Class 8

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals Ex 3.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals Ex 3.2

Question 1.
(a)

Solution:
Sum of all the exterior angles of a polygon = 360°.
∴ x + 125° + 125° = 360°
∴ x + 250° = 360°
∴ x = 360° – 250° (Transposing 250° to RHS)
∴ x = 110°

(b)

Solution:
In this figure, two exterior angles are of 90° each. (one interior angle is 90°)
Sum of all exterior angles of a polygon = 360°.
∴ x + 90° + 60° + 90° + 70° = 360°
∴ x + 310° = 360°
∴ x = 360° – 310° (Transposing 310° to RHS)
∴ x = 50°

Question 2.
Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon of (i) 9 sides (ii) 15 sides
Solution:
(i) Number of sides (n) = 9
∴ Number of exterior angles = 9
The sum of all exterior angles = 360°.
The given polygon is a regular polygon.
∴ All the exterior angles are equal.
∴ Measure of an exterior angle = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{9}\).
= 40°

(ii) Number of sides of regular polygon = 15
∴ Number of exterior angles = 15
The sum of all the exterior angles = 360°
The given polygon is a regular polygon.
∴ All the exterior angles are equal.
∴ The measure of each exterior angle = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{15}\) = 24°

Question 3.
How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24° ?
Solution:
Regular polygon is equiangular.
Sum of all the exterior angles = 360°
Measure of an exterior angle = 24°
∴ Number of sides = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{24^{\circ}}\)
The polygon has 15 sides.

Question 4.
How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165° ?
Solution:
The given polygon is regular polygon.
Each interior angle = 165°
∴ Each exterior angle = 180° – 165° = 15°
∴ Number of sides = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{15^{\circ}}\) = 24
The polygon has 24 sides.

Question 5.
(a) Is it possible to have a regular polygon with measure of each exterior angle as 22° ?
Solution:
Each exterior angle = 22°
∴ Number of sides = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{22^{\circ}}=\frac{180^{\circ}}{11^{\circ}}\)
The number of sides of a regular polygon must be a whole number.
But, \(\frac {180}{11}\) is not a whole number.
∴ No, exterior angle of a regular polygon cannot be of measure 22°.

(b) Can it be an interior angle of a regular polygon ? Why ?
Solution:
If the measure of an interior angle of a polygon is 22°, then the measure of its exterior angle = 180° – 22° = 158°.
∴ Number of sides = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{158^{\circ}}=\frac{180^{\circ}}{79^{\circ}}\)
\(\frac {180}{79}\)is not a whole number.
∴ No, 22° cannot be an interior angle of a regular polygon.

Question 6.
(a) What is the minimum interior angle possible for a regular polygon? Why ?
Solution:
The minimum number of sides of a polygon = 3
The regular polygon of 3-sides is an equilateral triangle.
Each interior angle of an equilateral triangle = 60°.
Hence, the minimum possible interior angle of a polygon = 60°.

(b) What is the maximum exterior angle possible for a regular polygon ?
Solution:
The sum of an exterior angle and its corresponding interior angle is 180°. (Linear pair)
And minimum interior angle of a regular polygon = 60°.
∴ The maximum exterior angle of a regular polygon = 180° – 60° = 120°.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 16 Playing with Numbers Ex 16.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 16 Playing with Numbers Ex 16.1

Find the values of the letters in each of the following and give reasons for the steps involved:

Question 1.

Solution:
Here, we have two letters A and B, whose values are to be found.

By observing the ones column, we have A + 5 and we get 2 from this.
1. e., a number whose ones digit is 2, for this A has to be 7.
∴ A + 5 = 7 + 5 = 12

Now, for the sum in tens column, we have 1 + 3 + 2 = B
∴ B = 6
Thus,

Thus, A = 7 and B = 6

Question 2.

Solution:
Here, we have three letters A, B and C, whose values are to be found.

By observing the ones column, we have A + 8 and we get 3 from this.
i. e., a number whose ones digit is 3, for this A has to be 5.
∴ A + 8 = 5 + 8 = 13
Now, for the sum in tens column, we have 1 + 4 + 9 = CB
∴ CB = 14
Here, B = 4 and C = 1

Thus, A = 5, B = 4 and C = 1

Question 3.

Solution:
Here, we have A, whose value is to be found.

Since, product of ones digit
A × A = A, so it must be 1, 5 or 6.
When A = 1, then 1 1 But, the product is 9 A, so A = 1 is not possible.

When A = 5, then
But, the product is 9 A, so A = 5 is not possible.

When A = 6, then

Thus, A = 6

Question 4.

Solution:
Here, we have two letters A and B, whose values are to be found.

By observing the ones column, we have B + 7 and we get A from this, i. e., a number whose ones digit is A.
Now, for the sum in tens column, we have A + 3 and we get 6 from this. Therefore, the value of A must be 2. (Keeping in mind that carry over 1 is to be considered.)
If A = 2, then

Then B + 7 gives 2, so B + 37 must be 5 and sum in tens 6 2 column is 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, so it is correct.

Question 5.

Solution:
Here, we have three letters A, B and C, whose values are to be found.

Units digit of 3 × B is B, so B must be either 0 or 5.

When B = 0, then

When B = 5, then

Now, units digit of 3 × A is A. So A must be either 0 or 5, but A cannot be 0, because if A = 0, then AB becomes one-digit number. So A must be 5 and multiplication is either 55 × 3 or 50 × 3.
55 × 3 = 165, here A = 6, so this is not possible.
∴ 50 × 3 = 150

Thus, A = 5, B = 0 and C = 6

Question 6.

Solution:
Here, we have three letters A, B and C, whose values are to be found.

Units digit B × 5 = B, so B must be either 0 or 5.
When B = 0, then

When B = 5, then

Now, units digit of 5 × A = A, so A must be either 0 or 5.
There are three letters as a product. So A ≠ 0, but A = 5.
So multiplication is either 50 × 5 or 55 × 5.
50 × 5 = 250 and 55 × 5 = 275, so 55 × 5 is not correct.
So 50 × 5 = 250

Thus, A = 5, B = 0 and C = 2.

Question 7.

Solution:
Here, we have two letters A and B, whose values are to be found.

Units digit B × 6 = B, so B must be 2, 4, 6 or 8.
∴ Possible values of product BBB are 222, 444, 666 or 888.
If we divide these numbers by 6, then quotient should be A2, A4, A6 or A8.
Now, 222 ÷ 6 = 37, remainder = 0
But, the quotient is not as A2, so B = 2 is not possible.

Thus, A = 7 and B = 4

Question 8.

Solution:
Here, we have two letters A and B, whose values are to be found.

By observing the sum in unit column, we have 1 + B = 0. So here is a number whose unit digit is 0, so B must be 9.
Now, for sum in tens column, we have 1 + A + 1 = 9.
So A must be 7.

Thus, A = 7 and B = 9

Question 9.

Solution:
Here, we have two letters A and B, whose values are to be found.

By observing the sum in units column, we have B + 1 = 8.
∴ B must be 7.
Now,

By observing the sum in tens digit column, we have A + 7 = 1, i.e., whose unit’s digit is 1, so A must be 4.

Thus, A = 4 and B = 7

Question 10.

Solution:
Here, we have two letters A and B, whose values are to be found.

By observing the sum in tens column, we have 2 + A = 0, so A must be 8.
Then,

Now, by observing the sum in units column, we have 8 + B = 9, so B must be 1.

Thus, A = 8 and B = 1.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Letter/Application Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Letter/Application Writing

पत्र लिखना एक कला है। एक अच्छा पत्र लिख कर आप शत्रु का दिल भी जीत सकते हैं। पत्र मुख्यतः तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-व्यक्तिगत, व्यावसायिक अथवा अधिकारियों को लिखे गए पत्र।

व्यक्तिगत पत्र (Personal Letters)-व्यक्तिगत पत्र वे पत्र होते हैं जो हम अपने मित्रों या सगे-सम्बन्धियों को लिखते हैं। ऐसे पत्र प्रायः समाचारों से भरे होते हैं। इन पत्रों में हम अपने घर, परिवार, स्कूल या किसी अनुभव का वर्णन करते हैं। ये पत्र एक विशेष विधि द्वारा लिखे जाते हैं। इन्हें ऐसे लिखा जाता है जैसे कि आप किसी व्यक्ति से बातचीत कर रहे हों। पते के अतिरिक्त इन पत्रों के छ: भाग होते हैं।

1. लिखने वाले का पता (The address of the sender)
2. तिथि (Date)
3. सम्बोधन या अभिवादन (The salutation or greeting)
4. विषय-वस्तु (The body of letter)
5. विधिवत् अन्त (The subscription or complimentary close)
6. हस्ताक्षर (Signature)

प्रत्येक भाग को लिखने की अपनी अलग विधि होती है। आओ हम एक-एक करके इनका अध्ययन करें-
1. The Address of the Sender. पहले पत्र भेजने वाले का पता पृष्ठ पर सबसे ऊपर दायें कोने में लिखा जाता था। प्रत्येक लाइन में अन्त में Comma और आखिरी लाइन के अन्त में Full Stop लगाया जाता था।

परन्तु अब पता लिखते समय विराम चिन्ह लगाने की विधि में अन्तर आ गया है। अब पंक्तियों के अन्त में Commas और Full Stop का प्रयोग नहीं होता। इसके अतिरिक्त अब Sender’s Address दाहिने कोने की बजाये बाएं कोने में लिखा जाता है।

15 Model Town
Rajpura
2. Date. तिथि लिखने वाले के पते के बिल्कुल नीचे लिखी जाती है। तिथि लिखने की कई विधियां हैं, जैसे-
15 Model Town
Rajpura
March 12, 20……
या
12th March 20…..
या
12 March 20……
3. The Salutation or Greeting. (i) मित्र को पत्र लिखते समय उसे उसके नाम से सम्बोधित कीजिए; जैसे-Dear Mohan, जहां तक हो सके मित्र को उसी नाम (संक्षिप्त) से संबोधित कीजिए जिस नाम से आप बातचीत करते समय उसे सम्बोधित करते हैं; जैसे,
Dear Monu
Dear Sonu

(ii) माता-पिता, भाइयों, बहनों अथवा घनिष्ठ सगे सम्बन्धियों को आप यूं सम्बोधित कर सकते हैं-
My dear Father or Daddy/Dad
My dear Mother or Mamma/Mom
My dear Brother My dear Gopal
My dear Kamla
नोट-यदि आप Address में विराम चिन्ह नहीं लगाते तो आप सम्बोधन में भी इनका प्रयोग न करें।

4. The Body of the Letter-यह पत्र का सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण भाग है। एक अच्छा पत्र वह माना जाता है जो सरल हो और जिसमें पाठक की रुचि बनी रहे। पत्र की प्रत्येक पंक्ति अर्थपूर्ण एवं रोचक हो। पत्र ऐसे लिखना चाहिए मानो आपका सम्बन्धी आपके सामने बैठा हो और आप से बातें कर रहा हो। पत्र का यह भाग लिखते समय विराम चिन्हों और Grammar के अन्य सभी नियमों का पूरा पालन करें।

5. The Subscription or Complimentary Close-(i) मित्र को लिखे गए पत्र का अन्त इस प्रकार करें
Yours sincerely
या
Your sincere friend

(ii) सगे-सम्बन्धियों को लिखे गये पत्रों का अन्त इस प्रकार करें-
Yours affectionately

(iii) निम्नलिखित phrases के साथ भी व्यक्तिगत पत्रों का अन्त किया जा सकता है- . Ever sincerely yours
या
Your loving son/Love
या
Lovingly yours
नोट-यदि आपने सम्बोधन के समय comma नहीं लगाया तो आप पत्र का अन्त करने वाले phrase के साथ भी comma न लगायें।

6. Signature-व्यक्तिगत पत्र में आप को अपने पूरे हस्ताक्षर नहीं करने चाहिएं। आपको या तो नाम का पहला हिस्सा लिखना चाहिए या फिर वह नाम लिखें जिस नाम से आप अपने सगे-सम्बन्धियों या मित्रों द्वारा पुकारे जाते हैं। जैसे-
Sohan
या
Sonu आप Sohan Lal Gupta अर्थात् पूरा नाम न लिखें।

Salutation and Subscription at a Glance

Official Letters या Business Letters.
(i) ऐसे पत्रों में कोई विशेष अन्तर तो नहीं होता। अन्तर केवल इतना है कि इन पत्रों के प्राय: छ: की बजाए सात भाग होते हैं।

(ii) ऐसे पत्रों में पत्र लिखने वाले का पता और तिथि व्यक्तिगत पत्रों की तरह ही लिखे जाते हैं।’

(iii) ऐसे पत्रों में उस फर्म (Firm) या व्यक्ति का पूरा पता भी पत्र में लिखा जाता है जिसे पत्र लिखा जा रहा हो, जैसे-
Messrs Malhotra Book Depot
(Producers of Quality Books)
Railway Road
Jalandhar City

(iv) ऐसे पत्रों में सम्बोधन की विधि इस प्रकार होती है
Dear Sir
या
Dear Sirs
या
Madam
या
Sir
नोट-यदि व्यक्ति आप से परिचित है तो आप उसे यूं भी सम्बोधित कर सकते हैं-
Dear Mr. Sharma

(v) ऐसे पत्रों की विषय-वस्तु संक्षिप्त, स्पष्ट और विनम्र-भाषी होनी चाहिए।

(vi) ऐसे पत्रों का अन्त यूं करना चाहिए
Yours truly
या
Yours faithfully

(vii) आप माननीय व्यक्तियों अथवा उच्च पद पर आसीन व्यक्तियों को पत्र लिखते हुए Yours respectfully या Yours obediently का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं। नाम से सम्बोधित पत्रों का अन्त Yours sincerely से ही करना चाहिए।

(viii) ऐसे पत्रों में हस्ताक्षर पूरे होने चाहिएं और हस्ताक्षर के पश्चात् लिखने वाले का नाम या पद लिखा जाना चाहिए, जैसे-
Yours faithfully
Mohan Lal Sharma
Manager

Important Applications and Letters

1. Application for Marriage Leave
Write an application to the Headmistress of your school for marriage leave.

The Headmistress
Khalsa Public School
Nawanshahr
Madam

I beg to say that the marriage of my elder brother/sister takes place next week. I am to help my parents in making marriage arrangements. So I cannot come to school. Kindly grant me leave for five days. I shall be very thankful to you for this.

Yours obediently
Jaspinder Kaur
Roll No. 25
23. VIII A
March 15, 20 ………….

Word-Meanings-Marriage = विवाह, Takes place = होगी, Arrangements = व्यवस्थाएं, Much = अधिक.

2. Leave for Urgent Work
Write an application to the Principal of your school for leave for a day.

The Principal
A.B. Sen. Sec. School
Patiala Sir

I beg to say that I have an urgent piece of work at home. So I cannot come to school. Kindly grant me leave for today. I shall be thankful to you for this.

Yours obediently
Raman
Roll No. 25
VIII C
February 5, 20 ……

Word-Meanings-Urgent piece of work = आवश्यक कार्य, Grant = प्रदान करो

3. Application for a Testimonial
Imagine you are Kavita, a student of Govt. Sen. Sec School, Ludhiana. Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him to send a testimonial as you are applying for the post of a clerk.

11 Happy House
Model Town
Jalandhar
The Principal
Govt. Sen. Sec. School
Ludhiana
Sir

I beg to say that I am an old student of your school. I have to apply for the post of a clerk in a bank. I need a testimonial from you for that. I am writing down the following details for reference.

I passed my Sen. Sec. Examination in 2001 with 600 marks. I stood first in the district. I was a member of the school hockey team. I took part in the debates also and won many trophies and cups for the school. I was in the good books of my teachers.

Kindly send me the testimonial as soon as possible and oblige.

Yours obediently
Kavita
March 14, 20……

Word-Meanings-Testimonial = अचरण पत्र, In the good books of = नजरों में अच्छा, Oblige = कृतार्थ करें।

4. Application for Change of Section
Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him to change your section.

The Principal
Govt. Sen. Sec. School
Sirhind
Sir

I am a student of VIII B of your school. I live in Main Bazaar. All my friends are in VIII A Section of the school. So I feel very lonely in VIII B.

Besides, I have to do my home task alone at home. Whenever I am unable to attend the school, I cannot do my homework. There is none to tell me about the homework given by the class teacher. The boys of my street can help me in other ways also. I hope you will appreciate my problem and change my section.
Thanking you

Yours obediently
Kirpal Singh
Roll No. 46
VIII B
March 15, 20……

Word-Meanings- Feel = अनुभव करना, Ways = ढंग, Lonely = अकेला, Appreciate = समझना।

5. For Admission to the Next Class
Write an application to the Headmaster of your school requesting him for admission to the next class.

The Headmaster
Govt. High School
Phagwara
Sir

I beg to say that I am a student of 7th class of your school. I fell ill in March. Still I appeared in the annual examination. I failed but my class-fellows went to the next class.

I am a good student. I got first division in the half-yearly examination. Kindly give me a test on any day and admit me to the 8th class. I assure you that I shall get first division in Middle Standard Examination.
Thanking you

Yours obediently
Mohan Lal
VIII C
March 5, 20…….

Word-Meanings- Annual = वार्षिक, Division = श्रेणी.

6. Application for Late Fee
Write an application to the Headmaster of your school requesting him to permit you to pay your fee for the month late by ten days.

The Headmaster
Govt. High School
Hoshiarpur
Sir

I beg to say that I am a student of VIII A of your school. Tomorrow is fee day and I am unable to pay it. My father has gone to Delhi. He will come back in ten days. Kindly allow me to pay my fee late by ten days.

Thanking you

Yours obediently
Sohan Lal
VIII A
March 9, 20……..

Word-Meanings- Unable = असमर्थ, Allow = अनुमति देना

7. Permission to take part in Games
Write an application to the Headmaster of your school requesting him to permit you to take part in the evening games.

The Headmaster
A.B.C. High School
Moga
Sir

I am a student of VIII D of your school. Our school is preparing for the Distt. Sports Meet. There are regular games in the school in the evening. I am also fond of games. I am a good player of football. Last year I was a member of the school football team. But this year my name is not in the players’ list because I could not perform well in the final trial. I request you to give me another chance and permit me to take part in the evening games. I assure you that I will try my best to improve my performance.
Thanking you

Yours obediently
Vijay Kumar
Roll No. 25
VIII D
Dated : March 9, 20…………

Word Meanings-Take part = भाग लेना, Permit = अनुमति देना, Assure = विश्वास दिलाना।

8. Permission to go on a Historical Tour
Write an application to your Principal requesting him/her to permit you to go on a historical tour.

The Principal
Govt. Sen. Sec. School
Ladowal
Madam

We, the students of class VIII, beg to seek your permission for a historical tour. The school will close for the summer vacation next week. We want to see the Taj Mahal. We also want to go to Fatehpur Sikri. On our way back, we want to visit Delhi. The trip will be very useful for us. It will give us first hand knowledge of History. The trip will cost two hundred rupees per head. Our teacher of History has agreed to take us to these places. We are 30 girls in all. I hope you will arrange this trip.
Thanking you

Yours obediently
Manjit Kaur
VIII A
April 30, 20……

Word-Meanings- Summer = गर्मी, Trip = भ्रमण, Useful = उपयोगी, Knowledge = ज्ञान

11. On Recovery From Illness
Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his recovery from long illness.

135 New Road
Nawanshahr
March 18, 20…..
Dear Mohan

I am glad to know that you have recovered from long illness. I congratulate you on your recovery. You worked very hard. So you fell ill. Now please take care of your health.

Take long walks in the morning. Drink milk and eat fruit. All this will make you healthy soon.
With best wishes.

Yours sincerely
Hardeep

Word-Meanings-Glad = प्रसन्न, Recovered = ठीक हो गये हो, Take care of = ध्यान रखो, Congratulate = बधाई देना

12. Invitation on Brother’s Marriage
Write a letter to your friend inviting him to your brother’s marriage.

Govt. High School
Amritsar
March 4, 20………
My dear Kamlesh

You will be glad to know that the marriage of my elder brother comes off on March 9, 20……. The marriage party will leave Amritsar for Delhi the same day. We invite you to join us in our joys.

You know that Delhi is a historical city. There are many buildings worth-seeing. You will see the Red Fort, the Qutab Minar and Jantar Mantar. Rina and Tina have also been invited. They will reach here on Sunday. We will have good time together.
I hope you will reach in time.

Yours sincerely
Mitlesh
Address:
Kumari Kamlesh
45 Mall Road
Shimla

Word-Meanings-Comes off = पड़ती है, Marriage party = बारात, Worth-seeing = दर्शनीय

13. Inviting a Friend to the Birthday Party
Suppose you are Harish. You live at 38 Manavta Park, Hoshiarpur. Invite your friend to come to your birthday party.

38 Manavta Park
Hoshiarpur
February 22, 20……
My dear Surinder

You will be glad to know that my birthday falls on next Monday. There will be a tea party in the evening. I have invited all my friends to the party. I cannot forget you on this day. Please reach here on Sunday evening. We will have a good time together.
Thanking you

Yours sincerely
Harish

Word-Meanings-Falls on = पड़ता है, Invited = आमन्त्रित किया है, Forget = भूलना।

14. To Uncle for a Birthday Gift
Suppose you are Poonam. You live at 232, Phase IX, Mohali. Your uncle has sent you a wrist-watch on your birthday. Write a letter of thanks to your uncle.

232 Phase
IX Mohali
March 8, 20……
My dear Uncle

It is very kind of you to remember me on my birthday. You have sent me a beautiful wrist-watch as a gift. It shows your love for me. I received many gifts that day but I liked your gift the most. Everybody praised it.

The watch will help me a lot. It will make my life regular. I shall never be late for school now. I thank you for this lovely gift. I assure you thar I shall keep this watch with great care.

With regards
Yours lovingly
Poonam
Address :
Shri Manohar Singh
Joginder Nagar
Rohtak

Word-Meanings-Gift = उपहार, The most = सबसे बढ़कर, Praised = प्रशंसा की, A lot = बहुत ज्यादा, Regular = नियमित, Care = ध्यान.

15. To Younger Brother to Take Interest in Studies
Write a letter to your younger brother/sister scolding him/her for neglecting studies.

18 Mohan Nagar
Batala
February 18, 20…….
My dear Suman

I received your progress report yesterday. You have failed in all the subjects. You are not working hard. You are neglecting your studies. It is very bad. Final examinations are drawing near. Be careful. Do not waste your time. Work hard. Finish your syllabus in time.
I hope you will act upon my advice.

Yours affectionately
Mohan

Word-Meanings Subjects = विषय, Neglecting = उपेक्षा कार रहे, Waste = नष्ट करना, Avoid = दूर रहना, Act upon = अमल करना।

16. Invitation for Summer Vacation
Write a letter to your friend asking him to spend a part of his summer vacation with you.

1407 Green Avenue
Amritsar
February 18, 20 ……
My dear Gopal

Your school has closed for the summer vacation. You are free now. I invite you to come to Amritsar. Amritsar is a holy city. Here are many places worth-seeing. You will see Sri Harmandar Sahib, the Durgayana Mandir, the Jallianwala Bagh and other important places.

We shall also study together. I hope you will reach here soon.

Yours sincerely
Ramesh

Word-Meanings-Invite = बुलाना, Holy = पठित्र, Worth-seeing = देखने योग्य।

17. To a Friend on his Failure
Write a letter to your friend who has failed in the examination, asking him not to lose heart but try again.

15 New Colony
Kotkapura
March 18, 20 ……
Dear Raman

Your result is out today. It is very sad that you have failed. It is your own fault. You never worked hard. You moved in a bad company. The result is before you.

Please act upon my advice. Don’t lose heart. Give up bad company and work hard. You will pass next time.

Yours sincerely
Kamal
Address:
Mr. Raman
370 Nai Basti
Ambala

Word-Meaning-Moved = घूमते रहे, Act upon = अमल करना, Lose heart = धैर्य छोड़ना।

18. Condolence Letter.
Suppose you are Satish. You live at 6 Soni Street, Khanna. Your friend has lost his mother. Write a letter of condolence to him.

6 Soni Street
Khanna
Feb. 20, 20 ……
My dear X

I got your letter yesterday. I was shocked to read it. The sudden death of your mother is. a great loss. I share your sorrow.

I met your mother last month. She looked healthy. Her death is untimely. It is the will of God. We must bow before His will. Please have courage.

Yours sincerely
Satish
Address:
Mr. X
15-New Chowk
ABC

Word Meanings-Shocked = आघात पहुंचा, Sudden = आकस्मिक, Great loss = बहुत बड़ी क्षति, Share = बांटना, Sorrow – दुःख, Untimely death = अकाल मृत्यु, Will = इच्छा।

19. To Avoid Bad Company
Write a letter to your younger brother, advising him to avoid bad company. Examination Hall

………City
March 15, 20…….
My dear Mukesh

I received a letter from your headmaster. I gather that you move in a bad company. Ramesh and Dinesh are your friends these days. Both of them smoke. They go to pictures everyday. You, too, have started smoking in their company. You have become a film-fan. Your headmaster is worried about you.

Dear brother, we have high hopes on you. You are the light of our home. The examinations are drawing near. Please give up your bad company.
I hope you will act upon my advice.

With love
Yours affectionately
Kamleshwar
Address:
Mr. Mukesh Verma
Boys’ Hostel
A.B.C. Sen. Sec. School
…….. City

Word-Meaning-Film-fan = फिल्म देखने के शौकीन, Draw near = निकट आना, Act upon = अमल करना।

20. To Father about Your Success in the Examination
You have passed the Middle Standard Examination. Write a letter to your father telling him about your good result.

36 Raj Nagar
Khanna
July 3, 20 ……
My dear Father

Our result was out yesterday. You will be glad to know that I have stood second in the state. I have secured 85% marks. My teacher and headmaster came to our house in the morning. They blessed and patted me. They congratulated the mother. All missed you badly on the occasion. When are you coming home?

Your loving son
Amit

Word-Meanings-Secure = प्राप्त करना, Missed = याद आई, Occasion = अवसर।

21. Letter about Hostel Life
You are Anil, a student of class VIII. You are residing in hostel. Write a letter to your mother about your hostel life.

Boys’ Hostel
A.B.C. Sen. Sec. School
Chandigarh
My dear Mother

Our new session has started. I have got a good room in the school hostel. My hostel life is well disciplined. There are fixed hours for study, meals and games. We get up in time and go to bed in time. Our hostel warden is kind as well as strict to us. He does not allow us to go out of the hostel after the main gate is closed.
Dear Mother, I miss you very badly. I wish I got wings to fly home.

With regards
Yours lovingly
Anil

Word-Meanings- Session = सत्र, Disciplined = अनुशासित, Fixed = निरिचत, Strict = सख्त

22. To Father About Your Papers
You are appearing in the Middle Standard Examination. Write a letter to your father telling him about your progress in the examination.

8 The Mall
Jalandhar Cantt
March 18, 20…….
My dear Father

I am taking my Middle Standard Examination these days. The English paper was very easy. I hope to get 80 marks in it. The paper in Mathematics was a little tough. But I did all the sums.

Punjabi and Social Studies are easy subjects. I hope to do well in them. I am sure that I shall get good marks. I may win a scholarship.
With regards to dear mother

Your loving son
Arun Kumar

Word-Meanings- Taking = दे रहा हृं, Over = समाप्त, Tough = कठिन, Do well = अच्छ करना

23. To Father for Change of School
Write a letter to your father asking him to allow you to change school.

512 Naya Nagar
…….. City
March 10, 20……..
My dear Father

I feel sad to tell you about my school. Once it was a great school. It was considered one of the best schools in the town. Now it is not. We have no Principal these days. We have no English teacher even. So I do not feel good at studies. I want to change my school. Jain High School is a good school. Kindly allow me to join it.

Your loving son
Raj Kumar
Address:
Mr. Mohan Lal Sharma
1 New Road
Patiala

Word Meanings-Considered = समझा जाता था, Feel good = मन लगना, Allow = अनुमति देना।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Sentence and its Types Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Sentence and its Types

A sentence is a well arranged group of words which makes complete sense.
शब्दों का वह सुव्यवस्थित समूह जिससे पूरा अर्थ निकले कहलाता है, जैसे-

1. Lakhi Mal was very rich.
2. Where does the koel sit ?
3. Please bring him milk and fruit now.
4. Hurrah ! We have won the match.

Kinds of Sentence

वाक्य पांच प्रकार के होते हैं-

1. Assertive Sentences (साधारण वाक्य)
2. Interrogative Şentences (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य)
3. Imperative Sentences (आजसयक वाक्य )
4. Exclamatory Sentences (विस्मया दिसूचक वाक्य)
5. Optative Sentences (इच्छासूचक वाक्य)

Parts of a Sentence

वाक्य के दो भाग होते है-

1. Subject (उद्देश्थ)
2. Predicate (विधेय)

1. वाक्य में जिस व्यक्ति पशु स्थान अथवा वस्तु के बारे में कुछ कहा जाता है उसे Subject कहते हैं।
2. Predicate. Subject के बारे में जो कुछ कहा जाता है उसे Predicate कहते हैं।

Sentence	Subject	Predicate
1. Amar lives in Allahabad.	Amar	lives in Allahabad.
2. How does a fish swim ?	a fish	How does swim.
3. May you live long !	you	May live long.
4. Mr. Verma is my teacher.	Mr. Verma	is my teacher.

विशेष- Imperative Sentences का Subject प्राय लुप्त रहता है जैसे-

1. Thank you. (I thank you.)
2. Come in. (You come in.)

Simple and Complex Sentences

What is a Simple Sentence?
(साधारण वाक्य की परिभाषा)

जिस वाक्य में केवल एक Finite Verb हो, वह Simple Sentence कहलाता है। साधारण वाक्य में एक Subject (उद्देश्य) और एक Predicate (विधेय). होता है; जैसे,-

1. Mohan loves his country.
2. Ram plays hockey.
3. Dogs bark.

Note. 1. जिस क्रिया का अपना subject (उद्देश्य) हो, वह Finite Verb (परिमित क्रिया) कहलाती है।
2. ऊपर के प्रत्येक वाक्य में एक-एक Finite Verb (loves, plays, bark) है।
3. प्रत्येक का अपना Subject (Mohan, Ram, Dogs) है और अपना Predicate (loves his country, plays hockey, bark) है।

What is a Complex Sentence?
(मिश्रित वाक्य की परिभाषा)

Complex Sentencé को जानने से पहले Clauses (उप-वाक्य) को समझ लेना आवश्यक है, क्योंकि Clauses के मेल से ही Complex Sentence बनता है।

Clause. शब्दों के ऐसे समूह को Clause (उप-वाक्य) कहते हैं जिसका अपना Subject तथा अपना Predicate हो और साथ में किसी अन्य वाक्य का उप-भाग भी हो।

Kinds of Clauses. Clauses के प्रकार को समझने के लिए हमें नीचे लिखे वाक्य को ध्यान से पढ़ना चाहिए-
I like him because he is brave.
नोट-1. इस वाक्य के दो भाग हैं।
2. प्रत्येक भाग में Subject और Predicate दोनों हैं। इसलिए दोनों ही clause हैं।

पहली Clause (I like him). पहली clause का पूरा अर्थ निकलता है। इसका अर्थ समझने के लिए दूसरी clause की आवश्यकता नहीं है। ऐसी clause को Principal Clause या Main Clause (प्रधान उप-वाक्य) कहते हैं।

दूसरी Clause (because he is brave). दूसरी clause का पूरा अर्थ नहीं निकलता। पूरा अर्थ देने के लिए यह Principal Clause पर depend (आश्रित) है। इसलिए इसे Dependent या Subordinate Clause (आश्रित उप-वाक्य) कहते हैं।

Complex Sentence की परिभाषा-जिस वाक्य में एक Principal Clause (प्रधान उप-वाक्य) तथा एक या एक से अधिक Subordinate Clauses (आश्रित उप-वाक्य) हों, उसे Complex Sentence कहते हैं।

Exercise (With Hints)

Pick out the complex sentences:
1. Rani is a nice girl.
2. I know that Mohan is a good boy.
3. He is the boy whom I saw in the market.
4. The man (who was) on the platform was my brother.
5. I met the girl with blue eyes.
6. I met the old man who had grey hair.
7. I went wherever he went.
8. I want to know where you found my watch.
9. He is the teacher of my choice.
10. Those whom the gods love, die young.
Hints:
2. I know that Mohan is a good boy.
3. He is the boy whom I saw in the market.
4. The man (who was) on the platform was my brother.
6. I met the old man who had grey hair.
7. I went wherever he went.
8. I want to know where you found my watch.
10. Those whom the gods love, die young.

Change of Sentences

A–Affirmative to Negative
नियम- (1) साधारणतया निर्षधात्मक (Negative) वाक्य बनाते समय not का प्रयोग होता है: जैसे-

Affirmative	Negative
1. I am a girl.	1. I am not a girl.
2. We are farmers.	2. We are not farmers.
3. You are a student.	3. You are not a student.
4. He was tall.	4. He was not tall.
5. They were proud.	5. They were not proud.
6. Radha was a fat girl.	6. Radha was not a fat girl.
7. I shall write a letter.	7. I shall not write a letter.
8. You will help me.	8. You will not help me.
9. I am reading a book.	9. I am not reading a book.
10. You are weeping.	10. You are not weeping.
11. I was buying a pen.	11. I was not buying a pen.
12. We were playing cards.	12. We were not playing cards.
13. He was swimming.	13. He was not swimming.
14. She had gone there before.	14. She hadn’t gone there before. Or She had not gone there before.
15. We should finish this job.	15. We should not finish this job.

(ii) Present Indefinite (पहली फार्म) में do not/does not + पहली फार्म तथा Past Indefinite (दूसरी फार्म) में did not + पहली फार्म का प्रयोग होता है: जैसे-

Affirmative	Negative
1. I like mangoes	1. I do not like mangoes.
2. We play hockey.	2. We do not play hockey.
3. You take exercise.	3. You do not take exercise.
4. She speaks the truth.	4. She does not speak the truth.
5. I do it.	5. I do not do it.
6. I took tea.	6. I did not take tea.
7. He read the book.	7. He did not read the book.
8. He sold milk.	8. He did not sell milk.
9. She lived in Delhi.	9. She did not live in Delhi.

(iii) Has, have, had यदि अधिकार (possession) अर्थात् किसी चीज़ का होना व्यक्त करते हों तो प्रायः negative sentences में ‘no’ का प्रयोग होता हैै परन्तु यदि संख्या दी हो तो not का प्रयोग होता है।

1. He has a coat.
He has no coat.

2. He had a book
He had no book.

3. Ram has three books.
Ram has not three books.

विशेष नोट-1. Negative बनाने के लिए isnt, wasn’t, haven’t, shan’t आदि का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है। इन छोटे रूपों का अध्ययन इस प्रकार करें

2. Can का Negative cannot में किया जाता है। cannot एक शब्द के रूप में लिखा जाता है।

3. Not का प्रयोग पहले शब्द के तुरन्त बाद करना चाहिए, जैसे, shall have been = shall not have been तथा shall be = shall not be.

4. Everybody का Negative nobody तथा either का neither होता है। जैसे,
Affirmative. Everybody is coming.
Negative. Nobody is coming.
Affirmative. Either he or his friend is coming.
Negative. Neither he nor his friend is coming.

मिश्चित वाक्य (Mixed Sentences)

Affirmative	Negative
1. He is a player.	He is not a player.
2. They were happy.	They were not happy.
3. He has many books.	He does not have many books.
4. We have four toys.	We do not have four toys.
5. The boys had a garland.	The boys had no garland.
6. I read a book.	I do not read a book.
7. He writes a letter.	He does not write a letter.
8. He does his work.	He does not do his work.
9. He went there.	He did not go there.
10. Mohan will tell a lie.	Mohan will not tell a lie.

B-Assertive to Interrogative

Assertive	Interrogative
1. I do my duty.	Do I do my duty ?
2. He can help you.	Can he help you?
3. They laughed at us.	Did they laugh at us ?
4. She is a girl.	Is she a girl ?
5. You are late.	Are you late ?
6. He was happy.	Was he happy?
7. We shall come soon.	Shall we come soon?
8. We built a house there.	Did we build a house there?
9. It may rain today.	May it rain today?
10. We must go there	Must we go there?
11. She does her work.	Does she do her work?

Exercise for Practice

Change the following sentences into Interrogative:
1. They can swim.
2. She has a gold ring.
3. These birds are pretty.
4. We have seen the Taj.
5. She helped me in my work.
6. The carpenter makes furniture.
7. This pen costs ten rupees.
8. The child fell from a tree.
9. He was brushing his teeth.
10. Our soldiers fought bravely.

C-Exclamatory to Assertive

Exclamatory	Assertive
1. What a lovely flower!	It is a very lovely flower.
2. Long live our king!	We wish that our king may live long.
3. Alas ! I shall never be able to meet her again.	It is very sad that I shall never be able to meet her again.
4. Hurrah ! I have won a scholarship.	I am very happy that I have won a scholarship.
5. What a pity you have lost everything!	It is very sad that you have lost everything.
6. Fie ! A soldier and afraid of death!	It is shameful for a soldier to be afraid of death.
7. How cold it is today!	It is very cold today. I am very glad to see you.
8. How glad I am to see you!	It is a very shameful act on your part.
9. What a shameful act on your part !	The traitors must be punished with death.
10. Death to the traitors!	Assertive

Exercise for Practice

I. Change the following Exclamatory sentences into Assertive sentences:
1. Bravo ! You have killed the enemy.
2. Alas ! I am undone.
3. How sweet the child is!
4. Alas ! How stupid I had been !
5. What a terrible noise !
6. How difficult the paper is !
7. May God bless you with a son!
8. What a beautiful wrist-watch!
9. Splendid ! You have won the day!
10. Alas! You have failed.

II. Change the following Affirmative (Declarative) sentences into Interrogative sentences (Questions):

1. He is clever.
2. He was simple.
3. Ram was feeling tired.
4. Sita was angry.
5. They were good friends.
6. I have two books.
7. She has three pencils.
8. We had a good time there.
9. I have to do it.
10. Sohan had finished his work.
11. I shall go there tomorrow.
12. He will play a match.
13. I can do it.
14. He may help you.
15. You could write.
16. The sun does not shine at night.
17. He beats his donkey with a stick.
18. He sees another dog.
19. The horse runs very fast.
20. They play a match.
21. He waited here for an hour.
22. The train started at ten.
23. He never lost heart.
24. I did not find him there.
25. The rose smelt sweet.
Answer:
1. Is he clever ?
2. Was he simple ?
3. Was Ram feeling tired ?
4. Was Sita angry?
5. Were they good friends ?
6. Have I two books ?
7. Has she three pencils ?
8. Had we a good time there ?
9. Have I to do it?
10. Had Sohan finished his work ?
11. Shall I go there tomorrow?
12. Will he play a match ?
13. Can I do it?
14. May he help you ?
15. Could you write ?
16. Does the sun not shine at night ?
17. Does he beat his donkey with a stick ?
18. Does he see another dog?
19. Does the horse run very fast ?
20. Do they play a match ?
21. Did he wait here for an hour ?
22. Did the train start at ten ?
23. Did he ever lose heart?
24. Did I not find him there ?
25. Did the rose smell sweet?

III. Convert the following Interrogative sentences into Assertive (Declarative) sentences:

1. Are you on leave today?
2. Was the train late ?
3. Were the boys not lazy ?
4. Am I strong?
5. Is your sister ill?
6. Has it been raining since morning ?
7. Have you fulfilled your promise ?
8. Had he a pen?
9. Have you a horse ?
10. Has she a lovely voice ?
11. Should I stick to my promise ?
12. Does your father like you?
13. Did she not sing a sweet song?
14. Did he paint the door blue?
15. Can you help me ?
16. Does she sing well ?
17. Do we love our country?
18. Did you have a nice holiday ?
19. Do birds build nests ?
Answer:
1. You are on leave today.
2. The train was late.
3. The boys were not lazy.
4. I am.. strong.
5. Your sister is ill.
6. It has been raining since morning.
7. You have fulfilled your promise.
8. He had a pen.
9. You have a horse.
10. She has a lovely voice.
11. I should stick to my promise.
12. Your father likes you.
13. She did not sing a sweet song.
14. He painted the door blue.
15. You can help me.
16. She sings well.
17. We love our country.
18. You had a nice holiday.
19. Birds build nests.

IV (a) Change the following Positive sentences into their Negative form:

1. Lotus is a very lovely flower.
2. His neighbour was quite well yesterday.
3. Sham has a garland of flowers in his hand.
4. I have a horse.
5. You had corrected me.
6. The cattle graze in the pasture.
7. I get up early in the morning.
8. We saw a snake in the grass.
9. Sit down.
10. Let him die.
Answer:
1. Lotus is not a very lovely flower.
2. His neighbour was not quite well yesterday.
3. Sham has not a garland of flowers in his hand.
4. I do not have a horse.
5. You had not corrected me.
6. The cattle do not graze in the pasture.
7. I do not get up early in the morning.
8. We did not see a snake in the grass.
9. Do not sit down.
10. Let him not die. (Or) Do not let him die.

(b) Change the following Negative sentences into their Positive form:

1. Sohan is not an idle boy.
2. We had not a book.
3. I do not have an umbrella with me.
4. He may not play well today.
5. She cannot tell a lie.
6. Do not bring me a second book of Hindi.
7. Do not let him go there.
8. Do not touch my chair.
9. I did not take the test.
10. You did not attend the class.
Answer:
1. Sohan is an idle boy.
2. We had a book.
3. I have an umbrella with me.
4. He may play well today.
5. She can tell a lie.
6. Bring me a second book of Hindi.
7. Let him go there.
8. Touch my chair.
9. I took the test.
10. You attended the class.

V. Change the following Exclamatory sentences into Assertive sentences:

1. Bravo! You have done well.
2. Alas! I have failed.
3. How beautiful the scenery is!
4. Alas! How foolish I had been!
5. What a disaster the earthquake is!
6. How stiff the paper is!
7. May God reward this act of yours!
8. What a terrible storm it is!
9. Wonderful! I have never seen the like of it earlier.
10. May God pardon this sinner!
Answer:
1. You have done very well.
2. It is very sad that I have failed
3. The scenery is very beautiful.
4. It is very sad that I had been very foolish.
5. The earthquake is a terrible disaster.
6. The paper is very stiff.
7. It is prayed that God may reward this act of yours.
8. It is a very terrible storm.
9. It is surprising that I have never seen the like of it earlier. (or) I wonder if I have ever seen the like of it.
10. It is prayed that God may pardon this sinner.

VI. Pick out the Subject and the Predicate in the following sentences:

1. The sun shines brightly.
2. You speak very hastily.
3. He plays cricket.
4. The rose smells sweet.
5. Children take after their parents.
6. Send it at once.
7. Tell me a story.
8. The old man was listening to the wireless.
9. Slow and steady wins the race:
10. Time and tide wait for nobody.
11. He did his work efficiently.
12. Barking dogs seldom bite.
Answer:

Subject	Predicate
1. The sun	shines brightly.
2. You	speak very hastily.
3. He	plays cricket.
4. The rose	smells sweet.
5. Children	take after their parents.
6. You	send it at once.
7. You	tell me a story.
8. The old man	was listening to the wireless.
9. Slow and steady	wins the race.
10. Time and tide	wait for nobody.
11. He	did his work efficiently.
12. Barking dogs	seldom bite.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 8 Marco Polo Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 8 Marco Polo

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

merchant	adventurous	explorer	caravan	fascinated
grandness	luxury	spy	translated	inspired

Vocabulary Expansion

Activity 2.

Make sentences of the idioms you have studied. (Teachers must help students make sentences.)

English idioms, proverbs and expressions are an important part of everyday English. Idioms are a group of words established by usage and have a different meaning than is apparent from the words, e.g. over the moon, see the light. They come up all the time in both written and spoken English. Let us look at some idioms and their meanings.

S.No	Idiom	Meaning
1.	beat about the bush	avoiding the main topic, not speaking directly about the problem
2.	every cloud has a silver lining	be positive, even difficult times will lead to better days
3.	actions speak louder than words	people’s intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say
4.	add insult to injury	to further add to a loss with mockery or indignity; to worsen an unfavourable situation
5.	the ball is in your court	it is up to you to take the next decision or step
6.	blessing in disguise	something good that isn’t recognized at first
7.	cry over spilt milk	when you complain about a loss from the past
8.	kill two birds with one stone	to achieve two things with one action
9.	once in a blue moon	happens very rare
10.	turn over a new leaf	to change one’s behaviour usually in a positive way

Sentences :

1. Don’t beat about the bush; come to the point.
2. Don’t be upset. Every cloud has a silver lining in it.
3. We must show our talent in actions. Actions speak louder than words.
4. Don’t hurt his feelings more by adding insult to his injury.
5. Now it is you to save the situation. The ball is in your court.
English education proved blessing in disguise for the Indians:
7. It is foolish to cry over spilt milk. You yourself wasted the money.
8. He killed two birds with one stone by selling his old car at high price.
9. Such achievements are won once in a blue moon.
10. His sudden success turned a new leaf in his life.

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Activity 3.

Read the lesson and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Who was Marco Polo ?
मार्को पोलो कौन था ?
Answer:
Marco Polo was a merchant and an adventurer of Italy.

Question 2.
When and where was Marco Polo born?
मार्को पोलो का जन्म कब और कहां हुआ ?
Answer:
Marco Polo was born in 1524 in Venice.

Question 3.
Why did Marco Polo visit so many cities?
मार्को पोलो ने इतने सारे शहरों की यात्रा क्यों की ?
Answer:
Marco visited so many cities because he wanted to learn about people, their food habits and their culture there.

Question 4.
Who accompanied Marco Polo during his visits ?
मार्को पोलो की यात्राओं में कौन उसके साथ घुमने गया ?
Answer:
His father Niccolo and his uncle Maffeo accompanied Marco Polo during his visits.

Question 5.
Which features of the Chinese cities impressed Marco Polo ?
मार्को पोलो को चीन की किन विशेषताओं ने प्रभावित किया ?
Answer:
The grandness and greatness of the Chinese cities impressed him.

Question 6.
How did he serve the Chinese Emperor ?
उसने चीन के शासक की सेवा किस प्रकार की ?
Answer:
He served the Chinese Emperor as a messenger and as a spy.

Question 7.
After how many years did Marco Pole return to Venice ?
कितने वर्षों के बाद मार्को पोलो वेनिस वापिस लौटा ?
Answer:
Marco Pole returned Venice after 24 years.

Question 8.
What was the effect of the war between Venice and Genoa upon Marco Polo ?
वेनिस और जेनोआ के युद्ध का मार्को पोलो पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा ?
Answer:
Marco Polo was captured and put behind the bars in Genoa prison.

Question 9.
Name the book that contains detailed stories about Marco’s journeys.
मार्को पोलो की यात्राओं के विवरण संबंधी पुस्तक का नाम बताओ।
Answer:
The name of the book is ‘The Travels of Marco Polo.’

Question 10.
Who carried the book, ‘The Travels of Marco Polo’ along with him on his travels ? Why?
‘ट्रैवलज़ ऑफ मार्को पोलो’ नामक पुस्तक को कौन अपनी यात्रा पर साथ ले गया और क्यों ?
Answer:
Christopher Columbus carried this book with him because he was greatly inspired by the book.

Activity 4

Read the story and fill in the blanks.
(a) Marco Polo set out on his first voyage at the age of …….
(b) He visited the holy city of …………….
(c) He was released from the prison in …………..
(d) He was married to ……
(e) Marco Polo passed away on ………….. at the age of …………….
Answer:
(a) 17
(b) Jerusalem
(c) 1299
(d) Donata Badoer,
(e) 8 January, 70.

Activity 5

Imagine that you are a traveller. Write the experiences of your visit to any place in five sentences.
Answer:
Visit to a Jaipur It was Sunday. I with my friend visited Jaipur. We all arrived at Jaipur around 11 a.m. We went straight to a hotel Amer on M.I. Road. After a light breakfast we went to Amber fort. We had a ride on the elephant. It was fantastic! Then we saw the Jantar Mantar. It was brilliant. Around 1 p.m. we came out and went to the hotel. Had our lunch. In the evening we all went to Hawa Mahal and Ram Bagh Place. We meant to Chowkhi Dhani and had an experience of Rajasthan over the years. In this chapter we will do Active and Passive Voice of the Continuous and Prefect form of all the tenses i.e.
(a) Present Continuous Tense
(b) Past Continuous Tense
(c) Present Prefect Tense
(d) Past Perfect Tense
(e) Future Perfect

Tense Present Continuous Tense

Rule : is/am/are + being + 3rd form of the verb
Examples :
Active : He is telling a story.
Passive : A story is being told by him.
Active : She is not reading a book.
Passive : A book is not being read by her.

Activity 6.

Change the voice of the following sentences :

(a) The leader is making a speech.
Answer:
A speech is being made by the leader.

(b) They are playing hockey.
Answer:
Hockey is being played by them.

(c) Sudhir is telling a story.
Answer:
A story is being told by Sudhir

(d) Randhir is cleaning his kitchen.
Answer:
His kitchen is being cleaned by Randhir.

(e) The girls are making chairs.
Answer:
Chairs are being made by the girls.

(f) The workers are not repairing the road.
Answer:
The road is not being repaired by the workers.

(g) We are not taking orders.
Answer:
Orders are not taken by us.

(h) I am not favouring you.
Answer:
You are not being favoured by me.

(i) Are they knocking at the door?
Answer:
Is the door being knocked at by them?

(j) Is he serving his country ?
Answer:
Is his country being served by him ?

Past Continuous Tense

Rule : was/werel + being + 3rd form of the verb
Examples :
Active : The boys were playing football.
Passive : Football was being played by the boys.
Active : The men were not repairing the road.
Passive : The road was not being repaired by the men.
Active : Was Meera singing a song ?
Passive : Was a song being sung by Meera ?

Activity 7.

Change the voice of the following sentences.

(a) They were chasing the thief.
Answer:
The thief was being chased by them.

(b) The boys were making a noise.
Answer:
A noise was being made by the boys.

(c) I was preparing my lesson.
Answer:
My lesson was being prepared by me.

(d) We were helping the poor.
Answer:
The poor were being helped by us.

(e) She purchased a book named “The Patriot’.
Answer:
A book named ‘The Patriot’ was purchased by her.

(f) The children were not reading books.
Answer:
Books were not being read by the children.

(g) He was not closing his shop.
Answer:
His shop was not being closed by him.

(h) The servant was not cleaning the room.
Answer:
The room was not being cleaned by the servant.

(i) They were stealing our books.
Answer:
Our books were being stolen by them.

(j) Who was insulting the beggar?
Answer:
By whom was the beggar being insulted ?

Future Continuous Tense

Note : Sentences belonging to this tense cannot be changed into Passive Voice.

Present Perfect Tense
Rule : has/have + been +3rd form of the verb

Examples :
Active : I have won the match.
Passive : The match has been won by me.
Active : He has not spoken the truth.
Passive : The truth has not been spoken by him.
Active : Has she read the letter?
Passive : Has the letter been read by her ?

Activity 8.

Change the voice of the following sentences.

(a) She has torn my book.
Answer:
My book has been torn by her.

(b) You have cheated everybody.
Answer:
Everybody has been cheated by you.

(c) We have said our prayers.
Answer:
Our prayers have been said by us.

(d) Seema has written a poem.
Answer:
A poem has been written by Seema.

(e) Kavita has missed the bus.
Answer:
The bus has been missed by Kavita.

(f) She has not stolen my camera.
Answer:
My camera has not been stolen by her.

(j) The teacher has not scolded us.
Answer:
We have not been scolded by the teacher.

(h) I have not told the entire story.
Answer:
The entire story has not been told by me.

(i) Have you seen a zoo ?
Answer:
Has a zoo been seen by you?

(j) Has the teacher marked you absent ?
Answer:
Have you been marked absent by the teacher ?

Past Perfect Tense

Rule : had + been + 3rd form of the verb

Examples :

Active : The gardener had watered the plants.
Passive : The plants had been watered by the gardener.
Active : She had not told a lie.
Passive : A lie had not been told by her.
Active : Had our team won the match ?
Passive : Had the match been won by our team ?

Activity 9.

Change the voice of the following sentences.

(a) Abdul had lost his bag.
Answer:
His bag had been lost by Abdul.

(b) He had posted the letter.
Answer:
The letter had been posted by him.

(c) She had made a frock.
Answer:
A frock had been made by her.

(d) I had learnt my lesson.
Answer:
My lesson had been learnt by me.

(e) The gardener had watered the plants.
Answer:
The plants had been watered by the gardener.

(f) We had not plucked the flowers.
Answer:
The flowers had not been plucked by us.

(g) He had not killed the snake.
Answer:
The snake had not been killed by him.

(h) I had not seen a lion before.
Answer:
A lion had not been seen before by me.

(i) Had you hidden the books ?
Answer:
Had the books been hidden by you ?

(j) Had our team won the match ?
Answer:
Had the match been won by our team?

Future Perfect Tense

Rule : will/shall + have + been +3rd form of the verb.

Examples :

Active : They will have taken their lunch.
Passive : Their lunch will have been taken by them.
Active : I shall not have finished my work.
Passive : My work will not have been finished by me.
Active : Who will have done this?
Passive : By whom will this have been done?

Activity 10.

Change the voice of the following sentences.

(a) Radha will have said her prayers.
Answer:
Her prayers will have been said by Radha.

(b) You will have bought a new house.
Answer:
A new house will have been bought by you.

(c) Gurpreet will have painted the doors.
Answer:
The doors will have been painted by Gurpreet.

(d) They will have caught the train.
Answer:
The train will have been caught by them.

(e) Nobody will have betrayed you.
Answer:
You will have been betrayed by nobody.

(f) The tiger will not have killed the deer
Answer:
The deer will not have been killed by the tiger.

(g) I shall have taken my lunch.
Answer:
My lunch will have been taken by me.

(h) Will the letter have been posted by him?
Answer:
Will he have posted the letter?

(i) Will they have checked the accounts ?
Answer:
Will the accounts have been checked by them ?

(j) Will you have received the money?
Answer:
Will the money have been received by you ?

Let’s have a quick revision of Active and Passive voice rules using the table given below.

From Active to Passive 

Tense	Rule	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Indefinite	is/am/are +V3	My mother bakes cakes.	Cakes are baked by my brother.
Present Continuous	is/am/are + being + V3	My mother is baking cakes.	Cakes are being baked by my mother.
Present Perfect	has/have + been + V3	My mother has baked cakes.	Cakes have been baked by my mother.
Past Indefinite	was/were + V3	My mother baked cakes.	Cakes were baked by my mother.
Past Continuous	was/were + being + V3	My mother was baking cakes.	Cakes were being baked by my mother.
Past Perfect	had + been + V3	My mother had baked cakes.	Cakes had been baked by my mother.
Future Indefinite	will/shall + be + V3	My mother will bake cakes.	Cakes will be baked by my mother.
Future Perfect	will/shall + have + been + V3	My mother will have baked cakes.	Cakes will have been baked by my mother.

Learning to Listen

Activity 11.

Listen to the announcements being made on a railway station and fill in the given blanks.

Announcement 1

The announcement was to inform the travellers going to …………… that the ……………. Express departing from …………. will now …………. from platform number …………… at …………… pm and not from platform number …………..
Answer:
1. Jammu
2. Patna Jammu
3. New Delhi
4. depart
5. 13
6.5: 23 pm
7. 10

Announcement 2

(a) What is the announcement about ?
Answer:
It is about the safety of travellers going to Jammu from New Delhi.

(b) How is safety ensured ?
Answer:
It is secured through 24 hour CCTV recording.

(c) Why are the travellers asked not to leave their luggage unattended ?
Answer:
They are advised to do this because unattended luggage may cause disorder and scare.

(d) What will the security service staff do with the unattended luggage ?
Answer:
They will remove it without warning or destroy it.

(e) What are the travellers advised to do on finding a suspicious item ?
Answer:
They are asked to call the staff of the Indian Railways.

(f) What are the train passengers asked to do whilst waiting for the train?
Answer:
They are asked to stand back behind the yellow line.

Learning to Speak (Role Play – Pairwork)

Activity 12

Scene : You are Aryan. Your mother needs money and asks you to get the money from an ATM. She gives you the security PIN along with the ATM card. When you reach the ATM, you forget the PIN. You try to take out the money using the wrong PIN. Your ATM card gets sucked by the machine.

One of you will be Aryan and one will be a bank employee. Aryan will complain to the bank employee regarding the sucked ATM card and request the bank employee to return the card to him. You may use the following words/phrases

(a) wanted to withdraw money
(b) inserted the card
(c) forgot the PIN
(d) account holder
(e) computerized machine
(f) block
(g) my mother’s account
(h) sucked the card
(i) how long
(j) registered address
(k) two weeks Book

Employee : What is your problem ? How can I help you ?

Aryan : The ATM machine has sucked my ATM card.
Book Employee : What did you do there?
Aryan : I wanted to withdraw some money from my mother’s account. I inserted the card in the hole. But I forgot PIN and used a wrong code. Soon my card was sucked up. Book
Employee : When did all this happen?
Aryan : Only 30 mintues before.
Book Employee : It is computerized machine. But don’t worry. Give your complaint in written. Write your registered mobile number and registered address on it. If it is not a fraud case, your card will be back within two weeks.

Learning to Write

Activity 13.

Study the figure below. It is a conversation between a travel agent and his client. Read all the sentences given in the bubbles and mark them with numbers from 1 to 18 in the order they should occur in a conversation.
.

Learning to Use the Language

In our everyday communication the most important element is asking/framing and answering questions. Asking questions is a skill that must be practised all the time. · Look at the table below to understand how questions are framed grammatically.

Activity 14.

You are the monitor of your class and you have to introduce your new teacher to your class fellows. Make a list of questions that you will ask your teacher before you introduce him/her to the class. You can ask questions based on the given hints.

• name of the teacher
• place she/he comes from
• subject she/he teaches
• why she/he was interested in that subject
• what her/his other interests are
• what her/his views are regarding environment/global warming
• what she/he would like to do about it
• what she/he would like to do in the future

You must work in groups and prepare a written list of the questions. Also think of possible answers to the questions. After you have done that, you must practise the interview questions by playing the roles of the monitor and the new teacher and students.

• The monitor will introduce the teacher.
• The students will ask questions from the teacher.
• The teacher will answer the questions.

Answer:
विधार्थी स्वयं करें

List of Questions Monitor

• What is your good name sir/madam?
• Where do you come from?
• Which subjects do you teach?
• What makes you interested in these subjects?
• Would you tell us about some of your other interests?
• What are your views about the burning problems of environmental pollution and global warming?
• How can you help solve these problems?
• What are your future plans about your career?

New Teacher.
Your questions are worth asking. My answers to these questions are.

• My name is Vineete Sharma.
• I am from Ludhiana.
• I have mastery over spoken English and English grammar.
• I am also interested in poetry and writing skill.
• I am also a good speaker and a hockey player.
• Global warming is mainly the result of increasing environmetal pollution.
• It is a big threat to life on our planet.
• I would start a drive to check the problem.
• I would awaken the people too.
• As regards my future plans, I have no clear-cut vision.

Monitor : Dear class-fellows, you can see that you are going to have a great teacher. I hope he can mould us into true citizens and can serve the cause of education a great deal.
Students : Thank you, madam. We promise to fully cooperate with you.

Comprehension Of Passages

Read the following passages and answer the questions given below each :

Marco Polo was a merchant and an adventurer. He travelled with his father and uncle from Venice (Italy) to China. Marco Polo spent 17 years in China before returning to Venice. Let us read and learn more about this adventurous explorer.

Long, long ago when there were no planes and trains, no cars and buses, people had to travel to other countries by ship or caravan. Marco Polo was one such traveller who went to many countries because he wanted to learn about the people, their food habits and their culture.

1. Who accompanied Marco Polo on his travels ?
मार्को पोलो की यात्राओं पर उसके साथ कौन गया ?

2. What did he want to learn during his travels ?
वह अपनी यात्राओं के दौरान क्या सीखना चाहता था ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) Marco spent on travelling 17 years in Europe.
(b) Marco Polo was an adventurous explorer.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Marco Polo was one such traveller …….. countries.
(b) Long ago people travelled to other countries by ………….

Match the words with their meaning :

(i) travels	go along
(ii) accompany	journeys
	discoveries

Answer:
1. His father and uncle accompany Marco on his travels.
2. He wanted to learn about the people, their food habits and their culture.
3.
(a) False
(b) True
4.
(a) Marco Polo was one such traveller who went to many countries.
(b) Long ago people travelled to other countries by ship or caravan.
Or
(i) travels — journeys
(ii) accompany — go along

(2) The wealth and luxury of the Chinese cities impressed Marco Polo. He was fascinated by the grandness and the greatness of Kublai Khan’s court. It was nothing like he had experienced in Europe. The capital city of Kinsay was large but well organised and clean. The roads were wide. All this was well beyond anything he had experienced in Venice.

Everything from the food to the people to the animals, like orangutans and rhinos, were new and interesting. Marco Polo lived in China for many years and learnt to speak the local language. He travelled throughout China. He served as a messenger and spy for the emperor. He visited a lot of countries in Western Asia, North Africa and Southern Europe.

1. What fascinated Marco Polo ?
मार्को पोलो को किस चीज़ ने आकर्षित किया ?

2. Mention any two features of the capital city of Kinsay.
किनजे की राजधानी शहर की कोई दो विशेषताएं बताएं।

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your ansewr-book :
(a) Foods to the people and animals were new and interesting.
(b) Marco Polo lived in China for a few years.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Marco Polo learnt to speak the local language of China for …
(b) He served as messenger and spy for …………..

Match the words with their meaning :

(i) spy	comfort
(ii) luxury	messenger
	detective

Answer:
1. The grandness and greatness of Kublai Khan’s court fascinated Marco Polo.
2.
(a) It was large and well-organised.
(b) It was clean.
3.
(a) True
(b) False
4.
(a) Marco Polo learnt to speak local language of China for many years.
(b) He served as messenger and spy for the Emperor.
Or
(i) spy — detective
(ii) luxury — comfort.

(3) After travelling for twenty-four years, Marco along with his father and uncle decided to return to Venice. They had left home in 1271 and finally returned in 1295. A few years after returning home, Venice fought a war with the city of Genoa.

Marco was captured and put in a Genoese prison. He was released from prison in 1299. He became a wealthy merchant. He married a lady named Donata Badoer and had three children. He died on 8 January 1324 at the age of 70 and was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice.

1. When did Marco and his party return home?
मार्को और उसका दल वापिस कब आया ?

2. Where was Marco buried ?
मार्को को कहां दफ़नाया गया ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your ansewr-book :
(a) Marco died in 1295.
(b) He was released from prison in 1299.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) He married a lady named ……….
(b) Venice fought a war with ………….
Or
Write the meanings of the following words in English : (Any two) finally, wealthy, captured
Answer:
1. Marco and his party returned home in 1295.
2. Marco was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice.
3.
(a) False
(b) True
4.
(a) He married a lady named Donata Badoer.
(b) Venice fought a war with the city of Genoa.
or
in the end, rich and prosperous, arrested.

(4) It was in the prison that Marco met a well-known story writer. Marco narrated detailed stories of his journeys to the writer, who wrote all the stories in a book called The Travels of Marco Polo. It became a very popular book. It was translated into many languages and read throughout Europe. It is said that Christopher Columbus, another explorer was greatly inspired by the book. It is believed that he carried it along with him on his travels.

1. Who did Marco meet when he was in prison ?
जब मार्को जेल में था, तो वह किससे मिला ?
2. Which book did Columbus carry along with him on his travels ?
अपनी यात्राओं पर कोलम्बस कौन-सी पुस्तक साथ ले गया ?
3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) Christopher Columbus was a story writer.
(b) “The Travels of Marco Polo’ was translated into many languages.
4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) The book ‘The Travels of Marco Polo’ was read …………..
(b) Marco narrated …………………. to a writer.
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) well-known	unidentified
(ii) inspired	encouraged
	famous

Answer:
1. In prison, Marco met a well-known story-writer.
2. On his travels, Columbus carried along famous book called ‘The Travels of Marco
3.
(a) False
(b) True
4.
(a) The book “The Travels of Marco Polo’ was read throughout Europe.
(b) Marco narrated detailed stories of his journey to a writer.
Or
(i) well-known — famous
(ii) inspired — encouraged

Use Of Words And Phrases In Sentences

1. Explorer – (discoverer) – Many explorers lost their lives during third dangerous travels.
2. Culture – (society/civilization) – We love Indian culture and its values.
3. Adventures – (daring deeds) – The adventures of our soldiers are well known.
4. Wealth – (money, property) – He gathered a huge wealth by working hard.
5. Merchant – (trader) – His father is a big cloth merchant.
6. Finally – in the end) – Finally he left his studies and started a business.
7. Prison – (jail) – Gandhiji was put in prison many a time.
8. Captured – (arrested) – The culprit was captured and punished.
9. Inspired – (encouraged) – Inspired by his father he earned a lot of money.
10. Beyond – (out of reach) – To buy this car is beyond my sources.

Word Meanings

Marco Polo Summary in Hindi

Marco Polo was ………….. many adventures.

मार्को पोलो एक व्यापारी और साहसिक पुरुष था। उसने अपने पिता और चाचा के साथ वेनिस (इटली) से चीन की यात्रा की। वेनिस लौटने से पहले मार्को पोलो 17 वर्ष तक चीन में रहा। आओ हम इस साहसिक खोजों के बारे में पढ़ें और उसकी अधिक जानकारी प्राप्त करें।

बहुत समय पहले जब हवाई जहाज, रेलगाड़ियां, कारें तथा बसें कुछ भी नहीं था तो लोगों को दूसरे देशों के लिए समुद्री जहाज़ अथवा काफ़िलों में यात्रा करनी पड़ती थी। मार्को पोलो उन यात्रियों में से एक था जिन्होंने बहुत सारे देशों की यात्रा इसलिए की थी, क्योंकि वे वहां के लोगों, उनके खाने की आदतों और उनके रीति-रिवाजों को जानने के इच्छुक थे।

मार्को पोलो का जन्म 1254 में वेनिस में हुआ। जब वह 17 वर्ष का हुआ तो वह अपनी पहली यात्रा पर अपने पिता निकोलो (Niccolo) और अपने चाचा माफो (Maffeo) के साथ निकला। वह चीन की यात्रा करना चाहता था ताकि उस देश और उसके लोगों के बारे में जानकारी जुटा सके। यात्रा के दौरान वह बहुत से जाने-माने शहरों में गया और उसने येरूशलम के पवित्र शहर सहित बहुत से स्थल देखे। उसने हिंदु-कुश पर्वत, प्रशा और गो-मरुस्थल भी देखे। वह भिन्न-भिन्न प्रकार के लोगों से मिला और उसने बहुत से साहसिक कार्य किए।

The wealth and luxury…… …………… ever seen before.

चीनी शहरों की धन संपत्ति और विलासता ने मार्को पोलो को बहुत प्रभावित किया। वह कुबलई खां के दरबार की भव्यता और महानता से बहुत अधिक आकर्षित हुआ। यूरोप में प्राप्त उसके अनुभव के मुकाबले यह कुछ भी नहीं था। राजधानी शहर किनसे (Kinsay) न केवल बहुत ही बड़ा था, बल्कि साफ़-सुथरा और पूर्ण रूप से व्यवस्थित था। – सड़कें चौड़ी थीं। यह सब कुछ तो उसके वेनिस के अनुभव से कहीं अधिक अच्छा था।

लोगों तथा जानवरों जैसे आरंगुटान (गुरिल्ला) और राइनो (गेंडा) को मिलने वाले भोजन तक हर चीज़ नई और रोचक थी। … मार्को पोलो चीन में बहुत वर्षों तक रहा और वहां उसने स्थानीय भाषा को बोलना सीखा। उसने पूरे चीन की यात्रा की। उसने सम्राट का दूत और जासूस बन कर कार्य किया।

उसने पश्चिमी एशिया, उत्तरी अफ्रीका तथा दक्षिणी यूरोप के बहुत से देशों की यात्रा की। – इन यात्राओं के दौरान उसने भिन्न-भिन्न संस्कृतियों, भोजनों और लोगों के बारे में जानकारी प्राप्त की। उसने ऐसे बहुत से स्थानों और बहुत-सी चीजों को देखा जो इससे पहले यूरोप में आए किसी भी यात्री ने नहीं देखा।

After travelling ………….. on his travels.

मार्को पोलो ने अपने पिता और अंकल के साथ चौबीस (24) वर्षों की यात्रा के बाद वेनिस वापिस लौटने का फैसला किया। उन्होंने 1271 में अपना घर छोड़ा था और अंततः 1295 में वापिस पहंचे। घर पहुंचने के कुछ ही वर्षों बाद वेनिस का जेनोआ (Ogenoa) के साथ युद्ध छिड़ गया। मार्को को बंदी बना लिया गया और जेनोआ को जेल में डाल दिया गया। उसे 1299 में जेल से रिहा किया गया। वह एक धनी व्यापारी बन गया।

उसने Donata Badoer नाम की स्त्री से विवाह किया और उनके तीन बच्चे हुए। उसका देहांत 8 जनवरी, 1324 को 70 वर्ष की आयु में हुआ और उसे वेनिस की चर्च San Lorenzo में दफ़नाया गया। – जेल में मार्को एक प्रसिद्ध कहानी लेखक से मिला। मार्को ने अपनी यात्राओं की विस्तृत जानकारी लेखक को बताई जिसने “ट्रैवल्स ऑफ़ मार्को पोलो” नामक पुस्तक में सभी कहानियां लिखीं। यह पुस्तक बहुत ही लोकप्रिय हुई।

इसका अनुवाद बहुत-सी भाषाओं में किया गया और यह सारे यूरोप में पढ़ी गईं। ऐसा कहा जाता है कि एक अन्य खोजी क्रिसटोफर कोलम्बस भी इस पुस्तक से बहुत प्रभावित हुआ। ऐसा विश्वास किया जाता है कि वह यह पुस्तक अपनी यात्राओं पर साथ ले गया था।

Translation From English To Hindi

1. Marco Polo was a merchant and an adventurer. — मार्को पोलो एक व्यापारी और साहसिक पुरुष था।
2. He wanted to learn about the people, their food habits and their culture. — वह लोगों के बारे में, उनके खाने की आदतों और उनके रीति-रिवाजों को जानने का इच्छुक था।
3. Marco Polo was born in Venice in 1254.– मार्को पोलो का जन्म 1254 में वेनिस में हुआ।
4. He wanted to visit China. — वह चीन की यात्रा करना चाहता था।
5. He also saw the mountains of Hindu Kush. — उसने हिंदु कुश के पर्वत भी देखे। .
6. He met a lot of different poeple. — वह भिन्न प्रकार के लोगों को मिला।
7. It was nothing like he had experienced in Europe. — यूरोप में प्राप्त उसके अनुभव के मुकाबले यह कुछ भी नहीं था।
8. The roads were wide.– सड़कें चौड़ी थीं।
9. Marco Polo lived China for many years. — मार्को पोलो चीन में बहुत वर्षों तक रहा |
10. They had left home in 1271. — उन्होंने 1271 में अपना घर छोड़ा या
11. He was released from prison in 1299. — उसे 1299 में जेल से रिहा किया गया |
12. It became a very popular book. यह पुस्तक बहुत ही लोकप्रिय हुई।
13. It was translated into many languages. — इसका अनुवाद बहुत – सी भाषाओ में किया गया
14. Marco met a well-known story writer.– मार्को एक प्रसिद्ध कहानी लेखक से मिला

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Tenses Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Tenses

Tense शब्द लातीनी भाषा के शब्द tempus से बना है जिसका अर्थ है समय (Time) । अर्थात् Tense हमें किसी कार्य या घटना के समय या काल का ज्ञान कराता है। नीचे दिए गए वाक्य पढ़ें:

1. I play some game daily.
2. I played cricket yesterday.
3. I shall play hockey tomorrow.

पहले वाक्य के verb (play) से Present Time का बोध होता है। दूसरे वाक्य के verb (played) से Past. Time का बोध होता है। तीसरे वाक्य के verb (shall play) से Future Time का बोध होता है। इस तरह-
(1) जिस verb से Present Time का बोध होता है, वह Present Tense कहलाता है-
I take bath in the morning.
I go for a walk in the evening.

(2) जिस verb से Past Time का बोध होता है, वह Past Tense कहलाता है
I took bath in the,morning.
I went for a walk in the evening.

(3) जिस verb से Future Time का बोध होता है, वह Future Tense कहलाता है
I shall take bath in the morning.
I shall go for a walk in the evening.
इस प्रकार तीन मुख्य Tenses हैं-

1. The Present Tense
2. The Past Tense
3. The Future Tense.

अब यह जान लेना भी आवश्यक है कि प्रत्येक काल में कार्य अथवा क्रिया (verb) की स्थिति भिन्न-भिन्न होती है। हो सकता है कि काम चल रहा हो। यह भी सम्भव है कि कार्य पूरा हो चुका हो अथवा किसी अनिश्चित (indefinite) स्थिति में हो। इस तरह कार्य की मुख्य रूप से चार अवस्थाएं होती हैं। हम यूं भी कह सकते हैं कि प्रत्येक मुख्य Tense के चार रूप होते हैं और कुल मिला कर 12 Tenses होते हैं। यहां हम इन सभी Tenses का अलग-अलग अध्ययन करेंगे।

1. Simple Present Tense
OR
Present Indefinite Tense
Present Indefinite or Simple Present Tense का प्रयोग होता है-
(i) किसी आदत का वर्णन करने के लिए; जैसे,
He takes bath daily.
He goes for a walk everyday.

(ii) किसी सर्वमान्य सत्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे,
The sun rises in the east.

(iii) किसी कहानी में किसी बीती हुई घटना को बताने में; जैसे,
The brave dog now kills the snake and waits for his master to come.

(iv) भविष्य में होने वाली किसी घटना को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो किसी योजना अथवा व्यवस्था का भाग हो; जैसे,
Our examination begins on Monday.

(v) Time तथा Condition की Clauses में साधारण Future Tense के स्थान पर; जैसे,
If it rains, we shall not go out for a walk.

(vi) कथनों को व्यक्त करने के लिए ; जैसे,
They say, “To err is human.

(vii) किसी ऐसी स्थिति को दर्शाने के लिए जो न बदलने वाली हो; जैसे,
Our house faces the east.

2. Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense का प्रयोग होता है-
(i) किसी ऐसे विशेष कार्य को प्रकट करने के लिए जो अभी पूरा न हुआ हो अथवा जारी हो; जैसे,
My brother is singing a song.

3. Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(i) ऐसे कार्य को प्रकट करने के लिए जो भूतकाल से अब तक जारी हो; जैसे,
I have never tasted tea. (I still do not drink it.)

(ii) किसी ऐसे पूर्ण कार्य अथवा घटना को प्रकट करने के लिए जो भूतकाल में विशेष समय को लेकर वर्तमान काल तक किया जाए; जैसे,
There have been two accidents on the road during 1984.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
यह Tense उस कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए प्रयोग होता है जो अतीत में किसी समय आरम्भ हुआ हो और अब भी चल रहा हो। समय को व्यक्त करने के लिए for (अनिश्चित समय) और since (निश्चित समय) का प्रयोग करते हैं; जैसे-
The match has been going on for an hour.
The man has been waiting for a reply.
You have been wasting your time since morning.

5. Past Indefinite Tense
OR
Simple Past Tense
Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(i) भूतकाल की किसी आदत, लोकप्रिय कार्य अथवा सर्वमान्य तथ्य को प्रकट करने के लिए; जैसे,
People then believed that the sun moved round the earth.

(ii) ऐसे कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए जिस में भूतकाल में काफी समय लगा हो परन्तु जो अब समाप्त हो चुका हो; जैसे-
He lived in Delhi for ten years. (but he does not live there now)

(iii) भूतकाल में पूरे किए गए किसी कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए। इस प्रकार प्रायः बीते हुए समय को व्यक्त . करने के लिए किसी Adverb या Adverb phrase का प्रयोग किया जाता है: जैसे,
My father left for Delhi yesterday.

Note 1. कभी-कभी समय की अभिव्यक्ति Adverb की बजाये भाव (समय का) से भी हो सकती है; जैसे
I bought this watch in Mumbai.

Note 2. क्रमबद्ध घटनाओं में भी Time के Adverb की आवश्यकता नहीं पड़ती; जैसे,
He came. He saw. He conquered.

(iv) किसी प्रश्न का उत्तर देने में; जैसे,
How did he go to school ?
Answer:
He went on foot.

6. Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(i) किसी ऐसे कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो भूतकाल में किसी विशेष समय पर किया जा रहा हो, भले। ही कार्य करने का समय बताया गया हो, या न बताया गया हो; जैसे,-
At 7 a.m. this morning I was reading the newspaper.

7. Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(1) भूतकाल में एक साथ घटित होने वाले कार्यों में से पहले पूरा होने वाले कार्य के लिए; जैसे,
The patient had died before the doctor came.

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense इस Tense का प्रयोग किसी ऐसे कार्य या घटना का वर्णन करने के लिए किया जाता है जो अतीत में किसी एक निश्चित समय (Point of Time) तक या किसी अवधि (Period of Time) में जारी रहे; जैसे,-
The phone had been ringing for a minute before Ram lifted it. वाक्य में स्पष्ट है कि जब राम ने फोन उठाया तब उससे पहले एक मिनट तक फोन की घण्टी बजती रही थी।

9. Future Indefinite Tense Simple Future Tense का प्रयोग ऐसे कार्य के लिए किया जाता है जो भविष्य में अभी किया जाना है; जैसे,
I shall finish the work tomorrow.
Tomorrow will be Monday.

10. Future Continuous Tense:
Future Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस कार्य को करने के लिए किया जाता है जो भविष्य में किसी समय चल रहा हो; जैसे,
I shall be writing the letters then.
When I reach the station, the train will be moving.

11. Future Perfect Tense

• They will have heard the news by the time you reach.
• The teacher will have taken the roll-call before you enter the class.

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense का प्रयोग ऐसे कार्य का उल्लेख करने के लिए होता है जो भविष्य में किसी निश्चित समय के बाद भी जारी रहने का बोध कराता है; जैसे-

• The students will have been studying History since morning.
• He will have been studying Law for two years by next April.

Exercises From Board’s Grammar (Solved)

I. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Present or Present Continuous forms of the verbs given in the brackets:

1. The population of India ……………. very fast. (increase)
2. Water ……………. at 0° Celsius. (freeze)
3. The sun ……………. in the West. (not rise)
4. ……………. you ……………. Mr. Jain? (know)
5. ……………. he ever ……………… cricket? (play)
6. The Ganges …………… into the Bay of Bengal. (flow)
7. Why …………….. you ……………… this ? (eat)
8. She …………….. a bath. (have)
9. I …………… cricket everyday, but today I …………… tennis.. (play)
10. She usually ……………. a skirt but today she ……………… trousers. (wear)
Hints:
1. is increasing
2. freezes
3. does not rise
4. Do, know
5. Does, play
6. flows
7. are, eating
8. is having
9. play, am playing
10. wears, is wearing.

II. Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous forms of the verbs given in brackets:

1. Someone ……………. the window. (break)
2. Rita …………….. her pen. (lose)
3. The train ……………… just ………….. at the platform. (arrive)
4. We …………….. many medals. (win)
5. I ………. for a house for two months. (search)
6. …………. he ……………. a beard ? (grow)
7. ……………. you ……………. the Bible ? (read)
8. ……….. my uncle for months. (not visit)
9. She ……………… to China twice. (be)
10. We ……………. already ……………… our breakfast. (have)
Hints:
1. has broken
2. has lost
3. has, arrived
4. have won
5. have been searching
6. Has, grown
7. Have, read
8. have not visited
9. has been
10. have, had.

III. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past Tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets:

Sher Singh smiled. He tossed his revolver in the air and ………… (catch) it by the handle. He ………… (take) careful aim at an empty sardine tin and …….3….. (fire) another six shots. The bullets ……4….. (go) through into the earth kicking up whiffs of dust. His Alsatian dog …….5….. (begin) to bark with excitement. He ………… (leap) up with a growl and ………… (run) down the canal embankment. He …….8….. (sniff) at the tin and …….9….. (take) it up in his mouth and …….10….. (run) back with it and ……. 11…. (lay) it at his master’s feet.
Hints:
1. caught
2. took
3. fired
4. went
5. began
6. leapt
7. ran
8. sniffed
9. took
10. ran
11. laid.

IV. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past or Past Perfect forms of the verbs given in the brackets:

1. The plane ……………. When we reached the airport. (leave)
2. Ramesh …………… home when I phoned him. (return)
3. …………… he ……………. his old car before he bought a new one ? (sell)
4. The children ……………. before I came home. (sleep)
5. The film had already begun when we …………….. the theatre. (reach)
6. The teacher ……………. the book before the examination began. (finish)
7. The robber had run away before the police. (come)
8. Tom …………. sleepy after having a good lunch. (feel)
9. I ……………. the message before you came. (receive)
10. He ……………… for India last year. (play)
Hints:
1. had left
2. had returned
3. Had, sold
4. had slept
5. reached
6. had finished
7. came
8. felt
9. had received
10. played.

V. Correct the following sentences:

1. The rain has stopped yesterday.
2. He had been born in 1950.
3. He is suffering from fever since last night.
4. Stephenson has invented the steam engine.
5. He will reach home before the storm will come.
6. I left Bihar before the earthquake occurred.
7. She will reach the station before the train will go.
8. The great reformer had died in 1977.
9. I waited at home for her since 9 o’clock.
10. She finished her dinner when I saw her.
Hints:
1. The rain stopped yesterday.
2. He was born in 1950.
3. He has been suffering from fever since last night.
4. Stephenson invented the steam engine.
5. He will have reached home before the storm comes.
6. I had left Bihar before the earthquake occurred.
7. She will have reached the station before the train goes.
8. The great reformer died in 1977.
9. I had been waiting at home for her since 9 o’clock.
10. She had finished her dinner when I saw her.

Errors in the Use of Tenses

The Simple Past is often used wrongly for the Present Perfect Tense; as,

Incorrect : He did not write the letter yet.
Correct : He has not written the letter yet.
Incorrect : We did not hear from him for a week.
Correct : We have not heard from him for a week.
Incorrect : I lived in Ambala since 1990.
Correct : I have lived in Ambala since 1990.

The Present Perfect is often used wrongly for the Simple Past; as,

Incorrect – Columbus has discovered America.
Correct – Columbus discovered America.
Incorrect – Babar has won the First Battle of Panipat.
Correct – Babar won the First Battle of Panipat.
Incorrect – The servant has not answered when called.
Correct – The servant did not answer when called.

The Present Perfect Tense में Past Time को व्यक्त करने वाला adverb या कोई अन्य शब्द प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता जैसे-

Incorrect – I have made a call to him yesterday.
Correct – I made a call to him yesterday.
Incorrect – A new bookshop has been opened last Monday.
Correct – A new bookshop was opened last Monday.
Incorrect – I have finished my work last night.
Correct – I finished my work last night.

The Past Perfect is often used wrongly for the Simple Past; as,

Incorrect – I had visited her yesterday.
Correct – I visited her yesterday.
Incorrect – He had gone to Kolkata last year.
Correct – He went to Kolkata last year.
Incorrect – We had gone for a picnic last Sunday.
Correct – We went for a picnic last Sunday.
Incorrect – Nehru had died in 1964.
Correct – Nehru died in 1964.

The Simple Past is often used wrongly for the Past Perfect; as,

Incorrect – The patient died before the doctor came.
Correct – The patient had died before the doctor came.
Incorrect – The train left before we bought the tickets.
Correct – The train had left before we bought the tickets.
Incorrect – I finished my work before my father came.
Correct – I had finished my work before my father came.

The Past Perfect or Perfect Continuous, and not the Simple Past or Past Continuous, is used to express something that continued up to a past time after beginning at a still earlier time; as,

Incorrect – He told me that he was ill for four days.
Correct – He told me that he had been ill for four days.
Incorrect – She was writing a novel for six weeks when I visited her.
Correct – She had been writing a novel for six weeks when I visited her.

The Simple Future is often used wrongly for the Future Perfect; as;

Incorrect – We shall reach home before the sun will set.
Correct – We shall have reached home before the sun sets.
Incorrect – I shall leave for Ludhiana by the time he will come.
Correct – I shall have left for Ludhiana by the time he comes.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Notice Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Notice Writing

नोटिस (Notice) किसी घटित होने वाली या घटित हो चुकी घटना के बारे में सूचना होती है। इसके द्वारा किसी आदेश, प्रार्थना अथवा चेतावनी पर अमल करने की सूचना दी जाती है।

याद रखने योग्य बातें-

1. नोटिस की भाषा उद्देश्यपूरक होनी चाहिए। इसमें निजीपन नहीं होना चाहिए।
2. दी जाने वाली सूचना पूर्ण होनी चाहिए।
3. इसका प्रस्तुतीकरण संक्षिप्त और स्पष्ट होना चाहिए। नोटिस का उद्देश्य भी स्पष्ट हो।
4. जहां तक हो सके नोटिस में “I’ तथा ‘You’ के प्रयोग से बचें।
5. नोटिस लिखे जाने की तिथि का उल्लेख अवश्य करें।
6. विषय-वस्तु से सम्बन्धित स्थान, समय तथा कार्यक्रम आदि की स्पष्ट जानकारी दें।
7. नोटिस जारी करने वाले व्यक्ति के पद का नाम तथा उसके हस्ताक्षर भी नोटिस में होने चाहिएं।
8. नोटिस दी गई शब्द-सीमा में ही लिखना चाहिए।

Format of a Notice

Notice

Date

Heading / Title
Content

Signatory

Important Notices

1. Notice About Something Found
You have found a purse lying in one of the lawns of your school. Write a notice asking the owner of the purse to contact you.

NOTICE

March 7, 20…..
FOUND ! FOUND ! FOUND!

This is to inform all the students that a purse has been found lying in one of the i school lawns. It is a black leather purse containing some money. The owner should contact the undersigned.

Gulshan Rai
Roll No. 10, VIII A

2. Notice About a Tour
Your school is organising a tour to Delhi and Agra. You are the secretary of Tour Organising Committee. Draft a notice asking the students to give you their names.

NOTICE
JOINING A HISTORICAL TOUR

March 8, 20……

Our school is organising a historical tour to Delhi and Agra. The duration of the tour is six days starting on March 12. Those interested should give their names to the undersigned latest by March 10.

Mohan Lai
(Secretary Tour Organising Committee)

3. Notice About Paper Reading Contest
You are the incharge of Junior Humanities Forum of your school. The Forum is organising a Paper Reading Contest. Draft a notice inviting the participants to give you their names.

NOTICE
PAPER READING CONTEST

March 9, 20….

The Junior Humanities Forum of the school is organising a Paper Reading Contest on March 16 in the school hall. Students of class VI to VIII are eligible to participate. Those interested should give their names to the undersigned before March 12.

Raman
Secretary
(Junior Humanities Forum)

4. Notice for a School Function
You are Shashi Mehta, the Sports Secretary of your school. Your school is organising the Annual Sports meet next week. Write a notice in about 50 words to be put on the school notice board to this effect.

NOTICE
ANNUAL SPORTS MEET

January 15, 20….

The Annual Sports meet of the school is going to be held on 28th and 29th of this month. Students who wish to take part in any event should give their names to the undersigned by 24th of this month positively.

Shashi Mehta
(Sports Secretary)

5. Notice for a Lost Wrist Watch
You have lost a wrist watch in your school. Write a notice about the loss giving the particulars of the watch. Also announce a reward for the finder.

NOTICE
LOST ! LOST ! LOST !

April 10, 20….

This is to inform all students that I lost my wrist watch yesterday in the school during the recess period. It is an H.M.T. watch with a golden case and a golden chain. He/She who happens to find it should contact the undersigned immediately. He (She) will be suitably rewarded.

Aastha Jindal.
R. No. 2, VIII D

6. Notice about a Lost Pen
You have lost your pen somewhere in your school. Write a notice about it.

NOTICE
LOST ! LOST ! LOST !

12 March, 20 …….
A new gel pen has been lost somewhere in the school ground. The pen is of Reynold make with blue colour. The finder is requested to return it to the undersigned or deposit it with the school office.

Kulbir Singh
Roll No. 2
VIII B

7. Books for Sale
Ashok Mathur of Class VIII A has just passed his annual examination. Two of his books are in fairly good condition and he wants to sell them at reduced prices. He puts up a notice on the school notice-board giving all the necessary details. Write this notice in the space below, using not more than 50 words.

NOTICE
BOOKS FOR SALE

March 22, 20

Two VIII Class books fairly in good condition are for sale. The books and their reduced prices are given below :
1. History of India Rs. 50/- only
2. General Science Rs. 60/- only
Those who are interested should contact Ashok Mathur, Class IX A

8. Taking Part in Debate
K.C. Sharma, Senior English teacher, invites applications from the students of VIII class who want to take part in debate to be held at Ludhiana. March 15 is the last date for the applications to reach the undersigned. In this connection, he puts up a notice on the school notice-board. Write this notice in about 40 words.

NOTICE
TAKING PART IN DEBATE

March 10, 20 ………..

Applications are invited from the students of class IX who want to take part in the debate to be held at Ludhiana. The students should apply before 15th March, giving details of their proficiency.
Sd/
K.C. Sharma
Senior English Teacher

9. Shoes From School Red Cross Fund
Anil Kumar Sharma, the school Red Cross teacher, invites applications from the poor students who want to take shoes from the Red Cross. In this connection, he puts up a notice on, the school notice-board. Write this notice in not more than 30 words.

NOTICE
SHOES FROM SCHOOL RED-CROSS FUND

March 2, 20….

Applications are invited from the poor students who want to take shoes from the Red Cross. All applications should reach the undersigned by 15th March.

Anil Kumar Sharma
Red Cross Teacher

10. Selection to the Volleyball Team
Mohan Singh has been selected the captain of the School Volleyball Team. He is to invite applications from the students of class IX for selection to the Volleyball team. So he puts up a notice on the school notice-board in this connection. Write this notice in about 40 words.

NOTICE
SELECTION TO THE VOLLEYBALL TEAM

Applications are invited from the students of class IX for selection to the Volley-ball team. Apply before 15th September, giving details of your proficiency in the game.

Mohan Singh
Captain Volleyball Team

11. Free Yoga Classes
You are the PTI of your school. Write a notice asking the students to enrol for free yoga classes.

NOTICE
FREE YOGA CLASSES

2 April, 20

Attention !
Students interested in attending free yoga classes from 10th April every morning from 6 a.m. to 7 a.m. should contact the undersigned before 7th April.

B.S. Bedi
PTI

12. Notice for returning Library Books
You are the librarian of your school. Write a notice asking the students to return borrowed books before the school closes down for the summer vacation.

NOTICE

May 10, 20……..

ATTENTION !
The school breaks up for the summer vacation next week. All the students who have borrowed any book from the library must return it before the school breaks up for the vacation.

Raman Kumar
Librarian

13. Notice for a Lost Item
You are Kulbir Singh of Class VIII. You have lost your new water bottle. Write the notice that you would like to put up on the school notice-board.

NOTICE
LOST ! LOST ! LOST !

12 March, 20
A new water botde has been lost somewhere in the school garden. The bottle is of Eagle make with blue colour. The finder is requested to return it to the undersigned or deposit it with the school office.

Kulbir Singh
Roll No. 2
VIII B

14. Notice for Blood Donation
You are the Sarpanch of your village. Write a notice inviting adults to donate blood at the blood donation camp to be held at the community centre.

NOTICE
BLOOD DONATION CAMP

The village Panchayat is going to organise a blood donation camp in the community centre on 8th April from 9 a.m. All the adults of the village should come forward and donate blood to save lives of accident victims.

Balwant Singh
Village Sarpanch

15. Notice for a Misplaced Library Book
You have misplaced a library book ‘Panchtantra Tales’. Write a notice that you would like to put up in the classroom.

NOTICE
BOOK MISPLACED

March 10, 20…. .

The book ‘Panchtantra Tales’ has been misplaced somewhere in the classroom. It was borrowed from the library yesterday. The finder is requested to return it to the undersigned or hand it over to the class teacher.

Rajni
Roll No. 5
VIIIA

16. Notice for Sports Participants
You are the sports captain of your school. Write a notice to all participants to submit their names and event in which they are taking part.

NOTICE
ATTENTION ! SPORTS PARTICIPANTS

March 10, 20….

All the participants who are interested to take part in the school sports are requested to give their names to the undersigned before Sunday, the 6th May. They must mention the event they are taking part in.

Raman Kumar
(Sports Captain)

17. Help for Tsunami Victims
You are the Head Boy/Girl of your school. Draft a notice requesting the students to come forward to help the tsunami victims.

NOTICE
HELPING TSUNAMI VICTIMS

March 18, 20
This is to inform all the students of the school that our school is raising a fund to help the tsunami victims. All should come forward with open heart and contribute to the fund as much as possible. Deposit the money with the respective class teachers.

Sham/Suman
Head Boy/Girl

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Role Play Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Role Play Writing

1. Imagine your father is ill. You went to the hospital to get medicine for him and you got late for school. The headmaster asked you the reason for being late. You will play the role of the student and your friend of the headmaster. The beginning of the conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation.

1. Headmaster : Why are you late today ?
Student : I had gone to the hospital, sir.
2. Headmaster : ………………….
Student : ………………….
3. Headmaster : ………………….
Student : ………………….
4. Headmaster : ………………….
Student : ………………….
5. Headmaster : ………………….
Student : ………………….
6. Headmaster : ………………….
Student : ………………….
Answer:
2. Headmaster : Why did you go to the hospital ?
Student : I had gone to get medicine for my father.
3. Headmaster : How long had you to wait for your turn ?
Student : I had to wait there for one hour for my turn.
4. Headmaster : How is your father now ?
Student : He is improving, sir.
5. Headmaster : Who is looking after him now ?
Student : My mother is looking after him now.
6. Headmaster : How do you come to school ?
Student : I come to school on foot.

2. Imagine you are a football player. Your team won a football match yesterday. Your father wants to know about the match. You will play the role of son and the father. The beginning of the conversation is given.

1. Father : Did you play the match yesterday ?
Son : Yes, I played the match yesterday.
2. Father : ………………….
Son : ………………….
3. Father : ………………….
Son : ………………….
4. Father : ………………….
Son : ………………….
5. Father : ………………….
Son : ………………….
6. Father : ………………….
Son : ………………….
Answer:
2. Father : Where was the match played ?
Son : It was played on our school ground.
3. Father : Which team was stronger ?
Son : Both the teams were equally strong.
4. Father : Which team scored the first goal ?
Son : Our team scored the first goal.
5. Father : How many goals were scored ?
Son : Two goals were scored.
6. Father : Did you score any goal ?
Son : Yes, I scored one goal.

3. Suppose a friend (Ramesh) of yours wants to know about your school library. You will play the role of you and Ramesh. The beginning of the conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation.

1. Ramesh : Has your school a big library ?
You : Yes, our school has a big library.
2. Ramesh : ………………….
You : ………………….
3. Ramesh : ………………….
You : ………………….
4. Ramesh : ………………….
You : ………………….
5. Ramesh : ………………….
You : ………………….
6. Ramesh : ………………….
You : ………………….
7. Ramesh : ………………….
You : ………………….
8. Ramesh : ………………….
You : ………………….
9. Ramesh : ………………….
You : ………………….
10. Ramesh : ………………….
You : ………………….
Answer:
2. Ramesh : How many sections has it ?
You : It has three sections—Punjabi, Hindi and English.
3. Ramesh : Who is its incharge ?
You : Mr. Hari Singh is its incharge.
4. Ramesh : How many almirahs are there in the library ?
You : There are fifteen big steel almirahs in the library.
5. Ramesh : How many books are there in the library ?
You : There are more than six thousand books in the library.
6. Ramesh : Are there novels and story books in it ? ‘
You : Yes, there are many novels and story books in it.
7. Ramesh : Has your library any books on general knowledge ?
You : Yes, our library has general knowledge books too.
8. Ramesh : Are there chairs and tables in the library ?
You : Yes, there are chairs and tables in our library.
9. Ramesh : How often does your class go to the library ?
You : Our class goes twice a week to the library.
10. Ramesh : How many books can you take out at a time ?
You : We can take out only one book at a time.

4. You gave some clothes for dry cleaning. Your suit was spoiled. You went to the dry cleaner and made the complaint. Now you will play the role of yourself and dry cleaner. The beginning of the conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation.

1. Dry Cleaner : Do you want to get your suit dry cleaned ?
You : No, I have come to complain about my suit.
2. Dry Cleaner : ………………….
You : ………………….
3. Dry Cleaner : ………………….
You : ………………….
4. Dry Cleaner : ………………….
You : ………………….
5. Dry Cleaner : ………………….
You : ………………….
6. Dry Cleaner : ………………….
You : ………………….
7. Dry Cleaner : ………………….
You : ………………….
8. Dry Cleaner : ………………….
You : ………………….
9. Dry Cleaner : ………………….
You : ………………….
10. Dry Cleaner : ………………….
You : ………………….
Answer:
2. Dry Cleaner : Whom did you give your suit for dry cleaning ?
You : I gave my suit to your servant for dry cleaning.
3. Dry Cleaner : What has gone wrong with your suit ?
You : It has been completely spoiled.
4. Dry Cleaner : When did you buy it ?
You : I bought it last month.
5. Dry Cleaner : How much did you spend on it ?
You : I spent one thousand rupees on it.
6. Dry Cleaner : What can I do to make up your loss ?
You : You should pay me seven hundred rupees.
7. Dry Cleaner : Who is responsible for this damage ?
You : You alone are responsible for this damage.
8. Dry Cleaner : Why should I pay you for this damage ?
You : ‘Because you are the owner of this shop.
9. Dry Cleaner : Can you wait for a few days ?
You : No, I want it immediately.
10. Dry Cleaner : What will you do if I do not pay the money ?
You : If you do not pay the money, I will go to the police station.

5. Imagine you have returned from Delhi after visiting your uncle. Your father asks you a few questions in connection with your visit. Now you will play the role of you and your father. Start you conversation as:

1. Father : Why did you not come back yesterday ?
You : Uncle did not allow me to come yesterday.
2. Father : ………………….
You : ………………….
3. Father : ………………….
You : ………………….
4. Father : ………………….
You : ………………….
5. Father : ………………….
You : ………………….
6. Father : ………………….
You : ………………….
7. Father : ………………….
You : ………………….
Answer:
2. Father : Why did he not allow you ?
You : He is not keeping good health.
3. Father : What is wrong with him ?
You : He is having high blood pressure.
4. Father : Did you request him to visit us ?
You : Yes, I requested him to visit us some time.
5. Father : Did he promise to come to Chandigarh ?
You : Yes, he promised to come to Chandigarh in June.
6. Father : Did you visit any important place in Delhi ?
You : Yes, I visited many places such as Qutab Minar, Red Fort, Appu Ghar, etc.
7. Father : Did you enjoy your visit ?
You : Yes, I enjoyed it very much.

6. Suppose you learn that your friend (Arun) has been involved in an accident and is in the hospital. You go to the hospital and meet his father. Now play the role of yourself and his father. The beginning of the conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation.

1. You : Where is Arun, my friend ?
His Father : He is in the operation theatre.
2. You : ………………….
His Father : ………………….
3. You : ………………….
His Father : ………………….
4. You : ………………….
His Father : ………………….
5. You : ………………….
His Father : ………………….
6. You : ………………….
His Father : ………………….
7. You : ………………….
His Father : ………………….
Answer:
You : What has happened to him ?
His Father : He has a fracture in his left arm.
You : How did all this happen ?
His Father : His scooter was hit by a bus.
You : Was he alone ?
His Father : No, his sister was with him.
You : Is the girl safe ?
His Father : Thank God, she did not receive any injury.
You : Where did the accident occur ?
His Father : It occurred near the Rose Garden.
You : Do you need any kind of help from me ?
His Father : No, thank you. You should only pray for his early recovery.

7. Suppose somebody has stolen your hundred rupees. You go to the Principal of your school to complain. You will play the role of student and the Principal. The beginning of the conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation.

1. Principal : What brings you here ?
Student : Sir, I have come with a problem.
2. Principal : ………………….
Student : ………………….
3. Principal : ………………….
Student : ………………….
4. Principal : ………………….
Student : ………………….
5. Principal : ………………….
Yudent : ………………….
6. Principal : ………………….
Student : ………………….
7. Principal : ………………….
Student : ………………….
Answer:
2. Principal : What is your problem ?
Student : Sir, somebody has stolen my hundred rupees.
3. Principal : Where had you kept it ?
Student : I had kept it in my bag in a book, sir.
4. Principal : Where had you put your bag ?
Student : It was lying in the classroom.
5. Principal : Where had the boys of your class gone ?
Student : All the boys had gone to the ground for P.T.
6. Principal : Did you ask anybody about it ?
Student : Yes sir, I asked a number of my class-fellows.
7. Principal : Have you notified it on the notice-board ?
Student : Not yet sir, but I will put it lip on the notice-board.

8. Suppose you visit your cousin and ask him about his hobby. You will play the role of yourself and cousin. The beginning of the conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation.

1. You : What is your hobby ?
Cousin : Gardening is my hobby.
2. You : ………………….
Cousin : ………………….
3. You : ………………….
Cousin : ………………….
4. You : ………………….
Cousin : ………………….
5. You : ………………….
Cousin : ………………….
6. You : ………………….
Cousin : ………………….
7. You : ………………….
Cousin : ………………….
8. You : ………………….
Cousin : ………………….
9. You : ………………….
Cousin : ………………….
10. You : ………………….
Cousin : ………………….
Answer:
2. You : When do you work in your garden ?
Cousin : I work in my garden after the school time.
3. You : Do you apply manure to the plants ?
Cousin : Yes, I apply manure to the plants.
4. You : What have you grown there ?
Cousin : I have grown roses, pansy and petunia flowers there.
3. You : Do you have any fruit trees there ?
Cousin : Yes, I have some fruit trees there.
6. You : When do you cut the grass of the lawn ?
Cousin : I cut the grass of the lawn on Saturday.
7. You : Where do you bring the plants from ?
Cousin : I bring the plants from Green Nursery.
8. You : Do you have any vine there ?
Cousin : Yes, I have a vine of grapes there.
9. You : When do you take part in a Flower Show ?
Cousin : I take part in a Flower Show in the month of March.
10. You : When can I come to see your garden ?
Cousin : You can come to see my garden on any holiday.

9. Suppose you went to Rose Garden for a picnic. Your younger brother who could not go with you asks you about it. Two boys shall play the role of elder brother and younger brother.The beginning of the conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation.

1. Younger Brother : Where did you go for a picnic ?
Elder Brother : We went to the Rose Garden.
2. Younger Brother : ………………….
Elder Brother : ………………….
3. Younger Brother : ………………….
Elder Brother : ………………….
4. Younger Brother : ………………….
Elder Brother : ………………….
5. Younger Brother : …………………..
Elder Brother : ………………….
6. Younger Brother : ………………….
Elder Brother : ………………….
7. Younger Brother : ………………….
Elder Brother : ………………….
8. Younger Brother : ………………….
Elder Brother : ………………….
9. Younger Brother : ………………….
Elder Brother : ………………….
10. Younger Brother : ………………….
Elder Brother : ………………….
Answer:
2. Younger Brother : How many friends were you ?
Elder Brother : We were a party of ten friends.
3. Younger Brother : How did you go there ?
Elder Brother : We went there on bicycles.
4. Younger Brother : What did you take with you ?
Elder Brother : We took with us a camera, a transistor, a pack of cards, a stove, some milk, tea and sugar.
5. Younger Brother : YHow much time did you take to reach Rose Garden ?
Elder Brother : It took us an hour to reach Rose Garden.
6. Younger Brother : Where did you see children playing merrily ?
Elder Brother : We saw children playing merrily in the garden.
7. Younger Brother : How did you feel there ?
Elder Brother : We felt very happy there.
8. Younger Brother : Where did you sit ?
Elder Brother : We sat on a mat under a shady tree.
9. Younger Brother : What did you do there ?
Elder Brother : We played cards, took snaps, listened to songs and took tea there.
10. Younger Brother : Did you enjoy yourselves ?
Elder Brother : Yes, we really enjoyed ourselves.

10. Suppose Ram has just come out of the Examination Hall after finishing his paper. Another examinee named Sham has also come out. You will play the role of Ram and Sham. Now start your conversation.

1. Ram : How have you done your paper ?
Sham : I have done my paper well.
2. Ram : ………………….
Sham : ………………….
3. Ram : ………………….
Sham : ………………….
4. Ram : ………………….
Sham : ………………….
3. Ram : ………………….
Sham : ………………….
6. Ram : ………………….
Sham : ………………….
7. Ram : ………………….
Sham : ………………….
8. Ram : ………………….
Sham : ………………….
9. Ram : ………………….
Sham : ………………….
10. Ram : ………………….
Sham : ………………….
Answer:
2. Ram : Is the paper easy ?
Sham : It is not so easy.
3. Ram : Which question is difficult ? ‘
Sham : Question No. IV is rather difficult.
4. Ram : What do you think about the answer to this question ?
Sham : I think my answer to this question is also to the point.
5. Ram : From which chapter is the question set ?
Sham : The question is set from Chapter II of the book.
6. Ram : How do you find the question on ‘Fill in the blanks’ ?
Sham : The question on ‘Fill in the blanks’ is confusing.
7. Ram : What do you think about these two questions ?
Sham : These two questions are out of the course, prescribed.
8. Ram : How did you answer these questions ?
Sham : I gave rather poor answers to these questions.
9. Ram : How do you feel on the whole ?
Sham : On the whole I am satisfied with the answers I gave.
10. Ram : How many marks do you hope to get in this paper ?
Sham : I hope to get only 40 per cent marks in this paper.

11. Your friend bought a mobile phone. The mobile phone is not working properly. Now play the role of friend and shop owner. Write the conversation in a dialogue format.

1. Shop owner : Good morning, Sir.
Friend : Good’morning Sir.
2. Shop owner : ………………….
Friend : ………………….
3. Shop owner : ………………….
Friend : ………………….
4. Shop owner : ………………….
Friend : ………………….
5. Shop owner : ………………….
Friend : ………………….
Answer:
2. Shop owner : How can I help you ?
Friend : Sir, the mobile phone I bought yesterday from your shop is not working correctly.
3. Shop owner : Oh ! Please explain your problem in detail.
Friend : It is giving a lot of trouble. There is no ring tones on it. The sound/music/ audio quality is not good either.
4. Shop owner-: OK. Let me check it. Oh ! you are right. Tell me, what to do ?
Friend : It is of no use to me.
5. Shop owner : I understand.
Friend : Please take it back and refund my money.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.6 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.6

Solve the following equations.

Question 1.
\(\frac{8 x-3}{3 x}=2\)
Solution:
\(\frac{8 x-3}{3 x}=2\)
∴ 3x\(\left(\frac{8 x-3}{3 x}\right)\) = 3x (2) (Multiplying both the sides by 3x)
∴ 8x – 3 = 6x
∴ 8x – 6x = 3 [Transposing 6x to LHS and (-3) to RHS]
∴ 2x = 3
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{3}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ x = \(\frac {3}{2}\)

Question 2.
\(\frac{9 x}{7-6 x}=15\)
Solution:
\(\frac{9 x}{7-6 x}=15\)
∴ 9x = 15 (7 – 6x) (Cross multiplication)
∴ 9x = 105 – 90x
∴ 9x + 90x = 105 [Transposing (- 90x) to LHS]
∴ 99x = 105
∴ \(\frac{99 x}{99}=\frac{105}{99}\)(Dividing both the sides by 99)
∴ x = \(\frac {35}{33}\)

Question 3.
\(\frac{z}{z+15}=\frac{4}{9}\)
Solution:
\(\frac{z}{z+15}=\frac{4}{9}\)
∴ z(9) = 4(z + 15) (Cross multiplication)
∴ 9z = 4z + 60
∴ 9z – 4z = 60 (Transposing 4z to LHS)
∴ 5z = 60
∴ \(\frac{5 z}{5}=\frac{60}{5}\) (Dividing both the sides by 5)
∴ z = 12

Question 4.
\(\frac{3 y+4}{2-6 y}=\frac{-2}{5}\)
Solution:
\(\frac{3 y+4}{2-6 y}=\frac{-2}{5}\)
∴ 5(3y + 4) = -2(2 – 6y) (Cross multiplication)
∴ 15y + 20 = -4 + 12y
∴ 15y – 12y = – 4 – 20 (Transposing 12y to LHS and 20 to RHS)
∴ 3y = -24
∴ \(\frac{3 y}{3}=\frac{-24}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ y = (-8)

Question 5.
\(\frac{7 y+4}{y+2}=\frac{-4}{3}\)
Solution:
\(\frac{7 y+4}{y+2}=\frac{-4}{3}\)
∴ 3(7y + 4) = -4(y + 2) (Cross multiplication)
∴ 21y + 12 = – 4y – 8
∴ 21y + 4y = – 8 – 12 (Transposing -4y to LHS and 12 to RHS)
∴ 25y = -20
∴ \(\frac{25 y}{25}=\frac{-20}{25}\) (Dividing both the sides by 25)
∴ y = \(\frac {-4}{5}\)

Question 6.
The ages of Hari and Harry are in the ratio 5:7. Four years from now the ratio of their ages will be 3:4. Find their present ages.
Solution:
Age of Hari : Age of Harry
= 5 : 7
Let the present age of Hari be 5x years.
Then, the present age of Harry = 7x years.
After 4 years their ages :
Hari = (5x + 4) years
Harry = (7x + 4) years
∴ (5x + 4) : (7x + 4) = 3 : 4
∴ \(\frac{5 x+4}{7 x+4}=\frac{3}{4}\)
∴ 4(5x + 4) = 3(7x + 4) (Cross multiplication)
∴ 20x + 16 = 21x + 12
∴ 20x – 21x = 12 – 16 (Transposing 21x to LHS and 16 to RHS)
∴ -x = – 4
∴ x = 4 [Multiplying both the sides by (- 1)]
∴ Hari’s present age = 5x = 5 × 4
= 20 years
∴ Harry’s present age = 7x = 7 × 4
= 28 years
Thus, Hari’s present age is 20 years and Harry’s present age is 28 years.

Question 7.
The denominator of a rational number is greater than its numerator by 8. If the numerator is increased by 17 and the denominator is decreased by 1, the number obtained is \(\frac {3}{2}\). Find the rational number.
Solution:
Let the numerator be x.
Denominator (8 more than numerator) = x + 8
New numerator = x + 17
(After adding 17)
New denominator = x + 8 – 1
= x + 7
(After decreasing 1)
But new number = \(\frac{x+17}{x+7}\)
But this rational number is \(\frac {3}{2}\)
\(\frac{x+17}{x+7}=\frac{3}{2}\)
∴ 2(x + 17) = 3(x + 7) (Cross multiplication)
∴ 2x + 34 = 3x + 21
∴ 2x – 3x = 21 – 34 (Transposing 3x to LHS and 34 to RHS)
∴ -x = – 13
∴ x = 13 [Multiplying both the sides by (-1)]
∴ Numerator = x = 13
Denominator = x + 8
= 13 + 8
= 21
The rational number = \(\frac {13}{21}\)
Thus, the rational number is \(\frac {13}{21}\).

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 7 Safety While Driving Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 7 Safety While Driving

Activity 1

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

mischief	itinerary	sneak	reverse	mechanism
confidence	impound	counsel	blunder	reflexes

Vocabulary Expansion

Activity 2

Look at the grid. Encircle the words taken from the chapter which mean the following. The first one is done for you.
1. a person who walks on the road
2. alert and careful
3. when two vehicles get hit
4. to take into custody of the law
5. mistake
6. to turn in an opposite direction
7. eager and enthusiastic
8. the effect, result or outcome of something
9. advice ; opinion or instruction given
10. a person under the age of 18 in India.

Activity 3.

Match the words given in the table with their antonyms. Write the number of the word in the column given on the right hand side. The first one is done for you.

S. No.	Word	Antonym	Number
1.	above	never	9
2.	absent	after	8
3.	accept	alive	12
4.	advantage	depart	7
5.	before	cruel	2
6.	for	light	13
7.	agree	disadvantage	10
8.	dead	present	3
9.	always	below	1
10.	question	disagree	11
11.	appear	answer	20
12.	arrive	decline	4
13.	kind	against	5
14.	M	careless	19
15.	front	ugly	16
16.	beautiful	back	15
17.	below	above	17
18.	heavy	sharp	6
19.	blunt	empty	18
20.	careful	disappear	14

Answer:
1. above – below
2. absent – present
3. accept – decline
4. advantage – disadvantage
5. before – after
6. for – against
7. agree – disagree
8. dead – alive
9. always – never
10. question – answer
11. appear – disappear
12. arrive – depart
13. kind – cruel
14. full – empty
15. front – back
16. beautiful – ugly
17. below – above
18. heavy – light
19. blunt – sharp
20. careful – careless.

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Activity 4

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What does Seema love ?
सीम्त को क्या पसंद है ?
Answer:
Seema loves automobiles.

Question 2.
What does she read on the Internet ?
वह इंटरनेट पर क्या पढ़ती है ?
Answer:
She reads a lot about cars and their mechanism on the Internet.

Question 3.
Why did she call her friend Bhavya ?
उसने अपनी मित्र भावया को क्यों बुलाया ?
Answer:
She called Bhavya because she knew a lot about driving.

Question 4.
What did Seema and Bhavya decide ?
सीमा और भावया ने क्या निश्चय किया ?
Answer:
They decided to drive the car.

Question 5.
What was their itinerary?
उनकी यात्रा योजना क्या थी ?
Answer:
They planned to go to Sector-17.

Question 6.
Who did they meet at the end of the road ?
सड़क के अन्त में उन्हें कौन मिला ?
Answer:
They met the two traffic policemen at the end of the road.

Question 7.
What did the police do?
पुलिस ने क्या किया ?
Answer:
The police impounded the car and took them to the police station for writing the report.

Question 8.
How did the police counsel Seema and Bhavya ?
पुलिस ने सीमा और भावया को कैसे सलाह (समझाया) दी ?
Answer:
They advised them not to go for driving until they are 18. Otherwise, they may involve in serious accident. Driving for a minor is illegal too.

Question 9.
What did Seema and Bhavya decide after the counselling ?
सलाह के बाद सीमा और भावया ने क्या निर्णय लिया ?
Answer:
After the counselling they decided that they would never repeat such blunder.

Activity 5

Discuss (Groupwork)

A. What mistake did the two girls commit? Had the police not caught them near their home, what could have happened to them ?
B. What are the two most important traffic rules that we all should follow ? Why do you think it is important to follow traffic rules?
C. Why is it important for everyone on the road to be patient ?
Answer:
(A) The two girls were minor, still they planned to drive on the busy road. Had the police not caught them they might have done a very serious accident.

(B)

• We should follow the traffic lights.
• We should follow the traffic signals. Traffic rules are for the road safety so we must follow them.

(C) It is important to be patient on the road because impatience causes accidents and quarrels.

Learning Language

Active and Passive Voice Voice is the form of a verb that shows its connection with the subject. It is of two kinds:

• Active Voice
• Passive Voice

Active Voice : When the verb shows that the subject does something, it is said to be in the Active Voice.
Passive Voice : Passive Voice shows that something is done to the subject.

Example :
Ram eats an apple. (Active Voice)
An apple is eaten by Ram. (Passive Voice)

Need for changing from Active to Passive Voice :
Passive voice is generally used in the following cases :
1. Where the subject is obvious, for example :
(a) The letters were delivered. (by the postman).
(b) My tooth was extracted this morning only. (by the dentist)
(In these examples, the subjects in the active voice ‘the postman’ and ‘the dentist need not be mentioned as it is obvious who the doer is.)

2. Where the subject is not known, for example :
(a) My pen was stolen. (by someone)
(b) The window pane was broken. (by someone)
(In these examples, the identity of the subject in the active voice is not known.)

3. Where the identity of the subject is not meant to be revealed, for example
(a) Ratan was dismissed from his job. (passive)
[The boss/the management dismissed Ratan from his job. (active)]

(b) Rajan was killed. (passive)
[The goons killed Rajan. (active)]

4. In writing scientific procedures and reports, for example :
(a) Twenty millilitres of sulphuric acid was taken in a test-tube and heated.

5. Where the action is more important than the doer or the subject, for example :
(a) The repair work of the roads has been completed.

Rules to change the Voice :

• The object of the verb takes the position of the subject.
• The subject of the verb in the active voice becomes the object and is usually preceded by the preposition by’:
• The tense of the verb in the passive voice remains the same as in the active voice.
• In the passive voice, the third form of the verb is used.
• Appropriate form of the verb to be [is, am, are, been, have been, had been, was, were, will be, shall be, etc.) is used with the past participle form (third form of the verb) in the passive voice.

Passive form of Negative Sentences :

Rule : The passive form of sentences is formed by putting ‘not’ between the auxiliary and the third form of the verb. The other rules remain the same.

Active : Tigers do not eat grass.
Passive : Grass is not eaten by tigers.
Active : He does not grow green vegetables.
Passive : Green vegetables are not grown by him.

Passive of Interrogative Sentences :

A. Interrogative sentences beginning with helping verbs :

Rules :
1. If the question begins with do/does/did, the passive form will be is/am/are/was/ were + subject + 3rd form of the verb.
Examples :
Active : Do many people watch this serial ?
Passive : Is this serial watched by many people ?
Active : Did you complete your work in time ?
Passive : Was your work completed by you in time ?

2. If the question is in continuous tense, the passive form will be is/am/are/was/ were + subject + being + 3rd form of the verb.
Examples :
Active : Is she making coffee?
Passive : Is coffee being made by her ?
Active : Were they playing hockey?
Passive : Was hockey being played by them?

3. If the question begins with has/have/had, the passive form will be has/havel had + subject + been + 3rd form of the verb.
Example :
Active : Has he written the letter?
Passive : Has the letter been written by him ?

4. If the question begins with modal auxiliary, the passive structure is modal auxiliary + subject + be + 3rd form of the verb.
Example : Active : Can you sing a song ?
Passive : Can a song be sung by you ?

A. Interrogative sentences beginning with ‘Wh’ words

Rules :
In the case of interrogative sentences beginning with Wh-words like ‘what’, ‘why’, ‘when’, etc. the question word is written in the beginning of the sentences. The rest of the rules are the same as in the case of other interrogative sentences.
Examples :
Active : Why did you cut down the tree ?
Passive : Why was the tree cut down by you?
Active : Where do you keep the books ?
Passive : Where are the books kept by you ?

In case of questions beginning with ‘who’, the passive form is ; by+whom+auxiliary + subject+ 3rd form of the verb. Examples :
Active : Who will make a kite ?
Passive : By whom will a kite be made ?
Active : Who will bell the cat ?
Passive : By whom will the cat be belled ?

Note : An interrogative sentence in the Active Voice remains an interrogative in the Passive form also.

Change of voice involving Tenses ·

1. Simple Present (Indefinite) Tense
Rule : is/am/are + 3rd form of the verb
Examples : Active : Mohan sings a song.
Passive : A song is sung by Mohan.
Active : Uncle Podger hangs a picture.
Passive : A picture is hung by Uncle Podger.

Activity 6.

Change the active voice of the following sentences to passive voice :
(a) Harish plays cricket.
Answer:
Cricket is played by Harish.

(b) She does not like singing.
Answer:
Singing is not liked by her.

(c) We fly kites.
Answer:
Kites are flown by us.

(d) Meera helps the poor.
Answer:
The poor are helped by Meera.

(e) I do my work.
Answer:
My work is done by me.

(f) Hamid does his homework.
Answer:
His home work is done by Hamid.

(g) The boys do not watch television.
Answer:
Television is not watched by the boys.

(h) Does the cobbler mend my shoes ?
Answer:
Are my shoes mended by the cobbler ?

(i) She hates liars.
Answer:
Liars are hated by her.

(j) Do children like sweets ?
Answer:
Are sweets liked by children ?

Simple Past (Indefinite) Tense

Rule : was/were + 3rd form of the verb
Examples :
Active : Kapil Dev broke the record.
Passive : The record was broken by Kapil Dev.
Active : The Principal punished the boys.
Passive : The boys were punished by the Principal.

Activity 7.

Change the active voice in following sentences to passive voice:

(a) Rama lost his book.
Answer:
His book was lost by Rama.

(b) They welcomed me.
Answer:
I was welcomed by them.

(c) Mina wrote a letter.
Answer:
A letter was written by Mina.

(d) Mohan did not sing a song.
Answer:
A song was not sung by Mohan.

(e) Radha did not drink coffee.
Answer:
Coffee was not drunk by Radha.

(f) Harish did not paint a picture
Answer:
A picture was not painted by Harish.

(g) Did the boys fly kites ?
Answer:
Were the kites flown by the boys ?

(h) Did you close the door ?
Answer:
Was the door closed by you ?

(i) Did Kavita help you ?
Answer:
Were you helped by Kavita ?

(j) The Prime Minister honoured Sachin Tendulkar.
Answer:
Sachin Tendulkar was honoured by the Prime Minister.

Future Indefinite Tense

Rule : will/shall + be + 3rd form of the verb
Examples :
Active : He will play two matches.
Passive : Two matches will be played by him.
Active : She will help me.
Passive : I shall be helped by her.

Activity 8

Change the active voice of the following sentences to passive voice :

(a) Manohar will solve the sums.
Answer:
The sums will be solved by Manohar.

(b) You will miss your bus.
Answer:
Your bus will be missed by you.

(c) The teacher will punish the boys.
Answer:
The boys will be punished by the teacher.

(d) The doctor will examine the patient.
Answer:
The patient will be examined by the doctor.

(e) The children will enjoy this game.
Answer:
This game will be enjoyed by the children.

(f) You will join the party.
Answer:
The party will be joined by you.

(g) He will not cook the food.
Answer:
The food will not be cooked by him.

(h) She will not wash the clothes.
Answer:
The clothes will not be washed by her.

(i) Will they elect the President ?
Answer:
Will the president be elected by them ?

(j) Will she speak the truth?
Answer:
Will the truth be spoken by her ?

Learning to Listen

Activity 9.

Your teacher will read a passage on road safety. She/he will read the passage twice with a gap of 5 minutes. The passage explains some points regarding DO’s and DON’TS while driving. Make a list of DO’s and DON’Ts (3-5 words only) while you listen to your teacher. Complete your points when you listen to her the second time. ..
(The teacher must read the passage very clearly and slowly. She/he must also pause a little after each sentence.)

YOU MUST AI WAY’S (Do’s)	YOU MUST NEVER (Don’t)
Always stay alert.	Never write text message while driving.
Wear your seat belt.	Avoid distractions like changing CD or using cellphone.
Follow traffic signals.	Never drink and drive.
Stop at red light. ’
Always give right of way.
Always share the rpad.

Activity 10.

It is very important for the people who ride two wheelers to wear good and strong helmets. Discuss with your partner why people should wear helmets. You may also give examples of people whom you know were hurt because they did not wear a helmet. You must make notes of what you will say in the space given below:

Answer:

Now tell about the importance of helmets to your partner based on notes you have made : (The teacher must encourage at least 5 pairs to speak in front of the class.)

नोट : विद्यार्थी इन Hints को Sentences में बदलकर एक paragraph में लिखें

Learning to Write

Activity 11.

Picture description.
Describe what you see in the given picture. You can write about.

The vechicles involved in the accident

• What could have happened before the accident ?
• What caused the accident? (Choose One.)
• jumping the red light
• overtaking at the wrong place.
• taking a wrong turn
• applying sudden-brakes by one of the persons involved in the accident
• Whose fault was it ? Why do you say so ?

It is an accident scene at a busy crossing. Two cars collapsed against each other. The accident took place because one car driver crossed the red light. The second car driver
paid for his fault. The car was badly damaged. Thanks god his own life was saved !

Learning to use Language (Groupwork)

Activity 12.

Get into a group of 5 and write a dialogue among five people of a family-mother, father, daughter and son and a cousin who has come to visit your family. :

Scenario : Your family is planning to enjoy the day. Your mother and sister are interested in watching a cricket match at the stadium while your father is fond of cooking and wants to cook a good dinner for the family followed by watching a film on TV. The cousin wants to watch a film in the theatre.

Write a dialogue in which each of you will convince other members of the family that your plan is the best.
Once done, you will also practise speaking the same in your group. (The teacher will randomly select two groups to present the dialogue before the class.)
Answer:
Mother : I would like to watch a cricket match on TV. Dear sister is also interested in it. It is very entertaining. Besides, during these days of Covid-19, it is not wise to go out.

Father : I have a new book on cooking. It has a long list of recipes. I will do cooking for the family tomorrow. You will enjoy spicy and sweet crispy dishes-nons and Amritsari chholey Bhatoorey. In the evening we will watch a classical film on TV. It is a great movie Mughal-i-Aazam.

Cousin : What is all this. I am ready to pass my day at home. I would suggest seeing a film in a theatre. My plan is the best one.

Children : Be serious. It will be a blunder to go out. It is like spreading Corona or getting infected.

Giving and Responding to News:

It is important to understand how to break good or bad news to someone. There are different ways to do so. There are some set expressions that may be used to break the news. Knowing these expressions helps us to become more fluent.

Giving News
Good News	Bad News
I’m really pleased to tell you …	I’m afraid I’ve got some bad news for you …
I’ve got a bit of good news to tell you …	I’m sorry I’ve got a bit of bad news to tell you …
I’ve got some good/brilliant/great/wonderful/splendid news for you …	I really don’t know how to say it but….
You know what I’ve got a bit of great news for you ….	I’m sorry to have to say this but …
Great news for you …	I really feel bad to have to say this, but …

There are also ways and expressions of responding to news.

Responding to news
Good News	Bad News
That’s great !/Great news !	I’m awfully sorry that…/I’m sorry to hear that…/I’m sorry to hear such terrible news.
How fantastic !/Oh, how wonderful !	Please, accept my deepest sympathy/ condolences.
What fantastic/good/brilliant/great won­derful/splendid news !	I know how you must be feeling.
That’s good/brilliant/great/wonderful/splendid news !	That must be awful.
Congratulations !/Superb !	Oh, dear !/Too bad !
That’s wonderful/Fantastic !	That’s awful/a pity/unfortunate !
I’m glad to hear that !

Activity 13:

Use five different expressions to break a piece of a good news and a bad news to your partner who will also respond in five different ways to the good news and the bad news. (Pairwork)
Some ideas for the news you may break :

• Your friend has stood first in the test.
• Rohit Sharma has scored a century.
• India has won the cricket match against
• Your father’s operation has been a success.
• You have a new puppy at home.
• Your friend’s sister is unwell.
• You have failed in the test in spite of working very hard.
• You have lost your wallet/necklace/suitcase.
• Your laptop suddenly stopped responding.
• You have lost your mobile phone.

Answer:
(For Each News) For Good News in the test

• That’s great
• What a good news
• That’s good
• Congratulations
• I’m glad to hear that.

For a piece of Bad News

• Very sad to hear that
• Sorry you must be feeling bad !
• That’s unfortunate
• That must be awful!
• Shocking

Comprehension of Pass

Read the following passages and answer the questions given below each :

(1) Seema is a fifteen year old girl. She loves automobiles and keeps dreaming about driving cars on the road. She reads a lot about cars and their mechanism on the internet. She feels that she knows everything about driving cars. Last year, Seema was just fourteen and she tried to take her mother’s car out on the road to drive without telling her mother. Here, Seema is telling her story of the day she planned this mischief.

1. What does Seema love to do?
सीमा को क्या करना पसंद है ?

2. What big mistake did she commit last year?
उसने पिछले साल क्या बड़ी गलती की ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) Last year seema was just fifteen.
(b) Seema reads a lot about cars on the internet.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Seema feels that she knows everything …
(b) She reads about cars …………… on the internet…
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) mischief	pleasure
(ii) planned	naughtiness
	chalked out

Answer:
1. Seema loves automobiles and keeps dreaming about driving cars on the road.
2. Last year, seema tried to take her mother’s car out on the road to drive, when she was just 14.
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4.
(a) Seema feels that she knows everything about driving cars.
(b) She reads about cars and their mechanism on the internet.
Or
(1) mischief — naughtiness
(ii) planned — chalked out

(2) I am seema. I am going to tell you a small incident of my life that taught me an important lesson. I love cars. I keep reading about cars on the Internet. After reading so much about cars and driving cars, I felt that I had understood everything about cars and would be able to safely drive on the road. I called my friend Bhavya who is equally interested in driving and also knows how to ride a mobike. I told her that my mother was going to Delhi and her car would be free. Bhavya also got excited and said that she would come to my house.

1. How did Seema feel after reading a lot about cars and driving cars ?
कारों तथा कार चलाने के बारे में बहुत कुछ पढ़ने के बाद सीमा को कैसा महसूस हुआ ?

2. Who is Bhavya ? What is she interested in ?
भावया कौन है ? उसको किस चीज़ में रुचि है ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) Bhavya’s mother was going to the internet.
(b) This incident is related to a lesson giving car driving experience.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Bhavya also got ……………..
(b) Bhavya knows how to …………….
Or
Write the meanings of the following words in English : (Any two)
incident, excited, understood
Answer:
1. She felt that she had understood everything about cars and she would be able to drive safely on the road.
2. Bhavya is Seema’s friend. Like Seema, she is also interested in driving.
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4.
(a) Bhavya also got excited.
(b) Bhavya knows how to ride a mobike.
Or
happening, thrilled, came to know.

(3) Bhavya started driving. Since she could ride a mobike and also helped her father many times in taking the car out of the gate, she knew the mechanism and drove with confidence. As we reached the end of the road, I asked her to stop the car. As she was trying to stop the car, two traffic policemen came out from behind the trees. They asked us to come out of the car and asked Bhavya to show them her driving licence. She was only foureen years old and like me she did not have a driving licence. The policemen asked us our names, our age and addresses. They also took our parents’ mobile number and called them. My mother was on her way to Delhi. When she received the phone, she immediately called my father and asked him to meet the police. Bhavya’s father came and the policemen told him that they would impound the car as two minors were sitting in the car and one of them was driving.

1. What happned when Bhavya tried to stop the car ?
जब भावया ने कार को रोकने की कोशिश की तो क्या हुआ ?

2. Who were the two minors sitting in the car ?
कार में बैठे दो नाबालिग कौन थे ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) Seema was driving the car.
(b) Bhavya did not have a driving licence.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Bhavya knew the mechanism and drove ……..
(b) Seema’s mother asked seema’s father to ………
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) immediately	below 18
(ii) minor	at once
	took away

Answer:
1. Two traffic policemen came out from behind the trees, when Bhavya tried to stop the car.
2. They were Seema and Bhavya.
3.
(a) False
(b) True
4.
(a) Bhavya knew the mechanism and drove with confidence.
(b) Seema’s mother asked Seema’s father to meet the police.
Or
(i) immediately — at once
(ii) minor — below 18

(4) The car was impounded and the police took both of us to the police station for writing the report. They also counselled us on the consequences of what we were planning to do. They said that we could have met with an accident and we might have hurt ourselves badly. They also told us that we could have also injured someone on the road. Then they showed us picturės of some accidents. We both got very scared when we saw the pictures in which a child had died. We looked at each other and decided never to repeat such a blunder. We decided that we will learn how to drive from a driving school when we turn eighteen.

1. What did the police tell the two girls about the consequences of the incident ?
पुलिस ने दोनों लड़कियों को घटना के परिणामों के बारे में क्या बताया ?

2. What did they decide about learning driving?
ड्राइविंग सीखने के बारे में उन्होंने कया फैसला बताया?

3. Choose true the false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) We might have met with an accident.
(b) We were free after the car was impounded.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) They decided never to repeat …………
(b) The police took us to the police station for …………….
Or
Write the meanings of the following words in English : (Any two).
blunder, consequences, injured.
Answer:
1. The police told them that they could meet with a serious accident. They could hurt themselves badly. They might hurt someone else also.
2. They decided that they would learn driving from a driving school when they turn 18.
3.
(a) True
(b) False.
4.
(a) They decided never to repeat such a blunder.
(b) The police took us to the police station for writing the report.
Or
big mistake, results, wounded.

Use of words and phrases in Sentences

1. Blunder (a big mistake) -You have committed a blunder.
2. Excited (thrilled) – The players were excited when they scored the last goal.
3. Confidence (belief/trust) – He fights every battle with self confidence.
4. Mischief (misconduct) – Every mischief can’t be forgiven.
5. Received (got) – I received his phone early in the morning.
6. Minor (a person below 18) – A minor is not allowed to drive a car on the road.
7. Injured (wounded) – Ten persons were injured in the road accident.
8. Scared (got afraid) – We got scared to hear the story of her accident.
9. Skill (talent) – We need practice to learn every skill.
10. Cautious (alert) – Be cautious while driving.

Word Meanings

Safety While Driving Summary in Hindi

Seema is a fifteen year ……………come to my house.

सीमा पंद्रह वर्ष की लड़की है। उसे मोटर-गाड़ियों से प्यार है और वह सड़क पर कार चलाने के सपने देखती रहती है। वह कारों के बारे में और उनके कलपुर्जी की बनावट के बारे में इंटरनेट पर पढ़ती रहती है। उसे लगता है कि वह कार चलाने के बारे में सब जानती है। पिछले वर्ष सीमा जब चौदह वर्ष की थी तो उसने माँ को बताए बिना उसकी कार को सड़क पर ले जाने की कोशिश की। यहाँ सीमा अपनी उस दिन की कहानी बता रही है जिस दिन उसने यह शरारत करने की सोची थी। मैं सीमा हूँ। मैं आपको अपने जीवन की एक घटना बताने जा रही हूँ जिससे मुझे जीवन की महत्त्वपूर्ण सीख मिली। मुझे कारें पसंद हैं। मैं कारों के बारे में इंटरनेट पर पढ़ती रहती हूँ। कारों के बारे में तथा कार चलाने के बारे में इतना अधिक पढ़ने के बाद मुझे लगा मुझे कारों के बारे में सब कुछ पता चल चुका है और मैं सड़क पर सुरक्षित गाड़ी चला सकती हूं। मैंने अपनी मित्र भावया (Bhavya) को बुलाया जो कि ड्राइविंग की बराबर की शौकीन है और उसे पता है कि कैसे मोबाइक चलाई जाती है। मैंने उसे बताया कि मेरी मां दिल्ली जा रही है और उसकी कार फ्री है। भावया । भी रोमांचित हो उठी और उसने कहा कि वह मेरे घर आ जाएगी।

The next day …. turn to drive.

अगली सुबह मेरी मां दिल्ली चली गई और मैंने भावया को घर पर बुला लिया। भावया घर आ गई और हम अपने यात्रा कार्यक्रम की योजना बनाने लगे। हमने सैक्टर 17, जो कि एक बड़ा शापिंग कम्पलैक्स है, जाने की योजना बनाई। क्योंकि गाड़ी चलाने का यह मेरा पहला अनुभव था इसलिए मैंने भावया से कार को गैराज से निकालने के लिए कहा। __ हम कार की चाबियाँ लेकर छिपकर घर से बाहर निकल आए। भावया ड्राइवर की सीट पर बैठ गई और कार को पीछे की ओर चलाने लगी। भावया ने बहुत ही आत्मविश्वास से कार को बाहर निकाला। हम दोनों बहुत खुश थे। मैंने उसे सड़क के अंत तक कार को चलाते रहने के लिए कहा और उसके बाद कार चलाने की मैं अपनी बारी लूंगी।

Bhavya started .. …………… was driving.

भावया ने कार चलाना आरम्भ किया। क्योंकि वह मोबाइक चला सकती थी और उसने कार को गैराज से निकालने में अपने पिता की कई बार मदद की थी, उसे कार तंत्र की भी जानकारी थी, उसने बड़े आत्मविश्वास से गाड़ी चलाई। जैसे ही हम सड़क के अंतिम किनारे पर पहुंचे, मैंने उसे कार रोकने के लिए कहा। जैसे ही वह कार रोकने की कोशिश कर रही थी, दो ट्रैफिक पुलिस कर्मचारी पेड़ के पीछे से निकल आए। उन्होंने हमें कार से बाहर आने के लिए कहा और भावया को अपना ड्राइविंग लाइसेंस दिखाने के लिए कहा। वह चौदह वर्ष की थी और मेरी तरह उसके पास भी ड्राइविंग लाइसेंस नहीं था। पुलिस कर्मचारी ने हमारे नाम, आयु तथा पते पूछे। उन्होंने हमारे माता-पिता के मोबाइल नम्बर लेकर उनसे बात की। मेरी माँ दिल्ली के रास्ते में थी। जैसे ही उनके पास फोन पहुंचा उन्होंने तुरंत मेरे पिता जी को पुलिस से मिलने के लिए कहा। भावया के पिता आए और पुलिस कर्मचारी ने उन्हें बताया कि वे कार को इम्पाउंड करेंगे क्योंकि कार में दो नाबालिग बैठी थीं और उनमें से एक चला रही थी।

The car was ……. first when driving.

कार इम्पाउंड (जब्त) कर ली गई और पुलिस रिपोर्ट लिखने के लिए हमें पुलिस स्टेशन ले गई। उन्होंने हमें जो कुछ हम करने जा रहे थे, उनके परिणामों के बारे में सलाह भी दी। उन्होंने हमें बताया कि हमारी दुर्घटना हो सकती थी और हम बुरी तरह से घायल भी हो सकती थीं। उन्होंने हमें बताया कि हम किसी और को भी सड़क पर घायल कर सकते थे। उन्होंने हमें कुछ दुर्घटनाओं के चित्र भी दिखाए। हम दोनों उस समय बहुत डर गए जब हमने चित्रों में एक बच्चे को मरते हुए देखा। हमने एक दूसरे की ओर देखा और निश्चय किया कि ऐसी भयंकर गलती फिर से नहीं करेंगे। हमने निश्चय किया कि जब हम अठारह वर्ष की हो जाएंगी तो ड्राइविंग स्कूल से कार चलाने का प्रशिक्षण लेंगी। यही थी सीमा की कहानी।

कार तंत्रों की जानकारी होने से आप एक अच्छे ड्राइवर नहीं बन जाते। ड्राइविंग एक कौशल है जो कि बहुत अभ्यास से सीखा जाता है। सड़क के नियमों को जानना और ट्रैफिक संकेतों को समझना बहुत आवश्यक है। ट्रैफिक लाइट्स लोगों को दर्शाती हैं कि कब सड़क पार करना सुरक्षित है और कब रुकना। सड़क के नियम और ट्रैफिक संकेत सड़क का प्रयोग करने वालों की सुरक्षा के लिए हैं। सड़क पर निकलने के बाद हम सबको बहुत ही सावधान रहना चाहिए। ड्राइवरों को धैर्यवान, दूसरों का ध्यान रखने वाला और सजग होना चाहिए। पैदल चलने वालों को सहनशील, सावधान और सतर्क होना चाहिए। सदा याद रखें गाड़ी चलाते समय सुरक्षा पहली चीज़ होती है।

Retranslation from english to hindi

1. Seema is a fifteen year old girl. — सीमा पंद्रह वर्ष की लड़की है।
2. She reads a lot about cars. — वह कारों के बारे में पढ़ती रहती है।
3. Seema is telling her story of the day. — सीमा अपनी कहानी बता रही है।
4. I love cars. — मुझे कारें पसंद हैं।
5. I called my friend Bhavya. — मैंने अपनी मित्र भावया को बुलाया।
6. Bhavya also got excited. — भावया भी रोमांचित हो उठी।
7. We planned to go to sector 17. — हमने सेक्टर 17 में जाने की योजना बनाई।
8. We sneaked out of the house with the car keys. — हम कार की चाबियां लेकर छिपकर घर से बाहर आ गए।
9. Bhavya took out the car very confidently. — भावया ने बहुत ही आत्म-विश्वास से कार को बाहर निकाला।
10. I asked her to stop the car. — मैंने उसे कार रोकने के लिए कहा।
11. They asked us to come out of the car. — उन्होंने हमें कार से बाहर आने के लिए कहा।
12. My mother was on her way to Delhi. — मेरी माँ दिल्ली के रास्ते में थी।
13. They showed us pictures of some accidents. — उन्होंने हमें कुछ दुर्घटनाओं के चित्र दिखाए।
14. Driving is a skill. — ड्राइविंग एक कौशल है।
15. We all need to be very careful. — हम सबको बहुत ही सावधान रहना चाहिए।