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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 10 Post Harvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 10 Post Harvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Post Harvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answers in one or two words:

Question 1.
Which instrument is used to measure the firmness of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Penetrometer.

Question 2.
Which parameter is measured with a refractometer?
Answer:
The sweetness of fruit.

Question 3.
How much fruits and vegetables are lost before they reach markets?
Answer:
25-30%.

Question 4.
On which fruit the use of waxing is useful?
Answer:
Citrus fruits (Kinnow), apple and pears.

Question 5.
What is the storage temperature for potato and kinnow?
Answer:
For potato 1 to 2° C and for Kinnow 4 to 6°C

Question 6.
How much should be the relative humidity for storage of onkm?
Answer:
65-70%.

Question 7.
Which fruits are harvested on the basis of TSS and acid ratio?
Answer:
Grapes and citrus fruits, e.g. organge, Kinnow etc.

Question 8.
What precautions should be taken during transportation of produce?
Answer:
Vehicle should be padded or lined with straw. Heavy weight produce should not be loaded over the soft produce.

Question 9.
Name the harmful chemical used for ripening of fruit
Answer:
Calcium carbide.

Question 10.
Name the internationally acceptable technique used for ripening of fruits.
Answer:
Ripening by ethylene gas.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
On what basis fruits and vegetable are graded?
Answer:
Grading should be done as per the requirement of the market. Grading is done on the basis of size, weight, colour etc. This fetches more profit to the farmer.

Question 2.
Why produce should be cooled after harvest?
Answer:
Produce should be cooled immediately after harvesting. This helps in increasing the shelf life of the horticulture produce. Cold water or cold air can be used for this purpose.

Question 3.
What are the benefits of storage of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Produce is cheap in the season, and earning is less. If produce is preserved and sold in off season, it fetches more profit to the farmer.

Question 4.
What is the use of pentrometer and refractometer?
Answer:
Pentrometer is used to measure the firmness of the fruit and refractometer is used to measure the sweetness of the fruit.

Question 5.
How fruits and vegetables are graded on commercial scale?
Answer:
Fruits and vegetables are graded on commercial scale with the help of mechanical grader.

Question 6.
Which fruits are ripened with ethylene gas?
Answer:
Ripening by using ethylene is internationally accepted technique. Fruits like, banana, pears, tomato are ripened by this technique.

Question 7.
Which parameters should be taken into consideration for harvesting of tomato?
Answer:
Parameter that should be taken into consideration for harvesting of tomato is colour chart. For the nearby market red matured tomato, for medium distance markets at pink stage and for distant market harvesting at green stage should be done.

Question 8.
Which produce is packed in jute sacks?
Answer:
Potato and onion are packed in jute sacks.

Question 9.
Which wax is approved by FSSAI?
Answer:
FSSAI has approved shellak wax, camauba wax and bees wax.

Question 10.
What kind of boxes is used for the packaging of high-value produce?
Answer:
Corrugated fibre board boxes are used for the packing of high-value produce like, apple, mango, grapes, kinnow, peach, litchi, plum etc.

(C) Answers in five to six sentences:

Question 1.
What do you mean by waxing of fruits and what are its benefits?
Answer:
During marketing of the produce there is a loss of water contents which affect the natural gloss and quality of the produce. Fruits like, Kinnow, Peach etc. and vegetables like, Brinjal, Capsicum, Tomato, Cucumber etc. are waxed after harvesting. At the time of grading, washing or doing other preserving activities natural wax is removed. Rewaxing with food grade wax is done. Waxing helps in maintaining water content of the produce at the time of marketing. Dry the produce after waxing. Food grade waxes which is approved by FSSAI are shellac wax, bees wax, camauba wax.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on ripening of fruits with ethylene gas.
Answer:
Ripening of fruits at commercial level is done by using ethylene gas which is internationally accepted technique. In this technique fruits are kept in an enclosed chamber where the produce is exposed to 100-150 ppm of ethylene gas for 24 hours. This triggers the ripening process. Temperature should be maintained between 15 to 25 °C and humidity should be 90-95% ethylene gas is produced by using ethylene generator.

Question 3.
Write a short note on shrink and cling film packing of fruit.
Answer:
Fruits and vegetables are packed in a paper tray and wrapped with shrink or cling film.

The produce packed in this way remains visible to the cousumer and quality of the produce is also maintained. High value fruits and vegetables like kinnow, tomato, seedless cucumber etc. are packed using this technique. Farmer can earn good profit using this technique.

Question 4.
What is the importance of packging of fruits in corrugated fibre board boxes?
Answer:
For secure transportation of the fruits and vegetables, packaging proves beneficial, it is necessary to avoid bruising of produce during the transportation. Corrugated fibre board boxes are used for packaging of high value produce; like, apple, mango, grapes, kinnow, litchi, plums, peach etc. paper shreds or pieces of cardboard paper are also used in these boxes so that fruits do not get pressed against each other.

Question 5.
What precaution should be taken during harvesting of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Fruits and vegetables should be harvested carefully so that least damage to the produce takes place should be done manually with modesty. Take out the produce from the soil using hands use cloth laps open at both ends at the time of harvesting. Save produce from injuries. Use clip, knife and scissors for harvesting fruits. Take care that clipper and knife used are clean and sharp. Kinnow like fruits should be harvested with very small stalk with the fruit. If the stalk is long then at the time of transportation other fruits can get injuries. Use ladder for plucking Kinnow, pears, peach, alucha, ber, mango, etc.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Post Harvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
According to WHO (World Health Organisation) how much fruits and vegetables should be consumed by a person in a day?
Answer:
300 gram vegetables and 80 gram fruits.

Question 2.
In India how much fruits and vegetables are available for a person per day?
Answer:
30 gram fruits and 80 gram vegetables.

Question 3.
How can we loiow about the maturity for harvesting of the tomato, mango, peach etc.?
Answer:
By using color chart.

Question 4.
What is the parameter for maturity of peachy?
Answer:
Turning from green color to yellow.

Question 5.
What is the parameter for maturity of guava?
Answer:
Turning deep green color to light green color.

Question 6.
What is the parameter for maturity of potato.
Answer:
Vines show sign of senescence (drying).

Question 7.
What is the parameter for maturity of plums?
Answer:
Reddish colour on 1/4 to 1/2 of surface.

Question 8.
What is parameter for maturity of bell Pepper?
Answer:
Fully developed fruit and green shining.

Question 9.
What is parameter for maturity of pea?
Answer:
Pods filled but not faded in colour.

Question 10.
What type of wax is coated on the fruits.
Answer:
Food grade wax like bees wax.

Question 11.
How is packaging of onion and potato in done?
Answer:
Using jute sacks.

Question 12.
For how many days kinnows can be stored in cold store?
Answer: 1 1/2 to 2 months.

Question 13.
How much moisture content should be in potato and kinnow at the time of storing in cold storage?
Answer:
90-95%.

Question 14.
What are the harmful effects of fruits ripened by calcium carbide?
Answer:
Blisters in mouth, ulcer, acidity in stomach.

Question 15.
For how much time fruits are exposed to ethylene gas in enclosed chamber?
Answer:
24 hours.

Question 16.
Name two fruits on which wax is coated?
Answer:
Kinnow, peach.

Question 17.
What is the maturity parameter for harvesting of fruits and vegetables.
Answer:
Size and colour- of these.

Question 18.
What instrument is used to measure the firmness of fruits?
Answer:
Pentrometer.

Question 19.
What is the relation between firmness and maturity?
Answer:
Mature fruit is less firm i,e. it becomes soft.

Question 20.
How to make fruits free from bacteria at home?
Answer:
Using bleaching soloution.

Question 21.
Which type of containers are used to store fruits?
Answer:
Containers should have plane inner surfaces.

Question 22.
What should be done to protect produce from injuries?
Answer:
Produce should be placed between layers of paper or cardboard.

Question 23.
What is the main purpose of canning?
Answer:
Main purpose of canning is to preserve the produce for a long time.

Question 24.
How grapes and Alucha should be cleaned?
Answer:
These should be cleaned using 100-150 ppm chlorine water. This way produce can be protected from diseases.

Question 25.
How grading is done for round shaped produce?
Answer:
These can be graded by using different sizes of rings.

Question 26.
Which chemicals are used to treat the produce after plucking?
Answer:
Calcium chloride, Sodium bisulphate, Potassium sulphate etc.

Question 27.
Name water tolerating crops.
Answer:
Carrot, tomato, turnip.

Question 28.
Which vegetables should not be washed before packing?
Answer:
Cabbage, Bhindi, peas.

Question 29.
Which fruits are graded on the basis of maturity?
Answer:
Tomato, Banana, Mango etc.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How do we know the maturity of fruits? Describe in detail.
Answer:
Size of the fruits is a measure of their maturity. Mango is ready to be for harvesting when a beak appears on the fruit. For checking the ripening of tomato, peach, plums etc. coloured charts are used. For nearby market tomatoes should be red and for a distance market, these should be of pink colour but for very far away market full sized yet green tomatoes should be harvested.

Question 2.
How the hardness index of fruits be determined?
Answer:
Following method is used to determine the hardness index:
With the help of a sharp knife cut a thin slice. Slice is having pulp and skin of the fruit. Place the fruit on a plane hard surface and with the help of a proper sized plunger measure the hardness of the fruit. For this start pressing the fruit on the plunger with uniform speed. Measure the hardness index of the fruit from marks on the plunger.

Question 3.
What is Refractometer? For which fruits it is used?
Answer:
To measure the sweetness of the fruits refractometer is used. This is used for fruits like grapes, muskmelon etc.

Question 4.
How the acidity of the fruit is measured?
Answer:
When citrus fruits are ripe, there sourness decreases. To know the acidity, one or two drops of phenolphthalein are added to measured volume of fruit juice. In it add 0.1 N of sodium hydroxide solution drop by drop till the colour of juice changes to pink. From the used sodium hydroxide and given volume of juice, acidity of the juice can be measured.

Question 5.
How is ratio of percentage of sweetness and sourness is measured?
Answer:
By knowing this ratio quality of the fruit is judged. Percentage sweetness and sourness are measured and value of sweetness is divided by value of sourness to know the ratio.

Question 6.
What do you know about preservation to fruits?
Answer:
Every fruit is available in the market in a particular period of time of the year and it is available in plenty and it can be bought for comparatively less price. On these days fruits should be bought and preserved. More income can be earned by selling these in far away markets and by selling in off-season.

Question 7.
Why is it necessary to preserve vegetables?
Answer:
If vegetables are not preserved then more profit can not be earned, when vegetables are cheap in the season, buy and preserve the vegetables. These can be sold in off season and more profit can be earned.

Question 8.
How canning is profitable?
Answer:
By canning or packing, we can avoid the losses which may occur after plucking. This way more profit can be earned.

Question 9.
What is the use of Penetro meter?
Answer:
It is a device which is used to measure the hardness of the fruit.

Question 10.
Why is it necessary to (pluck kinnow with small stalk) keep the stalk short while plucking kinnow?
Answer:
If the stalk is long it can injure the other fruits while transportation. Thus kinnow are plucked or harvested with small stalks.

Question 11.
What is the importance of quality of crops?
Answer:
If quality is maintained then transportation, storage and marketing can be done for a long span of time and thus, more profit can be earned. This way consumer, exporter and trader all feel satisfied.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the importance of plastic trays in {he preservation (storage) of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Plastic trays are costly, but these can be cleaned easily and used again and again. Air can pass through them because these have holes. These can be stacked over each other. At the time of harvesting, these prove very helpful. These can be used at time of harvesting, for storage, for transportation and for selling in the market. These trays are used for harvesting, storage and transportation of Kinnow, grapes, tomato etc.

Question 2.
What are merits of good quality produce?
Answer:
Following are the merits of good quality produce:

• This type of produce can be transported, marketed and stored for a longer time.
• This type of produce gives satisfaction to exporters, traders and consumers.
• Produce have long life after harvesting.
• Marketing sphere also grows big.
• More profit can be earned on selling such a produce.

Question 3.
What do you know about cooling, sorting and cleaning of the produce after harvesting?
Answer:
1. Cooling of the produce:
For long shelf life of the produce, it is allowed to cool down. The method of cooling depends on the type of produce. Different methods of cooling are with blowing cool air, cooling in a room, cooling with cold water. Any of the method can be used.

2. Sorting and cleaning of the produce:
Sorting and grading of the produce is done, injured, diseased and irregular shaped produce is separated out. Then it is cleaned, method of cleaning depends on the type of produce. Apples are cleaned using dry brushes whereas citrus fruits, carrots etc. are washed with water. Whether to use dry brushes or water for cleaning depends on the type of produce and extent of cleanliness, e.g. grapes and aluchas are never to be cleaned wash.

These fruits are made disease free by using 100-150 ppm chlorine water. Before packaging of cabbage and cauliflower etc., non eatable parts should be removed.

Question 4.
What do you know about grading and marketing of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Grading is done on the basis of size, weight, colour etc. Graded produce can earn more profit. Round fruits like tomato, tinda, apple etc. are graded using different sized rings. More profit can be earned if grading is done on the basis of maturity of produce like tomato, barihna, mango etc. Some type of machines on small scale can also be used for grading.

Fully grown but green tomato, mango etc. can be stored for sometime and when the rates in the market are on rise these can be ripened and sold to earn more profit. Green onion, mint, coriander leaves etc. are packed into bundles of 100 grams and 500 grams. This way these can be transported easily.

Question 5.
What do you know about the treatment of produce after harvesting?
Answer:
If produce is treated after harvesting it can be saved from various types of fungal diseases and many other diseases. Chemicals used for the treatment are potassium sulphate, sodiumbisulphite, calcium chloride etc. Some times produce is treated using hot water and blowing hot wind. This way germs are either killed or become weak and the produce is saved from disease. After the use of hot air or hot water, produce should be cooled down immediately by using showers of cold water or cold wind.

Question 6.
Which precautions should be kept in mind, while canning fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Following precautions should be kept in mind while canning fruits and vegetables:

• Do not allow the produce to get injuries.
• Raw or more ripe fruits should be separated out.
• Do not wash green vegetables, cabbage, bhindi, tomato, etc. before canning.
• Chlorine used in water should not be more than 100-150 ppm.
• Water tolerant produce like tomato, carrot, turnip, etc. should be collected in the water-filled tank (chubacha).
• The table surface on which produce is washed, graded, or packed should be made smooth by placing sponge pieces at comers or edges or irregular points.
• Do not use restricted chemicals on the produce.
• Treat the produce after harvesting using proper methods like waxing, hot air, water, sulphar dioxide, etc.
• To lessen the damage, produce should be canned in the fields.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 5 Culture Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology  Chapter 5 Culture

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Culture Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each:

Question 1.
State the basic elements of culture.
Answer:
Traditions, social norms and values are the basic elements of culture.

Question 2.
Who called culture a ‘total way of life of the people?
Answer:
These words are of Clyde Kluckhohn.

Question 3.
In what way is culture transmitted in non-literate societies?
Answer:
Because culture is a learned behaviour, that’s why in non-literate societies culture is transmitted through learning.

Question 4.
Give a broad classification of culture.
Answer:
Culture is of two types-material culture and non-material culture.

Question 5.
Name few examples of non-material culture.
Answer:
Views, norms, values, habits, ideals, traditions etc.

Question 6.
Who gave the theory of cultural lag?
AnsweR:
The theory of cultural lag was given by William F. Ogburn.

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
What is culture ?
Answer:
Our ways of living, philosophy, feelings, views, machines; tools etc. all material and non-material things and this is culture. All these things are produced and used by group. So, culture is that on which we work upon, think on it and keep it.

Question 2.
What is cultural lag ?
Answer:
Culture consists of two parts-material and non-material. Due to new inventions, change comes very quickly in material culture but our views, traditions etc. i.e. non-material culture does not change very quickly. As a result, gap is created between the two which is known as cultural lag.

Question 3.
What are social norms ?
Answer:
Each society makes certain rules for the behaviour of its members and these are known as norms. So, norms are few directions for behaviour. Norms regulate and direct the behaviour of individuals. They are very important aspects of culture.

Question 4.
What are the central values of modern India ?
Answer:
Democratic system, equality, justice, freedom, secularism etc. are the central values of modern India. Each society has its own central values. Small communities stress on any specific value but large societies stress on universal values.

Question 5.
Mention some values of traditional Indian society.
Answer:
Each society is having different values. One society streses on one value and other society stresses on the other. Important values of traditional Indian society are detachment, materialism and religion, attainment of four purusharthas, dharma, artha, kama and moksha.

Question 6.
How is the cognitive component of culture expressed ?
Answer:
The cognitive components of culture are expressed with the help of imagination, literature, art, religion and scientific theories. Views are expressed in literature and in this way the cognitive aspect of culture is preserved.

Answer the following short answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
How is culture a total way of life of the people ?
Answer:
There is no denying fact that culture is a total way of life of the people. Whatever we have is our culture. Our views, ideals, habits, clothes, money, property etc. and whatever humans have achieved till today is our culture. If we separate all these from human life, nothing will be left in it and then human life will reach the level of early man. Yet each society has its different culture but they have certain elements which are common everywhere. So, we can say that culture is a total way of human life.

Question 2.
Write a note on material and non-material culture.
Answer:
The meaning of material culture is by that culture in which all the man made things are included. This culture is concrete because we can see or touch it such as scooter, T.V. table, chair, pen, bus, car etc. All these things are concrete and thus a part of material culture.

In non-material culture, all the things are included which are abstract in nature. We can neither see non touch them. We can just feel them such as traditions, customs, values, skills, norms etc. All such things are abstract so non-material culture is abstract in nature.

Question 3.
Discuss in brief the basic elements of culture.
Answer:

1. Customs and traditions are the types of organised social behaviour which are used again and again. They are permanent ways of.behaviour. Each society has its own customs and traditions.
2. Norms are also very essential elements of culture. It is expected from each person to behave in a specified way. Norms are the established ways of behaviour shared by the members of a group.
3. Values are also its inseparable part. Each society has its own values and it is expected from every one to accept them.

Question 4.
‘Culture is learned behaviour’. Explain the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that humans learn their culture. It is not a biological trait which one gets from his parents in the form of genes. An individual learns culture gradually through the process of learning. No one is having views and ideas when he takes birth but all these he learns while living in society after interacting with others. Every type of action or activity is learned only while living in society. So, it is clear that culture is learned behaviour.

Answer the following short answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
How does the understanding of culture in social analysis differ from the everyday use of the word ‘culture’ ?
Answer:
The meaning of everyday use of the word ‘culture’ is very much different from the meaning given by sociologists. In every usage, culture is limited only to art or life style of different countries. But the meaning given by sociology is very much different. Sociology says that whatever man has achieved from his early life till today is his culture. Traditions, ideas, norms, values, mores, chair, table, car, pen, books, written knowledge etc. Whatever man has achieved only while living in society is his culture, So, the meaning of culture given in both the senses is different from each other.

Question 2.
What do you mean by culture ? Highlight the characteristics of culture.
Answer:
The most important thing which differentiates humans from animals is the culture which humans have but animals don’t. The most important thing which human has is his culture. If the culture would be taken away from them then nothing would be left with them. In all the organisms of the world, only humans have the capability to make and preserve their culture.

Culture comes out of the interactions of humans. Culture not only comes out of human interaction but it shows the way to future’s human interactions. Culture helps in the formation of personality of a man and helps him to live in society. Culture makes that type of atmosphere in which man becomes capable of doing functions of society. In this way man and culture are connected very deeply with each other because culture differentiates man from animals.

Culture, is the mest important feature of human society. According to Aristotle, “Man is a social animal.” If we will describe the differences between man and animal then this culture will be the decisive factor of difference between them. Man himself creates his culture and has the capacity to preserve it for its future generation. Actually it is the product of human interactions #nd on the basis of this culture we can differentiate one society from the other.

We cannot understand human society without understanding the culture because culture exerts a lot of effect on the social life. Cultural factor is also an important factor of social change. In this way we can say that man is not only a biological man but is a cultural man as well. In common language culture is equated with education means literate person is a cultured man and illiterate person is a non-cultured man. But this meaning of culture is not correct. Sociology takes its meaning in very wide sense. According to sociologists any thing which man has made to fulfil his needs is culture.

Definitions:
1. According to Maclver and Page, “It is the expression of our nature in our modes of living and thinking, in our everyday course, in art, in literature, in religion, in recreation and enjoyment.”

2. According to Bierstedt, “Culture is the complex whole that consists of everything we think and do and have as members of society.”

3. According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “It is that part of man’s total environment into which he alone is born. It consists buildings, tools, wearing apparel, art, science, religion and all the ways of doing things which man learns.”

4. According to Majumdar, “Culture is the sum total of human achievement, material as well as non-material capable of transmission, sociologically
i.e. tradition and communication critically as well as horizontally.”

5. According to Lundberg, “Culture refers to the social mechanism of behaviour and to the physical and symbolic product of these behaviours.”
From the given definitions it is clear that all those things are included in culture which a man learns while living in society like art, law, feelings, customs, ways of wearing, eating, literature, knowledge, belief etc.

All these things are the part of culture and they do not work separately but they work with each other and form an organization. This organization is known as culture. In short, the things which a man has learnt and whatever he has got from his ancestors as heritage is known as culture. In heritage tools, ways of behaviour, ways of science, ways of doing work are included.

Functions or Characteristics of Culture:
1. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation. Culture is transmitted from one generation to another because a child learns many things from the behaviour of his parents. Man learns a lot from the achievements of his ancestors. No one wants to start any thing from the beginning and that’s why he takes care of that work which his ancestors have done.

This transmission is going on from the ages and that’s why every one gets separate personality. No one brings any thing with his birth. He needs to learn every thing by living in society with his parents, grandparents etc. In’this way culture is transmitted from one generation to another.

2. Culture is social. Culture cannot become the personal property of an individual. It is social because neither one man can make the whole culture and nor it is property of anyone. When any one invents any thing then that invention is not his personal thing but becomes property of society because that thing will be used by the whole society.

In this way different things of our culture are used by society. Any thing can be called a part of the culture at that time when that thing will be accepted by most of the people of society. In this way universality of that thing-is an essential element of culture. So culture is not individual but is social.

3. Culture can be learned. Culture is learned by humans. It is not a biological quality which a person gets from his parents by birth. Man learns culture by socialization. No one brings thoughts and ideas by birth but he learns them by interacting with other persons of society. Every type of work is learned by society. From this it is clear that culture is a learned behaviour.

4. Culture fulfills needs of society. If any thing is invented then that thing is invented because man needs that thing. In this way every thing of culture comes out so that the needs of man could be fulfilled. Why man learnt to grow wheat, because he needs wheat for his hunger. In this way man learnt to grow food and this learned behaviour is transmitted from generation to generation.

Needs are not only biological but are sociocultural also. With hunger, man needs love and sympathy which a man learns while living in society. In this way different parts of culture fulfil different needs of society. Whichever part of culture is unable to fulfil the needs of society, gradually it comes to an end.

5. Changes often come in culture. Culture never stops at one place but often changes because nothing is unchangeable in the world. Change is law of nature and if change is necessary then culture is also changeable. Culture fulfills all the needs of society which generally change with the passage of time because situations are not the same all the times.

With the change in situations, needs also change which means, the methods of fulfilling those needs also change. For example during earlier times agriculture was done with old means like plough but with the increase of population, needs were also increased and that’s why now agriculture is being done with tractors and combines to fulfil the increased needs. So with the change in situation, culture is also bound to change.

6. One culture consists of many cultures. In every culture we can see some common norms, traditions, feelings, rituals, behaviour etc. but with that we can see many types of ways of eating, wearing, ways of living, behaviour, etc. From this it is clear that one culture consists of many cultures. For example we can see many subcultures in Indian culture because every one has its own ways of living, behaving, eating etc. from which it is clear that one culture has many cultures.

Question 3.
Explain the two types of culture in detail.
Answer:
Culture is an important factor for social change. With the change in culture, society also changes because it is the social heritage of society. Famous sociologists Ogburn and Nimkoff,’in their book ‘Hand Book of Sociology’, have given two types of culture and these are :
(1) Material Culture
(2) Non-material Culture.

1. Material Culture:
Material culture is artificial culture. Its main feature is that all the things made by man are included in this. Material culture is related to concrete things. We can touch and see all the things of material culture. For example machines, tools, means of transport, books, phone, etc. Material culture is related with inventions of man.

New technological knowledge is also included in material culture. Everything is included in this type of culture which is made, changed and transmitted till today. These material aspects of culture help its members to define their behaviour. For example the people engaged in agriculture have occupation but they use different implements and tools. All these are the‘‘parts of material culture.

2. Non-material Culture:
Important feature of non-material culture is that it is abstract. Abstract means those things which we cannot touch, and see. We can only feel them. For example religion, traditions, rituals, customs, art, literature, music, values, ideas etc. are included in non-material culture. According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, culture is divided in two parts for the easiness of subject or just for analytical purposes.

Question 4.
Write a detailed note on cultural lag.
Answer:
First of all the concept of cultural lag was used by Ogburn to understand the problems of society and conditions of conflict. Ogburn was the first sociologist who has given the detailed meaning of the concept of Cultural Lag. Yet other sociologists like Spencer, Sumner, Muller etc. have also used the concept of cultural lag in their writings but Ogburn has used this concept in his book ‘Social Change’ to understand social disorganization problems and conflict. In sociology, this concept was accepted widely.

Meaning of Cultural Lag. According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, change in different parts of culture never comes with the same speed. The speed of change of one part is more as compared to the other. But culture is a system. It is made up of many parts. Its different parts are inter-connected and inter-related. This system of culture can be maintained if the change in all arts of culture will come at the same speed. Actually what happens is that if one part of culture changes due to any invention then another part of the culture, which depends upon that part, also changes. But the change in the second part comes very late.

How much time will this second part take, depends upon the nature of the second part. This lateness goes on for many years because of which problem comes in the system. This lag in different parts of culture is known as Cultural Lag. According to Ogburn, “The thesis is that the various parts of modern culture are not changing at the same rate, some parts are changing much more rapidly than others, and that since there is co-relation and inter-dependence of parts, a rapid change in one part of our culture requires re-adjustments through other changes in the various co-related parts of culture. where one part of culture changes first, through some discovery or invention and occasional changes in some part of culture-dependent upon it, there frequently is a delay in the changes occasioned in the dependent part of the culture.”

The meaning of lag is to stay behind. Ogburn has given example to explain the meaning of ‘Lag’. According to him, anything is made of two parts. If change comes in one part of that thing then this change will definitely affect the other parts. This part, which is affected by that change, slowly and slowly changes automatically. These changes come slowly and slowly take some time. This difference of time is known as lag or to stay behind. Ogburn has explained the concept of cultural lag in this way.

According to him, culture has two parts that are interrelated. If ally change comes in one part then the second part is bound to be affected by that change. This second part slowly and slowly adapts itself to change and makes itself according to that change. But this adaptation takes some time. This difference of time, which is there between ‘change and adaptation, is known as cultural lag. When any part of culture moves forward with some development or invention and the second part lags behind then we can say that cultural lag exists.

According to Ogburn, culture has two parts (1) Material Culture (2) Non-material Culture. In material culture, all those things are included which we can touch and see like a machine, table, chair, book, T.V. scooter, etc., and in non-material culture all those things are included which we cannot see and touch, only we can feel them. For example, habits, thought, behaviour, feelings, customs, etc. Both parts are closely interrelated. If change comes in any part then the second part is bound to change.

This law is also applicable to material and non-material cultures. Changes often come in material culture and these changes come very fast because of new inventions. Material culture changes very fast but the speed of changes in non-material is very slow. That’s why because of rapid changes material culture moves forward but non-material culture, whose speed is very slow, lags behind. In this way, the lagging behind of the non-material culture from the material culture is known as cultural lag.

According to Ogburn, change comes in material culture with great speed because people want to use material things in a proper way. To use material things we need money and there is no need to move away from traditions and thoughts. For example, we are ready to buy Fridge, T.V., Scooter, Car, etc. but are not willing to change our customs and traditions. With one more example everything will be clear.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is the situation of social problem?
(а) Most of the people are affected by this
(b) This is an undesirable condition
(c) There is conflict in social values
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

2. Which of these is the economic factor of social problem?
(a) Unemployment
(b) Poverty
(c) Slums
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. What do we call the person who consumes alcohol once or twice in a year?
(a) Rare user
(b) Infrequent user
(c) Light drinker
(d) Moderate drinker
Answer:
(a) Rare user

4. What do we call the persons who start consuming alcohol right from the morning?
(a) Moderate drinkers
(b) Heavy drinkers
(c) Infrequent drinkers
(d) Light drinkers
Answer:
(b) Heavy drinkers

5. Which of these is a type of drug?
(a) opium
(b) cocain
(c) charas
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The situation of ……………… is undesirable in society.
Answer:
Social problem

2. ……………….. is a type of drug which is drunk.
Answer:
Alcohol

3. Opium, Heroins, cocain come under the category of ……………….
Answer:
narcotics

4. ………………… and ……………….. can play a way important role in keeping children away from drugs.
Answer:
School, teacher

5. Consuming …………………. is having a bad effect on one’s health.
Answer:
drug

True/False:

1. Social problems affect most of the members of society.
Answer:
True

2. Heroin is a type of Narcotics.
Answer:
True

3. Drug addict always wants to consume drugs.
Answer:
True

4. The Union Government passed The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act in 1955 A.D.
Answer:
False

5. There is no value conflict in social problems.
Answer:
False

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is social problem?
Answer:
Social problem is that undesirable situation which everybody wants to change.

Question 2.
On what social problem depends?
Answer:
Social problem depends upon the values of society.

Question 3.
How many members of society get affected by social problems?
Answer:
Most of the members of society get affected by social problems.

Question 4.
Give socio-cultural factors of social problems.
Answer:
Untouchability, female foeticide, dowry, domestic violence, violence against women etc.

Question 5.
Give economic factors of social problems.
Answer:
Poverty, unemployment, slums, illiteracy, crime etc.

Question 6.
What is alcoholism?
Answer:
When any one starts consuming alcohol on frequent basis, it is called alcoholism.

Question 7.
Who is a rare user?
Answer:
One who consumes liquor once or twice in one year, he is called rare user.

Question 8.
Who is an infrequent user?
Answer:
One who consumes alcohol once in two-three months is an infrequent user.

Question 9.
Who is a light drinker?
Answer:
Light drinker is that who consumes alcohol once or twice in one mouth.

Question 10.
Who is a moderate drinker?
Answer:
Moderate drinkers is the one who consumes alcohol three-four time in one month.

Question 11.
Who is a heavy drinker?
Answer:
One who consumes alcohol on daily basis is a heavy drinker.

Question 12.
How much of the Indian population consumes alcohol atleast once during its lifetime?
Answer:
Around 42% of the total population.

Question 13.
Give one cause of alcoholism.
Answer:
People consume alcohol to ignore their tensions and problems.

Question 14.
Give one effect of alcoholism.
Answer:
It leatds to was tage of money and Loss of health.

Question 15.
What is a drug?
Answer:
Drug is a chemical which physiologically and psychologically affects our abillity to do work.

Question 16.
Give names of any four narcotics.
Answer:
Opium, cocain, Heroin, Marijuana, charas etc.

Question 17.
When was the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act passed?
Answer:
This law was passed in 1985 A.D.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give two features of social problems.
Answer:

• Social problems are such unwanted circumstances with which most of the members of society are directly or indirectly affected.
• About social problems, most of the members of society believe that their solution is must.

Question 2.
Give socio-cultural factors of social problems.
Answer:
In India, people of many religions, castes and lingual groups live with each other. That’s why many socio cultural problems occur over here such as untouchability, female foeticide, dowry, domestic violence, violence against women etc.

Question 3.
Give three reasons of alcoholism.
Or
Two causes of alcoholism.
Answer:

• People consume alcohol to remove their tensions.
• People get tired with their occupation and that’s “why they consume alcohol.
• Many persons like to sit with their friends and they force him to consume alcohol.

Question 4.
Give three reasons of drug addiction.
Answer:

• Many a times, peer group forces an individual to consume drug.
• Sometimes, an individual feels alienated and to remove alienation, he starts to use drugs.
• Many people are unable to face the situations in life and that’s why they start to use drugs.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Alcoholism.
Answer:
Alcoholism is a state in which the person is unable to keep control on his quantity of taking alcohol which he cannot stop after starts to using it. Alcohol cannot be called as stimulant but it acts as a inhibitor on our nervous system. When person starts to use it, he feels himself free from all the tensions and he slowly slowly starts to use too much quantity of it. Alcoholism not only reduces his work efficiency but it destroys his family as well.

Question 2.
Alcoholic Person.
Answer:
Alcoholic person is that person who uses alcohol or drinks alcohol. Person, who is a compulsive drinker, cannot live without drinking alcohol. In this way the person who cannot live without drinking alcohol is known as alcoholic person. He is unable to keep control on himself. He drinks daily and goes to such extent that he cannot do any work without alcohol. His body starts to shiver in its absence.

Question 3.
Types of Alcoholic Persons.
Answer:

• Rare alcoholic: Who drinks once or twice in a year.
• Infrequent alcoholic: Who drinks once in two or three months or drinks only in any marriage or party.
• Lighter user alcoholic: Who drinks once or twice in a month to enjoy his holiday.
• Moderate user alcoholic: Who drinks thrice or four times in month to enjoy his holiday.
• Heavy user alcoholic: Who drinks alcohol many times in a day or who drinks daily.

Question 4.
Occupation-cause of Alcoholism.
Answer:
In many cases, occupation becomes a cause of alcoholism. Occupation of many persons is such that they become very much tired and they need something to do work again. It not only removes their tiredness but it also motivates them to work again the next day. In the same way many persons start to use alcohol to please other persons related occupations. For example, many times any worker has to drink with his owner or boss to please him and becomes an addict of it. In this way person has to drink alcohol due to his occupation and he becomes an addict of it.

Question 5.
Mental tension – Cause of Alcoholism.
Answer:
Every person is the victim of one or another mental tension. If some one does’t have money, so he is in tension to run his house. Some have money but are tensed for its safety, tension of business, tension of office, tension due to poverty, anyone is tense due to his owner, boss or wife, any one has fear of loss in business and someone is tensed due to competition. In this way every person is the victim of one or another type of tension. If he drinks alcohol then is nervous system relaxes for some time and for some time he becomes free from every type of mental tension.

Question 6.
Poverty-Cause of Alcoholism.
Answer:
A poor person is always in tension to earn money, His family members are more in number but he is the sole earner of the family. That’s why expenditure of the family is more but income is very less. Person always remains in tension of giving food, cloth and education to his children. That’s why he takes the help of the alcohol to remove his tension. He gets relief from his mental tensions for some time after using alcohol. In this way he starts to drink more quantity of alcohol and becomes an alcoholic.

Question 7.
Drug Addiction.
Answer:
When a person uses any subtance with which his body becomes dependent upon that substance or drug then it is known as drug addiction. Drug is that substance which directly affects the brain and nervous system of the person. In this way when a person becomes so dependent upon that drug that he cannot live without drug then it is known as drug addiction.

Question 8.
Drug Abuse.
Answer:
When a person starts using any illegal drug or misuses any legal drug then it is known as drug abuse. It damages person mentally as well as physically. Use of L.S.D. and Cocain, use of Heroin, Smoking of Hashish and Ganja, Alcoholism etc. all are included in this. Person enjoys fully in it. He goes on the trip of enjoyment. He could be able to do any work after its use unless he could not be able to do any thing.

Question 9.
Drug dependency.
Answer:
When person starts to use daily any drug legally or illegally and he cannot live without it then it is known as drug dependency. Dependency can be physical as well as mental. When a person uses any drug again and again grasps drug in itself then it is known as physical dependence. But when his body aches and he feels physical problems due to non use of that drug then it is a physical loss as well as mental loss.

Question 10.
Characteristics of Drug Addiction.
Answer:

• Sudden wish occurs in the person to get drug in drug addiction.
• In drug addiction he wants to get drug in any way unless his body stops working.
• In drug addiction, there is a tendency to increase the dose slowly and slowly.
• Person becomes physically and mentally dependent upon drugs in drug addiction.

Question 11.
Types of Drugs.
Answer:

• Liquor or Alcohol
• Sedatives
• Narcotics
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens
• Nicotine

Question 12.
Psychological Causes of Drug Abuse.
Answer:

• When any person wants to reduce his tensions then he starts to use drug.
• There is a wish in some person that how it feels when we take drug and that’s why they start to use drugs.
• Unemployed persons want to pass their time and that’s why they start to use drugs.
• Many persons use drugs to increase their self-confidence.

Question 13.
Social Causes of Drug Abuse.
Answer:

• Many times friends of any person force him to use drugs because of which he starts to use drugs.
• Conflicts of the family also force the person to use drugs so that he could not come in mental tension.
• Many times a wish occurs in the person while observing that his elders are using any drug and that’s why he starts to use drug.

Question 14.
Ways to control Drug addiction.
Answer:

• People should be motivated not to use drugs so that they could be motivated to do so.
• Doctors should also restrict themselves from not giving those drugs to their patients with which they could become addicted.
• People should be told about the losses of drugs so that the people should keep themselves away from the drugs.
• Parents should behave friendly with their children and they should be told about the evil consequences of drug abuse so that they could be a way of these drugs.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is Alcoholism? Give its types.
Answer:
Alcoholism is a condition in which a person is unable to control his quantity of drinking alcohol with which he cannot stop it once he starts drinking alcohol. In this way, an alcoholic person is a person who uses whisky, drinks whisky, and is a compulsive person who cannot live without drinkings. In this way, a person who cannot live without drinking alcohol is known as an alcoholic person. Generally, we can come to know about features of alcoholism through four factors, and these four factors are:

• Too much use of alcohol.
• The tension of alcoholic person on his too much use of alcohol.
• No control of alcoholic person on his too much use of alcohol.
• Occurrence of disturbance in social, psychological, and worldly functions.

In this way Don Kehlan has explained five types of alcoholic persons on the basis of quantity and frequency of drinking and these five types are given below:

• Rare alcoholic: Rare alcoholic persons are those persons who drink alcohol once or twice a year and even drink for the sake of fun.
• Infrequent alcoholic. An infrequent alcoholic person is a person who drinks alcohol once or twice in two or three months or at the time of any marriage or function.
• Light user alcoholic. Light user alcoholic is that person who drinks once or twice in one month. He sometimes drinks in the company of his friends.
• Moderate user alcoholic. Moderate user alcoholic is that person who drinks thrice or four times in a month or wants to enjoy his holiday (Sunday).
• Heavy user alcoholic. Heavy user alcoholic person is that who drinks alcohol daily or many times in a day. They are also known as Hardcore alcoholic persons.

Question 2.
How Alcoholism can be prevented? Explain it.
Or
How can we cure the problem of alcohol?
Answer:
Alcoholism is that problem which has been faced by our country since a long time. Not only person himself but his family and society also disintegrates with this. His morality comes to an end, he starts to commit crimes, and his health also deteriorates. In this way it has very much evil consequences on person. We should jointly solve this problem so that the society could he prevented from disorganization. Government and social service institutions can play a very important role in it. This problem can be prevented in many ways.

1. First of person should motivate himself to not to start drink of alcohol. If he will not start using it then how he will become addict of it. Family can play a very important role in it. Elders of the family can motivate their children by not using alcohol. Elders can tell them about the evil consequences of alcoholism. They can educate them from time to time so that they could move on the right path.

2. Government can play a very important role in it. Government can announce the policy of restriction on alcohol and can impose this policy in the state. It should take strict action against the makers and sellers of the liquor so that people should keep themselves away from it. Government should also discourage drinkers not to use alcohol.

3. If a doctor is taking care of an alcoholic person then he always has hatreds against the alcoholic person. It is a shocking thing for that person. Doctors should change their attitude so that the alcoholic person should leave use of alcohol from his heart. Doctors should keep a sympathetic attitude towards alcoholic persons.

4. Restriction on alcoholism and alcohol should not be propagated among the people. Government, social service institutions and people can take the help of T.V., radio, newspapers, magazines, etc., and can propagate against its evil consequences. Educational institutions can also play a very big part in it and can motivate the students to get an education in their institutions. They can organize Seminars against it so that people should keep themselves away from this problem.

5. Generally whisky has been taken as a means of recreation. But if it will be banned then the means of recreation for the people will come to an end. That’s why government and non-governmental institutions can establish recreational centres so that the people can enjoy these places instead of using alcohol.

6. People should also be motivated by this problem. This problem is very big and cannot be solved in one or two days. For that people are necessary to be motivated. The illiterate people of our country are hardly aware of the evil consequences of this problem. People should also be educated regarding this and should be educated to live a better life. If people would be educated properly then this problem could also be solved very quickly.

7. Government should make strict laws to restrict alcoholism so that the drinkers and sellers of alcohol could be strictly punished. For this special courts could be constituted so that the lawbreakers could be punished very quickly.

8. Not only externally but the mentality of the people should also be changed. An actual ban on alcoholism can happen if the person himself should leave this problem. That’s why the mentality of the person should be changed. Plays, Lectures can be organized regarding this so that people could themselves change their mentality.

So after looking at this explanation we can say that the problem of alcoholism is a social problem and it has not just one or two reasons but it has many reasons behind it. People themselves are increasing this problem and if they want they themselves can eradicate this problem. If the public will take a tough stand against it then the government will also have to take part in it. If government and people both join hands with each other then this problem can be removed very quickly.

Question 3.
Explain different types of drugs.
Answer:
We can divide drugs into six parts which are given below:

1. Whisky or liquor
2. Sedatives
3. Narcotics
4. Stimulants
5. Hallucinogens
6. Nicotine

Now we will explain them in detail:

1. Whisky or alcohol. Some people drink alcohol as something which can give them pleasure and some people drinks alcohol so that they can get stimulant to do their work. Alcohol also works as a substance that gives us peace with which our nerves gets peace and relaxation. It acts as a sedative that calms down nerves or a type of anesthetic which reduces the pain of living. Humans have to face many problems and tensions in their lives because of which they become the victims of mental tension. That’s why they take help of alcohol to relieve their mental tension. Alcohol relieves tension and reduces aggressive inhibitions. It also reduces the power of taking decisions and creates confusion.

2. Sedatives. Sedatives are also known as depressants. It relaxes our central nervous system, induces sleep and gives a very calming effect. In medical terms, they are used for insomnia, epilepsy, high blood pressure and it is given to the patient before operation and during surgery so that they could relax. It acts as a depressant which depresses the actions of nerves and muscles. It also slows down breathing and heart beating and makes the user relax. But if the user will start to use a higher dose then he can become gloomy, sluggish, irritable and quarrelsome. His capacity of working and thinking reduces with this.

3. Narcotics. We can include opium, heroin, brown sugar, marijuana, charas, ghanja, bhang, smack etc. in narcotics. Heroin is a white powder which is made by morphine, cocaine is made by the leaves of coca bush, ganja, charas can be obtained from the hemp plant. Marijuana is a particular form of cannabis. Cocaine, heroin, morphine etc. can be .taken either by injections or in the form of cigarettes. All of these increase the capacity of the work of the person, gives him a lot of enjoyment and a feeling of superiority comes in him. But when person becomes an addict of these things then he cannot live without them. However, weakness, insomnia, nervousness remains and in the end person dies without them.

4. Stimulants. Stimulants activate the nervous system, treat small depression, relieve tension, keep a person awake, increase alertness and reduce aggressive inhibitions. Caffeine, cocaine, Amphetamines, etc. are used stimulative agents. If these will be taken according to the prescription by the doctor then it can produce self-confidence and alertness. But if they will be used more frequently then many problems like headache, sweating, diarrhea, nervousness can occur. These stimulants do not produce physical dependence but are psychologically addicting. Abruptly withdrawing the drug can result in mental illness and suicidal depression.

5. Hallucinogens. The most important element in this category is L.S.D. which is never prescribed by any doctor. It is either taken orally or in the form of an injection. It is so powerful that one ounce of LSD can produce three lakh human doses. Its minimum dose also directly affects the person. If any person uses it then he remains in hallucination, dreams, etc. after taking its dose. Severe mental derangement can result from an attempt to withdraw from its use.

6. Nicotine. We can include tobacco, bidi, cigarettes, cigars, snuff, etc. in it. It has no positive impact on our body but physically a person depends upon it. It leads to relaxation, stimulates the central nervous system, increases wakefulness, and removes boredom. But its heavy dose can lead to heart attack, lung cancer, bronchitis. If any person starts to use it then he becomes dependent upon it.