PSEB Notes

This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management

→ Any plant grown and cared for in a field for some output is known as a crop plant or simple crop.

→ Crops that are raised basically for obtaining cash are known as cash crops.

→ In addition to crop plants, vegetables, fruits, and flowers are also grown on a large scale. These come under horticulture.

→ The necessary conditions for the healthy growth of plants are oxygen, water, sunlight, and nutrients.

→ Agriculture involves the systematic use of some basic practices that fulfill the needs of plants grown in a field.

→ The process of loosening and turning the soil is known as tilling or ploughing.

→ This allows the roots to penetrate freely and deeper into the soil.

→ The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation.

→ The sources of irrigation are wells/tubewells, ponds/lakes, rivers, dams, and canals.

→ The latest irrigation methods are sprinkler systems, drip systems.

→ Seeds are sown in the field by hand or by using a seed drill. This is called broadcasting.

→ Seedlings are tiny plants. The transference of seedlings from nurseries to the main fields is called transplantation.

→ Humus is a layer of mixed organic matter on the topsoil which is made of partially or fully decomposed plant and animal remains and wastes.

→ Manure is made of waste products of animals and plants.

→ A fertilizer is a mixture of chemicals rich in potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

→ When added to soil, manure and fertilizers replenish the soil with nutrients.

→ Weeds are unwanted plants that grow in the fields along with crops. They are removed by spraying weedicides.

→ Pests destroy our crops which are removed by spraying pesticides or insecticides.

→ There are two groups of crops according to the season

• Kharif
• Rabi

→ In harvesting, crops are removed or cut close to the ground.

→ The process of separation of grains from the chaff is known as threshing.

→ Winnowing helps in separating seeds from the chaff.

→ Mixed cropping is the process of growing two or more crops together.

→ Animals such as cows, buffalo, poultry birds, and fish are reared for major food items like meat, eggs, and milk.

→ Domesticated animals need proper feeding, weeding, and protection against diseases and parasites.

→ The animal food output can be increased through proper animal husbandry practices as well as through cross-breeding.

→ Special festivals are associated with the harvest season such as Pongal, Baisakhi, Holi, Diwali, Nabanya, and Bihu.

→ Agricultural Practices: Cultivation of crops involves several activities undertaken by the farmers spread over a time period. These are called agricultural practices.

→ Soil Preparation: Before growing a crop, the soil is first prepared by ploughing, levelling, and adding manure. This is called soil preparation.

→ Sowing: Sowing is the process of putting seeds in the soil.

→ Manure and Fertilisers: The substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are called manure and fertilizer;

→ Irrigation: Giving water to the fields at different intervals for the growing crops is called irrigation.

→ Weeding: The removal of unwanted plants (weeds) from the field is called weeding.

→ Harvesting: The cutting of crops after maturity is called harvesting.

→ Storage: The storing of grains after harvesting and threshing in large godowns is called storage.

→ Animal Husbandry: The study of all aspects such as food, shelter, health care of domesticated animals is called animal husbandry.

→ Silo: Silos are the storage structures for storing food grains on small scale.

→ Granaries: Granaries are the storage structures for storing food grains on large scale.

→ Threshing: The process of separation of grains from the chaff is known as threshing.

→ Weeds: Unwanted plants which grow along with the crops in the field are called weeds.

→ Weedicides: The chemicals which are used to destroy the weeds are called weedicides.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 10 Fishery will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 10 Fishery

→ Fish farming or fishery is a subsidiary occupation and is more profitable than agriculture.

→ Indian breeds of fish are Catla, Rohu, Mrigal.

→ Exotic carps – Common carp, silver carp, Grass carp.

→ The fish pond should be made in clayey land.

→ Pond size should be 1-5 acres and it should be 6-7 feet deep.

→ Keep water level in pond upto 5-6 feet.

→ The pH of the water should be 7-9. If it is less than 7 use lime water.

→ Put seed fish of 1-2 inch size at the rate of 4000 per acre.

→ Seed fish can be put in the following ratio:

• Katla 20%, Common carp 20%, Mrigal 10%, Rohu 30%, Silver carp 10%, and Grass carp 10%.
• Katla 25%, Mrigal 20%, Rohu 35%, Common carp 20%.

→ There should be 25% protein in fish feed.

→ 500-gram fish is ready for marketing.

→ One should get training before starting the occupation of the fishery.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 9 Pig, Sheep, Goat and Rabbit Rearing will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 9 Pig, Sheep, Goat and Rabbit Rearing

→ Reproduction in pigs is very rapid and they also eat less.

→ Exotic breeds of pigs – White Yorkshire, Landrace.

→ A healthy female pig comes in beat at the age of 5-6 months for the first time.

→ A female pig can give birth twice a year and can produce 10-12 piglets per farrowing.

→ In a shed of 160 square feet, 20 young pigs can be reared.

→ Goat milk is valuable for patients and old persons.

→ Indigenous breeds of goat are Beetal, Jamnapari.

→ Exotic breeds of Goat are Saanen, Alpine, and Boer.

→ Breeds of sheep are Marino, Corriedale.

→ Selection of good quality goat is done on the basis of 120 days lactation milk production.

→ The gestation period of sheep and goats is the same and is 145-157 days.

→ Sheep or goat requires 10 sq. feet of space whereas young lamb needs only 4 sq. feet of space.

→ Males which are for mutton purposes should be castrated at the age of 2 months.

→ A female rabbit can become pregnant at the age of 6-9 months for the first time.

→ The average age of rabbits is 5 years.

→ Breeds of rabbit for wool – German Angora, British’ Angora, Russian Angora.

→ Breeds of rabbit for meat – Grey Giant, Soviet Chinchilla, White Giant, Newzealand White.

→ Annual wool yield from Russian, British and German Angora is respectively 215, 230, 530 grams.

→ Wool can be taken at the age of 4 months from a rabbit.

→ Before starting the rearing of sheep, goats, or rabbits, first, get training for this purpose.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Poultry Farming will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Poultry Farming

→ ‘Poultry’ is a word that includes all types of birds that are reared to fulfill their economical needs.

→ Sutlej Layer is a type of breed of hen that gives about 255-265 eggs annually and the weight of the egg is 55 grams. A hen starts laying eggs at the age of 160 days.

→ IBL – 80 Broiler is a breed of hen which is reared for meat purposes. At the age of 6 weeks, its body weight becomes 1350-1450 grams.

→ White Leghorn is an exotic breed that lays 220-250 eggs annually.

→ Rhode Island Red gives about 180 eggs annually, the egg is of brown colors.

→ White Plymouth Rock gives 140 eggs annually and chicks’ weight at the age of two months is 1 kg.

→ Hens require about 40 feed nutrients in their feed.

→ Feed is divided into 6 parts i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, fat, minerals, vitamins, and water.

→ The device which is used to keep chicks warm is called a brooder.

→ A Hen needs 2 question foot space.

→ Birds cannot sweat because they don’t have sweat glands in the skin.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Milk Products and their Marketing will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Milk Products and their Marketing

→ Milk is a boon to mankind. Milk is ideal and unique food for mankind.

→ Milk has high nutritive value like protein, calcium for bones, and other minerals.

→ Co-operative institutes play important role in the marketing of milk.

→ Cow milk should have at least 4% of fat in it and the value of solid-not-fat (S.N.F.) is 8.5%.

→ Buffalo milk should have 6% of fat and the value of solid not-fat (S.N.F.) should be 9%.

→ Types of milk are-Toned milk, double-toned milk, and standardized milk.

→ Raw milk can spoil easily. Therefore, milk can be processed and preserved for a long time by preparing different milk products.

→ We can earn more profit by preparing different milk products.

→ Milk products are Khoa, Paneer (Cheese), Ghee, Dahi (curd), etc.

→ We can get 200 grams of Khoa and 180 grams of Paneer from one-kilogram cow milk.

→ We can get 250 grams of Khoa and 250 grams of Paneer from one kg buffalo milk.

→ One can get information from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, and National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana) on the preparation of milk products by adopting the latest technology.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 Dairy Farming will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 Dairy Farming

→ Nearly 70% population in Punjab lives in villages.

→ There are 17 lakh cows and 50 lakh buffaloes in Punjab.

→ In Punjab, 937 grams per day per capita milk is produced whereas at the national level it is 291 grams.

→ Holstein-Friesian is the highest milk-giving exotic breed of cow.

→ Indigenous breeds of cows have average lactation milk yield varying from 1000 kg to 1800 kg.

→ Indigenous breeds of cows are Hariana, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar.

→ Dual-purpose breeds are Tharparkar and Hariana.

→ Exotic breeds of cows are Holstein-Friesian, Jersey. Average lactation milk yield is 5500-6500 kg and 3000, 5000 kg respectively.

→ An average cow or buffalo with a bodyweight of 400 kg needs approximately 35 kg green fodder.

→ Feed nutrients for animals can be classified into four categories i.e. energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins.

→ Animals are given concentrate which is prepared by mixing cereals, oilseed cakes, etc.

→ If a milking machine is used*, clean teats by dipping in 50% betadine and 50% glycerin solution.

→ Do not transport the pregnant animal to avoid slipping of animals.

→ The animal should be milked within 2 hours of calving.

→ Dress the navel cord of the newly born calf 2-3 times daily with a tincture of Iodine or Dettol.

→ Feed milk to the calf and avoid sucking.

→ Disbud the buffalo calves at the age of 7-10 days and cow calves at the age of 15-20 days.

→ Heifer, if given proper feed it will become 300 kg in 18months.

→ Milking should be complete in 6-8 minutes with the full hand method.

→ Adult animals need 120-140 square feet of space.

→ Surplus green fodder is dried to get Hay and non-legume fodder is conserved as silage.

→ The average lactation milk yield of Indian breeds of buffalo is 500 kg at the National level and in Punjab, it is 1500 kg.

→ In India, there are 15 breeds of buffaloes. In Punjab, there are two breeds-Murrah and Nili Ravi.

→ The best breed of buffalo should have an average lactation milk yield of 2000 kg in the first lactation and in successive lactation. it should be 2500 kg.

→ Preserve the milk at 5°C. It prevents the growth of bacteria.

→ Clean the milk containers properly.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Quality Control of Seeds, Fertilizers and Insecticides will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Quality Control of Seeds, Fertilizers and Insecticides

→ For profitable farming, the main commodities required are seeds, fertilizers, and insecticides.

→ The government of India has made certain laws under the Essential Commodities Act.

→ These acts are Seed Control Order, Fertilizer Control Order, Insecticides Act.

→ License officers are appointed in Punjab according to Seed Control Order Act. These laws are implemented by the Department of Agriculture, Punjab.

→ If the seed seller sells lower quality seeds to the farmer, the farmer can complain to the Seed Inspector.

→ If a crop fails due to damaged or low-quality seed, Seed Inspector can cancel the sale license of the dealer.

→ Under article 7 of the Seed Act, only notified seeds can be sold.

→ Fertilizer testing laboratories are located at Ludhiana and Faridkot.

→ Fertilizer Control Order was made in 1985, which is used to prevent adulteration, low quality, and non-certified fertilizers, and to ensure quality and correct weight of fertilizers.

→ Insecticides Act was made in 1968.

→ Central Insecticide Board gives advice to the government to implement the laws.

→ Central Registration Committee provides registration for the manufacturing of agrochemicals and also provides permission for their import and export.

→ Insecticides samples are sent to the laboratories located at Ludhiana, Bathinda, Amritsar for testing.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Marketing of Farm Produce will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Marketing of Farm Produce

→ If marketing is done in a proper way one can earn more income.

→ For good marketing, one should take care of the crop from the time of sowing.

→ Sow good quality of a variety of the crop which can be sold easily and can earn good money.

→ Sowing, hoeing, irrigation, use of weedicides and insecticides, etc. should be done with expert opinions.

→ After threshing, weigh the produce.

→ Dispose of the produce after grading.

→ Get a form and receipt from the purchaser so that farmer could know their gains and investment.

→ Produce should be marketed through cooperative societies.

→ Punjab Mandi Board has set up mechanical handling units in Punjab in some of the man dies.

→ Bulk handling units have been established by ‘Food Corporation of India at Mandi Gobindgarh, Moga, and Jagraon for storage and handling of wheat on large scale.

→ Farmers should keep and get the information and knowledge of the markets near them.

→ Rates can be known from Radio, T.V., and Newspapers, etc.

→ In case of any problem in the disposal of the produce farmer can contact higher officials of the market.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Flower Cultivation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Flower Cultivation

→ In Indian culture, the importance of flowers is there since time immemorial.

→ Flowers are used for worship, marriage, and social functions.

→ In Punjab, the area under flower cultivation is 2160 hectares.

→ In Punjab, the area under fresh flower cultivation is 1300 hectares.

→ In Punjab, flower crops are mainly classified into two categories.

• Loose Flower
• Cut Flower

→ Loose Flowers are harvested from the base of flowers without their sterns. Examples: Rose, Jasmine, Marigold.

→ Cut flowers are harvested with their long stems. Examples: Gerbera, Rose, Lilium, Gladiolus, etc.

→ Gladiolus is the main cut flower crop in Punjab.

→ Gladiolus is propagated from the corms.

→ Marigold is the main major loose flower crop of Punjab.

→ Marigold is of two types African Marigold and French Marigold.

→ For raising a nursery of one acre of marigold 600-gram seed, is required.

→ Chrysanthemum is a flower that is used for both cut flowers as well as loose flowers.

→ Chrysanthemum is a flower in which the terminal stem cuttings of plants are cut from old plants from the end of June to mid-July.

→ Rose is a flower that is used for both cut flowers as well as loose flowers.

→ Fully open rose flowers are harvested for marketing as loose flowers but are harvested at tight bud stage with long stems.

→ Red, orange, white, pink, and yellow coloured flowers of Gerbera are in more demand.

→ Tuberose flowers are used as loose and cut flowers for oil extraction.

→ Tuberose bulbs are planted during February-March.

→ Produce obtained for tuberose is 80,000 cut flowers or 2-2.5 ton/loose flowers per acre.

→ Motia (Jasmine) flowers are of white colored having good fragrance.

→ Soil suitable for cultivation of Motia is heavy soil with good.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Summer Vegetables will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Summer Vegetables

→ Any succulent part like fruit, leaf, stems, etc. of a plant that can be eaten fresh as a salad or after cooking is called a vegetable.

→ Vegetables contain carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.

→ For maintaining good health, the consumption of 284 grams of vegetables per person per day is essential.

→ Leafy vegetables are spinach, fenugreek, lettuce (salad), saag.

→ Root vegetables are carrot, radish, turnip.

→ The reason for low consumption per person is population explosion and post-harvest losses of vegetables.

→ Major Kharif (summer) vegetables are chilli, brinjal, okra, bitter gourd, squash melon, tomato, bottle gourd, sponge gourd, long melon, etc.

→ Varieties of chillis are Punjab surkh, Punjab Guchhedar, Chilli hybrid-1.

→ The seed rate for chilli for sowing nursery in one marla is 200 grams.

→ Varieties of tomato are Punjab Varkha Bahar-1, Punjab Varkha Bahar-2.

→ Seed rate for tomato is 100-gram seed for 2 maria nursery which is used for transplanting in one acre.

→ Varieties of Brinjal are Punjab Neelam (round fruited), BH-2 (oblong fruited), PBH-3 (small fruited).

→ The seed rate for the sowing nursery of brinjal is 300-400 grams per acre.

→ Varieties of okra are Punjab-7, Punjab-8, Punjab Padmini.

→ The seed rate for okra is 15 kg (February), 8-10 kg (March), 5-6 kg (June-July).

→ Cucurbitaceous vegetables are summer squash, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, cucumber, squash melon, long melon, musk melon, etc.

→ Varieties of Summer squash – Punjab Chappan Kaddo-1.

→ Varieties of Bottle gourd – Punjab Barket, Punjab Komal.

→ Varieties of bitter gourd – Punjab-14, Punjab Kareli-1.

→ The seed rate for bitter gourd is 2 kg per acre.

→ Varieties of sponge gourd – Pusa chikni, Punjab spong gourd-9.

→ Varieties of ash gourd are – PAG-3.

→ The seed rate for each summer squash, bottle gourd, ash gourd is 2 kg per acre.

→ Varieties of cucumber – Punjab Naveen.

→ The seed rate for cucumber is one kg per acre.

→ Varieties of long melon – Punjab Long melon-1.

→ The seed rate for long melon is one kg per acre.

→ Varieties of squash melon – Tir 4a-48.

→ Seed rate for squash melon – 1.5 kg per acre.

→ Musk Melon is a vegetable scientifically.

→ Varieties of musk melon – Punjab hybrid, hara Madhu, Punjab sunehri.

→ The seed rate for musk melon is 400 grams per acre.