PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long wire? The field consists of :
(a) straight lines perpendicular to the wire.
(b) straight lines parallel to the wire.
(c) radial lines originating from the wire.
(d) concentric circle centred on the ware.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 1
Answer:
(d) concentric circles centred on the wire (Figure)

Question 2.
The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is :
(а) the process of charging a body.
(b) the process of generating magnetic field due to a current passing through a coil.
(c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil.
(d) the process of rotating the coil of an electric motor.
Answer:
(c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil.

Question 3.
The device used for producing electric current is called :
(a) generator
(b) galvanometer
(c) ammeter
(d) motor.
Answer:
(a) generator.

Question 4.
The essential difference between an AC generator and a DC generator is that:
(а) AC generator has an electromagnet while a DC generator has a permanent magnet.
(б) DC generator will generate higher voltage.
(c) AC generator will generate higher voltage.
(d) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator.
Answer:
(d) AC generator has slip rings while DC generator has a commutator.

Question 5.
At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit.
(a) reduces substantially
(b) does not change
(c) increases heavily
(d) vary continuously.
Answer:
(c) increases heavily.

Question 6.
State whether the following statements are true or false.
(a) An electric motor converts mechanical energy into electric energy.
(b) An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
(c) The field at the centre of a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel straight lines.
(d) A wire with a green insulation is usually the live wire.
Answer:
(a) is false. It converts electric energy to mechanical energy.
(b) is true.
(c) is true.
(d) is false. Green is usually earth wire.

Question 7.
List three sources of magnetic field.
Answer:
Sources of Magnetic field are :

  • Magnet.
  • Current carrying conductor
  • Current carrying solenoid.

Question 8.
How does a solenoid behave like a magnet? Can you determine north and south poles of current carrying solenoid with the help of bar magnet? Explain.
Answer:
Solenoid: It consists of a coil of a number of turns of insulated copper wire closely wound in the shape of a cylinder. Magnetic field around a current carrying solenoid is shown in Figure.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 2
Field lines of the magnetic field inside and around a current carrying solenoid.

These magnetic lines due to current carrying solenoid appear to be similar to that of a bar magnet shown in Figure.

One end [right end] of solenoid behaves like north pole and the other end [left end] behaves like south pole. Magnetic field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines. This means that the field is the same at all points inside the solenoid.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 3
Field lines around a bar magnet.

A soft iron rod when placed inside the solenoid behaves, like an electromagnet.

Question 9.
When is, the force experienced in a magnetic field, the largest?
Answer:
When the field is perpendicular to current carrying conductor, the force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is largest.

PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Question 10.
Imagine that you are sitting in a chamber with your back to one wall. An electron beam moving horizontally with back towards the front wall, is deflected by a strong magnetic field to your right side. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
Answer:
The magnetic field will be acting in vertically downward direction in accordance with Fleming’s left hand rule. [Direction of the current should be considered in a direction opposite to the direction in which the electrons move].

Question 11.
Draw a labelled diagram of an electric motor. Explain its principle and working. What is the function of a split ring in electric motor?
Answer:
Electric motor: It is a device which is used to convert electric energy into mechanical energy.
Principle, “When a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque which rotates the coil.”
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 4
I indicates direction of current; F the direction field and M the direction of motion

Working: A direct current from a battery is passed through armature. The current flows in the coil along ABCD as shown in Figure (a). The limb AB of the coil experience downward and CD of the coil experience upward force in accordance with Fleming’s left hand rule. These two equal and opposite forces constitute a couple tending to rotate the coil in clockwise direction. After half the rotation, brush B1 has contact with S2 and brush B2 with S1. The direction of the current gets reversed. The current now flows along DCBA instead of along ABCD. Limb DC experiences downward and BA experiences an upward force in accordance with Fleming’s left-hand rule.

The process repeats itself and motion of armature becomes continuous after some time.
Functions of Split rings. They help in reversing the direction of current in the coil after every half rotation.

Question 12.
Name some devices in which electric motors are used.
Answer:
Electric motor are used in battery operated toys, in tape recorder, in car fans, mixers, grinders, computers and variety of other electric appliances.

Question 13.
A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What will happen if a bar magnet is (i) pushed into the coil; (ii) withdrawn from inside the coil; (iii) held stationary in the coil?
Answer:

  • When the bar is pushed into the coil, there will be momentary deflection of galvanometer in one direction. This is so because when magnet is brought near the coil, magnetic lines linked with the coil increases, so that induced emf is produced which induces current in the coil.
  • Faster, we push the magnet, more will be the deflection.
  • When the bar magnet is withdrawn, there will again be momentary galvanometer deflection but in a direction opposite to that when magnet was pushed in. This time also current is induced in the coil.
  • When the magnet is held stationary inside the coil, there will be no deflection in galvanometer. It is because no emf is induced and hence no current is induced in the coil.

Question 14.
Two circular coils A and B placed closed to each other. If the current in the coil A is changed, will some current be induced in coil B? Give reason.
Answer:
If the current in the coil is changed (switched on or switched off), then an electric current is induced in coil B. ‘
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 5
It is because when, plug in the key is introduced, current flows through the coil ‘A’ so that magnetic field is produced all round it. These magnetic lines produced in the coil ‘A’ will pass through the coil ‘B’ with the result induced emf and hence induced current is produced in the coil ‘B’ which is indicated by deflection of the galvanometer. Now when plug is removed from the key (switched off) the magnetic lines of force Jinked with the coil ‘B’ again change (decreases). This time again current is induced in the coil ‘B’.

Question 15.
When does an electric short circuit occur?
Answer:
Electric short-circuit occurs when :

  • live wire incidently touches neutral or earth-wire.
  • insulation around the current carrying wires is weak.
  • insulation gets hardened by the excessive use.
  • current passed through wire is more than its rating.

Question 16.
What is the function of earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth metallic appliances?
Answer:
Earth wire. It is used as a safety measure especially for electric appliance having metallic body. The metallic body of appliances like electric press, fans, toasters, refrigerators etc. are connected to earth wire which provides an easy path for current to go to the earth in case live wire touches the body of appliance incidently. The user will not suffer a severe electric shock in the event of touching a defective appliance.

Question 17.
State two properties of magnetic field lines.
Answer:

  1. Magnetic field start from north and end at south.
  2. They never intersect each other.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Magnetic Effects of Electric Current InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet?
Answer:
A compass needle is a small bar magnet with one end as north and the other end as south pole. It is a well known fact that similar poles repel each other and dissimilar poles attract each other. When N-pole of a bar magnet is brought near the compass, the north pole of compass gets repelled while its S-pole is attracted so that compass needle gets deflected.

Question 2.
Draw magnetic lines around a bar magnet.
Answer:
Place a bar magnet in the middle of a sheet of paper fixed on drawing board by using adhesive tape. Mark the boundary of the magnet with pencil. Place compass near north pole of the magnet when south pole of the compass will point towards north pole of the magnet. Mark the two points a, b at the two ends of the needle. Move the needle to a new position such that S-pole of compass needle is at b [position previously held by N-pole].

Repeat this till you reach south pole of the magnet (Figure).
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 6
Drawing magnetic field lines by compass needle.

Now Join the marked points on a paper by a smooth line which gives one magnetic line of force as shown in Figure. Repeat this procedure taking Figure Magnetic field around a bar different starting points.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 7
Magnetic field around a bar magnet.

PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Question 3.
List the properties of magnetic lines of force.
Or
Write characteristics of magnetic field lines.
Answer:
Properties (characteristics) of magnetic lines of force are :

  • These are the closed curves passing through the magnet. Outside the magnet lines of force start from north pole of the magnet and end at the south pole and inside the magnet, the direction of magnetic lines are from south pole to north pole.
  • The two magnetic lines of force never intersect each other.
  • They have a tendency to contract lengthwise which explains the attraction between opposite poles.
  • The tangent at any point of the magnetic lines of force gives the direction of the field at that point.
  • They exert lateral pressure upon each other, which explains repulsion between like poles.

Question 4.
Why two magnetic lines of forces never intersect each other?
Answer:
No two magnetic lines of force cross each other because, if they did so, then at the point of intersection; the compass needle would point towards two directions at the same time, which is not possible. Hence two magnetic lines never intersect each other.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 8

Question 5.
Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the table. Let the current pass through the loop clockwise. Apply right hand rule to find out the direction of the magnetic field inside and outside the loop.
Answer:
The direction of the magnetic field inside and outside loop is as shown in Figure. By applying right hand rule we find that the direction of magnetic field inside the loop is downward normally and outside the loop it is normal to the plane of paper.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 9

Question 6.
The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram to represent it.
Answer:
Uniform magnetic field is shown by equidistant and parallel lines as shown in Figure If the parallel lines are close to each other, the field is strong. The stronger the field, the closer are the lines.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 10

Question 7.
Choose the correct option.
The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid carrying current (a) is zero ;
(b) decreases as we move towards end ;
(c) increases as we move towards end;
(d) is same at all the points.
Answer:
(d) is correct. The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid is same at all the points.

Question 8.
Which of the following property of proton can change while it moves freely in a magnetic field? [There may be more than one correct answer].
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 11
(a) mass
(b) speed
(c) velocity
(d) momentum.
Answer:
(c) Velocity and (d) Momentum.

Question 9.
In activity shown, how do you think the displacement of rod AB will be affected :
(i) if the current in rod AB is increased;
Answer:
Since force acting on the rod is directly proportional to the current passing through it. Therefore, the displacement will be increased when current is increased.

(ii) a stronger horse shoe magnet is used;
Answer:
Stronger the magnet, more will be the force and hence the displacement.

(iii) length of the rod AB is increased.
Answer:
Force is also directly proportional to the length of the rod. Hence rod will be displaced more if the length is increased.

Question 10.
A positively charged particle emitted from a nucleus alpha particle projected towards west is deflected towards north by a magnetic field. The direction of the magnetic field is :
(a) towards south
(b) towards east
(c) downward
(d) upward.
Answer:
(d) upward [In accordance with Fleming’s left hand rule]

Question 11.
State Fleming’s left hand rule.
Answer:
Fleming’s left hand rule. It states, “Stretch the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the first finger points in the direction of magnetic field and central (second) finger points towards the direction of current then thumb points towards the direction of motion as shown in Figure.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 12
Flemmgs left hand rule for direction of force on current carrying conductor

Question 12.
What is the principle of an electric motor?
Answer:
Principle of Electric motor. Electric motor is based upon the principle that when a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences torque which rotates the coil.

Question 13.
What is the role of the split ring in an electric motor?
Answer:
The split rings act as a commutator in D.C. motor i.e., it reverses the direction of current through the circuit after every half cycle.

PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Question 14.
Explain different ways to induce current in a coil.
Answer:
There are mainly two methods to induce current in a coil.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 13
Induced current due to relative motion between coil and magnet.

When the magnet is stationary [at rest as in Figure (a)], no induced current is produced.
1. When magnet is moving with its N-pole towards the coil, deflection in galvanometer is as shown in Figure (b). Direction of the current gets reversed when N-pole is withdrawn from inside the coil (going away from coil) as shown in Figure (c). Faster the magnet moves, more is the deflection and hence current in galvanometer.

Deflection produced in the galvanometer needle by the current is same when N-pole was moving down [Figure (6)] or when south pole is out of the coil [Figure (e)].

Current and hence deflection in the galvanometer needle will be again produced if magnet is kept at rest and coil is moved.

2. By changing current in the neighbouring circuit. Take a non¬conducting cylindrical tube (say of card board). Wind two set of coils I and. II on it as shown. Connect a battery and a key to the ends of coil I and a galvanometer to the ends of coil II. When plug is inserted in key K, there will be an instantaneous deflection m galvanometer even though there is no cell in this circuit. Now take out the plug from key K. An instantaneous large deflection in opposite direction to previous deflection will be produced in galvanometer. Thus current has been induced in coil II due to increase or decrease of current in coil I.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 14
Induced Current by changing current m the neighbouring circuit.

Question 15.
State the principle of electric generator.
Answer:
Principle of Electric Gen¬erator. Electric generator is based upon Fleming’s right hand rule.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 15
Right hand rule

Fleming’s right hand rule. Stretch the thumb, fore-finger, control (middle) finger of right hand so that they are perpendicular to each other. If fore-finger indicates the direction of magnetic field, the thumb shows the direction of motion of the conductor, the central (middle) finger will show the direction of induced current.

Question 16.
Name some sources of direct current.
Answer:
Sources of direct current are

  • Cell
  • Battery
  • D.C. generator.

Question 17.
Which sources produce alternating current?
Answer:
Alternating current is produced by A.C. generators. There are hydro-generator and thermal generators.

Question 18.
Choose the correct option :
A rectangular coil of copper wires is rotated in magnetic field. The direction of induced current changes once in each:
(a) two revolutions
(b) one revolution
(c) half revolution
(d) one-fourth revolution.
Answer:
(c) half rotation.

Question 19.
Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances.
Or
Write the two safety measures commonly used in electric circuit appliances.
Answer:
Common Safety Measures used in Electric Circuits. Two most common safety measures used, are :

  • A safety fuse of proper rating connected in a circuit prevents damage to the electric appliances and also the circuit due to overloading or short circuiting.
  • Earth wire prevents possible electric shock when live wire incidently touches the body of appliance.

Question 20.
An electric oven of 2kW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has a current rating of 5 A. What result do you expect? Explain.
Answer:
Given : Power of oven (P) = 2 kW
= 2,000 W
Voltage (V) =220 volts
Current (I) =?

We know that, P = V x I
or I = \(\frac{\mathrm{P}}{\mathrm{V}}\)
Current (I) = \(\frac{2,000}{200}\)
= \(\frac{100}{11}\)
= 9.09 A

A current of 9.09 A will flow in the circuit. Since the current rating of circuit is 5 A, the fuse (of 5 A) rating if inserted in the circuit will burn up. If no fuse is placed in the circuit, there may be a fire.

PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Question 21.
What precautions should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits?
Answer:
Precautions to avoid overloading.

  • Wires used for carrying current should be of proper current rating. Whereas wire of low current rating may be used for lighting electric bulbs, tubes, T.V. etc., and wires of higher current rating should be used for A.C., heating appliances etc.
  • There should be a separate circuit for heating appliance.
  • PVC of good quality should be used for insulating wires.
  • Each circuit should have a fuse of proper rating.
  • After every 3-4 years wires should be replaced by new wires of proper rating.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 4 Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Life and His Teachings

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 4 Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Life and His Teachings will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 4 Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Life and His Teachings

Early Career of Guru Nanak Dev Ji:

  • Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born on 15th April, 1469 A.D. at Rai Bhoi Ki Talwandi.
  • The name of his father was Mehta Kalu Ji and the name of his mother was Tripta Ji.
  • Guru Nanak Dev Ji was quite serious and thoughtful by nature since his childhood.
  • Guru Sahib’s teachers were surprised to see his spiritual knowledge.
  • Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s father tried to keep him busy in work through various occupations but Guru Ji showed no interest in them.
  • At the age of 14 years, he was married to Sulakhni Ji, the daughter of Mool Chand, a resident of Batala.
  • At the age of 20 years, he was employed at the Modikhana (foodgrain store) at the Sultanpur Lodhi.
  • While at Sultanpur Lodhi, Guru Nanak attained enlightenment while bathing in the Bein rivulet.
  • He was 30 years old at that time.

Chapter 4 Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Life and His Teachings

Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji:

  • After attaining enlightenment in 1499 A.D., Guru Nanak Dev Ji set out on long travels (Udasis) in India and in foreign countries.
  • He spent 21 years in these travels or Udasis.
  • The main objective of the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was to remove the ignorance of the people and to give the message of the unity of Godhead and universal brotherhood of mankind.
  • Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his first Udasi in 1499 A.D. with Bhai Mardana.
  • Guru Nanak Dev Ji travelled Saidpur, Talumba, Kurukshetra, Panipat, Delhi, Haridwar, Gorakhmata, Banaras, Kamrup, Gaya, Jagannath Puri, Lanka and Pakpattan.
  • Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his second Udasi at the end of 1513 A.D.
  • In this Udasi Guru Ji travelled the Hilly states, Kailash Parbat, Ladakh, Kashmir, Hasan Abdal, and Sialkot.
  • During his third Udasi, which was started at the end of 1517 A.D., Guru Nanak Dev Ji travelled to Multan, Mecca, Madina, Baghdad, Kabul, Peshawar, and Saidpur.
  • Thousands of people became his followers, being greatly impressed by his personality and his teachings.

Chapter 4 Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Life and His Teachings

Teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji:

  • Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s teachings were simple but impressive.
  • Guru Nanak Dev Ji believed in one God only.
  • According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is the Greater, Sustainer and Destroyer of the world.
  • He is without form and omnipotent.
  • According to him, Maya is the biggest obstacle in the way of man to attaining salvation.
  • Haumai (Ego) is the root cause of man’s all troubles.
  • Guru Ji vehemently opposed casteism and hollow customs and traditions.
  • Guru Ji raised their voice to uplift the status of women in society.
  • Guru Ji emphasized the recitation of Nam.
  • He regarded the Guru as the most important mean to reach God.

Chapter 4 Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Life and His Teachings

Immessed in Eternal Light:

  • Guru Nanak Dev Ji immessed in Eternal Light on 22 September 1539 A.D.
  • Before his immersion in Eternal Light, he nominated Bhai Lehna Ji as his successor.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 2 Sources of the History of the Punjab

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 2 Sources of the History of the Punjab will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 2 Sources of the History of the Punjab

Difficulties Regarding the History of Punjab:

  • The Janam Sakhis related to the Sikh Gurus have several inconsistencies in them.
  • The Muslim writers who were fanatics and biased have distorted the facts of history.
  • The Sikhs did not have any time for writing their own history during this period of anarchy.
  • Moreover, whatever meager historical books had already been written were destroyed during the foreign invasions.
  • Several historical sources were also destroyed during the partition of Punjab in 1947 A.D.

Kinds of Sources:
The main sources related to the history of Punjab are as follows:

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 2 Sources of the History of the Punjab

Religious literature of the Sikhs:

  • The Adi Granth Sahib gives us the most authentic information of this period.
  • It was compiled by Guru Arjan Dey Ji in 1604 A.D.
  • The Dasam Granth Sahib is a compilation of the works of the tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, and the poets of his court, of these, the ‘Bachitar Natak’ and ‘Zafarnama’ are historically the most important.
  • The 39 Vars written by Bhai Gurdas Ji give us important information about the lives of the first six Gurus and the famous pilgrimages.
  • Among the Janam Sakhis based on the life of Guru Nanak Dey Ji, the most important are Puratan Janam Sakhi,
  • Meharban’s Janam Sakhi, Janam Sakhi of Bhai Bala, and Janam Sakhi of Bhai Mam Singh Ji.
  • The Hukamnamas issued by the Sikh Gurus provides us with very valuable information about the contemporary society of these 34
  • Hukamnamas were issued by Guru Gobind Singh Ji and 23 Hukamnamas were issued by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

Historical and Semi-Historical works in Punjabi and Hindi:

  • ‘Sri Gursobha’ gives us an eye-witness account of the events that took place from 1699 to 1708 A.D.
  • Gursobha was written by Sainapat a famous court poet of Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1741 A.D.
  • Sikhan Di Bhagatmala provides valuable information about the social contention of the periods of the Gurus.
  • It was written by Bhai Maui Singh Ji.
  • ‘Bansavali Nama’ written by Kesar Singh Chhibbar describes the incidents from the Guru period to the middle of the 18th century.
  • ‘Gurpratap Suraj Granth’ written by Bhai Santokh Singh and ‘Prachin Panth Prakash’ written by Rattan Singh Bhangu has an important position in the construction of the history of Punjab.

Historical works in Persian:

  • ‘Babarnama’ written by the Mughal emperor Babar gives us historical information about Punjab at the beginning of the 16th century.
  • Ain-i-Akbari’ and ‘Akbarnama’ written by Abul Fazi give us information about the relations of Akbar with the Sikh Gurus.
  • Dabjstan-j-Mazahib’ written by Mubid Zulfiqar Ardistani gives us valuable information pertaining to the Sikh Gurus’.
  • Khulasat-ut.Tawarjkh’ written by Sujan Rai Bhandari, ‘Muntakhibut-Lubab’ written by Khafi Khan, and ‘Jang Nama’ written by Qazi Nur Muhammad gives us information about the Punjab of the ‘8th century’.
  • Umdat-ut-Tawarjkh’ written by Sohan Lai Suri and ‘Char-Bagh-i-Punjab’ written by Ganesh Das Wadhera gives us a detailed account of the incidents related to the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 2 Sources of the History of the Punjab

Bhat Vahis:

  • The Bhats used to write down all the important events with dates in their Vahis.
  • These give us useful information about the lives of the Sikh Gurus, their travels, and their battles.

Khalsa Darbar Records:

  • These are the official records of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
  • They were written in Persian and their number is more than 1 lakh.
  • The Khalsa Darbar Records give useful information on the life and times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Writings of Foreign Travellers and Europeans:

  • The writings of foreign travelers and Europeans contribute greatly to the construction of the history of Punjab.
  • Prominent among them are ‘A Journey from Bengal to England’ by George Forster, ‘Sketch of the Sikhs’ by Malcolm, ‘Origin of Sikh Power in the Punjab’ by H.T. Princep, ‘The Court and Camp of Ranjit Singji’ by Captain William Osborne, ‘The Punjab’ by Steinbach, ‘History of the Sikhs’ by J.D. Cunningham.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 2 Sources of the History of the Punjab

Historical Buildings, Paintings, and Coins:

  • The historical buildings, paintings, and coins of Punjab are also very valuable sources for tracing out the history of Punjab.
  • The architecture of Khadur Sahib, Goindwal Sahib, Amritsar, Tarn Taran, Kartarpur, and Paonta Sahib, various forts, paintings in the Gurdwaras, and coins of Sikh leaders also throw ample light on the contemporary society.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Define tissue, Differentiate meristematic and permanent tissue, Describe different types of primary meristematic tissue.
Answer:
Tissue, A tissue is a group of similar or dissimilar cells coordinating to perform a specific function.

Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue
1. Cells are thin walled, living, oval or rounded, and isodiametric. 1. Cells are thin or thick walled, living or dead, oval or rounded or elongated fibre-like.
2. Divide throughout life so help in growth. 2. Lost the division power, so do not help in growth.
3. Reserve food is absent. 3. Reserve food may be present.
4. Vacuoles are absent. 4. Vacuoles are present.

Types of primary meristematic tissues. On the basis of their position, these are of three types:

  1. Apical meristem lies at shoot and root apices and helps in longitudinal growth.
  2. Intercalary meristem lies between shoot and root apices and helps in longitudinal growth.
  3. Lateral meristem lies on lateral sides of stem and root and helps in increase in diameter.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues 1

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 2.
What is permanent tissue? Briefly explain the types of simple permanent tissue.
Answer:
Permanent Tissue: They are composed of mature cells which after undergoing complete growth have assumed a definite shape, size and function. They have lost the power of division. The permanent tissues are of two types i.e. simple tissue and compound tissue.
Kinds of simple tissue:
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma

1. Parenchymal tissue is formed of thin walled, living, oval cells having walls formed of only cellulose. It forms cortex, endodermis, pericycie, pith etc. of different parts of plants. It is loosely packed with intercellular spaces. It is modified to form epidermis covering of all the parts of plant body, chlorenchyma for photosynthesis, aerenchyma for floating in the hydrophytes.

2. Collenchyma is formed of thick walled (with pectinised cell wall) and living cells and is found in hypodermis of dicot stem. It provides flexibility to plants.

3. Sclerenchyma is formed of thick walled (with lignified cell wall) and dead cells and forms hypodermis of monocot stem, bark, shells of nuts, etc. It makes the plants hard and stiff. It provides strength to plant parts. It also forms hard covering of seeds and nuts.

Question 3.
What is complex tissue? Explain its types along with diagrams.
Answer:
Complex tissue. The tissue formed of two or more than two kinds of tissue is called complex tissue. It is of two types:
1. Xylem
2. Phloem

1. Xylem, also called wood, is compound tissue of the plants which primarily helps in conduction of water and minerals from the root system to various parts of shoot system (Ascent of sap).

Xylem elements Function
1. Tracheids

2. Tracheae or vessels

3. Xylem parenchyma

4. Xylem sclerenchyma

1. Long-distance conduction of water and minerals upward from the root system to various parts of shoot system.

2. Storage and short distance conduction of water and minerals.

3. Mechanical support so helps in resisting strong winds.

(a) Element of xylem
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues 2
(b) Kinds of xylem
1. Primary xylem. It is derived from procambium during the formation of primary plant body, developing from embryo.
2. Secondary xylem. It is formed from cambium, during secondary growth of plant development when increase in thickness takes place.
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues 3

2. Phloem, also called bast, is a compound tissue which helps in downward conduction of food.

Phloem elements Function
1. Sieve tube cells

2. Companion cells

3. Phloem parenchyma

4. Phloem sclerenchyma

Long-distance conduction of food from the leaves to other parts of plant body.

Control the functioning of dead sieve tube cells.

Storage and short distance conduction of food. Mechanical support.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 4.
List various forms of connective tissue and write functions of each.
Answer:
Kinds of connective tissue:

  1. Proper connective tissue: It joins the body parts, such as blood vessels and nerves.
  2. Bone: It is the hardest tissue: It forms skeleton and provides shape to body. It protects the body organs.
  3. Cartilage: It forms parts of endoskeleton. It forms tip of nose, pinna, ends of long bones.
  4. Blood: It is fluid tissue. It transports materials and gases in the body.
  5. Tendon: It connects muscles with bone.
  6. Ligament: It connects bone with bone.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues 4

Question 5.
Give an account on types of epithelia.
Answer:
Simple epithelium is unilaminar in which cells are arranged in only one layer. It is found in those parts of body where wear and tear are less. Types of simple epithelial tissues are:

Type of Epithelium Structure Positive Function
1. Squamous epithelium Cells are flat, discoidal  and polygonal and fit like the tiles in a floor. Alveoli of lung. Bowman’s capsule of nephron. Blood capillaries. Exchange of gases. Ultrafiltration. Exchange between body cells and blood.
2. Cuboidal epithelium Cells are polygonal and cuboidal with centric and rounded nuclei. Proximal part of body of nephron (with micro-villi). In gonads. Selective reabsorption of useful materials. Divide by meiosis and form gametes.
3. Columnar epithelium Cells are polygonal and pillar-like with oval-shaped nuclei. Fallopian tube (cells) with cilia. Mucosa of small intestine (with microvilli). Move ovum/zygote. Increased absorption of nutrients.
4. Ciliated epithelium Free ends of cells bear cilia. Uriniferous tubules, trachea and fallopian tubes. Flow of materials
5. Glandular epithelium These are cuboidal gland cells. Lining of alimentary canal and digestive gland. Secretion of useful substances.

Question 6.
Give an account on the types of animal tissue.
Answer:

  • Epithelial tissue is covering and protective tissue and is formed of one or more layers of compactly arranged cells with no intercellular spaces and resting on basement membrane.
  • Muscular tissue is formed of highly elongated and useful secretion contractile cells called muscle fibres. It helps in movements of body parts and locomotion.
  • Muscular tissue is of three types:
    • Striated or skeletal muscular tissue.
    • Visceral or smooth or unstriated muscular tissue.
    • Cardiac muscular tissue.
  • Connective tissue mainly acts as binding tissue and has large amount of matrix.
  • Connective tissue is of three types: Connective tissue proper, Skeletal connective tissue and Vascular connective tissue.
  • Connective tissue proper: Areolar connective tissue has soft matrix. Yellow fibrous connective tissue (with many elastic fibres and forms ligaments); Adipose connective tissue (with large number of fat-storing adipocytes e.g. below the skin of mammals, fat- bodies of frog, etc.)
  • Skeletal connective tissue has dense and mineralised matrix and forms endoskeleton of vertebrates. It includes cartilages and bones.
  • Vascular connective tissue has fluidy and fibre-free matrix. It is of two types: Blood and Lymph.
  • Blood is red vascular connective tissue and flows inside the blood vessels. It is formed of plasma and blood corpuscles which are of three types: Erythrocytes or RBCs mainly with haemoglobin.
  • Leucocytes or WBCs (rounded or amoeboid and nucleated corpuscles and Blood platelets (cytoplasmic fragments and help in blood clotting at the injury’).
  • Lymph is white vascular connective tissue and flows inside the lymph-vessels. It is formed of plasma and leucocytes so is called filtered blood. It acts as middle man between body cells and blood.
  • Nervous tissue has the properties of excitability and conductivity of nerve impulses.
  • Neurons are structural and functional units of nervous tissue. Neurons receive and conduct impulses.
  • Each neuron is formed of a nucleated cyton and one or more nerve processes which are of 2 types: Axon or efferent and dendron or afferent.
  • When axon (acts as neuraxis) is surrounded by one or more sheath, then it is called nerve fibre.
    Nerve fibres are of two types: Medullated nerve fibres and Non-medullated nerve fibres.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is a tissue? What are its kinds?
Answer:
Tissue: A tissue is a group of cells having a similar origin along with intercellular material and performing a similar function. The different cells of a tissue are usually joined together. The microscopic study of tissues is called histology.

Depending upon the constitution, their structure and arrangement, tissues are of two types-simple and complex (= compound).
A simple tissue is made up of only one type of cells while a complex tissue consists of two or more types of cells.
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues 5

Question 2.
What are the kinds of meristem depending upon location?
Answer:
Depending upon the position (location) in the plant body, the meristems may be apical, intercalary and lateral.

  1. Apical meristems are bom at the tips of the stems, roots and their branches.
  2. Intercalary meristems are the left-out portions of the apical meristems that get separated from the latter by the differentiation of permanent tissues in-between meristems at the base of leaves or inter- nodes.
  3. Lateral meristems are located along the lateral sides of stems and roots.

Question 3.
How will you prove that growth occurs in certain specific regions of plant?
Answer:
Apical meristem causes growth in length.
Materials: Two jars, two onion bulbs, water, pair, of scissors and measuring scale.
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues 6
Procedure:

  1. Take two glass jars and fill them with water.
  2. Now, take two onion bulbs and place one on each jar as shown in the Fig.
  3. Observe the growth of roots in both the bulbs for a few days.
  4. Measure the length of roots on day 1,2 and 3.
  5. On day 4, cut the root tips of the onion bulb in Jar-II by about 1 cm.

After this, observe the growth of roots in both the jars and measure their lengths each day for five more days and record the observations in tables like the table below:

Length Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
Jar-I
Jar-II

Observation:
1. Roots of Jar-1 continue to grow on 5th and 6th day. They stop in case of Jar-II. Conclusion. It is due to the fact that apical meristem remains intact in case of Jar-I which is responsible for growth Thus growth occurs in specific regions.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 4.
What are different kinds of animal tissue? Give one example and one function of each type.
Answer:
Types of animal tissues:

Name of tissue Example Function
Epithelial Tissue Internal and external surfaces of body and its organs Protection
Connective Tissue Bone, Cartilage, Areolar tissue, Blood Connects two similar or different types of tissues together.
Muscular Tissue Body wall, Limbs, Tongue, Face. Movement and protection.
Nervous Tissue Brain and Spinal cord. Conduction of messages and coordination of various parts of body.

Question 5.
Describe the salient features of meristematic tissue.
Answer:
Characteristic features of meristematic tissue are as follows:

  1. They consist of immature cells which are in a state of division and growth.
  2. They are compactly arranged so that there are no intercellular spaces in between them.
  3. The cells have thin walls.
  4. Each cell consists of a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm.
  5. Vacuole in the cells is usually absent, if present it is quite small.

Question 6.
Write characteristics of permanent tissues.
Answer:
Permanent tissues are those tissues whose cells have lost the power of division and become structurally and functionally specialised.
Characteristics of permanent tissue are as follows:

  1. The cells have lost the power of division.
  2. They have undergone differentiation into specific types, for a particular function.
  3. Permanent tissues are of two types:
    1. Simple permanent tissues, where the tissue is composed of only one type of cells.
    2. Complex permanent tissues, where the tissue is composed of more than one type of cells.

Question 7.
Differentiate meristematic cells and permanent cells.
Answer:
Differences between meristematic cells and permanent cells:

Meristematic cells Permanent cells
1. These cells do not have large vacuoles.

2. They are thin-walled and isodiametric.

3. These cells can divide and produce new cells.

1. These cells often have large central vacuoles.

2. They may be thin or thick-walled. They have permanent shape.

3. These cells have lost the power of growth and cell division.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 8.
What are the characteristics of parenchyma? Give two examples of specialized parenchyma cells.
Answer:
Parenchyma. It is the most common type of simple permanent tissue found in almost all the parts of the plant.
Characteristics of parenchyma:
1. It is the main representative of the ground tissue system. It forms a continuous soft tissue, as in the cortex and pith of stems, cortex of roots, ground tissue, petiole, mesophyll of leaves.
2. It is thin-walled.
3. They retain the ability to divide at maturity.
4. The cells of parenchyma vary in their shape, but a typical ground tissue parenchyma cell is equal in length and width.
5. Parenchyma of stems and roots stores nutrients and water.
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues 7
Examples of specialized parenchyma:

  • Chlorenchyma. In some cases the parenchyma cells contain chloroplasts and are called as chlorenchyma. These cells are meant for photosynthesis.
  • Aerenchyma. In aquatic plants parenchyma cells occur around air cavities, they are called as aerenchyma e.g. in Hydrilla stem. Aerenchyma provides buoyancy to the plants to help them float.

Question 9.
Mention any two functions of parenchyma.
Answer:
Functions of parenchyma:

  • It provides rigidity and also stores food in the form of starch, proteins, oil and fats.
  • In hydrophytes they have large air spaces to keep up buoyancy of plants.

Question 10.
Explain the structure and functions of collenchyma.
Answer:
Structure of collenchyma. It is a special type of parenchyma having localised thickenings on the cell walls and is found only in the primary body. The cells are longer than ordinary’ parenchyma. It is a soft tissue having a pliable primary wall. Tire thickening of the corners of the cells is due to the addition of cellulose and pectin.
Functions:

  1. Provide flexibility as allows easy bending in different parts.
  2. It provides rigidity and strength,
  3. Chloroplast containing collenchyma takes part in photosynthesis.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 11.
What is sclerenchyma? What are its two main kinds?
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues 8
Sclerenchyma: The cells of this tissue have very thick cell walls. Most of these cells may be dead. They are long and narrow as walls are thickened due to lignin. They provide mechanical support to the plants and parts. Sclerenchyma cells are generally of two types i.e. Fibres and sclereids.

Question 12.
State the location and one function of each of the following tissues: Parenchyma, Sclerenchyma and Collenchyma.
Answer:

Name of tissue Location Function
1. Parenchyma Soft parts Store food
2. Sclerenchyma Stems and veins Strength to the plant
3. Collenchyma Leaf stalk and below epidermis of leaf Support and Photosynthesis

Question 13.
Differentiate parenchyma and collenchyma.
Answer:
Differences between parenchyma and collenchyma:

Parenchyma Collenchyma
1. The cell walls are uniformly thickened. 1. The ceil walls get extra thickened at places.
2. Parenchyma does not have any permanent mechanical function except when its cells are turgid. 2. Tt is a living mechanical tissue.
3. Parenchyma is formed both in the outer and inner parts of plant organs. 3. It is mostly restricted to outer parts of plant organs.

Question 14.
Write functions of xylem and phloem.
Answer:
Functions of xylem:

  • It is mainly responsible for conduction of water and minerals.
  • Provides mechanical strength.

Functions of phloem:

  • Phloem transports food from leaves to other parts.
  • Phloem parenchyma helps in storage of food.
  • Materials can move in both directions.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 15.
Differentiate skeletal and smooth muscles.
Answer:
Differences between skeletal (striped) and smooth muscles (unstriped)

Skeletal muscles (striped) Smooth muscles (unstriped)
1. Muscle fibres are cylindrical and unbranched.

2. Multiruicleate and nuclei lie in the peripheral region.

3. Striated due to presence of dark and light bands.

1. Fibres are spindle-shaped and unbranched.

2. Uninucleate and nucleus lies in the middle.

3. Non-stria ted.

Question 16.
List the functions of bone.
Answer:
Functions of bone:

  1. It forms framework of the body.
  2. It provides definite shape to the body.
  3. It protects the internal organs of body such as brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs.
  4. It provides solid surface for attachment of muscles so that they may act as system of levers in motion and locomotion.
  5. Skeleton stores certain mineral reserves.
  6. R.B.Cs. are formed in the bone marrow.

Question 17.
Write a note on blood.
Answer:
Blood. It consists of plasma, red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles and platelets, circulates in blood vessels. Red corpuscles are circular, biconcave and enucleated in mammals, carry O2 and CO2. White corpuscles are nucleated, have granular or non-granular cytoplasm, and defend the body. Platelets help in blood clotting. Plasma transports materials and contains proteins that maintain osmotic pressure, help in blood clotting and act as antibodies.

Question 18.
Explain the structure of xylem elements.
Answer:
Structural elements of xylem
(a) Tracheids are elongated, dead cells with large cavities and possess highly lignified thick-walls. Depending upon the kind of thickenings, tracheids may be annular, spiral, reticulate, scleriform and pitted.
(b) Vessels are broader as compared to the tracheids. These are composed of many cells joined end to end with their walls perforated to give it a tube-like appearance. They also show thickenings like the tracheids.
(c) Xylem Parenchyma (= Wood Parenchyma). It is parenchyma present in xylem. The cells are, however smaller and thick-walled. Xylem parenchyma stores food and helps in lateral conduction of sap or water.
(d) Xylem Fibres (= Wood Fibres). They represent sclerenchyma fibres present in xylem. The fibres are mechanical in function.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 19.
Give a brief account of components of phloem.
Answer:
Phloem. It is a complex permanent tissue which conducts organic materials inside the plant. Phloem consists of four types of cells-sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres. Except for phloem fibres, phloem cells are living cells.
(a) Companion Cells. They are narrow, elongated, nucleated cells which are connected to sieve tube cells.
(b) Phloem Parenchyma. It is parenchyma associated with phloem. The cells store food and take part in slow lateral conduction of the same.
(c) Phloem Fibres. Sclerenchyma fibres found in phloem are known as phloem or bast fibres. They provide mechanical strength.
(d) Sieve Tubes. They are tubular cells with perforated walls. They are tubular channels which are formed by end to end arrangement of a number of cells called sieve tube cells or sieve elements. They bear a number of small sieve pores. Due to the presence of sieve pores, the end walls are also called sieve plates.

Question 20.
Make a list of functions of blood.
Answer:
Functions of Blood:

  1. It delivers the nutrients to the tissue and carries the waste products away from tissue.
  2. It transports carbon dioxide from various organs to lungs.
  3. It transports hormones.
  4. Its components act as carrier of antibodies and antitoxic substances.
  5. It conducts heat of skin for dissipation.
  6. It acts as carrier of nitrogenous waste material like urea etc. to kidneys for elimination.
  7. It maintains water balance in the body.
  8. It maintains constant temperature in body after distributing heat within the body.

Functions of RBC:

  • They transport O2 to tissues from respiratory organs as oxyhaemoglobin.
  • Erythrocytes also participate in transport of C02 Mainly C02 is carried as bicarbonate.
  • Function of WBC. Act as soldiers.

Question 21.
What is muscular tissue?
Answer:
Muscular Tissue:
The muscular tissue is a contractile tissue consisting of very large cells. Excitability and contractility are properties of protoplasm called sarcoplasm which is very well developed in these tissues. These cells bring about locomotion and movement of internal organs. Based on structural and functional differences, three types of muscles are recognised. They are unstriated, striated and cardiac muscles.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 22.
What are main functions of muscular tissue? Name the three kinds of muscular tissue.
Answer:
Functions:

  • The muscular tissues help in protection of body.
  • The muscles bring about various kinds of movements.

Types of muscular tissue:
The muscular tissue is of three kinds:

  1. Unstriated or visceral muscle fibres.
  2. Striated or skeletal muscle fibres.
  3. Cardiac muscle fibres.

Question 23.
1. Write the similarities between cardiac muscles and striped muscles.
2. Outline two similarities between smooth and cardiac muscles.
Answer:
1. Similarities of cardiac muscles with striped muscles:

  • Both are striated and bear dark and light bands.
  • Both are cylindrical in shape.
  • Blood supply is abundant.

2. Similarities between smooth and cardiac muscles:

  • Nucleus is present centrally in both muscles.
  • Both are involuntary muscles.

Question 24.
Differentiate tendon and ligament.
Answer:
Differences between tendon and ligament:

Tendon Ligament
1. It is an inelastic band.

2. Tendon connects a muscle with a bone.

3. Yellow fibres are absent.

4. Bundle of white fibres occur in parallel series.

1. It is an elastic band.

2. Ligament connects one bone with another bone.

3. Yellow fibres are present.

4. Bundles of white fibres run in different directions.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 25.
Bring out two points of differences between Bone and Cartilage.
Answer:
Differences between bone and cartilage:

Cartilage Bone
1. It is a soft tissue. Perichondrium, covers the cartilage externally. 1. It is hard. It is covered by periosteum.
2. Matrix is not arranged in lamellae. 2. Matrix is arranged in concentric layers called lamellae.
3. Marrow cavity and bone marrow absent. 3. In the centre of bone, marrow cavity is present. Marrow cavity is filled with bone marrow.

Question 26.
What is nervous tissue?
Answer:
Nervous Tissue. It forms the nervous system. It is made up of neurons, nerve cells and neuroglia cells. Nerve cell (neuron) consists of a cell body or cyton containing nucleus, one long process called axon and many short branched processes called dendrites. Nervous system is concerned with responsiveness of animals.

Question 27.
Describe neuron.
Answer:
Nerve Cells (Neurons): May be unipolar, bipolar or multipolar, with one axon and one or more dendrons. Dendrites carry nerve impulses towards the cell body and axon away from it. Cell body has Nissl’s granules in the cytoplasm, Axons form synapses with the dendrites and cell body or axon of some other neuron.

Question 28.
What is nerve fibre? Name the two main types.
Answer:
Nerve Fibres. These are extended axons or dendrites. There are two types:

  • Medulliated Nerve Fibres. These have thick myelin sheath, occur in white matter of brain and spinal cord and in cranial and spinal nerves.
  • Non-medullated Nerve Fibres. These have very thin myelin sheath, occur in sy mpathetic nerves.

Question 29.
What is white fibrous connective tissue? Explain tendon and ligament.
Answer:
White Fibrous Connective Tissue. It is a silvery white connective tissue which contains abundant white fibres. Yellow fibres are rare. The tissue occurs at the joints of sk ull bones and covering sheaths of hone, cartilage, muscles, etc.
1. Tendoin, It is a connective tissue which binds skeletal muscles to the bones. The tissue occurs; in small bands. It contains abundant parallel bundles of white fibres with flattened tendon cells of fibroblasts found in rows in between them.
2. Ligament. It is an. elastic connective tissue which connects one bone with another. In temaliy it contains bundles of white fibres running in different directions and scattered yellow fibres. Fibroblasits occur in between the bundles of white fibres.

Question 30.
Differentiate R.B.C. and W.B.C.
Answer:
Differences between RBC (erythrocytes) and WBC (leucocytes)

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) White blood cells (Leucocytes)
1. Circular, biconvex in shape.

2. Coloured red due to pigment haemoglobin.

3. Occur in very large numbers (approx. 4 to 6 million per cubic mm).

4. Concerned with oxygen transport.

1. Irregular or amoeboid in shape.

2. Colourless due to absence of pig­ments.

3. Less numerous than R.B.C.s (approx. 5,000-7,000 per cubic mm).

4. Protect body against infections.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 31.
What is connective tissue? List the different kinds of connective tissue.
Answer:
Connective Tissue:
As the name suggests, it connects or binds the similar or different kinds of tissues. Cells are scattered and intercellular space is filled with matrix. Cells of connective tissue characteristically secrete ground substance called matrix. In the matrix are present cells and fibres.
The nature and function of each connective tissue is determined by the nature of the matrix. Connective tissue is of following types:
(a) Proper connective tissue (jelly-like matrix).
(b) Skeletal (matrix-tough impregnated with salts)-Bone and cartilage.
(c) Vascular tissue (fluid-matrix)-Blood and lymph.

Question 32.
Differentiate cardiac muscles and striated muscles.
Answer:
Differences between cardiac muscle and striated muscles:

Cardiac muscles Striated muscles
1. These are also called involuntary muscles.

2. These are exclusively present in the heart.

3. Sarcolemma is absent in cardiac muscle.

4. Light and dark bands are absent.

1. These are also called voluntary muscles.

2. These are mostly attached to bones by tendons.

3. Sarcolemma is present in striated muscle.

4. Alternate light and dark bands are present in striated muscles.

Question 33.
Describe the structure of a neuron.
Answer:
A neuron is longest cell of body (about 1 metre) and is structural and functional unit of nervous system. It is formed of two parts:
1. Cyton or cell body.
2. Nerve processes.
1. Cyton or cell body: It is the nucleated part of neuron whose cytoplasm is called neuroplasm and has fine threads called neurofibrils (for conduction of nerve impulses), RER-rich Nissl’s granules (for protein synthesis) and many mitochondria but no centriole.
2. Nerve processes. There are protoplasmic processes arising from the cyton and are of two types: Axon and dendron.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 34.
Differentiate axon and dendron.
Answer:
Differences between axon and dendron

Characters Axon Dendron
1. Number Always single. Maybe one or more.
2. Size Long sized and may or may not be branched. Small-sized and always branched.
3. Function These conduct nerve impulses away from cyton so are efferent in nature. Conduct the nerve impulses towards the cyton so are afferent in nature.

Question 35.
Draw diagrams showing:
(a) Squamous epithelium
(b) Cuboidal epithelium
(c) Columnar epithelium
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues 9

Question 36.
Name three types of connective tissues on the basis of nature of matrix.
Answer:

  1. Connective tissue proper with soft matrix.
  2. Skeletal connective tissue with dense and mineralised matrix.
  3. Vascular connective tissue with fluidity and fibre-free matrix.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 37.
What is the main difference in the matrix of cartilage and bone?
Answer:
Matrix of cartilage is formed of proteins and sugars but generally lacks calcium salts. Matrix of bone is formed of protein and is deposited with salts of phosphates of calcium and magnesium.

Question 38.
List two typical features of plant tissues with regard to functions.
Answer:
Features of plant tissue:

  • Supportive which provide them with structural strength.
  • Presence of meristematic tissues localised in certain selected region.

Question 39.
Why are most of tissues of animals are living as compared to plants?
Answer:
The animals move around in search of food, mates and shelter and consume more energy as compared to plants. Thus they are living.

Question 40.
Differentiate collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Answer:
Differences between collenchyma and sclerenchyma:

Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
1. Collenchyma consists of living cells.

2. The cells have wide lumen.

3. The wall is thickened unevenly with cellulose being the main constituent of thickening.

4. Pits are simple, straight and unbranched.

5. It provides both mechanical strength as well as elasticity.

1. It is generally formed of dead cells.

2. Lumen is narrow.

3. The wall is uniformly thickened. The thickening can be cellulose, lignin or both.

4. Pits are simple, oblique and may be branched.

5. Sclerenchyma provides stiffness or mechanical strength.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 41.
Give broad outline classification of connective tissue.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues 10

Question 42.
Differentiate muscle fibres and nerve cells.
Answer:
Differences between muscle fibre and nerve cell

Muscle fibre Nerve cell
1. The muscle cells are elongated in the Torm of fibres and are contractile. 1. Irregular in shape with one long process.
2. Cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm and fibre may be surrounded by sarcolemma. 2, Cytoplasm is called neuroplasm and neurilemma absent.
3. May have single nucleus or many nuclei. 3. Uninucleated.
4. Dark and light bands may be present. 4. Absent.
5. No protoplasmic processes are given out. 5. Protoplasmic processes called dendrites and axon are given out from the cell body.
6. They are concerned with movement and protection. 6. They form part of tire nervous system and bring about co-ordination.

Question 43.
Write a note on areolar tissue. Sketch the type of cells present in it.
Answer:
Areolar tissue. It is a typical connective tissue. It consists of a non-living ground substance called matrix. In the matrix are present cells. The cells are of three types:
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues 11
(a) Oval shaped mast cells, they secrete matrix and contain histamine,
(b) Fibroblasts are irregularly shaped flat cells with long protoplasmic processes which form fibres and
(c) Macrophages. They are amoeboid shaped and engulf the foreign particles by phagocytosis.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 44.
Compare xylem and phloem.
Answer:
Differences between xylem and phloem

Xylem Phloem
1. The conducting cells are vessels.

2. Xylem conducts water and minerals.

3. Xylem lies deeper in plant organs.

4. Xylem also provides mechanical strength.

5. There is one way conduction of materials.

1. The conducting cells are phloem sieve tubes.

2. Phloem translocates organic food.

3. Phloem is situated towards outer side.

4. Phloem has no mechanical function.

5. Materials can move in both directions.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Define tissue. Name two types of plant tissues.
Answer:
Tissue is a group of similar or dissimilar cells coordinating to perform a specific function so as to give highest possible efficiency.
Tvto types of plant tissues are: Meristematic and Permanent tissue.

Question 2.
Name two types of plant tissue.
Answer:

  • Meristematic tissue
  • Permanent tissue.

Question 3.
Give the term for a group of cells capable of division throughout life.
Answer:
Meristem.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 4.
Name three types of meristematic tissues.
Answer:

  1. Apical meristem
  2. Intercalary meristem
  3. Lateral meristem.

Question 5.
What is apical meristem?
Answer:
Meristem present at the tips of root and stem and their branches.

Question 6.
How is permanent tissue formed from meristematic tissue?
Answer:
Cells take up specific role and lose ability to divide, it is termed differentiation.

Question 7.
What are two kinds of permanent tissue?
Answer:
1. Simple permanent tissue
2. Complex tissue.

Question 8.
What is simple tissue?
Answer:
The tissue formed of only one kind of cells is called simple tissue.

Question 9.
Name three kinds of simple tissue.
Answer:

  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma.

Question 10.
What is the function of parenchyma?
Answer:
Storage of food, photosynthesis, and short distance conduction.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 11.
Give the function of collenchyma.
Answer:
Mechanical support and may become photosynthetic.

Question 12.
What is function of sclerenchyma?
Answer:
Sclerenchyma is chief mechanical supporting tissue.

Question 13.
What is complex tissue?
Answer:
Tissue formed of two or more than two kinds of tissue is called complex tissue.

Question 14.
What are two kinds of complex tissue?
Answer:
1. Xylem 2. Phloem.

Question 15.
Name four elements of xylem.
Answer:

  1. Xylem parenchyma
  2. Tracheid
  3. Vessels
  4. Xylem fibres.

Question 16.
List four elements of phloem.
Answer:

  1. Sieve tubes
  2. Phloem parenchyma
  3. Companion cells
  4. fibres.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 17.
What are four kinds of animal tissue?
Answer:

  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Muscular tissue
  3. Connective tissue
  4. Nervous tissue.

Question 18.
Differentiate two types of epithelial tissue.
Answer:
Simple epithelial tissue is unilaminar, while compound epithelial tissue is multilaminar.

Question 19.
Name three kinds of muscle fibres.
Answer:

  1. Smooth muscle fibres
  2. Striped muscle fibres
  3. Cardiac muscle fibres.

Question 20.
Which type of muscle fibres show rhythmic contraction?
Answer:
Cardiac muscle fibres.

Question 21.
Write two functions of connective tissue.
Answer:
1. Connect different organs.
2. Protection of internal organs.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 22.
Write names of different types of connective tissue.
Answer:

  1. Bone
  2. Cartilage
  3. Blood
  4. Tendon
  5. Ligament.

Question 23.
What are the smallest unit of living organisms?
Answer:
Cells.

Question 24.
Give the function of stratified epithelium.
Answer:
Protection of the body organs from mechanical injuries, entry of germs and evaporation of water.

Question 25.
List two functional peculiarities of muscle fibres.
Answer:
1. Excitability
2. Conductivity

Question 26.
Why are the smooth muscle fibres called visceral muscle fibres?
Answer:
These are present in layers in the wall of visceral organs of body.

Question 27.
Why are the striated muscle fibres called voluntary muscle fibres?
Answer:
Because these are under the will of an animal.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 28.
Which structures are responsible for flexibility of plants?
Answer:
Presence of collenchyma.

Question 29.
Meristematic tissue is associated with which kind of organisms?
Answer:
Plants.

Question 30.
Which tissue is responsible for conduction of food in plants?
Answer:
Phloem.

Question 31.
Write function of xylem.
Answer:
Conduction of water and minerals.

Question 32.
Name the peripheral and water proof dead tissue of old stem of woody trees.
Answer:
Cork.

Question 33.
What is source of cork?
Answer:
Cork is obtained from the stem of oak plant.

Question 34.
Name the protective tissue.
Answer:
1. Single layered epidermis
2. Cork

Question 35.
Name the only living cells of phloem.
Answer:
Phloem parenchyma.

Question 36.
What is the function of phloem?
Answer:
Pholem helps in conduction of food within the plant body.

Question 37.
Which kind of cells lack vessels in plants?
Answer:
Meristematic tissue.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 38.
What is the function of aerenchyma?
Answer:
Aerenchyma provide buoyancy to the aquatic plants.

Question 39.
Name the tissue which provide flexibility to plants.
Answer:
Collenchyma.

Question 40.
What is collenchyma?
Answer:
It is formed of thick-walled living cells which provide flexibility.

Question 41.
What is sclerenchyma?
Answer:
It is formed of cells with thick lignified cell wall.

Question 42.
Coconut fibres are formed of which tissue.
Answer:
Sclerenchyma.

Question 43.
What are stomata?
Answer:
Small pores in the epidermis of leaf.

Question 44.
What are guard cells?
Answer:
Stomata are enclosed by two kidney-shaped guard cell.

Question 45.
List two functions of stomata.
Answer:
1. Transpiration and
2. Exchange of gases.

Question 46.
What is epithelial tissue?
Answer:
Epithelial Tissue. Cells are arranged into single or multilayered sheet with no intercellular spaces.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 47.
What are two kinds of epithelium?
Answer:
1. Simple epithelium
2. Compound epithelium.

Question 48.
Write two functions of epithelium.
Answer:
1. Protection
2. Absorption of material and gases.

Question 49.
What is cartilage?
Answer:
It is a non-porous tissue in which intercellular matrix is abundant and composed of proteins with cells called chondroblasts.

Question 50.
What is connective tissue?
Answer:
Connective tissue connects or binds the similar or different kinds of tissue. Cells are scattered and intercellular spaces are filled with matrix.

Question 51.
Name the most abundant tissue found in the human body. Give its function.
Answer:
Connective tissue. It acts as packaging tissue.

Question 52.
Where is fat stored in the body?
Answer:
Fat is stored in adipose tissue found below the skin and around internal organs.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 53.
What is the colour of human blood?
Answer:
It is bright-red coloured when oxygenated and purple-red coloured when deoxy- genated.

Question 54.
Which blood corpuscles of human blood are involved in blood clotting at the injury?
Answer:
Blood platelets.

Question 55.
What is serum?
Answer:
Serum is blood plasma which lacks blood clotting proteins so cannot cause blood clotting.

Question 56.
Name three types of blood corpuscles.
Answer:
Erythrocytes (RBCs), Leucocytes (WBCs) and Blood platelets.

Question 57.
What are functions of RBCs?
Answer:
1. Transportation of oxygen as well as carbon dioxide.
2. pH constancy as haemoglobin acts as a buffer protein.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 58.
Give the function of lymph.
Answer:
Lymph acts as middle man so helps in exchange of materials between blood and body cells.

Question 59.
What is the life span of human RBCs?
Answer:
115-120 days.

Question 60.
Name the structural and functional units of nervous tissue.
Answer:
Neurons.

Question 61.
How is a nerve formed?
Answer:
Many nerve fibres bound together by connective tissue to form a nerve.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 62.
Name the two types of nerve processes of a neuron.
Answer:
Dendrites and Axon.

Question 63.
Name the components of blood.
Answer:

  1. Plasma
  2. RBCs
  3. WBCs
  4. Blood Platelets.

Question 64.
Name the minerals present in bones.
Answer:
Calcium and Phosphorus.

Question 65.
What is the function of ligament?
Answer:
Ligament connects bone with bone.

Question 66.
What is the function of tendon?
Answer:
Tendon connects bone with muscles.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 67.
Write location of cartilage.
Answer:
Ear lobes, tip of nose, wall of trachea.

Question 68.
What is the shape of smooth muscle fibres?
Answer:
Spindle-shaped.

Question 69.
Name the involuntary muscle fibres.
Answer:
Smooth muscle fibres.

Question 70.
Name the voluntary muscle fibres.
Answer:
Striped (skeletal) muscle fibre.

Question 71.
What is neuron?
Answer:
Neuron is the structural and functional unit of nervous tissue.

Question 72.
Give the location and function of cuboidal epithelium.
Answer:
In the germinal epithelium of gonads (testes and ovaries). Cells divide by meiosis to form gametes (sperms and ova).

Question 73.
Which type of epithelium is located in the mucosa of intestine?
Answer:
Columnar epithelium in which cells have microvilli.

Question 74.
What is the function of vascular tissue in plants?
Answer:
Vascular tissue conducts water and food from one part of plant to the other parts.

Question 75.
What is the advantage of dead cells in plants?
Answer:
Dead cells in plants provide structural strength and need less maintenance.

Question 76.
What is histology?
Answer:
Microscopic study of tissues is called histology.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 77.
What are unicellular organisms?
Answer:
Unicellular organisms. The body is comprised of one cell which performs all the functions.

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 5 गाता खग

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 5 गाता खग Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 5 गाता खग

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB गाता खग Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
पक्षी प्रातः उठकर क्या गाता है?
उत्तर:
पक्षी प्रात: उठकर संसार के प्राणियों के सुखी तथा समृद्ध जीवन के गीत गाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
तारों की पंक्तियों की आँखों का अनुभव क्या है?
उत्तर:
तारों की पंक्तियों की आँखों को देखकर यह प्रतीत होता है, जैसे वे कह रही हों कि सारा जीवन करुणा और दुःख से भरा हुआ है।

प्रश्न 3.
फूल हमें क्या संदेश देते हैं?
उत्तर:
खिले हुए फूल मनुष्य को सदा मुस्कराते रहने का संदेश देते हैं।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 5 गाता खग

प्रश्न 4.
लहरें किस उमंग में आगे बढ़ती जाती हैं?
उत्तर:
लहरें इस उमंग में आगे बढ़ती जाती हैं कि कभी न कभी तो उन्हें अपनी मंजिल मिल ही जाएगी।

प्रश्न 5.
बुलबुला विलीन होकर क्या पा जाता है?
उत्तर:
बुलबुला विलीन होकर अपने जीवन का अंतिम लक्ष्य पा लेता है।

II. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या कीजिए

(1) हँसमुख प्रसून सिखलाते
पल भर है, जो हँस पाओ,
अपने उर की सौरभ से
जग का आँगन भर जाओ।
उत्तर:
कवि कहता है कि प्रभातकाल में खिले हुए पुष्प अपनी कोमलता, मनोहरता और सौरभ से वातावरण को पूरी तरह भरते हुए मानव को यह प्रेरणा देते हैं कि इस नाशवान और छोटे-से जीवन को अनेक प्रकार की विषमताओं और समस्याओं ने नीरस और उदास बना रखा है। यदि हो सके तो संसार में अपना छोटा-सा जीवन प्रसन्नता और आनंद है।

(2) उठ-उठ लहरें कहतीं यह
हम कूल विलोक न पाएँ,
पर इस उमंग में बह-बह
नित आगे बढ़ती जाएँ।
उत्तर:
कवि कहता है कि अनंत आकाश में छाए हुए अंधकार में निरंतर चमकने वाली ताराओं की पंक्तियाँ देखकर प्रतीत हो रहा है जैसे वह कह रही हों कि संपूर्ण जीवन करुणा तथा दुःख से भरा हुआ है। जिस प्रकार निरंतर दुःख सहते हुए किसी की आँखों में से आँसू बह जाते हैं और आँसुओं से भरी आँखों को देखकर दूसरे में सहानुभूति के कारण करुणा का संचार हो जाता है, उसी प्रकार विश्वव्यापी दुःख, अवसाद, विपन्नता और विषमता को देखकर अपलक ताराओं की करुणा से भरी आँखों से आँसू छलक पड़ते हैं। आँखों की भाषा नीरव और मौन होती है। केवल आँसुओं के माध्यम से ही प्रकट होती है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के दो-दो पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखें

खग = ————
प्रसून = ————
उर = ————
किनारा। = ————
उत्तर:
शब्द – पर्यायवाची
खग- पक्षी, नभचर, विहग, पतंग।
प्रसून – कुसुम, सुमन, पुष्प, फूल।
उर – हृदय, छाती, वक्षस्थल, चित्त।
किनारा – तट, तीर, कूल, पुलिन।

II. निम्नलिखित शब्दों की भाववाचक संज्ञा बनाएं

सुंदर = ————
अपना = ————
हँसना = ————
नीरव। = ————
उत्तर:
शब्द – भाववाचक संज्ञा
सुंदर = सुंदरता
अपना = अपनापन
हँसना = हँसी
नीरव = नीरवता।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

(ग) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

1. कविता कंठस्थ करके सस्वर वाचन करें।
2. सुमित्रानंदन पंत ने प्रकृति के विभिन्न चित्र अपनी कविताओं के माध्यम से प्रस्तुत किए हैं। इस कविता में कवि ने लहरों, फूल, पक्षी, चमकते सितारों की पंक्तियाँ, नदी का किनारा आदि का वर्णन किया है। आप सुमित्रानंदन पंत की प्रकृति चित्रण से संबंधित कोई अन्य कविता याद कीजिए और कक्षा में सुनाइए।
उत्तर:
सुमित्रानंदन पंत की एक कविता “वर्षा गीत” यहां दी जा रही है:
नीलांजन नयना
उन्मद सिंधु सुता वर्षा यह
चातक प्रिय बयना!
नभ में श्यामल कुंतल छहरा
क्षिति में चल हरितांचल फहरा,
लेटी क्षितिज तले, अर्थोत्थित
शैल माल जघना!
इच्छाएँ करती उर मंथन
चिर अतृप्ति भरता गुरु गर्जन,
मुक्त विहँसती मत्त यौवना
स्फुरित तड़ित दशना !
रजत बिंदु चल नूपुर झंकृत
मंद भुरज रव नव धन घोषित
मुग्ध नृत्य करत बहँस्मित
कल बलाक रसना !
बकुल मुकुल से कबरी गुंफित
श्वास केतकी रज से सुरभित,
भू नभ को बाँहों में बांधे
इंद्रधनुष वसना!

(घ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

सुमित्रानंदन पंत की प्रकृति चित्रण से संबंधित कविताएँ निश्चित रूप से हिंदी साहित्य की अनमोल रचनाएँ हैं। उन्हीं के समान छायावाद के जयशंकर प्रसाद, महादेवी वर्मा, सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’, राम कुमार वर्मा आदि ने भी प्रकृतिचित्रण से संबंधित अमर रचनाओं का प्रणयन किया है; जैसे-
‘मैं नीर भरी दुःख की बदली-
“रूपसि तेरा घन केश पास
नभ गंगा की रजत धार में धो लाई क्या इन्हें रात!”

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide गाता खग Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
संध्या के समय पक्षी क्या गाता है?
उत्तर:
संध्या के समय पक्षी मानव जीवन के कल्याण और मधुर जीवन के गीत गाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
तारों की पंक्तियाँ मानव के दुःख से दुःखी होकर कैसे आँसू बहाती हैं?
उत्तर:
तारों की पंक्तियाँ मानव के दुःख को देखकर ओस के रूप में आँसू बहाती हैं।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

प्रश्न 3.
मानव जीवन में आशा और विश्वास का संदेश कौन भरते हैं?
उत्तर:
मानव जीवन में आशा और विश्वास का संदेश खिले हुए फूल भरते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
मनुष्य को निरंतर आगे बढ़ते रहने का संदेश किन से मिलता है?
उत्तर:
मनुष्य को निरंतर आगे बढ़ते रहने का संदेश लहरों से मिलता है।

प्रश्न 5.
बुलबुले को अपना मकसद कब मिल जाता है ?
उत्तर:
जब बुलबुला पानी में समा जाता है तब उसे अपना मकसद मिल जाता है क्योंकि वह पहले पानी से अलग था परंतु पानी से मिलकर वह अपना स्थान प्राप्त कर लेता है।

प्रश्न 6.
कवि ने प्रकृति के माध्यम से क्या कामना की है ?
उत्तर:
कवि ने प्रकृति के माध्यम से मानवतावाद की स्थापना की कामना की है। उसने संसार के सभी लोगों के समृद्ध जीवन की इच्छा व्यक्त की है। वह चाहता है कि मानव सदा प्रसन्नता से भरा हुआ गाता रहे। मानव जीवन छोटा है इसीलिए वह संसार को सब प्रकार की खुशियाँ बाँट कर संसार के आंगन को खुशियों से भर दे।

प्रश्न 7.
‘गाता खग’ कविता की अंतिम पंक्तियों में कवि की क्या विशिष्टता दिखाई देती है ? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
‘गाता खग’ कविता की अंतिम पंक्तियों में रहस्यवाद की झलक दिखाई देती है। जिस प्रकार नदी या समुद्र की लहरों से हवा टकरा कर बुलबुले को जन्म देती है पर वह बुलबुला कोशिश करके भी कभी किनारे को प्राप्त नहीं कर पाता। वह लहरों में ही कहीं इधर-उधर भटक कर बिखर जाता है और उसी जल में समा जाता है। जीव भी उसी प्रकार जीवन भर भटकने के पश्चात् मृत्यु प्राप्त करके परमात्मा में ही विलीन हो जाता है।

एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
संध्या के समय पक्षियों का चहचहाना क्या व्यक्त करता है?
उत्तर:
संध्या के समय पक्षियों का चहचहाना संसार के जीवन के मंगलमय रूप माधुर्य को व्यक्त करता है।

प्रश्न 2.
तारों की पंक्तियाँ टिमटिमा कर क्या कहती हैं?
उत्तर:
तारों की पंक्तियाँ टिमटिमा कर मानव जीवन में व्याप्त अवसाद पर दुःख व्यक्त करती हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
मनुष्य को जीवन में सदा खुशियाँ बिखेरने का संदेश कौन देते हैं ?
उत्तर:
खिले हुए पुष्प मनुष्य को जीवन में खुशियाँ बिखेरने का संदेश देते हैं।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

प्रश्न 4.
लहरें मनुष्य को क्या संदेश दे रही हैं ?
उत्तर:
लहरें मनुष्य को निरंतर गतिमान रहने का संदेश दे रही हैं।

बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नोत्तरनिम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
सारा आशय कौन ‘विलीन’ होकर पा जाता है
(क) नदी
(ख) लहर
(ग) बुद् बुद्
(घ) कूल।
उत्तर:
(ग) बुद् बुद्

प्रश्न 2.
किनारे को कौन नहीं देख पाता
(क) नदी
(ख) लहर
(ग) बुद् बुद्
(घ) पक्षी।
उत्तर:
(ख) लहर

प्रश्न 3.
अपलक तारावलि किसका अनुभव कहती है
(क) आँख
(ख) कान
(ग) नाक
(घ) मुँह।
उत्तर:
(क) आँख

एक शब्द/हाँ-नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सुंदर सुखमय जीवन के गीत प्रातः उठकर कौन गाता है? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
खग

प्रश्न 2.
फूल खिल कर संसार को रोना सिखाते हैं। (सही या गलत लिख कर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 3.
तारावलि अपलक निहारती है। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 4.
किनारा न देखकर भी लहरें आगे बढ़ती जाती हैं। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 5.
मनुष्य को अपने सद्गुणों से संसार को सुखद नहीं बनाना चाहिए। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 6.
गाता खग संध्या ………. पर मंगल, ………… जग जीवन।
उत्तर:
तट, मधुमय

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

प्रश्न 7.
अपने उर की ……….. से जग का ………. भर जाओ।
उत्तर:
सौरभ, आँगन

प्रश्न 8.
पर इस …………. में बह बह नित आगे ………… जाएँ।
उत्तर:
उमंग, बढ़ती।

गाता खग पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. गाता खग प्रातः उठकर
सुंदर, सुखमय जग-जीवन !
गाता खग संध्या – तट पर
मंगल, मधुमय जग-जीवन।

शब्दार्थ:
खग = पक्षी। तट = किनारा। मंगल = कल्याण। मधुमय = आनंदपूर्ण।

प्रसंग:
यह काव्यांश ‘सुमित्रानंदन पंत’ द्वारा रचित ‘गाता खग’ से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि पक्षियों के माध्यम से मानव के सुखद, सुंदर तथा मंगलमय जीवन की कामना कर रहा है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि प्रभातकाल में आकाश में स्वतंत्र उड़ने वाले पक्षियों का कलरव गान यही उपदेश देता है कि यह जीवन सौंदर्य और सुख का भंडार है। जिस प्रकार प्रभात वेला में संपूर्ण प्रकृति अपनी सुंदरता, सरसता तथा शीतव्रता से जड़-चेतन को जीवन प्रदान कर देती है, उसी प्रकार पक्षियों का चहचहाना संगीत को भी माधुर्य प्रदान करता है, जिससे संपूर्ण विश्व सुखमय प्रतीत होता है। संध्या के समय जब संपूर्ण संसार विश्राम की ओर अग्रसर होता है, उस समय किसी शून्य, एकांत नदी अथवा सरोवर के किनारों पर एकत्रित होकर पक्षी पुनः चहकते हुए एकत्रित हो जाते हैं। उस समय उनका चहचहाना जीवन के मंगलमय रूप माधुर्य को व्यक्त करता है। कवि को पक्षियों के स्वर में जीवनसंगीत सुनाई पड़ता है।

विशेष:

  1. कवि प्रभात तथा संध्या के समय होने वाले पक्षियों के कलरव को मानव जीवन के लिए समृद्धि एवं कल्याण का संदेश देने वाला मानता है।
  2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान है। मानवीकरण तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार हैं।

2. कहती अपलक तारावलि
अपनी आँखों का अनुभव,
अवलोक आँख आँसू की
भर आती आँखें नीरव !

शब्दार्थ:
अपलक = एकटक। तारावलि = तारों की पंक्ति। अवलोक = देखकर। नीरव = मौन, खामोश, चुपचाप।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ सुमित्रानंदन पंत द्वारा रचित कविता ‘गाता खग’ से ली गई हैं। कवि आकाश में चमकने वाले तारों के माध्यम से मानव जीवन में व्याप्त करुणा और संवेदना को व्यक्त कर रहा है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि अनंत आकाश में छाए हुए अंधकार में निरंतर चमकने वाली ताराओं की पंक्तियाँ देखकर प्रतीत हो रहा है जैसे वह कह रही हों कि संपूर्ण जीवन करुणा तथा दुःख से भरा हुआ है। जिस प्रकार निरंतर दुःख सहते हुए किसी की आँखों में से आँसू बह जाते हैं और आँसुओं से भरी आँखों को देखकर दूसरे में सहानुभूति के कारण करुणा का संचार हो जाता है, उसी प्रकार विश्वव्यापी दुःख, अवसाद, विपन्नता और विषमता को देखकर अपलक ताराओं की करुणा से भरी आँखों से आँसू छलक पड़ते हैं। आँखों की भाषा नीरव और मौन होती है। केवल आँसुओं के माध्यम से ही प्रकट होती है।

विशेष:

  1. कवि का मानना है कि तारों की पंक्तियाँ टिमटिमाकर मानव के दुःख और आँसू देखकर ओस के रूप में स्वयं भी आँसू बहाती है।
  2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान है। मानवीकरण तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार हैं।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

3. हँसमुख प्रसून सिखलाते
पल भर है, जो हँस पाओ,
अपने उर की सौरभ से
जग का आँगन भर जाओ!

शब्दार्थ:
हँसमुख = प्रसन्न, खिले हुए। प्रसून = पुष्प, फूल। उर = हृदय। सौरभ = सुगंध। जग = संसार।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ सुमित्रानंदन पंत द्वारा रचित कविता ‘गाता खग’ से ली गई हैं। कवि मानव को सदा खिले हुए फूलों की तरह मुस्कराते रहने का संदेश दे रहा है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि प्रभातकाल में खिले हुए पुष्प अपनी कोमलता, मनोहरता और सौरभ से वातावरण को पूरी तरह भरते हुए मानव को यह प्रेरणा देते हैं कि इस नाशवान और छोटे-से जीवन को अनेक प्रकार की विषमताओं और समस्याओं ने नीरस और उदास बना रखा है। यदि हो सके तो संसार में अपना छोटा-सा जीवन प्रसन्नता और आनंद है।

विशेष:

  1. कवि की मान्यता है कि लहरें आपस में टकरा कर अथवा किनारे से टकरा कर बिखर जाती हैं तथा किनारे से दूर चली जाती हैं परंतु उनमें से निकला हुआ बुलबुला जल में विलीन हो कर अपने जीवन का उद्देश्य प्राप्त कर लेता है।
  2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान है। मानवीकरण तथा पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार हैं।

गाता खग Summary

गाता खग कवि परिचय

छायावादी हिंदी-काव्य के उन्नायकों में श्री सुमित्रानंदन पंत का नाम प्रमुख है। इनका बचपन का नाम गुसाई दत्त था। अल्मोड़ा के निकट कौसानी नामक ग्राम में 20 मई, सन् 1900 ई० को उत्पन्न पंत जी को अपनी माँ का प्रेम नहीं मिल पाया था क्योंकि इन्हें जन्म देते ही वह सदा के लिए इस संसार को छोड़ गई थी। इनका जीवन प्रकृति की गोद में बीता था। इन्होंने अपनी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा गाँव के स्कूल से ही प्राप्त की थी। केवल नौ वर्ष की आयु में ही संस्कृत का ज्ञान प्राप्त कर लेने के पश्चात् इन्होंने सन् 1919 में म्योर सेंट्रल कॉलेज, इलाहाबाद में शिक्षा प्राप्ति के दौरान अंग्रेजी और बंगला की काव्य-कृतियों से परिचय प्राप्त किया। अंग्रेज़ी के शैली, वर्ड्सवर्थ, टैनीसन, कॉलरिज तथा बंगला के रविंद्र नाथ टैगोर की सौंदर्यात्मक रचनाओं ने इन्हें बहुत प्रभावित किया।

सन् 1921 ई० में गाँधी जी के असहयोग आंदोलन के प्रभावस्वरूप इन्होंने अपनी पढ़ाई छोड़ दी थी लेकिन राजनीति में सक्रिय भाग न लेकर अपनी काव्य-साधना जारी रखी थी। सन् 1930 ई० में ये कलाकांकर के महाराज के स्नेहभाजन बन कर रहने के लिए उनके पास ही चले गए और दस वर्ष तक इन्होंने ‘रूपाभ’ नामक पत्रिका का प्रकाशन आरम्भ किया था पर किन्हीं कारणों से यह एक वर्ष से अधिक न चल सकी। कुछ वर्ष तक रेडियो से संबंधित रहने के पश्चात् इन्होंने स्वतंत्र रूप से लेखन कार्य किया। इन्होंने रूस, जर्मनी, फ्रांस आदि देशों की यात्राएँ भी कीं। इन्हें कार्ल मार्क्स, स्वामी विवेकानंद, महात्मा गाँधी, अरविंद जैसी महान् विभूतियों के दर्शन ने अत्यन्त प्रभावित किया। सन् 1977 ई० में इनका देहांत हो गया था।

रचनाएँ-उच्छवास, ग्रंथि, वीणा, पल्लव, गुंजन, युगांत, युगवाणी, ग्राम्या, स्वर्ण-किरण, स्वर्ण-धूलि, युगपथ, उत्तरा, शिल्पी, वाणी, कला और बूढ़ा चांद, लोकायतन आदि। पंत जी के काल में प्रकृति-चित्रण के अतिरिक्त सौंदर्य-चित्रण, मानव प्रेम, शोषितों की पीड़ा, गांधीवादी विचारधारा आदि का प्रभाव भी दिखाई देता है। इसके काव्य में गीति-तत्व की प्रमुखता है। भाषा इनकी तत्सम प्रधान होते हुए भी तद्भव, देशज, विदेशी आदि शब्दों से युक्त है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

गाता खग कविता का सार

‘गाता खग’ कविता में सुमित्रानंदन पंत ने प्रकृति के माध्यम से मानव-जीवन, उसकी कामनाओं, कार्य-व्यापारों, नश्वरता आदि का वर्णन किया है। प्रभातकालीन आकाश में विचरण करते पक्षियों का कलरव, जीवन के सौंदर्य और सुख का संदेश देता है। अनंत आकाश में छाए अंधकार में टिमटिमाते तारे मानव जीवन की करुणा और दुःख का संदेश देते प्रतीत होते हैं। सुबह सवेरे खिले फूल वातावरण को सुगंधित करते हुए मानव को अपना जीवन प्रसन्नता और आनंद से व्यतीत करने की प्रेरणा देते हैं। सागर अथवा नदी में उठने वाली लहरों से मानव को निरंतर गतिमान रहते हुए साधना करने के लिए प्रेरित किया है। लहरों की सिहरन, किनारे से टकरा कर चूर-चूर हो कर सागर में समा जाना आसीम का असीम में समा जाना है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
प्रस्तुत गीत में उर्मिला किस की प्रशंसा कर रही है?
उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत गीत में उर्मिला किसानों के सरल एवं शांतिपूर्ण जीवन की प्रशंसा कर रही है।

प्रश्न 2.
किसान संसार को समृद्ध कैसे बनाते हैं?
उत्तर:
किसान अन्न पैदा कर के संसार को समृद्ध करते हैं।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

प्रश्न 3.
किसान किस प्रकार परिश्रम रूपी समुद्र को धीरज से तैर कर पार करते हैं?
उत्तर:
किसान सहनशील हैं। वे परिश्रम रूपी समुद्र को अपने परिश्रम और धैर्य से तैर कर पार करते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
किसान का अपने पर गर्व करना कैसे उचित है?
उत्तर:
किसान का अपने पर गर्व करना इसलिए उचित है क्योंकि वह समस्त संसार का अन्नदाता होता है।

प्रश्न 5.
किसान व्यर्थ के वाद-विवाद को छोड़कर किस धर्म का पालन करते हैं?
उत्तर:
किसान व्यर्थ के वाद-विवाद को छोड़कर धर्म की मूल बात को समझकर उसका पालन करते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ में उर्मिला राज्य के कारण होने वाले किस कलह की बात कहना चाहती है?
उत्तर:
उर्मिला राज्य के लिए श्री राम को वनवास दिए जाने तथा भरत को राज्य देने से उत्पन्न कलह की बात कहना चाहती है।

II. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या करें:

1. यदि वे करें, उचित है गर्व,
बात बात में उत्सव पर्व, हम से प्रहरी रक्षक जिनके,
वे किससे डरते हैं ?
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।
उत्तर:
उर्मिला कहती है कि यदि वे किसान अपने ऊपर गर्व करते हैं तो उनका ऐसा करना बिलकुल ठीक भी है। वे हर अवसर पर समारोह करते हैं तथा त्योहार मनाते हैं। जब हमारे जैसे पहरेदार उनके रक्षक हों तो भला वे किसी से क्यों डरेंगे ? वे निडरतापूर्वक अपने समारोह तथा पर्व मनाते हैं। इसके विपरीत हम लोग तो सदा राज्य के लिए ही मरते रहते हैं।

2. करके मीन मेख सब ओर,
किया करें बुध वाद कठोर,
शाखामयी बुद्धि तजकर वे मूल धर्म धरते हैं।
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।
उत्तर:
उर्मिला कहती है कि विद्वान् लोग हर बात में दोष निकाल कर व्यर्थ में बहस करते रहते हैं, चाहे उस से कुछ प्राप्त हो या न हो परंतु किसान इन व्यर्थ की बातों को त्यागकर सहज धर्म को अपनाते हैं। वे विद्वानों के चक्कर में न पड़कर धर्म के वास्तविक स्वरूप को सहज रूप से अपनाते हैं जबकि हम राज्य के लिए आपस में ही लड़ते-मरते रहते हैं।

3. होते कहीं वही हम लोग,
कौन भोगता फिर ये भोग?
उन्हीं अन्नदाताओं के सुख आज दुःख हरते हैं।
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।
उत्तर:
उर्मिला कहती है कि यदि कहीं हम भी किसान होते तो फिर राज्य की गृह-कलह के कारण उत्पन्न कष्टों को कौन सहन करता? यदि हम भी किसान होते तो राज्य की उलझनों को सहज करने वाला भी तो कोई होना चाहिए। उन्हीं अन्नदाता किसानों के सुखों को देखकर ही आज हमारे दुःख दूर हो रहे हैं फिर भी हम राज्य के लिए लड़ते-मरते रहते हैं।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विपरीत शब्द लिखें:

संपन्न = ————
सुलभ = ————
धनी = ————
उचित = ————
उदार = ————
कठोर = ————
रक्षक = ————
धर्म। = ————
उत्तर:
शब्द – विपरीत शब्द
संपन्न – विपन्न
सुलभ – दुर्लभ
धनी – निर्धन
उचित – अनुचित
उदार – अनुदार
कठोर – कोमल
रक्षक – भक्षक
धर्म – अधर्म

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

II. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के दो-दो पयार्यवाची शब्द लिखें:

पत्नी = ————
कर्षक = ————
सागर = ————
उत्सव। = ————
उत्तर:
शब्द – पर्यायवाची शब्द
पत्नी – भार्या, अर्धांगिनी, गृहिणी, वधू।
कर्षक – किसान, कृषक, खेतीहर, हलवाहा, कृषिजीवी।
सागर – समुद्र, सिंधु, जलधि, रत्नाकर।
उत्सव – समारोह, पर्व, त्योहार, धूमधाम।

III. निम्नलिखित भिन्नार्थक शब्दों के अर्थ लिखकर वाक्य बनाइएँ:

अन्न = ————
अन्य = ————
उदार = ————
उधार। = ————
उत्तर:
अन्न – अनाज-किसान अन्न पैदा करने के कारण अन्नदाता कहलाता है।
अन्य – दूसरा-इस पर नहीं किसी अन्य विषय पर बात करें।
उदार – दानी-कर्ण बहुत ही उदार राजा था।
उधार – ऋण-क्या आप मुझे एक सौ रुपए उधार दे सकते हैं?

(ग) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
किसान की दिनचर्या की जो बातें आपको अच्छी लगती हैं उनकी सूची बनाएँ।
उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।)

प्रश्न 2.
पंजाब के किसान के जीवन से संबंधित बैशाखी’ त्योहार के कुछ चित्र संकलित करके अपने स्कूल की भित्त पत्रिका पर लगाएँ। उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।)

प्रश्न 3.
किसान को अन्नदाता कहा जाता है। हरित क्रांति में किसानों के योगदान के विषय में जानकारी हासिल करें।
उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।)

प्रश्न 4.
कविता को कंठस्थ करके उसका सस्वर वाचन करें।
उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें)

(घ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

द्विवेदी युगीन कवियों में मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित ‘साकेत’ महाकाव्य खड़ी बोली हिंदी का श्रेष्ठ महाकाव्य है। इसका कथानक उर्मिला के माध्यम से रामकथा को प्रस्तुत करना है। उर्मिला लक्ष्मण की पत्नी थी। श्रीराम के साथ लक्ष्मण वन चले जाते हैं तो उनके विरह में व्याकुल उर्मिला की दशा का वर्णन भी साकेत के नौवें सर्ग में किया गया है। ‘साकेत’ अयोध्या का दूसरा नाम है। ‘साकेत’ का रेडियो रूपांतरण डॉ० प्रेम जनमेजय ने किया था, जो इंटरनेट पर भी मिलता है। किसान के जीवन पर अन्य कवियों की रचनाएँ भी मिलती हैं, जैसे-
फसल क्या है
लाख-लाख कोटि-कोटि हाथों के स्पर्श की गरिमा:
एक की नहीं, दो की नहीं,
हज़ार-हज़ार खेतों की मिट्टी का गुण धर्मः
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं अन्य कवियों की रचनाओं का संग्रह करें।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ कविता कवि की किस मूल रचना और सर्ग से ली गई है?
उत्तर:
‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ शीर्षक कविता मैथिलीशरण गुप्त के द्वारा रचित ‘साकेत’ के नवम् सर्ग से ली गई है

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

प्रश्न 2.
‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ कविता का मूलभाव क्या है?
उत्तर:
इस कविता का मूल भाव यह है कि राजा तो गृह-कलह से दु:खी रहता है परंतु किसान अपने सरल, सहज, शांतिपूर्ण तथा परिश्रमी जीवन से सदा सुखी रहता है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘किसानों के पास गोधन है’-यहाँ गोधन से तात्पर्य है?
उत्तर:
गोधन से तात्पर्य गायों रूपी धन है। किसान के पास गायें होती हैं, वे ही उनका धन हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
राज्य में उत्पन्न उलझनों से कौन निपटता है?
उत्तर:
राज्य में उत्पन्न उलझनों से राज्य को ही निपटना पड़ता है।

प्रश्न 5.
राज्य का दुःख कैसे दूर हो सकता है?
उत्तर:
राज्य का दु:ख अन्नदाता किसान को देखकर दूर हो सकता है।

प्रश्न 6.
‘साकेत’ में किस की विरह-पीड़ा का सजीव चित्रण किया है?
उत्तर:
‘साकेत’ के ‘नवम् सर्ग’ में लक्ष्मण की पत्नी उर्मिला की विरह-पीड़ा का सजीव चित्रण किया गया है क्योंकि वह अपने पति के साथ वनवास के लिए नहीं जा सकी थी और अपने महल में रहकर निरंतर चौदह वर्ष तक विरह-वियोग में आँसू बहाती रही थी।

एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
कवि के अनुसार सच्चा राज्य कौन करते हैं ?
उत्तर:
सच्चा राज्य किसान करते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
किसान के पास कौन-सा धन है ?
उत्तर:
किसान के पास गाय रूपी धन है।

प्रश्न 3.
किसानों के रक्षक कौन हैं ?
उत्तर:
अयोध्या नरेश किसानों के रक्षक हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
विद्वान् क्या करते हैं?
उत्तर:
विद्वान् हर बात में दोष निकाल कर व्यर्थ में तर्क-वितर्क करते हैं।

बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नोत्तरनिम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
‘सहनशीलता के आगार’ कौन हैं
(क) विद्वान्।
(ख) किसान
(ग) राजा
(घ) प्रहरी।
उत्तर:
(ख) किसान

प्रश्न 2.
‘शाखामयी बुद्धि’ कैसी बातें होती हैं
(क) तर्क पूर्ण
(ख) आध्यात्मिक
(ग) व्यर्थ की
(घ) पारलौकिक।
उत्तर:
(ग) व्यर्थ की

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

प्रश्न 3.
राजघराने की अपेक्षा किसका जीवन सहज है
(क) प्रहरी का
(ख) विद्वान् का
(ग) किसान का
(घ) न्यायाधीश का।
उत्तर:
(ग) किसान का

एक शब्द/हाँ-नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
हर अवसर पर समारोह तथा उत्सव कौन मनाते हैं? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
किसान

प्रश्न 2.
किसानों को अमृत के समान गाय का दूध सुलभ नहीं है। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 3.
राज्य का दुःख अन्नदाता किसान को देख कर दूर हो जाता है। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 4.
राजघराने के लोग राज्य के लिए नहीं मरते हैं। (सही या गलत में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 5.
किसान निरंतर श्रम करते रहते हैं। (सही या गलत में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 6.
पत्नी सहित ……….. हैं वे, भव ………. भरते हैं।
उत्तर:
विचरते, वैभव

प्रश्न 7.
किया करें …………. वाद कठोर।
उत्तर:
बुध

प्रश्न 8.
उन्हीं ……….. के सुख …….. दुःख हरते हैं।
उत्तर:
अन्नदाताओं, आज।

हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।
सच्चा राज्य परन्तु हमारे कर्षक ही करते हैं।
जिनके खेतों में है अन्न,
कौन अधिक उनसे सम्पन्न ?
पत्नी-सहित विचरते हैं वे, भव वैभव भरते हैं,
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।

शब्दार्थ:
मरते हैं = झगड़ते हैं, दुःखी होते हैं। कर्षक = कृषक, किसान। सम्पन्न = धनी। विचरते = चलतेफिरते। भव = संसार। वैभव = धन-संपत्ति, ऐश्वर्य।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित कविता ‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ से ली गई हैं, जिसमें उर्मिला राज्य में व्याप्त गृह-कलह से दुःखी हो कर किसानों के शांतिपूर्ण जीवन की प्रशंसा कर रही है। .

व्याख्या:
उर्मिला कहती है कि हम तो राज्य के कारण गृह कलह से दुःखी हैं जबकि सच्चा राज्य तो हमारे राज्य के वे किसान करते हैं जिन के खेतों में अन्न पैदा होता है। उन से अधिक धनवान भला और कौन हो सकता है? अर्थात् सबसे दुखी तथा सम्पन्न अन्न उत्पन्न करने वाले किसान ही हैं। वे अपनी पत्नी के साथ घूमते-फिरते हुए संसार के ऐश्वर्य का उपभोग करते हैं, जबकि हम राज्य के लिए आपसी कलह से मर रहे हैं।

विशेष:

  1. किसानों को सबसे सुखी माना है क्योंकि वे स्वयं अन्न पैदा कर स्वतंत्रतापूर्वक अपना जीवन व्यतीत करते हैं जबकि राजवंशी राज्य के कलह से ही त्रस्त हैं।
  2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान, भावपूर्ण है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

2. वे गोधन के धनी उदार,
उनको सुलभ सुधा की धार,
सहनशीलता के आगर वे श्रम सागर तरते हैं।
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।

शब्दार्थ:
गोधन = गायों रूपी धन। उदार = सरल, दानी। सुधा = अमृत। आगर = भंडार, खजाना। श्रम = मेहनत, परिश्रम। सागर = समुद्र।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित कविता ‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ से ली गई हैं, जिसमें उर्मिला राज्य के लिए गृह कलह से दुःखी होकर किसानों के संपन्न जीवन की प्रशंसा करती है।

व्याख्या:
उर्मिला किसानों की प्रशंसा करते हुए कहती हैं कि किसान के पास गायों रूपी धन है, जिसके कारण वे धनवान और उदार बने रहते हैं। उन्हें अमृत की धारा के समान गाय के दूध की धारा आसानी से मिल जाती है। वे सहनशीलता के भंडार हैं तथा निरंतर परिश्रम रूपी सागर में तैरते रहते हैं अर्थात् वे सदा मेहनत करते रहते हैं, जबकि हम लोग राज्य के लिए परस्पर लड़ते-मरते रहते हैं।

विशेष:

  1. किसान गायों रूपी धन से अमीर हैं तथा निरंतर परिश्रम करते रहते हैं।
  2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान, अनुप्रास तथा रूपक अलंकार हैं।

3. यदि वे करें, उचित है गर्व,
बात बात में उत्सव-पर्व,
हम से प्रहरी रक्षक जिनके, वे किससे डरते हैं?
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।

शब्दार्थ:
उचित = सही है। गर्व = घमंड। उत्सव = समारोह। पर्व = त्योहार। प्रहरी = पहरेदार। रक्षक = रखवाले।

प्रसंग:
यह काव्यांश कविवर ‘मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित ‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इसमें उर्मिला ने किसानों के जीवन को अपने राज्य के लिए कलह ग्रस्त जीवन से श्रेष्ठ माना है।

व्याख्या:
उर्मिला कहती है कि यदि वे किसान अपने ऊपर गर्व करते हैं तो उनका ऐसा करना बिलकुल ठीक भी है। वे हर अवसर पर समारोह करते हैं तथा त्योहार मनाते हैं। जब हमारे जैसे पहरेदार उनके रक्षक हों तो भला वे किसी से क्यों डरेंगे ? वे निडरतापूर्वक अपने समारोह तथा पर्व मनाते हैं। इसके विपरीत हम लोग तो सदा राज्य के लिए ही मरते रहते हैं।

विशेष:

  1. किसानों के आनंद एवं उल्लासमय जीवन की झलक प्रस्तुत की गई है।
  2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान, पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार है।

4. करके मीन मेख सब ओर,
किया करें बुध वाद कठोर,
शाखामयी बुद्धि तजकर वे मूल धर्म धरते हैं।
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।

शब्दार्थ:
मीन मेख = दोष निकालना, तर्क-वितर्क करना, बहस करना। बुधं = बुद्धिमान, विद्वान्। वाद = वादविवाद, बहस। शाखामयी बुद्धि = व्यर्थ की बातें। तजकर = त्यागकर, छोड़कर। मूल धर्म = वास्तविक धर्म, सहज धर्म। धरते = धारण करना, पालन करना।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित कविता ‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ से ली गई हैं, जिसमें उर्मिला ने किसानों के सहज जीवन की प्रशंसा करते हुए राज्य के लिए व्यर्थ ही लड़ने-मरने वालों के जीवन को व्यर्थ माना है।

व्याख्या:
उर्मिला कहती है कि विद्वान् लोग हर बात में दोष निकाल कर व्यर्थ में बहस करते रहते हैं, चाहे उस से कुछ प्राप्त हो या न हो परंतु किसान इन व्यर्थ की बातों को त्यागकर सहज धर्म को अपनाते हैं। वे विद्वानों के चक्कर में न पड़कर धर्म के वास्तविक स्वरूप को सहज रूप से अपनाते हैं जबकि हम राज्य के लिए आपस में ही लड़ते-मरते रहते हैं।

विशेष:

  1. आडंबरपूर्ण धर्म के स्थान पर धर्म के सहज स्वरूप को अपनाना श्रेष्ठ है।
  2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान और अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

5. होते कहीं वही हम लोग,
कौन भोगता फिर ये भोग?
उन्हीं अन्नदाताओं के सुख आज दुःख हरते हैं।
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।

शब्दार्थ:
भोगता = उपभोग करना। भोग = सुख। अन्नदाताओं = किसानों। हरते हैं = दूर करते हैं।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित कविता ‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ से ली गई हैं, जिसमें उर्मिला के राज्य के लिए गृह कलह करने वाले राज घराने से किसान के सहज जीवन को श्रेष्ठ माना है।

व्याख्या:
उर्मिला कहती है कि यदि कहीं हम भी किसान होते तो फिर राज्य की गृह-कलह के कारण उत्पन्न कष्टों को कौन सहन करता? यदि हम भी किसान होते तो राज्य की उलझनों को सहज करने वाला भी तो कोई होना चाहिए। उन्हीं अन्नदाता किसानों के सुखों को देखकर ही आज हमारे दुःख दूर हो रहे हैं फिर भी हम राज्य के लिए लड़ते-मरते रहते हैं।

विशेष:

  1. वास्तविक सुख किसान के सरल जीवन में है, यह न समझ कर हम इस अभिमान में लड़-मर रहे हैं कि राज्य हमारा है।
  2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान और भावपूर्ण है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं Summary

हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं कवि परिचय

राष्ट्रकवि मैथिलीशरण गुप्त भारतीयता के अमर गायक के रूप में प्रसिद्ध हैं। उनका जन्म सन् 1886 ई० में चिरगाँव जिला झांसी में हुआ था। उनके पिता श्री रामचरण गुप्त भगवान् राम के परम भक्त थे। माता दयालु स्वभाव की थीं। इनके गुणों का प्रभाव उन पर भी पड़ना स्वाभाविक था। वे भी राम के अनन्य उपासक बन गए। उनकी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा गाँव में ही हुई। बाद में इन्होंने झांसी के मेकडॉनल स्कूल से शिक्षा प्राप्त की थी। उन्होंने संस्कृत, हिंदी और बंगला के साहित्य का अध्ययन किया था और आचार्य महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेदी की प्रेरणा से इन्होंने काव्य-रचनाएँ की थीं जो ‘सरस्वती’ पत्रिका में छपने लगी थीं। गुप्त जी पर गाँधी जी के व्यक्तित्व का भी प्रभाव था। वे अपने जीवन काल में बारह वर्षों तक राज्यसभा के सदस्य भी रहे। आगरा विश्वविद्यालय ने डी० लिट् की उपाधि से तथा भारत सरकार ने पद्मभूषण अलंकार से इन्हें सम्मानित किया था। सन् 1964 ई० में गुप्त जी का देहावसान हुआ।

रचनाएँ-भारत भारती, रंग में भंग, नहुष, साकेत, यशोधरा, द्वापर, जयद्रथ वध, जय भारत, सिद्धराज, पंचवटी आदि इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ हैं। ‘झंकार’ उनके गीतों का संग्रह है। ‘साकेत’ नामक महाकाव्य पर गुप्त जी को हिंदी-साहित्य सम्मेलन, प्रयाग का मंगला प्रसाद पारितोषिक प्राप्त हुआ था। मानवतावादी दृष्टिकोण, राष्ट्रीयता की भावना, प्रकृति के विविध रूपों का चित्रण, भारतीय नारी का त्याग-भावना, संस्कृति प्रेम तथा नवीनता के प्रति आस्था आदि गुप्त जी के काव्य की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ हैं। अपनी प्रारंभिक रचना ‘भारत भारती’ में उन्होंने राष्ट्र के अतीत, वर्तमान और भविष्य पर अपने विचार प्रकट किए हैं।

हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं कविता का सार

‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ शीर्षक कविता श्री मैथिलीशरण गुप्त की रचना ‘साकेत’ के नवम् सर्ग से ली गई है, जिसमें उर्मिला राज्य के कारण उत्पन्न गृह-कलह से दुःखी होकर किसानों के सुखमय जीवन की प्रशंसा करती है। उर्मिला के अनुसार हम लोग तो राज्य के लिए लड़ते-झगड़ते रहते हैं जबकि सच्चा राज्य तो किसान करते हैं। उनके खेतों में अन्न है, वे संपन्न हैं, पत्नी सहित घूमते-फिरते हैं और संसार का सुख भोगते हैं। उनके पास गाय, उदारता, सहनशीलता, परिश्रम करने की शक्ति है। उनका अपने ऊपर गर्व करना, उत्सव-त्योहार मनाना, निडरतापूर्वक विचरण करना अत्यंत सहज कार्य है। विद्वान् चाहे व्यर्थ में धर्म पर तर्क-वितर्क करते रहें परन्तु किसान तर्क-वितर्क छोड़ कर धर्म के मूल को समझते हैं। उर्मिला सोचती है कि यदि हम किसान होते तो राज्य की उलझनों से उत्पन्न मुसीबतों को कौन सहन करता? उन्हीं किसानों के सुख देखकर आज हमारे दुःख दूर हो सकते हैं हम राज्य के लिए ही परस्पर लड़-मर रहे हैं।

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
(a) Form the image in case an object is moved from infinity to the concave mirror.
(b) Describe with the help of diagram the nature, size and position of the image formed when an object placed at centre of curvature of a concave mirror.
Answer:
(a) Images formed by concave mirror when it is moved from infinity to the mirror
1. Object is at Infinity: Two cases arise :

  • When mirror is in parallel plane to the object: In such a case, rays from infinity come parallel to principal axis. After reflection they pass through principal focus F. Image is extremely small, real, inverted and it is formed at the principal focus [Figure (a)].
  • When the rays strike the mirror obliquely. The ray AB passing through F after reflection goes parallel to principal axis towards BA’. Another ray DE through C striking normally to the mirror at E is reflected back. The two rays form an image at A’. Image is real, inverted, extremely diminished and is formed at F [Figure (b)].

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 1
2. Object beyond C. A ray of light AD from A parallel to principal axis after reflection passes through F.
Another ray from A passes through C, and is reflected back along the same path, forming real, diminished, inverted image A’B’, between F and C. [Figure (c)].
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 2
(c) Object beyoid C. a real, inverted, diminished image hetiveen F and C. inverted at C and is of saine size as that of object.

3. Object at centre of curvature, C i.e., at 2f. A ray AD from A parallel to principal axis after reflection from mirror passes through F.
Another ray AD’ from A through F. goes, parallel to principal axis i.e., towards, D A forming real, inverted image of AB at C i.e., at 2f. The image is of the same size as the object [Figure (d)].
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 3
(d) Object at C. Image is also at C. It is real.

4. Object between F and C between [f and 2f]
A ray AD from object going parallel to principal axis is reflected towards F. Another ray AE as of coming through C is reflected back forming image of A at A’. Similarly image of B is formed at B’. Image is real, inverted, enlarged and formed beyond C (2f) i.e., as shown in Figure (e).
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 3
(e) Object between F and C. Image is beyond C. It is real, inverted and enlarged.

5. Object at F. A ray AD parallel to principal axis passes through F. Another ray AE strikes the mirror normally at E is reflected back as it appears to pass through C. This reflected ray becomes parallel to reflected ray DY and, therefore, forms an image of object AB at infinity. The image is very much enlarged and is real and inverted [Figure (f)].
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 5
(f). Object at F. Real, inverted, extremely enlarged image is formed at infinity.

6. Object between F and P (Principal Focus and Pole).
A ray AD from A goes parallel to principal axis after reflection passes through F. Another ray AE striking the mirror normally through C is reflected back. These to reflected rays do not actually meet but meet when produced backward, therefore, they form virtual image of the object behind the mirror. The image is erect and enlarged and formed behind the mirror [Figure (g)].
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 6
(g). Object between F and P. An erect, enlarged, virtual image is formed behind the mirror.
(b) Please see Figure(d) and its description given on previous page.

Question 2.
What is refraction of light? with the help of diagram explain refraction of light by rectangular glass slab and show that emergent ray and incident ray are parallel.
Answer:
Refraction of Light. When a ray of light enters from one medium to another medium then it changes its path at the meeting plane of two media. This phenomenon of light is called refraction of light.

Refraction by glass slab.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 7
Refraction by rectangular glass slab

A rectangular glass slab PQRS is placed in air. When? ray of ligxu, in air enters glass slab then AO, OO’ and O’B are incident ray, refracted ray and emergent ray respectively

By applying snell’s Law at ‘O’ \(\frac{\sin i_{1}}{\sin i_{1}}\) = aµb ….(i)

Now ray of hgnt is uavelling from glass (denser medium) to air (rarer medium).
Again using sneirs Law at O
bµa = \(\frac{\sin i_{2}}{\sin r_{2}}=\frac{\sin r_{1}}{\sin r_{2}}\) ……….(iii) [∵∠i2 = ∠r1]

According to principle of reversibility of light
bµa = \(\frac{1}{{ }^{a} \mu_{b}}\)

From (ii) and (iii)
aµb = \(\frac{\sin r_{2}}{\sin r_{1}}\) ……..(iv)
Comparing (i) and (iv)
\(\frac{\sin i_{1}}{\sin r_{1}}=\frac{\sin r_{2}}{\sin r_{1}}\)
or sin i1 = sin r2
∴ ∠r1 = ∠r2
This means that angle of incidence is equal to emergent angle.

Therefore, when refraction of light takes place in a rectangular glass slab then emergent ray and incident ray are equal.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 3.
Draw the ray diagrams and find position, nature and size of image formed by a convex lens, when object is placed:
(i) Between F and 2F
Answer:
Object between F and 2F. When the object is between F and 2F, its real. inverted, magnified image is formed on the other side of the convex lens as shown in Figure (a).
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 8
(a) Object bet weer F and 2F real, inverted, magnified image is formed beyond 2F on the other side of lens.

(ii) Beyond 2F
Answer:
Object beyond 2F’. When the object is beyond 2F, a real, inverted, diminished image is formed between F’ and 2F [Fig (b)].
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 9
(b) Object beyond 2F, real, inverted, diminished image between Fund 2F

(iii) At F.
Answer:
Object at F. When object is placed at principal focus, a real, inverted and highly magnified image is formed at infinity [Fig. (c).]
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 10
(c) Object at F, highly magnified, real, inverted image is formed at infinity.

Question 4.
Give the nature, position and size of the image formed by a convex lens when the object lies at 2F and between focus F and optical centre O.
Answer:
1. Object at 2F. A ray AD from point A of the object going parallel to principal axis, passes through F on the other side of the lens goes towards DA’. Another ray from A through optical centre O goes towards OA’. The two meet at A’ forming image of A at A’. Image of object AB is formed at 2F on the other side of the lens. Image is real, inverted and of the same size as that of object [Figure (a)].
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 11
2. Object between F and O. When an object is placed between principal focus and optical centre of the lens, virtual, erect, magnified image is formed on the same side of the lens [Figure.(b)].
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 12
(b) Object between F and O, a virtual. erect, magnified image is formed on the same side.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is light? Give the nature of light.
Answer:
Light. Light is a form of energy which produces in us the sensation of sight. Light itself is not seen but it helps us to see the surrounding objects.

Nature of light. Light has a dual nature, a wave nature and a particle nature. To explain the phenomenon it was thought of as a wave but when it could not explain the treatment of interaction of light with matter then light was believed to have particle nature. The confusion about true nature of light was later explained when Model Quantum Theory emerged according to which “light is neither a wave nor a particle”. Modern Quantum Theory reconciles the particle properties of light with the wave nature

i. e. light is emitted as a particle but travels in the form of wave.

Question 2.
Write the characteristics of light.
Answer:

  • It does not require medium for its propagation.
  • It is in the form of electro-magnetic waves.
  • Its speed depends upon the nature of medium through which it passes.

Question 3.
What are the various artificial sources of light? Give examples.
Answer:
Artificial Sources of Light: The main artificial sources of light are : fire, electricity gas and some chemical reactions.

Question 4.
What is Reflector?
Answer:
Reflector. Any smooth and polished surface that returns light into the same medium from which it is coming, is called reflector.

Question 5.
What is reflection of light? State the laws of reflection of light.
Answer:
Reflection of Light. When rays of light fall on a smooth and polished surface (incident) then they come back into the same medium in a particular direction. This phenomenon of coming back of light is known as reflection of light.

Laws of Reflection. There are two laws of reflection :

  • The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection i.e. ∠i = ∠r.
  • The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
  • In fig. AB is a reflecting surface (plane mirror), PQ is incident ray. QR is reflected ray and QN is normal at the point of incidence Q.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 13
Figure shows that incident ray, reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane of paper.

Question 6.
What is the angle of incidence when incident ray falls normal to the mirror?
Answer:
When a ray of light is incident normal to the mirror then the angle of incidence is zero (i.e. ∠i= 0°).

Question 7.
What is the angle of reflection when a ray of light is incident normally to the mirror?
Answer:
When a ray of light is incident to the mirror normally (∠i = 0°) then after reflection it returns along the same path. In that case, angle of reflection will also be zero (∠r = 0°).

Question 8.
A ray of light falling normal to the mirror returns along the same path. Why?
Answer:
A ray of light falling normal to any mirror returns along the same path. In that case ∠i = 0° and according to the law of reflection ∠i = ∠r. So ∠r will be equal to zero and the reflected ray would be along the same path.

Question 9.
Define the terms :
(i) Spherical mirror
Answer:
Spherical Mirror: If the mirror is a part of some hollow sphere whose one surface is polished and the other surface is reflecting then such a mirror is called spherical mirror.

Spherical mirrors are of two types :
(a) Concave mirror
(b) Convex mirror.

(ii)Concave mirror
Answer:
Concave Mirror: A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is towards the centre of that sphere of which the mirror is a part is called concave mirror. The outer surface of concave is polished and reflection occurs from the inner surface.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 14
Concave mirror

(iii) Convex mirror
Answer:
Convex Mirror: A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is away from the centre of that sphere of which the mirror is a part, is called convex mirror.
The inner surface of convex mirror is polished and reflection takes place from the outer surface.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 15
Convex Mirror

(iv) Aperture.
Answer:
Aperture: That part of the mirror from which reflection takes place is called aperture of the mirror.
In figure (a) and (b) the length M1M2 is aperture
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 16
Aperture and Centre of Curvature

Question 10.
Define the terms :
(i) Centre of Curvature
Answer:
Centre of Curvature: It is the centre of that hollow sphere of which the mirror is a part. In the above figure (a) C is a centre of curvature of concave mirror and in figure (b) C is centre of curvature of convex mirror.

(ii) Pole
Answer:
Pole. The mid point of spherical mirror is called its pole or vertex. In the fig.l0.14.(a) and fig.10.14.(6) given below P is pole.

(iii) Principal Focus
Answer:
Principal Focus: The principal focus of the mirror is a point on the principal axis where parallel rays of light after reflection from the mirror actually meet at a point or appear to diverge.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 17

(iv) Focal length.
Answer:
Focal Length: The distance between pole and focus is called focal length of the mirror. It is denoted by ‘f. In fig. 10.14. PF is focal length. In SI system the unit of focal length is metre (m).

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 11.
What is the relation between focal length and radius of curvature of a concave mirror? What is focal length of a plane mirror?
Answer:
The focal length of a concave mirror is half the radius of curvature of that mirror. If ‘f is the focal length and ‘R‘ the radius of curvature of concave mirror, then
f = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × R
The focal length of plane mirror is infinite (∞).

Question 12.
When the image formed by a concave mirror is at infinity then what is the position of the object?
Answer:
When the object is placed at focus of a concave mirror then the image of the object is formed at infinity. This image is real, big in size and is bigger then the size of the object. In this position the rays of light coming from the object after suffering reflection from the mirror become parallel.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 18
Reflected rays meet at Infinity.

Question 13.
Where should an object be placed so that its real and same size image is formed?
Answer:
To get real image of saine size being formed by a concave mirror, the object should be place at its centre of curvature. In this case the image will also be formed at the same position i.e at centre of curvature. This image will be real, inverted and of the same size of the object.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 19

Question 14.
When is virtual and magnified image of an object formed in a concave mirror. Show with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
When an object is placed between pole and focus of a concave mirror then in that case a virtual, erect and magnified image is formed with respect to the size of the object.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 20

Question 15.
Which mirror is shown in the figure? Where is object placed with respect to the mirror? Write one characteristic of the image formed.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 21
Answer:
(a) Concave Mirror.
(b) Object is placed between Focus and Pole of the mirror.
(c) Characteristic of Image formed. The image is virtual, erect and magnified and is formed behind the mirror.

Question 16.
Which mirror is shown in the diagram? Where is object placed in relation to the mirror? Write characteristics of the image formed :
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 22
Answer:
In the diagram concave mirror is shown.
The object AB is placed beyond centre of curvature of the mirror i.e. it is at a distance more than radius of curvature (r = CP) from the pole of the mirror.

Characteristics of image formed
The image ¡VB’ of the object AB is :

  • Real and inverted
  • The image is smaller in size as compared to the size of the object.

Question 17.
Which mirror is used as a shaving mirror and why? Explain its working with the help of a ray diagram.
Answer:
Concave mirror is used as a shaving mirror because we place our face close to the mirror (in between Pole and Focus), the image formed is erect and magnified. This makes the fine hairs to appear quite big so that we can shave properly.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 23

Question 18.
Which mirror always forms virtual, erect and smaller image?
Answer:
Convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect and reduced image of whatever may be the position of the object. The image is formed behind the mirror as is shown in figure.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 24
Formation of Image in a Convex Mirror

Question 19.
Which mirror has wider filed of view?
Answer:
In a convex mirror the image formed is always virtual and smaller in size as compared to the size of the object. This image is formed behind the mirror. On moving the mirror away, the images of objects lying over the large area can be seen in the mirror. Therefore, its area of view becomes wide.

Question 20.
Which mirror is preferred as a driver’s mirror and why? Draw a ray diagram.
Answer:
Convex mirror is preferred as a driver’s mirror because the image formed by convex mirror is erect and smaller in size. Therefore, it enables the driver to see traffic coming behind over large area.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 25
A convex mirror as a driver’s mirror

Question 21.
Where should an object be placed with respect to a concave mirror to get real and enlarged image? Show with the help of ray diagram.
Answer:
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 26
Object between F and C. Image ¿s beyond C. It is real, inverted and enlarged.

Question 22.
Write points of difference between convex mirror and concave mirror.
Answer:
Differences between Convex Mirror and Concave Mirror.

Convex Mirror Concave Mirror
1. In convex mirror the shining reflecting surface is bulged outward. 1. In concave mirror shining reflecting surface is depressed inward.
2. Convex mirror forms virtual image. 2. In concave both real and virtual images are formed.
3. In convex mirror the image formed is erect. 3. In concave mirror both erect and inverted images are formed.
4. In convex mirror the image formed is always smaller in size whatever may be the position of the object. 4. In concave mirror all types of images : bigger, smaller or of the same size are formed depending upon the position of the object.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 23.
How will you distinguish between plane mirror, convex and concave mirror without touching?
Answer:
Look through all these mirrors turn by turn.

  • In one of the mirrors, we shall observe that the image is erect, of the same size as the object and as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. It is plane mirror.
  • In another mirror, the image is always diminished and erect. This is convex mirror.
  • In third mirror, image will appear erect and very large when seen by placing eyes, close to the mirror. However, when the eyes are placed at a distance, image will be always inverted. This mirror is concave.

Question 24.
Define magnification of spherical mirror. What is the magnification produced in a plane mirror?
Or
What is magnification?
Answer:
Magnification: Magnification of spherical mirror is defined as the ratio of the size of the image formed by the mirror to the size of the object. It is denoted by ‘m’.
∴ Magnification (m) = \(\frac{\text { Size of the image (I) }\left(h_{2}\right)}{\text { Size of the object (O) ( } h_{1} \text { ) }}\)
m = \(\frac{\mathrm{A}^{\prime} \mathrm{B}^{\prime}}{\mathrm{AB}}=\frac{-v}{u}\)

Magnification in a Plane Mirror. Plane mirror can be considered to be a part of such a sphere whose radius of curvature is infinity.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 27
Hence, the size of the object and the size of the image formed in a plane mirror are equal in size.

Question 25.
Write the characteristics of image formed in a plane mirror.
Answer:
Characteristics (or properties) of image in a Plane Mirror.

  • It is virtual i.e. this image can not’ be obtained on a screen.
  • It is erect.
  • It is laterally inverted i.e. the right hand of the object appears left hand of the image and the left hand becomes the right hand.
  • The size of the image formed in a plane mirror is equal to the size of the object.
  • The image formed in a plane mirror is as far behind as the object is in front of it.

Question 26.
Write difference between real image and virtual image formed by a mirror.
Answer:
Differences between Real Image and Virtual Image.

Real Image Virtual Image
1. It is formed by the actual intersection of reflected rays. 1. It is formed by the virtual intersection of reflected rays.
2. It is inverted. 2. It is erect.
3. It can be obtained on the screen. 3. It can not be obtained on the screen.

Question 27.
Explain with the help of a diagram the formation of image formed by a plane mirror.
Or
How will you show that the image formed in a plane mirror is as far behind the plane mirror as the object is in front of it?
Answer:
Image formed by a Plane Mirror. Suppose MM’ is a plane mirror and 0 is a point object lying in front of it. From ‘O’ consider a ray of light ON falling normally to the mirror which retraces its path. Now consider two rays of light OA and OB starting from the object which are incident to the plane mirror. These rays after reflection from the plane mirror form two reflected rays AC and BD. These two reflected rays do not meet but appear to meet at ‘I’ where the image is formed. This ‘I’ is the virtual image of the object ‘O’.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 28
On measurement, we find that NO = NI
i. e. Distance of the object from the mirror = Distance of the image from the mirror.
Therefore, the image formed in a plane mirror is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.

Question 28.
Write uses of spherical mirrors.
Or
What are the uses of concave and convex mirrors?
Answer:
Uses of Spherical Mirrors. Spherical mirrors are of two types

  1. Concave mirror
  2. Convex mirror.

1. Uses of Concave Mirror:

  • Large sized concave mirrors are used in solar cookers to focus solar energy on an object to be heated. Due to a limited reserve of oil and gas, the importance of solar cookers can no longer be ignored.
  • Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in car head-lights, search-lights, torches and table lamps.
  • Concave mirrors can be used as a shaving mirror or make up mirror. When the concave mirror is placed at a distance less than its focal length from the face, a magnified erect image is produced. Hence any cut or left over hair or minor flaw in the make up can easily be observed with the help of a concave mirror.
  • Concave mirrors are used by E.N.T. doctors to concentrate hght on ear, nose, throat, etc.

2. Uses of Convex Mirror:

  • Convex mirrors are used in automobiles (e.g., scooters, cars, trucks, buses, etc.) to see bulk of rear traffic. The advantage of using a convex mirror is that it gives a very larger field of view of the rear traffic than a plane mirror.
  • The disadvantage of convex mirror is that since the image is always formed between P and F, we cannot accurately judge the distance and speed of the vehicles approaching from behind.
  • Usually two mirrors, one plane and the other convex are used to see rear traffic whereas convex mirror on side of vehicle gives wider field of view, plane mirror in front of driver helps us in judging the distance and speed of the vehicles coming behind.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 29

Question 29.
What are New Cartesian Sign Conventions used for reflection in spherical mirror? What is the mirror formula?
Answer:
New Cartesian Sign Conventions for Spherical Mirrors.
The modern cartesian sign conventions are :

  • All the rays are drawn from left to right.
  • All distances are measured from the pole of the spherical mirror.
  • The distances measured in the direction of the incident light are taken as positive and those measured in a direction opposite to the direction of incident light are taken as negative.
  • The heights measured upwards and perpendicular to the principal axis of the mirror are taken as positive and vice versa.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 30
Since the object is always placed on the left of the mirror therfore, u is always negative.

Question 30.
What is the effect of density on ray of light when light enters from a rarer medium to a denser medium? Explain with diagram.
Or
What is the effect of density on bending of refracted ray during refraction?
Answer:
When a ray of light travelling from rarer medium enters into a denser medium then it bends towards the normal. The more the medium is denser, the more it will bend towards the normal. In the figures given below ray of light (a) from air to water (b) air to glass is shown. The bending of light is more in glass than in water because glass is more dense with respect to water.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 31

Question 31.
When light enters from water to glass what is the change in its velocity?
Answer:
Water is a rarer medium with respect to glass. Therefore, when light enters from water to glass then velocity of light decreases. It suffers refraction and bends towards the normal. In this case angle of incidence (∠i) is greater than the angle of refraction (∠r).

Question 32.
If a ray of light travelling in glass enters into water will it bend towards or away from the normal?
Answer:
When light travels from glass medium (denser medium) enters into water (rarer medium), it suffers refraction and bends away from the normal. In this case angle of incidence (∠i) will be smaller than the angle of refraction (∠r) i.e. ∠i < ∠r and also the velocity of light in water will increase.

Question 33.
Find relation for refractive index in terms of real depth and apparent depth.
Answer:
Suppose an object is lying in the position A at the bottom of water tank. A ray of light AB starting from A strikes the surface of water normally and after refraction goes along BD. Another ray AC makes angle i with the normal at C and makes an angle of refraction r and reaches our eye. In this way A appears at A’. If g is the refractive index of water then
aμw = \(\frac{1}{{w} \mu_{a}}\) = μ
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 32
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 33

Question 34.
Why does a pencil immersed in water appear bent and short? Explain with the help of a ray diagram.
Answer:
A pencil half immersed in water appears to be bent and short due to refraction of light.
Consider a pencil AB such that its portion CB is immersed in water as shown in figure.

Consider rays of light starting from point B, the tip of the pencil. These rays travel from water (denser medium) and as they enter into air (rarer medium) bend away from normal. The refracted rays appear to come from point B’ slightly raised above. Thus, the immersed portion CB of the pencil appears bent at the surface of water as CB’.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 34

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 35.
Which phenomenon is shown in the figure? Give its definition and give laws of this phenomenon.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 35
Answer:
The phenomenon of refraction of light is shown in the figure.

Refraction of light: When a ray of light travelling in one transparent medium enters into another transparent medium, it bends at the line of separation of two media. This change of path of hght in second medium is called refraction of light.

Laws of refraction are :

  • Incident ray, normal and refracted rays all lie in the same plane.
  • Ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant
    i.e., \(\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}\) = µ, where µ is a constant called refractive index of second medium with respect to first medium .

Question 36.
Define Snell’s Law.
Answer:
Snell’s Law: The second law of refraction is known as Snell’s law. According to this law, ratio of sine of angle of incidence (sin i) to the sine of angle of refraction (sin r) is constant.

\(\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}\) = constant.

Question 37.
What is refractive index? Write its mathematical formula.
Answer:
Refractive Index: The ratio of velocity of light in air or vacuum to the velocity in a medium is called refractive index of medium.
∴ aµb = \(\frac{\text { velocity of light in vacuum }}{\text { velocity of light in medium }}\)
Refractive index has no unit. Since it is ratio of two similar quantities, therefore, it is expressed in number.

Question 38.
What is lens?
Answer:
Lens: A lens is a piece of transparent and refracting medium bounded by two surfaces either having both the surfaces spherical or one spherical and the other plane surface.

Types of lens. There are two main types of lens :

  1. Convex lens (also called converging lens)
  2. Concave lens (also called diverging lens)

Question 39.
Define the terms :
1. Optical centre
Answer:
Optical Centre: The mid point of lens is called optical centre of lens.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 36
In figure (a) O is optical centre of convex lens and in figure (b) O’ is optical centre of concave lens. Any ray of light passing through this point goes undeviated.

2. Principal axis
Answer:
Principal Axis: The principal axis of a lens is an imaginary line which passes through its optical centre and is normal to the spherical surface of the lens. In figure (a) and figure (b) EF is principal axis of convex and concave lens respectively.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 37

3. Principal focus of lens.
Answer:
Principal Focus of Lens: It is a point on the principal axis where, rays of light coming parallel to the principal axis after refraction meet in case of convex lens and appear to meet on producing backward in case of concave lens.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 38

Question 40.
How is image formed by a concave lens ? Show by drawing diagram as to what will be the position and nature of the image formed by a concave lens?
Answer:
The ray diagram for image of an object placed in front of concave lens is shown in figure. The image formed by concave lens always lies between its optical centre and focus. This image is virtual, erect and small in size.
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 39

Question 41.
What is lens formula? Give its sign conventions and assumptions.
Answer:
Lens formula. It is the relationship between the distance of object (u), the distance of image (v) from optical centre of the lens, and focal length (f).
i.e. \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)

The formula is equally applicable to convex, concave or any other type of lens (e.g., concavo-convex, plano-convex, convexo-concave, plano-concave etc.)

Sign Conventions.

  • The object is always placed to the left of the lens.
  • All distances parallel to principal axis are measured from optical centre of the lens.
  • All distances measured to the right of optical centre are taken as positive while those measured to the left of the optical centre are taken as negative.
  • Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are taken as positive.
  • Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis are taken as negative.

Assumptions.

  • Object is taken on the principal axis.
  • The lens is thin.

Question 42.
What is magnification of a lens?
Answer:

  • Magnification of a lens is defined as the ratio of the height of the image formed by the lens to the actual height of object.
  • If h is the height of the object and h’, the height of the image formed by lens, then magnification,
    m = \(\frac{h^{\prime}}{h}\)
  • If u and v are the distances of object and image respectively from the optical centre, then
    m = \(\frac{h^{\prime}}{h}=-\frac{v}{u}\)

Question 43.
Compare convex and concave lenses.
Answer:
Differences between Convex Lens and Concave Lens.

Convex Lens Concave lens
1. Convex lens is thick at centre and thin on the edges. 1. Concave lens is thick on edges and thin at centre.
2. Image is magnified when lens is placed at a distance of less than focal length. 2. Image formed is always diminished.
3. It converges the rays of light. It brings the rays nearer. 3. It diverges the rays i.e., take the rays away from each other.

Question 44.
What are the differences between reflection and refraction?
Answer:
Differences between Reflection and Refraction.

Reflection Refraction
1. The incident rays are sent back in the same medium. 1. After refraction, rays pass from one medium to other medium.
2. Angle of incident and that of reflection are equal. 2. Angle of refraction is not equal to angle of incident. Angle r is less or more than angle i depending upon the two mediums.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 45.
Define 1 dioptre of power of a lens.
Answer:
Power of a lens is reciprocal of focal length.
P = \(\frac{1}{f}\)

If f = 1 m, P = \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{1}\) =1 dioptre
Dioptre: Dioptre or 1 dioptre is the power of a lens of focal length 1 metre.

Numerical Problems

Question 1.
The radius of curvature of a concave mirror is 30 cm. What is its focal length?
Answer:
Here, Radius of curvature of concave mirror (R) = – 30 cm
Focal length of the mirror (f) =?
We know that R = 2f
or f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)
= \(\frac{-30}{2}\)
∴ Focal length of concave mirror (f) = – 15 cm

Question 2.
The radius of curvature of a convex mirror is 40 cm. What is its focal length?
Answer:
Here, Radius of curvature of convex mirror (R) = + 40 cm
Focal length of convex mirror (f) = ?
We know that R = 2f
or f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)
= \(\frac{+40}{2}\)
∴ Focal length of convex mirror (f) – + 20 cm

Question 3.
A concave mirror produces three times magnified real image of an object placed at 10 cm in front of it. Find where will the image be formed?
Answer:
Here object distance (u) = – 10 cm
Magnification (m) = \(-\frac{v}{u}\) [Real image]
Image distance (v) = ?
We know m = \(-\frac{v}{u}\)
– 3 = \(-\frac{v}{-10}\)
– 3 = \(\frac{v}{10}\)
v = – 3 × 10
= – 30 cm
Negative sign shows that the image is formed at a distance of 30 cm in front of a concave mirror.

Question 4.
An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position and nature of the image.
Sol. Here, focal length of convex mirror if) = + 15 cm
object distance from convex mirror (u)= – 10 cm
Image distance (v) =?
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 40
∴ Image distance v = + 6 cm
Positive sign shows that the image is formed behind the mirror (on the other side of the mirror) at a distance of 6 cm. This image is virtual and erect.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 5.
Light enters from air to diamond having refractive index 2.4. What is the speed of light in diamond? Given speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m s-1.
Answer:
Speed of light in Vacuum, c = 3 × 108 m s-1 Refractive index of diamond, n = 2.4
Speed of light in diamond, vd =?
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 41

Question 6.
Light travels from air to water of refractive index 1.33. Calculate the speed of light in water, if speed of light in air is 3.0 × 108 m/s.
Answer:
Given : Speed of light in air (c) = 3 × 108 m/s
Refractive index of water aµw – 1.33
Speed of light in water (v) =?
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 42

Question 7.
Refractive index of water w.r.t. air is \(\frac{4}{3}\) and that of glass w.r.t air is \(\frac{3}{2}\) What will be the refractive index of glass w.r.t water?
Answer:
Here, Refractive Index of water w.r.t. air (aµw) = \(\frac{4}{3}\)
Refractive index of glass w.r.t air (aµg) = \(\frac{3}{2}\)
Refractive index of glass w.r.t water (wµg) =?
Refractive index of glass w.r.t water (wµg) = wµa x aµg
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 43

Question 8.
An object is 2m away from a lens, which forms an erect image \(\frac{1}{4}\)th the size of the object. Determine the focal length of the lens. What type of the lens is this?
Answer:
Here, object distance (u) = – 2m
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 44
Negative sign indicates that the lens is concave lens.

Question 9.
A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed at a distance of 24 cm from the screen. How far from the lens should an object be placed so as to form a real image on the screen. Also find the nature and magnification of the image produced.
Answer:
Given : Focal length of the lens (f) = 20 cm
Image distance (v) = 24 cm
Object distance (u) =?
Magnification (m) =?
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 45
Negative sign shows that the image formed is real and inverted.

Question 10.
A concave lens has focal length of 15 cm. At what distance should the object from the lens be placed so that it forms an image at 10 cm from the lens? Also find the magnification produced by the lens.
Answer:
Given : Focal length of concave lens (f) = – 15 cm
Image distance (v) = – 10 cm
(∵ The image formed in a concave lens is virtual and erect and is formed on the same side of the lens, so it has negative (-) sign.)
Object distance (u) = ?
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 46
Negative sign suggest that the object should be placed at a distance of 30 cm to the left of the lens.
Now magnification (m) = \(-\frac{v}{u}\)
= \(-\frac{(-10 \mathrm{~cm})}{(-30 \mathrm{~cm})}\)
= \(\frac{1}{3}\)
= – 0.33
Negative sign shows that the image is virtual and erect and its size is \(\frac{1}{3}\)rd the size of the object.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 11.
A convex lens of power 4 D is placed at a distance of 40 cm from a wall. At what distance from the lens should a candle be placed so that its image is formed on the wall?
Answer:
Given : Power of convex lens(P) = + 4 D
We know P = \(\frac{100}{f(in cm)}\)
f = \(\frac{100}{P}\)
= \(\frac{100}{4}\) = 25 cm
Image distance (v) = 40cm
PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 47

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which mirror has a widest field of view?
Answer:
Convex mirror.

Question 2.
Define a spherical mirror.
Answer:
Spherical Mirror. A spherical mirror is a part of hollow sphere whose one surface is polished and the other is reflecting.

Question 3.
What is concave mirror?
Answer:
Concave Mirror. Concave mirror is one which is silvered from outer side and reflection takes place at inner surface.

Question 4.
What is convex mirror?
Answer:
Convex Mirror. Convex mirror is one which is silvered from inner side and reflection takes place from outer convex side.

Question 5.
Define the pole of a mirror.
Answer:
Pole. Pole is the mid-point of mirror.

Question 6.
Define principal focus of a mirror.
Answer:
Principal focus. It is a point on the principal axis at which the ray of light incident in a direction parallel to its axis actually meet or converge or appear to diverge after reflection from the mirror.

Question 7.
Define the focal length of mirror.
Answer:
Focal Length. It is the distance between pole and principal focus of the mirror.

Question 8.
What is light?
Answer:
Light. It is a form of energy which causes in us sensation of sight.

Question 9.
What is a real image?
Answer:
Image formed on a screen is called real image.

Question 10.
What is refraction of light?
Answer:
The phenomenon of change of path of light from one transparent medium to another is called refraction of light.

Question 11.
Define refractive index?
Answer:
It is the ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction.

Question 12.
What is a lens?
Answer:
Lens. It is a portion of a transparent medium which is bounded by two surfaces.

Question 13.
Define power of a lens.
Answer:
Power of lens. It is the ability of a lens to bend the rays.

Question 14.
Define a ‘dioptre’.
Answer:
Dioptre. It is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 m.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 15.
Define focal length of a lens.
Answer:
Focal length of Lens. The distance between optical centre and principal focus is called focal length.

Question 16.
What is the nature of the mirror having focal length – 15 cm?
Answer:
It is a concave mirror haying focal length – 15 cm and radius of curvature – 30 cm.

Question 17.
A mirror has magnification 0.4, what type of the mirror is and what type of the image is formed?
Answer:
It is a convex mirror since the magnification is positive as well as less than one. Image is diminished and erect.

Question 18.
What is curvature of a mirror? What is its value for plane mirror?
Answer:
Curvature is reciprocal of focal length.
Radius of curvature of a plane mirror is infinity and hence its curvature is = \(\frac{1}{\infty}\) = zero.

Question 19.
A ray strikes the mirror normally, what is the angle of incidence?
Answer:
Zero degree. Angle of incidence is the angle which the incident ray makes with the normal.

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
The power of a lens is 2 Dioptre. Its focal length will be ________

(A) 20cm
(B)4Ocm
(C) 10cm
(D)5Ocm.
Answer:
(D) 50 cm

Question 2.
________ form.s virtual and same size of image of an object.
(A) Concave mirror
(B) Convex mirror
(C) Plane mirror
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(C) Plane mirror

Question 3.
The image of an object formed by a convex mirror is always ______
(A) Real, inverted and smaller than the object
(B) Virtual, inverted and smaller than the object
(C) Virtual, erect and smaller than the object
(D) Virtual, erect and bigger than the object.
Answer:
(C) Virtual, erect and smaller than the object

Question 4.
________ is used in motor vehicles to take rearview.
(A) Concave mirror
(B) Plane mirror
(C) Convex mirror
(D) Any spherical mirror
Answer:
(C) Convex mirror

Question 5.
\(\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}\) relation was given by __________
(A) Newton
(B) Raman
(C) Snell
(D) Faraday.
Answer:
(C) Snell

Question 6.
The focal length of a lens is expressed by which of the following:
(A) \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}\)
(B) \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)
(C) \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}=\frac{1}{u}\)
(D) \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{u-frac{1}{v}\)
Answer:
(B) \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)

Question 7.
The relation between the radius of curvature (R) and focal length (f) of a concave mirror is __________
(A) f = R
(B) f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)
(C) R = \(\frac{f}{2}\)
(D) R = \(\frac{f}{4}\)
Answer:
(B) f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)

Question 8.
Where will the real and inverted image of an object placed at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror will be formed?
(A) At F
(B) At C
(C) Between C and F
(D) At infinity
Answer:
(B) At C

Question 9.
The mirror used by dentist is ________
(A) Convex mirror
(B) Concave mirror
(C) Plane mirror
(D) None of the above.
Answer:
(B) Concave mirror

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 10.
The mirror used for getting real and enlarged image is ________
(A) Convex mirror
(B) Concave mirror
(C) Plane mirror
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(B) Concave mirror

Question 11.
Parallel rays incident on a mirror, after reflection converge at a point, then the mirror will be _________
(A) Plane
(B) Concave
(C) Convex
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(B) Concave

Question 12.
The Unit of power of lens is ____________
(A) Coulomb
(B) Watt
(C) Joule
(D) Dioptre
Answer:
(D) Dioptre

Question 13.
Power of a lens is – 5D, its focal length is :
(A) 20 cm
(B) – 20 cm
(C) – 0.2 m
(D) 5 cm.
Answer:
(C) – 0.2 m

Question 14.
Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in dictionary?
(A) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm
(B) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm
(C) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
(D) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm
Answer:
(C)A convex lens of focal length 5 cm

Question 15.
Shaving mirrors are ________
(A) Convex mirrors
(B) Plane mirrors
(C) Concave mirrors
(D) Parabolic mirrors.
Answer:
(C) Concave mirrors

Question 16.
Which of the following is the property of light?
(A) Reflection
(B) Refraction
(C) Rectilinear propagation
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 17.
Twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric :
(A) Reflection of light
(B) Dispersion of light
(C) Interference of light
(D) Refraction of light.
Answer:
(D) Refraction of light.

Question 18.
Defect of vision that cannot be corrected by spectacles is :
(A) Myopia
(B) Presbyopia
(C) Cataract
(D) Hypermetropia.
Answer:
(C) Cataract

Question 19.
Which one of the following material cannot be used to make a lens?
(A) Clay
(B) Glass
(C) Water
(D) Plastic.
Answer:
(A) Clay

Question 20.
Where should object be placed in front of a convex lens to get real image of the size of object?
(A) At principal focus of lens
(B) At twice the focal length
(C) At infinity
(D) Between optical centre of lens and its principal focus. –
Answer:
(B) At twice the focal length

Question 21.
A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal length -15 cm. The mirror and lens are likely to be _____
(A) Both are convex
(B) Both are concave
(C) Mirror is concave but lens is convex
(D) Mirror is convex and lens is concave.
Answer:
(B) Both are concave

Question 22.
No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appear erect. The mirror is likely to be:
(A) Plane
(B) Concave
(C) Concavo-convex
(D) Convex.
Answer:
(A) Plane

Question 23.
The refractive index of diamond is:
(A) 2.42
(B) 2.43
(C) 2.45
(D) 2.40.
Answer:
(A) 2.42

Question 24.
A ray of light travelling in a glass merges into air, it will bend :
(A) Towards the normal
(B) Away from the normal
(C) Goes along the normal
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(B) Away from the normal.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
A concave mirror forms image inverted and equal in size, when object is placed at ________
Answer:
centre of curvature (c).

Question 2.
A ________ mirror is used to see the rear view in cars.
Answer:
convex mirror.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 3.
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is called ________
Answer:
Refractive Index.

Question 4.
When a beam of light passes from optically rarer medium to optically denser medium, it bends ________ the normal.
Answer:
towards.

Question 5.
________ is the unit of Power of the lens.
Answer:
Dioptre.

Question 6.
A virtual and enlarged image is formed by a ________ mirror.
Answer:
concave.

PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Light Reflection and Refraction Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens?
(a) Water
(b) Glass
(c) Plastic
(d) Clay.
Answer:
(d) Clay, which is opaque.

Question 2.
The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than object. Where should be the position of the object?
(а) between principal focus and the centre of curvature.
(b) at centre of curvature.
(c) beyond centre of curvature.
(d) between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus.
Answer:
(d) between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus.

Question 3.
Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens to get a real image of the size of the object?
(а) at principal focus of the lens.
(b) at twice the focal length of lens.
(c) at infinity.
(d) between optical centre of the lens and its principal focus.
Answer:
(b) at twice the focal length of the lens.

Question 41.
A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal length of -15 cm. The mirror and lens are likely to be :
(а) both are concave.
(b) both are convex.
(c) mirror is concave and lens is convex.
(d) mirror is convex but lens is concave.
Answer:
(a) both are concave.

Question 5.
No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be :
(a) plane only.
(b) concave only.
(c) convex only.
(d) either plane or convex.
Answer:
(d) Either plane or convex.

Question 6.
Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters in a dictionary?
(а) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm.
(b) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm.
(c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm.
(d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm.
Answer:
(c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm.

PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 7.
We wish to obtain an erect image of an object, using a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. What should be the range of distance of the object from the mirror? What is the nature of the image? Is the image larger or smaller than object? Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
Answer:
The image formed in the concave mirror would be erect only when the object is placed between pole and principal focus of the concave mirror. Therefore, range of distance is greater than zero and less than focal length i.e., between 0-15 cm.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 1
This image is erect, enlarged. virtual and behind the mirror.

Question 8.
Name the type of mirror used in the following situations :
(a) Head-light of a car.
(b) Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle.
(c) Solar furnace.
Support your answer with reason.
Answer:
(a) Concave mirrors are used for head-lights of car to give concentrated parallel beam of light.
(b) Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle is mostly convex mirror because it forms an erect, virtual and diminished image and therefore, gives a wider field of view of the traffic behind.
However, for judging the distance and speed of the rear vehicle, a plane mirror fixed inside the car.
(c) Solar furnaces use concave mirror. It is because parallel sun rays (coming from infinity) after reflection from concave mirror are converged at focus to produce much heat.

Question 9.
One half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. Will this lens produce a complete image of the object? Explain your observation.
Answer:
If lower half of a convex lens is covered with black paper no doubt it will form complete image but intensity (brightness) of image with half lens will be less as that with complete lens exposed. The nature, size and location of the image will be the same since light from all parts of the object reaches the exposed part of the lens.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 2

Question 10.
An object 5 cm in length is held 25 cm away from a converging lens of focal length 10 cm. Draw the ray diagram and find the position, size and the nature of image formed.
Answer:
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 3
Here, Length of the object (h) = 5 cm,
Image distance, v =?,
Object distance form the lens (u) = – 25 cm [Object distance is always negative]
h’ = ?; f = + 10cm [For convex lens, f is positive]
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 4
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 5
Negative sign shows that the image is inverted, real and diminished (3.3 cm) which is formed at 16.7 cm distance on the right side of lens.

Question 11.
A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens. How far is the object placed from the lens? Draw ray diagram.
Answer:
Distance of the image from the lens (V) = – 10 cm [Virtual image]
Focal length of concave lens (f) = – 15 cm [Focal length of concave lens is taken negative];
Distance of the object from the lens (u) = ?
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 6
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 7
Negative sign shows that the object is placed to the left side of lens.

Question 12.
An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length of 15 cm. Find the position and nature of the image.
Answer:
Distance of the object from the lens (u) = – 10 cm [u is always negative]
Focal length of the lens (f) = + 15 cm [convex mirror]
Distance of the image from the lens. (v) = ?
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 8
Negative sign shows that the image is virtual and erect and is formed towards left of the mirror.

Question 13.
The magnification produced by a plane mirror is + 1. What does this mean?
Answer:
It means that image produced by plane mirror is virtual, erect and of the same size as that of the object.

PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 14.
An object 5.0 cm of length is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm. Find the position of the image, its nature and size.
Answer:
Here height of the object, h = 5.0 cm ;
u = – 20 cm [u is always negative]
Radius of curvature (r) = + 30 cm [convex mirror]
But f = \(\frac{r}{2}\)
= \(\frac{30}{2}\)
= + 15 cm

Height of the image h’ = ?
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 9
Image distance from the mirror v = \(\frac{60}{7}\) = 8.56 cm
Thus, the image is formed behind the mirror or to the right of the mirror.
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 10
Positive sign (+) indicates that the image is erect and formed above the principal axis.

Question 15 .
An object of size 7.0 cm is placed at 27 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 18 cm. At what distance from the mirror should the screen be placed, so that a sharp focussed image can be obtained? Find the size and the nature of the image.
Answer:
Here h = 7.0 cm ; u = – 27 cm [u is always negative]
f = – 18 cm [concave mirror]
v =?; h’ =?

Using mirror formula ;
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 11
∴ Image distance from the mirror v = – 54 cm
i. e., at 54 cm on the same side of the mirror as that of the object.
Now, Magnification (m) = \(\frac{h^{\prime}}{h}=-\frac{v}{u}\)
\(\frac{h^{\prime}}{7.0}=-\frac{(-54)}{(-27)}\)
= -2
h’ = – 2 × 7
∴ h’ = – 14 cm
Image is of size 14 cm i.e. magnified. Negative sign (-) shows that the image is real and inverted.

Question 16.
Find the focal length of a lens of power – 2.0 D. What type of lens is this?
Answer:
Here, Power of lens (P) = – 2.0 D
Focal length of lens (f) =?
We have f = \(\frac{1}{P}\)
= \(\frac{1}{-2}\)
= – 0.5 m
∴ f = – 0.5 m = – 50 cm
Negative sign indicates that the lens is concave. Therefore, it is a divergent lens.

Question 17.
A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power + 1.5 D. Find the focal length of lens. Is prescribed lens diverging or converging?
Answer:
Here power of lens (P) = + 1.5 D
Focal length of lens (f) =?
We know f = \(\frac{1}{P}\)
= \(\frac{1}{1.5}\)
∴ f = 0.67 m = 67 cm
The positive sign (+) shows that the lens is a convex lens which is diverging in nature.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Light Reflection and Refraction InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define the principal focus of concave mirror.
Answer:
Principal focus: It is a point on the principal axis of a concave mirror where the rays parallel to principal axis meet after reflection from the mirror.

Question 2.
The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length?
Answer:
Spherical mirror may be either convex mirror or a concave mirror.

For convex mirror,
Radius of curvature (R) = + 20 cm
Focal length (f) =?

We know, f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)
f = \(\frac{20}{2}\) = 10 cm

For concave mirrior,
Radius of curvature (R) = – 20 cm
Focal Length (f) = ?

We know, f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)
∴ f = \(\frac{-20}{2}\) = -10 cm

Question 3.
Name a mirror which can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.
Answer:
Concave mirror produces an erect and enlarged image when the object is placed between its pole and principal focus.

Question 4.
Why do we prefer a convex mirror as back view mirror in vehicles?
Answer:
Preference of convex mirror as rear view mirror in vehicles. We prefer to have convex mirror as a rear view mirror in vehicles because of the following reasons :

  • It produces an erect image of the object (traffic behind).
  • The size of the image formed is much smaller than the size of the object.
  • It has a wider field of view.

Question 5.
Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm.
Answer:
Radius of curvature (R) = + 32 cm [for convex mirror, R is +ve]
Focal length (f) =?

We know, f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)

∴ f = \(\frac{32}{2}\) = 16 cm

Question 6.
A concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real image of an object placed at 10 cm in front of it. Where is the image located?
Answer:
Magnification (m) = – 3 [for real image m is taken as negative]
u = – 10 cm v =? ; [u is always negative]

We know, m = \(-\frac{v}{u}\)
-3 = \(-\frac{v}{(-10)}\)
∴ v = – 30 cm
Since, the value of v is negative, therefore, the image is formed at 30 cm on the same side (to the left) of the mirror as that of the object.

Question 7.
A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards normal or away from normal? Why?
Answer:
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 12
anw = \(\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}\)
Since anw > 1,
sin i > sin r
or i > r
or r < i
Hence, a ray of light travelling from optically rarer medium (air) to an optically denser medium (water), bends towards normal.

Question 8.
Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50. What is speed of light in glass? Speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m s-1.
Answer:
Refractive index of glass (µ) = 1.50
Speed of light in vacuum (c) = 3 × 108 m s-1

We know, Refractive index = \(\frac{\text { Speed of light in vacuum }(c)}{\text { Speed of light in glass }\left(v_{g}\right)}\)
1.50 = \(\frac{3 \times 10^{8}}{v_{g}}\)
or vg = \(\frac{3 \times 10^{8}}{1.50}\)
vg = 2 × 108 m s-1

Question 9.
Find out from table 10.3 of the text-book, the medium having highest optical density. Also find the medium with lowest optical density.
Answer:

  • Optical density of a medium depends upon its refractive index. The higher the refractive index, higher the optical density and vice versa.
  • From the data available in the table it is apparent that diamond is having highest refractive index (µ = 2.42) and air is having lowest refractive index (µ = 1,0003).

PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 10.
Refractive indices of kerosene, turpentine and water are 1.44,1.47 and 1.33 respectively. In which material does the light travel fastest and why?
Answer:
Refractive indices of kerosene, turpentine and water are 1.44, 1.47 and 1.33 respectively. We know that velocity of light in a medium is inversely proportional to refractive index of the medium.

Therefore, light will travel fastest in water (having least refractive index i.e. µ = 1.33) and slowest in turpentine oil (having maximum refractive index i.e., µ = 1.47.)

Question 11.
The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement?
Answer:
We know, Refractive index of diamond = \(\frac{\text { Velocity of light in vacuum }}{\text { Refractive index of diamond }}\)
or
Velocity of light m diamond = \(\frac{\text { Velocity of light in vacuum }}{\text { Refractive index of diamond }}\)
The statement means that velocity of light in diamond is \(\frac{1}{2.42}\) times the velocity of light in vacuum.
i.e., vD = \(\frac{3 \times 10^{8}}{2.42}\) m s-1
= 1.24 × 108 m s-1-1
In other words, light travels 2.42 times faster in vacuum than in diamond.

Question 12.
Define 1 dioptre of power of a lens.
Or
What is power of Lens? Give the commercial unit of power.
Answer:

  • Power of Lens: It is defined as the ability of a lens to bend incident light rays.
  • It is measured by taking reciprocal of focal length measured in metres.
  • The power of a lens is said to be 1 dioptre if its focal length is one metre.

Question 13.
A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 50 cm from it. Where is the needle be placed in front of the convex lens if the image is equal to size of the object? Also, find the power of the lens.
Answer:
Here u =?, f =?, P =?
v = + 50 cm [for real image u is taken as positive]
m = -1 [Real image is always inverted]
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 13
PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 14

PSEB 10th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Question 14.
Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2 metres.
Answer:
Here f = -2 m [for concave lens f is taken as negative]
P =?
Power of lens P = \(\frac{1}{f}\)
= \(\frac{1}{(-2)}\)
P = – 0.5 D

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues

PSEB 9th Class Science Guide Tissues Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define the term ’tissue’.
Answer:
Tissue: A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together a particular function is called tissue.

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 2.
How many types of elements together make xylem tissue? Name them.
Answer:
Four types of elements make xylem tissue. They are:

  1. Tracheids
  2. Vessels
  3. Xylem parenchyma
  4. Xylem fibres

Question 3.
How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Answer:
Differences between simple tissue and complex tissue in plants:

Simple tissue Complex tissue
1. Similar types of cells which have common origin and function.
2. All cells are similar in origin and structure.
3. Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma are the three types.
1. A group of more than one type of cells having common origin and working! together as a unit.
2. The cells have different origin and structure.
3. Xylem and phloem are the two main types.!

Complex tissue

Question 4.
Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell walls.
Answer:

Feature Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Cell wall Thin walls Thickened cell wall at comers Thickened walls due to lignin.

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 5.
What are functions of stomata?
Answer:
Functions of stomata:

  • They are necessary for exchanging gases with the atmosphere.
  • Transpiration also takes place through stomata.

Question 6.
Diagrammatically show the differences between three types of muscle fibres.
Answer:
Three Types of Muscle Fibres:
PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues 1

Question 7.
What is the specific function of cardiac muscles?
Answer:
Cardiac muscles undergo rhythmic contraction and relaxation. They are responsible for heart beat and thus plays a role in circulation (pumping) of blood in the body.

Question 8.
Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body.
Answer:
Differences between Striated, Non-Striated and Cardiac Muscle Fibres:

Striated Muscle Fibres Non-striated Muscle Fibres Cardiac Muscle Fibres
Structure:
1. The fibres or cells are long and cylindrical.2. The fibres are unbran­ched.3. Sarcolemma is present.4. The cells are multinucleate.5. They bear striations or alternate light and dark bands.6. The ends are blunt.7.  They are capable of quick contraction. Location8. Occur in body wall, limbs, tongue, pharynx and beginning of oesophagus.
1. The fibres or cells are narrow and spindle­shaped. They are comparatively short.

2. The fibres are unbran­ched.

3. Sarcolemma is absent.

4. They are uninucleate.

5. Striations are absent.

6. The ends are tapering.

7. Contraction is slow.

8. Occur in walls of hollow visceral organs, iris of eye, and dermis of skin.

1. The cells are short but cylindrical.

2. They develop lateral outgrowths at places to form cross-connections.

3. Sarcolemma is present.

4. The cells are uninu­cleate.

5. Striations are present but slightly fainter than found in striated fibres.

6. The ends are blunt.

7. The fibres show rhythmic contractions.

8. Occur in the wall of heart.

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 9.
Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron.
Answer:
Structure of neuron
PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues 2

Question 10.
Name the following:
(a) Tissue that forms inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
Answer:
(a) Squamous epithelium
(c) Phloem
(e) Blood (Vascular tissue)

Question 11.
Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
Answer:

  1. Skin
  2. Bark of tree
  3. Bone
  4. Lining of kidney tubule
  5. Vascular bundle

Question 12.
Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Answer:
Pith and cortex of stem and root.

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 13.
What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Answer:
Role of epidermis:

  1. Protection of all parts of plant.
  2. Secretion of waxy-water resistant layer on their outer surface.
  3. Epidermis aids in protection against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.

Question 14.
How does cork act as a protective tissue?
Answer:
Cell of cork are dead and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces. They have a chemical called suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and water. Thus cork acts as a protective tissue.

Question 15.
Complete the table:
Answer:

  1. Parenchyma
  2. Sclerenchyma
  3. Phloem

Science Guide for Class 9 PSEB Tissues InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a tissue?
Answer:
Tissue: A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together a particular function is called tissue.

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 2.
What is utility of tissues in multicellular organisms?
Answer:

  • They provide protection and mechanical strength.
  • Tissues provide highest possible efficiency of function.

Question 3.
Name types of simple tissues.
Answer:
Types of simple tissues:

  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma.

Question 4.
Where is apical meristem found?
Answer:
Apical meristem is present at the growing tips of stems and roots of plants.

Question 5.
Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?
Answer:
Sclerenchyma tissue.

Question 6.
What are constituents of phloem?
Answer:
Four types of elements constitute phloem:

  1. Sieve tubes
  2. Companion cells
  3. Phloem fibers
  4. Phloem parenchyma

Question 7.
Name the tissue responsible for the movement of our body.
Answer:
Muscular tissue.

Question 8.
What does a neuron look like?
Answer:
A neuron consists of cell body cyton with hair-like parts called dendrites and a long axon. Thus gives the appearance of a miniature tree.

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 9.
Give three features of cardiac muscles.
Answer:

  1. Heart muscles are cylindrical, branched, and uninucleate.
  2. They are involuntary and undergo rhythmic contraction and relaxation.
  3. Intercalated discs are present at the junction of two cells.

Question 10.
What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Answer:
Areolar tissue fills space inside the organ, supports internal organs, and helps in repairing the tissues.

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB नीति के दोहे Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के एक-दो पंक्तियों में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
रहीम जी के अनुसार सच्चे मित्र की क्या पहचान है?
उत्तर:
रहीम जी के अनुसार जो व्यक्ति मुसीबत में काम आता है, वही सच्चा मित्र होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
ज्ञानी व्यक्ति संपत्ति का संचय किस लिए करते हैं?
उत्तर:
ज्ञानी व्यक्ति संपत्ति का संचय परोपकार अथवा दूसरों की भलाई के लिए करते हैं।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे

प्रश्न 3.
बिहारी जी के अनुसार किस का साथ शोभा देता है?
उत्तर:
बिहारी जी के अनुसार एक जैसे स्वभाव अथवा प्रकृति वालों का साथ शोभा देता है।

प्रश्न 4.
बिहारी जी ने मानव को आशावादी होने का क्या संदेश दिया है?
उत्तर:
बिहारी जी ने संदेश दिया है कि मनुष्य को निराश न हो कर आने वाले अच्छे दिनों के लिए आशावादी होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 5.
छल और कपट का व्यवहार बार-बार नहीं चल सकता-इस के लिए वृन्द जी ने क्या उदाहरण दिया है?
उत्तर:
वृन्द जी के अनुसार जैसे काठ की हांडी बार-बार नहीं चढ़ती उसी प्रकार छल और कपट का व्यवहार भी बार-बार नहीं चल सकता।

प्रश्न 6.
निरंतर अभ्यास से व्यक्ति कैसे योग्य बन जाता है? वृन्द जी ने इस के लिए क्या उदाहरण दिया है?
उत्तर:
जैसे बार-बार रस्सी घिसने से पत्थर पर भी निशान पड़ जाते हैं, वैसे ही निरंतर अभ्यास से अयोग्य व्यक्ति भी योग्य बन जाता है।

प्रश्न 7.
शत्रु को कमज़ोर या छोटा क्यों नहीं समझना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
शत्रु को कमज़ोर या छोटा नहीं समझना चाहिए क्योंकि शत्रु के प्रति लापरवाही बहुत हानि पहुँचा सकती है जैसे तिनकों के बड़े ढेर को आग का छोटा-सा अंगारा क्षण भर में जला कर राख कर देता है।

II. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या करें

(1) रहिमन देखि बड़ेन को, लघु न दीजिये डारि।
जहां काम आवे सुई, का करे तरवारि।।
उत्तर:
रहीम जी कहते हैं कि किसी बड़े व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु को देखकर हमें छोटे व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु को छोड़ नहीं देना चाहिए अथवा उसका तिरस्कार नहीं करना चाहिए क्योंकि आवश्यकता के समय जहाँ सुई काम आती है, वहाँ तलवार किसी काम नहीं आती।

(2) कनक-कनक ते सौ गुनी, मादकता अधिकाय।
वह खाये बौराय है, यह पाये बौराय।
उत्तर:
महाकवि बिहारी कहते हैं कि धतूरे की तुलना में स्वर्ण में सौगुना अधिक नशा होता है क्योंकि धतूरे को खाने पर नशा होता है जबकि सोने के प्राप्त होने पर ही नशा हो जाता है। जो नशा धतूरा खाने पर होता है, उससे कहीं अधिक नशा धन-वैभव के प्राप्त होने पर होता है।

(3) मधुर वचन ते जात मिट, उत्तम जन अभिमान।
तनिक सीत जल सो मिटे, जैसे दूध उफान।।
उत्तर:
कवि कहता है कि मधुर वचनों अथवा मीठी वाणी के बोलों से किसी भी अभिमानी व्यक्ति के गर्व को उसी प्रकार से शांत किया जा सकता है जैसे थोड़े से ठंडे पानी के छींटों से उबलते हुए दूध के उफ़ान को कम कर लिया जाता है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे

(ख) भाषा-बोध

निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विपरीत शब्द लिखें:

सम्पत्ति = ———–
उत्तम = ———–
हित = ———–
आशा = ———–
बैर। = ———–
उत्तर:
शब्द – विपरीत शब्द
संपति – विपत्ति
उत्तम – अधम
हित – अहित।
आशा – निराशा
बैर – मिलाप।

निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विशेषण शब्द बनाएं:

प्रकृति = ———–
विष = ———–
बल = ———–
मूल = ———–
हित = ———–
व्यापार। = ———–
उत्तर:
शब्द विशेषण
शब्द विशेषण शब्द विशेषण
प्रकृति – प्राकृतिक
विष – विषैला
बल – बलवान
मूल – मूलभूत
हित – हितैषी
व्यापार। – व्यापारिक।

निम्नलिखित शब्दों की भाववाचक संज्ञा बनाएं:

लघु = ———–
मादक = ———–
एक = ———–
मधुर। = ———–
उत्तर:
शब्द – भाववाचक संज्ञा
लघु – लघुता
मादक – मादकता
एक – एकता
मधुर – मधुरता।

(ग) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
अध्यापक महोदय उपर्युक्त नीति के दोहों पर आधारित शिक्षाप्रद कहानियाँ छात्र/छात्राओं को सुनाएं और उनसे भी इस प्रकार की कोई सच्ची घटना अथवा कहानी सुनाने के लिए कहें।
उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।)

प्रश्न 2.
छात्र-छात्राएँ इस प्रकार के अन्य दोहों का संकलन कर विद्यालय की भित्ति पत्रिका पर लगाएँ।
उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।)

प्रश्न 3.
कक्षा में ‘दोहा गायन प्रतियोगिता’ में सक्रिय रूप से भाग लें।
उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें)

प्रश्न 4.
रहीम अथवा अन्य कवियों के द्वारा रचित दोहों की ऑडियो/वीडियो सी०डी० लेकर अथवा इंटरनेट के माध्यम से सुनें/देखें। उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें)

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे

(घ) ज्ञान विस्तार

रहीम, बिहारी तथा वृंद ने अपने काव्य की रचना दोहा छंद में की है, जिसके पहले तथा तीसरे चरण में 13-13 तथा दूसरे तथा चौथे चरण में 11-11 मात्राएँ होती हैं, जैसे-
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे (रहीम, बिहारी, वृंद) 1
यहाँ पहली तथा तीसरी में 13-13 और दूसरी तथा चौथी में 11-11 मात्राएँ हैं, इसलिए दोहा छंद हुआ। (I = एक मात्रा, s = दो मात्राएँ)

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide नीति के दोहे Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
रहीम ने सब को साधने का क्या उपाय बताया है?
उत्तर:
रहीम जी मानते हैं कि एक की साधना पूरी तरह करने से सब सध जाते हैं तथा मनुष्य को अपना लक्ष्य भी प्राप्त हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
सुई के महत्त्व से रहीम जी क्या कहना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि यह कहना चाहते हैं कि संसार में कोई भी वस्तु महत्त्वहीन नहीं होती है। छोटी-से छोटी वस्तु का भी अपना महत्त्व होता है। इसलिए कुछ बड़ा पा कर छोटे को त्यागना नहीं चाहिए क्योंकि जो काम छोटी-सी सुई कर सकती है वह काम तलवार नहीं कर सकती।

प्रश्न 3.
बिहारी के अनुसार किस का नशा नशीले पदार्थ के सेवन से भी अधिक होता है?
उत्तर:
बिहारी जी के अनुसार सोने अर्थात् धन-संपत्ति का नशा नशीले पदार्थ से भी सौ गुणा अधिक होता है क्योंकि जिस के पास धन-संपत्ति आ जाती है वह उसी के नशे में अहंकारी बन जाता है।

प्रश्न 4.
बिहारी के अनुसार गुणवान कौन होता है?
उत्तर:
बिहारी जी का मानना है कि किसी गुणहीन व्यक्ति को बार-बार गुणी-गुणी कहते रहने से वह गुणवान नहीं बन जाता क्योंकि सच्चा गुणी तो वही होता है जिसमें स्वाभाविक रूप से सद्गुण होते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
वृन्द जी के अनुसार मधुर वाणी के क्या लाभ हैं?
उत्तर:
वृन्द जी के अनुसार मीठे वचनों का प्रयोग करने से क्रोधी तथा अभिमानी व्यक्ति के क्रोध एवं अहंकार को उसी प्रकार शांत कर सकते हैं जैसे उबलते हुए दूध के उफान को ठंडे जल के छींटे मारने से शांत किया जाता है।

एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
रहीम के अनुसार लोग कब हमारे सगे बन जाते हैं?
उत्तर:
जब हमारे पास सम्पत्ति होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
बिहारी ने किस में धतूरे से भी अधिक मादकता बताई है?
उत्तर:
बिहारी ने सोने में धतूरे से भी अधिक मादकता बताई है।

प्रश्न 3.
काजल की शोभा कहाँ होती है?
उत्तर:
काजल आँखों में सुशोभित होता है।

प्रश्न 4.
मधुर वचनों से क्या लाभ हैं?
उत्तर:
मधुर वचनों से क्रोधी के क्रोध को शांत तथा अभिमानी के गर्व को शांत किया जा सकता है।

बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नोत्तरनिम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
सज्जन किसके लिए धन एकत्र करते हैं?
(क) परहित
(ख) स्वहित
(ग) राजहित
(घ) परलोक हित।
उत्तर:
(क) परहित

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे

प्रश्न 2.
गुलाब के मूल से कौन अटका रहता है?
(क) कलि
(ख) अलि
(ग) कली
(घ) आली।
उत्तर:
(ख) अलि

प्रश्न 3.
अरक का अर्थ है
(क) चंद्रमा
(ख) तारे
(ग) दीपक
(घ) सूर्य।
उत्तर:
(घ) सूर्य

एक शब्द/हाँ-नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
ठंडे जल के छींटे से किसका उफान मिट जाता है? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
दूध का

प्रश्न 2.
सोने को पाकर ही मनुष्य बौरा जाता है। (सही या गलत में उत्तर लिखें।)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 3.
जहाँ तलवार काम आती है वहाँ सुई भी काम आती है। (सही या गलत में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 4.
वृक्ष अपने फल स्वयं खाते हैं। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 5.
शत्रु को कम समझने से हानि होती है। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 6.
जैसे ……….. काठ की, चढ़ें न ………. बार।
उत्तर:
हाँडी, दूजी

प्रश्न 7.
सोहतु संगु ……… सों, यहै कहै ……… लोग।
उत्तर:
समानु, सब

प्रश्न 8.
रहिमन देखि ………… को, लघु न ………… डारि।
उत्तर:
बड़ेन, दीजिये।

नीति के दोहे दोहों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. कहि रहीम सम्पति सगे, बनत बहुत बहु रीत।
विपत कसौटी जे कसे, सोई साँचै मीत।।

शब्दार्थ:
कहि = कहते हैं। सम्पति = धन-दौलत। सगे = सगे-संबंधी। बनत = बनते हैं। बहु = अनेक। रीति = प्रकार। विपत = मुसीबत। जे = जो। कसौटी कसे = कसौटी पर खरा उतरना। सोई = वही। साँचे = सच्चा। मीत = मित्र।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा रहीम द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ पाठ में से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने सच्चे मित्र के लक्षण बताये हैं।

व्याख्या:
रहीम जी कहते हैं कि जब पास में धन-दौलत होती है तो अनेक प्रकार से लोग हमारे सगे-संबंधी-मित्र आदि बन जाते हैं परंतु जो मुसीबत रूपी कसौटी पर कसे जाने के समय साथ देता है वही सच्चा मित्र होता है।

विशेष:

  1. कठिनाई में काम आने वाले ही सच्चा मित्र होता है।
  2. भाषा सरल, सरस, सहज और दोहा छंद है। अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे

2. एकै साधे सब सधै, सब साधै सब जाय।
रहिमन सींचे मूल को, फूलै फलै अधाय।।

शब्दार्थ:
मूल = जड़। फूलै = फूल आना। फलै = फल आना। अधाय = तृप्त होना।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा रहीम जी द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ में से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने एकनिष्ठ भाव से एक की आराधना करने पर बल दिया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि एकनिष्ठ भाव से एक ईश्वर की आराधना करने से सब को साध लिया जाता है जबकि सब की साधना करने से सभी हाथ नहीं आते अथवा सब कुछ नष्ट हो जाता है। रहीम जी उदाहरण देकर समझाते हैं कि जैसे किसी वृक्ष की जड़ को सींचने से वह फलता-फूलता है तथा उसके फलों को खा कर सब तृप्त हो जाते हैं।

विशेष:

  1. अपना ध्यान एक लक्ष्य की ओर केंद्रित करने से ही सफलता की प्राप्ति होती है।
  2. भाषा सहज, सरल, भावानुकूल तथा दोहा छंद है। अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

3. तरुवर फल नहिं खात हैं, सरवर पियहिं न पान।
कहि रहीम पर काज हित, सम्पति संचहिं सुजान।

शब्दार्थ:
तरूवर = वृक्ष, पेड़। खात = खाना। सरवर = तालाब। पान = पानी। परकाज = परोपकार, दूसरे की भलाई। हित = के लिए। संचहिं = एकत्र करना। सुजान = अच्छे लोग, सज्जन।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा रहीम जी द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने परोपकार की महत्ता पर प्रकाश डाला है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि वृक्ष कभी भी अपने फल नहीं खाता और तालाब भी अपना जल कभी नहीं पीता। रहीम जी कहते हैं कि दूसरों की भलाई के लिए ही सज्जन धन-दौलत एकत्र करते हैं।

विशेष:

  1. मनुष्य को अपनी धन-संपत्ति का सदुपयोग दूसरों की भलाई के लिए करना चाहिए।
  2. भाषा सरल, सरस, दोहा छंद तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

4. रहिमन देखि बड़ेन को, लघु न दीजिये डारि।
जहाँ काम आवे सुई, का करे तरवारि।।

शब्दार्थ:
लघु = छोटा, तुच्छ। तरवारि = तलवार।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा रहीम जी द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने कहा है कि हमें छोटी वस्तु के महत्त्व को भी अनदेखा नहीं करना चाहिए।

व्याख्या:
रहीम जी कहते हैं कि किसी बड़े व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु को देखकर हमें छोटे व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु को छोड़ नहीं देना चाहिए अथवा उसका तिरस्कार नहीं करना चाहिए क्योंकि आवश्यकता के समय जहाँ सुई काम आती है, वहाँ तलवार किसी काम नहीं आती।

विशेष:

  1. हमें बड़ी वस्तु अथवा संपन्न व्यक्ति को देखकर छोटी वस्तु अथवा निर्धन व्यक्ति की उपयोगिता को भूलना नहीं चाहिए। दोनों का सम्मान करना चाहिए।
  2. भाषा सरल, भावानुरूप, दोहा छंद तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

5. कनक-कनक ते सौगुनी, मादकता अधिकाय।
बह खाये बौरात है, इहिं पाये बौराय।।

शब्दार्थ:
कनक = धतूरा, सोना। मादकता = नशा। बौराय = पागल हो जाता है।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा बिहारी द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ से लिया गया है जिसमें कवि ने यह बताया है धन और वैभव का नशा मनुष्य को पागल बना देता है। धनी व्यक्ति नशा करने वाले व्यक्ति की तरह व्यवहार करने लगता है।

व्याख्या:
महाकवि बिहारी कहते हैं कि धतूरे की तुलना में स्वर्ण में सौगुना अधिक नशा होता है क्योंकि धतूरे को खाने पर नशा होता है जबकि सोने के प्राप्त होने पर ही नशा हो जाता है। जो नशा धतूरा खाने पर होता है, उससे कहीं अधिक नशा धन-वैभव के प्राप्त होने पर होता है।

विशेष:

  1. धन-संपत्ति पाकर मनुष्य अहंकारी बन जाता है।
  2. दोहा छंद, ब्रज भाषा तथा यमक अलंकार है।

6. इहि आशा अटक्यो रहै, अलि गुलाब के मूल।
हो इहै बहुरि बसन्त ऋतु, इन डारनि पै फूल॥

शब्दार्थ:
इहि = इस। अलि = भँवरा। मूल = जड़। होइहै = हो जाएगी। बहरि = फिर। _प्रसंग-प्रस्तुत दोहा बिहारी द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने मनुष्य को सदा आशावादी रहने का संदेश दिया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि फूल न होने पर भी इस उम्मीद से भँवरा गुलाब की जड़ के पास रहता है कि फिर से बसंत ऋतु आएगी और इन डालियों पर फूल खिल जाएँगे। भाव यह है कि मनुष्य को कभी निराश नहीं होना चाहिए क्योंकि दुःख के बाद सुख आता ही है।

विशेष:

  1. कवि ने मनुष्य को अपना कर्म करते हुए निरन्तर आशावादी बने रहने का संदेश दिया है।
  2. ब्रज भाषा, दोहा छंद तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

7. सोहतु संगु समानु सो, यहै कहै सब लोग।
पान पीक ओठनु बनैं, नैननु काजर जोग।।

शब्दार्थ:
सोहतु = शोभामान होता है। संगु = साथ। यहै = यही। काजर = काजल।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा बिहारी द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि बताता है कि एक जैसे स्वभाव वालों का साथ सदा बना रहता है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि एक जैसे स्वभाव वाले लोगों का साथ ही सदा रहता है ऐसा ही सब लोग भी कहते हैं क्योंकि पानी की पीक की लालिमा सदा ओंठों पर तथा काजल आँखों में सुशोभित होता है। पान की पीक की लालिमा ओंठों के लिए तथा काजल आँखों के लिए बना है।

विशेष:

  1. समान प्रकृति तथा स्वभाव के व्यक्तियों का साथ सदा बना रहता है।
  2. ब्रज भाषा, दोहा छंद तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

8. गुनी गुनी सबकै कहैं, निगुनी गुनी न होतु।
सुन्यौ कहूँ तरू अरक तें, अरक-समान उदोतु॥

शब्दार्थ:
गुनी = गुणवान। कहैं = कहने से। निगुनी = गुणहीन। तरू = वृक्ष । अरकतें = आक के। अरक-समान = सूर्य के समान। उदोतु = प्रकाशवान।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा बिहारी द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने स्पष्ट किया है कि कहने मात्र से ही गुणहीन व्यक्ति गुणवान नहीं हो सकता।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि सब लोगों के द्वारा किसी गुणहीन व्यक्ति को बार-बार गुणवान कहने से वह गुणहीन व्यक्ति गुणवान नहीं बन सकता क्योंकि कहीं यह नहीं सुना कि आक के वृक्ष में भी सूर्य के समान तेज तथा उजाला है। जैसे आक कहने से आक का वृक्ष अरक अर्थात् सूर्य नहीं हो सकता वैसे ही गुणहीन को गुणी-गुणी कहते रहने से वह गुणवान नहीं हो सकता है।

विशेष:

  1. गुणहीन को गुणी कहते रहने से उसे गुणवान नहीं बनाया जा सकता।
  2. ब्रज भाषा, दोहा छंद, अनुप्रास तथा पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे

9. करत करत अभ्यास के, जड़मति होत सुजान।
रसरी आवत जात ते, सिल पर परत निसान।।

शब्दार्थ:
जड़मति = मूर्ख। सुजान = विद्वान्, बुद्धिमान। रसरी = रस्सी। सिल = पत्थर, चट्टान।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा वृन्द द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने यह बताया है कि अभ्यास करने से मूर्ख भी विद्वान् बन सकता है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि बार-बार अभ्यास करने से मूर्ख व्यक्ति भी विद्वान् बन सकता है जैसे बार-बार रस्सी के घिसने से पत्थर पर भी निशान पड़ जाते हैं।

विशेष:

  1. परिश्रम करने से व्यक्ति अपने लक्ष्य को अवश्य प्राप्त कर लेता है।
  2. भाषा अत्यंत सरल, भावपूर्ण, दोहा छंद और पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार है।

10. फेर न ह्वै है कपट सों, जो कीजै व्यापार।
जैसे हाँडी काठ की, चढ़े न दूजी बार।।

शब्दार्थ:
फेर = दुबारा। ह्वै = फिर से होना। कपट = छल। काठ = लकड़ी। दूजी = दूसरी।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा वृन्द द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने यह स्पष्ट किया है कि छल-कपट का व्यवहार बार-बार नहीं चलता है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि यदि कोई व्यक्ति छल-कपट और चालाकी से अपना कार्य करता है तो उसकी चालाकी एक बार तो चल जाती है परंतु बार-बार नहीं चलती जैसे काठ की हांडी एक बार तो चढ़ जाती है परंतु दोबारा नहीं चढ़ सकती।

विशेष:

  1. छल-कपट का व्यवहार बार-बार नहीं चलता है।
  2. भाषा सरल, भावपूर्ण, दोहा छंद है।

11. मधुर वचन ते जात मिट, उत्तम जन अभिमान।
तनिक सीत जल सों मिटे, जैसे दूध उफान।।

शब्दार्थ:
मधुर = मीठे। वचन = शब्द, वाणी। अभिमान = घमंड, अहंकार। तनिक = थोड़े से। सीत = ठंडा। उफान = उबाल।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा वृन्द द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने मधुर वाणी के प्रभाव का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि मधुर वचनों अथवा मीठी वाणी के बोलों से किसी भी अभिमानी व्यक्ति के गर्व को उसी प्रकार से शांत किया जा सकता है जैसे थोड़े से ठंडे पानी के छींटों से उबलते हुए दूध के उफ़ान को कम कर लिया जाता है।

विशेष:

  1. मधुर वाणी के प्रयोग से क्रोधी व्यक्ति के क्रोध तथा अभिमानी के गर्व को भी शांत किया जा सकता है।
  2. भाषा सरल, सहज, भावपूर्ण तथा दोहा छंद है।

12. अरि छोटो गनिये नहीं, जाते होत बिगार।
तृण समूह को तनिक में, जारत तनिक अंगार।

शब्दार्थ:
अरि = शत्रु, दुश्मन। गनिये = मानना, गिनना। बिगार = बिगड़ना। तृण = तिनका। तनिक = क्षण भर में। जारत = जलाना। तनिक = छोटा-सा। अंगार = आग का अंगारा।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत दोहा वृन्द द्वारा रचित ‘नीति के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इस दोहे में कवि ने संदेश दिया है कि अपने छोटे-से-छोटे शत्रु को भी कभी कमजोर नहीं समझना चाहिए।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि अपने शत्रु को कभी भी छोटा, तुच्छ या अपने से कमजोर नहीं समझना चाहिए क्योंकि इस से बहुत हानि हो जाती है। जिस प्रकार तिनकों के ढेर को आग का केवल एक अंगारा क्षणभर में जला कर नष्ट कर देता है वैसे ही शत्रु को कम समझने से हानि होती है।

विशेष:

  1. कभी भी किसी कार्य अथवा शत्रु को अपने से कम नहीं समझना चाहिए।
  2. भाषा सहज, सरल, भावपूर्ण, दोहा छंद और अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

नीति के दोहे Summary

नीति के दोहे रहीम कवि परिचय

रहीम का पूरा नाम अब्दुर्रहीम खानखाना था। इनका जन्म सन् 1553 ई० में हुआ था। इनके पिता अकबर बादशाह के अभिभावक मुग़ल सरदार बैरम खाँ खानखाना थे। अकबर के राज्यकाल में ये अकबर के दरबार के नवरत्नों में से एक थे। ये संस्कृत, अरबी, फारसी, ब्रज, अवधी आदि भाषाओं के विद्वान् तथा हिंदी काव्य के रचयिता थे। ये अत्यंत पानी तथा परोपकारी व्यक्ति थे। गोस्वामी तुलसीदास इनके प्रिय मित्र थे। इन्होंने मुग़ल साम्राज्य के विस्तार के लिए अनेक युद्ध भी लड़े थे। जहाँगीर के शासनकाल में इन्हें राजद्रोह के अपराध में बंदी बना लिया गया था तथा इनकी सारी जागीर भी छीन ली गई थी। इनकी वृद्धावस्था बहुत ग़रीबी में बीती थी। सन् 1625 ई० में इनका देहांत हो गया था।

रचनाएँ-इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ रहीम सतसई, बरवै नायिका भेद, श्रृंगार सोरठ, मदनाष्टक और रास पंचाध्यायी हैं। इनकी भाषा अत्यंत सरल, सहज तथा शैली भावानुरूप है। इन्होंने दोहा, सोरठा, सवैया, कवित्त, बरवै छंदों का प्रयोग किया है।

नीति के दोहे बिहारी कवि परिचय

रीतिकाल के सप्रसिद्ध कवि बिहारी का जन्म सन् 1603 ई० में बसुआ गोबिंदपुर गाँव (ग्वालियर) में हुआ था। इनके पिता का नाम केशवराय था। बिहारी ने अपनी शिक्षा महात्मा नरहरिदास के आश्रम में रह कर ग्रहण की थी। इनका विवाह मथुरा में हुआ था तथा इनकी पत्नी भी विदुषी एवं कवयित्री थी। बिहारी को मुग़ल सम्राट शाहजहाँ ने अपने दरबार में आमंत्रित किया था। जयपुर नरेश महाराजा जयसिंह के ये दरबारी कवि थे। एक बार जयपुर के राजा जयसिंह अपनी नव विवाहिता पत्नी के राग-रंग में इतने अधिक तल्लीन हो गए थे कि अपना समस्त राज-काज भी भुला बैठे थे तब बिहारी ने उन्हें निम्नलिखित दोहा लिख कर भिजवाया था-
“नाहिं पराग नहिं मधुर मधु, नहिं विकास इहि काल।
अलि कली ही सौ बंध्यौ, आगे कौन हवाल।”

इस दोहे ने महाराज को सचेत कर दिया था तथा वे राज-काज में रुचि लेने लगे थे। बिहारी रीति काल के प्रतिनिधि कवि माने जाते हैं। सन् 1664 ई० में वृंदावन में इनका स्वर्गवास हो गया था।

रचनाएँ: बिहारी द्वारा रचित केवल ‘सतसई’ ही मिलती है। इसमें सात सौ तेरह दोहे हैं। कुछ विद्वानों ने दोहों की संख्या सात सौ छब्बीस भी मानी है। इस रचना में मुख्य रूप से श्रृंगार रस की प्रधानता है। कवि ने श्रृंगार रस के अतिरिक्त नीति, वैराग्य, भक्ति आदि से संबंधित कुछ दोहों की रचना की है। बिहारी सतसई की लोकप्रियता से प्रभावित होकर इसकी अनेक टीकाएँ भी की गई हैं। संस्कृत, उर्दू, फारसी, खड़ी बोली, अंग्रेज़ी, मराठी आदि भाषाओं में भी इसके अनुवाद किए गए हैं।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे

नीति के दोहे वृन्द कवि परिचय

वृन्द रीतिकाल के ‘सूक्तिकार’ कवियों में प्रमुख माने जाते हैं। इनका जन्म सन् 1685 ई० में मेड़ता (मेवाड़) जोधपुर में हुआ था। ये कृष्णगढ़ नरेश महाराज राजसिंह के गुरु थे। इनके संबंध में प्रसिद्ध है कि ये कृष्णगढ़ नरेश के साथ औरंगज़ेब की सेना में ढाका तक गए थे। इनके वंशजों के बारे में कहा जाता है कि वे अब भी कृष्णगढ़ में रहते हैं। इनका देहावसान सन् 1765 ई० में हुआ था।

रचनाएँ-वृन्द की प्रमुख रचना ‘वृन्द सतसई’ है। इसमें नीति से संबंधित सात सौ दोहे हैं। इनकी अन्य रचनाएँ ‘श्रृंगार शिक्षा’, ‘पवन पचीसी’, ‘हितोपदेश संधि’, ‘वचनिका’ तथा ‘भावपंचाशिका’ हैं। इनकी काव्य भाषा अत्यंत सरल, सहज, सरस तथा भावपूर्ण है। अपने काव्य में इन्होंने सूक्तियों का बहुत सुंदर तथा सटीक प्रयोग किया है।

नीति के दोहे रहीम दोहों का सार

पाठ्य-पुस्तक में रहीम जी के चार दोहे संकलित हैं। पहले दोहे में कवि ने कहा है कि अच्छे समय में तो सभी मित्र बन जाते हैं परंतु सच्चा मित्र वही होता है जो मुसीबत के समय साथ देता है। दूसरे दोहे में कवि एकनिष्ठ भाव से एक की ही साधना करने पर बल देते हैं। तीसरे दोहे में स्वार्थ की अपेक्षा परमार्थ करने का लाभ बताया गया है तथा चौथे दोहे में बड़ी वस्तु देखकर छोटी वस्तु की उपयोगिता को नहीं भूलने के लिए कहा गया है।

नीति के दोहे बिहारी दोहों का सार

पाठ्यपुस्तक में बिहारी के चार दोहे संकलित हैं। पहले दोहे में धन-संपत्ति के नशे, दूसरे दोहे में मनुष्य के आशावादी होने का, तीसरे दोहे में एक जैसे स्वभाव वालों के परस्पर मेल-जोल से रहने तथा चौथे दोहे में कवि ने गुणों के महत्त्व का वर्णन किया है।

नीति के दोहे बिहारी दोहों का सार

पाठ्यपुस्तक में वृन्द के चार दोहे संकलित हैं। पहले दोहे में कवि ने परिश्रम का महत्त्व बताया है, जिससे हम अपना लक्ष्य प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। दूसरे दोहे में कवि ने बताया है कि जैसे काठ की हांडी बार-बार नहीं चढ़ती वैसे ही चालाकी भी बार-बार नहीं की जा सकती। तीसरा दोहा मधुर वचन का प्रभाव स्पष्ट करता है। चौथे दोहे में अपने शत्रु को भी कमज़ोर नहीं समझने का संदेश दिया गया है।