyed democracy in Pakistan.

Question 11.
Why there is no democracy in China?
Answer:
Although elections in China, are held after every five years but there is only party i.e. the Communist Party. People are required to vote only to the Communist Party. Only the nominated candidates of the Communist Party are allowed to contest elections. Few of the members of Parliament are taken from the army as well. If there is no opposition party in the country to contest elections, how can democracy sustain over there. ‘

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give major features of Democracy.
Answer:
Following are the major features of democracy.

Rule of Law:Democracy is based on rule of law. Law is supreme. No body is above the law.
Equality: Equality is a basic principle of democracy. Everybody enjoys the right of quality and liberty.
Fundamental Rights: In a democracy citizens enjoy fundamental rights which are protected by the Judiciary.
Sovereignty of the people: Sovereignty resides in the people and the administration is run in accordance with the wishes of the people.
Rule of people: The administration is run by the people either directly or indirectly.
Rulers are Elected: Rulers are elected by the people. Final Decision-making power must rest with those elected by the people.
Free and Fair Election: Democracy must be based on a free and fair election. The ruling party should have a fair chance of defeat.
Adult Franchise: In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
Interest of People: The administration is run in the best interest of the people.

Question 2.
Discuss the merits of Democracy.
Answer:
Following are the main merits of democracy.

Government of the People. Democracy ensures people’s participation in government. Democracy is a government by the people.
Equality. Democracy ensures the equality of political rights. Everybody has the opportunity to progress in life.
Liberty. People enjoy freedom of speach and expression, freedom of movement, freedom of religion, freedom to hold meetings and to criticise the policies and actions of the government.
Based on Public Opinion. Democracy rests on the consent of the people. The people feel that the laws in democratic governments are self-made and self-enforces.
Stable and Responsible government. A democratic government is more stable and responsible. It avoids revolution because the people themselves are the makers and the breakers of laws governments. If the people indicate a lack of confidence over the government will have to resign.
No possibility of Revolutions. People can change the government whenever they so desire. Therefore, the democratic government changes with the change in time.
Political Education. The democratic government gives political education to the people. The entire procedure of elections gives the people political education.
National Unity and Patriotism. The democratic form of government increases the spirit of nation unity and patriotism in the people.

Question 3.
Give arguments against democracy.
Or
Explain the demerits of democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is not without defects and weaknesses. Following are the arguments which are given against democracy.

Government of the Ignorants and Incompetents: It is said that a democratic government is a government by the incompetent and the ignorant. The common man is neither politically intelligent nor sufficiently educated.
More importance to quantity: Democracy gives more importance to quantity rather than to quality. All persons are not capable of taking part in the government of the country. On polling day a wise man and a fool are on the same level.
Government of the Rich: In theory democracy is a government by the common man but actually is a government by the rich. The candidates spend lakhs of rupees to win an election. The poor man cannot afford to spend this much amount on elections and hence his right to contest elections become meaningless.
Instability: Leaders keep changing in a democracy and this lead to instability.
Corruption: Democracy leads to corruption because it is based on electoral competition.
The dictatorship of the Majority: The majority party may develop despotic tendencies which are harmful to the development of human personality.
The interest of the People not safeguarded: Even elected leaders of the people do not know the best interest of the people.

Question 4.
‘Democracy is better than any other form of government.’ Give arguments in favour of your answer.
Answer:
Modern age is an age of democracy. No doubt democracy is the best form of government. Democracy is better than any other form of government due to following reasons :

Needs of the People. Democracy is the best type of government because it fulfils the needs of the people. In a democracy rulers have to attend the needs of the people.
Responsible Government. A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government. The democratic government for all its action’s and policies are responsible to the people. ,
Consultation and Discussion. Democracy is better because it is based on consultation and discussion.
No Possibility of Revolutions. Democracy is better than other forms of government because there is no possibility of revolution.
Willing Obedience of Laws. The people very willingly obey the laws of the state.
Quality of Decisions. Democracy is better than other forms of government because it improves the quality of decision making.
Solution of Problems. Democracy is the best type of government as it provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
Dignity of Citizens. Democracy is better than other forms of government because it enhances the dignity of citizens.
Review its own decisions. It is better form of government because it allows us to correct its own mistakes.
Less Chances of War. It is better because it reduces the chances of war.

Question 5.
How was democracy suppressed in Mexico?
Answer:
Mexico attained independence in 1930 and elections, for the President are held after every six years. But till the year 2000, only one party PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) won the elections.

The major reason of its winning all the elections were :

As the ruling party, PRI used many unfair means to win the elections.
Government officials and other officers were forced to attend the party meetings.
School teachers were asked to compel the parents of the students to vote in favour of PRI.
On the eleventh hour of the polling day, the polling booths were shifted from one place to another so that the people must not be able to cast vote in the favour of other parties.

In this way, there was no impartial and free voting and democracy was suppressed in Mexico.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Civics Chapter 3 भारतीय लोकतंत्र की स्थापना एवं स्वरूप

January 25, 2024January 24, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Civics Chapter 3 भारतीय लोकतंत्र की स्थापना एवं स्वरूप Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 भारतीय लोकतंत्र की स्थापना एवं स्वरूप

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB भारतीय लोकतंत्र की स्थापना एवं स्वरूप Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) रिक्त स्थान भरें :

भारतीय संविधान में निर्देशक सिद्धांत . …………………. के संविधान से लिए गए हैं।
………….. भारतीय संविधान की प्रारूप समिति के प्रधान थे।

उत्तर-

आयरलैंड
डॉ० बी० आर० अंबेदकर

(ख) बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न :

प्रश्न 1.
संविधान सभा के प्रधान थे.
(अ) पंडित जवाहर लाल नेहरू
(आ) महात्मा गांधी
(इ) डॉ० राजेंद्र प्रसाद
(ई) डॉ०बी०आर० अंबेदकर
उत्तर-
(इ) डॉ० राजेंद्र प्रसाद

प्रश्न 2.
गणतंत्र देश वह होता है
(अ) जिसका अध्यक्ष जन्मजात होता है।
(आ) जिसका अध्यक्ष सैनिक तानाशाह होता है।
(इ) जिसका अध्यक्ष लोगों द्वारा प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष ढंग से चुना जाता है।
(ई) जिसका अध्यक्ष मनोनीत किया जाता है।
उत्तर-
(इ) जिसका अध्यक्ष लोगों द्वारा प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष ढंग से चना जाता।

(ग) निम्नलिखित कथनों में सही के लिए तथा गलत के लिए चिन्ह लगाएं :

संविधान के 42वें संशोधन में समाजवाद, धर्मनिरपेक्ष व अखंडता शब्दों को शामिल किया गया है।
भारत एक प्रभुसत्ता संपन्न, धर्मनिरपेक्ष, समाजवादी, लोकतांत्रिक गणराज्य देश है।

उत्तर-

(✓)
(✓)

अति लघु उत्तरों वाले प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
हमारा देश कब स्वतंत्र हुआ ?
उत्तर-
हमारा देश 15 अगस्त, 1947 को स्वतंत्र हुआ।

प्रश्न 2.
‘संविधान उन नियमों का समूह है जिनके अनुसार सरकार की शक्तियों, प्रजा के अधिकारों एवम् इन दोनों के पारस्परिक संबंधों को निश्चित किया जाता है। यह कथन किसका है?
उत्तर-
यह कथन बूल्जे का है।

प्रश्न 3.
भारतीय संविधान के निर्माण में कितना समय लगा ?
उत्तर-
भारतीय संविधान के निर्माण में 2 वर्ष 11 महीने व 18 दिन लगे।

प्रश्न 4.
संविधान निर्माण समिति के कुल कितने सदस्य थे ?
उत्तर-
संविधान निर्माण समिति के 389 सदस्य थे परन्तु स्वतन्त्रता के पश्चात् यह 299 रह गए थे।

प्रश्न 5.
भारत के विभाजन की घोषणा कब की गई ?
उत्तर-
3 जून, 1947 को भारत के विभाजन की घोषणा की गई थी।

प्रश्न 6.
भारत के विभाजन के पश्चात् भारत के लिए संविधान बनाने वाली सभा के कितने सदस्य रह गए थे ?
उत्तर-
299 सदस्य।

प्रश्न 7.
भारत के संविधान की कोई दो एकात्मक विशेषताएं लिखें।
उत्तर-

सभी नागरिकों को एकहरी नागरिकता दी गई है।
केन्द्र तथा राज्य सरकारों के लिए एक ही संविधान है।

प्रश्न 8.
भारतीय संविधान की कोई दो संघात्मक विशेषताएं लिखें।
उत्तर-

हमारे देश का एक लिखित संविधान है।
केंद्र तथा राज्यों के बीच शक्तियों को बंटवारा किया गया है।

प्रश्न 9.
संविधान द्वारा नागरिकों को प्रदत्त कोई दो स्वतंत्रताओं के नाम लिखें।
उत्तर-

कोई भी पेशा अपनाने की स्वतंत्रता।
देश में कहीं भी आने जाने की स्वतंत्रता।

प्रश्न 10.
भारत के संविधान की प्रस्तावना किन शब्दों के साथ आरंभ होती है ?
उत्तर-
हम भारत के लोग।

प्रश्न 11.
सन् 1976 में 42वें संशोधन द्वारा भारत के संविधान में कौन-से नए शब्द जोड़े गए ?
उत्तर-
समाजवाद, धर्मनिरपेक्ष व अखंडता।

प्रश्न 12.
संविधान सभा के अध्यक्ष कौन थे ?
उत्तर-
डॉ० राजेंद्र प्रसाद संविधान सभा के अध्यक्ष थे।

प्रश्न 13.
संविधान का प्रारूप तैयार करने वाली समिति के अध्यक्ष कौन थे ?
उत्तर-
डॉ०बी०आर० अंबेदकर संविधान का प्रारूप तैयार करने वाली समिति के अध्यक्ष थे।

लघु उत्तरों वाले प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
भारतीय संविधान की प्रस्तावना कौन-कौन से मूल उद्देश्यों पर प्रकाश डालती है ?
उत्तर-
भारतीय संविधान की प्रस्तावना से हमें इसके उद्देश्यों के बारे में पता चलता है।

हमारी प्रस्तावना के अनुसार भारत एक संपूर्ण प्रभुसत्ता संपन्न, समाजवादी, लोकतांत्रिक, धर्मनिरपेक्ष गणराज्य है।
यह भारत के सभी नागरिकों को सामाजिक, आर्थिक तथा राजनीतिक न्याय देने के लिए प्रतिबद्ध है।
यह अवसर व पद की समानता प्रदान करती है तथा सभी नागरिकों को अभिव्यक्ति, विश्वास व उपासना की स्वतंत्रता देती है।
यह व्यक्तिगत गरिमा, राष्ट्रीय एकता व अखंडता के आदर्श को बनाए रखने की घोषणा भी करती है।

प्रश्न 2.
गणतंत्र देश किसे कहते हैं ?
उत्तर-
भारत एक गणतंत्र देश है। गणतंत्र का अर्थ होता है कि देश का अध्यक्ष प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से जनता द्वारा चुना जाता है। अध्यक्ष का चुनाव एक निश्चित समय के लिए होता है तथा यहां पर वंशवाद का कोई स्थान नहीं है। गणतंत्र होना भारतीय संविधान की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण विशेषता है।

प्रश्न 3.
भारत एक धर्मनिरपेक्ष देश है। इसके पक्ष में तर्क दें।
उत्तर-

संविधान की प्रस्तावना में भारत को धर्मनिरपेक्ष राज्य घोषित किया गया है।
सभी नागरिकों को अपने धर्म के प्रचार करने या धर्म परिवर्तन करने की स्वतंत्रता है।
समानता के अधिकार में कहा गया है कि किसी भी व्यक्ति के साथ धर्म के आधार पर भेदभाव नहीं किया जाएगा।
देश में व्यापार सभी धर्मों को एक समान समझा जाता है तथा देश, राज्य का कोई धर्म नहीं है।

प्रश्न 4.
संघीय संरचना अथवा संघात्मक सरकार से क्या अभिप्राय है ? भारतीय संविधान की यह विशेषता किस देश के संविधान से ली गई है ?
उत्तर-
संघात्मक सरकार का अर्थ है शक्तियों का सरकार के दो स्तरों में विभाजन तथा यह स्तर केंद्र व राज्य सरकारें होती हैं। भारत एक संघात्मक राज्य है जहां पर दो प्रकार की सरकारें-केंद्र सरकार व राज्य सरकारें बनाई गई हैं। इन दोनों प्रकार की सरकारों में शक्तियों का विभाजन किया गया है परंतु केंद्र सरकार को अधिक शक्तियां दी गई हैं। भारत में संघात्मक संरचना कनाडा के संविधान से ली गई है।

प्रश्न 5.
भारत का संविधान 26 नवंबर 1949 को निर्मित हो गया था। परंतु भारत सरकार ने इसे 26 जनवरी, 1950 को लागू किया। 26 जनवरी की तिथि संविधान लागू करने के लिए क्यों नियत की गई ? व्याख्या करें।
उत्तर-
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के 1929 के लाहौर अधिवेशन में यह निर्णय किया गया था कि 26 जनवरी, 1930 को देश का प्रथम स्वतंत्रता दिवस मनाया जाएगा चाहे देश स्वतंत्र नहीं था। तब से 1947 तक 26 जनवरी को स्वतंत्रता दिवस मनाया गया। परंतु 1947 में देश का स्वतंत्रता दिवस 15 अगस्त हो गया। इंसलिए 26 जनवरी के ऐतिहासिक महत्त्व को बरकरार रखने के लिए संविधान 26 जनवरी, 1950 में लागू किया गया तथा 26 जनवरी को गणतंत्र दिवस घोषित किया गया।

प्रश्न 6.
संपूर्ण प्रभुसत्ता संपन्न राज्य का क्या अर्थ है ?
उत्तर-
संपर्ण प्रभुसत्ता संपन्न राज्य का अर्थ है कि देश अपने बाहरी व आंतरिक विषयों तथा अपने निर्णय लेने के लिए पूर्णतया स्वतंत्र है। देश जब भी अपने आंतरिक व अन्य देशों से संबंध बनाने के लिए कोई भी नीति बनाएगा वह बिना किसी दबाव के व पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता से बनाएगा। देश पर कोई अन्य देश किसी प्रकार का दबाव नहीं डाल सकता।

प्रश्न 7.
सर्वव्यापक वयस्क मताधिकार से क्या अभिप्राय है ?
उत्तर-
भारत का संविधान देश के सभी वयस्क नागरिकों को वोट देने का अधिकार प्रदान करता है तथा इसे ही सर्वव्यापक वयस्क मताधिकार कहते हैं। देश के सभी नागरिक जिनकी आयु 18 वर्ष या इससे ऊपर है उन्हें वोट देने का अधिकार बिना किसी भेदभाव के दिया गया है। पहले यह आयु 21 वर्ष थी परंतु 1988 में 61वें संवैधानिक संशोधन से इसे घटा कर 18 वर्ष कर दिया गया था।

प्रश्न 8.
भारतीय संविधान की कोई चार एकात्मक विशेषताएं लिखो।
उत्तर-

भारत के सभी नागरिकों को इकहरी नागरिकता दी गई है।
जम्मू कश्मीर को छोड़ कर बाकी सभी सरकारों के लिए एक ही संविधान दिया गया है।
संपूर्ण देश के लिए इकहरी न्यायपालिका का गठन किया गया है।।
भारतीय संसद् को यह शक्ति दी गई है कि वह राज्यों की सीमा तथा नाम परिवर्तन कर सकती है।
राज्यों के राज्यपाल केंद्र सरकार के प्रतिनिधि के रूप में कार्य करते हैं तथा इन्हें केंद्र सरकार नियुक्त करती है।

दीर्घ उत्तरों वाले प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
भारतीय संविधान की प्रस्तावना को मूल रूप में लिखें।
उत्तर-
हम भारत के लोग, भारत के एक संपूर्ण प्रभुत्व संपन्न, समाजवादी पंथनिरपेक्ष, लोकतंत्रात्मक, गणराज्य बनाने के लिए तथा उसके समस्त नागरिकों को सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनैतिक न्याय विचार, अभिव्यक्ति, विश्वास, धर्म और उपासना की स्वतंत्रता, प्रतिष्ठा और अवसर की समता प्राप्त करने के लिए तथा उन सबमें व्यक्ति की गरिमा और राष्ट्र की एकता और अखंडता सुनिश्चित करने वाली बंधुता बढ़ाने के लिए दृढ़ संकल्प होकर अपनी इस संविधान सभा में आज तारीख 26.11.1949 ई० श्रीमती मार्गशीर्ष शुकला सप्तमी, संवत् दो हजार छह विक्रमी) को एतद द्वारा इस संविधान को अंगीकृत, अधिनियमित और आत्मार्पित करते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
भारत एक धर्मनिरपेक्ष देश है इस कथन की व्याख्या करें।
उत्तर-
भारत एक धर्म निरपेक्ष राज्य है। संविधान की प्रस्तावना में स्पष्ट रूप से भारत को धर्म-निरपेक्ष राज्य घोषित किया गया है। भारत का कोई धर्म नहीं है पर भारतीयों का धर्म है। भारत के सभी लोगों को धर्म की स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार प्राप्त है। धर्म के आधार पर नागरिकों में कोई भेद-भाव नहीं किया जाता। सभी नागरिक स्वेच्छा से कोई भी धर्म अपनाने और उपासना करने को स्वतंत्र हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
संपूर्ण प्रभुसत्ता संपन्न राज्य से क्या अभिप्राय है ? व्याख्या करें।
उत्तर-
संपर्ण प्रभुसत्ता संपन्न राज्य का अर्थ है कि देश अपने बाहरी व आंतरिक विषयों तथा अपने निर्णय लेने के लिए पूर्णतया स्वतंत्र है। देश जब भी अपने आंतरिक व अन्य देशों से संबंध बनाने के लिए कोई भी नीति बनाएगा वह बिना किसी दबाव के व पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता से बनाएगा। देश पर कोई अन्य देश किसी प्रकार का दबाव नहीं डाल सकता।

प्रश्न 4.
भारत के संविधान की एकात्मक विशेषताओं की संक्षेप में व्याख्या करें।
उत्तर-

भारत के सभी नागरिकों को इकहरी नागरिकता दी गई है।
सभी सरकारों के लिए एक ही संविधान दिया गया है।
संपूर्ण देश के लिए एकहरी न्यायपालिका का गठन किया गया है।
भारतीय संसद् को यह शक्ति दी गई है कि वह राज्यों की सीमा तथा नाम परिवर्तित कर सकती है।
राज्यों के राज्यपाल केंद्र के प्रतिनिधि के रूप में कार्य करते हैं तथा इनकी नियुक्ति केंद्र सरकार द्वारा की जाती है।
देश के लिए कानून बनाने की शक्ति संसद् को दी गई है।
संपूर्ण देश की सर्वभारतीय सेवाओं के अफसरों की नियुक्ति केंद्र सरकार द्वारा की जाती है।
अगर राज्यों के बीच किसी विषय को लेकर झगड़ा हो जाए तो उसका निपटारा उच्चतम न्यायालय अथवा केंद्र सरकार करती है।
अनुच्छेद 356 के अंतर्गत केंद्र सरकार राज्य सरकार को भंग करके वहां पर राष्ट्रपति शासन लागू कर सकती है। राष्ट्रपति को अनुच्छेद 352 से 360 के साथ कुछ संकटकालीन शक्तियां दी गई हैं जिनके साथ वह देश में संकट घोषित कर सकता है।

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide भारतीय लोकतंत्र की स्थापना एवं स्वरूप Important Questions and Answers

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न :

प्रश्न 1.
स्वतंत्रता से पूर्व भारत में किस नेता के नेतृत्व में भारत के संविधान का मसौदा तैयार किया गया ?
(क) पं० मोती लाल नेहरू
(ख) पं. जवाहर लाल नेहरू
(ग) बाल गंगाधर तिलक
(घ) अब्दुल कलाम आजाद।
उत्तर-
(क) पं० मोती लाल नेहरू

प्रश्न 2.
भारत में संविधान सभा के सदस्यों का चुनाव हुआ
(क) जनवरी, 1947
(ख) जुलाई, 1946
(ग) दिसंबर, 1948
(घ) सितंबर, 1946
उत्तर-
(ख) जुलाई, 1946

प्रश्न 3.
भारतीय संविधान का निर्माण किया गया
(क) ब्रिटिश सम्राट् द्वारा
(ख) ब्रिटिश संसद् द्वारा
(ग) संविधान सभा द्वारा
(घ) भारतीय संसद् द्वारा।
उत्तर-
(ग) संविधान सभा द्वारा

प्रश्न 4.
संविधान सभा के अस्थायी अध्यक्ष का नाम बताओ
(क) महात्मा गांधी
(ख) डॉ० सच्चिदानंद सिन्हा
(ग) डॉ० राजेंद्र प्रसाद
(घ) डॉ० अंबेदकर।
उत्तर-
(ख) डॉ० सच्चिदानंद सिन्हा

प्रश्न 5.
संविधान सभा के स्थायी अध्यक्ष थे-
(क) डॉ० राजेंद्र प्रसाद
(ख) डॉ० अंबेदकर
(ग) डॉ० सच्चिदानंद सिन्हा
(घ) पं० जवाहर लाल नेहरू
उत्तर-
(क) डॉ० राजेंद्र प्रसाद

प्रश्न 6.
डॉ० अंबेदकर अध्यक्ष थे
(क) संसद्
(ख) संविधान सभा
(ग) स्वराज्य पार्टी
(घ) प्रारूप समिति
उत्तर-
(घ) प्रारूप समिति

प्रश्न 7.
संविधान सभा का प्रथम अधिवेशन हुआ
(क) 24 जनवरी, 1950
(ख) 9 दिसंबर, 1946
(ग) 10 दिसंबर, 1947
(घ) 26 नवंबर, 1949
उत्तर-
(ख) 9 दिसंबर, 1946

प्रश्न 8.
भारत की संविधान सभा ने संविधान को अपनाया
(क) 24 जनवरी, 1950
(ख) 26 नवंबर, 1949
(ग) 26 दिसंबर, 1949
(घ) 26 जनवरी, 1950.
उत्तर-
(ख) 26 नवंबर, 1949

प्रश्न 9.
भारत का संविधान लागू किया गया
(क) 26 नवंबर, 1949
(ख) 15 अगस्त, 1947
(ग) 26 जनवरी, 1950
(घ) 24 जनवरी, 1950
उत्तर-
(ग) 26 जनवरी, 1950

प्रश्न 10.
संविधान सभा प्रभुत्व संपन्न बनी
(क) 15 अगस्त, 1947
(ख) 26 जनवरी, 1948
(ग) 26 नवंबर, 1949
(घ) 26 दिसंबर, 1946
उत्तर-
(क) 15 अगस्त, 1947

रिक्त स्थान भरें:

भारतीय संविधान …………… ने बनाया।
संविधान सभा के …………. सदस्य थे।
…………. संविधान सभा के स्थायी प्रधान थे।
भारत में ………… शासन व्यवस्था अपनायी गई है।
भारतीय संसदीय व्यवस्था ……….. से ली गई है।

उत्तर-

संविधान सभा
389
डॉ. राजेंद्र प्रसाद
संसदीय
बिटेन

सही/गलत :

भारतीय संविधान को संसद् ने बनाया था।
संविधान सभा की प्रथम बैठक 9 दिसंबर, 1946 को हुई।
संविधान सभा को Objective Resolution जवाहर लाल नेहरू ने दिया.।
15 अगस्त, 1947 के पश्चात् संविधान सभा के 389 सदस्य थे।
भारतीय संविधान को बनाने में 4 वर्ष लगे थे।

उत्तर-

(✗)
(✓)
(✓)
(✗)
(✗)

अति लघु उत्तरों वाले प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
ब्रिटिश भारत के अंतिम और स्वतंत्र भारत के प्रथम गवर्नर-जनरल कौन थे ?
उत्तर-
लॉर्ड माउंटबैटन।

प्रश्न 2.
नेल्सन मंडेला किस देश के नेता थे ?
उत्तर-
नेल्सन मंडेला दक्षिण अफ्रीका के नेता थे।

प्रश्न 3.
भारत का संविधान किसने बनाया ?
उत्तर-
संविधान सभा।

प्रश्न 4. संविधान सभा के सदस्यों का कब चुनाव हुआ ?
उत्तर-जुलाई, 1946.

प्रश्न 5.
संविधान सभा के अध्यक्ष कौन थे ?
उत्तर-
डॉ० राजेंद्र प्रसाद।

प्रश्न 6.
प्रारूप समिति (Draft Committee) के अध्यक्ष कौन थे ?
उत्तर-
डॉ० बी०आर० अंबेडकर।

प्रश्न 7.
संविधान सभा ने भारत का संविधान बनाने में कितना समय लगाया?
उत्तर-
2 वर्ष 11 महीने 18 दिन।

प्रश्न 8.
किन्हीं दो देशों का नाम लिखें जिनका संविधान लिखित है।
उत्तर-

भारत
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका।

प्रश्न 9.
किसी एक देश का नाम लिखें जिनका संविधान अलिखित है।
उत्तर-
इंग्लैंड।

प्रश्न 10.
भारत के स्वतंत्र होने के पश्चात् संविधान सभा के कितने सदस्य थे ?
उत्तर-
299 सदस्य।

प्रश्न 11.
‘संविधान’ शब्द का अर्थ लिखें।
उत्तर-
संविधान उन नियमों तथा सिद्धांतों का समूह होता है जिनके अनुसार शासन चलाया जाता है।

प्रश्न 12.
नेल्सन मंडेला ने किस शासन प्रणाली का समर्थन किया ?
उत्तर-
लोकतांत्रिक शासन प्रणाली।

प्रश्न 13.
संविधान सभा के किन्हीं चार महत्त्वपूर्ण सदस्यों के नाम लिखें जिन्होंने संविधान निर्माण में महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया। ,
उत्तर-

डॉ० राजेंद्र प्रसाद
डॉ० अंबेदकर
पं० जवाहर लाल नेहरू
एच० सी० मुकर्जी।

प्रश्न 14.
भारत में संसदीय शासन प्रणाली किस देश से प्रभावित होकर ली गई है ?
उत्तर-
इंग्लैंड।

प्रश्न 15.
भारत में मौलिक अधिकार किस देश से प्रभावित होकर लिए गए?
उत्तर-
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका।

प्रश्न 16.
संविधान सभा ने कुल कितने दिन संविधान के मसौदे पर विचार किया?
उत्तर-
114 दिन।

प्रश्न 17.
किन्हीं चार देशों के नाम बताओ जिनके संविधान की मुख्य विशेषताओं को भारतीय संविधान में सम्मिलित किया गया है ?
उत्तर-
इंग्लैंड, अमेरिका, आयरलैंड, कनाडा।

प्रस्न 18.
भारतीय संविधान को ‘सजीव संविधान’ क्यों कहा जाता है ?
उत्तर-
भारतीय संविधान में समय तथा आवश्यकतानुसार संशोधन होते रहते हैं। भारतीय संविधान का निरंतर विकास हो रहा है।

प्रश्न 19.
भारतीय संविधान की मौलिक प्रस्तावना में भारत को क्या घोषित किया गया है ?
उत्तर-
भारतीय संविधान की मूल प्रस्तावना में भारत को एक प्रभुत्व संपन्न लोकतांत्रिक राज्य घोषित किया गया है।

प्रश्न 20.
प्रस्तावना में संविधान में दिए गए उद्देश्यों में से कोई एक उद्देश्य लिखें।
उत्तर-
संविधान का उद्देश्य है कि भारत के सभी लोगों को न्याय मिले।

प्रश्न 21.
भारत गणराज्य कैसे है ?
उत्तर-
भारत में राष्ट्रपति एक निर्वाचक मंडल (Electoral College) द्वारा चुना जाता है। इसलिए भारत गणराज्य

प्रश्न 22.
भारत के संविधान की प्रस्तावना में दिए गए शब्द ‘हम भारत के लोग’ से क्या अभिप्राय है ?
उत्तर-
‘हम भारत के लोग’ से अभिप्राय है, कि भारत की सर्वोच्च सत्ता भारत के लोगों में केंद्रित है और भारत के संविधान का स्रोत कोई और नहीं बल्कि भारत की जनता है।

प्रश्न 23.
दो तर्क देकर स्पष्ट कीजिए कि भारत एक लोकतंत्रात्मक राज्य है।
उत्तर-

देश का शासन लोगों द्वारा चुने हुए प्रतिनिधि चलाते हैं।
सभी नागरिकों को समान राजनीतिक अधिकार प्राप्त हैं।

प्रश्न 24.
किस संशोधन द्वारा प्रस्तावना में समाजवाद, धर्मनिरपेक्षता, राष्ट्र की एकता के शब्द जोड़े गए हैं?
उत्तर-
42वां संशोधन।

प्रश्न 25.
भारत में 26 जनवरी का दिन किस दिवस के रूप में मनाया जाता है ?
उत्तर-
भारत में 26 जनवरी का दिन गणतंत्र दिवस के रूप में मनाया जाता है।

प्रश्न 26.
संविधान संशोधन किसे कहते हैं ?
उत्तर-
संविधान में समय-समय पर आवश्यकतानुसार होने वाले परिवर्तनों को संविधान संशोधन कहते हैं।

लघु उत्तरों वाले प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
संविधान से आप क्या समझते हैं ?
उत्तर-
संविधान उन सिद्धांतों तथा नियमों का समूह होता है जिनके अनुसार शासन चलाया जाता है। प्रत्येक राज्य में कुछ ऐसे सिद्धांत तथा नियम निश्चित कर लिए जाते हैं जिनके अनुसार शासन के विभिन्न अंगों का संगठन किया जाता है, उनको शक्तियां प्रदान की जाती हैं, उनके आपसी संबंधों को नियमित किया जाता है तथा नागरिकों और राज्य के बीच संबंध स्थापित किए जाते हैं। इन नियमों के समूह को ही संविधान कहा जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
हमें संविधान की आवश्यकता क्यों है ? व्याख्या करें।,
उत्तर-
हमें संविधान की आवश्यकता निम्नलिखित कारणों से है-

लोकतांत्रिक शासन प्रणाली के लिए संविधान का होना अनिवार्य है।
संविधान सरकार की शक्ति तथा सत्ता का स्रोत है।
संविधान सरकार की संरचना तथा सरकार के विभिन्न अंगों की शक्तियों की व्यवस्था करता है।
संविधान सरकार के विभिन्न अंगों के पारस्परिक संबंध निर्धारित करता है।’
संविधान सरकार और नागरिकों के संबंधों को निर्धारित करता है।
संविधान सरकार की शक्तियों पर सीमाएं लगाता है।
संविधान सर्वोच्च कानून है जिनके द्वारा समाज के विभिन्न लोगों में समन्वय किया जाता है।

प्रश्न 3.
हमारा संविधान जनता का संविधान क्यों माना जाता है ?
उत्तर-
भारत का संविधान जनता का संविधान है। यह सत्य है कि संविधान सभा के सदस्य वयस्क मताधिकार के आधार पर ही चुने गए थे। संविधान सभा के सदस्य प्रांतीय विधानमंडलों द्वारा चुने गए थे। वास्तव में संविधान सभा में देश के सभी महत्त्वपूर्ण नेता संविधान सभा के सदस्य थे। सभी वर्गों (हिंदू, मुस्लिम, सिख, ईसाई, महिलाएं) के प्रतिनिधि संविधान सभा में थे। यदि वयस्क मताधिकार के आधार पर चुनाव होता तो यही व्यक्ति चुनाव जीत कर आते। अतः हमारा संविधान जनता का संविधान है।

प्रश्न 4.
आपके विचार में लोकतांत्रिक देशों में संविधान का महत्त्व अपेक्षाकृत क्यों अधिक होता है ?
उत्तर-
लोकतंत्र में देश के नागरिक प्रत्यक्ष अथवा अप्रत्यक्ष रूप में शासन में भाग लेते हैं। संविधान में जहां एक ओर सरकार के विभिन्न अंगों की शक्तियों का वर्णन होता है, वहां पर उन पर प्रतिबंध भी लगाए जाते हैं। नागरिकों के अधिकारों का वर्णन संविधान में किया जाता है। कोई सरकार संविधान का उल्लंघन नहीं कर सकती। न्यायालय नागरिकों के अधिकारों व संविधान की रक्षा करते हैं। अतः संविधान का लोकतंत्र में विशेष महत्त्व है।

प्रश्न 5.
संविधान सभा कैसे गठित हुई थी ?
उत्तर-
भारतीय नेता काफी समय से यह मांग करते आ रहे थे कि भारत का संविधान बनाने के लिए संविधान सभा बनाई जाए। 1946 में कैबिनेट मिशन ने संविधान सभा की स्थापना की सिफारिश की। सभी राजनीतिक दलों ने संविधान सभा की स्थापना का स्वागत किया। संविधान सभा के 389 सदस्यों का जुलाई, 1946 में चुनाव हुआ। इस प्रकार संविधान सभा गठित की गई।

प्रश्न 6.
संविधान की प्रस्तावना का महत्त्व लिखें।
उत्तर-

प्रस्तावना संविधान की आत्मा का दर्पण है।
जब संविधान की कोई धारा संदिग्ध या अस्पष्ट हो तो न्यायालय उसकी व्याख्या करते समय प्रस्तावना की सहायता ले सकते हैं।
प्रस्तावना संविधान निर्माताओं के मन की कुंजी है।
प्रस्तावना संविधान का अभिन्न अंग है जो संविधान के मौलिक ढांचे को व्यक्त करती है।

प्रश्न 7.
कठोर तथा लचीले संविधान से क्या अभिप्राय है ?
उत्तर-
भारतीय संविधान कठोर भी है तथा लचीला भी है। कठोर संविधान का अर्थ है इसमें आसानी से परिवर्तन या संशोधन नहीं किया जा सकता। संशोधन करने के लिए काफी अधिक बहुमत की आवश्यकता है जो सरकार के पास नहीं होता है। लचीले संविधान का अर्थ है कि अगर सरकार के पास निर्णायक बहुमत हो तो इसे बदला भी जा सकता है। अगर राजनीतिक दल इकट्ठे हो जाएं तो इसे आसानी से बदला जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 8.
भारत का संविधान सर्वाधिक विस्तृत व लंबा संविधान है। स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर-
भारतीय संविधान विश्व के संविधानों में सबसे विस्तृत तथा लंबा है। मूलरूप से इसमें 395 अनुच्छेद तथा 8 अनुसूचियां थीं। 1950 के पश्चात् से ही इसमें कुछ नई-चीजें शामिल की गईं जिस कारण इसमें अब 450 अनुच्छेद तथा 12 अनुसूचियां हैं। समय के साथ साथ इसमें 103 संशोधन भी किए गए। इन सब के कारण हमारा संविधान सबसे विस्तृत तथा लंबा हो गया।

प्रश्न 9.
लिखित संविधान का क्या अर्थ है ?
उत्तर-
हमारा संविधान लिखित है जिसे हमारी संविधान सभा ने 2 वर्ष 11 महीने तथा 18 दिनों के कड़े परिश्रम से तैयार किया। भारत में संघात्मक सरकार रखी गई जिस कारण इसका लिखित रूप में होना आवश्यक था ताकि केंद्र तथा राज्य सरकार के बीच के मुद्दों को आसानी से सुलझाया जा सके। इसके विपरीत ब्रिटेन का संविधान अलिखित है जो कि परिभाषाओं व मान्यताओं पर आधारित है। हमारा संविधान लिखित है जिस कारण इसमें पारदर्शिता भी है।

दीर्घ उत्तरों वाले प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
भारत का संविधान किस प्रकार बना ?
उत्तर-
भारत का संविधान एक संविधान सभा ने बनाया। इस सभा के गठन तथा इसके द्वारा संविधान के निर्माण का वर्णन इस प्रकार है संविधान सभा का गठन-भारतीय नेता काफी समय से यह मांग करते आ रहे थे कि भारत का संविधान बनाने के लिए संविधान सभा बनाई जाए। 1946 ई० में उनकी मांग स्वीकार कर ली गई और संविधान सभा की 389 सीटों के लिए चुनाव हुए। संविधान सभा में पूरे देश के उच्च नेता शामिल थे। पं० जवाहर लाल नेहरू, डॉ. राजेंद्र प्रसाद, सरदार पटेल, मौलाना अबुल कलाम आज़ाद आदि कांग्रेस के सदस्य थे। अन्य दलों के सदस्यों में डॉ० भीमराव अंबेदकर, डॉ० श्यामा प्रसाद मुखर्जी तथा फ्रेंक एंथनी प्रमुख थे। श्रीमती सरोजिनी नायडू तथा विजय लक्ष्मी पंडित महिला सदस्या थीं। डॉ. राजेंद्र प्रसाद संविधान सभा के अध्यक्ष थे।
प्रारूप समिति की नियुक्ति तथा संविधान का निर्माण-संविधान का प्रारूप तैयार करने के लिए एक प्रारूप समिति की नियुक्ति की गई। प्रारूप समिति के प्रधान डॉ० भीमराव अंबेदकर थे। इस समिति ने विभिन्न देशों के संविधानों का अध्ययन करके बड़े परिश्रम से संविधान की रूप-रेखा बनाई। इसी रूप-रेखा के आधार पर ही देश के लिए विस्तृत संविधान तैयार किया गया। संविधान को तैयार करने में कुल 2 वर्ष, 11 मास, 18 दिन का समय लगा। इस दौरान संविधान सभा की 166 बैठकें हुईं। अंततः 26 नवंबर, 1949 को संविधान को पारित कर दिया गया। इसे 26 जनवरी, 1950 ई० को लागू किया गया। इस प्रकार भारत गणतंत्र बना।

प्रश्न 2.
“भारत प्रभुत्व संपन्न, समाजवादी, धर्मनिरपेक्ष लोकतंत्रीय गणराज्य है।” व्याख्या करें।
उत्तर-

प्रभुत्व संपन्न-प्रभुत्व संपन्न से अभिप्राय यह है कि राज्य आंतरिक तथा बाहरी रूप से स्वतंत्र है, वह किसी बाहरी सत्ता के अधीन नहीं है।
धर्म-निरपेक्ष-धर्म-निरपेक्ष राज्य में राज्य का कोई अपना विशेष धर्म नहीं होता। धर्म के आधार पर नागरिकों से कोई भी भेदभाव नहीं किया जाता। प्रत्येक नागरिक स्वेच्छा से कोई भी धर्म अपनाने और अपने ही ढंग से उपासना करने में स्वतंत्र होता है।
समाजवादी-समाजवादी राज्य का अर्थ ऐसे राज्य से है जिसमें नागरिकों को सामाजिक और आर्थिक क्षेत्र में समानता प्राप्त हो। इसमें धनी-निर्धन का भेदभाव नहीं होता।
लोकतांत्रिक-लोकतांत्रिक राज्य का अर्थ यह है कि सभी नागरिकों को समान अधिकार प्राप्त हैं। वे निर्धारित चुनावों द्वारा अपने प्रतिनिधि चुनते हैं जो सरकार का निर्माण तथा संचालन करते हैं।
गणतंत्र-गणतंत्र का अर्थ है कि राज्य का अध्यक्ष कोई बादशाह नहीं होगा। वह निश्चित समय के लिए अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से निर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति होगा।

प्रश्न 3.
लोकतांत्रिक देशों में संविधान का महत्त्व अधिक क्यों होता है ?
उत्तर-
निम्नलिखित कारणों से लोकतांत्रिक देशों में संविधान का महत्त्व अधिक है-

लोकतांत्रिक शासन प्रणाली के लिए संविधान का होना अनिकर्य है।
संविधान सरकार की शक्ति तथा सत्ता का स्रोत है।।
संविधान सरकार के ढांचे तथा सरकार के विभिन्न अंगों की शक्तियों की व्यवस्था करता है।
संविधान सरकार के विभिन्न अंगों के पारस्परिक संबंध निर्धारित करता है।
संविधान सरकार और नागरिकों के संबंधों को निर्धारित करता है।
संविधान सरकार की शक्तियों पर सीमाएं लगाता है।
संविधान सर्वोच्च कानून है जिसके द्वारा समाज के विभिन्न वर्गों में समन्वय किया जाता है।

प्रश्न 4.
भारतीय संविधान कई स्रोतों से लिया गया संविधान है। स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर-
संविधान सभा ने संविधान का निर्माण करने से पहले अलग-अलग देशों के संविधानों तथा ब्रिटिश सरकार द्वारा भारत के लिए 1947 से पहले कानूनों का सूक्ष्म अध्ययन किया। फिर उन्होंने इन सब के अच्छे प्रावधानों को हमारे संविधान में शामिल किया। यह सब निम्नलिखित हैं-

ब्रिटेन-संसदीय व्यवस्था, कानून पास करने की विधि, संसद् के विशेषाधिकार, कानून का शासन, इकहरी नागरिकता, कैबिनेट व्यवस्था, दो सदनों की व्याख्या।
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका-मौलिक अधिकार, सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की संरचना एवम शक्तियां, न्यायिक पुनर्निरीक्षण, उपराष्ट्रपति का पद, न्यायपालिका का स्वतंत्रता, प्रस्तावना।
कैनेडा-संघीय संरचना, बची हुई शक्तियां (Residuary powers), राज्यपालों की केंद्र द्वारा नियुक्ति।
आयरलैंड-राज्य के नीति के निर्देशक सिद्धांत, राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव की प्रक्रिया, राष्ट्रपति द्वारा राज्यसभा के सदस्यों को मनोनीत करना, उच्चतम न्यायालय व उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों को हटाने की प्रक्रिया। .
जर्मनी-राष्ट्रपति की आपातकालीन शक्तियां।
भूतपूर्व सोवियत संघ-मौलिक कर्त्तव्य।
फ्रांस-गणतंत्र, स्वतंत्रता, समानता व भाईचारा।
आस्ट्रेलिया-समवर्ती सूची।
दक्षिण अफ्रीका-संवैधानिक संशोधन।

प्रश्न 5.
संविधान की मुख्य विशेषताओं का वर्णन करें।
उत्तर-

भारतीय संविधान एक लिखित संविधान है जिसमें शासन प्रबंध से संबंधित सभी नियम लिखित रूप में मिलते हैं।
भारतीय संविधान संसार के सभी संविधानों में से सबसे विस्तृत और लंबा है जिसमें 395 अनुच्छेद (वर्तमान 450) तथा 12 अनुसूचियां हैं।
संविधान की शुरुआत प्रस्तावना से होती है जिसमें हमारे संविधान के प्रमुख उद्देश्य लिखे गए हैं।
हमारा संविधान लचीला भी है तथा कठोर भी है। यह लचीला इस तरह है कि इसे बहुमत के साथ परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है। कठोर इस तरह कि इसे आसानी से परिवर्तित नहीं किया जा सकता।
हमारे संविधान ने हमें एक स्वतंत्र तथा इकहरी न्यायपालिका दी है जिसके नियम संपूर्ण देश में चलते हैं।
संविधान ने देश को लोकतांत्रिक गणराज्य बनाया है जिसमें सरकार को निश्चित समय के पश्चात् चुनने का अधिकार जनता को दिया गया है। साथ ही राष्ट्राध्यक्ष हमेशा जनता द्वारा एक निश्चित समय के पश्चात् चुना जाता है।
संविधान ने देश को एक धर्मनिरपेक्ष राज्य बनाया है जिसके अनुसार देश का अपना कोई धर्म नहीं है तथा देश के सभी धर्मों को समानता दी गई है।
भारत को एक संघात्मक ढांचा दिया गया है जिसमें दो प्रकार की सरकारें-केंद्र सरकार तथा राज्य सरकारें होती हैं। इन दोनों सरकारों की शक्तियां पूर्णतया विभाजित की गई है।

प्रश्न 6.
संघवाद में किस आधार पर केंद्र तथा राज्य सरकारों के बीच शक्तियों का बंटवारा हुआ है ?
अथवा
किस प्रकार भारतीय संघ में केंद्र तथा राज्य सरकारों के बीच शक्तियां विभाजित की गई हैं ?
अथवा
भारतीय संविधान में शासन शक्तियों संबंधी कितनी सूचियाँ हैं ? प्रत्येक सूची के दो-दो उदाहरण अथवा विषय लिखिए।
उत्तर-
हमारे देश भारत में, संविधान ने साफ़ शब्दों में प्रत्येक स्तर की शक्तियों को विभाजित किया है। प्रत्येक स्तर को अपने कार्य क्षेत्र के लिए कानून बनाने के लिए कुछ विषय दिए गए हैं तथा उन्हें एक-दूसरे के अधिकतर क्षेत्र में हस्तक्षेप करने का अधिकार नहीं है। वास्तव में यह बंटवारा तीन प्रकार का है। संविधान में विषयों के बंटवारे से संबंधित तीन प्रकार की सूचियां दी गई हैं। ये तीन सूचियां तथा उनके अधिकार क्षेत्र इस प्रकार हैं-

संघीय सूची-संघीय सूची 97 विषयों (वर्तमान 100) की एक सूची है जिन पर केवल केंद्र सरकार कानून बना सकती है। संघीय सूची में संपूर्ण देश से संबंधित विषय हैं जैसे कि रक्षा, वित्त, विदेशी मामले, डाक तथा तार, बैंकिंग इत्यादि। केवल केंद्र सरकार ही इन विषयों से संबंधित निर्णय ले सकती है।
राज्य सूची-राज्य सूची 66 (वर्तमान 61) विषयों की एक सूची है जिन पर राज्य सरकारें कानून बना सकती हैं। केंद्र सरकार का इससे कुछ लेना-देना नहीं है। स्थानीय महत्त्व के विषय इसमें आते हैं जैसे कि पुलिस, कृषि, सिंचाई, व्यापार, इत्यादि। राज्य सरकार ही इन विषयों पर कानून बना सकती है।
मवर्ती सूची-समवर्ती सूची भी 47 विषयों (वर्तमान 52) की सूची है जिसमें केंद्र तथा राज्य दोनों के हित होते हैं। विषय जैसे कि वन, शिक्षा, ट्रेड यूनियन इत्यादि इसमें आते हैं। केंद्र तथा राज्य सरकारें दोनों ही इन पर कानून बना सकती हैं। परंतु अगर दोनों के कानून आमने-सामने हो जाएं तो केंद्र सरकार वाला कानून मान्य होगा।
इस प्रकार भारतीय संघ व्यवस्था में केंद्र तथा राज्य सरकारों में शक्तियों का विभाजन किया गया है।

प्रश्न 7.
संघीय सरकार की मुख्य विशेषताओं का वर्णन कीजिए।
अथवा
आप कैसे कह सकते हैं कि भारत में संघीय व्यवस्था की सरकार है ?
उत्तर-
संघवाद का निर्माण उस समय होता है जब कुछ अलग-अलग हिस्से तथा उनमें एक केंद्रीय सत्ता हो। इसमें केंद्र सरकार या तो अधिक शक्तिशाली होती है या फिर राज्यों के पास भी केंद्र सरकार के समान ही शक्तियां होती हैं परंतु भारत में सरकार की व्यवस्था देखने के बाद हम कह सकते हैं कि भारत में संघीय प्रकार की सरकार है जिसकी विशेषताएं निम्नलिखित हैं-

लिखित तथा कठोर संविधान-संघीय प्रकार की सरकार में संविधान लिखित तथा कठोर होता है जो कि केंद्र तथा राज्य सरकारों में शक्तियों का बंटवारा कर देता है तथा यह प्रावधान भी रखता है कि कोई भी स्तर अपने हितों के लिए अकेले ही संविधान में परिवर्तन न कर सके।
संविधान की सर्वोच्चता-संघवादी सरकार में संविधान सर्वोच्च होता है। अगर सरकार कोई ऐसा कानून बनाती हैं जो कि संवैधानिक प्रावधानों के अनुकूल न हो तो उसे न्यायपालिका द्वारा असंवैधानिक भी करार दिया जा सकता हैं।
स्वतंत्र न्यायपालिका-संघीय राज्यों में न्यायपालिका स्वतंत्र होती हैं। न्यायपालिका के मुख्य कार्य कानूनों का सही व्याख्यान तथा संविधान की रक्षा करना होता है। न्यायपालिका ही केंद्र तथा राज्य सरकारों के बीच के मतभेदों का समाधान करती हैं।
दो स्तरीय विधायिका-संघीय प्रकार की सरकार में विधायिका दो स्तरों की होती है। एक सदन राज्यों का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है तथा दूसरा स्तर जनता का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।
शक्तियों का विभाजन-संघीय प्रकार की सरकार में सरकारी शक्तियों को केंद्र सरकार तथा राज्य सरकारों में ठीक प्रकार से बांटा जाता है। ताकि उनमें कोई मतभेद उत्पन्न न हों।

इस प्रकार इन विशेषताओं को देखकर हम कह सकते हैं कि भारत में संघीय सरकार है।

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 11 Important Current Issues in Agriculture

January 25, 2024January 24, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 11 Important Current Issues in Agriculture Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Agriculture Chapter 11 Important Current Issues in Agriculture

Agriculture Guide for Class 9 PSEB Important Current Issues in Agriculture Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in 1-2 words:

Question 1.
Write full form of GM.
Answer:
Genetically modified.

Question 2.
Write full form of Bt.
Answer:
Bacillus Thuriengiensis.

Question 3.
Name the poisonous substance produced in Bt plant.
Answer:
It produces a crystalline protein, which is toxic for bollworms.

Question 4.
Write full form of PPV and FR.
Answer:
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act.

Question 5.
When PPV & FR Act was passed?
Answer:
In the year 2001.

Question 6.
Which instrument of the implement is used for leveling of fields?
Answer:
Laser land leveler.

Question 7.
Write the name of the instrument which is used for judicious use of water in paddy crop.
Answer:
Tensiometer.

Question 8.
How much increase in earth’s surface temperature has been recorded during the past century?
Answer:
0.5°C.

Question 9.
Name any two prominent Green House Gases.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide, Chlorofluoro Carbon, Methane etc.

Question 10,
Write full name of CFC.
Answer:
Chlorofluoro Carbon.

(B) Answer in 1-2 sentences:

Question 1.
Define GM crops.
Answer:
By using specialized genetic engineering technologies crop can be genetically modified by the transfer of gene of other plant or organism into the crop. GM stands for Genetically Modified crops.

Question 2.
Differentiate BG-I from BG-II.
Answer:
BG-I stands for Bollguard-I hybrid and BG-II stands for Bollguard-II. These are cotton hybrids. BG-I contained only one Bt gene. Whereas BG-II contains two Bt genes. BG-I can withstand the attak of American Bollworm only whereas BG-II can withstand the attack of all the four types of Bollworm namely American Bollworm, Spotted bollworm, Pink Bollworm and Tobacco Caterpillar.

Question 3.
Why Bt cottons remain safe from any damage by the bollworms?
Answer:
Bt cotton contains Bacillus Thuriengiensis, a soil bacterium. This gene produces crystalline protein in the plant, which is highly toxic for the bollworm, insects-pests of cotton. When bollworm feeds on flower bud or flower or boll of a Bt cotton plant, digestive system of the insect gets damaged and it gets killed. This way ‘cotton crop is saved from the harmful insects.

Question 4.
What is precision farming? List its benefits.
Answer:
This is a new concept of farming. The main objective behind this concept is to use judiciously the various inputs as decided and calibrated by various scientific technologies so as to save natural resources and to increase the yield of the crop. Insecticides, fertilizers, weedicides etc. are used in measured quantity accurately and different amounts are used in different sections of a field according to the need. This way these inputs are not wasted and yield is also increased. It also does not pollute the environment.

Question 5.
Discuss methods that need to be adopted for judicious use and saving of water.
Answer:
If leveling of field is done by using laser land leveler a lot of water is saved. Similarly use of tensiometer in rice crop helps in deciding when and how much irrigation is needed for the rice crop. This helps in saving water.

Question 6.
What may be the impact of climate change on wheat crop?
Answer:
It can adversely effect the yield of wheat. If there is increase in temperature during February and March wheat production will reduce.

Question 7.
Why temperature increases inside a greenhouse?
Answer:
Houses which are made up of plastic sheets or glass in which plants are grown are known as green houses. Sun rays can enter the green house but the infrared rays (heat rays) cannot come out from such a house. Thus Temperature increases in the green house.

Question 8.
List names of different Green House Gases.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 9.
What was the impact of Bt cotton varieties on cotton production in Punjab?
Answer:
Bt cotton was introduced in Punjab in 2006. Before this cotton crop in Punjab was totally ruined due to attack of American Bollworm. Lint yield reduced to only 2-3 quintal per acre. But with Bt cotton lint yield increased to 5 quintals per acre and use of insecticides were also reduced.

Question 10.
List names of important techniques used in Precision Farming.
Answer:
Important techniques used in precision farming are- sensors, G.P.S. satellite technology etc.

Question 1.
Which GM crop is being cultivated in “Punjab”? Explain its benefits.
Answer:
In Punjab G.M. crop of cotton in cultivated. It is called Bt cotton. Now there are some other GM crops prepared e.g. Brinjal, Maize, Soyabean and Rice. In Bt crops gene of a soil Bacterium Bacillus Thuriengiensis is introduced in the plants. This produces a crystalline protein in the plant, which is highly toxic for the bollworms. The insects eat this protein and their digestive system is damaged and thus they are killed in 3-4 days. Bt varieties can bear the attack of American bollworm, pink, Tobacco, spotted bollworms. In Bollguard-I hybrid of cotton only one Bt gene was introduced but in Bollguard-II two Bt genes were introduced cultivation of Bt cotton started in Punjab in 2006. Before its cultivation lint yield was only 2-3 quintal per acre but with Bt cotton lint yield increased to 5 quintal per acre. There in no need to use insecticides and thus environment also does not get polluted.

Question 2.
What are the dangers and risks associated with GM crops?
Answer:
Ever since the introduction of GM crops, many organizations, social activists, human welfare groups and even some of the scientists are against such GM crops. They think such crops are very harmful to the humans, plants, environment, species of cultivated plants, biodiversity of plants in long run. Although, there are no such evidences till date in favour of such fears or arguments. But some of the countries have banned the cultivation of such GM crops.

Question 3.
List objectives of PPV & FR Act. When was this act introduced?
Answer:
Main objective of PPV and FR act was to recognize and protect the farmers’ rights.

Plant breeder has right on the new variety of plant which he produced.
Farmers who are .cultivating a variety traditionally on their field or a landrace of a variety for which farmer have common knowledge can be registered as farmers’ variety.

Question 4.
How Green House Gases affect the climate?
Answer:
Green house gases have bad effect on the environment. Because of increase in the density of green house gases in the atmosphere, temperature of the globe is increasing, over the past 100 years it is estimated that earth has warmed by 0.5°C. And an estimate says that by the year 2050 temperature may increase by 1.8 to 4.0°C. As a consequence of this increase in temperature polar ice will melt, ocean water level will become higher, warm days become will become more warmer and cold days become colder. Rains will become erratic and seasons will start overlapping.

Question 5.
Discuss impact of climate change on agriculture.
Answer:
Climate changes can affect the agricultural activities. Due to global warming temperature on earth is increasing which can affect the environment in many ways.

Increase in temperature will effect life time of crop, crop rotation and time of cultivation of crops is also affected.
Due to increase in temperature and moisture content in the atmosphere many diseases and some new type of insects will damage the crop.
Increase in temperature in the month of Feb-March will affect the production of wheat.
There is uncertainly in rains and production decreases.
Fall in night temperature will also reduce yield. ,
There may be good affects on agricultural production in many countries.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is other name of GM crops?
Answer:
Transgenic crops.

Question 2.
Which technique is used to introduce gene of other plant or organism in a crop?
Answer:
By Genetic engineering technique.

Question 3.
What is full form of Bt?
Answer:
Bacillus Thuriengiensis.

Question 4.
What is Bt?
Answer:
It is a Bacteria found in soil.

Question 5.
Which other Bt crops are prepared other than Bt cotton?
Answer:
Brinjal, Maize, Soyabean, Rice etc.

Question 6.
Which variety cannot be registered?
Answer:
Plants which include terminator technology.

Question 7.
What is duration of registration for generhl crops?
Answer:
6 years but can be extended to 15 years.

Question 8.
Which website can be opened for getting crop registered?
Answer:
www.plantauthority.gov.in.

Question 9.
To whom the concept of precision farming applicable?
Answer:
It is applicable to both small and big farmers.

Question 10.
Which device is used in developed countries to find proper amount of fertilizer requirement?
Answer:
Nitrogen sensor.

Question 11.
Which technique is used to measure fields in developed countries?
Answer:
G.P.S. Technique.

Question 12.
If water remains standing in Paddy fields which gas is produced?
Answer:
Methane gas.

Question 13.
Which green house gas is produced by the use of nitrogen fertilizer?
Answer:
Nitrogen oxide.

Question 14.
What is the effect of rising in temperature at night on the crops?
Answer:
Yield will reduce.

Question 15.
By the end of 21st century, what is the estimate increase of temperature on earth?
Answer:
1.8 to 4.0° C.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Name varieties of Bollguard-2.
Answer:
RCH 650, NCS 855 are the varieties of BG-2.

Question 2.
Which crops can be registered under the act PPV and FR?
Answer:
Jowar, Maize, Bajra, Wheat, Paddy, Sugarcane, Cotton, Pea, Arhar, Masar, Turmeric, Grams etc. crops can be registered.

Question 3.
Which crops cannot be registered under the PPV and FR act.
Answer:
A variety which is harmful to human beings, for the environment or for plants. Plants including terminator technology can also not be registered.

Question 4.
Why varieties using terminator technology cannot be registered?
Answer:
Seeds of such crops do not have growing power.

Question 5.
Write about penalties of infringement in PPV and FR act.
Answer:
Providing wrong information e.g. wrong name of registered variety, wrong name of the country, wrong name and address of breeder, etc. are punishable acts. Punishment can be imprisonment, fine, or both.

Question 6.
What is a clear message of precision farming?
Answer:
Its clear message is to consider a field as consisting of many sections, there may be a problem of one type in one section and another type of problem in another section. Without knowing the problem of a particular section do not apply fertilizers or spray pesticides etc. If the soil in a section of the field is deficient in a particular mineral. Apply that particular fertilizer in only that section of the field and not in the whole of the field.

Question 7.
By how much temperature of the surface of the earth has increased over the last 100 years. Why?
Answer:
The temperature of the surface has increased by 0.5°C over the last 100 years. This is due to global warming.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write about Green House Gases and greenhouse principle. How is it related to the earth?
Answer:
Greenhouse gases are Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxide, Chlorofluorocarbon, Methane, etc. Houses that are made up of plastic sheets or glass in which plants are grown are known as greenhouses. Sun rays can enter the greenhouse but the infrared rays (heat rays) cannot come out from such a house. Thus temperature increases in the greenhouse.

Greenhouse gases are there all around the globe. These allow the sunlight to enter into the earth’s atmosphere but do not allow the infrared rays (heat rays) to go back into space. Thus they are responsible for global warming. The temperature of the earth is increasing and its bad effects can be floods, drought, change in time of monsoon, etc.

Question 2.
Write some factors responsible for climate change?
Answer:

Increased concentration of greenhouse gases like C02, CH4, etc.
Burning of fossil fuels like petrol and coal etc.
Deforestation on a large scale.
Industrialization and urbanization.
Excessive use of agrochemicals.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Guide Important Current Issues in Agriculture Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Greenhouse gases are :
(a) C0₂
(b) Nitrous oxide
(c) Methane
(d) All
Answer:
(d) All

2. PPV & FR act was passed in :
(a) 1985
(b) 2001
(c) 2015
(d) 1980
Answer:
(b) 2001

3. Device used in paddy for saving water :
(a) Tensiometer
(b) leveler
(c) B.T.
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Tensiometer

4. How much increase in earth’s surface temperature has been recorded during the past century?
(a) 0.5°C
(b) 5°C
(c) 2°C
(d) 10°C
Answer:
(a) 0.5°C

True/False:

1. Man is not practicing farming since time immemorial.
Answer:
False

2. Bt is the abbreviation for a soil bacterium Bacillus thuriengiensis.
Answer:
True

3. Yield of Bt cotton is four quintal lint per acre.
Answer:
False

4. After the introduction of Bt cotton use of insecticides has reduced a lot.
Answer:
True

5. Trees and vines were protected for 9 years and the period can be extended for 10 years.
Answer:
False

Fill in the Blanks:

1. By using specialized genetic engineering technologies crop can be genetically modified by transfer of ………………… of other plant or organism into the crop.
Answer:
gene

2. A crystalline protein is produced in Bt cotton which is highly toxic for ………………… insects pests of cotton.
Answer:
bollworms

3. Such improved crops are known as G.M. or ………………… crops.
Answer:
transgenic

4. Government of India enacted ‘protection of plant varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act (PPV & FR act) in …………………
Answer:
2001

5 ………………… crops of Brinjal, soybean, maize, rice, etc. have been developed.
Answer:
GM

6. Over the last 100 years temperature of the earth has increased by …………………
Answer:
0.5°C