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PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 3b Punjab: Drainage

January 10, 2024January 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 3b Punjab: Drainage Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 3a India: Drainage

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Punjab: Drainage Textbook Questions and Answers

Map Work :

Show in the outline map of Punjab :
(i) Ravi, Beas, Sutlej and Ghaggar
(ii) Any four Canals
(iii) Any four Choes.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

Activity :
Question 1.
Discuss in class, how can we check pollution in rivers?
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
Inform your teacher and officials about polluting river or canal near you.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Objective Type Questions :
Answer the following questions in a single word to one sentence length :

Question 1.
Which river originates from Rakshtal near lake Mansarovar?
(0 Ghaggar
(ii) Beas
(iii) Sutlej
(iv) Brahmaputra.
Answer:
(iii) Sutlej.

Question 2.
How many rivers are there in Punjab?
(i) Three
(ii) Four
(iii) Five
(iv) Eight.
Answer:
(i) Three.

Question 3.
Ranjit Sagar or Theen dam has been built on which river?
(i) Beas
(ii) Ravi
(iii) Sutlej
(iv) None of these.
Answer:
(ii) Ravi.

Question 4.
In which district do Bhangi and Basha choes fall?
(i) Ferozpur
(ii) Gurdaspur
(iii) Hoshiarpur
(iv) None of these.
Answer:
(iii) Hoshiarpur.

Question 5.
Which statement is right and which is wrong:
(i) Ravi, Beas and Sutlej are perennial rivers.
Answer:
True

(ii) Kali Bein and Parvati are tributaries of Beas.
Answer:
True

(iii) Purest form of natural water is rain water.
Answer:
True

(iv) Punjab has 10 headworks and 20,786 km canals.
Answer:
False.

Question 6.
What does word ‘Bist’ mean in term Bist Doab?
Answer:
From the initial words of river Beas and Sutlej (Bist), word Bist is created.

Question 7.
Name two canals which take water to Rajasthan from Harike lake.
Answer:
Rajasthan Feeder which is also known as Indira Gandhi command river.

Question 8.
Which river of Punjab provides water to Haryana?
Answer:
Ghaggar river.

Question 9.
What is the source of Upper Bari Doab canal?
Answer:
Madhopur Headworks.

Question 10.
On which river Pong Dam has been built?
Answer:
Beas river.

Short Answer Questions :
Give short answers for the following questions :

Question 1.
Enlist tributaries of Beas and Ravi.
Answer:

Beas. Major tributaries of Beas are Sukantri, Parvati, Mohan, Ugman and Kali Bean.
Ravi. Major tributaries of Ravi are Sakki Kiran wala and Ujh.

Question 2.
What are Choes? Name any four choes.
Answer:
Choes are seasonal rivers which are filled with water during rainy season. Many choes start from the Sailamingi hills. There are a number of seasonal choes in the Kandi region of Punjab. Balachaur choe, Garhshankar choe, Nariala choe, Nurpur Bedi choe etc. are few of the choes.

Question 3.
Introduce with pollution of drainage systems of Punjab.
Answer:
When some unnecessary things are thrown in pure water that makes it unusable for human consumption, it is called water pollution. There is no denying the fact that most of the rivers in Punjab are filled with polluted water. Many departments and Environment Ministry of the Indian Government also believe that there is lot of water pollution in the rivers of Punjab and these are becoming poisonous. The poison is reaching human body through food and people are becoming the victims of many dangerous diseases. For example, Buddah Nullah has become completely poisonous. We need to save our rivers to protect our lives along with pure water.

Long Answer Questions :
Answer the following questions in detail :

Question 1.
Enlist information about Sutlej its tributaries and dams built on them.
Answer:
Sutlej river originates from a place called Rakshtal near Mansarovar lake at the height of 4630 metre in Tibet. When it crosses Himalaya mountain it makes deep gorges. It enters plains at Bhakhra and here Bhakhra dam has been made. From Nangal, Sutlej river moves in south direction and when it reaches Ropar, many seasonal choes, small rivers meet the main river. In Firozpur district, it enters Pakistan at Sulaiman, 60 km. away from Harike Pattan. Bhakhra dam, Kotla dam, Naptha Jhakhri and Nangal Dam have also been made on Sutlej river.

Tributaries of Sujtlej river. Beas and Kali Bein are major tributaries of Sutlej. At Makhu, Chitti Bein enters Sutlej river. Many dams and many headworks such as Ropar Headworks and Harike Headworks have been made on Sutlej river.

Question 2.
Give details of canal system of Punjab. How agriculture got benefitted by it?
Answer:
Most of Punjab’s population is engaged in agriculture or related occupations. Green Revolution was started in Punjab during the decade of 1960. Irrigation played an important role in the success of green revolution because now it was not possible for the farmers to solely depended upon rain. That’s why from time to time, Punjab developed its own canal system. There are 14500 km. long canals and 5 Headworks in Punjab. There are 10 canals in Punjab and these are Sirhind canal, Upper Bari Doab canal, Bist Doab canal, Bhakhra Mainline canal, Firozpur/Sirhind Feeder arrangement, Kashmir canal, Makhu canal, Shah canal, Rajasthan Feeder and Bikaner Canal. 8 out of 10 canals are given below :

Canal	Place of Origin	Length
1. Bhakhra Main Line	Nangal Bairaj	161.36 km
2. Rajasthan Feeder	Harike Headworks (Taran Taran)	149.53 km
3. Sirhind Feeder II	Harike Headworks	136.53 km
4. Sirhind	Ropar Headworks	59.44 km
5. Bist Doab	Ropar Headworks	43.00 km
6. Upper Bari Doab	MadhopurHeadworks	42.35 km
7. Eastern Canal	Hussainiwala Headworks	8.02 km
8. Shah Canal	Mukerian Hydel Channel	2.33 km

Advantages to Agriculture: This canal system proved to be quite fruitful for Punjab.

Its advantages are :

These canals provide water for irrigation throughout the year.
With the artificial means of irrigation, farmers are able to produce two or more than two crops in one year.
With more production of crops, income of farmers also increases.
Dams have been made on rivers and canals which provide water to farmers in case there is drought or no rain in the region.
Hydroelectricity have been made from Dams which is provided throughout the year to homes and industries.

Question 3.
Write a detailed note on the Choes of Punjab.
Answer:
Choes are seasonal rivers which get filled with water in the rainy season. There is a Kandi region in Punjab where there is existence of many choes. Many of these choes originate in Sailamingi hills. When rain comes, these choes get filled with water. Punjab Government is successful in filling up of many choes and their water is used in agriculture or somewhere else.

There are 93 choes flowing in the south west of Hoshiarpur district out of which many fall either in Kali Bein or Chiti Bein. There are many choes in Hoshiarpur district and few of them are quite important such as Taissan choe, Banea choe, Garhshankar Balachaur choe, Maili choe, Narialo choe, Nangal Shahida choe, Godpur choe, Dasuha choe. To control choes, Punjab Government started Kandi Area Development Programme. There are few seasonal nullahs in Punjab as well such as Patiala di Rao, Jaintiya Devi di Rao, Buddah Nullah etc.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Punjab: Drainage Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Punjab word is made up of __________
(a) Punj + Aab
(b) Punj a + Aahab
(c) Punj + Aahab
(d) Pun + Jahab.
Answer:
(a) Punj + Aab

Question 2.
How many rivers are there __________ in the present Pun
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five.
Answer:
(b) Three

Question 3.
Which of these is a seasonal river?
(a) Ghaggar,
(b) Sakki Kiran
(c) Kali Bein
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 4.
Which of these is a perennial river?
(a) Ravi
(b) Beas
(c) Sutlej
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 5.
Ranjit Sagar dam is made on river.
(a) Ravi
(b) Beas
(c) Sutlej
(d) Chenab.
Answer:
(a) Ravi

Question 6.
Pong Dam is made on __________ river
(a) Ravi
(b) Sutlej
(c) Beas
(d) Chenab.
Answer:
(c) Beas

Question 7.
There are choes in Hoshiarpur.
(a) 70
(b) 93
(c) 84
(d) 54.
Answer:
(b) 93

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
In __________ A.D., India was divided __________ and paid the heavy price.
Answer:
1947, Punjab

Question 2.
Ravi, Beas and __________ are __________ rivers.
Answer:
perennial

Question 3.
The work of Ranjit Sagar Dam was completed in __________ A.D.
Answer:
2001

Question 4.
Sukantri is a major tributary of __________ river.
Answer:
Beas

Question 5.
__________ was once a part of river Saraswati.
Answer:
Ghaggar.

True/False:

Question 1.
Jehlum, Chenab and Indus are in Pakistani Punjab.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Ravi enters Pakistan at a place called Kankaj Majh.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
1600 watt electricity is produced from Ranjit Sagar Dam.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Pong Dam is made on the river Beas.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Rajasthan Feeder Canal was carved out of river Ravi.
Answer:
False.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Punjab’?
Answer:
The word Punjab is made up of two words ‘Punj’ and Aab’ which means land of five rivers.

Question 2.
How many and which rivers remained in Punjab after 1947?
Answer:
Three – Sutlej, Ravi and Beas.

Question 3.
Which rivers went over to Pakistan’s Punjab after 1947?
Answer:
Jhelum, Chenab and Indus river.

Question 4.
What are perennial rivers?
Answer:
Such rivers which are filled with water throughout the year are called perennial rivers.

Question 5.
How does water come in perennial rivers?
Answer:
Due to melting snow of mountains, perennial rivers get water throughout the year.

Question 6.
Name few of the seasonal rivers of Punjab.
Answer:
Ghaggar, Kali Bein, Chitti Bein, Chakki Khad, Swan etc.

Question 7.
Name any two relict rivers.
Answer:
Buddah Nullah and Sakki Kiran Nullah.

Question 8.
Where does river Ravi originate?
Answer:
River Ravi originates at the height of 4116 metre in the north of Rohtang pass which is in the mountains of Kullu.

Question 9.
Which dam is made on the river Ravi and which river was carved out of it?
Answer:
Ranjit Sagar Dam is made on the river Ravi and Upper Bari Doab river was carved out of it.

Question 10.
Which headworks are made on the river Ravi?
Answer:
Dhane or Basantpur near Shahpur Kandi, Madhopur Heardworks and Madhopur Beas Link on Kathua Feeder.

Question 11.
Tell something about Ranjit Sagar Dam.
Answer:
Ranjit Sagar Dam is made on river Ravi and produces 600 megawatt electricity. It was sanctioned in 1981 and its works was completed in March 2001.

Question 12.
From where river Beas originates?
Answer:
River Beas originates from Beas Kund which is situated at the height of 4060 metre near Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh.

Question 13.
Which dams have been constructed on river Beas?
Answer:
Pandoh in Himachal Pradesh and Pong dam in Punjab,

Question 14.
Which canal is carved out of river Beas?
Answer:
Rajasthan Feeder Canal which is also known as Indira Gandhi Command canal.

Question 15.
Name the tributaries of Beas.
Answer:
Parvati, Sukantri, Mohan, Ugman and Kali Bein.

Question 16.
From where river Sutlej originates?
Answer:
Sutlej originates from Rakshtal which is situated near Mansarovar lake in Tibet.

Question 17.
At which place Sutlej enters Pakistan?
Answer:
It enters Pakistan at a place called Sulaiman in Firozpur.

Question 18.
Which dams are constructed on river Sutlej?
Answer:
Nathpa-Jhakri, Nangal dam, Kotla dam.

Question 19.
What type of river is Ghaggar?
Answer:
Ghaggar is a seasonal river. It flows in the southern Punjab.

Question 20.
From where “Ghaggar originates?
Answer:
River Ghaggar originates in the hills of Sirmour.

Question 21.
Which area of Punjab has many choes?
Answer:
Kandi region of Punjab has many choes.

Question 22.
What is a choe?
Answer:
Choe is a small river which gets filled during the rainy season.

Question 23.
Which district of Punjab has many choes?
Answer:
Hoshiarpur district of Punjab has many choes:

Question 24.
What is the total length of the canals of Punjab?
Answer:
14500 km.

Question 25.
Which is the longest canal of Punjab?
Answer:
Bhakhra main line whose length is 161.36 km.

Question 26.
Which river was once a tributary of river Saraswati?
Answer:
Ghaggar river was once a tributary of river Saraswati.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Tell something about the drainage of Punjab.
Answer:
The word Punjab is made up of two words ‘Punj’ and ‘Aab’ which means land of five rivers. Before 1947, there were many rivers in Punjab but after the partition of country, Jhelum, Chenab, Indus and many other rivers went over to Pakistan. Now there are only three rivers in Punjab and these are Ravi, Beas and Sutlej These three rivers are perennial rivers in which water flows throughout the year due to melting snow of Himalaya. There are many seasonal rivers as well such as Ghaggar, Ujh, Kali Bein, Chitti Bein, Sukarni,, Nurpur Bedi choe etc. There are many Relict rivers as well such as Buddah Nullah and Sakki Kiran Nullah.

Question 2.
Tell something about the tributaries of river Ravi.
Answer:
When river Ravi reaches Madhopur, many Khads or tributaries enter its water. The most important one is Ujh river. Sakki Kiranwala river flows along Ravi and at Indo-Pak border, it enters Ravi. Four headworks have been made on river Ravi and these are Kathua feeder on Madhopur, Beas link, Bana or Basantpur near Shahpur Kandi, Madhopur headworks and Katardhar.

Question 3.
Tell something about the tributaries of river Beas.
Answer:
Sukantri, Ugman, Parvati, Kali Bein and Moha are the few tributaries of river Beas. After reaching Talwara, Moha enters river Beas near Harike, Kali Bein while flowing through Hoshiarpur and Kapurthala, enters river Beas. Pong dam and Pandoh dam are also constructed on the same river.

Question 4.
Write a small note on Ghaggar.
Answer:
Once river Saraswati flowed through Punjab and river Ghaggar was its part. But now Ghaggar is a seasonal river that flows through the south of Punjab. It originates in Sirmour hills. At a place called Mubarkpur, it enters plain areas.

Then it crosses Patiala, Ghanaur and areas of Haryana. Finally, it enters Rajasthan and ends in the desert.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Write a note on the river Ravi.
Answer:
River Ravi is a perennial river of Punjab which is full of water throughout the year because the water in it comes from the melting of Himalayan snow. River Ravi originates in the north of Rohtang Pass, the mountains of Kullu. This place is 4116 metres high from sea level. River Ravi continuously flows from its place of origin, crosses the Duauladhar and Pir Panjal range and while flowing through depression, crosses Chamba and Dalhousie.

There is a place called Madhopur in Pathankot where it enters the plains. Ranjit Sagar dam, Theen dam have been made on Ravi and for them, Madhopur headworks have been made. From here only, Upper Bari Doab Canal is carved out. Then river Ravi crosses through Pathankot, Gurdaspur, and Amritsar districts. Here it fixes the boundary of India and Pakistan. At a place called Rakhar Manjh, it enters Pakistan. In Pakistan, at a place called Sidhani, it enters the water of Chenab. Ujh river and Sakki Kiranwala are its important tributaries.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land

January 10, 2024January 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Land

SST Guide for Class 10 PSEB Land Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions objectively :

Question 1.
Name main units of India’s physical divisions.
Answer:

Himalayan ranges
Northern great plains
Peninsular plateau
Coastal plains and
Indian islands.

Question 2.
What is the size of the Himalayan Mountain range?
Answer:
Himalayans are a convex curve. Its central part is bent along Indo-Nepalese border and looks like a bow.

Question 3.
Name the major peaks of Trans Himalayas.
Answer:
The main peaks are Mt. K₂ Godwin Austin, Hindon Peak, Broad Peak Geyserabam, Rakaposhi, Harmush.

Question 4.
Which mountain peaks are found at the height above 8000 metres in Greater Himalayas?
Answer:
Mt. Everest 8848 metres, Kanchenjunga (8598) metres, Makalu 8481 metres, Dhaulagiri 8172 metres Manalasu, Naga Parbat and Annapurna.

Question 5.
Name the young and old mountains of India.
Answer:
Himalayas are young mountains. Old mountains include Aravallis, Vindhyas, Satpuras.

Question 6.
Where are rift valleys located in India?
Answer:
Rift valleys are found over peninsular India like Narmada and Tapti valleys.

Question 7.
What is meant by delta?
Answer:
A triangular shaped land formed in the lower course of a river is called a delta.

Question 8.
Name some important deltaic regions of India.
Answer:
The main deltas are Ganga Brahmaputra, Godawari Delta, Kaveri Delta, Krishna Delta and Mahanadi Delta.

Question 9.
Which passes are found in the Himalayan mountains?
Answer:
The main passes in Himalayas are Burzel, Zoji la, Nanak la, Chang la, Khurnak la, Barala, Shipki la, Nathu la, Takla Kot.

Question 10.
Name the important mountain ranges of the lesser Himalayas.
Answer:

Pir Panjal in Kashmir
Dhauladhar to Kumaon in H.P.
Mahabharat ranges in Nepal
Mussorie in U.P.
Thimpu in Bhutan.

Question 11.
Which hill stations and valleys are found in Lesser Himalayas?
Answer:
Shimla, Srinagar, Mussorie, Nainital, Darjeeling, Chakrata are hill resorts.

Question 12.
Name the main Doon-valleys of our country.
Answer:
Dehra Dun, Patli Doon, Kothri Doon, Udhampur, Kotli.

Question 13.
Name the major Eastern off-shoots of Himalayas.
Answer:
Patkoi Bum, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Tripura.

Question 14.
Which landform features formed by rivers are found in the Great Northern plains?
Answer:
Alluvial cones, Fans, Meanders, River terraces, Natural leaves and Flood plains.

Question 15.
What is the size of the Brahmaputra plain?
Answer:
Brahmaputra plain is 640 kms. long and 90-100 kms wide. This narrow plain slopes from N. East to West.

Question 16.
What is the extent of Aravalli mountain range? Give the name of its highest peak.
Answer:
Aravallies extend from Delhi to Gujarat. It is 725 km long. Guru Shikhar 1722 metres high is the highest peak.

Question 17.
Name the major peaks of western ghats.
Answer:

Vania Mala (2339 metres)
Kudremukh (1894 Metres)
Pushpagiri (1714 metres), Kalsubai (1646 metres).

Question 18.
Name the southern mountains of the Eastern Ghats.
Answer:
Javadi, Gingee, Shevroy, Kalaimalais, Panchmalais, Godumalai are the hills of Eastern ghats.

Question 19.
Which mountain ranges meet at the Anaimudi Knot?
Answer:
Three ranges meet at Anaimudi Knot Cardamom from south, Anaimalai from North and Palni from North East.

Question 20.
Which hill stations are found in Deccan plateau’s hilly region?
Answer:
Doda Beta, Ootacumand (Udagmandlam), Kodaikanal.

Question 21.
What are the sub-divisions of North-eastern coastal plain?
Answer:

Orissa Coast
Northern Circar Coast.

Question 22.
Name the Islands in the Arabian sea.
Answer:
This group of islands is called Lakshadweep. It includes Amini Divi, Central (Lacca deep), Minicoi in South.

Question 23.
Which onshore Islands are found near the coasts of India?
Answer:
Sagar, Saurat, New Moors islands, Bhasra, Palmban, Elephanta are near the coasts of India.

Question 24.
Where is the Southern frontier point of India located?
Answer:
Indira Point (Near Great Nicobar).

II. Answer the following questions in short:

Question 1.
Do we find any similarities between Himalayan mountain and the Deccan plateau?
Answer:
The following similarities are found between the Himalayas and the Deccan plateau.

The Himalayas came into existence due to presence of the Southern plateau.
The hills, faults and folds of the southern peninsula have been formed due to pressure from the Himalayas.
Many minerals are found in both areas.:
Forests are found in both areas for the use in the country.

Question 2.
Are the Himalayan mountains still in youth or young stage?
Answer:

There is no doubt about the fact that Himalayas are still young fold mountains.
It has been folded out of sediments deposited by rivers. Folds were formed in sediments due to the drifting of two blocks on either side. It increased the height of Himalayas.
Himalayas are still rising. These mountains were formed at a later stage as compared to other mountains. So these are called young mountains.

Question 3.
Throw some light on the surface features of Great Himalayas.
Answer:
The Himalayas extend from Indus Valley to Dihang Gorge in the East. Its main characteristics are:

It is the longest and the highest mountain range of the country. It includes old rocks of granite, gneiss crystalline metamorphic rocks.
It has Mt. Everest 8848 metres high, the highest peak of the world.
The peaks of the Himalayas are always snow-covered.
Many passes make routes across it.
It includes important valleys of Kathmandu and Kashmir.

Question 4.
Which alluvial plains form part of the great Indian Northern Plain?
Answer:
The following are the alluvial plains included in Northern great plain:

Khadar plains
Bangar plains
Bhabar plains
Terai plains
Barren plains.

Question 5.
Write a Geographical note on the Thar Desert.
Answer:
Thar Desert extends from southern borders of Punjab and Haryana to Rann of Kutch (Gujarat). It is a plain and arid area. Aravallis form its eastern boundary. It has international boundary of Pakistan in the West. It is 640 km. long and 300 km. wide. In ancient period, this region was under sea. Proofs show that this desert was once a fertile area. But due to low rainfall and deforestation it has been changed into areas of sand dunes.

Question 6.
What could be the different divisions of Indian Islands on the basis of location? Explain with examples and diagrams.
Answer:
On the basis of location, Indian islands can be divided into the following two groups:
1. Islands situated away from the coast. There are about 230 islands found in groups. Such Coral islands exist in Arabian Sea and are called Lakshdweep islands. Amandivi, Lakshdweep, Minicoy are other islands. Andaman Nicobar islands, Norcadam, Barren islands are found in Bay of Bengal.

2. Islands situated near the coast. The new moor islands Sorat, Wheeler islands are found near Ganges delta. Other islands are Bhasara, Diu, Palmbam, Mandapam, Elephanta.

Question 7.
What is the contribution of coastal plains to entire country?
Answer:

Coastal plains are known for rice, dates, coconuts, spices, ginger, cardamoms, etc.
It leads in international trade.
High grade fish are caught in these coastal areas,
Beaches along Goa, Mumbai, Tamilnadu are a great attraction for the tourists.
Salt is prepared on the marshy areas of west coast.

Question 8.
What is the contribution of the Himalayan Region to the development of the country as a whole?
Answer:
The following is the contribution of the Himalayan region to the development of the country as a whole.

Useful Rivers. All the important rivers such as the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Sutlej, the Brahmaputra etc. rise in the Himalayas.
Useful Wood. On account of heavy rainfall, dense forests are found in the Himalayas. Teak, deodar and pine are some of the trees, the wood of which is of great use.
Minerals. Many types of minerals are found in the Himalayas.
Fruits and Tea. The slopes of the Himalayas are very favourable for the growth of various fruits and tea. Assam is known for good quality of tea.
Fodder and Medicinal Herbs. Many varities of medicinal herbs and grasses for fodder grow over most of the parts of Himalayas.

Question 9.
How does the peninsular plateau affect the other physical region of India?
Answer:

Peninsular India is a part of old Gondwana land. The rivers rising out of it helped in the formation of Himalayas. After that it helped in the formation of Northern plains.
On both sides of the plateau, there are many dams. These dams provide water for irrigation to the plains and power for industries.
The forests of this area meet the needs of the other parts of the country.

III. Differentiate between

Question 1.
(i) Distinguish between Terai and Bhabar region.
Answer:

Terai	Bhabar
1. Terai is a broad long zone south of Bhabar plain.	1. Bhabar is a long narrow plain along the foothills.
2. It is a marshy damp area covered with thick forests.	2. It is a pebble-studded zone of porous beds.
3. It is 20-30 kms wide.	3. It is 8-16 km wide.
4. Many streams re-emerge here from the Bhabar area.	4. Streams are lost in the region due to porous rocks.
5. It is suitable for agriculture.	5. It is unsuitable for agriculture.

(ii) Distinguish between Bangar and Khadar.
Answer:

Bangar	Khadar
1. The older alluvium of the high plain is called Bangar.	1. The younger alluvium of the flood plain is called Khadar.
2. This area stands above the level of the , flood plain.	2. Flood water spreads a new layer over it every year.
3. It is composed of calcarous Kankars and clay. (Dahia)	3. It is composed of fertile alluvium. (Bet)

IV. Answer the following questions subjectively:

Question 1.
Divide the relief of India and explain in detail any one region.
Answer:
India is divided into following physiographic divisions:

Himalayan Ranges
Northern Great Plains
Peninsular India
Coastal Plains
Indian Islands.

Himalayan Ranges. The Himalayas are spread over the northern boundary of India like an arc, from west to east. The length of these mountains is about 2500 kilometres and breadth is between 250 to 400 kilometres. The Mount Everest (8,848 metres) is the highest peak of the Himalayas.

The Himalayas can be divided into three parts :
1. Northern Kashmir Himalayas. The North-western part of the Himalayas is known as the Kashmir Himalayas. Karakoram, Laddakh, Zaskar and Kailash ; are the main ranges of the Kashmir Himalayas.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land 1

2. Main Himalayas
1. Greater Himalayas or Himadri. This range spreads from East to West. Mount Everest (8,488 metres), the highest peak of the world lies in the range. Jojila, Jailpa la and Lingshi la are some of the important passes in this range.

2. The Himachal Range or Lesser Himalayas. The average height of this range is 3500 to 4500 metres and its breadth is 60 to 80 kilometres. Hill stations like Shimla, Mu^oorie and Nainital are situated on this range.

3. Shiwaliks or Outer Himalayas. The average height of these hills is 900 to 1200 metres and breadth is only 10 to 50 kilometres.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land 2
The Himalayas

4. Off-Shoots of the Himalayas. The Himalayas turn to the south on the eastern and western flanks. They are repectively known as the Eastern and the Western Himalayas in the east and the west.
(а) Eastern Himalayas. The Himalayas consist of the famous hills of Patkoi, Naga and Manipur. They are very low hills and are fully covered with forests.
(b) Western Himalayas. In the West, Suleman and Kirthar ranges are dominant. They have many important passes like Khyber, Tochi and Bolan.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land 3
Western Himalayas

Eastern Himalayas

Question 2.
Write a note on the origin and structure of the Himalayas. Are they still rising?
Answer:
Millions of years ago, the Himalayas were occupied by a geosyncline known as Tethys. It was sandwiched between two long landmasses—Angara land on the north and Gondwana land on the south. The Tethys seas stretched over the Northern plains in east-west direction. For millions of years, sediments were deposited in Tethys sea. These sediments were folded to form the Himalayas. The land masses of Angara land and Gondwana land drifted slowly towards each other. The horizontal forces worked from two opposite directions resulting in compression. It led to sinking of the Tethys sea.

The Indian plate was driven northwards and pushed beneath the Eurasian plate. When the two plates came closer, the Tethys sea’s crust fractured. The sediments buckled and folded to form the mighty fold mountains of the Himalayas. It has been observed that the ‘Himalayas are still rising.

Question 3.
Compare the Western and Eastern coastal plains.
Answer:

Western Coastal Plains	Eastern Coastal Plains
1. West Coast is a narrow alluvial plain with a width of 50-80 kms.It is uneven and wet.	1. The Eastern Coast has a wide plain with well developed delta 80 to 120 km wide. It is level and dry.
2. Beautiful lagoons are found on the Malabar Coast.	2. The Eastern Coast has only two or three lagoons.
3. The short swift rivers do not make any deltas on the western Coast. The Tapti and Narmada make estuaries.	3. The large rivers make wide deltas on the Eastern Coast. Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishana, Cauvery make well developed deltas.
4. Kandla, Mumbai, Marmugao, Mangalore and Cochi are major ports on West Coast.	4. Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradeep and’Kolkata are major ports on the East Coast.

Question 4.
Give a detailed description of the size, origin and regional division of India’s Northern plains.
Answer:
Extent. The great plain extends in between the Himalayas and the Peninsular plateau. It is 3200 km long and 150 to 300 km wide. Its average height is 150 metres. It covers an area of 7.5 lakh sq. km.

Formation. It is an alluvium filled trough. It has been formed by the deposition of sediments brought from the Himalayas by the Ganga, Sutlej and other rivers.

Main Characteristics :

It is a dead flat lowland. The maximum height above the sea level is 263 metres.
It has a gentle gradient \(\frac{1}{4}\) metre per km.
It has huge depth of alluvium.
A large number of rivers flow in this plain dividing it into Doabs.
It has fertile alluvial soils namely Khadar and Bangar soils.

Division of Northern Plain :

Bhabar and Terai. It is a long, narrow zone along the foothills. It is a pebble- studded zone. Swampy areas occur in Terai.
Punjab Plain. This plain has a slope in the South West direction. It has been formed by the deposition of sediments by Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers. Chos (seasonal streams) cause soil erosion in foothills of Shiwaliks.
Ganga Plain. This plain has been formed by the deposition of sediments brought by the Ganga and its tributaries. It can be divided into three regions—upper Ganga plain, middle Ganga plain and the lower Ganga plain. It occupies an area of about 3.5 lakh sq. km. Sunder Ban Delta is formed in the lower Ganga plain.
Brahmaputra Plains. These plains are situated in the Eastern part and are often known as Assam valley. The Brahmaputra river forms a large delta in Bangladesh.

The Great Indian Desert plain of the west. This covers the western part of the Aravalli mountains. This region has a sandy land, so it is also known as the Thar desert. This region gets very little rainfall, due to which the agriculture is not developed here. There are many saltwater lakes like the Sambhar, Didwana and Panchpadra, from which salt is extracted.

The formation of northern plains.
The northern plains lie in between the Himalayas and the peninsular India. It has been formed by the filling of the depression formed by Tethys sea. The Himalayan rivers after eroding the Himalayas deposited huge amount of silt and deposition in the ever-shrinking Tethys sea. This depression has been filled gradually to form northern plains or the Indo- gangetic plains. These rivers have deposited silt to form Ganga delta in Bangladesh. Due to continuous deposition, the delta is still advancing towards sea.

Question 5.
What is the extent and surface formation of the Peninsular Plateau? Describe its sub-division on the basIs”of slope of the land’.
Answer:
The Peninsular Plateau:
The Deccan plateau is the oldest structure of India. It is the core of the geology of India. It is surrounded by oceans on three sides. Therefore it is often called Peninsular plateau. It covers an area of 16 lakh sq. km. The average altitude of the plateau varies from 600 to 900 metres. Its limits are formed by the Aravallis in the North Rajmahal Hills and Shillong plateau in the East. There is Malda gap between Rajmahal hills and Shillong plateau. The southernmost point is known as Kanyakumari. It is an ancient, stable, hard block formed by igneous and metamorphic rocks. It was part of Gondwana land.

Division of Peninsular Plateau. A series of low hills, known as Satpura ranges between 21° N to 24° N latitudes divided the Peninsular plateau into two parts.
(a) Malwa Plateau
(b) Deccan Plateau.

(a) Malwa Plateau. The Malwa plateau covers a large part of central highlands. It extends from Aravallis in the West, Ganges valley in the North and East, and Vindhyas in the South. The Aravallis are residual mountains or Relict Mountains. Its highest peaks are Mt. Abu (1158 metres) and Guru Shikhar (1722 metres). This plateau includes Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Chambal valley. This Vindhyan plateau consists of long narrow ridges made up of Quartzite rocks. It extends upto Mahadeo Hills, Kaimur range, Maikal range, Rajmahal hills in the East. In the East lies Chotta Nagpur plateau drained by Damodar river. This plateau is the storehouse of minerals of India.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land 5
Vindhyas: This range extends from east to west in the north of River Narmada. It separates Northern India from Southern India. Its average height is 300 metres. It starts from Gujarat in the west and goes up to Bihar in the East passing through the Madhya Pradesh.

Satpuras: This mountain range spreads between the Narmada and the Tapti rivers. They extend from Gujarat in the west to Amarkantak in the east. Dhupgarh (1350 metres) is the highest point of these ranges.

(b) Deccan Plateau: This plateau lies South of Narmada river. It is surrounded by mountain ranges on three sides Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Satpuras. Narmada and Tapti valleys are rift valleys between Satpuras and Vindhyas. Karnataka Plateau lies between Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. Deccan plateau is a tilted plateau with a general eastward slope. It covers an area of about 70 lakh sq. km. Its average height varies between 500 metres to 1000 metres.

The rivers have divided this plateau into many sub divisions. N.W. Deccan plateau is made up of lava and is known as Deccan trap.
1. the Western Ghats. The Western Ghats extend from Tapti Valley up to Kanyakumari for about 1500 kms. It has three passes Thai ghat, Bhor ghat and Pal ghat. These ranges rise abruptly from the coast. Short swift streams flow towards the west and do not form deltas. The average height is about 1200 metres. Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery rivers rise from Western ghats and flow towards East. Anai Mudi (2698 metres) is the highest peak.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land 6
East-West Cross Profile of the South Indian Plateau

2. Eastern Ghats. Eastern Ghats extend for about 800 kms from Mahanadi valleys upto Nilgiris. These are not continuous ranges. Rivers form wide gaps. Javadi, Shevroy and Nallamalai bills are found in the Southern part.

(Hi) Nilgiris. The western and eastern Ghats join each other in the south where they are known as the Nilgiris. Doda Beta (2637 metres) is the highest peak in the Nilgiris.

Question 6.
Compare and contrast the surface features of the Himalayas and Peninsular Plateau.
Or
Cite difference between Himalayas and Peninsular Plateau comparing their physical features.
Answer:

The Himalayas	Indian Plateau
1. The Himalayas are young new fold mountains.	1. The Indian plateau is an ancient crystalline table land.
2. These mountains have been formed due to folding by different earth movements.	2. This plateau has been formed’ as a Horst.
3. The relief features show young age of the Himalayas.	3. The plateau is old and well dissected.
4. Parallel mountain ranges are formed in the Himalayan region.	4. Rift valleys are formed due to faulting.
5. These mountains are the loftiest mountain system of the world with the highest mountain peak Mt. Everest 8848 mts. above sea level.	5. It is an old eroded crystal rock with the highest peak Anaimudi 2695 mts. above sea level.
6. These mountains extend in an arc.	6. This plateau is triangular in shape.
7. Deep gorges and U-shaped valleys are formed.	7. Narrow deep river valleys are formed on the plateau.
8. These have been formed out of Tethys sea in Mesozoic period. (276 Million years ago.)	8. This plateau has been lifted out of the sea in the precambrian period. (1600 million years ago.)
9. It is made up of sedimentary rocks.	9. It is made up of igneous rocks.

Question 7.
Write short notes on:
(i) Vindhyachal
Answer:
Vindhyas: This range extends from east to west in the north of River Narmada. It separates Northern India from Southern India. Its average height is 300 metres. It starts from Gujarat in the west and goes up to Bihar in the East passing through the Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) Satpuras
Answer:
Satpuras: This mountain range spreads between the Narmada and the Tapti rivers. They extend from Gujarat in the west to Amarkantak in the east. Dhupgarh (1350 metres) is the highest point of these ranges.

(iii) Aravalli Mountains
Answer:

(iv) Malwa Plateau and
Answer:
Malwa Plateau: The Malwa plateau covers a large part of central highlands. It extends from Aravallis in the West, Ganges valley in the North and East, and Vindhyas in the South. The Aravallis are residual mountains or Relict Mountains. Its highest peaks are Mt. Abu (1158 metres) and Guru Shikhar (1722 metres). This plateau includes Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Chambal valley. This Vindhyan plateau consists of long narrow ridges made up of Quartzite rocks. It extends upto Mahadeo Hills, Kaimur range, Maikal range, Rajmahal hills in the East. In the East lies Chotta Nagpur plateau drained by Damodar river. This plateau is the storehouse of minerals of India.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land 5

(v) Nilgiri Hills.
Answer:
Nilgiris: The western and eastern Ghats join each other in the south where they are known as the Nilgiris. Doda Beta (2637 metres) is the highest peak in the Nilgiris.

Question 8.
Are the different physical divisions of India separate and interdependent units or are they complementary to each other? Explain this statement with examples. (Important)
Answer:
India is divided into three major physiographic division i.e. the Himalayas, the Northern plains and the Peninsular plateau. The peninsular is the core of the geology of India. It is a stable block of hard rocks around which other physiographic divisions have been formed. The northward drifting of peninsular plateau led to the formation of Himalayas. The Himalayas adorn like a crown. These enclose the Indian sub-continent. Sediments brought down from Himalayas have been deposited to form the northern plains. The Gangetic plain is the cradle of Indian civilisation. Thus three physiographic divisions help to strengthen the forces of unity of our people.

V. Show the following on the outline map of India:

Question 1.
(1) Karakoram, Zanskar, Kailash, Pir Panjal, Shiwalik Hills
(2) Coromandel, Konkan (B.Q.P. 2019), Malabar Coast.
(3) Passes of Thai Ghat, Bhor Ghat, Pal Ghat
(4) Passes of Zojila, Nathula, Jelepla, Shipkila
(5) Mt. Everest (B.Q.P. 2019), Nanda Devi, Kanchenjunga, K2.
Answer:
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land 7

Question 2.
(1) Aravali, Anamailai.
(2) Mt. Abu, Shimla, Satpura.
Answer:
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land 8

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Guide Land Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions each in one line or one word :

Question 1.
Which is the ancient block in India?
Answer:
Deccan Plateau.

Question 2.
Name the sea which existed in place of Himalayas.
Answer:
Tethys.

Question 3.
Name the western boundary of Deccan plateau.
Answer:
Aravallis.

Question 4.
Name an area where chos are found.
Answer:
Hoshiarpur.

Question 5.
Name the highest mountain peak of Peninsular India.
Answer:
Anai Mudi.

Question 6.
Name the Northern part of west-coast.
Answer:
Konkan.

Question 7.
Name a cold desert in India.
Answer:
Ladakh.

Question 8.
Name a religious place in western Himalayas.
Answer:
Vaishno Devi.

Question 9.
Where is a valley of flowers located?
Answer:
The great Himalayas.

Question 10.
What is the use of Kayals?
Answer:
Fishing.

Question 11.
Which disaster struck east coast in 2004?
Answer:
Tsunami.

Question 12.
Which is the highest peak of Himalayas located in India?
Answer:
Kanchan Junga.

Question 13.
Name a rift valley in India.
Answer:
Narmada.

Question 14.
Why is the peninsular India called the Core of structure of India?
Answer:
Peninsular India is the ancient part of India.

Question 15.
What is the meaning of Himalayas?
Answer:
Himalayas means abode of snow.

Question 16.
What is the average height of Trans Himalayas? Name four mountain ranges of these.
Answer:
The average height of Trans Himalayas is 5000. metres. It includes Zanskar, Karakoram, Ladakh, and Kailash Ranges.

Question 17.
Name the main glaciers of the Traps Himalayas.
Answer:
Hisper, Batur, Baltoro, Siachen, Bearo.

Question 18.
What is a dun?
Answer:
Dun is a longitudinal valley situated in Himalayas.

Question 19.
Name the highest peaks of Eastern offshoots of Himalayas.
Answer:
Dafa Bum (4578 meters), Saramati (8926 meters) and Japau.

Question 20.
Name the higher peak of the world and its height.
Or
Which is the highest peak of the world?
Answer:
Mt. Everest 8848 metres is the highest peak of the world.

Question 21.
State the situation of the Northern great plains.
Answer:
This plain extends between Indus River (West) and Brahmaputra River (East).

Question 22.
State two Relief characteristics of Northern great plain.
Answer:

It is a flat plain.
The whole plain has a network of streams.

Question 23.
Which rivers have deposited sediments in Punjab-Haryana plain?
Answer:
Sutluj, Ravi, Beas and Ghaghar.

Question 24.
According to height, into how many sub-divisions can Ganges plain be divided?
Answer:

Upper Ganges valley
Middle Ganges valley
Lower Ganges valley.

Question 25.
State two characteristics of Brahmputra plain.
Answer:

This plain is 640 km long and 90:100 km wide.
New sediments are deposited every year by floods.

Question 26.
State the. two ranges of Deccan plateau.
Answer:

Western ghats
Eastern ghats

Question 27.
Name three passes of Western ghats.
Answer:
Thai ghat, Bhor ghat, Pal ghat

Question 28.
Where is Jog Falls and what is its height?
Answer:
Jog Falls is located on the border of Shimoga and Uttara Kannada districts of Karnataka. Height of Jog Falls is 253 metres.

Question 29.
State the sub-divisions of west coastal plain.
Answer:

Gujarat coast
Konkan coast
Malabar coast
Kerala coast.

Question 30.
State one difference between Eastern coastal plain and Western coastal plain.
Answer:
Eastern coastal plain is wide and flat. While west-coastal plain is narrow.

Question 31.
Which are the group of islands of India and where are they situated?
Answer:
Andaman Nicobar and Lakshdweep group of islands are situated in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea respectively.

Question 32.
State two differences between the mountains of northern India and mountains of Peninsular India.
Answer:

Mountains of Northern India are young fold mountains. Mountains of peninsular India are residual old mountains.
The mountains of northern India are high and snow covered. But the mountains of Peninsular India are not high and are not covered with glacier.

Question 33.
Which is the highest peak of the world?
Answer:
Mount Everest (8848 metres)

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
The Himalayas extend for ____________kms.
Answer:
2400.

Question 2.
Mt. Everest is _________ metres high.
Answer:
8848.

Question 3.
Ganges plain slopes towards________.
Answer:
East.

Question 4.
The Southern plateau has its apex at ________.
Answer:
Kanyakumari

Question 5.
Andaman group has __________ islands.
Answer:
120.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Which is the oldest land mass of India?
(a) Northern Plain
(b) Peninsular Plateau
(c) Himalayas
(d) Aravallis.
Answer:
(b) Peninsular Plateau

Question 2.
Which is the highest peak in southern India?
(a) Doda Beta
(b) Anaimudi
(c) Mahendar gins
(d) Kalsubai.
Answer:
(b) Anaimudi

Question 3.
Which is a rift valley?
(a) Ganga
(b) Narmada
(c) Chambal
(d) Damodar.
Answer:
(b) Narmada

Question 4.
Ravines are found in :
(a) Chambal Valley
(b) Son Valley
(c) Damodar Valley
(d) Betwa Valley.
Answer:
(a) Chambal Valley

Question 5.
The largest salt water lake in India is :
(a) Sambar
(b) Chilka
(c) Vembnad
(d) Kalleru.
Answer:
(b) Chilka

True / False :

Question 1.
The Himalayas are rift valleys formed due to faulting.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Doda Beta is the highest peak in the Nilgiris.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Ganga river makes estuary.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
In Indo-Gangetic plains alluvial soils are found.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
There are 550 islands in the Indian Ocean.
Answer:
True

Short Answer Tyre Questions

Question 1.
Compare and contrast the Indo-Gangetic Plains and Peninsular Plateau.
Answer:

Peninsular Plateau	Indo-Gangetic Plains
1. Location: It is a triangular plateau bounded by Vindhyas, Western ghats and Eastern ghats.	1. It is an alluvial plain stretching from Punjab to Assam Valley.
2. Relief: The relief of this plateau is uneven. Its average height above sea level is more than 600 metres.	2. This is a level plain about 200 metres high above sea level.
3. Climate: The climate here is hot and humid.	3. Here the summers are hot and winters are cold.
4. Crops: Jawar, Bajra, Spices and Groundnut are grown here.	4. Rice, Wheat, Cotton and Sugarcane are mostly grown here.
5. Rivers: Cauvery, Mahanadi, Godavari, Narmada and Tapti are the main seasonal rivers here.	5. Ganga, Yamuna and Brahmaputra are the main perennial rivers.
6. Irrigation: Irrigation here is mainly done by Tanks.	6. Wells, Tubewells and Canals are the main sources of irrigation here.
7. Transport: Means of transport are rare here.	7. A network of Railways and roads is laid here.
8. Minerals: Gold and Manganese are the main minerals of this plateau.	8. Iron, Coal and Mica are the important minerals of these plains.
9. Population: The population is very thin.	9. The population is very dense.
10. Soils: Soils are made up of lava especially black soil	10. Alluvial soils are found.

Question 2.
Write notes on Eastern ghats and Western ghats.
Answer:

Western ghats	Eastern ghats
1. The Western ghats form a continuous chain from Gulf of Cambay to Kanyakumari.	1. The Eastern ghats form a discontinuous chain of low hills from Orissa to Coromandel coast.
2. These consist of Sahyadri, Nilgiris, Annamalai and Cardamom hills.	2. The Eastern ghats are known by local names.
3. The main passes in Western ghats are Thai ghat, Bhor ghat, Pal ghat.	3. There are wide gaps in Eastern ghats, through which rivers flow.
4. The average height is 100d metres. The highest peak is Anaimuth (2965 metres) in Kerala.	4. The average height of Eastern ghats is 450 metres. These merge with Western ghats to form a knot in Nilgiris.

Question 3.
What is Gondwatta land? Which land masses constitute it?
Answer:
Orignially it was a super continent called Pangea consisting of two parts. The Northern part was called Angara land, while the Southern part was called Gondwana land. Gondwana land is the oldest landmass. It included India, Australia, South Africa and South America. These have changed its position due’ to drifting of continents.

Question 4.
State four main features of Himalayas.
Answer:

The Himalayas are young, fold and loftiest mouhtains.
These extend in a west-east direction from Indus to Brahmaputra.
These form an arc which covers a distance of about 2400 kms. while their width varies from 400 km. in Kashmir to 150 km-in Arunachal Pradesh.
The Himalayas consist of three, parallel ranges Himadri (Great Himalayas), Himachal (Lesser Himalayas) and Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas).

Question 5.
Name the mountain ranged and. valleys situated in Himachal (Lesser Himalayas).
Answer:
The lesser Himalayas are called Himachal. Its altitude varies between 3,700 and 4,500 mitres. It includes the ranges of Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar and Mahabharat. It includes the famous valleys of Kashmir, Kangra and Kulu. This region is well-known for its hill stations.

Question 6.
‘River valleys demarcate the broad divisions of Himalayas.’ Give examples.
Answer:
The Himalayas have been divided on the basis of regions from West to East on the basis of. river valleys.

Kashmir Himalayas: Between Indus and Satluj rivers.
Kumaon Himalayas: Between Satluj and Kali rivers.
Nepal Himalayas: Between Kali and Tista rivers.
Assam Himalayas: Between Tista and Dihang rivers.

Question 7.
‘Northern plain is agriculturally a very productive part of India.’ Give reasons.
Answer:
Northern plain is called the ‘Granary of India’. It is rich in the production of food grains and crops.

The region has fertile alluvial soils.
It has an adequate water supply.
It has a favourable climate with a long growing season.

Question 8.
What is the extent of Ganga plain? Name the states included in it.
Answer:
The Ganga plain extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq km. It is 2400 km long and 240-320 km wide. It is spread over the the states of North India—Haryana, Delhi, U.P., Bihar, West Bangal and partly Jharkhand.

Question 9.
Describe four main features of Peninsular plateau.
Answer:

The Peninsular Plateau is a table land composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
It is the oldest land mass (a part of Gondwana land).
The plateau has broad and shallow valleys anjd rounded hills.
It has been formed due to breaking, weathering and drifting of Gondwana land.
It consists of two broad divisions-Central Highlands and Deccan Plateaus.

Question 10.
Describe the different plateaus found in Central Highland.
Answer:
The peninsular plateau consists of two broad divisions-Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau. Central Highlands lie to the North of Narmada river. It includes a major area of Malwa plateau. Vindhyan range is enclosed by Aravallis and central highlands. The eastward extension of Central Highlands is Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand plateaus. Further eastwards, lies the Chota Nagpur plateau.

Question 11.
What is the average height of Western ghats? Name the local peaks and hill stations found in Western ghats.
Answer:
Western ghats are higher than Eastern ghats. The average height of Western ghats is 900-1600 metres. The height of the western ghats increases from North to South. The highest peaks include Anai Mudi (2695 meters), Doda Beta (2637 metres). The famous hill stations are Udaga Mandlam (Ooty) and Kodai Kanal.

Question 12.
What are the effects of Western ghats?
Answer:

Western ghats cause relief rainfall along the Western slopes. These face the rain bearing moist winds. <br
The eastern slopes and Deccan plateau lie in rain shadow.
Due to weathering of Deccan plateau, Black soils of Deccan trap are found here.

Question 13.
What is meant by ‘Trans Himalayas’?
Answer:
The Trans Himalaya or Gangetic-Nyenchen Tanglha range is a 16,00-kilometre
long mountain range. This range is in China extending in west-east direction parallel to the main Himalayan range.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give an account of the coastal plains and island groups of India.
Answer:
Coastal Plains And Islands
The peninsular plateau is flanked by narrow coastal plains on the Eastern and Western margins.
1. The Eastern Coastal Plain. It extends from Mahanadi Delta upto Kanyakumari. Its width varies from 50 to 250 km. Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna form broad deltas on this coast. Sand dunes and lagoons exist on this coast. Chilka lake and Pulicat lake are the two important lagoons. It is also known as Coromandel coast. The northern part, along the Orissa state, is known as Utkal coast.

2. The Western Coastal Plain. This is a narrow coastal plain 1500 kms long and about 10 to 50 km wide. It extends between the Arabian Sea and Western Ghats. It has three sub-divisions. Konkan coast from Gulf of Cambay to Goa, Kanara coast from Goa to Cochin, Malabar coast from Cochin to Kanyakumari. Lagoons and back waters along Malabar coast join together to form waterways. Vembnad is an important lagoon lake which is 63 km in length. Narmada and Tapti rivers make estuaries while Mumbai and Marmagao are deep natural harbours.

These plains are divided into the following parts:
(a) Gujarat coastal plain: A marshy area around Gulf of Kutch and Saurashtra. Gorakhnath is the highest peak with 1117 metres in height.
(b) Konkan coast: It extends from Daman to Goa; 500 km long and 50-80 km. wide. Mumbai port is in the Creek by Thana.
(c) Malabar coast: From Goa to Mangalore, 225 km long and 24 km wide. It extends upto Kanyakumari.
(d) Kerala coast: From Mangalore to Kanyakumari 500 km long and 100 km wide plain has lagoons and Kayals used as backwaters for boat navigation.

ISLANDS: There are about 550 islands in the Indian Ocean. Most of these islands are too small to be inhabited.

These islands are found in the following groups :
1. Andaman-Nicobar Islands: These islands form two major groups in Bay of Bengal. These are Andamans and Nicobar islands. These islands extend between 10° and 14° N latitudes for a distance of 500 kms. These islands are 214 in number. The Nicobar group consists of 15 islands extending between 6°N to 10°N latitudes. Ten degree channel separates the Andaman group of island from the Nicobar group. These islands form a union territory of India with Port Blair as its capital. Indira Point in the Nicobar-island is the southernmost point of the Indian Union. These islands form the summits of the submerged hills of the ocean floor.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land 9
The Arabian Sea Islands

2. Barren Islands and Norcondam Islands: These islands situated in the north of Port Blair are volcanic islands.

3. Lakshadweep Islands: These islands are situated in the Arabian Sea and lie 320 km off the coast of Kerala between 8° N and 12° North latitudes. These are coral islands and some of these are ring-shaped and called atolls. These are 27 in number and 17 of these are uninhabited. It is a U.T. with Kavaratti as capital. Pamban and Rameshwaram islands lie between India and Sri Lanka.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Land 10
Bay of Bengal-Islands

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 3a India: Drainage

January 10, 2024January 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 3a India: Drainage Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 3a India: Drainage

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB India: Drainage Textbook Questions and Answers

Map Work :

Question 1.
Show in the outline map of India :
(i) Ganga
(ii) the Brahmaputra
(iii) Wular and Sambhar Lakes
(iv) Gobind Sagar Lake
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

Question 2.
Show in the outline map of India:
(i) Ganga with its tributries, three each on both sides.
(ii) Two peninsular rivers flowing towards west.
(iii) Three peninsular rivers flowing towards East and ending up in Bay of Bengal.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

Objective Type Questions :
Answer the following questions in a single word to one sentence length :

Question 1.
Which among the following is not tributary of Ganga (Ganges) :
(i) Yamuna
(ii) Beas
(iii) Gandak
(iv) Son.
Answer:
(ii) Beas.

Question 2.
Which of these lakes is not natural :
(i) Renuka
(ii) Chilka
(iii) Dali
(iv) Ranjit Sagar.
Answer:
(iv) Ranjit Sagar.

Question 3.
Which drainage system is biggest in India :
(i) Ganga
(ii) Godawari
(iii) Brahmaputra
(iv) Indus.
Answer:
(i) Ganga.

Question 4.
Which is biggest delta of the world?
Answer:
Sundarban delta.

Question 5.
What is meant by Doab?
Answer:
The region between two rivers is called Doab.

Question 6.
What is length of Indus and how much of its portion lies in India?
Answer:
The total length of river Indus is 2800 km. and its 700 km. lies in India.

Question 7.
Name three peninsular rivers ending up in Bay of Bengal.
Answer:
Godawari, Krishna, Kaveri, Mahanadi.

Question 8.
In how many parts can be divide drainage system in India?
Answer:
Indian drainage system can be divided in four parts-Himalayan rivers, Peninsular drainage system, Internal drainage system and Lakes.

Question 9.
River Indus originates from which glacier?
Answer:
River Indus originates from Bokhar Chu glacier which is situated in Tibet.

Question 10.
Name any two seasonal rivers.
Answer:
Vetuma, Kalinadi, Subarnekha etc.

Question 11.
Which is birth place of Mahanadi? Name its two tributaries.
Answer:
The place of origin of Mahanadi is Dandakaranya in Chattisgarh. Seonath, Mang, Ong etc. are its tributaries.

Question 12.
Name five natural lakes of India.
Answer:
Dal lake, Chilka, Surajtal, Wooler, Khajiar, Pushkar etc.

Short Answer Questions :
Give short answers for the following questions :

Question 1.
Pollution is increasing in Ganga. What is being done to check it?
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that pollution in Ganga is continuously increasing. Its major reason is industrial waste, pesticides etc.

The government has taken many steps to stop pollution in Ganga such as :

In April, 1980, Central Government made Ganga Action Plan and started the work of cleaning Ganga.
In continuation with Ganga Action Plan, the government in 2009, created National Ganga Basic Authority and its major objective was to stop pollution in Ganga.
In 2014, the Central Government created a special ministry for the cleaning of Ganga and a minister was also appointed for the same purpose.
Till now, the Central Government has spent hundreds of crores for the cleaning of Ganga.

Question 2.
Write a note on Internal drainage in India.
Answer:
A number of rivers flow in India and many of these rivers fall into any sea. But there are few rivers which are unable to reach any sea and end midway within the country. They are known as Internal drainage system of India. Its most important example is river Ghaghar which flows for 465 km and then ends in Rajasthan. In the same way rivers flowing in Rajasthan and Luni river of Rajasthan are also few of its examples.

Question 3.
Which is Wridha’ Ganga? Name its tributaries.
Answer:
The Godavari is the longest of the Peninsular rivers. It has an extensive drainage basin. Its drainage basin extends through Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. Because of its large size and extent, it is compared to river Ganga. It has got the same cultural significance in the peninsular India as the Ganga has in the northern plain. Therefore, it is referred to as Dakshina Ganga or Vridha Ganga.

Question 4.
On which river ‘Dhuandhar falls’ lies? Name its tributaries also.
Answer:

DhuailtMlr Falls is on Narmada river which is formed at a place called Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh.
Major tributaries of river Narmada are the Shakkar, the Dudhi, the Tawa, the Ganjal, the Hiran, the Choral etc.

Long Answer Questions :
Answer the following questions in detail :

Question 1.
Which are Himalayan and Peninsular rivers? Differentiate between their characteristics.
Answer:

Himalayan rivers: These rivers originate in the Himalayas mountain and they are called perennial rivers as they have water throughout the year. For example, Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra etc.
Peninsular rivers: Those rivers which are in the peninsular plateau or in south India are called Peninsular rivers. For example, Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri etc.

Difference:

Himalayan Rivers	Rivers of the Peninsula
1. These rivers rise from the snow covered Himalayas and hence these are perennial.	1. The Peninsular rivers are seasonal. They get supply of water from summer rainfall.
2. These rivers do not have any waterfalls. Hence these are not useful for generation of water power.	2. These rivers make waterfalls and cataracts on the plateau. Hence these are useful for hydroelectric projects.
3. The Himalayan rivers have large basins and extensive catchment areas. Therefore, these have a large volume of water.	3. The peninsular rivers have small basins and small catchment areas. Therefore these do not have a large volume of water.
4. These rivers flow over plains. Therefore these are useful for irrigation and navigation.	4. These rivers flow on rocky areas and are not used for irrigation and navigation.
5. These rivers pass through deep gorges and before entering the plains they have meandering courses on plains.	5. These rivers flow through shallow river valley having straight courses.
6. These river form vast alluvial plains by depositing sediments.	6. These rivers do not bring fertile alluvium and do not form alluvial plains.
7. Many important towns have developed on the courses of these rivers.	7. Very few towns have developed on the banks of these rivers.

Question 2.
Describe three drainage systems of India and explain any” one of them in detail.
Answer:
Three river systems in India are Himalayan rivers, peninsular rivers and coastal rivers. Their description is given below:

I. Himalayan Rivers :

River Indus. This river originates from Bokhar Chu glacier in the north of Mansarovar lake. It flows from south-east to north-west in Kashmir. On its way, Indus forms many deep gorges. While going through Pakistan, it falls in the Arabian sea. Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab and Jhelum are its major tributaries.
River Ganga. River Ganga originates from Gangotri glacier at a place called Go-mukh. Later on Alaknanda and Mandakini rivers meet the Ganga. While flowing through Shiwalik mountains, it reaches Haridwar. Finally, it falls into the Bay of Bengal. Its major tributaries are Yamuna, Gomti, Ghaghra, Gandhak, Kosi, Chambal, Betwa, Son, etc.
River Brahmaputra. This river originates from Angsi glacier in Kailash mountain of Tibet. While flowing through Tibat, India and Bangladesh, it meets the river Ganga. Here the water of Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers
flows with the name of Padma river. In the end, while forming Sunderban delta, it falls into the Bay of Bengal. It forms the Majuli island (Assam) which is the largest inter riverine island in the world. Manar, Subansri, Kameng etc. are the tributaries of Brahmaputra.

II. Peninsular Rivers :

Mahanadi: This river originates from the Bastar hills at Dandakarnia in Chhattisgarh. While going through Chattisgarh and Odisha, it falls into Bay of Bengal.
Godawari: This river originates from the northern side of western ghats. While going through Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, it falls into Bay of Bengal.
Krishna: This river originates from Mahableshwar near western ghats. It also falls into Bay of Bengal while going through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Its tributaries are Bhima, Tungabhadra etc.
Kaveri: This river starts from the southern side of western ghats (Talakaveri) and falls into Bay of Bengal. On its way, it flows through Karnataka and Tamilnadu.
Narmada: This river originates from Amarkantak and goes through Maikal hills and finally falls into Arabian Sea.
Tapti: This river originates from the Betul district of Madhaya Pradesh in the Satpura range. It also falls into Arabian Sea.

III. Coastal Rivers :
There lie three seas on the southern part of India and these are Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. The rivers flowing along with the coast of these seas are known as coastal rivers. Their length is quite less and they flow through a very short span of length. They are-filled with water in the rainy season. Major coastal rivers are Veluma, Palar, Mandavi, Dapaira, Kalinadi, Sheravati, Netravati, Periyar, Painani, Subarnekha, Kharkai, Palar etc,

Question 3.
What are economic benefits of North Indian and South Indian rivers? ‘
Answer:
1. Cultural Importance. Rivers have been of fundamental importance throughout the human history. The areas along the banks of rivers have witnessed great cultural and economic progress since ancient times. Rivers are an integral part of our folklore and folk songs.

2. A Natural Resource. Water from the rivers is a basic natural resource, essential for human, agricultural and industrial activities.

3. Agricultural Areas. Rivers and their associated alluvial soils provide the most productive agricultural lands of the country. The Ganga, the Kaveri and other deltas have traditionally been the rice growing areas. An agriculture dependent on the vagaries of the monsoons, irrigation from rivers has been the backbone of the development of Indian agriculture.

4. Settlements. The valleys contain dense and concentrated settlements. Most of the large cities are located on rivers. Not only do rivers provide us with essential water supplies, but they also receive, dilute and transport “wastes from settlements.

5. Industrial Development. Industrial development has flourished along rivers as many industrial processes rely on water – as a raw material, as a coolant and for the generation of hydro-electricity.

6. Transportation. Rivers provide primary channels of inland transportation, not only directly in the form of navigable waterways, but also indirectly through their valleys, where roads, railways lines and other routes are built.

7. Tourism. Recreation, tourist promotion and fishing are also being developed along waterfronts.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide India: Drainage Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which is the-largest river basin in, India?
(a) Ganga
(6) Yamuna
(c) Mahanadi
(d) Godawari.
Answer:
(a) Ganga.,

Question 2.
Which is the longest river of India?
(a) Yamuna
(6) Ganga
(c) Brahmaputra
(d) Godavari.
Answer:
(c) Brahmaputra

Question 3.
The drainage system with branches resembles a tree :
(a) Trellis
(b) Radial
(c) Dendritic
(d) Rectangular
Answer:
(c) Dendritic.

Question 4.
The Ganga and the Yamuna rivers meet at :
(a) Kanpur
(b) Varanasi
(c) Patna
(d) Allahabad.
Answer:
(d) Allahabad.

Question 5.
Sunderban delta is formed by :
(a) Ganga
(b) Kaveri
(c) Godavari
(d) Narmada.
Answer:
(a) Ganga.

Question 6.
Which is a trans-Himalayan river?
(a) Ganga
(b) Chambal
(c) Sutlej
(d) Beas.
Answer:
(c) Sutlej.

Question 7.
Which river is called Dakshin Ganga?
(a) Mahanadi
(b) Godavari
(c) Krishna
(d) Cauvery.
Answer:
(b) Godavari.

Question 8.
Where is Dal lake located?
(a) In Arunachal
(b) In Kerala
(c) In J & K
(d) In Rajasthan.
Answer:
(c) In J & K.

Question 9.
Which lake is located in Orissa?
(a) Chilka
(b) Sambhar
(c) Vembnad
(d) Kolleru.
Answer:
(a) Chilka.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Total length of the river Ganga is _________ km.
Answer:
2525

Question 2.
Ghaghra, Gandhak, Kosi, Sone are the tributaries of river _________
Answer:
Ganga

Question 3.
Brahmaputra enters India at a place called _________
Answer:
Namcha Barva

Question 4.
Total length of the river Brahmaputra is _________ km.
Answer:
2900

Question 5.
_________ island is the largest inter riverine island in the world.
Answer:
Mojuli

Question 6.
Luni river originates at _________ in Rajasthan.
Answer:
Pushkar.

True/False:

Question 1.
Sabarmati river originates from Dabar lake.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Length of Luni river is 495 km.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Krishna river is also known as Vridha Ganga.
Answer:
False.

Question 4.
Coastal rivers are quite long.
Answer:
False.

Question 5.
Gobind. Sagar lake is made behind Bhakhra Dam.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Ganga Action Plan was made in 1980.
Answer:
False.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Drainage?
Answer:
The web of rivers flowing in any area is called drainage.

Question 2.
What is Doab?
Answer:
The region between two rivers is called Doab.

Question 3.
What is water divide?
Answer:
An upland area separating two drainage basins is called a water divide.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Drainage Basin?
Answer:
The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin.

Question 5.
What is Drainage Pattern?
Answer:
When flowing water on land forms different patterns, it is called drainage pattern.

Question 6.
Name the types of drainage pattern.
Answer:
Dendritic pattern, Trellis pattern, Radial pattern and Rectangular pattern.

Question 7.
In which four parts can we divide Indian drainage system?
Answer:
Himalayan rivers, Peninsular rivers, Coastal rivers and Internal drainage system.

Question 8.
Which are the major water divides of India?
Answer:
Himalayan Mountain ranges and Deccan Plateau of South.

Question 9.
Name the tributaries of river Indus.
Answer:
Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum.

Question 10.
Name the tributaries of river Ganga.
Answer:
Yamuna, Son, Ghaghra, Ghandhak, Betwa, Kosi etc.

Question 11.
Which rivers are the examples of Antecedent Drainage?
Answer:
Indus, Sutlej, Alakhnanda, Ghandhak, Kosi and Brahmaputra.

Question 12.
What do we call river Indus in Tibet?
Answer:
In Tibet, river Indus is called Singhi Khamban or Sher Da Mukh.

Question 13.
What is the total length of river Indus?
Answer:
2880 km.

Question 14.
Which river is known as the holy river in India?
Answer:
River Ganga is considered as the holy river in India.

Question 15.
Which delta is formed by the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers?
Answer:
Sunderban Delta.

Question 16.
What is the total length of Ganga river?
Answer:
2525 km.

Question 17.
From where Brahmaputra river originates?
Answer:
Brahmaputra river originates from Angsi glacier in Kailash mountain, Tibet.

Question 18.
What do we call Brahmaputra river in Tibet?
Answer:
Brahmaputra river in Tibet is called Tsangpo.

Question 19.
At which place Brahmaputra river enters India?
Answer:
Brahmaputra river enters India at Namcha Barva.

Question 20.
Name the tributaries of Brahmaputra.
Answer:
Subarnagiri, Kamera, Dhangiri, Dihang, Lohit etc.

Question 21.
What is the name of main stream of river Ganga?
Answer:
Bhagirathi.

Question 22.
Which southern rivers flow in the west direction?
Answer:
Narmada and Tapti rivers.

Question 23.
Which southern rivers flow in the east direction?
Answer:
Mahanadi, Godawari, Krishna and Kaveri.

Question 24.
What do you mean by Inland drainage system?
Answer:
Many of the rivers in country ends in land or in any lake, They do not fall in any sea and it is called Inland drainage system.

Question 25.
Name any three rivers of Inland drainage system.
Answer:
Ghagar river, Luni river, Saraswati river etc.

Question 26.
Where are natural lakes available in the peninsular plateau?
Answer:
Lonar (Maharashtra), Chilka (Odisha), Pulikat (Tamil Nadu), Periyar (Kerala), Kelur (Seemandhra) etc.

Question 27.
What is the length of Chilka lake and where is it situated?
Answer:
The length of Chilka lake is 30 km. and it is situated in Odisha.

Question 28.
When and why was Ganga Action Plan launched?
Answer:
Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to stop the pollution in Ganga.

Question 29.
What is the total length of Mahanadi?
Answer:
858 km.

Question 30.
What is the length of Godawari, Krishna, Kaveri and Narmada?
Answer:
Godawari: 1465 km, Krishna: 1400 km.
Kaveri: 800 km., Narmada: 1312 km.

Question 31.
Name the tributaries of Godawari.
Answer:
Dhanganga, Vangaga, Vardha, Indrawati, Manjra, Sabri etc.

Question 32.
Name the tributaries of Kaveri.
Answer:
Herawati, Hiranegi, Amravati, Kabani.

Question 33.
Name the tributaries of river Tapti.
Answer:
Girna, Mindola, Poorna, Panjag, Shipra, Arunavati etc.

Question 34.
Tell something about Luni river.
Answer:
Luni river starts from Pushkar, Rajasthan. Its length is 465 km and it ends in the Kutch of desert.

Question 35.
Name the major lakes of Jammu and Kashmir.
Answer:
Dal lake and Wooler lake.

Question 36.
Name the Salty lake of Rajasthan.
Answer:
Sambhar Lake.

Question 37.
Which chemicals are thrown in the rivers?
Answer:
Cadmium, Arsenic, Lead, Magnesium, Zink, Nickel etc.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why Himalayan rivers are called the perennial rivers?
Answer:
The meaning of perennial is the one which flows throughout the year. Himalayan rivers get water in summer as well as in winter. During rainy,season, they get rain water. During summer season, the snow of Himalaya gets melted and water comes in the rivers. That’s why Himalayan rivers are called the perennial rivers. Ganga and Brahmaputra are such rivers.

Question 2.
Name the three main Himalayan river systems. Also write two tributaries of each one.
Answer:
There are three Himalayan river systems and they are :

Indus River System. Its major tributaries are Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab etc.
Ganga River System. Its major tributaries are Yamuna, Ganga, Gomti, Gandak, Sone etc.
Brahmaputra River System. Its major tributaries are Dibhang, Lohit etc.

Question 3.
Give a brief description of Brahmaputra river.
Answer:
The Brahmaputra is the longest river in India, with a length of about 2880 kms. It rises near Mansarover lake in Tibet and enters India through Dihang gorge in Arunachal Pradesh. It flows parallel to the Himalayas in Tibet where it is known as ‘Tsangpo’. After Namcha Barwa (7767 m), it takes ‘U’ turn and enters India in Arunachal Pradesh through Dihang gorge. Dihang gorge is about 13000 metres deep. After the confluence of Lohit, Dihang and Dibang streams, it is called the Brahmaputra. It carries huge amount of silt with it. In northern Bangladesh, it is called Padma. Further south, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra meet and the joint stream is known as Jamuna and in central part, it is called Meghna. It is often compared to a slowly moving lake due to sluggish flow. It is known for its notorious floods in upper Assam. It forms the largest delta of the world, known as ‘Sunderbans’. It is the home of ‘Royal Bengal Tiger’.

Question 4.
Write a note on Ganga river system.
Answer:
The Ganga is the most sacred river of India. The story of the Ganga from her source to sea from old times to new is the story of India’s civilisation and culture. The Ganga has its source near Gomukh glacier, near Gangotri. The Ganges is formed by two head streams namely Alaknanda and Bhagirathi. It enters the plains near Hardwar. The Yamuna meets this river at Allahabad known as Sangam. The Ganges is the master stream of the area—South of Farakka, the river divides into a number of channels to form ‘Sunder Ban’ Delta. The Ramganga, Ghaghra, Gandak, Baghmari join the Ganges from its left. The Yamuna and the Son join it from the south. It is 2525 km long. Hardwar, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna and Kolkata are situated along the Ganga.

Question 5.
Describe the .west flowing rivers of peninsular plateau.
Answer:
The rivers flowing to the west of Peninsular plateau are: Mahi, Sabarmati, Narmada and Tapti.

Mahi. Mahi river emerges from Vindhya mountains. It total length is 533 kilometres. It falls into the right side of Gulf of Khambhat, near gulf of Cambay.
Sabarmati. Sabarmati emerges from Mechhva near Udaipur. This seasonal river is 416 km. long. After passing through Gandhi Nagar and Ahmedabad, it falls into Gulf of Cambay.
Narmada. It emerges from Amarkantak Plateau, and after travelling 1312 km, falls into the south of Gulf of Cambay without forming any delta.

Question 6.
Describe the east flowing rivers of peninsular plateau.
Answer:

Damodar River. The Damodar, 530 km long, rises from Chhota Nagpur plateau. On account of its floods, it is called ‘River of Sorrow’. D.V.C. Project is a multipurpose project to get benefits from this river.
The Mahanadi. It is 857 km long. It emerge from Amarkantak Plateau. It is a navigable river and forms a fertile delta.
The Godavari. It is 1440 km long and rises from the Western Ghats. It is the longest river of the Peninsula. It forms a fertile delta on the East Coast.
The Krishna. It is 1400 km long. It rises near Mahabaleshwar in Western Ghats. Its tributaries – Bhima and Tungbhadra are important.
Kaveri. It rises in Brahmgiri in the Coorg district. It is 800 km. long. It is useful for irrigation, navigation and water power development.

Question 7.
State few characteristics of Himalayan rivers.
Answer:
These rivers have large basins. These make deep gorges. These were formed due to down cutting during period of uplift of Himalayas. These are perennial rivers as these get water from rainfall and from the melting of snow. These deposit silt and sand to form plains.

Question 8.
Write a note on the Indus river system.
Answer:
The Indus River System. The river Indus rises in Tibet, near Lake Mansarovar. Flowing west, it enters India in the Ladakh through a picturesque gorge. Several tributaries, the Zaskar, the Shyok and the Huzana, join it in this region. It flows through Baltistan and Gilgit and emerges from the mountains at Attock. The famous five rivers of Punjab—the Satlej, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum enter the Indus a little above Mithankot in Pakistan. Beyond this, the Indus flows southwards eventually reaching the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi. The total length of the river is about 2900 km. ranking it amongst the longest rivers of the world. A little over a third of the Indus basin is located in India in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and the Punjab and the rest is in Pakistan.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 3a India Drainage 1

Question 9.
Write a note on Lakes in India.
Answer:
There are not many lakes in India. Dal, Wular, Sambhar, Chilka, Pulikat, Lonar etc. are the major lakes in India.

Out of all the lakes, seven are in the Nainital district of the Kumaon Himalayan region.
Dal and Wular lakes are in North Kashmir. These are quite good for entertainment purposes.
Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan and Lonar lake in Maharashtra are salt water lakes.
Chilka lake in Odisha is India’s largest salt water lake.
Pulikat lake near Chennai is quite famous.
Kolleru lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India and is located between Krishna and Godavari Deltas.
There are many long lakes along the coast of Kerala.

Question 10.
Why do the rivers have no deltas on the Western Coast, even though they transport lot of sediments with them ?
Answer:
The Narmada and Tapti are the main rivers flowing westward on the western coast. These rivers carry a large amount of sediments with them. But these rivers do not form any delta near their mouths. These rivers form estuaries.

The west coasts are not marked with favourable conditions required for the formation of a delta. The lower courses of these rivers have steep slopes. The rivers have a swift current. The rivers are unable to deposit their sediments at their mouths. These rivers do not have any large tributaries to add to their sediments. These rivers flow through rift valleys. Most of sediments are deposited in these troughs. Due to subsidence, deep estuaries are formed near their mouths. Thus these rivers have no delta on the west coast due to lack of favourable physical conditions.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Inland Drainage System in India.
Answer:
Most of rivers do not reach the oceans. These are dried on the way or fall into lakes. So inland water resources form inland drainage. This system is studied on two bases :

On the basis of source : These systems developed from Himalayas and Aravallis.
(a) Himalayan System. This system is found in Shiwaliks and Ladakh.

Ghaggar river rises to a height of 1500 metres in Morni Hills over Panchkula and enters plains. It reaches upto Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan upto Hanumangarh. But due to evaporation, it is lost on the way Sukhna, Tangri, Markanda, Saraswati are its tributaries.
Jaintia Rao and Patiali Rao are small seasonal streams near Chandigarh.
Sub-Himalayan rivers in Terai region go underground.
Aksaichin river in Ladakh is also an example of inland drainage system.

(b) Aravalli Region:

Seasonal streams flow on the west and enter lakes of Sambhar, Jaipur, or in sand dunes.
Luni River enters Rann of Kutchh.

(c) Destination Basis. Many small streams reach into lakes, which are found in Himalayas, Thar desert, and peninsular India.

Lakes of the Himalayas,
(a) Dal lake, Wular, Anantnag, Sheshnag, Verinag lakes in Kashmir
(b) Bheem Tal, Chanderpal Tal, Nainital, Punatal, etc. lakes in Kumaon.
Lakes of Thar Desert. Sambhar, Salt lake, Javadi, Choparward, Sai pad, Jasmand lakes.
Peninsular India lakes. Lonar in Maharashtra, Chilka (Odisha), Pulicat (T.N.), Periyar (Kerala).

Question 2.
Describe the drainage system flowing into the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.
Answer:
1. The Ganges. The Ganges has its source near Gomukh glacier, near Gangotri. The Ganges is formed by two land streams namely Alaknanda and Bhagirathi. It enters the plains near Haridwar. The Yamuna meets this river at Allahabad known as Sangam. The Ganges is the master stream of the area. South of Farakka, the river divides into a number of channels to form ‘Sunder Ban’ Delta.

2. The Brahmaputra System. The Brahmaputra river is the master stream of this system. It is 2880 km long. It flows parallel to the Himalayas in Tibet and is known as Tsangpo. It enters India in Arunachal Pradesh through Dihang gorge. It is known for its notorious floods and silt deposits. It joins Padma river in Bangladesh to form a large delta.

The Drainage System flowing into Arabian Sea.

1. The Indus Drainage System. It is one of the world’s largest systems. It comprises the rivers of Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas. Indus., Jhelum and Chenab flow in Pakistan.

The Sutlej: It originates from Rakshas Tal near Mansarover lake across the Himalayas. It forms a deep gorge. It is 1448 km long and feeds the Bhakhra Canal.
The Beas: It originates from the Beas Kund near Rohtang Pass. It is 460 km long. It lies within the boundaries of Punjab state.
The Ravi: The Ravi rises in Dhauladhar Hills. It enters the plains near Madhopur. It is 720 km. long and forms a natural divide between India and Pakistan.

2. Other Rivers. Narmada and Tapti make estuaries along the west coast. These are rift valleys. Sabarmati, Luni, Mahi are other rivers.

Question 3.
Describe the different drainage patterns.
Answer:
The streams of an area form patterns. These drainage patterns depend upon :

Relief of Area
Structure of Area
Climatic conditions of Area

The streams form the following patterns :
1. Dendritic pattern. It consists of a single main stream. The tributaries resemble the branches of a tree. These follow the slope of the area. Ganges river is dendritic in pattern. The word dendritic is derived from the Greek word dendran.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 3a India Drainage 2

2. Trellis pattern. In this, the mainstream is joined by short flowing streams. These streams join the mainstream at right angles. It makes a rectangular pattern. Narmada river makes a Trellis pattern.

3. Radial pattern. In this, the stream flows in different directions from a central peak or dome-like structure.

4. Inland drainage. In this pattern, the rivers do not reach an ocean. It falls into a lake or an inland sea. It is formed in the desert at Rajasthan.

5. Rectangular pattern. It is developed on a strongly connected terrain. The drainage follows the joint patterns.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

January 10, 2024January 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

SST Guide for Class 7 PSEB Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Give answers to these questions in approximately 1-15 words.

Question 1.
What do you understand by natural vegetation?
Answer:
It means those herbs, trees and plants which grow on their own. Man has no contribution in it. The natural vegetation of some place depends upon the surface, types of soil, climate, etc.

Question 2.
In how many types natural vegetation can be divided?
Answer:

Forest,
Grasslands, and
Thorny bushes.

Question 3.
Which are the goods we get from the forests?
Answer:
Many types of wood, cane, grass for making paper, gum, biroza, turpentine, the skin for dying leather, medical herbs, etc are received from forests.

Question 4.
How do the forests help us indirectly?
Answer:

These take carbon dioxide from atmosphere and release oxygen.
These are helpful in bringing rainfall and controlling the temperature.
They stop floods and soil erosion.
They help in the absorbtion of water by the earth.
The forests stop the expansion of deserts and provide natural habitat to wildlife.

Question 5.
What will be the effect of the development of forests?
Answer:
There will be no wood and the world will become a big desert.

Question 6.
How man is disturbing the ecological balance?
Answer:
In order to make residential colonies and for obtaining agricultural land, man is deforesting, which is contributing towards damaging the ecological balance.

II. Answer the following questions in about 50-60 words.

Question 1.
Which are the forests that are economically useful? Explain.
Answer:
The most important and commercially valuable forests are coniferous forests. These forests are known as severgreen forests. In Eurasia these are known as Taiga forests. The trees found here are Cheerh, Fur, Spruce. We can get soft wood from these trees, which is used for making pulp and paper.

Question 2.
Why are the monsoon forests called deciduous forests?
Answer:
These forests are found on less heated latitudes. The areas which has more rainfall in any climate, there these trees have broad leaves. Such type of forests are more in those areas where there is more rainfall, because of monsoon winds. The season where there is no rainfall these trees shed their leaves. These forests are important from commercial point of view. Because these are less dense and within human reach. We get building wood and fuel wood from these forests, but most monsoon forests have been cut to give way for residential colonies and agriculture.

Question 3.
Write about the temperate grasslands.
Answer:
The hot and cold grasslands are found in hot and cold areas where the grass does not grow enough but it is soft and dense, so it is very useful for cattle grazing. In Eurasia these grasslands are called stepese, in North America these are called prairies, in South America-Pampas, in South Africa weld and in Australia these are known as Downs.

Question 4.
Write about the hot desert vegetation.
Answer:
Hot desert vegetation is found mainly in African Sahara and Kalahari, the deserts of Arab and Iran, the Thar desert of India-Pakistan. In South America Autocama, and in North America there is California desert and North Mexico desert and in Australia there is western Australian desert. Because of excess heat and very low rainfall there is very less vegetation. Here only thorny bushes, small herbs and grasses are born. The vegetation has been so made naturally that which can tolerate excess heat and dryness. The roots are long and thick. So that the plants can get moisture from the depth of earth. The bark of the plants is thick, the leaves are also thick and silky so that water is not wasted through vaporization.

Question 5.
Why is it necessary to conserve forests?
Answer:
The forests have a great role to play in our life, these fulfil our many needs. The wood from forests is used as fuel, building, paper making, railway sleepers as well as for cloth making. The forests-help to bring rainfall, control floods and soil erosion. But because of the increase in population the consumption of forests is increasing, so the area under forests is also decreasing. We must take care about planting more and more trees.

III. Things to do :

Question 1.
Prepare a list of various types of trees grown in your school compound. Plant a few sapplings also, with the help of your teacher.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Guide Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which is an example of biosphere reserve of India?
(a) Corbett Park
(b) Kawal
(c) Pochmari
(d) Guindy.
Answer:
(c) Pochmari.

Question 2.
Which type of forest does sundari tree?
(a) Tropical evergreen
(b) Tropical thorn & scrubs
(c) Tropical deciduous
(d) Mangrove.
Answer:
(d) Mangrove.

Question 3.
What thing restricts the forests of tropical evergreen?
(a) Temperature
(b) Rainfall
(c) Air pressure
(d) Air current.
Answer:
(b) Rainfall.

Question 4.
A change in height also changes the :
(a) Climate
(b) Natural vegetation
(c) Weather
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 5.
Which of the following type of forests called Taiga?
(a) Coniferous
(b) Tropical
(c) Temperate
(d) Deciduous.
Answer:
(d) Deciduous.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
There is variation in ______ from one area to another due to temperature and moisture variations.
Answer:
Vegetation

Question 2.
In the ______ forests monkey and langoor are found.
Answer:
Tropical, Deciduous

Question 3.
The ______ forests are found between 10°N to 10°S Latitudes.
Answer:
Equatorial

Question 4.
National park covers a ______ area.
Answer:
Large

Question 5.
______ and continents in a combined form are called Eurasia.
Answer:
Europe, Asia.

True / False :

Question 1.
Coniferous forests are dominated by softwood trees.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
Temperate grasslands are level and plains.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
Taiga forests are conical in shape.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Praries is in South Africa.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Some plants have very long roots to reach the underground water.
Answer:
True.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which are the industries dependent upon the forest wood?
Answer:
Many industries are dependent upon forest wood. These include furniture, sports goods, ships, railway bogeys, paper, plywood, packing boxes, etc.

Question 2.
What are the three factors which affect the varieties of forests?
Answer:

Rainfall,
Climatic conditions,
Temperature.

Question 3.
What is Eurasia?
Answer:
European and Asian continents in a combined form are called Eurasia.

Question 4.
Where is forest wood used mainly?
Answer:
Mainly it is used as fuel i.e. 50%, 33% is used in building, construction and the balance is in other works.

Question 5.
Write some steps for the protection and care of forests.
Answer:

Care should be taken that the forest should not catch fire.
Deforestation should be followed in a limited manner. Along side there should be afforestation also.
The various types of pests and diseases should be removed so as not to destroy the forests.
More and more trees should be planted around canals, ponds, rivers, roads and railway lines.
There should be less use of wood for fuel purpose. Instead we should use sun energy and cow dung gas.
Even in building, instead of wood there should be the use of some alternative material.

Question 6.
Mention the uses of coniferous forests.
Answer:
Coniferous forests are dominated by softwood trees. These woods are very useful for making pulp, which is used in the making of paper and newsprint. Match boxes and packing boxes are also made from softwood.

Question 7.
Why the tropical evergreen forests in Brazil are called lungs of the earth?
Answer:
The tropical evergreen forests in Brazil are so extensive that they produce enough oxygen which can be used by the living beings.

Question 8.
List some typical animals lives in the Tropical rain forest.
Answer:
Anaconda, monkey, lemurs, apes, lizards and some kind of frogs are typical to tropical rain forest.

Question 9.
Name the local names of Tropical Grasslands.
Answer:
In Africa these are known as parkland, in Venezuela these are known as Laoess and in Brazil these are known as Pampas.

Question 10.
Write about the vegetation of Cold desert.
Answer:
In cold deserts when the snow melts for a short time some small flowery plants take root. In the northern parts grass like moss and Lichen grow.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why the equatorial forests are considered a skyscraper?
Answer:
Skyscraper means a very high rising multi-storey building. The equatorial forests also represent such a kind of scheme that is why equatorial forest are called skyscrapers :

The uppermost storey is made up of 70m. high trees. Here sun and air both are available. We get both fruit and flower here.
The storey under this is umbrella-shape. The branches of the trees get entangled and take the form of umbrella type roof. Here the sunlight is less.
The lower most storey has branches which rise on the trees and get entangled with each other. The branches which cannot live without sunlight move upwards to get sunlight.
At the lowest level, there is extreme darkness, there is no sunlight. The leaves are damaged and smelly the area is full of insects and pests.

Question 2.
What is known as food-chain? State the status of humans in this food-chain.
Answer:
The feeding relationship between various organisms in an ecosystem is known as food-chain. Green plants use sun’s energy to produce their food. The plant food is eaten by animals. As a result transfer of sun’s energy also takes place. Some animals also eat plant eating animals. Thus energy is transferred to second trophic level. Humans are placed at the top in this food-chain. They eat both plant as well as plant eating animals.

Food Pyramid

Question 3.
Give a brief account of Equatorial Forests.
Answer:
These forests are found in those areas which receive over 200 cm of rainfall.
These are also known as tropical rain forests.

Location: These forests are found in the Amazon basin of South America, Zaire basin of Africa, South East Asian countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, New Guinea and Western ghats.

Main features:

These trees have broad leaves and their wood is hard.
The trees do not shed their leaves at any particular time of the year.
The forest is thick and luxuriant with plenty of trees.
Trees of same species are scattered in distribution.

Animal Life: Large animals like elephants and rhinoceros are found only in relatively less dense parts of these forests. On the other hand, the animals that can live on trees or in “the water bodies are more numerous. Jaguar, puma, monkey, squirrels and insects are common.

Question 4.
Explain the typical features of Thorny vegetation.
Answer:
Lack of water, dry winds and high temperature make conditions difficult for plants. However, plants do grow in the deserts and are admirably adapted to the environment.

Main features:

The roots of some plants spread far and wide but just below the surface of the ground. They absorb the rain water before it soaks away underground. The roots also absorb the dew which forms on the ground at night.
Some plants have very long roots to reach the underground water. The roots of the acacia may go down 30 m or more in search of water.
The leaves are often shed or reduced and the plant becomes dormant and stops growing during the driest periods in order to survive.
The leaves of many plants are tiny, waxy, leathery or varnished to minimize loss of water.

Wildlife: Animals survive the drought and heat at the desert’through adaptation. The typical animals are lizard, snake, camel, etc.

Question 5.
Give a brief description of Temperate Grasslands.
Answer:
Temperate grasslands are level, treeless plains. They lie far away from the influence of the sea. Temperate Grassland are known by different names in different continents.

Pampas-Argentina
Prairie-North America.
Veld-South Africa
Steppe-Central Asia
Downs-Australia.

Main features :

The rainfall is not sufficient for trees to grow. Some trees are found on hill sides with more rainfall, or along rivers. Willows and polar are the common trees.
Short grass grows everywhere. Areas, where the rainfall is more than 50 cm, have a rich carpet of grass suitable for cattle rearing.
Areas that receive less than 50 cm of rainfall have coarse grass which is suitable for grazing only sheep and goats.
The appearance of the grassland varies with the season.

Wildlife: Rodents, such as the prairie dog of America the gerbil of Africa, the hamster of Eurasia and the widespread mole, retreat underground escape from predators and the summer heat.

Question 6.
Describe the main features of Taiga forests.
Answer:

These forests are found in higher latitudes. (50°-70° N)
These are coniferous forests.
These are conical in shape.
These are tall softwood evergreen trees.
These trees are useful for making pulp for newsprint and paper.
Matchbox and packing boxes are made from these.
Chir, pine, cedar, are important trees.
Silver fox, mink, polar bear are common animals.

Question 7.
Write about the equatorial type of forest.
Answer:
The equatorial forests are found between 10° north and 10° south latitude. These forests are known as evergreen dense forests. On the equator there is high temperature the whole year and there, is more rainfall also. That is why dense forests are found here. The upper branches of these trees are combined in such a manner that these look like an umbrella. Even the sunlight cannot reach earth. There are many types of trees in these forests. Still these trees are not commercially profitable. The reason is that these forests are so dense that it is not possible to cut these off. South America, middle of Africa, south-east Asia and Medagaskar have big areas under these kinds of forests. In Australia and middle America these forests have covered smaller area. In South America-Brazil such forests are known as Selwas in Amazon Basin.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write in detail about the natural vegetation. :
Answer:
Natural Vegetation. It means those herbs, trees and plants which grow on their own. Man has no contribution on it. The natural vegetation of some place depends upon the surface, types of soil, climate, etc.

Parts of Natural Vegetation.

Forest
Grasslands, and
Thorny bushes.

Detailed Description:
1. Forests: Forests are affected by quantity of rainfall, climatic distribution, temperature, etc. This type of vegetation is of three types:
1. Equatorial Forests: The equatorial forests are found between 10° north and 100 south latitude. These forests are known as evergreen dense forests.

On the equator there is high temperature the whole year and there is more rainfall also. That is why dense forests are found here. The upper branches of these trees are combined in such a manner that these look like an umbrella.
Even the sunlight cannot reach earth. There are many types of trees in these forests. Still these trees are not commercially profitable. The reason is that these forests are so dense that it is not possible to cut these off. South America middle of Africa, south-east Asia and Medagaskar have big areas under these kind of forests. In Australia and middle America these forests have covered smaller area. In South America-Brazil such forests are known as Selwas in Amazon Basin.

2. Monsoon Forests. These forests are found on less heated latitudes. The areas which has more rainfall in any climate, there these trees have broad leaves. Such type of forests are more in those areas where there is more rainfall, because of monsoon winds. The season where there is no rainfall these trees shed their leaves. These forests are important from commercial point of view. Because these are less dense and within human reach. We get building wood and fuel wood from these forests, but most monsoon forests have been cut to give way for residential colonies and agriculture.

3. Coniferous Forests. The most important and commercially valuable forests are coniferous forests. These forests are known as evergreen forests. In Eurasia these are known as Taiga forests. The trees found here are Cheerh, Fur, Spruce. We can get soft wood from these trees, which is used for making pulp and paper.

2. Grasslands. The hot and cold grasslands are found in hot and cold areas where the grass does not grow enough but it is soft and dense, so it is very useful for cattle grazing. In Eurasia these grasslands are called stepese, in North America these are called prairies, in South America—Pampas, in South Africa weld and in Australia these are known as Downs.

3. Thorny Bushes. Hot desert vegetation is found mainly in African Sahara and Kalahari, the deserts of Arab and Iran, the Thar desert of India-Pakistan. In South America Atacama, and in North America there is California desert and North Mexico desert and in Australia there is western Australian desert. Because of excess heat and very low rainfall there is very less vegetation. Here only thorny bushes, small herbs and grasses are born. The vegetation has been so made naturally that which can tolerate excess heat and dryness. The roots are long and thick. So that the plants can get moisture from the depth of earth. The bark of the plants is thick, the leaves are also thick and silky so that water is not wasted through vaporization.

Question 2.
Write about the care and protection of wild animals. Describe the role of wild animals in ecological balance.
Or
What is the role of wildlife in maintaining ecological balance?
Answer:
Conservation of Wildlife. India is rich in wildlife. There are about 81,000 known species of animals. She has 2500 species of fish and 1200 species of birds. But many of these species have been destroyed by man. Many rare species have become extinct in India. Our rich wildlife is a rich heritage formed through centuries. It must be preserved. Many of the species are found only in India such as swamp deer, the one- homed rhinoceros, Kashmir stag, Nilgai, etc. These rare species are in danger of extinction. Wildlife Act provides for the protection and conservation of these species. For this, zoos, national parks, bio-reserves and tiger reserves have been established in India.

The wildlife week is celebrated in the first week of October.
Difference between National Park and Sanctuaries

National Park	Govt. Sanctuaries
1. A national park is a reserved area meant for preserving natural vegetation, wildlife and natural beauty.	1. A Govt, sanctuary is a reserved area meant for the preservation and development of endangered species.
2. It covers a large area.	2. It covers a small area.
3. Corbett National Park is an example.	3. Kaziranga Sanctuary is an example.

Extinction of certain species of animals and birds: Various kinds of animals and birds are found in the Indian forests. Important among them are the elephants, tigers, leopards, lions, rhinoceros, deer, etc. Several species of animals have become extinct in our country due to their reckless hunting and clearing of forests. As a result, rhinoceros, leopards, lions must deer and the Great Indian Bustard are found only in a small number. We should preserve these precious assets of our country.

Protection of Wildlife: The ways to preserve wildlife are as follows :

We should not fall trees thoughtlessly so that the wildlife population may get shelter and increase in the forests.
We should not hunt animals and birds in the mating season.
There should be a total ban on the hunting of rare species of wild animals so that they may not get extinct.
We should co-operate with the government in its efforts to preserve wildlife.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 6 Our India – In World

January 9, 2024January 8, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Our India – In World Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Our India – In World

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB Our India – In World Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Which latitude divides India into two parts? Name the two parts.
Answer:
The Tropic of Cancer (23°30′ N) divides India into two parts. The northern part is called Sub-tropical India and the Southern part is known as Tropical India.

Question 2.
Name the neighbouring countries of India.
Answer:
India has seven countries as her neighbours. They are Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh.

Question 3.
Write down the. latitudinal and longitudinal location of India.
Answer:
The latitudinal location of India is 8°4′ N to 37°6′ N and the longitudinal location is 67°7′ E to 97°25′ E.

Question 4.
Why is India called a sub-continent?
Answer:
India is called a sub-continent because she has a great longitudinal and latitudinal length. She stands out’distinctly from the rest of the countries of the world.

Question 5.
Into how many States and Union Territories India is divided from administrative point of view?
Answer:
From administrative point of view, India is divided info 28 States and 8 Union Territories.

Question 6.
Write down the names of the three seas or oceans that engulf the Indian Peninsula.
Answer:
The Indian Peninsula is engulfed by the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

II. Fill in the blanks in the following :

Question 1.
_______ state is the lrgest state of India.
Answer:
Rajasthan

Question 2.
_______ is the smallest state of India.
Answer:
Goa

Question 3.
Indira Point is the _______ point of India.
Answer:
southernmost

Question 4.
From Kashmir to _______ India is one.
Answer:
Kanyakumari

Question 5.
Arunachal Pradesh is in _______ part of India.
Answer:
eastern.

III. Make proper pairs:

Question 1.

A	B
(i) Andaman and Nicobar	(i) Our eastern neighbour
(ii) Maldives	(ii) Southern neighbour
(iii) Myanmar	(iii) Indian Island Group
(iv) Sri Lanka	(iv) Connected through oceanic boundary

Answer:

A	B
(i) Andaman and Nicobar	(iii) Indian Island Group
(ii) Maldives	(ii) Southern neighbour
(iii) Myanmar	(i) Our eastern neighbour
(iv) Sri Lanka	(iv) Connected through oceanic boundary

Activity (Something To Do)

Question 1.
Name two main port cities which are also capital cities.
Answer:
Mumbai and Chennai.

Question 2.
Name three capital cities that are located fairly close to the tropic of cancer.
Answer:

Gandhinagar
Bhopal
Ranchi.

Question 3.
Name five states from West to East.
Answer:

Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
Jharkhand
West Bengal
Tripura.

Area, Population And Density Of States And Union Territories (2011):

Based upon the Survey of India map, with the permission of the Surveyor General of India. The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate baseline. The boundary of Meghalaya shown on this map is as interpreted from the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971, but has yet to be verified. Responsibility for the correctness of internal details shown on the map rests with the publisher.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide Our India – In World Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which of the following is the exact north-south extent of India?
(A) 2933 km
(B) 3214 km
(Q 2930 km
(D) 3014 km
Answer:
(B) 3214 km.

Question 2.
Which of the following is the southernmost tip of the mainland?
(A) Kanyakumari
(B) Indira point
(Q J&K
(D) Malabar.
Answer:
(A) Kanyakumari.

Question 3.
How many islands lie in the Bay of Bengal?
(A) 250
(B) 204
(C) 205
(D) 206.
Answer:
(B) 204.

Question 4.
Which one of the following longitudes is the standard meridian for India?
(A) 69° 30’ E
(B) 82° 30’ E
(C) 75° 30’ E
(D) 90° 30’ E.
Answer:
(B) 82° 30’ E.

Question 5.
Which one of the following countries is larger in area than India?
(A) China
(B) Egypt
(C) France
(D) Iron.
Answer:
(A) China.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
_______ separates as India from Sri Lanka.
Answer:
Palk Strait

Question 2.
_______ is the smallest state of India.
Answer:
Goa

Question 3.
Lakshadweep is the _______ U.T.
Answer:
Smallest

Question 4.
_______ is the southernmost point of India.
Answer:
Indira point

Question 5.
_______ separates the Andaman Islands from the Nicobar Islands.
Answer:
Ten-degree channel.

True/False :

Question 1.
India has four physiographic units.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Ahmedabad is located on Tropic of Cancer.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
Fifteen states are coastal states of India.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
International boundaries of 7 countries touch India.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
Lakshadweep is a group of coral islands.
Answer:
True.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the Indian states having common frontiers with China.
Answer:
J&K, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 2.
Between which latitudes and longitudes the Indian sub-continent lies?
Answer:
Between 8° N To 37° N latitude and 68°E to 97° E longitudes.

Question 3.
Name the major rivers of India which constitute the North Indian Plain.
Answer:
The major rivers of India constituting the North Indian Plain are the Sutlej, Ganga and Brahmaputra.

Question 4.
Name five major hill ranges constituting the Purvanchal.
Answer:
Five major hill ranges constituting the Purvanchal are Patkoi Bum, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia and Lushai.

Question 5.
Why are the Himalayas called young mountains?
Answer:
The Himalayas are called young mountains because they have been formed recently in world history.

Question 6.
Which is the largest delta in the world?
Answer:
The Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is the largest delta in the world.

Question 7.
Which strait separates India from Sri Lanka?
Answer:
Palk Strait separates India from Sri Lanka.

Question 8.
Name the largest and the smallest Union Territories in area.
Answer:
Andaman and Nicobar is the largest and Lakshadweep is the smallest in terms of area.

Question 9.
What is the length and breadth of the Himalayas?
Answer:
The length of the Himalayas is 3600 km and breadth is 150 to 400 km.

Question 10.
Name three ranges of the Himalayas.
Answer:
Three ranges of the Himalayas are the Shiwaliks, Himachal (Lesser Himalayas) and the Himadris (Greater Himalayas).

Question 11.
What are dunes? Give one example.
Answer:
The longitudinal valleys between the Shiwaliks and Lesser Himalayas are called dunes. For example, Dehradun.

Question 12.
Name some famous hill stations found in Himachal ranges.
Answer:
Dalhousie, Shimla, Mussoorie, Nainital and Darjeeling are some famous hill stations found in Himachal ranges.

Question 13.
Name the highest mountain peak of the world.
Answer:
Mt. Everest is the highest mountain peak of the world. Its height is 8848 metres.

Question 14.
Name the highest mountain peak of the Himalayas in India.
Answer:
The highest mountain peak of the Himalayas in India is Kanchanjunga (Sikkim).

Question 15.
Name the plateaus in Central Highlands.
Answer:
Malwa, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Chhotanagpur.

Question 16.
Name the main ranges of Western Ghats.
Answer:
Sahyadri, Nilgiris, Annamalai and Cardamom hills.

Question 17.
Name a group of coral islands.
Answer:
The Lakshadweep Islands.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the island groups in Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
Answer:
The Arabian Sea has Lakshadweep Group of Islands and the Bay of Bengal has Andaman Group of Islands and Nicobar Group of Islands. India has almost a total of 250 islands, out of which 204 lie in the Bay of Bengal.

Question 2.
What is a sub-continent?
Answer:
A sub-continent is a part of continent, an independent geographical unit, distinctly separated from the main continent.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the Himalayas.
Answer:
The Himalayas are young fold mountains. They have been formed due to folding by different earth movements. Parallel mountain ranges are formed in these mountains. These mountains are the loftiest mountain system of the world. The highest mountain peak Mt. Everest (8848 mt.) lies in the Himalayas. These mountains extend in an arc. Here, deep gorges anc U-shaped valleys are formed.

Question 4.
Distinguish Shiwaliks from Greater Himalayas.
Answer:

Shivalik	Greater Himalayas
1. Shiwaliks are called Outer Himalayas.	1. Greater Himalayas are called Himadris.
2. These mountains have an average height of about 1200 metres.	2. These mountains have an average height of about 6000 metres.
3. These consist of loose unconsolidated sediments.	3. These consist of the highest peaks like Mt. Everest.

Question 5.
Describe the boundaries of India.
Answer:
Boundaries of India.

India is a country of vast geographical expanse.
It is bounded by the mighty Himalayas in the north.
Arabian sea bounds it in the west.
Bay of Bengal forms its boundary in the east.
Indian ocean bounds it in the south.

Question 6.
How is India a country of vast geographical expanse?
Answer:

India has an area of about 32.8 crore hectares.
Its north-south extent from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about 3200 kms.
It extends east-west from Arunachal Pradesh to Kutchh over 2900 kms.
The lofty mountains, the Thar desert, the Northern plains, Peninsular Plateau, east and west coasts and islands present a diversity of land forms.

Question 7.
How does unity in diversity exist in India?
Answer:
(a) There is a great variety in climate, vegetation, wildlife as well as language and culture in India.
(b) In this diversity there is unity. It is reflected in traditions that bind us as one nation.
(c) India has a population of 1.22 billion crore according to the Census of 2011.
(d) It is the second-most populous country of the world after China.

Question 8.
Write any four features of the Ganga Basin.
Answer:
The Ganga basin is a part of northern plains. It lies at the foot of the Himalayas. It is an alluvium plain formed by the deposition of sediments brought from the Himalayas by rivers. It is a flat lowland. It has fertile alluvial soils, namely Khadar and Bangar. These soils have led to the development of agriculture. The basin has been divided into many Doabs.

Question 9.
Name the major rivers of Peninsular India.
Answer:
Some rivers of Peninsular India flow eastward into the Bay of Bengal. These are Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. Some rivers flow westward into the Arabian Sea. These rivers include Narmada and Tapti.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Northern Plains of India.
Answer:
The Northern Plains of India are a region of a vast alluvial plain. This region extends from Punjab-Haryana Plains to Assam Valley. It is 3200 km long and 150 to 300 km wide. Its average height is 150 metres. It covers an area of 7.5 lakh sqvkm.

It can be divided into the following parts :
1. The Punjab-Haryana Plains. These plains owe their origin to the depositional work of the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi rivers. This is a uniform and flat plain and is formed by the Indus and its five tributaries. Due to creation of international border between India and Pakistan in 1947, greater part of it went to Pakistan. To the other side, due to the rise of surface near Delhi, the Yamuna has started flowing towards east. Delhi and its surrounding area work as a water divide between the Ganga and Indus River Drainage System.

The interfluves formed on the basis of river boundaries can be divided into four sub-divisions :

Bari Doab or Majha: Area between the Ravi and the Beas is known as Bari Doab or the Majha plain in Punjab.
Bist Doab: Area between the Beas and the Sutlej is called Bist Doab or the Doaba plain in Punjab.
Malwa: Plain area spreading from the Satluj to the Ghaggar is called Malwa Plain in Punjab.
Plain of Haryana: Area from the Ghaggar to the Yamuna is known as Plain of Haryana.

2. The Thar Desert Plain. The drier and the flat area extending from the southern parts of Punjab and Haryana to the Rann of Kuchchh of Gujarat is known as the Thar Desert. The Aravali mountain ranges form its eastern boundary. Due to the scarcity of rain, whole of the region has become sand-duned. In the Barmer District sand-dunes are 50 to 100 metres high. In whole of this dry region the action of wind is very fast. Westward along the Aravalis, there are fertile plains, called Rohi. There are many salt lakes like Samber lake.

3. The Ganga Plain. This plain is spread over the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, extending from the Yamuna in the west to the international boundary of Bangladesh in east and the Shiwaliks in the north. This vast and fertile plain is important from the historic, agricultural and dense population point of view. The main rivers of this plain are the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Ramganga, the Chambal, the Betwa, the Kali and the Pandu.

4. The Brahmputra Plain. These plains are also called the Assam plains. The Brahmputra, Sesari, Dibang and Lohit are the rivers of this plain.

Question 2.
Explain the Indian islands.
Answer:
India has almost a total of 250 islands. On the basis of their location, these islands are divided into two main sub-divisions :

Offshore Islands
Onshore Islands.

1. Offshore Islands.: These islands are further divided into two :
(a) The Island Group of the Arabian Sea. Formed with the deposit of coral reefs in the South-eastern Arabian Sea these islands are known as Lakshadweep. They are 25 in number. The whole group has three major parts. The northern part is named as Amindive, the middle as Laccadive and the southern as Minicoy.

(b) The Island Group of the Bay of Bengal. Some of these islands are made up by volcanic eruption and some are the raised parts of the peaks of sub-merged hills.

These islands also have three main parts :

Andaman Island Group,
Nicobar,
Other Adjoining Islands.

There are about 120 islands in the Andaman Group of Islands. Indira Point island of Nicobar is the southernmost point of India.

2. Onshore Islands. In these islands near the delta of Ganges, small islands such as Wheeler, New Moor, etc. are found. Some islands are found near the coast of Tamil Nadu. Big islands like Diu are situated near the coast of Gujarat.

In Khambat and Rann of Kutchchh, islands of various sizes are found.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 4 Ocean

January 9, 2024January 8, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Ocean Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Ocean

SST Guide for Class 7 PSEB Ocean Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in approximately 1-15 words.

Question 1.
Why does the ocean water salty?
Answer:
Many salts are mixed in seawater. That is why the seawater is salty.

Question 2.
Why there is a dense fog near Newfoundland?
Answer:
Near this place, there is a meeting of the warm gulf stream and cold labrador current. So, there is a blanket of dense fog.

Question 3.
Explain the route of Gulf-stream current.
Answer:
The gulf-stream starts from Mexico gulf and reaches the Newfoundland Islands.

Question 4.
Write down the main ocean currents of North Atlantic Oceans Cycle.
Answer:
North equatorial stream, the Kurushivo stream, North Pacific stream, the California stream.

Question 5.
What do you understand by Tsunami?
Answer:
Tsunamis are high tidal waves (30 metres high) caused by earthquakes in oceans. On 26th December, 2004; an earthquake occurred in Indian ocean. Its focus was near Indonesia. It caused Tsunamis in Indian ocean. These waves destroyed property worth millions of rupees. About 2 lakh persons died in Indonesia, Thailand, India and Sri Lanka. In India, most affected areas were Andaman Nicobar islands, Tamil Nadu coast, and eastern coast.

II. Answer the following questions in approximately 50-60 words.

Question 1.
What is the difference between Spring Tide and Neap Tide?
Answer:
The periodical vertical rise and fall of the surface of the sea water is called a tide. The rising of water is called the high tide or up tide while the falling of water is known as low tide or down tide.

Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and to some extent, the sun. Tides are useful to us as they help in navigation and fishing. At the high tide, the depth of the seas particularly gulfs, and bays increases. This enables the big ships to enter or leave the harbours easily. Due to high tides in the Hooghly river the depth of the water increases. As a result big ships enter and leave the Kolkata port which is situated on the bank of this river. Some ports such as Kandla in Gujarat and Diamond Harbour in West Bengal depend on the tides. Tides, at some places, take away the mud brought down by¬rivers and prevent silting of harbours. Thus tides make the rivers suitable for navigation.

Formation of Tides

Question 2.
Differentiate between warm water ocean current and cold water ocean current.
Answer:

According to Ferral’s law, ocean currents move to their right in the southern hemisphere.
Warm currents move towards cold seas and cold currents move towards the warm seas.
In the lower latitudes, warm currents flow on the eastern shores and cold on the western shores.
In the higher latitudes, warm currents flow on the eastern shores and cold on the western shores.
Cold and warm currents meet along the convergence and move out along divergence.
Cold currents move as sun-surface currents and warm currents move as surface currents.

Question 3.
Why are the ocean currents of Indian ocean not so definite and systematic?
Answer:
Unlike Atlantic and Pacific ocean, the ocean currents of Indian ocean are not so definite and systematic. It is because of the seasonal winds which flow in Indian ocean. In summer season, these winds blow in south-west direction and in winter season, these direction blow in north-eastern direction. Because of this change the ocean currents also change their direction.

Question 4.
Tide is very useful for ships. How?
Answer:

Because of tides the mud and the soil continue to flow out of the river mouth. As a result, there is no deposits of soil on such coastal ports and ships can come in the interior.
Big and heavy ships wait for tides in the deep sea. When there is high tide the ships along with the high tides reach the ports. Once they unload the cargo, they again wait for the tides. So, that they can go back easily to the sea. The ports of Kolkata and London are such examples.

Question 5.
Why a spring tide occurs in full moon and no moon days?
Answer:
At the time of high tide the sea water is on the rise. It happens only on full moon night and without moon night. Because on these two days the sun, moon and earth are in a straight line. On this day, the sun and moon together attract the sea water upwards. Because of this double attraction the tides rise high and it is known as high tide condition.

Question 6.
How does the Gulf-stream affect the climate of Europe?
Answer:
The Gulf-stream is the most important warm current of the world. Its width is 400 km approximately. The speed of its water is 5 km/hr. Near Newfoundland it meets labradors cold streams. As a result, there is dense fog conditioh. Here, the fish are also found in excess quantities. After this, it moves towards Europe. Because of its impact the winter in North-West Europe is not so cold.

Question 7.
What is the difference between ocean waves and the ocean currents?
Answer:
The sea water continues its up and down movement. According to climatic positions, the speed sometimes increases and sometimes slows down and it produces waves. The water particles run up and down and it looks as if there are wrinkles on the surface of the sea.

Sometimes the ocean water takes a fix direction, then it is called oceanic current. In the ocean water leaves one place and moves towards the other place regularly. The speed of the current can be 2 km/hr to 10 km/hr.

Question 8.
Write down a case study of a place that is affected by Tsunami.
Answer:
On 26th Dec, 2004 there were most dangerous Tsunami tides in Indian Ocean. These were created by an earthquake which came on the sea surface measuring 9 points on Richter scale. The epicentre of this earthquake was the western course of Indonesia. In a matter of a few hours these waves brought heavy destruction in 11 countries bordering Indian Ocean. There was a great loss of life and property and the effect was experienced from Africa to Thailand.

According to an estimated figure, there was a loss Of life and property worth Rs. 5322 crore in India. The worst affected were Tamil Nadu, Kerela, Andhra Pradesh and Pondicherry. More than 2 lakh people were killed and many more were injured.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Guide Ocean Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which is not a warm ocean current?
(a) Labrador current
(b) Gulf stream
(c) Venezuela
(d) Kuroshio.
Answer:
(a) Labrador current.

Question 2.
Which is a tidal port in India?
(a) Mumbai
(b) Chennai
(c) Kandla
(d) Cochi.
Answer:
(c) Kandla.

Question 3.
The rythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called :
(o) Tide
(b) Ocean current
(c) Wave
(d) Current.
Answer:
(a) Tide.

Question 4.
How much of total water is fresh water?
(a) 0.5%
(b) 1.0%
(c) 2.5%
(d) 3.0%. .
Answer:
(c) 2.5%

Question 5.
Peru’s current is :
(a) Cold stream
(b) Hot stream
(c) Dry stream
(d) Wet stream.
Answer:
(a) Cold stream.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The currents can be divided into _________________ ocean and two main parts.
Answer:
Northern ocean and southern ocean

Question 2.
Area of pacific ocean is _________
Answer:
16.6 crore sq. km

Question 3.
_________ ocean is longest and deepest ocean on earth.
Answer:
Pacific

Question 4.
The Falkland current is the main current of __________ ocean.
Answer:
South Atlantic

Question 5.
The gulf stream starts from ___________ gulf.
Answer:
Maxico.

True / False :

Question 1.
Tsunamis are high tidal waves caused by earthquake.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Generally warm ocean currents originate near poles.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Ocean currents are strong seismic waves.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Venezuela current is the main current of South Atlantic ocean cycle.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Tides happens twice in 24 hrs.
Answer:
True.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Ocean? Write its one feature.
Answer:
On the surface of earth, there are big storehouses of water which are known as oceans. The water of these oceans is salty.

Question 2.
What do you mean by tides?
Answer:
The ocean water twice rises to the coast and twice goes down towards the sea. This up and down movement of water is known as tide.

Question 3.
Why does high tide take place on a full moon night and without moon night?
Answer:
This happens because on these two nights the attraction of sun doubles up with the attraction of moon. Because of its double attraction the high tide takes place.

Question 4.
What are the three different speeds of ocean water?
Answer:
The ocean water has three speeds waves, currents and tides.

Question 5.
Write any one difference between wave and current.
Answer:
In wave, the water goes up and down continuously but it does not take speed. On the contrary in the current, water moves from one place to another.

Question 6.
How many oceans are there on earth?
Answer:
There are five oceans on earth. Their names are :

Pacific ocean, Atlantic oceans, Indian ocean, Arctic ocean, Antarctic ocean.
All these oceans are” combined with each other. The water of one ocean mixes with the other.

Question 7.
Write the areas of oceans.
Answer:
table-2

Question 8.
What is the difference between fresh water and saline water?
Answer:
Fresh Water. Rainfall, melting snow, rivers, canal, water pumps, etc. give us fresh water.
Saline Water. Mostly found in oceans. The most salt is in Dead sea. It is surrounded by earth from all the sides.

Question 9.
What is the most important hot water stream in the world?
Answer:
The most important hot water stream in the world is Gulf Stream. It starts from Mexico Gulf and reaches Newfoundland Islands.

Question 10.
Why do the fishermen of Norway go deep into sea for fishing?
Answer:
There is the hot current of water which is called North Oceanic hot water current. It flows near the Norway Coast. So, the fishermen go deep into the sea for fishing.

Question 11.
Why do the western ports of West European countries remain open during winters also.
Answer:
Because of the effect of North Oceanic warm current these ports do not freeze and remain open even during the winter season.

Question 12.
Why are there deserts in the places where the cold currents pass?
Answer:
Whenever some winds pass over the cold currents, then these become cold and dry. So, the closer regions become deserts.

Question 13.
What is the effect of oceanic currents on ship movement?
Answer:
The ships generally move in the direction of currents. It increases there speed and consumes less fuel.

Question 14.
Write down the main currents of South Atlantic ocean cycle.
Answer:
South Atlantic ocean has two main currents :

The Falkland current and
Venezuela current.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the effect of oceanic currents on the climate of some countries?
Answer:

The warm currents increased the temperature of their neighbouring areas and cold currents decrease the temperature of their neighbouring areas.
The winds passing over warm currents absorb the humidity and bring rainfall on coastal areas. Whereas the winds passing over cold currents become cold and dry.

Question 2.
What do you mean by wave? How is it created?
Answer:
The ocean water always remains up and down. The water particles keep on jumping and this makes the ripples on the surface of sea. These are called waves. The waves are created because of the speed of the winds. When winds passes over the sea they shake the surface of water. This shaking and shivering of water surface is called waves.

Question 3.
Why do the North Indian Oceanic currents flow in reverse directions during Summer and winter?
Answer:
The local winds have the greatest effect on the direction of the currents. The direction in which the winds blow for a longer period, the ocean water also takes the same direction. In the north-Indian ocean the winds move in reverse direction in summer and winter. So, the water current also has reverse direction during summer and winter.

Question 4.
Why does low tide come on the sevenfh and twenty-first of full moon night?
Answer:
On these two dates the Moon and the Sun make 90° turn with the Earth. As a result, both attract the sea water in reverse directions. Because moon is closer to-the sea, the water jumps more towards the moon. But because of counter attractions of sun the effect of moon’s attractions becomes very less and as a result the jump of water becames too low and it is called low tide.

Question 5.
What are tides and how are they caused?
Answer:
Along coasts, the water slowly rises up over the shore and slowly falls back again. When the water has risen to its highest level, covering much of the shore, it is at high tide. When the water falls to its lowest level, it is low tide.

Tides

Tides are caused by gravitational pull of the moon, and to some extent the pull of the sun on the earth’s surface.

The moon exerts gravitational pull on the earth as it orbits around it. This has little effect on land which is solid and inflexible but it has a great effect on the ocean waters because water is liquid can freely move about.

Question 6.
What are ocean currents?
Answer:
These are streams of water move along the surface of ocean in definite paths. Such more or less permanent streams of water which flow in a definite direction are known as ocean currents. These are like rivers in the ocean, thousands of kilometres in length and sometimes about 200 km wide. Ocean currents can be cold and warm.

Question 7.
Ocean water is salty. Why?
Answer:
Sea water is salty or saline. This is because the sea contains a great variety of salts and minerals in solution. These minerals are brought down by the rivers in the silt they carry. It is estimated that the ocean contains enough salt to cover the continents with a layer 100 metres thick.

Question 8.
The quality of water is deteriorating. Why?
Answer:
The quality of water is deteriorating due to water pollution. The following factors affect water pollution—Domestic sewage, industrial wastes, agricultural activities, thermal pollution and marine pollution.

Question 9.
Why is the earth called a watery planet? Describe the distribution of water on the earth.
Answer:
The earth is the only planet of the solar system which contains water in abundance. Hence it is called a ‘watery planet’. Three fourth of the earth’s total surface is covered with water.

Distribution: Oceans contain about 97 percent of the total water available on the earth’s surface. The remaining three percent is the fresh water found in the form of snow and ice on the ground and in lakes and rivers. ”

Question 10.
How are oceans useful to us?
Answer:
Oceans are useful to us in the following ways :

They modify land temperature.
Oceans are the source of water vapour which forms clouds. These clouds cause rainfall on the earth.
Oceans are a major source of food for the mankind.
They are an .excellent means of transport for bulk cargo.

Question 11.
Give reasons, why the western harbours of Britain remain open even in winter season whereas the eastern harbours of North America situated at the same latitude remain frozen?
Answer:
The currents affect the climate of the country deeply. In winters, there are cold conditions in north west of Britain. But, the north atlantic sea current takes easternly direction under the impact of western winds. This warm current reaches Norway and Sweeden cold countries through the north-west of Britain. Because of the impact of warm currents the western ports of Britain remain open. But, in the absence of such a climate the eastern ports of North America remain frozen and closed.

Question 12.
What is ‘Sargasso Sea’ and how does it form?
Answer:
The currents of north Altantic sea start from the equator and go towards the north. These move forward along with American Coast and when these came back along the European Coast these mix with equotorial current and complete there clockwise circle. The part of north Atlantic sea which comes inside the circle is called Sargaso sea.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe in detail the currents of Indian ocean. Show these on the map also.
Answer:
The circle of Indian ocean currents is not fixed or regular. The main reason is seasonal winds of this ocean. These winds change their directions with the change in season. With this, the direction of Indian ocean currents also change.

The currents can be divided into two main parts :

Northern Ocean
Southern Ocean.

1. Northern Ocean:

South-West Monsoon Current. Under the impact of south-west monsoons, the Indian oceanic current starts from west and flows towards east, this is called South-West Monsoon Current.
North Equatorial Current. On the north of equator, the south-west equatorial current has east to west direction. It is a hot water stream.
North Eastern Monsoon Current. On the north of equator, the North Equatorial Current flows from east to west. It is a hot water stream.

2. Southern Ocean: In the South hemisphere, mostly the currents have a fixed route which is as follows :

Southern Current of Equator: It is a hot water stream which flows from east to west in the south of equator.
Mozambiq Current: It is a part of the southern current of equator. When it hits the eastern coast of Africa then it takes southward direction. It is a hot water current.
Agulhas Current: Before Malagasi islands, one branch goes towards south, it is called Agulhas Current.
Western Australian Current: The south Indian oceanic current hits the south-west coast of Australia and one part moves towards north. This is called Western Australian Current. This cold current, at last meets North equatorial current and completes the circle.

Question 2.
Explain with diagram the formation of Tides.
Answer:
Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and to some extent the pull of the sun on the earth’s surface.

The moon exerts a gravitational pull on the earth as it orbits around it. This has little effect on land which is solid and inflexible but it has a great effect on the ocean waters because water is liquid and can freely move about.
The moon’s attraction causes the water of the earth from one region to pile up in on the side nearest the moon, i.e. at A. This being of water at A is an ordinary high tide. ‘
At the same time, a counter-bulge occurs on the opposite side of the earth, resulting in a high tide at B. The cause for this high tide is to be found in the ‘centrifugal force’ that is set up by the rotation.
Between these areas of high tides are areas o£ lower water at C and D since the moon’s pull draws water from these parts. These are areas of low tides.

Question 3.
Why do the ocean currents flow? How do they affect the climate of any country?
Answer:
Influence of Oceanic Currents :
1. Influence on Temperature. Warm currents raise and cold currents lower the temperature of the coastal regions along which they flow. Labrador coast remains ice-bound for about nine months in a year due to the cold Labrador current.

On the other hand, the temperature of the British Isles remains comparatively high due to the warm Gulf Stream (a warm current in the North Atlantic Ocean),

2. Influence on Rainfall. Winds blowing over warm currents pick up moisture which when condenses causes heavy rains. On the other hand, winds blowing over cold currents get cold and thus do not pick up moisture. Therefore, they do not cause rains. Western Europe receives heavy rainfall due to the warm Gulf Stream. On the other hand, the western coasts of South America, Africa and Australia are washed by the cold currents and therefore, do not get any rain. As a result, big deserts such as Atacama (South America), Sahara, Kalahari and Namib (Africa) and West Australia have 1, formed.

3. Influence on Marine Life. Where a warm and cold current meet together, thick fog is formed. Near Newfoundland the warm Gulf Stream and the cold Labrador current meet together and this results in the formation of very thick fog. As a result, fish gather here in large number and these areas have become the fishing grounds of the world.

4. Influence of Navigation. In pre-steamship days the influence of currents was very important. The ships used to drift with the help of currents. Ships from India used to sail towards Iran and Arabia with the north-east monsoon drift in winter and would return to India with the south-west monsoon drift in summer. In the modern times also, ships prefer to sail with the ocean current as it adds to their speed.

Question 4.
Explain with illustration the Atlantic Ocean Currents.
Answer:
There are two fixed circles of Atlantic ocean currents :

North Circle,
South Circle.

1. North Circle:

North equatorial current: Because of trading winds, the water of the ocean starts flowing from east to west. It happens in the north of equator. It is a hot water current.
Gulf Stream: North equatorial current flows from Africa to America. When this current goes to north-west along the eastern coast of America then it becomes Gulf stream. It starts from Maxico and reaches Newfoundland Islands.
The Labrador Current: It is a cold current. It comes from north side and meets the Gulf stream near the Newfoundland Islands.
North Oceanic Current: After Newfoundland the Gulf stream takes easterly direction under the effect of western winds.
Canery Current: The north oceanic current hits the western coast of Europe and is divided into two parts. Its one part goes to south which is known as Canery current. It is a cold current. In the end this current meets north equatorial current and completes the north circle.

2. South Circle: This circle moves in anti-clockwise direction.

South Equatorial Current.: It is a hot water current. Because of the effect of trading winds, the sea current starts flowing from East to West on the south of equator.
Brazilian Current: The South Equatorial current hits the Brazilian coast where it is divided into two parts—The part which flows towards south along side Brazilian coast is known as Brazilian Current.
Falkland Current: A cold stream from South side meets the Brazilian current and is called Falkland Current. Then this current goes eastways under the effect of western winds.
Venezuela Current: Its a cold water stream. It is generated from Faulkland current. It flows towards north alongside the western coast of South Africa.

Question 5.
Explain with illustration the Pacific Ocean Currents.
Answer:
The Pacific Ocean is the biggest and the deepest ocean. Its currents can be divided into two parts :
1. North Circle:

North Equatorial Current: In the northern part of Pacific ocean, there are trading winds which make the currents flow from east to west. This current is known as north equatorial current. It is a hot water current.
Kuroshivo Current: The north equatorial current flows towards north when it comes in eastern islands. Here it is called Kuroshivo current.
North Atlantic Ocean Current: When Kuroshivo current hits the eastern coast of India then it start flowing towards north east. It is called north Atlantic ocean current.
The California Current: The north Atlantic ocean current hits the western coast of North America. Here, it is divided into two parts: One part is called Alaska current and the other is known as California current. Because the California current comes from polar region. So, it is a cold current.

2. South Circle:

South Equatorial Current: In the South of equator the sea water starts flowing east to west under the impact of trading winds. It is a hot water current,
Eastern Australian Current: It is also a hot water current. When the south equatorial current reaches the eastern island, it takes southward direction and starts moving near the eastern coast of Australia. So it is called eastern Australian current.
Pacific Ocean Southern Current: It is again a hot water current. Eastern Australian current takes eastward direction because of the effect of western winds. Because it is in south hemisphere, it bends towards west and is known as pacific ocean southern current.
Peru’s Current: It is a cold stream. The Pacific ocean’s southern current hits the western coast of South America and starts flowing from south to north. It is Peru’s current, it meets the equatorial current and completes the circle of Pacific ocean currents.

Question 6.
How does the Tide occur? Justify with diagram.
Answer:
The oceanic water twice rises towards the coast and twice comes down towards the sea. This up and down movement is called the tide.

Reasons For Tide: Tides take place because of the attraction of the sun and moon. The attraction of the sun is many times more than the moon attraction but because the moon is nearer to earth so it creates more effect on the oceanic water i.e. why the moon attraction is considered as the main source of tides.

High Tides: High tide means when the wave in the ocean rises very high, it happens when the sun and moon both pull the ocean water upwards. High tides take place only on high moon days or no moon days. Because on both these days sun, moon and earth are in a straight line, and the waves in the ocean are more than what they normally are.

Low Tides. On the 7th and 21st day of full moon night both moon and sun make 90° angle with the earth. So both these pull the ocean water towards each other. Because the moon is closer to the earth, the water rises towards the moon, but the opposite power of the sun almost cancels the effect of moon power. So the rise of the sea waves is reduced to a low level. It is called low tides.

Question 7.
What are ocean currents? What are the causes of their origin?
Answer:
That part of seawater that systematically moves from one place to another place in a fixed direction, is known as current. In fact, these are the reverse of hot and cold water flowing inside the sea.

The reasons for currents are as follows:

The Winds. Routine winds always flow in the same direction. They make the seawater also flow alongside. Thus the currents take place.
The difference in Temperature. The temperature is more in equatorial regions. Because the seawater expands and moves towards the polar region. On the other side, the polar regions have low temperatures and the water there starts moving towards the equator inside the sea. Thus currents are created.
The difference in Salinity. There are so many salts mixed in seawater. The water which has more salts it becomes heavy and starts going down the sea. To take its place the water with less salt, which is lighter, starts flowing towards the heavy salt side, so the currents take place.
Formation of Continental Coasts. The currents flow along the Continental Coasts. So the formation of continental coasts gives new direction to the currents. With every change of direction, a new current is born.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Population

January 9, 2024January 8, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Population Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Population

SST Guide for Class 10 PSEB Population Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
What is the most important and valuable resource of a country?
Answer:
The healthy people of the country, mentally as well as physically, is the biggest natural resource of a country.

Question 2.
What do you understand by the development of human resources?
Answer:
The development of human resources is the framework for helping employees to develop their knowledge, skills and abilities, which improves an effectiveness of organisations. Because these are the people who with their abilities make a valuable material with the help of any natural resource. Human Resource Development is the vast field of training and development provided by organisations. HRD (Human Resource Development) can be formal like in classroom training, a college course etc.

Question 3.
What is the most important and pathetic mistake of the Indian Planning according to Dr. Amertya Sen?
Answer:
The most important and pathetic mistake of the Indian Planning according to Dr. Sen is the development of institution, on the basis of caste etc. In Delhi, he said, “several buildings do not have public toilets, which is important for every building. As compare to other such as China, Pakistan, Bangladesh have expanded education system and health care facilities. But this is a pathetic condition in India.

Question 4.
What problem is being faced by our country for not paying full attention to the development of Human Resources?
Answer:
The following problems are being faced by our country for not paying full attention to the development of Human Resource:

In the Development of the country, Human Resources play an important role. So, not paying full attention to the development of Human Resources is a big mistake. With this our economic failures arise. Because of not paying full attention on social justice issues, economic decisions taken in independent India, not beneficial for women, poor people and vulnerable people. So problem of Economic issues arise.
Recruitment, Retention and Motivation.
Work force security issues is also a great problem.
Human resources are the ultimate resource of nature because they uses technology and skills and add value to natural resources and if they ignored, ultimately our country faced several economic, social and political issues.

Question 5.
What were the causes of slow increase in population before independence?
Answer:
The causes of this slow growth were epidemics, wars and famines which increased death rate.

Question 6.
What was the population of India in the year 1901?
Answer:
The population of India was 23,83,96,327 (23.8 crore) in the year 1901.

Question 7.
Why the 1921 and 1951 years have been considered as population divider?
Answer:
Population increased rapidly after the years of 1921 and 1951. Therefore, these years are called demographic divide (population divider).

Question 8.
What was the population of India in the year 2011?
Answer:
The. population of India was 121 crores in the year 2011.

Question 9.
What is rank of India in the world from the population point of view?
Answer:
India ranks second in world (after China) in the view of population.

Question 10.
Write the name of the states with highest and lowest population.
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh has the highest population (19.9 crore) and Sikkim has the lowest population (6 lakh) in India.

Question 11.
How many states have the population of more than 5 crores?
Answer:
There are 10 states of India in which population is more than 5 crores.

Question 12.
What was the population of Punjab irr the year 2011 and what is the rank of Punjab from the population point of view?
Answer:
The population of Punjab was 2.77 crores in the year of 2011 and Punjab ranks 15th in the country in the view of population.

Question 13.
What percentage of population of India lives in Punjab?
Answer:
Almost 2.3 percent of total population of country lives in Punjab.

Question 14.
How many cities are there in India with a population of more than one lakh?
Answer:
There are 302 cities in India with the population of more than one lakh.

Question 15.
How much per cent of population of our country lives in plains?
Answer:
40% of population of the country lives in the plains.

Question 16.
How much percentage of population of the country lives in villages?
Answer:
69% of population of the country lives in the villages.

Question 17.
What is the average density of population in our country?
Answer:
The average density of population in India is 382 persons per square kilometre.

Question 18.
Name the states having highest and lowest density of population.
Answer:
Bihar is the state with largest density of population (1102) and Arunachal Pradesh is the state with lowest density of population (17) in India.

Question 19.
What is density of population of India?
Answer:
The density of population of India is 382 sq.km.

Question 20.
Which union territory has the highest density of population?
Answer:
National Capital Area Delhi has the largest density of population (11297).

Question 21.
Name the elements that determine the age structure.
Answer:
The factors which determine the age structure are:

Fertility
Mortality
Migration.

Question 22.
What is percentage of population that falls in the 0-14 years age group in our country?
Answer:
37.2% of population is found in the country with the age group of 0-14 years.

Question 23.
What percentage of population falls in the 15-65 years age group in our country? ,
Answer:
58.4% of population is found in the country with the age group of 15-65 years.

Question 24.
What is the percentage of population that are voters?
Answer:
There is 60% of population as voters in the country.

Question 25.
What do you understand by sex ratio?
Or
What is meant by sex ratio?
Answer:
The number of women per thousand men is sex ratio.

Question 26.
What are the factors that are responsible for the decrease in rural and urban sex ratio?
Answer:
Following are the factors responsible for the decrease in rural and urban sex ratio:

Social factors Indian society is patriarchal and male centric thoughts force. One family to have male child with old beliefs such as nomination process.
Technological Factors. Ultrasoniography is the advent of science has made it possible for antenatal detection of sex.
Economifcal factors. Social Evils such as dowry, etc. also considered economic burden for family. So people prefer male child.
Lack of awareness. Because there is low contribution on female education, so they are not considered as important as males.
Security issue. Also considered a major problem in the country.

Question 27.
What is the sex ratio among the Sikh segment of our country?
Answer:

Question 28.
Which people are called main workers of India?
Answer:
The main workers of India are those people who have done work for six months ih the last year (or 183 days) in any economic activity.

Question 29.
When was the concept of classifying the people as workers and non-workers introduced for the first time in India’s census?
Answer:
According to work, the population was divided into working Arid non-working population in the year 1961.

Question 30.
What percentage of labourers is there in rural areas?
Answer:
The percentage of labourers in the rural areas is 40%.

Question 31.
What is total urban population?
Answer:
The total urban population in India is 37.47%.

Question 32.
In which two categories can we divide population of India on economic basis.
Answer:

Main workers, Marginal workers.
Non-workers.

II. Answer the following questions in short:

Question 1.
What problems arise due to uneven distribution of population in states?
Answer:
There are 28 states in India. There is uneven distribution of population in these states. Many problems have been created as:

Transport problem: It is a great problem to connect isolated rural settlement with towns by road.
Basic needs: It is difficult to-provide basic facilities to rural areas.
Other problems: Problems like Pollution, Transport, Settlement etc.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Population 1

Question 2.
What are the factors that affect the distribution of population?
Answer:
Population in India is not evenly distributed. Many factors are responsible for this:

Fertility of the soil. The states in which there is a large fertile area the density of population is high. U.P. and Bihar are such states.
Amount of rainfall. The density of population is higher in regions of abundant rain. In northern India the amount of rainfall goes on decreasing from east to west. The density of population also goes on decreasing in the same direction.
Climate. Wherever the climate is congenial the density of population will be high. In Assam even though there is abundant rainfall but the density of population is low because the climate is unhealthy. The malaria is always there is an epidemic form.
Developed means of transportation. With development of means of transportation the business makes rapid progress and the density of population increases. The reason for high density of population in U.P., Bihar and West Bengal is the development of means of transportation.
Industrial development. At places where the factories are located the density of population also increases. The reason is that people like to live in those areas where industrial development takes place. They can carry on their business more easily in such areas and they have better chances of earning more money. That is why the density of population is high in Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

Question 3.
What is the importance of Economic Structure of Population?
Answer:
Importance of Economic Structure of Population:

We come to know the percentage of people engaged in productive work.
It shows the cultural composition of population which determines the stage of development of a country.
It marks the backward areas of the country so that proper planning can be done.

Question 4.
Into how many categories can we divide main workers? Name them.
Answer:
The table below shows the categories of main workers:
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Population 3

Question 5.
Why is there more percentage of male workers than female workers?
Answer:
The percentage of male workers is 37.50 in India (about 1/3rd of population)

This is due to rapidly growing population. It increases the dependent population.
Females are not allowed to go out for work,
There is absence of female awareness and education.

Question 6.
Why is India known as a country of villages?
Answer:
There is no doubt that India is a country of villages.

Most of the people live in villages.
3/4th of population lives in rural areas.
There are more than 5 lakh and 50 thousand rural settlements, but 71% of urban population lives in 302 towns.
About 40.1% of labourers live in rural areas and 30.2% of labourers live in urban areas.

Question 7.
Name the languages spoken in our country.
Answer:
There is a great diversity in languages spoken in India.
Assamese, Orriya, Urdu, Kannad, Kashmiri, Gujrati, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi, Bangla, Malyalam, Sanskrit, Sindhi and Hindi are the main languages of India. These have a constitutional status. The languages of the South Tamil, Telugu, Kannad and Malyalam have their origin fthm Dravidian system. A large number of people ih India speak Hindi, understand Hiridiffe^bn if it is not their mother tongue. Hindi is the national language of India.

Question 8.
What are characteristic features of regional distribution of population?
Answer:
Characteristic features of regional distribution of population:

The distribution of population is uneven in India. There is dense population in river valleys and coastal plains. There is sparse population in hilly areas, deserts and drought affected areas. 16% of the area of the country, in the Northern plains only 3% people of India live. 94% of population lives on an area of 18% in plains. Only 2% population lives on an area of 6% in Rajasthan.
Most of the people live in villages. Only 31% people live in urban areas.
A large part of minorities live in sensitive border area. Along the N.W. border of India; Sikhs in Punjab and Muslims in J & K, form a majority community. Along the borders of China and Burma, in the North-East, mostly Christians are found. It has created many political, economic and social problems.
On the one hand, there is concentration of population in river valleys and coastal areas, but deserts, hilly areas are sparsely populated. It looks like a demographic divide.

Question 9.
Which are the states which have high density of population?
Answer:
There is dense population in Northern plain, western coastal plain, Eastern Coastal plain (Deltas). These areas have fertile soils and facilities of irrigation. So the population is dense. As we go westward, the rainfall goes on decreasing and the density of population also decreases. That is why the density of population in West Bengal is greater than that in Haryana and Punjab. Kerala has also high density because two or three crops can be grown due to high rainfall.

Question 10.
What are the causes of high density of population in plains?
Answer:
The density of population is high in plains. This is due to:

The Northern plain is fertile.
It has high rainfall.
It has many big industrial centres.
The means of transport are developed.
Coastal plain has facilities of fishing and foreign trade.

Question 11.
What are the areas of low density of population?
Answer:
Arunachal Pradesh is the ara of low density of population followed by Andaman and Nicobar, Mizoram and Sikkim as per the census 2011.

Question 12.
Name the areas of low density of population. What are the causes of low density of population?
Answer:
Thar Desert, Eastern Himalayas and Chotta Nagpur plateau are sparsely populated areas.

The soils are infertile or sandy or stony.
The means of transport are not developed
The climate is not healthy. It is either too hot or too cold. Himalayas get heavy rainfall.
Industries are not developed in these areas except Chotta Nagpur plateau.

Question 13.
Why is it necessary to study the structure of population?
Answer:
It is necessary to study the structure of population of a country due to:

We need different components of population such as age structure, sex ratio, occupational structure for the economic and social planning of a country.
The different aspects of population have a close relationship with development on the one hand, These are affected by population and on the other hand these affect population and ’development. For example, if the percentage of children and old age people is high in age structure, a country has to spend more on education and health facilities. On the other hand, a high percentage of working age group encourages the economic development of a country.

Question 14.
Name the areas with small population.
Answer:
Sikkim, Lakshadweep are the areas with small population.

Question 15.
What is the importance of study of age structure?
Answer:
These are the advantages of study of age structure of population:

By determining the 0-14 age group the govt, knows that there is need of expenditure on education, health and social services. So new schools, health centres and community centres are opened.
We know the number of eligible voters in the country which is vital for a democracy. There should be 58% voters per age group, but actually there are 60% of voters in the country.

Question 16.
What are the causes of low sex ratio in India?
Answer:
The sex ratio of India is 940 per thousand males. There is a general declining trend in sex ratio. The ratio in 1901 was 972, It was declined to 934 in 1981. This decline has been due to social evils in our society.

In our society, female child is neglected. Male population dominates in our society. There is high death rate among females. Death rate is particularly high among married women. Women labour migrates to some mining and industrial centres. It also results in declining sex ratio.

Question 17.
What are the causes of increase in urban population in India?
Answer:
The rapid growth of population has posed many socio-economic problems in different countries. The main problems are :

Food problem. Growth of population has led to shortage of foodgrains in many areas.
Agricultural production has increased due to new technology, yet many countries have to import agricultural products.
Housing problem. Housing conditions are poor in over-populated countries. People live in slum areas. Skyscrapers are being built in many Metropolitan towns.
Unemployment. Rapid increase in population leads to unemployment. Migration of people from over-populated rural areas has added to Unemployment.
Low standard of living. Per capita income is low in overcrowded areas so living conditions are poor. People do not afford to have basic necessities of life. Population explosion leads to poverty and a poor standard of living.
Dependent population. A large percentage of young people become dependent on a small working population.
Social problems. Many social problems arise due to overcrowding. Poor health and bad sanitary conditions lead to epidemics.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Population 4
The percent share of population of some states of India’s total population

III. Answer the following questions subjectively:

Question 1.
Explain the regional structure of density of population in India.
Answer:
The distribution of population in India is unequal. According to 2011 census, the total population of India is 121 crore and the density of population is 382 persons per sq. kilometre. The density of population varies according to relief, climate and the agricultural productivity of the land. The density of population depends on the amount of rainfall.

The areas of sufficient rainfall can support a large number of people.
1. Densely populated areas. These areas have a density’of more than 400 persons per sq. kilometre. The high density areas make a girdle round the Deccan plateau. Right from Sutlej-Beas plain to Brahmputra valley, the density of population is very high.
(a) West Coastal Plain: Kerala has 859 persons per sq. kilometre density of population.
(b) East Coastal Plain: Tamil Nadu has a density of 555 persons per sq, kilometre.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Population 5
(c) The Northern Plain: It includes West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab.

Factors favouring high density:

Sufficient rainfall
Fertile river valleys and deltas.
2 to 3 crops of rice in a year.
Irrigation facilities.
Healthy climate.
Rich in mineral and power resources.

2. Moderately populated areas. These include the areas with a density between 200 to 400 persons per sq. kilometre. These areas are surrounded by Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. Haryana, Maharashtra, Andhra Pardesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Orissa, Goa, Assam have a moderate density.

Factors for moderate density:

Agriculture is not developed due to thin and rocky soils.
Rainfall is uncertain.
Means of transportation are not developed.
Some areas have high density of population due to irrigation, lava, soils and mineral resources.

3. Sparsely populated areas.
These areas have a density less than 200 persons per sq. kilometre.
(a) North Eastern India. This region includes Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.

(b) Rajasthan Desert. Rajasthan has a density of 200 persons per sq. kilometre.

The hilly nature of the land.
Dense forests.
Low rainfall
Poor econoufic development.
Absence of minerals.
Lack of irrigation and agriculture.
Cold climate.

Question 2.
Explain in detail the state-wise structure of sex ratio in India.
Answer:
Sex ratio means’the number of females per 1000 males. Now-a-days, women have equal rights with men. In developed countries, the number of women is equal to number of men. In some countries sex ratio is 1050. The average sex ratio in developing countries is 964. In India, in 2011, sex ratio was 940, and is one of the lowest in the world.

State-wise sex ratio. Sex ratio is not uniform in all states. Only one state, Kerala, has sex-ratio of 1084 and Puducherry (1036) (Above the average). In other states, sex ratio is less than average.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Population 7
It is clear that Northern States have low sex ratio which is a matter of concern.

Question 3.
Explain the main characteristics of regional structure of distribution of population.
Answer:
The distribution of population in India is unequal. According to 2011 census, the total population of India is 121 crore and the density of population is 382 persons per sq. kilometre. The density of population varies according to relief, climate and the agricultural productivity of the land. The density of population depends on the amount of rainfall.

Factors favouring high density:

Sufficient rainfall
Fertile river valleys and deltas.
2 to 3 crops of rice in a year.
Irrigation facilities.
Healthy climate.
Rich in mineral and power resources.

Factors for moderate density:

Agriculture is not developed due to thin and rocky soils.
Rainfall is uncertain.
Means of transportation are not developed.
Some areas have high density of population due to irrigation, lava, soils and mineral resources.

(b) Rajasthan Desert. Rajasthan has a density of 200 persons per sq. kilometre.

The hilly nature of the land.
Dense forests.
Low rainfall
Poor econoufic development.
Absence of minerals.
Lack of irrigation and agriculture.
Cold climate.

Question 4.
What problems are arising due to increase in urban population in metro cities?
Answer:
The rapid growth of population has posed many socio-economic problems in different countries. The main problems are:

Food problem. Growth of population has led to shortage of foodgrains in many areas.
Agricultural production has increased due to new technology, yet many countries have to import agricultural products.
Housing problem. Housing conditions are poor in over-populated countries. People live in slum areas. Skyscrapers are being built in many Metropolitan towns.
Unemployment. Rapid increase in population leads to unemployment. Migration of people from over-populated rural areas has added to Unemployment.
Low standard of living. Per capita income is low in overcrowded areas so living conditions are poor. People do not afford to have basic necessities of life. Population explosion leads to poverty and a poor standard of living.
Dependent population. A large percentage of young people become dependent on a small working population.
Social problems. Many social problems arise due to overcrowding. Poor health and bad sanitary conditions lead to epidemics.

Question 5.
Write a note on the cultural structures of population of India.
Answer:
1. Races. Ethnically, India consists of several races, the Dravidians, the Mongoloids, the Arayans and the Caucasians. In course of time these races have intermingled, losing many of original traits and acquiring new ones from others. And yet we notice a great diversity which is so characteristic of the Indian people. In fact, the richness and beauty of India culture lies in its diversity. Its spirit of tolerance, give-and- take assimilation makes it one of the distinctive cultures of the world.

2. Faiths. The Indian people follow different faiths. These do not follow regional, political and linguistic barriers. They speak different languages ^languages cut across race, religion, caste and often region. Notwithstanding these facial, religious linguistic arid regional diversities, we are all Indians first and Indians last. Ours is a plural society with a composite culture. It can be compared to a fine mosaic or to a garden with flowers of various colours and shades. This maintaining entity of each lends colour and beauty to the total cultural landscape of our country.

3. Religions. India is the home of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Zorastrians and others. None of these people enjoy any special privileges on the ground of their religion. Nor do they suffer in economic, political or social life because of their faith in a .particular religion. All are equal before law and enjoy full freedom. All are bestowed with equal rights, .entailing corresponding responsibilities.

4. Languages. In India there are a large number of languages. Some of them are derived from Sanskrit while others are of Darvidian origin. The major Indian languages are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malyalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Of these, four languages of southern India-Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malyalam are of Dravidian origin.

5. National Language. It would be a mistake to conclude that everybody speaking any of these languages is Dravidian by race. Similarly, not all who speak languages of Sanskrit origin are Aryans. Generally, the people who lived in a given area over a long period of time adopted the language of that region as their first language irrespective of ethnic or any other considerations. A great number of people speak Hindi. Similarly, a large number of people are able to understand this language even if it is not their mother tongue. This has led to the adoption of Hindi as the official language of the Union Government. For the convenience of the non-Hindi- speaking states English is also used officially.

6. Linguistic unity. Linguists are of the view that the Indian languages and their literatures have much more in common than their apparent or outward differences. All the Indian languages are phonetic in nature and have a more or less common structure and a surprisingly large common vocabulary. There is not much difference in the scripts of many of these languages.

Question 6.
Write an essay on problem of population increase in India and also enlighten the solution to this problem.
Answer:India’s population is growing rapidly, and creating some problems.

Low standard of living. Indian people have low standard of living as compared that of Europeans. About 48% people live below poverty line. They do not have full meals. It results in low production capacity.
Deforestation. The forests are cleared recklessly to meet the growing needs. It has resulted in problems of soil erosion, floods, pollution and loss of forest-wealth.
Lack of pastures. India has only 4% land under pastimes. If this land is used for other purposes, it will result in shortage of fodder for cattle.
Pressure on Land. Land is a limited source and cannot be increased. It is leading to pressure of population on land. It will decrease the productivity of the land.
Lack of minerals. Industries are developed to meet the growing needs of people. So more minerals are used. These reserves will exhaust soon.
Environment. Population growth has an adverse effect on environment. Clear water and air is a problem. Oxygen is also decreasing.

Solutions:

Family planning should be adopted,
People should be explained significance of small families by films, songs, plays,
Illiteracy should be abolished so that people should understand harms of growing population,
Female education should be increased, marriageable age of girls be increased.

Question 7.
Study critically the efforts being made Tor the expansion of Education in India.
Answer:
Education. One of the basic inputs in human resource development is education. Literacy and numeracy form the foundation on which superstructure of education is built.
1. At the time of independence only 14% of the people were literate. It meant that they could at least read and write names. By 2011 it has slowly risen to 65.58%. In absolute terms the number of the literates has grown to 550 million from 60 million. It is about 11 fold growth. But it is pertinent to note that the number of the illiterate persons has also increased.

2. Our constitution directed the Government to provide education for all children upto the age of fourteen. This was a big task because the bulk of the population was distributed over half a million villages. These villages are separated by considerable distance from one another. Priority was, therefore, given to set up schools in almost every village. As a result there are now half a million primary school in place of two lakhs in 1951. Similarly the middle schools also increased by as much as ten times. Earlier there was one middle school for every 15 primary schools. Now it stands for every four primary schools.

3. Although there has been a marked increase in the number of children getting into formal schools. One of the worries is that out of every 100 children in class I, only 40 manage to complete class V and 25 reach class VIII. Thus three fourths of the pupils drop out on their way.

4. We have also made progress in increasing the number of secondary schools, universities, industrial training as well as other institutions. Still educational facilities are not available to all because of fast growing population.

IV. Show the following on the map of India:

Question 1.
(i) Areas of high density of population.
(ii) Two States with high literacy rate.
(m) Two States of highest and lowest population.
(iv) Areas with high growth rate of population.
Answer:
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Population 6

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Guide Population Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions in one word or one line:

Question 1.
What was the total population of India in 2011?
Answer:
121 crores.

Question 2.
Where does India rank in world population?
Answer:
2nd.

Question 3.
When was last census held in India?
Answer:
2011.

Question 4.
What is birth rate in India?
Answer:
26 per thousand.

Question 5.
What is sex ratio in India?
Answer:
940.

Question 6.
Which state ha’s highest sex ratio?
Answer:
Kerala

Question 7.
Which state has lowest sex ratio?
Answer:
Haryana.

Question 8.
What is literacy rate in India?
Answer:
65%.

Question 9.
Which state has the highest density of population?
Answer:
Bihar.

Question 10.
Which state has the largest poulation?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh.

Question 11.
What is average density of population in India?
Answer:
382 persons per sq. km.

Question 12.
Which state has lowest density of population?
Answer:
Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 13.
Write down any four characteristics of population census.
Answer:
The four characteristics of population census are distribution of population, density of population, literacy, the age-sex ratio.

Question 14.
What do you mean by distribution of population?
Answer:
Distribution of population means the nature of population and its concentration at one place.

Question 15.
What do you mean by density of population?
Answer:
Density of population means the average number of persons living in a unit square area. It is shown per sq. km.

Question 16.
What is the main factor affecting the distribution of population and why?
Answer:
Agricultural production is the main factor affecting the distribution of population because India is an agricultural country.

Question 17.
Name any four factors affecting the structure of distribution of population.
Answer:

Agricultural production
Diversity in natural factors
Industrialisation
Cultural reasons.

Question 18.
Name the three states having low density of population.
Answer:

Arunachal Pradesh
Nagaland
Manipur.

Question 19.
Which communities have .the highest and lowest sex ratio in India?
Answer:
Christians have the highest sex ratio (994 women per thousand men) and Sikhs have the lowest sex ratio (886 per thousand men) in India.

Question 20.
What are the bad results of increasing population in urban areas?
Answer:
There is heavy rush on available sources and public services due to increase in population in urban areas. It becomes very difficult for people to meet fMeir basic needs.

Question 21.
What is meant by sex ratio? :
Answer:
The numerical ratio between females and males is called sex ratio.

Question 22.
Distinguish between productive and dependent population.
Answer:
By productive population we mean those persons who follow different professions and earn money. Children and old persons are included in the dependent persons.

Question 23.
Name four racial groups living in India.
Answer:
The racial grqups living in India are:

Dravid, Mangol,
Arya, Caucasiun

Question 24.
Which languages of India are of Dravidian origin?
Answer:

Tamil in Tamil Nadu State
Telugu in Andhra Pradesh
Kannada in Karnataka
Malayalam in Kerala.

Question 25.
What are the two reasons of decrease in death rate?
Answer:

The main reason is increase in health services.
Due to spread in education, death rate has fallen down.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1 .
_______ is a human resource.
Answer:
Population

Question 2.
India ranis _______ in world population.
Answer:
second

Question 3.
India has a total population of ______ crores.
Answer:
131

Question 4.
Punjab has a population of ________crores.
Answer:
77

Question 5.
Most of population lives in _________ areas.
Answer:
rural.

Mulitiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
What is the total population of India (2011)?
(a) 102 crore
(b) 112 crore
(c) 118 crore
(d) 131 crore.
Answer:
(d) 131 crore.

Question 2.
When was first census held in India?
(a) 1971
(b) 1881
(c) 1891
(d) 1861.
Answer:
(b) 1881

Question 3.
Which state has the lowest population?
(a) Punjab
(b) Sikkim
(c) Assam
(d) Rajasthan.
Answer:
(b) Sikkim

Question 4.
What is the average sex ratio in India ?
(a) 910
(b) 930
(c) 933
(d) 940.
Answer:
(d) 940.

Question 5.
The literacy rate in India is :
(a) 55%
(b) 60%
(c) 65%
(d) 67%.
Answer:
(c) 65%

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
State three reasons for the uneven distribution of population in India.
Answer:

The distribution of population in India is unequal. According to 2011 census, the total population of India is 121 crore and the density of population is 382 persons per sq. kilometre. The density of population varies according to relief, climate and the agricultural productivity of the land. The density of population depends on the amount of rainfall.

Factors favouring high density:
(0 Sufficient rainfall
(ii) Fertile river valleys and deltas.
(iii) 2 to 3 crops of rice in a year.
(iv) Irrigation facilities.
(iv) Healthy climate.
(vi) Rich in mineral and power resources.

Factors for moderate density:

Agriculture is not developed due to thin and rocky soils.
Rainfall is uncertain.
Means of transportation are not developed.
Some areas have high density of population due to irrigation, lava, soils and mineral resources.

(b) Rajasthan Desert. Rajasthan has a density of 200 persons per sq. kilometre.

The hilly nature of the land.
Dense forests.
Low rainfall
Poor econoufic development.
Absence of minerals.
Lack of irrigation and agriculture.
Cold climate.

Question 2.
Throw light on some important aspects of population of India.
Answer:

India is one of the selected countries where population concentration is found.
After independence, population of India has increased 4 times.
India has an average population of 3 crores for each state.
U.P. has the highest population in India.
Average density of population is 382 persons per sq. km.
West Bengal has the highest density of population.

Question 3.
How is the growth of population a problem for India ?
Answer:
After independence, the land-area has been fixed in India but the population has increased manifold. The growth of population is 1.7 per-cent. It is a great problem to provide basic amenities to such a huge population. It is not easy to provide the facilities of education, hospitals and other facilities to all. We shall have to increase the transport and communication facilities also. We shall have to cultivate quality in our population.

Question 4.
State the adverse effects of rapid growth of population in India.
Answer:
The rapid growth of population has posed many socio-economic problems in different countries. The main problems are:

Food problem. Growth of the population has led to shortage of foodgrains in many areas.
Agricultural production has increased due to new technology, yet many countries have to import agricultural products.
Housing problem. Housing conditions are poor in over-populated countries. People live in slum areas. Skyscrapers are being built in many Metropolitan towns.
Unemployment. Rapid increase in population leads to unemployment. Migration of people from over-populated rural areas has added to Unemployment.
Low standard of living. Per capita income is low in overcrowded areas so living conditions are poor. People do not afford to have basic necessities of life. Population explosion leads to poverty and a poor standard of living.
Dependent population. A large percentage of young people become dependent on a small working population.
Social problems. Many social problems arise due to overcrowding. Poor health and bad sanitary conditions lead to epidemics.

Question 5.
Why is the occupational structure of India lop sided?
Answer:
Two thirds of our population still lives on agriculture. Only 10% of the working population is engaged in industry. The rest one fourth of population is in the tertiary or service sector. This makes clear that a small proportion of our population is engaged in secondary sector of economy. The secondary sector includes manufacturing by which we can increase our national income by producing useful products. So there are not more people employed in manufacturing. So our occupational structure is lop sided.

Question 6.
Why are the Northern plains densely populated?
Answer:

Factors favouring high density:

Sufficient rainfall
Fertile river valleys and deltas.
2 to 3 crops of rice in a year.
Irrigation facilities.
Healthy climate.
Rich in mineral and power resources.

Factors for moderate density:

Agriculture is not developed due to thin and rocky soils.
Rainfall is uncertain.
Means of transportation are not developed.
Some areas have high density of population due to irrigation, lava, soils and mineral resources.

(b) Rajasthan Desert. Rajasthan has a density of 200 persons per sq. kilometre.

The hilly nature of the land.
Dense forests.
Low rainfall
Poor econoufic development.
Absence of minerals.
Lack of irrigation and agriculture.
Cold climate.

Question 7.
Name three sparsely populated areas of India. Give reasons.
Answer:
The rapid growth of population has posed many socio-economic problems in different countries. The main problems are:

Food problem. Growth of population has led to shortage of foodgrains in many areas.
Agricultural production has increased due to new technology, yet many countries have to import agricultural products.
Housing problem. Housing conditions are poor in over-populated countries. People live in slum areas. Skyscrapers are being built in many Metropolitan towns.
Unemployment. Rapid increase in population leads to unemployment. Migration of people from over-populated rural areas has added to Unemployment.
Low standard of living. Per capita income is low in overcrowded areas so living conditions are poor. People do not afford to have basic necessities of life. Population explosion leads to poverty and a poor standard of living.
Dependent population. A large percentage of young people become dependent on a small working population.
Social problems. Many social problems arise due to overcrowding. Poor health and bad sanitary conditions lead to epidemics.

Question 8.
Explain the following with reference to population of India.
(a) census
(b) density of population
(c) growth of population
(d) death rate.
Answer:
(a) Census. After every ten years, the Government arranges the counting of all persons of the country. It is called census. Some social and economic data is also collected. The last census in India was held in 2011. According to this census, the total population of India was 121 crores.

(b) Density of Population. Density of population means the average number of persons living in a unit sq. area. It is shown per sq. km. According to 2011 census, density of population in India was 382 persons per km2.

(c) Growth of Population. People, sometimes, migrate from one area to another due to epidemics or droughts or in search of employment. It increases or decreases the population of an area. In the area to which people migrate population increases. It is known as growth of population or decrease in population.

(d) Death Rate. Death rate means the number of deaths per 1000 persons.

Question 9.
What do you mean by Dependency Ratio? Why is it high in India? Give two reasons.
Answer:
The proportion between productive and dependent population is dependency ratio. Children and old people are dependent population. India has a joint family system. Therefore children and old people get livelihood automatically. Illiteracy has also increased it. Orthodox views increase this ratio.

Question 10.
What is major mistake done by Indian planning? What are its effects?
Answer:
The most important and pathetic mistake of the Indian Planning according to Dr. Sen is the development of institution, on the basis of caste etc. In Delhi, he said, “several buildings do not have public toilets, which is important for every building. As compare to other such as China, Pakistan, Bangladesh have expanded education system and health care facilities. But this is a pathetic condition in India.

Question 11.
Distinguish between distribution of population and density of population.
Answer:
Population in India is not evenly distributed. Many factors are responsible for this:

Fertility of the soil. The states in which there is a large fertile area the density of population is high. U.P. and Bihar are such states.
Amount of rainfall. The density of population is higher in regions of abundant rain. In northern India the amount of rainfall goes on decreasing from east to west. The density of population also goes on decreasing in the same direction.
Climate. Wherever the climate is congenial the density of population will be high. In Assam even though there is abundant rainfall but the density of population is low because the climate is unhealthy. The malaria is always there is an epidemic form.
Developed means of transportation. With development of means of transportation the business makes rapid progress and the density of population increases. The reason for high density of population in U.P., Bihar and West Bengal is the development of means of transportation.
Industrial development. At places where the factories are located the density of population also increases. The reason is that people like to live in those areas where industrial development takes place. They can carry on their business more easily in such areas and they have better chances of earning more money. That is why the density of population is high in Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

Question 12.
Why is the conservation of resources necessary?
Answer:
Man depends upon the environment to meet his needs. He uses water, land, soil, vegetation, etc. to satisfy his needs. Man is using these resources at such an alarming rate that there will be serious shortage of these resources in the near future. Natural resources are of limited supply. So, conservation of resources is essential for the survival of man.

To some people conservation means that the available resources should not be used. These should be held back. But conservation of resources means a careful and rational utilization of resources. These resources should be used intelligently for the welfare of mankind. It means a careful control and management of resources so that these may be usd for the benefit of future generations also. These should be preserved from reckless exploitation and wanton destruction. These resources should not be wasted in a short time. The resources should be maintained in a healthy condition for their use as to achieve a high standard of living for mankind.

Question 13.
Why is low density of population found in Rajasthan and Arunachal Pradesh?
Answer:
In some areas, it is difficult to get means of livelihood. These have a harsh climate. The soils are sandy or hilly. Agriculture is not possible. There is absence of irrigation and the production is low. Industries can not be developed in such areas. Therefore low density of population is found in Rajasthan and Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 14.
The people are important to develop the economy and society. Give three facts.
Answer:

People use available resources.
They create a social and cultural environment..
Intelligent and hard working people make the real man power.

Question 15.
Define birth rate. What is its function with reference to population?
Answer:
Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 persons in a year. It is a component of growth of population; because birth rate is always higher than death rate. The population increases when birth rate is higher tMn death rate.

Question 16.
Define death rate. What is its function with reference to population?
Answer:
Death rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year. It is a component of growth of population. Due to declining death rate, there is a rapid growth of population in India. When death rate is more than birth rate, the population growth is negative.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
List factors influencing the distribution of population.
Answer:
The following factors influence the distribution of population:
1. Fertility of the soil. The states in which there is a large fertile area, the density of population is high. U.P. and Bihar are such states.

2. Amount of rainfall. The density of population is higher in regions of abundant rain. In. northern India, the amount of rainfall goes on decreasing from east to west. The density of population also goes on decreasing in the same direction.

3. Climate: Wherever the climate is congenial, the density of population will be high. In Assa even though there is abundant rainfall but the density of population is low because the climate is unhealthy. The malaria is always in an epidemic form.

4. Developed means of transporUition. With development of mans of transportation the business makes rapid progress and the density of population increases. The reason for high density of population in Ui., Biliar and West Bengal is the development of means of trahsportation.

5. Industrial development. At places whëre the faetones are located, thë density’ of population also increases. The reason is that people like to live in those areas where industrial development takes place. They can carry on tliei1 bushis mo easily in such areas, and they have better chances of earning more money. That iš why the density of population is high in Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 4 Web Development

January 9, 2024January 8, 2024 by Bhagya

This PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 4 Web Development will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 4 Web Development

The main purpose of a website is to deliver specific information to a target audience. The success of the website is measured in terms of the number of visitors to the site and the ease with which the visitors find the required information.

The target audience of the website also plays an important role. It may be purely for entertainment, educational, health, tour and travels; accordingly appropriate; content has to gather and interface has to design. Before design the interface, it is essential to layout the information structure of the site.

Planning Site:

Before designing a website, it is necessary to do proper planning as in the case of buildfng a house. If you startibuilding your house without giving a thought of planning, the house may end up into an uncomfortable dwelling. Same way, for building a good website certain things should be taken care of.
The following things should be considered while planning a website:

Purpose of website
Target audience
Website contents
Blue print of a website
Directory structure of the website
Budgeting

Purpose of Website

The initial stage of planning your website is to “Identity the Purpose of the Site”. It could be as follows:

To educate people
To entertain people
To promote / sell a product
To promote information on companies, products and sources, sports and games, travel and tourism, medicines and health.
Having specific purpose is a necessary since it provides you with the guidelines on what should be put onto your site; what resources (Software, Hardware, and Manpower) are needs for the project etc.

Designing for the Audience

The next step is to “Identify the Target Audience”, their knowledge , background, interests and needs, age, gender, geographic location etc. Determining, who the visitors are likely to be crucial in deciding not only the general appearance (look and feel) of the site, but also the technology that might be used to build the site.

If the website is likely to have visitors who access from home, it is necessary to designate the papers with the understanding that users will have probably slow modem connections. On the other hand, if visitors are expected to be fans of music, rock band, then high-end technology such as Macromedia Flash, Animation with sound effects may be acceptable.

Strategy:

When the designer has decided to build a particular site, we will have to think about its work-strategy. The mode of works to carry out for achieving the goal is called work-strategy. Many kinds of information can be included in the website :
(a) Text information
(b) Audio or Voice information
(c) Video information.

Website Contents:

Once the Purpose and Target Audience of the website are defined properly, organize the website contents. Put together any existing documents and pictures you want to work. For example, if it is a company website, you may want to assemble logos, company information, and product descriptions. While doing website content information, the following steps to consider:

Who will write or provide the text (contents). Some very basic contents might be:

Who you are
What you do
How to contact you
List of services and products
Assemble photographs, logos
Updating of text and other content to keep site fresh and content correct

Web Implementation Guidelines:

Choosing Domain Name:

Domain Name is the web address of a website. It is placed in database of server.

Domain Name Registration:

A domain name is a way to identify and locate computers connected to the Internet. When using the internet, you use a domain name when you type a web address, or URL. A web address would look something like given below:

Domain names are registered for a variety of reasons. Some build a website right away, or buy a name to build a site later, while others purchase domain names in order to protect a company name or trademark, and some register a domain name so they can have personalized e-mail addresses. You get a domain name from a domain name registrar. Accredited Domain Registrars in India are:

Choosing Web Server:

One of the keys to a successful online business is the web server. In order for a customer to see the products – or to see the page at all, for that matter – the server has to take the request for the web page and upload it from the disk where the file is. Therefore, if you don’t have the right server, nobody is ever going to see your page.

Organizing Web Page:

Organizing the website into specific sections and then providing links to those sections at the top of each page is an effective and simple way to make the website easy to navigate. The Webpage should be beautifully organized. So that it gives a balanced look. The size of the page is an important-point in organizing webpage.

Look:

Webpage should have a fine look so that one is attracted to read it. In a webpage with a good look designer should insert links graphics, animation, sound and video clips. The various contents in the webpage should give an impression of diversity and a beautiful view. Usage of proper font size/colour, background colour, table, graph etc. gives a good look to the site.

Validate the Code:

Validate the HTML, CSS, XHTML, JavaScript, and XML codes to ensure that the website has clean code and function as intended for visitors. There are several programs available online that validate each type of code.

Offline Testing:

After designing all the webpages it is tested on the browser. No internet con¬nection is required for this test that is why it is named as offline test. In offline test first of all home page is opened in different browser. Then we check all the linked pages one by one. Designer should ascertain it here that all pages have a good appearance.

The website should be thoroughly tested to confirm that the design and page structure are displayed as intended. Specifically, view the website with the most popular browsers, including Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari, as those browsers are used by the majority of people who are browsing the Internet.

Uploading the Site:

To make the site available to all the viewers on the internet is called Upload. To transfer. The webpages to the “Host” we need File Transfer Protocol (FTP) client. For this purpose first of all we set FTP programmer as Cute FTP. Then upload the file after coming online. The copy of the website on computer is called the local versibn, and the copy on the web host is called the production version.

Online Testing:

When the site is uploaded online, next step is to test it online. Make the internet connection, open the browser, and type URL of the site. Check that all the links of the site are working property.

SEO:

Utilize both Meta and ALT tags to ensure that the website not only appears in user searches but that pertinent keywords from the content of the website are dis¬played. Doing so will more likely attract searchers1’interests and will facilitate more visits to the website. ALT tags are merely a written description to go along with the pictures on the website, and so they are necessary’ to tell search engines and searchers what kind of pictures are there on the website.

Installing Website Analytics:

The statistics will enable to monitor the number of visits website receives, the amount of time visitors stay, the average number of page views for each visitor, and many other useful statistics. Making use of such software will enable to make adjustments to the website to increase its effectiveness.

Important Aspects of Website Publishing:

SEO

SEO means search engine optimization. Search engine optimization is a meth-odology of strategies, techniques and tactics used to increase the amount of visi¬tors to a website by obtaining a high-ranking placement in the search results page of a search engine including Google, Bing, Yahoo and other search engines.

SEO helps to ensure that a site is accessible to a search engine and improves the chances that the site will be found by the search engine. SEO is typically a set of practices that webmasters and Web content producers follow to help them achieve a better ranking in search engine results.

Social Media Marketing (SMM)

SMM is a form of Internet marketing that utilizes social networking websites as a marketing tool. The goal of SMM is to produce content that users will share with their social network to help a company increase brand exposure and broaden customer reach.

One of the key components of SMM is social media optimization (SMO). Like search engine optimization (SEO), SMO is a strategy for drawing new and unique visitors to a website. SMO can be done in two ways: adding social media links to content, sharing buttons – or promoting activity through social media by updating statuses or tweets, or blog posts.

SMM helps a company get direct feedback from customers (and potential customers) while making the company seem more personable. SMM became more common with the increased popularity of websites such as Twitter,Facebook, My space, Linkedln, afid YouTube.

Important Instructions for Publishing of a Web Site:

Page Content

1. Spelling and grammar, paragraphs, headers, lists, and other formatting should be correct.
2. Company contact details are accurate throughout the website.
3. Images and audio and videos are in the correct places, formatted and working on all devices.

Page Design

Take the necessary steps to ensure that the site design is pixel perfect. If de¬signer has a responsive website. It needs to check the design across all devices. The site should be looking good not just on an office desktop, but also on laptops, tablets, and mobile phones.

Functionality

Take some time to test and validate all of the different features on the website. Lead generation forms, social sharing, should work flawlessly across the website such as:
1. Thank-you message or page displays after form is submitted.
2. Company logo is linked to the homepage.
3. Load time for site pages is optimized.

SEO

Take some time to ensure that the website has been given a solid foundation for , SEO success. From site architecture and content to metadata sitemaps, do not leave any stone unturned such as:
1. Pages have unique page titles (fewer than 70 characters, includes keywords).
2. Pages have keywords (fewer than 10, all words appear in page copy).
3. Spelling and grammar are correct in all information.
4. Alt tags have been added to every image.

Security & Backups

Designer can prevent loss of data and protect against malware and other damages by properly setting up site security and regular backups.
1. 24 × 7 monitoring scripts are installed.
2. A copy of the final website has been made for backup purposes.
3. Ongoing copies of the website are being created and stored on a regular basis.
4. Passwords and other website credentials are stored in a secure database.

Guideline regarding Compliance:

Finally, make sure the website complies with any applicable laws and regulations. Internet law can be hard, and each industry has its own set of rules to follow. Following are a few rules one needs to know about:
1. Web pages offer accessibility for users with disabilities.
2. Terms and privacy policies are visible to website visitors.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 5 Realms of the Earth

January 9, 2024January 8, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Realms of the Earth Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Realms of the Earth

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB How Maps Help Us Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief :

Question 1.
What is Lithosphere?
Answer:
The realm of the earth consisting of rocks, stones, and soil, etc. is called the lithosphere.

Question 2.
Name the main landforms of the earth.
Answer:
The main landforms of the earth are mountains, plateaus, and plains.

Question 3.
How all the realms of earth affect each other?
Answer:
All the realms of the earth are inter-related with each other. Any change in one realm affects the other realms also. For example, felling of trees may lead to washing off the soil cover. This may increase silting in the river beds and ultimately leads to flooding of the rivers.

Question 4.
What is mountain range?
Answer:
A mountain range is a group of very high hills usually forming a long chain.

Question 5.
Name the important plateaus of the world.
Answer:
The important plateaus of the world are :

The Deccan Plateau in India,
Appalachian Plateau in North America,
Plateau of Central Africa,
Tibetan Plateau.

Question 6.
How the atmosphere helps the life system to live?
Answer:
The air envelope surrounding the ea^th is called the atmosphere. The air is a .mixture of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. The air near the earth’s surface has a fairly constant proportion of these gases, i.e. nitrogen -78%, oxygen – 21% and other gases – one per cent by volume. Oxygen may be regarded as the breath of life, for without it life would not be possible. Nitrogen alone cannot support life but it helps in the growth of living organisms. Carbon dioxide and water help plants to grow. In its lower parts, the atmosphere contains water vapour, which gives us rain and snow.

Question 7.
Which landform is called tablelands, and why?
Answer:
Plateaus are called tablelands. They are called so because their shape is like that of a table.

Question 8.
What is the importance of the Hydrosphere to man?
Answer:
The Hydrosphere consists of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and other water bodies. All the water bodies are quite necessary for the existence of life on this earth. Without water, life is impossible.

Question 9.
What is meant by a continent?
Answer:
A continent is a large separated landmass surrounded by an ocean or watermass.

Question 10.
How many continents are there on the earth? Name them. Which is the largest continent?
Answer:
There are seven continents on the earth. They are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia. Of these seven continents, Asia is the largest continent.

Question 11.
Write the names of the oceans; Also tell by which colour these oceans are represented on the Globe.
Answer:
There are four oceans on the earth. In order of their size they are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. On the Globe, these oceans are represented in blue colour.

Question 12.
What is Biosphere? Give brief explanation regarding this.
Answer:
There is a very narrow zone on the earth where land, water and air come in contact with each other. This is called Biosphere. All the living things such as plants, animals and human beings, exist only in the biosphere.

Question 13.
Why is Northern Hemisphere called land sphere and Southern Hemisphere is called water sphere?
Answer:
Northern Hemisphere has more landmass than the watermass, while in the Southern Hemisphere the watermass is more than the landmass. This is the reason why Northern Hemisphere is called land sphere and Southern Hemisphere is known as water sphere.

Question 14.
Being an important inmate of the Biosphere, what precautionary steps are to be taken by man?
Answer:
Being an inmate of the Biosphere, the following precautionary steps are to be taken by man

Man must check the growth of human population so that the burden on the biosphere is reduced.
He must use natural resources carefully so that the biosphere is kept clean.
He must control the pollution of air, water and land so that the biosphere is not affected.
He should adopt the principle of live and let live. He should not hunt animals.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
_________ is the smallest continent of the world.
Answer:
Australia

Question 2.
_________ is the second biggest continent.
Answer:
Africa

Question 3.
Arctic Ocean has encircled Pole.
Answer:
North

Question 4.
Southern Ocean has encircled _________ continent.
Answer:
Antarctica

Question 5.
2/3rd of the Earth is covered by _________
Answer:
water

Question 6.
_________ continent is called white continent.
Answer:
Antarctica

Question 7.
_________ realm is affected by the three realms of the Earth.
Answer:
Biosphere.

III. Make pairs of the following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Continent	(i) the Arctic
2. Landform	(ii) Biosphere
3. Life	(iii) Antarctica
4. Ocean	(iv) Plateau

Answer:

A	B
1. Continent	(iii) Antarctica
2. Landform	(iv) Plateau
3. Life	(ii) Biosphere
4. Ocean	(i) Arctic

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide Realms of the Earth Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Thick blue line on map is usually used to show :
(A) Electricity power station
(B) Stream
(C) River
(D) Dam.
Answer:
(c) River.

Question 2.
The hard top layer of the earth is called :
(A) Lithosphere
(B) Hydrosphere
(C) Biosphere
(D) Atmosphere.
Answer:
(A) Lithosphere.

Question 3.
Which of the following is not a main gas of air?
(A) Nitrogen
(B) Oxygen
(C) Nitric
(D) Carbondioxide.
Answer:
(C) Nitric.

Question 4.
Which one of the following is a deeper ocean?
(A) Pacific
(B) Atlantic
(C) Arctic
(D) Indian.
Answer:
(A) Pacific.

Question 5.
An irregular surface with various landforms is :
(A) Hydrosphere
(B) Biosphere
(C) Lithosphere
(D) Atmosphere.
Answer:
(C) Lithosphere.

Question 6.
A large area of continuous land rising above sea level is called :
(A) Continent
(B) Ocean
(C) Plain
(D) Plateau.
Answer:
(A) Continent.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
About _________ of earth surface is covered by water.
Answer:
70%

Question 2.
There are _________ continents in the world.
Answer:
Seven

Question 3.
_________ is a mixture of gases.
Answer:
Atmosphere

Question 4.
_________ is the realm of water.
Answer:
Hydrosphere,

Question 5.
_________ and _________ two continents lie entirely in the Southern Hemisphere.
Answer:
Australia, Antarctica.

True/False :

Question 1.
The Indian Ocean is named after a country.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Shape of the Pacific Ocean is triangular.
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
Air moves from Low pressure to high pressure.
Answer:
False.

Question 4.
Carbon dioxide is an important gas of air.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Europe lies to the west of North America.
Answer:
False.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which two continents are spread on both sides of the equator?
Answer:
Africa and South America are spread on both sides of the equator.

Question 2.
Name the highest plateau in the world.
Answer:
Tibet Plateau is the highest plateau in the world.

Question 3.
Which continent is known as the island continent?
Answer:
Australia is known as the island continent.

Question 4.
Which is the busiest ocean from the viewpoint of trade and commerce?
Answer:
The Atlantic Ocean is the busiest ocean from the view-point of trade and commerce.

Question 5.
Name the canal separating Africa from Asia.
Answer:
The Suez Canal separates Africa from Asia.

Question 6.
In which ocean does the deepest trench called Mariana Trench lie?
Answer:
Mariana Trench lies in the Pacific Ocean.

Question 7.
In which hemisphere does Asia lie?
Answer:
Asia lies in the Northern Hemisphere.

Question 8.
Which strait connects the Arctic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean?
Answer:
Berring Strait connects the Arctic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean.

Question 9.
Name the mountains that separate Asia and Europe.
Answer:
Ural mountains separate Asia and Europe.

Question 10.
In which hemisphere does North America lie?
Answer:
North America lies in the Northern Hemisphere.

Question 11.
Which are the highest mountain ranges in the world?
Answer:
The Himalayas are the highest mountain ranges in the world.

Question 12.
What is the Southern Ocean?
Answer:
The extension of the Pacific Ocean, the Altantic Ocean and Indian Ocean around Antarctica is called the Southern Ocean.

Question 13.
Name the ocean which is named after a country.
Answer:
The Indian Ocean is named after a country, namely India.

Question 14.
Which gas is known as the ‘life breath’?
Answer:
Oxygen is known as the ‘life breath’.

Question 15.
What is soil erosion?
Answer:
The washing off the upper layer of soil is called soil erosion.

Question 16.
What is an island?
Answer:
An island is a small landmass surrounded by water.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the earth called a unique planet?
Answer:
The earth is the only planet in the Solar System which has life on it. No other planet is said to have life. That is why the earth is called a unique planet.

Question 2.
Why is the earth called a watery planet?
Answer:
71 per cent of the earth is covered by water, while 29 per cent of it is covered by land. Since two-third of the earth’s surface is covered by water, we call it a watery planet.

Question 3.
Why does the level of sea water remain the same everywhere?
Answer:
All the oceans of the world are connected with one another. Therefore, the level of sea water remains the same everywhere.

Question 4.
What is the average height of the continents and the average depth of the oceans?
Answer:
The average height of the continents is only about 700 metres above sea level, while the average depth of the oceans is about 4000 metres.

Question 5.
What is meant by continents? Explain their importance.
Answer:
Continents are large separated landmasses which are surrounded by oceans or watermasses.

Importance of Continents:

Their soil is used for agricultural as well as plantation purposes.
Minerals are mined from them.
They are a base for human activities and dwelling places of human beings and animals.

Question 6.
What is a plain? How are plains formed?
Answer:
A plain is a relatively flat stretch of land that is not very high above sea level.
Most of the plains are formed by the material brought by the rivers flowing down the mountains.

Question 7.
Name the major mountain systems of the world.
Answer:
Rockies in North America, Andes in South America, Himalayas in Asia, Atlas in Africa, Alps in Europe and Great Dividing Range of Australia are the major mountain systems of the world.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe in detail the oceans of the world.
Answer:
There are four oceans of the world. They are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.
1. The Pacific Ocean: It is the largest of all the oceans. It separates Asia and Australia from North America. It covers about one third of the area of the earth. This is larger than all the continents put together. The deepest trench of the world Mariana Trench lies in this ocean. It, on one side, extends upto North America and South America and on the other side, extends upto Asia and Australia.

2. The Atlantic Ocean: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean. It is situated between North America and South America on the one side and Europe and Africa on the other side. It is the busiest ocean in the world. All the important sea routes pass through this ocean. There are many important harbours on its coastline. North America and Europe make it very important for trade and commerce.

3. The Indian Ocean: It is the only ocean that is named after a country i.e. India. It is surrounded by three continents : Asia in the north, Africa in the west and Australia in the east. In ancient times, the trade and commerce of India was mainly done through this ocean.

4. The Arctic Ocean: It is the smallest ocean in the world. It encircles the North Pole. It lies within the Arctic Circle. Bering Straits- connects it with the Pacific Ocean. It is bounded by Russia, Scandinavia, Greenland, Canada, and Alaska. It remains covered with snow most of the year.

5. The Southern Ocean: Antarctica, the Pacific, and the Indian oceans merge together in the Southern Hemisphere. This vast ocean is called the Southern Ocean. It surrounds the continents of Antarctica. It also remains covered with snow most of the year.

Question 2.
Describe the area of different continents.
Answer:
There are seven continents in the world.

S. No. Continent	Area Sq. km. (Million)	Area of the total land in %
1. Asia	41.6	29.5
2. Africa	29.8	20.0
3. North America	24.3	16.3
4. South America	17.5	11.3
5. Europe	9.6	6.5
6. Antarctica	14.2	9.6
7. Australia	7.6	5.2

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2b Punjab: Physical Features or Physiography

January 9, 2024January 8, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 2b Punjab: Physical Features or Physiography Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 2b Punjab: Physical Features or Physiography

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Punjab: Physical Features or Physiography Textbook Questions and Answers

Map Work:

Show the outline map of Punjab:
(i) Hoshiarpur Shiwalik and Ropar Shiwaliks.
(ii) Bet region of river Sutlej.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

Activity:
Prepare three lists of districts of semi-mountainous, plains and south-western sandy regions to display in your classroom.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Objective Type Questions:
Answer the following questions in a single word to one sentence length.

Question 1.
What are old alluvial plains known as?
Answer:
Bhangar.

Question 2.
What do you understand by khadar or Bet?
Answer:
Khadar or Bet are the plains of new alluvial soil. This soil exists in the lower areas of river banks.

Question 3.
In how many classifications can we divide Punjab plains?
Answer:
The plains of Punjab can be divided in five parts:

Plains of Cho region,
Flood plains,
Naili,
Alluvial Plains,
Sand dunes in alluvial plains.

Question 4.
In which direction sandy highlands fall in Punjab?
Answer:
Sand dunes in Punjab are available in south-west side along with the Rajasthan border.

Question 5.
What is meant by Changa?
Answer:
The Kandi region near Anandpur Sahib is known as Changar.

Question 6.
Which of the following is right and which is wrong:
1. The outermost range of Himalayas is Shiwaliks.
Answer:
True.

2. Kandi region falls in south of Roopnagar and Patiala.
Answer:
False

3. Hoshiarpur Shiwalik falls between Sutlej and Beas.
Answer:
True.

4. Alluvial plains of Ghagar in south-east Punjab are known as Nally.
Answer:
True.

Short Answer Questions:
Give short answer for the following questions:

Question 1.
Explain characteristics of Kandi region. In which districts of Punjab does it fall?
Answer:
There exist open plains in the west of Punjab’s Shiwalik hills and in the east of Nurpur Bedi Tehsil of Roopnagar district. In local language, they are called Kandi areas.

This area or region is spread in 5 lakh hectare area of 5 districts and 22 blocks of Punjab which becomes 10% of Punjab’s total area.

Features:

The soil of this region is not smooth and is full of Chos.
This region is spread in the narrow bets of 300-400 metres along with Shiwalik.
After every kilometre, there exists one Cho or Nala.
This region is spread between the districts of Chandigarh, Hoshiarpur, Roopnagar (Ropar) etc.

Question 2.
What are seasonal Choes? Give examples of these rivelets.
Answer:
Few Chos flow in the rainy season. They become dry in the summer season. Such Nalas are known as seasonal Chos. There exist a number of seasonal Chos in Roopnagar of Ropar Shiwalik. Here they are called Rao and Ghare.

Question 3.
Write a note on origin of alluvial plains of Punjab.
Answer:
Punjab’s 70% land is surrounded with alluvial plains. These plains are the part of Ganga and Indus plains. They originated due to the soil brought up by the parennial rivers of the Himalaya mountain. Indus and its tributaries such as Sutlej, Ravi and Beas have played a very important role in its formation. Their height is 300 metres to 2000 metres from sea level.

Question 4.
Write a note on Gurdaspur-Pathankot Shiwaliks.
Answer:
Gurdaspur-Pathankot Shiwalik mountain range is spread in the Gurdaspur and Pathaiikot districts. Dhar Kalan Block of Pathankot district is completely situated in the Shiwalik hills. The average height of these hills is around 1000 metres.

The hill slopes of this region are cut down due to fast flowing water with which deep trenches become gullies. The seasonal rivers flowing in this region, Chaki Khad and its tributaries flow into Beas river.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Punjab: Physical Features or Physiography Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
What type of land has Punjab?
(a) Mountains
(b) Plains
(c) Plateau
(d) Desert.
Answer:
(b) Plains.

Question 2.
The Shiwalik hills of Punjab originated due to the collision of
(а) Gondwana land and Dabar plains
(b) Angara land and Shiwalik plains
(c) Gondwana land and Eurasia plate
(d) Angara land and Eurasia plate.
Answer:
(c) Gondwana land and Eurasia plate.

Question 3.
Another name of Bari Doab is:
(a) Malwa
(b) Chaj
(c) Naili
(d) Majha.
Answer:
(d) Majha.

Question 4.
Terai region which is full of Chos in Punjab is known as
(a) Kandi
(b) Bari Doab
(c) Bet
(d) Bolla.
Answer:
(a) Kandi.

Question 5.
Alluvial plains of Ghagar are called
(a) Cho
(b) Naili
(c) Tethys
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Naili.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
Sand dunes exist in the __________ region of Punjab.
Answer:
south-west

Question 2.
Kandi region is __________ % of the total region of Punjab.
Answer:
10

Question 3.
Kandi region near Sarsa river is known as __________
Answer:
Ghere

Questions 4.
70% of Punjab’s land is __________ plains.
Answer:
Alluvial

Question 5.
Punjab plains are the parts of __________ and __________ plains.
Answer:
Ganga, Indus.

True/False:

Question 1.
Punjab’s Shiwalik range touches Rajasthan.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Talwara is the highest block of Hoshiarpur Shiwalik.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
Gurdaspur-Pathankot Shiwalik hills are spread from Ravi to Beas.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Ropar Shiwalik’s length is 1900 kms.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
The region between Ravi and Sutlej rivers is known as Bari Doab.
Answer:
True.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
On which side of Punjab the Shiwalik hills are situated?
Answer:
East and North-west side.

Question 2.
The Shiwalik hills of Punjab touch the boundaries of which state?
Answer:
Himachal Pradesh.

Question 3.
What is the average height of Shiwalik hills of Punjab?
Answer:
600 metres to 1500 metres.

Question 4.
Which block of Pathankot district is completely situated in the Gurdaspur-Pathankot Shiwalik hills?
Answer:
Dhar Kalan.

Question 5.
Which is the highest block of Hoshiarpur Shiwalik?
Answer:
Talwara (741 metres).

Question 6.
Name two major Chos of Hoshiarpur Shiwalik.
Answer:
Kot – Mairan.

Question 7.
Due to which river, the continuity of Ropar Shiwalik range breaks down?
Answer:
Due to a tributary of Sutlej river-Sarsa.

Question 8.
In which physical units the alluvial plains of Punjab are divided?
Answer:
Bari Doab, Bist Doab, Sij Doab.

Question 9.
Where can we find the Dhaiya of changing course of rivers?
Answer:
At Philaur.

Question 10.
What do we call the higher regions away from rivers in the alluvial plains of Punjab?
Answer:
Bang.

Question 11.
What is the, approximate length of Shiwalik hills of Punjab?
Answer:
280 km.

Question 12.
What do we call the southern part of Hoshiarpur Shiwalik?
Answer:
Kataar di Dhaar.

Question 13.
Give length and breadth of Hoshiarpur Shiwalik.
Answer:

Length – 130 kilometres
Breadth – 5 – 8 kilometres.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“There exists diversity of land in Punjab.’ Give exmaple.
Answer:
If we look at the physical map of India, we can observe that it is a plain but from physiographic point of view, there exists too much diversity of land over here. The most fertile plains of the world lie in Punjab. In the east and north-east of Punjab, there exist Shiwalik hills. Sand dunes are also there in the south-west region of Punjab.

Question 2.
Discuss the spread of Shiwalik hills in Punjab.
Answer:
Shiwalik. hills are the part of outer Himalaya. These mountains are spread for 280 km. along with the boundary of Himachal Pradesh in the eastern Punjab.

Shiwalik hills are divided into three parts:

Gurdaspur-Pathankot Shiwalik. These hills are spread upto Ravi and Beas rivers.
Hoshiarpur Shiwalik. These hills are spread upto Beas and Sutlej rivers.
Ropar Shiwalik. They are spread upto Sutlej and Pathar rivers.

Question 3.
Where and how was Kandi region of Punjab formed?
Answer:
Kandi region is formed in the foothill plains of Terai region of Shiwalik. Alluvial-Pankh played an important role in their formation. These geo-compositions meet each other in Terai plains and create the Kandi region. The underground level of water in this region is quite low.

Question 4.
Give four features of Ropar Shiwalik.
Answer:

This range of Shiwalik lies between Sutlej and Ghagar rivers. It is spread in Roopnagar district and towards south-west direction and towards north-west direction of the boundaries of Himachal Pradesh.
These mountains start from the north of Nangal and are stretched upto Ghaghar river near Chandigarh.
The length of this range is 90 km. Its continuity breaks down due to Sarsa river, a tributary of Sutlej.
Like other Shiwalik ranges, this range is also full of Chos.

Question 5.
Make a list of Alluvial plains of Punjab according to Doabs.
Answer:
Alluvial Plains of Punjab:

Bari Doab	Bist Doab	Sij-Doab
(Beas-Ravi)	(Beas-Sutlej)	(Sutlej-Y amuna)
Ravi Sakki Kiran	West Doab	Kotkapura Pathar
Sati-Kiran-Udiyar	Manjri Doab	Naili
Tendiara-Kasoor	Dhak Doab	Puadh
Kasoor-Patti	Bet/Khadar	Flood Plains
Patti-Beas		Sand Dunes

Question 6.
How were Shiwalik mountains (hills) formed?
Answer:
The outermost range of the Himalayas is called the Shiwaliks. They extend over a width of 10-50 km and have an altitude varying between 900-1100 metres. These ranges are composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges located farther north. Shiwalik hills were formed from the Tethys sea like Himlayas. With the collision of Eurasia plate with Gondwana land, the land moved up and took the form of mountains.

Question 7.
Which is the largest area of Punjab Plains? Name the districts included in it.
Answer:
The largest area of Punjab’s Plains is Malwa. It includes many districts of Punjab such as Firozpur, northern part of Faridkot, Moga, Ludhiana, Barnala, Sangrur, Patiala, Western Roopnagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (Mohali), Fatehgarh Sahib etc.

Question 8.
Name any two Doabs of Punjab and write about the districts included in them.
Answer:
Bari Doab and Bist Doab are the two major Doabs of Punjab. Their description is given below:

Bari Doab. The region between Ravi and Sutlej rivers in Punjab is known as Bari Doab. It is also known as Majha region. It includes the districts of Pathankot, Gurdaspur, Amritsar and Taran Taran.
Bist Doab. The region between Beas and Sutlej rivers is known as Bist Doab. It includes the districts of Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur and Sahid Bhagat Singh Nagar (Nawanshahar).

Question 9.
Give a brief description of the Sand Dunes situated in the south-west part of Punjab.
Answer:
Along with Rajasthan border in the south-west of Punjab, we can find Sand Dunes at many places. Such sand dunes are available in the southern parts of Bathinda, Mansa, Fazilka, Faridkot, Sangrur, Muktsar and Patiala. Few sand dunes are also available in the central part of the Ferozpur disctrict. The slope of these sand dunes is not gentle.

The climate of this region is semi dry. Efforts are on to flaten the sand dunes to provide land for agriculture. The hardworking farmers of Punjab have developed agriculture over here with the help of irrigation. That’s why the natural physical feature of this region has disappeared.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
In how many parts can we divide the surface of Punjab? Explain in detail about the Shiwalik hills.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that Punjab is famous in the whole world for its large fertile plains. But Punjab is not only a plain region. There is lot of great diversity in its land. There exist Shiwalik hills in the east and north-east direction of Punjab. Sand dunes are also there in the southwest region of Punjab.

The surface of Punjab can be divided in following parts:

Shiwalik hills
Large Alluvial plains
Sand Dunes of south-west.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 2b Punjab Physical Features or Physiography 1

Shiwalik hills are the part of outer Himalayas. These mountains are spread in the east of Punjab for 280 km. along with the borders of Himachal Pradesh. The average breadth of this mountain range is 5-12 km. and average height from sea level is 600-1500 metre.

Parts of Shiwalik Hills. Shiwalik hills can be divided in three parts:

Upto Pathankot Ravi and Beas, Gurdaspur-Hoshiarpur Shiwalik.
Upto Beas and Sutlej rivers.
Upto Sutlej and Ghaghar, Ropar Shiwalik.

Their description is given below:
1. Gurdaspur-Pathankot Shiwalik. This mountain range is spread in Gurdaspur and Pathankot districts. Dhar Kalan block of Pathankot district is completely situated in the Shiwalik hills. The average height of these mountains is 1000 metre. The mountain slopes of this region are cut down due to fast flowing water which forms the gullies. This region has many seasonal rivers such as Chaki Khad and they meet the Beas river.

2. Hoshiarpur Shiwalik. The region of Hoshiarpur Shiwalik is spread between Beas and Sutlej rivers and in Hoshiarpur, Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar (Nawanshahar and Nurpur Bedi of Roopnagar district). Its length and breadth is 130 km and 5-8 km respectively. Hills in the north are quite wide but they are narrow in the south.

The highest block in this region is Talwara and its height is 741 metres. These slopes of Shiwalik are the victims of Gully erosion. After almost every kilometere, we can find a Cho. Due to head-ward erosion of these Chaos, these hills are cut down at many places. In the south of Hoshiarpur, they are called ‘Katar di Dhar’. Its middle part is situated in the east of Garhshankar. Kot, Mairan, Dalle di Khad are major Chos of this region.

3. Ropar Shiwalik. This range of Shiwalik is situated between Sutlej and Ghagar rivers. It is spread in the Roopnagar district in the northwest to southeast along with the borders of Himachal Pradesh. These mountains start from the north of Nangal and are stretched up to the Ghaghar river near Chandigarh.

The length of this range is 90 km. Its continuity breaks down due to the Sarsa river, a tributary of Sutlej. Like other Shiwalik ranges, this range is also full of Chaos. Here these are called Rao and Ghere.