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PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

January 17, 2024January 16, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each

Question 1.
Who considers Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters?
Answer:
Kroeber considered Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters.

Question 2.
Name a few issues that are studied both by sociologists and economists.
Answer:
Capitalism, industrialization, labour relations, globalisation etc. are a few of the issues that are studied both by sociologists and economists.

Question 3.
What are the two areas of the study of Anthropology ?
Answer:
Physical Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology.

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
What is Sociology ?
Answer:
Science of society is known as Sociology. In Sociology, groups, institutions, associations, organisationed and human mutual relations are studied and this is done in a scientific way. In simple words, Sociology is the scientific study of society.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Political Science ?
Answer:
Political Science is the science of State and Government. It mainly studies such social groups who attain power in the state. Major aspects of its study are power, political systems, political processes, types and functions of government, inter¬state relations, constitution etc.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Physical Anthropology ?
Answer:
Physical Anthropology is the branch of Anthropology which mainly deals with origin and development of man, their description and the changes coming in their physical features. It studies the physical features of early man and tries to understand ancient and modern cultures.

Question 4.
What is Cultural Anthropology ?
Answer:
Cultural Anthropology is the branch of Anthropology which deals with the origin and development of culture and gradually the changes come in it. This branch of Anthropology also studies how different institutions of human society come into being.

Question 5.
What is Economics ?
Answer:
Economics is related with the economic activites of different individuals in a society. It tells us about our prevailing resoures and the methods to save our depleting resources. It is also related with production, consumption, distribution and exchange.

Question 6.
What is History ?
Answer:
History is the study of past events. It deals with dates, events and conflicts prevailing over the time. It is mainly related with past events and their impact on society. History is also known as microscope of past, horoscope of present and telescope of future.

Answer the following long answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
Bring out two ‘differences between Sociology and Political Science.
Answer:
(i) Sociology is the study of society and social relations as Political Science is a science of State and Government.
(ii) Sociology studies organised, unorganised and unsystamatic societies but Political Science mainly concentrates on the politically organised societies.
(iii) The subject matter of sociology is quite large and unlimited but the scope of Political Science is quite limited.
(iv) Sociology is a general science and Political Science is a special science.

Question 2.
What is the relationship between Sociology and History ? Mention two points.
Answer:
History is the study of the past human society. It explains human society in a sequence starting from early man till today. Only after studying history, we may come to know how did social institutions, relations, customs etc. originate. Sociology is the study of present society. In Sociology, social relations, traditions, customs, institutions, cultures etc. are studied.

So, Sociology studies present social institutions, relations etc. If we observe the relations between the-both, we can say that History studies every aspect of past society, but Sociology studies the same aspects of present society. Both the sciences need each other’s help in their study which they cannot do in each other’s absence. .

Question 3.
Discuss in brief the relationship between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
Anthropology takes the help of Sociology to understand its culture and social actions. Anthropologists have made many hypotheses on the base of knowledge of modern society and on this base it has studied the ancient Societies in quite a better way. Culture is a part of every society. We cannot imagine any society without culture. To get knowledge about cuture, Anthropology depends upon Sociology. Except this it also studies the social and cultural elements which produce collective stability and produce division in society.

Question 4.
How is Sociology associated with Economics ? Discuss in brief.
Answer:
We have to take help of social facts to solve any economic problem. For example, to know the solution of the problem of unemployment, economics can tell only economic reasons but social aspect gives its views to solve it that .the main reason of the problem of unemployment is the degradation of social values. That’s why economic activities are the result of social interactions. Economics takes help of Sociology to understand these social interactions.

Many famous economists have studied the social sector after studying the economic sector. Whenever Sociology has to study the reason of break up of social relations or society from individual point of view then it has. to take help of economics. ‘The economics gives many reasons like increasing importance of Money. Except this economic factor is related with many of the social problems. To remove these problems from the Society it has to take help from economics.

Question 5.
Discuss the relationship between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:
Psychology gives its help to Sociologists to solve many problems of modern and complex society. Psychology studies the ancient primitive societies and helps Sociology to understand modern society. In this way Sociology is dependent upon the data and knowledge collected by Psychology. In this way Psychology gives a lot to Sociology.

Psychology needs the help of subject matter of Sociology to study individual behaviour. No person can live out of society. Even Aristotle has said that man is a social animal. To understand the mental actions of a person Psychologist needs to study his social conditions. In this way to know about individual behaviour it needs help of Sociology.

Question 6.
How Sociology and Political Science are interrelated ? Explain in brief.
Answer:
Whenever political scientists make a law, they always keep social conditions in mind. It is so because if the government makes a law without the social approval, people take the course of movement which becomes a hinderance in the way of social progress. That’s why Political Scientists always depend upon the Sociologists.

No society can develop without control. Political institutions keep control over society. The help of political institutions was required to remove many evils from our society, such as Poloygamy, Sati-system, no-widow remarriage. In this way to bring social change Sociologists are required to take the help from the Political Scientists.

Question 7.
Discuss in brief the difference between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies economic system, political system, etc. in its own way. It means that it studies social strucutre, social organization and disorganization. But Social Anthropology studies every aspect of a society such as political, economic system, social structure, religion, art etc. and it studies any ’society completely as a whole.

(ii) Anthropology keeps itself to the study of problem only but Sociology moves forward in the future and tries to give the solution of that problem.

(iii) Sociology is related with social relationship but Anthropology is related with the completness of the society. In this way they both are different in their subject matter.

Question 8.
Discuss in brief the difference between Sociology and Economics.
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies the different parts of Society and Economics studies only the economic part of Society. Units of Sociology are two or more than two persons but the unit of Economics is one person and his economic activities.

(ii) Sociology is a general science but Economics is a special science. Sociology uses historical, comparative methods but Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

(iii) Subject matter of both the Sciences is different. Sociology gives a clear picture of different parts of Society. That’s why its area is very big. But Economics is limited only to the study of economic part of Society and that’s why its subject matter is limited. .

(iv) Sociology uses historical method, comparative method, and Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

Question 9.
Differentiate between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:

Psychology studies the minds of humans and Sociology is related the group.
Point of view of Psychology is individual but point of view of Sociology is Social.
Psychology uses Experimental method but Sociology uses Historical and comparative methonds.
Sociology studies human behaviour from social point of view but Psychology studies human behaviour from psychological point of view.
Scope of Sociology is quite large but scope of Psychology is quite limited.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Sociology and History in brief.
Answer:

Sociology is an abstract science because it studies the social processes and relations which are abstract but History is a concrete science. It studies the social phenomenon which occurs due to social processes and relations.
They both are using different methods. Sociology uses comparative method but History uses descriptive method.
Units of both the Sciences are different. Sociology’s unit of analysis is a human group but History gives emphasis on the study of human events.

Answer the following long answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
How is Sociology different from other social sciences ? Discuss any two in detail.
Answer:
We can divide sciences into two parts :
1. Natural Sciences
2. Social Sciences.

1. Natural sciences are those sciences which are related with biological and natural phenomena; for example, Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics, Botany etc.

2. Social sciences are those sciences which are related with phenomena, processes, methods of human society; like, Economics, Political Science, Psychology, History, Anthropology. All these sciences scientifically study human behaviour. Sociology and other social sciences are related with the study of human society yet their point of view of study is different. These all are different from each other as well as they are inter-related. They all study society. They all are dependent upon each other as well as interrelated.

Our life is very complex. Human life is related with many directions. When Sociology wants to study any society then it needs the help of Economics and Political Science. For example, Economics tells us about production, distribution, consumption, etc. History tells us about old things. Sociology has been able to study widely with their help. That’s why it is known as mother of all social sciences.

Except this different sociologists have different views about the subject of Sociology. Some are of the view that Sociology is an independent science but some are of the view that Sociology is synthesis of other social sciences. Herbert Spencer was of the view that Sociology cannot be completely separated from other social sciences because it uses subject matters of all the social sciences.

Maclver has also written in his book ‘Society’ that we cannot study all the social sciences by completely separating from each other. According to him, “Sociology is about social relationships, the network of relationships we call society.” According to these scholars, Sociology doesn’t have its own independent identity. In fact it is the synthesis of other sciences.

Some sociologists accept it as an independent science. Sociologists like Giddings and Ward are of the opinion that Sociology is dependent upon sociological laws to understand its subject matter. But when it studies whole society then it needs to study the subject matter of other social sciences.

According to Barnes, “Sociology is regarded neither as the mistress nor as the handmaid of the social sciences but as their sister.”In this way we can see that any other social science does not study institutions, processes, relations but are studied only by Sociology. In this way Sociology studies whole of the social life. It has its own subject matter. Other social sciences do not study those aspects which it does.

From this description we come to conclusion that if Sociology takes help of other social sciences then it doesn’t mean that it just takes help and does not give help. In short, we can say that to find the solution of any problem, it is not possible for any social science to find it alone. If the problem is related with economic factor then economist cannot find its solution alone but it has to take help of other social sciences. That’s why all the social sciences are inter-related but their subject matter is different from each other.

Question 1.
Difference between Sociology and Economics :
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies the different parts of Society and Economics studies only the economic part of Society. Units of Sociology are two or more than two persons but the unit of Economics is one person and his economic activities.

(ii) Sociology is a general science but Economics is a special science. Sociology uses historical, comparative methods but Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

(iii) Subject matter of both the Sciences is different. Sociology gives a clear picture of different parts of Society. That’s why its area is very big, But Economics is limited only to the study of economic part of Society and that’s why its subject matter is limited.

(iv) Sociology uses historical method, comparative method, and Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

Question 2.
Difference between Sociology and Political Science :
Answer:

Sociology is the study of society and social relations as Political Science is a science of State and Government.
Sociology stuthes organised, unorganised and unsystamatic societies but Political Science mainly concentrates on the politically organised societies.
The subject matter of sociology is quite Large and unlimited but the scope of Political Science is quite limited.
Sociology is a eneral sciencŒ and Political Science is a special science.

Question 2.
Write a detailed note on the relationship between Sociology and History.
Answer:
History and Sociology both study the human society. History prepares a description of main events from ancient times till today’s human society and describes it as a story in a proper sequence. Sociology and History both study human society. Actually Sociology is originated from History. In Sociology a historical method is used which has been taken from History.

History studies past time of human society. It prepares sequel description of human society from ancient times till today. History does not explain only ‘what was’ but it also analyses ‘how it happened’. That’s why after stu3dying history we come to know that how society originated and how relations, customs, institutions etc. came in this. In this way history is related with our past times that is what, why and how any thing happened in our past times.

On contrary to this Sociology studies present human society. It studies social relationships, their forms, customs, traditions, institutions etc. With this Sociology also studies human culture and different forms of culture. In this way Sociology studies different relationships and institutions of present society.

From this description it is clear that History studies every aspect of past society and Sociology does that same work in present sqciety. Contribution of History to Sociology. Sociology uses the material given by History. Human society is the web of social relationships which are coming from ancient times. We have to go to the past to study and understand them. Origin of life, ways, every thing is the part of past. For their study Sociology takes help of History because we can get knowledge of social facts only from History. That’s why to understand present we need the help of History.

In Sociology comparative method is used to compare different institutions. For this we need historical material.In the study of ‘social fact’ Durkheim used information given by history. Actually the help of history is required by those sociologists who use comparative method in their study.

Different social institutions are influencing each other. Because of these effects changes come in them. To see these changes we need to see the effect of other institutions. Historical material helps us to understand this. In short to understand social conditions, sociologist is completely dependent upon history. That’s why a new branch of Sociology-Historical Sociology has been developed.

Contribution of Sociology to History. History also uses the material given by Sociology. Modern history has included some of the sociological concepts in its subject matter. That’s why a new branch of ‘Social History’ has been developed. Social History is not the study of any king but is the study of evolution of any institution and the changes which came in this. In this way History borrows that thing from Sociology now which earlier it was borrowing from Philosophy.

Difference between Sociology and History. It is right that they both are inter-related but they both are different from each other. Their main

differences are given below :
1. Difference in outlook. Both these subjects study same subject matter from different point of views. History explains the war but Sociology studies those processes which were behind the war. Sociologist explains those phenomenon from social point of view. In this way History gives stress on past societies and Sociology gives stress on present. ‘

2. Difference in subject matter. Subject matter of Sociology is very wide as compared to Histoy’s subject matter. History studies some of the special events but Sociology studies general phenomenon or laws. History only tells us that why anything happened but Sociology is interested in the inter-relations of different phenomena and then tries to tell the reason of that phenomenon.

3. Difference in methods. Comparative method is used in Sociology but History uses descriptive method. History explains any phenomenon and studies the different stages of its development for which descriptive method is oppropriate. On contrary to this after studying any phenomenon in different times and countries, Sociology establishes the laws of change of that phenomenon. In this way we can say that there is a lot of difference in the methods of History and Sociology.

4. Difference in Units. The unit of analysis of Sociology is human society and group but History stresses on the study of functions and events of humans.

Question 3.
Why is sociological understanding necessary for political scientists ?
Answer:
Sociology and Political Science both are deeply related with each other. Both are interrelated with each other. According to Plato and Aristotle, both state and society are one and the same thing. Later on their meanings were differentiated and then Political Science was confined only with the functions of state.

At the same time after 1850 Sociology had made its own subject matter and it was also differentiated from Political Science. Political Science studies the origin and development of state, organization of state, administrative system of government and functions related with institution. It studies the groups and institutions related with political life of a person.

Political Science studies the political life of a person and the related institutions. It also studies the origin and development of state, characteristics, organization of state, government and its administrative system and the institutions related to the state. In this way Political Science studies only political relations.

On the other side Sociology studies social relations, different forms of relations, groups, customs, norms, structures, institutions and their inter-relations, mores, traditions, etc. Political Science studies the politics which means state and government and on the other side Sociology studies the main agencies of social control i.e. political institutions. These both sciences study the entire society. Sociology looks at the state as political institution and Political Science looks it in the form of law and organization of state.

Contribution of Sociology to Political Science. Political Science considers a person as a political person but it never tells us that how and when he becomes political. For this Political Science takes help of Sociology. If Political Science takes help of the rules of Sqciology then it can make studies related to a person very easy and correct. When Political Science is making its policies then it has to keep in mind the social values and social ideals. While making laws, political science has to keep in mind the social conditions of society.

Our social customs, traditions, values, culture etc. are made to control the members of society and to run the society in an organized way. But when these are accepted by government then they become laws. For example, we can see that different countries have different customs. Status of women was very low in India.

People tried to change this custom. When some leaders tried to uplift the status of women with some movements then many laws were made to uplift the status of women. It was so because social sanctions were there behind these movements. Actually we cannot overlook the social traditions and customs while making laws for society.

Sometimes public movements come into being due to laws made by government. When government tries to overlook the customs made by society then the society moves toward the situation of social disorganization which can create obstacles in the way of social progress. Political Science depends upon Sociology to know about social conditions or customs. We can solve many problems of society with the help of laws.

So from the given description it is clear that Political Science needs a lot of help of Sociology to study its subject matter. It helps in social progress, development and maintenance of organization. But it doesn’t mean that only Sociology gives help to Political Science. In fact Political Science also gives help to Sociology.

Question 4.
How does Psychology influence Sociology ?
Answer:
Sociology and Psychology both are deeply inter-related. They both study behaviour of man. According to Cretch and Cretchfield, “Social Psychology is the science of behaviour of the man in the society.” In short, Sociology studies the social relations and Psychology studies mental relationships. Now we will see literal meaning of Social Psychology.

Social Psychology studies individual behaviour. It means that whatever effect of society is exerted on mental part, Psychology studies it. To understand individual behaviour it is not necessary to see its social circumstances but it is necessary to see Neuro Glandular system. Mind, Reflection, Learning, Love, Hatred, Emotions and these are mental processes which are actually studied by Social Psychology. Sociology studies, scientifically, these social processes.

These both sciences are very inter-related. According to Maclver, “Sociology in special gives aid to Psychology just as Psychology gives special aid to Sociology.” According to Allport, “Social Psychology is the study of the behaviour of the individuals in their reactions with other individuals and the behaviour through which individuals stimulate one another in such situations.”

According to Kimbal Young, “We might say that while our major emphasis is on the individual in interaction with others, such interactions can only be understood within the social life and cultural matrix in which they occur.” From this given description we can say that the base of scientific study of social phenomenon is Psychology and we can observe it directly. So in this way they both are inter-related and that’s why a new branch of Psychology called ‘Social Psychology’ came into being.

Contribution of Psychology to Sociology. In Sociology we study social relationships. To understand social relationships, we need to understand human behaviour because the mental and physical needs of a man affect his relationships with other humans. Psychology studies these mental processes, thoughts, ideas of mind minutely. To understand behaviour of man and society, Sociology needs the help of Psychology.

For this branch of Psychology, Social Psychology is very helpful which studies experiences, behaviour and personality, of humans, in the social context. Sociologists are also of the view that psychological bases are very important to understand the changes of society. Ip this way we can say that to understand the society we need to understand behaviour of man which is the work of Psychology.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

January 17, 2024January 16, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Computer Science Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

Computer Guide for Class 9 PSEB MS Excel Part-II Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

1 …………….. contains everything inside the chart window.
(a) Data markers
(b) Axis
(c) Chart area
(d) None of these.
Answer:
Chart area

2. …………….. feature allows you to set up certain rules.
(a) Data validation
(b) Pivot Table
(c) Char
(d) None of these.
Answer:
Data validation

3. …………….. in Excel allows you to try out different scenarios.
(a) Data validation
(b) Pivot Table
(c) Chart
(d) What if analysis.
Answer:
What if analysis

Question 4.
We can …………….. the worksheet window into separate panes.
(a) Hide
(b) Split
(c) Arrange
(d) None of these.
Answer:
Split

Questions 5.
By using …………….. you can keep rows or columns visible while scrolling.
(a) Hide
(b) Split
(c) Freeze Panes
(d) None of these.
Answer:
Freeze Panes

Question 6.
…………….. is a set of commands grouped together that you can run.
(a) Goal seek
(b) Macro
(c) What if analysis
(d) None of these.
Answer:
Macro

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Chart in MS Excel?
Answer:
Charts are used to display series of numeric data in a graphical format to make it easier to understand large quantities of data and the relationship between different series of data. To create a chart in Excel, you start by entering the numeric data for the chart on a worksheet. Then you can plot that data into a chart by selecting the chart type that you want to use on the Insert tab, in the Charts group.

Question 2.
Write down types of Charts in MS Excel.
Answer:
The list of charts in MS Excel

Column charts
Line charts
Pie charts
Bar charts
Area charts
XY (scatter) charts
Stock charts
Surface charts
Doughnut charts
Bubble charts
Radar charts

Question 3.
What is a Pivot Table?
Answer:
Pivot tables are one of Excel’s most powerful features. A pivot table allows you to extract the significance from a large, detailed data set. An Excel pivot table can summarize the data in the above spreadsheet, to show the number entries or the sums of the values in any data column. For example, the pivot table on the right shows the total sum of all sales, for each of the four salespeople, for the first quarter of 2016.

Question 4.
What is Data Tools?
Answer:
In Microsoft Excel Data Tools are simply tools that make it easy to manipulate data. Some of them are used to save your time by extracting or joining data and others perform complex calculations on data.

Question 5.
Define What-if analysis?
Answer:
What-if analysis is the process of changing the values in cells to see how those changes will affect the outcome of formulas on the worksheet.
Three kinds of what-if analysis tools come with Excel: scenarios, data tables, and Goal Seek. Scenarios and data tables take sets of input values and determine possible results. A data table works only with one or two variables, but it can accept many- different values for those variables. A scenario can have multiple variables, but it can accommodate only up to 32 values. Goal Seek works differently from scenarios and data tables in that it takes a result and determines possible input values that produce that result.

Question 6.
What is Goal Seek?
Answer:
The goal seeks function, part of Excel’s what-if analysis toolset, allows the user to use the desired result of a formula to find the possible input value necessary to achieve that result. Other commands in the what-if analysis toolset are the scenario manager and the ability to create data tables. This guide will focus on the goal seek command.

Question 7.
What is Macro?
Answer:
It allows you to perform multiple operations just by clicking a simple button or changing a cell value or opening a workbook etc. It enables you to work in a smart and efficient way. In terms of productivity, it is very productive as it reduces lots of manual work and gets things done very fast.

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Chart? Write down the steps to create a chart in MS Excel.
Answer:
A simple chart in Excel can say more than a sheet full of numbers.
The followings are the steps to create charts in MS Excel

Click the Insert tab.
Click the chart type from the Charts section of the ribbon. The sub-type menu displays.
Click the desired chart sub-type. The chart appears on the worksheet.
If you want to create a second chart, click somewhere in the worksheet to “deselect” the current chart first, or the new chart will replace the current chart.

Question 2.
Write down the Elements of a Chart.
Answer:
Basic Elements of Excel Charts
The above chart is the basic charts in Excel, We can customize the charts by dealing with different Chart Element Objects and their properties. In this session we will focus on different elements of charts objects: Here is an examples Column Chart for the same data shown above :
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II Img 1

And here I have marked the basic chart elements in Excel each element with different clor for understanding purpose. Most of the time we generally deal with Chart Area, Plot Area, Chart Title, Legends, X-Axis, Y-Axis, Data Labels Data Series, and Gridlines. Here is the pictorial representation of Chart Elements or Chart Objects in Excel:
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II Img 2

Now will see each element of the Excel Chart in detail :

Chart Area
Chart area in Excel Charts is the largest element (portion) of the Chart. We can format the Chart Area and change its border and background colors to make the charts look more cleaner. Legends, Chart Titles, and Plot Areas are the three major child elements of Chart Area. Generally, we do not change the background color of the charts to make them look more professional. Charts look more cleaner with white or default background color. However, we can change the background color to suit the other parts of the excel sheets to make them consistent.

Basic Elements of Excel Charts – Plot Area
Plot Area is the second-largest element (portion) in Excel Charts. It covers the actual chart data area. We can access the Plot Area and Format it to suit our needs. It is the same as Chart Area, if your project needs different background color then we change it. Otherwise default background color (white) looks more cleaner.

Question 3.
What is Convert Text to Columns? Write down the steps to convert Text to columns.
Answer:
Sometimes we need to separate the contents of one Excel cell into separate columns. For this, you can use the ‘Convert Text to Columns Wizard’.

Open the worksheet that contains the text you would like to convert to columns.
Select the cells that you would like to convert.
On the Data tab, click Text to Columns in the Data Tools group.
Choose the format of your current data. Select Delimited if the text contains a character such as a comma, tab, space, or semi-colon to separate the various fields. Otherwise, select Fixed Width if there are a certain number of spaces between each field.
A preview of the data in columns appears below, according to the delimiter selected. Click Next.
You now need to choose the format for each of the columns. Select the column heading in the Data preview and then select a data type from the column data format options.
A preview of your selected data appears below. Click Next.
Select the type of character that separates the various fields. You can select as many as are applicable. If you would like to include your own characters that aren’t listed, select the Other checkbox and enter the specific character in the field provided.
Once you have selected the data type for each column, click Finish.
Your text will now appear in several columns, depending on the number of delimiters in the original list.

Question 4.
What is Data Validation? How to create a Data Validation Rule?
Answer:
Data validation allows you to control exactly what a user can enter into a cell. In our example, we can use data validation to ensure that the user chooses one of the three possible shipping options. To make things even easier, we can insert a drop-down list of the possible options. This kind of data validation allows you to build a powerful, fool-proof spreadsheet. Since users won’t have to type in data manually, the spreadsheet will be faster to use, and there’s a much lower chance that someone can introduce an error.

Data validation in Excel
Since we already have a list of shipping options in the Shipping worksheet, we’re going to tell Excel to use the data in that list to control which values a user can select. But before we do this, we actually need to name the cell range first. Naming cell ranges is one way to keep track of important cell ranges in your spreadsheet.
To create a data validation drop-down list:
Select the cell where you want the drop-down list to appear. In our example, that’s cell E6 on the Invoice worksheet.

On the Data tab, click the Data Validation command.
A dialog box will appear. In the Allow: field, select List.
In the Source: field, type the equals sign (=) and the name of your range, and then click OK. In our example, we’ll type =ShipRange.
A drop-down arrow will appear next to the selected cell. Click the arrow to select the desired option. In our example, we’ll select Standard. Alternatively, you can type the shipping option, but Excel will only accept it if it is spelled correctly.
The selected value will appear in the cell. Now that we’re searching for the exact name of a shipping option, our VLOOKUP function is working correctly again.

Question 5.
What is Protection? Write down the steps to protect a Worksheet.
Answer:
To prevent a user from accidentally or deliberately changing, moving, or deleting important data from a worksheet or workbook, you can protect Certain worksheet or workbook elements, with or without a password. You can remove the protection from a worksheet as needed.
Protect worksheet elements

1. Select the worksheet that you want to protect.
2. To unlock any cells or ranges that you want other users to be able to change, do the following:

Select each cell or range that you want to unlock.
On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format, and then click Format Cells.
On the Protection tab, clear the Locked check box, and then click OK.

3. To hide any formulas that you do not want to be visible, do the following:

In the worksheet, select the cells that contain the formulas that you want to hide.
On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format, and then click Format Cells.
On the Protection tab, select the Hidden check box, and then click OK.

4. To unlock any graphic objects (such as pictures, clip art, shapes, or Smart Art graphics) that you want users to be able to change, do the following:

Hold down CTRL and then click each graphic object that you want to unlock. This displays the Picture Tools or Drawing Tools, adding the Format tab.

5. On the Review tab, in the Changes group, click Protect Sheet.
6. In the Allow all users of this worksheet to list, select the elements that you want users to be able to change.

Question 6.
What is Split Worksheet? Write down the steps to split a worksheet.
Answer:
Split your worksheet to view multiple distant parts of your worksheet at once. To split your worksheet (window) into upper and lower parts (pane), execute the following steps.

Click the split box above the vertical scroll bar.
Drag it down to split your window.
Notice the two vertical scroll bars. For example, use the lower vertical scroll bar to move to row 49. As you can see, the first 6 rows remain visible.
To remove the split, double click the horizontal split bar that divides the panes (or drag it up),

PSEB 9th Class Computer Guide MS Excel Part-II Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the Blanks

1. …………….. means to stabilize an object.
(a) Hide
(b) View
(c) Freeze
(d) Pivot
Answer:
(c) Freeze

2. …………….. is a sequence of commands.
(a) Pivot
(b) Macro
(c) Tree
(d) Record.
Answer:
(b) Macro

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How do I put the password to protect my entire Spreadsheet so data cannot be changed?
Answer:
Perform the followings steps :
1. Click Tools 2. Scroll down to Protection, then Protect Sheet 3. Enter a password, Click OK 4. Re-enter password, Click OK

Question 2.
What is the shortcut to put the filter on data in Microsoft Excel 2013?
Answer:
Ctrl+Shift+L is the shortcut key to s it the filter in data.

Question 3.
What are Freeze Panes and how do I do it?
Answer:
The followings are the steps to perform:
1. Row – Select the row below where you want the split to appear 2. Column – Select the column to the right of where you want the split to appear 3. Go to the Menu Bar 4. Click Windows and then click Freeze Panes.

Question 4.
How do I combine different chart types into my Excel spreadsheet?
Answer:
To combine chart types, follow these steps: 1. If the Chart toolbar isn’t already displayed, right-click any Toolbar and select Chart. 2. On the chart, click the series you want to change. 3. On the Chart toolbar, click the arrow next to the Chart Type button and then select the new chart type for the series (in our example, a line chart).

Question 5.
What is the Ribbon?
Answer:
The ribbon is an area that runs along the top of the application that contains menu items and toolbars available in Excel. The ribbon has various tabs that contain groups of commands for use in the application. The ribbon can be minimized or maximized by pressing CNTRL FI.

Question 6.
What is a Macro in Excel and how would you create an Excel Macro?
Answer:
Excel Macros as sets of instructions that a user records for repetition purposes. Users create macros for repetitive instructions and functions they perform on a regular, basis. To record an Excel macro, you need to select record macro from the developer’s tab and then record the instructions used in the worksheet. Macros can be triggered via a keyboard shortcut.

Question 7.
What is Chart in MS-Excel? Why is it important to you an appropriate chart?
Answer:
The chart is a medium to present the data in graphical visualization, and it is the most important insight of the data. To present the data with perfect visualization and appropriate information, we should always pre-decide on the information to be presented.

As appropriate charts lead to the right decision, it’s necessary to use relevant charts. Refer to the below process chart for appropriate charts :
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II Img 3

Question 8.
What is a Dashboard and what are the important things we should keep in mind while creating a dashboard?
Answer:
The dashboard is a technique used to present important information through graphical representation. It is helpful in presenting huge data on a single computer screen so it can be monitored with a glance. There are few things that should be taken care of while preparing the dashboards:

Minimum distraction
Simple, easy to communicate
Important data
Few Colors
Relevant graphs
The dashboard should be on a single computer screen.

Question 9.
How can you format a cell? What are the options?
Answer:
We can format a cell by using the “Format Cells” option and there are 6 options :

Number
Alignment
Font
Border
Fill
Protection

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Is it possible to make Pivot Table using multiple sources of data? How?
Answer:
Yes, this is possible by using the data modeling technique.
Start with collecting data from various sources :

Import from a relational database, like Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or Microsoft Access. You can import multiple tables at the same time.
Import multiple tables from other data sources including text files, data feeds, Excel worksheet data, and more. You can add these tables to the Data Model in Excel, create relationships between them, and then use the Data Model to create your Pivot Table.

Question 2.
How to use Data Modeling for creating Pivot Table?
Answer:
After creating relationships between tables, make use of the data for analysis.

Click any cell on the worksheet
Click Insert > Pivot Table
In the Create PivotTable dialog box, under Choose the data that you want to analyze, click Use an external data source
Click Choose Connection.
On the Tables tab, in This Workbook Data Model, select Tables in Workbook Data Model.
Click Open, and then click OK to show a Field List containing all the tables in the Data Model.

Question 3.
What is the IF function in Microsoft Excel?
Answer:
‘If function’ is one of the logical functions in Excel. We use this function to check the logical condition and specify the value whether it’s true or false. ‘If function’ has three arguments but only the first argument is mandatory and the other two are optional.

Question 4.
How can we merge multiple cells’ text strings in a cell?
Answer:
We can merge multiple cells text strings by using the Concatenate function and “&” function.
Example: We have three names: First Name, Middle name, Last name in 3 columns. To merge the names and make it a full name, follow the steps below :
Concatenate Function

Enter the formula in cell D2
=CONCATENATE(A2,” “,B2,” “,C2)

Cricket Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

January 17, 2024January 16, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Cricket Game Rules.

Cricket Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 1.
Describe briefly cricket Ball, Bat, Pitch, Wickets, Bowling, Popping Creaser, Innings, the start and end of play and intervals.
Answer:
The cricket ball shall weigh not less than 5 $\frac{1}{2}$ ounces (155.9 gms.) and not more than 5 $\frac{3}{4}$ ounces (163 gms). Its circumference shall not be less than 8 $\frac{13}{16}$” (22.4 cms.) and not more than 9″ (22.9 cms.) It shall be made of leather which is painted shining red. During the matches played during nights the white ball is used. Each captain asks for the new ball before the beginning of a new innings. In case the ball is lost or damaged, the umpire can allow a new ball, the condition of which should be like that of the lost or damaged ball.
Cricket img 1
Bat:
The length of the bat including the handle is 38″ and its width from the widest part cannot be more than 4$\frac{1}{4}$“. The weight of an ordinary cricket bat is 2$\frac{1}{2}$ pounds.

Pitch:
The area of the ground between the bowling creases is known as the pitch. It is 5′ (1.52 metres) wide on either side of the imaginary line joining the centre of the wickets. The breadth of the entire pitch is 8′ 8″.

Wickets:
Three-three wickets shall be fixed in front of each other, and the distance between these fixed wickets shall be 22 yards. The breadth of the wickets shall be 9″. The wickets have three stumps each and there shall be two bails to be placed on them. The stumps shall be equal and shall be so planted as to prevent the ball from passing through them. The top of the stumps from ground shall be 28″. Each bail shall be 4, $\frac{3}{8}$” in length and when in position on the position on the stumps shall not project more than $\frac{1}{2}$” above them.

Bowling and Popping Creases:
The bowling creases shall be drawn 8′ 8″ straight in length, with stumps in the centre. The popping creases shall be marked 4 feet in front of and parallel to the bowling crease. It shall extend by 6′ on either side of the stumps. The return crease shall be drawn perpendicular to the two ends of the bowling crease, and it shall be extended to meet the popping crease. Both the return and popping creases, are deemed unlimited in length.
Cricket img 2
Innings:
Each team has to play two times by turn. It is decided by toss as to which team shall play first. If the team playing first has scored 200 runs in 5 or more than 5 day match, 150 runs in 3 day match. 100 runs in two day match and 50 runs in 1 day match over and above the runs made by the opposing team, it can ask other team to play again that is it can declare follow on. The captain of the batting team can also declare the close of innings before time.

Start and Close of Play and Intervals:
Everyday at the start of each innings or before the start of the match the captain says “play” and if his team refuses to play, it shall lose the match. Ten minutes in each innings and maximum 2 minutes in the coming of each new batsman are allowed. Runs are reckoned for scoring.

When a batsman after hitting the ball reaches from one end to the other, one run is deemed to completed. If a batsman turns back without reaching the other end that is not considered as run. This is called short run. If while making the run, the ball is in the air and is caught, no run shall be deemed to be scored. Similarly, If a batsman is run out, the run being attempted shall not be counted.

A cricket match is played between two teams. Each team has 11 players. Each team had its own captain who nominates his players before the toss for the innings.
If during the game a player is incapacitated by illness or injury, a substitute is allowed. But substituted player can only do fielding. He can neither bat nor bowl.
Before the toss for the innings, one umpire for each erid is appointed to make impartial decisions of the game.
Scorers are appointed to keep record of all runs scored. They obey all the signs and orders of the umpire.

Cricket kit:
It is essential for a cricket player to put on cricket kit. It means white pants, shirt, shoes, socks, pad, abdominal guar, gloves and bat.

Question 2.
What do you understand by No ball, Wide Ball, Bye and leg Bye, Batsman’s Retirement, Bowled, Catch, Handles the ball, Hit the ball twice, Hit Wicket, L.B.W (Leg Before Wicket), Stumped, Run out in Cricket?
Answer:
No Ball:
While playing the ball if the front foot of the bowler goes ahead of the batting crease or cuts the returning crease, the umpire declares. No Ball. After hitting the ball the batsman can make as many runs as possible. The runs made in this way will be added to the score. If no run had been made, only one run will be added to the score. By spreading one of his arms the umpire gives the signal of no ball.

Wide ball:
The umpire declares a wide ball if the bowler bowls the ball high over or wide over the wicket which, in the opinion of the umpire, is out of the reach of the batsman. The runs made during the wide ball are reckoned in the wide ball. If no run is attempted, it is reckoned one run. The umpire gives the signal of wide ball by spreading his both arms straight.

Bye and Leg-Bye:
The umpire shall declare “bye’’ if the properly bowled ball passes the batsman (striker) without touching his bat or body and run is obtained. But it should not be no-ball or wide-ball. But if the ball touches any part of the striker’s body except his hands which hold the bat and any run is got, the umpire shall declare “leg – bye”.

Out of his Ground:
A batsman shall be reckoned to be out of it his ground until some part of his bat in hand or of his person is grounded behind the ground of popping crease.

Batsman’s Retirement:
A batsman owing to illness or injury may retire at any time. He may bat but he will have to seek the permission of the captain of the opposing team to know his number of batting. Bowled. If the wicket is bowled down, the striker (batsman) is said to be bowled out, even if the ball has touched first his body or foot.

Catch:
If the ball from the stroke of a bat or of the hand holding the bat (not the wrist) is caught by a fieldsman before it touches the ground, the batsman is “caught out”. At the time of a catch both the feet of the fieldsman should be on the ground of the playfield. If the fieldsman catches the ball out of the boundary line, the batsman is not reckoned to be out, but is awarded 6 runs. If the ball lodges in the pads of the wicket-keeper, the batsman shall be reckoned to be “caught out”.

Handle the Ball:
During play, if the batsman touches the ball with his hand he shall be reckoned to be out “handle the ball out”. Hit the Ball Twice. If the ball is struck or stopped by any part of the batsman’s body after it has been hit, and if the batsman deliberately strikes it again, he shall be out”. The ball can be hit twice only to defend the wicket but the condition is that it must have been done to defend the wicket. If any run is made in this process, it is not counted.

Wicket is Down or Hit Wicket:
If during the play, the batsman hits down his wicket with any part of the bat or body, it is called “hit wicket out”. If the wicket falls down as a result of the fall of his cap or hat or any broken part of his bat, even then he shall be reckoned to be “hit wicket out”.

L.B.W. (Leg Before Wicket):
The batsman is considered to be “L.B.W. out” when he tries to obstruct the ball with any part of his body before touching the ball with his bat, and in the opinion of the umpire, the ball and the wicket are in a straight line. If the batsman had not obstructed the ball with any part of his body, the ball would have straight hit the wicket. Obstructing the field. If a batsman deliberately obstructs a fieldsman from catching the ball, he can be out “obstructing the field.”

Stumped:
A batsman is out of his ground if his bat in hand or his foot is not on the ground behind the supposed popping crease. The batsman is considered to be out stumped when the ball is not “no ball” and is bowled and the batsman goes out of his ground otherwise than attempting a run, and the wicket-keeper outstumps the wicket (removes the stumps placed over the wickets).

Run Out:
The batsman is run out when the ball is in play, the batsman goes out of his ground to score a run, and his wicket is put down by the opposite side. If batsmen cross each other, that batsman will be considered to be “run out” who is running to the fallen wicket.

Wicket-keeper:
The wicket-keeper shall always remain behind the wickets until a ball delivered by a bowler touches the bat or the body of the striker or passes the wicket or the batsman is “out”. He cannot catch the ball.

Boundary:
If the ball crosses the boundary line having touched the ground, after a batsman has hit it, it is called boundary. Four runs are given for a boundary. If the hit ball falls out of the boundary line Without touching the ground, six runs are made. If the boundary results from an overthrow or is intentionally made by the fieldsman, then the scored runs and the runs of the boundary shall be counted in the score.

Lost Ball:
If the ball is lost, any fieldsman can declare it to be lost. In such a situation, the umpire can restart the game with a new ball the condition of which resembles that of the lost one.

Results:
Any team which makes more runs in its two innings is considered winner team. In case a match is not completed, it is regarded as a draw.

Over:
In each over the ball is bowled six times. These overs are done alternately on each wicket. Eight balls can also be given in an over, if decided earlier. “No ball” and “wide ball” are not reckoned in an over. The number of extra balls bowled in an over shall be equal to the number of “no balls” in that over. No bowler can bowl two overs continuously in one innings. If the umpire fails to remember the number of balls in an over, the over considered by the umpire shall not be counted.

Fall of Wickets:
The wicket is known as down when the batsman himself or his bat or ball removes either bail from the top of the stumps or both bails be off or strikes a stump out of the ground.

(i) Dead Ball:
The ball shall be deemed to be a dead ball in the following cases: Cricket img 3

When the ball has been properly caught by the bowler or wicket keeper.
When the ball reaches or bounces over the boundary.
When the ball, without being played, lodges in the dress of a batsman or a bowler.
When a batsman is out.
If the umpire decides to stop the game after the bowler gets back the ball.
On the call of ‘over’ or ‘time’ by the umpire.

Fielders:
The fieldsman can stop the ball with any part of his body. He is not allowed to stop the ball with his cap. If he does so, its penalty shall be four runs. In case no run has been made, four runs shall be added.

Cricket img 4

wickets
Bowling crease
Return crease
Popping crease

B. Position of players.

slips
3rd man
Gully
Point
Cover – point
Extra-cover
Mid-off
Bowler
Straight
Mid-on
Long-on
Mid-wicket
Square leg
Fine leg
Leg-slips
Short leg
Silly mid-off
Silly mid-on
Silly point
Backward point
Wicket-keeper

Field, Weather and Light:
Before a match starts captains of both the teams will decide about the suitability of the field, weather and light. If they have not given their consent regarding these issues, the umpire shall decide the matter.

Appeal:
The umpire shall not order any batsman out unless a fielder makes an appeal in this regard. This appeal should be made before the delivery of the next ball and before the time is over. The fielder while appealing shall ask the umpire how it happened. The umpire signals ‘out’ by raising the index finger.

Mandatory over:
On the last day of the match, one hour before the close of the match, the umpire signals about the mandatory over. After this, a game of 20 overs is played. 6 Balls are bowled in an over. If it seems the match would be a draw, the game can be ended before the completion of these overs.

Dead Ball:
Dead ball is considered only in certain situations when the ball settles down completely in the hands of a bowler or wicket keeper or reaches the boundary line; when it is lodged in the dress of the umpire or batsman or the umpire gives the call of ‘over’ or ‘time’, and in addition to these, when a player is out or receives a serious injury.
Cricket img 5
Obstructing the Field:
If a batsman intentionally obstructs the game of the opposing team as a result of which the opposing team is obstructed from catching the ball, then the batsman is reckoned to be out. This is called ‘obstructing the field’.

One-day Match:
There is a one day national and international match in which both the teams play in 40-40 or 50-50 overs. The team which scores more runs becomes the winner.

Field Setting:
The fieldsman normally take their positions according to the following illustrations:

Question 3.
Describe some techniques in the game of cricket?
Answer:
Some Important Techniques in Cricket
Expertise And Techniques in Batting

Cricket img 6
To play a hit successfully batsmen should pay heed tp three points to find out the ball and attend to it; to decide which hit will be appropriate; and to turn the body to play the hit in a proper manner.

It seems to be very easy, but in fact, it is not so easy. It is easy to think that you are looking at the ball. In reality, it is easy to watch the coming ball provided you sire mentally prepared. It is indeed a tough task to form the habit of judging, in the real sense of the term, of each and every ball in the entire innings. You can do it by learning to concentrate on the task in your hand. It is, indeed, difficult, but if you learn to do so, not only will it prove to be of use to you in cricket but in life as well.

To take a right decision as to how to hit a particular ball is a matter of a sort of inner-inspiration which in cricket is often called “child understanding.” However, it is a matter of experience.
The position of the player:

Cricket img 7

A player’s restful, tension-free and balanced position is very essential. On it depends the right judgement of the ball and the foot movement for each stroke. Normally, the feet should remain parallel to the sides of the crease, and their toes directed towards the aim.

Back Lift

A right back lift is of immense importance. The left arm and wrist should do the whole job, and as the bat rises its front side should be directed towards the aim. The head and body should remain perfectly motionless. As the bat is raised, the right elbow should be slightly separated from the body and the left hand should be upward exactly in front of the right pocket.

The bat should move on the desired hit line below. It is but natural that the back lift will be firmer at the time of attack.

The Forward Stroke In Defence For The Straight Ball Cricket img 8

hit should be towards off-side., In fact, the bat will begin its downward movement from the line of fine leg. As far as possible, the whole of the bat should move through the hit-line.

On-drive
Cricket img 9
Cricket img 10
Many boys lack the ability of on-drive. If they get it, they can increase their capacity or ability of taking more runs. In it, the left shoulder is kept slightly low, the left foot and the line of balance are kept in right proportion and the head is moved ahead. It will enable one to approach the line of ball. The left foot shall remain slightly away.

The batsman should take the aim of hit, and the whole wide side of the bat should move down towards the line. In his on-drives, a batsman will have to resolutely discourage the tendency of depending too much on his right hand and right shoulder for the hit. He should also have a check on his left buttock going afar.

Until a batsman has a good judgement of the pitch he should continue to play with back stroke. In this way, he will get time to judge the ball after the pitch. In case of slow ball and more difficult pitch he must depend upon the back stroke.

The right foot with toe in parallel to the crease can make good movement inside and back side of the ball line. The weight of the body can be shifted on this foot but the head must lean slightly forward. The left foot on toe acts as a good balancer.

The ball should meet immediately below the eyes, and it should be at the level as eyes watch the ball downward the pitch. The control over hit is made by raising the elbow by the left hand and arm. The right hand, in the hold of the thumb and fingers, is relaxed. As far as possible the body should be kept side ways.

Even Bat Stroke

A boy cannot become a batsman until he learns how to take a direct hit. He should also know how to play a wrong ball, and it can be possible and effective through cross-bat hits. It seems to be particularly true in the case of long and full bounces, and provides good opportunities of scoring 4-runs (hitting boundary) particularly in the junior cricket.

These hits are more easy as they are more natural than direct bat hits. But in order to play these hits effectively you should learn to play more efficiently.

Back-foot Square cut

In order to tackle the ball received from the ball line and point from the front and back sides, the right foot moves across the buttock line. Then the wrists and hands are moved down from a high bat-lift, and the head and body move over the bent right knee in the stroke line
Cricket img 11

LET-CUT

This hit is similar to the above-mentioned hit except that it begins with a sharper turn of the left shoulder, and the right foot on the toe, towards third slip, is on the ground. The ball is received at the level of wickets, and the batsman hits it in the direction of the gully or second slip. In these two cuts, the left foot remains on the toe in the relaxed condition, and the weight remains fully on the bent right shoulder.

Cricket img 12

Important Information About the Cricket Game

Number of players in a team = 16 (11-5)
Distance to wicket to wicket = 22 yards 20.12 cm
Breadth of the pitch = 4′.4″
Breadth of wicket = 8 to 9″
Circumference of the ball = 9″
Weight of the ball = 5$\frac{1}{2}$ to 5$\frac{3}{4}$ ounces
Breadth of the bat = 4$\frac{1}{4}$“
Length of the bat = 38″
Colour of the ball = Red for day match, White for night match
The distance of outer circle = 75 yards to 85 yards from centre (68 m – 58 m)
The height of wicket from floor = 28″
Type of match = 20-20, one day, test match of five days
Number of umpires = two umpires, one third umpire.
The match is played between two teams. Each team has eleven players.
Two umpires are appointed for the match one for each end.
The scorer keeps record of all the runs scored.
A player can be substituted in case of injury or illness. A substitute is not allowed to bat or bowl. He can run for the other player between the wickets or can do fielding.
A substitute cannot do fielding at his special position.
The captains of the teams decide which team is to bat and which is to do fielding.
A new ball is taken at the start of each innings. A new ball can also be taken after 200 runs have been scored or after 75 overs. A new ball can also be taken in case the ball is lost or damaged but its condition should resemble that of the lost or damaged ball.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion

January 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Physical Education Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is pulse rate ?
Answer:
It indicate the rate at which the heart beat. It ranges between 72-80 per minute.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion 1
Heart rate is the same as the pulse rate. We can feel the pulse by putting the fingers of one hand on the forearm of the other hand by pressing it.

Question 2.
Write the function of the blood.
Answer:
Blood supplies oxygen to the body and removes waste product through Excretory system from the body.

Question. 3.
What are the uses of nose breathing ?
Answer:
It provides fresh and warm air to the body.

Question 4.
Which gas do we take while breathing ?
Answer:
Oxygen.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Physical Fatigue ?
Answer:
Body becomes lazy and prohibits to do more work. Mental fatigue relates to mind.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion

Question 6.
What are the kinds of Fatigue ?
Answer:
It is of two types :
1. Physical
2. Mental.

Question 7.
Name the organs of Blood circulation.
Answer:

Heart
Veins
Arteries.

Question 8.
Which vitamins are soluble in water ?
Answer:
A, B, C vitamins.

Question 9.
Which gas is exhaled during respiration.
Answer:
Carbondioxide.

Question 10.
What is Mental Fatigue ?
Answer:
After doing continuous work body become lazy and prohibits to perform more work. It is called fatigue. When it relates to mind, it is known as mental fatigue.

Question 11.
What are the benefits of Pranayam ?
Answer:
Pranayam improves the health and mind and body become active.

Question 12.
Define Muscles.
Answer:
The skeleton of our body is composed of thousands of fibers. Fibers are attached to one another because of connective tissues. The fibers are as thick as our hair. The muscles contract and cause the movement.

Question 13.
Name the types of muscles.
Answer:

Voluntary muscles.
Involuntary muscles.
Cardiac muscles.

Question 14.
What is Excretory system ?
Answer:
Excretory system is the one by which harmful and wasteful products are excreted from our body. These wasteful products are urea, carbon dioxide, perspirational water. These products excrete through different organs like lungs, kidney, skin and intestines.

Question 15
Name the organs of Excretory system.
Answer:
Lungs, Kidney, Skin, Intestines.

Question 16.
Give two functions of Muscles.
Answer:

Our body is in movement because of muscles.
Muscles act as lever in our body.

Question 17.
What is Voluntary Muscles ?
Answer:
Voluntary Muscles. Voluntary muscles are those muscles which function according to one’s will such as the muscles of legs and arms.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is respiratory system ?
Answer:
By respiration, we mean taking in of air (inhalation) and expelling it out (exhalation). The taking in of air is known as Inspiration and expelling it out is called Expiration. Respiration is very important for human being. Generally, man breathes 20 to 22 times per minute.

Question 2.
What is Blood?
Answer:
Blood is the red-coloured liquid found in every part of the body. It sends essential elements to the cells and carries waste products from there.

Question 3.
Write down the composition of blood.
Answer:
Blood consists of the following constituents:

Plasma
White corpuscles
Red corpuscles
Platelets.

Plasma: It is a yellow transparent liquid. It also contains salt. Red and white corpuscles float in the plasma. Red corpuscles are dislike in shape. The span of life of a red blood corpuscles is about 4 months. It is produced in bone marrow and ends in spleen. The chief function of white blood corpuscles is to protect the body against the invading external germs. These cells are colourless and change their shape. They are bigger and smaller in number as compared to red corpuscles. Blood platelets are meant for blood clotting.

Question 4.
What is Blood Pressure ?
Answer:
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion 2
Blood exerts pressure on the walls of those vessels through which it passes. It is called blood pressure. During the period of the contraction of heart, the blood pressure is found to be the lowest in ventricle. During the period of the expansion of heart, Sphygmomanometer the blood pressure is found to be thehighest in big veins. Blood pressure can be measured by shyphogono manameter.

Question 5.
Describe the function of Muscles.
Answer:
Functions of Muscular System:

Muscles are joined to the bones in the body.
Muscles act as lever in our body.
Our body is in movement because of muscles. The various organs of our body function because of muscles.
Muscles help in the activities of our body such as eating, breathing, talking, etc. No part of our body can function without them.
Muscles maintain balance among various organs of our body.
Muscles make use of substances brought by blood in the form of food.
Like other cells of the body, muscles too, help in excretory process.

Question 6.
Describe the various types of muscles.
Answer:
Types of Muscles
Muscles are of the following three types :

Voluntary or Striped Muscles.
Involuntary or Unstriped Muscles.
Cardiac Muscles.

1. Voluntary or Striped Muscles:
The muscles which work according to one’s will are known as voluntary or striped muscles. These muscles are related to our brain: Among these types of muscles are those of hands, legs, neck, the upper part of the abdomen, etc. With continuous work these muscles are prone to fatigue. These muscles continue to work on the received message, and provide movement to the body, keep the body safe and produce heat in the body.

2. Involuntary or Unstriped Muscles:
Involuntary muscles are those which are not controlled by one’s will or desire. They continue to work unintendedly. Such muscles are found in heart, liver, intestines, etc. They continue to function even when one is asleep. They help in the functioning of blood circulation and digestion. Their chief characteristics are contraction, expansion and flexibility.

3. Cardiac Muscles.
Muscles of heart are a mixture of the first two types of muscles. But they are not under one’s control.

Question 7.
Write down briefly the structure of skin.
Answer:
Skin has two layers :
(i) The outer layer called Epidermis and (ii) The inner layer called Dermis.
Thousand of cells are formed from the inner layer of epidermis. These cells come to the outer surface and die. Everyday we wipe off lakhs of these cells with clothes or towel. Dermis is made of connective tissues. It has many small and big vessels.

Question 8.
What are the main causes of Mental Fatigue?
Answer:

Deficiency of nutritional elements in food.
Soundless sleep.,
More work load than the capacity of an individual.
Disease.
Lack in concentration.

Question 9.
Describe the functions of kidneys.
Answer:
Kidneys. Kidneys are two in number. These are located towards the back side of stomach. They are in shape like that of bean.
Functions of Kidneys

Urea mixes with blood and enters the kidneys.
These tubes put out toxic substances like uric acid circulatingin arteries and veins around the nerves.
Kidneys filter toxic substances like uric acid.
The waste matter dissolves in water and goes into the big tubes of the tower inside the kidneys.

Tops of the kidney towers have holes. The waste matter and water come in the upper broad portion bymeans of ureter through these holes. From the broad side this urine gets through urethra.

Question 10.
What is vital capacity of lungs ? Write in brief.
Answer:
Vital Capacity
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion 3
By the vital capacity of lungs we mean that quantity of air which we breathe in of the lungs with the deepest breath. Generally, about 500 cubic cm. air goes into the lungs as we inhale, and about 1800 cubic cm. air comes out of the lungs as we exhale. If we exhale forcefully, another 1500 cubic cm air shall come out but even then about 500 cubic cm. air remains in the lungs. Therefore, we can say that after the deepest inhaling of air, the volumeof air that comes out when air is vigorously exhaled is known as vital capacity of lungs. It is about 4000 cubic cms. The vital capacity of lungs is measured with spirometer.

Question 11.
What is meant by the Composition of Blood ? What are the functions of Blood ? Give its composition.
Answer:
Blood and its composition. Blood is the red coloured liquid found in every part of the body. It sends essential elements to the cells, and carries waste products from there. Composition. If we see a layer of the drop of blood on a glass slide under a microscope we see that there are countless small white coloured particles floating in it. Their colour is slightly yellowish. The collective colour of these countless particles is red. That is why, blood seems to be of red colour.

We can divide blood into the following parts :
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion 4
1. Plasma:
It is a yellow transparent liquid in it the Cells of blood continue to float. It contains 90% water and 10% chemical antitoxic substances. This part of blood contains proteins and their amount comes to about 8%. The protein part is called fibrinogen. It also contains salts. It has sodium chloride, magnesium bicarbonate, phosphorus and iron, etc.The remaining part of blood is made of 0.1% fat amino-acid, glucose, uric acid, cretinin, cholesterol, etc.

It provides strength to the tissues. It prepares anti-toxins to kill disease germs. It also performs the function of excreting waste products of the body through excretory system. It has in it nitrogen and urea mixed and it carries it to the kidneys. Kidneys expel it out of the body through urethra.

2. White Corpuscles:
These cells are colourless and change their shape. They are bigger and smaller in number as compared to red corpuscles. For every 500 red corpuscles there is only one white corpuscle. There are 8000 white corpuscles in a cubic millilitre. They are formed in red marrow of the bones.

Their chief function is to protect the body against the invading external germs. Whenever the disease germs attack our body from the outside, white corpuscles fight and kill them. If the white corpuscles are weak, fhey will themselves be killed, and the body will catch the disease. They repair the torn out tissues of our body. If any part of our body receives an injury, they reach the injured place at once and destroy the germs. They also produce anti-toxins in the body.

3. Red Corpuscles:
If we-examine a drop of blood through the microscope, we find that its colour is white or light yellow. If a group of such cells (one drop of blood) they will look red. It has many small corpuscles which cannot be seen with naked eye. They can be seen only with the help of a microscope. They are disc-like in shape, and are made of small flexible cells.

A cubic millilitre has about 5000,000 red blood corpuscles. They have a compound which is known as Haemoglobin. This compound is made of protein and iron. Ordinarily, 100 gm of blood has 15 gm of haemo¬globin. It has the capacity of absorbing oxygen in it, and forms oxyhaemoglobin. Tissues get oxygen from it.The span of life of a red blood corpuscle is about 4 months. It is produced in bone marrow and ends in spleen. The colour of bile is green because of the dead red blood corpuscles.The main function of these types of corpuscles is to carry oxygen to cells. They also do the work of carrying waste products to vessels by means of blood.

4. Platelets/Thrombocytes:
Blood has some other types of cells which are called platelets or thrombocytes. They are born in sunlight and vitaminised food. They also perform the function of protecting the body against germs of diseases. The body swells up when their number decreases. On being hurt, the whole blood- of the body, because of the presence of these cells, stops flowing and the person is saved.

Functions of Blood. Blood is a vital part of our body. It is impossible for us to live without it. It carries oxygen to various parts of our body, and helps expel waste products produced in the body by excretion.There is a very complex network of blood vessels in our body. After the digestion of food, the digested food mixes from the walls of the intestines with blood of the fine blood vessels.

The various functions qf blood in our life are as follows:

It carries oxygen to the various organs of our body. In the presence of haemoglobin, it carries greater amount of oxygen with it.
It performs the function of expelling carbon dioxide produced in our body because of the process of cellular oxidation
in the body. It reacts with carbon dioxide and forms sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate again undergoes a change
in the lungs and gets converted to sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide gets expelled. „
It carries digested food in our body to various parts of our body.
White corpuscles in the blood protect the body against the invading disease germs.
Platelets in the blood perform the function of checking the flowof blood in case of injury.
It keeps our body temperature normal.
It does the work of carrying such substances as hormones or Anti-toxins to various parts of our body.
The nitrogenous substances harmful to the body reach the kidney and get converted into urine and expelled out of the body.
Being liquid, blood produces blood pressure in various parts of the body.
The Rh factor of blood helps in the sexual selection.
Blood does the work of carrying injected medicine to the various parts of our body.

Importance of Blood Circulation:

Blood circulation is vital to our life. Human body dies when the blood stops to circulate.
It is blood that carries oxygen, digested food and carbon dioxide to various parts of our body.
It proves to be helpful in excreting the waste products produced in our body.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the various organs of Respiratory System. Discuss the effects of exercise on Respiratory System.
Answer:
By respiration, we mean taking in of air (inhalation) and expelling it out (exhalation). The taking in of air is known as Inspiration, and expelling it out is called Expiration.
(a) Inspiration: Diaphragm is like a round dome. When it contracts, it flattens itself in shape, as a result of which the volume of thoracic cavity increases. The air enters from outside rushes in the lungs through respiratory passage.

(b) Expiration: Expiration takes place because of the coming back to the normal position of the chest wall, being flexible and because of the raising up of diaphragm. The pressure on lungs increases, as a result of which air in lungs get expelled.

Importance of Respiratory System

Respiration is an essential activity not only for human being but also for every living creature. A creature can live for some time without water and food but it cannot live ever for a few moments without respiration.

Important Organs taking part in Respiration
The following seven parts are involved in respiratory system:

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial Tubes
Lungs
Diaphragm.

1. Nose.
Nose is the most prominent of all respiratory organs It is a sort of tunnel in the skull. Respiration is possible because of it. The membrane of the nose divides it into two parts. It has three plates of bones in it. .
Functions of Nose.
The functions of nose are as follows :
(i) It warms up the air we inhale. The temperature of the air which we inhale is more than the temperature of the air outside. When air enters the body, it joins the blood vessels and its temperature becomes equal to the internal temperature of the body.

(ii) It purifies the air we inhale. When we inhale, the air from
outside enters our body. This air has numerous dust particles and many other types of bacteria. When this air passes through the nose, the fine hair in the tunnel of the nose separates these unnecessary substances and send pure air into our body. These hair ward off the dust particles and bacteria present in the air at the very outset. These dust particles and diseased germs stick to the soft wall of the nose. This part of the nose has phagocytes which kill the deseased germs and purify the air.

2. Pharynx.
Pharynx is in the shape of a tube made of muscles. It is located in the hinder part of the nose. It is placed below the skull. It has two openings in its hinder part. One of them is called gullet and the other is called glottis for respiration.

3. Larynx.
Larynx is like a box, made of cartilage. This cartilage is made of ligaments joining the muscles. There are membranes on both sides of the larynx, which are called vocal cords. The spacebetween these two membranes is called glottis.

4. Trachea.
Trachea, a sort of tube, starts from the larynx and in diameter. It is composed of incomplete rings of cartilage. These rings are not joined to the hinder part because the hinder part of the trachea is flat. The rings are 16-20 in number. The inside surface is like the throat. It has small hair to filter the air. This tube at its lower end divides into two parts. One part goes to the right lung and the other part to the left lung. Every part of it is called bronchus.

5. Bronchial Tubes.
The trachea is divided into two parts. These parts are called bronchial tubes. They have cells like those of trachea. These tubes reach the roots of the lungs.

6. Lungs.
Lungs are the most prominent part of the respiratory system. They are situated on both sides of the heart in
the chest. Each lung is covered by a membrane called Pleura. A sticky substance comes out of its middle wall. It saves small bags of lungs (alveoli) from friction of the walls during the expansion of lungs.Small cells assume the forms of expanded air bags which look like the bunches of grapes. The lungs are spongy because of these air bags. Many blood vessels and nerves pass through lungs and supply them nourishment.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion 5

7. Diaphragm.
The main partition which helps in inhaling is called diaphragm. Ib is like a dome, and its central position is projected towards the abdomen. When we breathe, the diaphragm contracts, becomes straight and pushes the liver downwards. When we exhale, these muscles relax and the diaphragm comes back to its original position.

Functions of Respiratory System
The respiratory system has following main functions
1. Every cell of our body gets oxygen with the functioning of the respiratory system.

2. Oxygen causes oxidation. As a result of this phenomenoh, the body gets rid of the waste products produced in it. During metabolism, oxygen combines with hydrogen to form water and with carbon to form cabon dioxide. Water and cabon dioxide are exhaled during exhalation (breathing out.)

Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System
1. Effect on the Factors of Respiration.
The functioning of the respiratory system depends upon factors like the structure of
blood, blood circulation, alkaline reserve, the size of curved chest, the muscles of chest, stomach membrane and acidic nature of blood. Exercise exerts positive effect on all these factors.

2. Increase in the Blood Circulation of Lungs.
More air passes through our lungs by exercise, as a result of which the exchange of gases becomes complete and rapid. Not only does blood get oxygen in proper quantity but there is also an increase in the blood circulation of lungs.

3.Increase in the Lung Capacity.
The lung capacity increases as a result of doing exercise. The high lung capacity is very helpful in doing hard jobs.

4. Expansion of Chest.
The respiration becomes rapid by exercise. It happens because tissues need more amount of oxygen. As a result, heart and lungs have to exert more vigorously. The muscles of chest have also to exert due to exercise, the result of which is that chest expands.

5. Increase in Vital Capacity.
By doing exercise there is an increase in one’s vital capacity. The chest develops as a result thereof. This development is different in different persons. With long time exercises such as marathon, cycling for a long time, one can increase
if one’s vital capacity.

6. Exit of Greater Amount of Carbon Dioxide and Entrance of Greater Quantity of Oxygen in the Body.
The respiratory system and the blood circulatory system are inter-related. Both the activities increase by doing exercise. Thus the greater amount of carbon dioxide exits our body, and greater amount of oxygen enters our body.

7. Increase in the Resistance Powers of the Body.
Lungs develop uniformly as a result of exercises. The respiratory system improves with exercise and with the improved respiratory system, the resistance power of the body also improves.

Question 2.
What are the effects of Exercise on the Circulatory System ?
Answer:
Blood Circulatory System:
Blood reaches various organs of our body. This is known as blood circulation. The group of parts which participate in this process are known as Blood Circulatory System. This system is a blessing to the human beings. It is through blood that various organs of our body get food and oxygen and carbon dioxide and other waste products excrete through the system.

The following organs of our body take part in blood circulatory system :

Heart
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

Blood plays an important role at the time of exercise. At the time of exercise more oxygen is needed for energy in the muscles. By doing exercise the rate of heart beat increases and more blood flows in arteries. The result is that our blood pressure increases. It increases the blood circulation in the body. With the increase in the blood circulation, there is a corresponding increase in activities of the lungs. As a result of some chemical changes in the lungs, the temperature of the body increases. The blood circulation helps in maintaining the balance in this increased temperature. It also sends the waste product produced as a result of chemical action for exeretion to its right place.

Effects of Exercise on the Blood Circulatory System:
The blood circulation is extremely essential for human body. The proper blood circulation makes our body physically fit and healthy. In order to make the right diagnosis, the blood tests of a patient are done at first. These tests reveal any infection in the blood-circulation. Then, the source of infection is removed and the balanced blood is sent to various organs of body. For balanced blood circulation exercise is of great importance.

Exercise has some special effects on our blood circulation, which are as follows :
1. Exhaling of Proper Amount of Carbon Dioxide.
While doing a strenuous exercise the condition of heart is that there is an increase in blood pressure and frequency of palpitation and there is quick movement in blood circulation. The quantity of oxygen is 0.5% in the position of rest, and it increases by 10% at the time of exercise, 15% of increase is needed at the time of doing a heavy exercise. There is also an exhaling of carbon dioxide.

2. Quick Movement of Blood Circulation.
When a person does exercise there is a quick movement of circulation of blood in his body. Blood takes 21 seconds to complete one circle in a position of rest, while it takes 15,10 or even 8 seconds to do so at the time of doing an exercise.

3. Uniform Temperature of Human Body.
Exercise keeps the temperature of human body uniform. With exercise blood circulates quickly in the human body and keeps the temperature of all body organs, even though these organs are covered with clothes or naked such as human face, hands, feet, etc.

4. Increase in the Working of Productive Capacity of Heart.
The muscles of heart function as a central controller. With every contraction of the heart 5 gm. of blood is sent into aorta. It becomes 4 litres in one minute. When a trained player does heavy work, both the sides of his heart send 30 litres of blood per minute. Thus, the working or productive capacity of heart gets increased in this manner. The ratio between simple non-exercising and exercising condition is 1:7.

5. Change in the Composition of Blood.
Exercise brings about a change in the composition of blood. There is an increase of 10% of haemoglobin and red corpuscles in the blood as a result of exercise. There is also an increase in white corpuscles in the blood. We get more oxygen with the increase in red corpuscles. Our body becomes sufficiently strong to combat diseases with the increase in white corpuscles and these corpuscles work as watchmen of our body.

6. Pure Blood. Pure blood is the base of our body.
It is exercise that helps in forming pure blood in adequate quantity in our body. Alcohol, tobacco and other intoxicants badly affect white corpuscles in the blood. It is only by doing exercise that we can keep whitecorpuscles in good condition.

7. Increase in the Supply of Blood.
Exercise increases the supply of blood in our body. Capillaries expand, and even those capillaries which usually remain closed open as we exercise. There is so much increase in the quantity of blood in the outer capillaries of our body that even the colour of our skin appears to be, red.

8. Supplying Greater Quantity of Blood to a Particular Organ.
Sometimes a particular organ of our body requires greater quantity of blood. For example, our stomach needs more blood after taking food. In this condition the arteries of the stomach expand and blood flows greatly in them. Digestive system, therefore, gets improved with exercise. It is through exercise that blood, the base of our life, circulates properly in our body.
For example, the doctor advises theexercise of the paralysed part of a person suffering from paralysis. According to the doctor, that part may start functioning again with the increased flow of blood in it as a result of exercise. That is why, a player is asked to do exercise.

9. Decreasing the Rate of Heartbeat.
The rate of heartbeat of a common man is 72-80 per minute. But if he begins to do vigorous exercise, the capacity of the blood flow in the arteries of his heart increases, and the rate of his heart beat comes down to 60-65 per minute. Thus, the speed of our heart beat decreases with exercise, and there is an increase in the blood supply in the big artery of the heart.

10. Prevention of Diseases.
As a result of exercise, the blood flows through the veins of our body at a rapid speed. The result is that fat does not deposit on the walls of blood veins and arteries, and there is no blockage in the flow of blood. Consequently, a person who does vigorous regular exercise does not fall a prey to diseases like high blood pressure. Blood circulates slowly in the veins in the bodies of non-exercising persons.

Fat gets deposited on the walls of their veins, as a result of which such persons fall a prey to high blood pressure. For example, if the water in the sewerage pipe that takes the dirty waste matter out of the house flows slowly, Some water with waste matter will remain in the pipe and germs will grow and breed on the dirty waste matter. But if the flow of water in the pipe is fast, all the waste matter will flow out with the rapid flow of water , and no waste matter shall remain in the pipe. Similarly, if the blood flow in our body is fast, there will be no blockage and no disease.

Question 3.
What are muscles ? Describe the effect of exercises on Muscular System.
Answer:
Muscular System. Different organs of our body are covered with flesh which is formed of many muscles together. In our body there are over 500 muscles. 45% of the weight of our body is composed of muscles. Muscles are red coloured chunks of flesh which we can see by removing the upper skin of our body.
Parts of Muscles. There are three following parts of muscles.

1. Belly
2. Insertion
3. Origin.

1. Belly.
The innermost and the thickest part of the muscle is called belly.

2. Insertion.
The part of the muscle connected with movable bone is called insertion.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion 6

Muscular System

3. Origin.
The part of the muscle connected with immovable bone is known as origin.

Types of Muscles :
Muscles are mainly of two types.
1. Voluntary Muscles:
Voluntary muscles are those muscles which function according to one’s will, such as the muscles of legs and arms.

2. Involuntary Muscles:
These types of muscles do not function according to one’s will. One’s will or desire has no effect upon them. Such muscles are those of heart, liver and intestines.

Every function of our body depends upon the contraction of muscles. Muscles receive messages from the Central Nervous System. On receiving the messages muscles obtain energy from some chemical changes for contraction, and the fibres of muscles assume a new form. The skeleton of our body is composed of thousands of fibres. Fibres are attached to one another because of connective tissues. These fibres are as thick as our hair, and each of these fibres is 1 to 1.5 inches in length
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion 7

Involuntary Muscles
Each of these fibres is a cell, and it differs in length- and width. This cell has in it a liquid called sarcoplasm which, in turn has myofibrils which are capable of contraction and expansion. It i$ due to these myofibrils that muscles contract and expand. Each fibre is covered with membrane called sarcolemma.

About a hundred of such fibres form a bundle called Fasciculus. Such small bundles form a bigger bundle, and some bundles give rise to a muscle. There are several blood capillaries in a muscle which distribute blood. These blood capillaries form a sort of network. In the state of rest most of these blood capillaries close, but in the state of action or movement, they open up, thereby fulfilling the need of blood.

Effects of Exercise on Muscular System.
The following changes take place in our muscular system as a result of regular exercise :
1. Moving the Muscles and Total Development of the Body:
The chief objective of exercise is to bring the muscles of body into motion. The development of whole body gets stimulated as a result of regular exercise.

2. Respiration Easy and Effective:
Exercise helps in the expansion of chest muscles. As a result of exercise, respiration becomes easy and effective.

3. Quick Response to Minor Excitement:
As a result of regular exercise, muscles become beautiful and flexible. Their tone also improves, resulting in their quick response even when there is minor stimulation or excitement.

4. Co-ordination between Groups of Muscles:
Co-ordination is developed among different groups of muscles by doing regular exercise, and the habit is developed to work together. If there is no or any lack of this co-ordination, it becomes difficult to do certain tasks.

5. Proper Blood Circulation:
The palpitation of heart increases with exercise. As a result of exercise, blood reaches every part of the body properly and adequately, and the muscles of the heart begin to function properly.

6. Increase in the Power of Muscles:
Exercise brings an increase in the power of muscles. This increase in muscle power depends upon the vigour, tempo and frequency of exercise. The hill labourer and carpenter have long and strong arms because they make maximum use of these parts of body while doing their jobs. Swimming, wrestling, gymnastics, weight-lifting, basketball, football and many other games help in development in the muscle power.

7. Effects on Bones and Joints:
Regular exercise affects bones and joints immensely. By doing exercise the bone muscles become strong and developed. Bones also increase. The bones ofchildren are thin, soft and amorphous. The activity of their muscles have much good effect. Owing to lack of activity their bones remain soft and begin to assume ugly look.

8. Maintaining Muscles in Working Order:
As a result of regular exercise muscles remain in good working order. They are capable of fulfilling various needs of body. They have the power to expand in proportion and in size. It is possible only if we get adequate food. But if muscles are not put to proper use, even the good food will fail to bring about any increase in their size and power.

9. Increase in the Size of Muscles in Length and Breadth:
By doing exercise one can increase muscles in size, in length as well as breadth. For example, if one exercises arms with weight or perform ‘dandas’, there will be an increase in the size of arm muscles. The biceps and triceps of arms will begin to looks strong and thick.

10. Assistance to Maintain Correct Body Posture in Old Age:
As a result of regular exercise muscles in the body become strong and increase in size. It helps one in old age in keeping correct body posture. But if one has not done exercise and the muscles have remained weak, one may suffer from hunchback and other bad states of health in old age.

11. Increase in the Neuro-Muscular Co-ordination:
Regular exercise increases the neuro-muscular co-ordination. For example, a player hits the ball, the rival player is able to block the hit by immediately turning his body the moment the hit is taken. The kick is made in the twinkling of an eye but the rival player is able to stop the ball because of his excellent neuro-muscular co-ordination.

12. Increase in the Speed of Deoxygenated Blood towards the Heart:
When we do exercise oxygenated blood reaches the minutest cells of the muscles in our body, and deoxygenated blood therefrom quickly travels to the heart for purification. By doing exercise one increases the speed of deoxygenated blood towards the heart, because with exercise the cells need more oxygenated blood.

Question 4.
What are the effects of exercises on the Excretory System?
Answer:
Excretory System:
Excretory system is the one by which harmful and wasteful products are excrete from our body. If these useless and harmful products remain inside the body, the body becomes a victim of many diseases. Among these wasteful products are urea, carbon dioxide, perspiration and water. These products excrete through different organs like lungs, kidneys, skin and intestines.

Effects of Exercise on Excretory System:
Exercise has good effect on excretory system. Some of these.good effects are as follows

Body gets activated as a result of exercise. The blood circulation increases thereby. Due to exchange of gases in the body, food elements get digested and waste products get excreted. It helps in keeping the temperature of the body uniform.
Muscles have to get into motion as a result of exercise. It results into some body change. The dirty elements come out of the skin, and the body remains free from skin diseases.
With exercise poisonous and waste products continue to be excreted from body. Diseased germs do not get accumulated in the body. The body becomes able to fight out these diseased germs.
Kidneys expel out waste products in the form of urine. They act as sieve. With exercise they become activated and efficient.

Question 5.
Write a short note on the followings :

Functions of Skin
Kidneys
Heart
Arteries and Veins

Answer:
1. Skin and their Functions

Skin-Structure and Functions:
Skin is the outermost covering of the body. It keeps the whole body covered, and protects all the muscles and other organs of the body. It maintains the body temperature.

Structure

Skin has two layers:
(i) the outer layer called Epidermis and
(ii) the inner layer called Dermis.

Epidermis: The outer skin, that is, epidermis, is made by mixing of several layers of cells. The first layer is made of lifeless, hard transparent and colourless, countless cells. Its thickness is different in different parts of the body. It is 1/200 cms., on the face and 1/20 cm. on the heels. It has no blood vessels.

So when this part of the skin in cut, neither does the blood flow nor is pain felt. Just as a snake casts away its outer skin, so does our outer skin get worn out and old skin is replaced with the new. There are pigment grains in the lower surface of the epidermis. They are greater in number in dark coloured people as compared to the fair-complexioned. The main function of epidermis is to protect dermis.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion 8

If we examine the skin under a microscope, we see very small holes. These are the mouths of sweat glands by means of which the waste products of the body come out in the form of sweat.

Dermis:
It is also known as inner-skin. It is below the outer skin, that is, epidermis. It is made of connective tissues. It has many small and big blood vessels. Moreover, there are nerve fibres which function like small machines.It continues to collect feelings, experiences, excitements and sensations.. The collection of these sensations reaches the brain.

Skin Glands:
There are two types of glands in the inner skin.
1. Sweat Glands.
The sweat glands are 20-50 lakhs in number. These are present in all organs of the body except lips, sex organs, etc. They are present in greater number on the palms of the hands and soles of feet. Sweating results in lowering of body temperature. When sweat dries up, it takes up heat from the body, as a result of which the body temperature is lowered.
2. Sebaceous Glands. These glands are related only to the roots of the hair.
When sweat is formed, it does not have foul sihell, but when the bacteria of the skin act upon it, it starts emitting foul smell.

Functions of the Skin:

It covers and protects the body.
It protects our body from heat and cold.
It is an organ of excretory system. It purifies blood by excretingwaste products such as urea and non-living mineral substances through sweat.
It keeps the body beautiful. Had there been no skin, our bodyWould have looked like a dreadful skeleton.
It maintains the temperature of the body.
It produces in us the sensations of warmth and coldness.
It acts as a sensory organ.
It prevents disease germs from entering our body.

2 Kidneys

Structure and Functions of Kidneys

Kidneys: Kidneys are two in number. These are located towards the back side of stomach. They are in shape like that of bean. They help in excreting urine from the body. They keep the quantities of water and blood equal. Urea, uric acid, minerals etc. continue to be excreted from the body through these orgAnswer:If it is cut and viewed, an empty space will be seen. There are fine tubules around this empty space. They are pretty long and curve together to join other tubules.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion 9
The external part of each kidney is convex while the internal is concave. The open space in the concave part is known as Hilum. It is here that the renal artery enters and the renal vein comes out of the kidney. It collects the blood and takes it to the renal vein. Every ureter is 10″ long and opens into a bag after covering full distance. This bag is known as urinary bladder. Urine collects in this bag.

Functions of Kidneys:

The waste matter of the body mixes with the blood and forms urea. Urea mixes with blood and enters the kidneys.
Urea mixed with blood comes into the cells of the kidneys.
These tubules pull out toxic substances like uric acid circulating in arteries and veins around the nerves.
Kidneys filter toxic substances like uric acid.
The waste matter dissolves in water and goes Into the big tubes of the towers inside the kidneys.
The tops of the kidney towers have holes. The waste matter and water come in the upper broad portion by means of ureter through these holes.
From the broad side this urine gets excreted through urethra.

3 & 4 Heart, Arteries and Veins:

The major portion of the amount of blood of the human body remains in this part. It is made of flexible tissues of flesh. It is an extremely delicate and the most important organ of the body. It is located to the left of the chest. It resembles a closed fist in size.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion 10

Lengthwise, it is divided into two parts. Each part is further divided into two parts upper and lower parts. The upper parts are called auricles, and the lower parts are called ventricles. The pure blood from different parts of the body reach the right auricle by veins and then reach the right ventricle by tricuspid valve. From right ventricle blood reach lungs for purification through pulmonary artery, and on its way back oxygenated blood reach left auricle of the heart. It reaches the left ventricle by bicuspid valve. From the left ventricle blood reaches different parts of body through Aorta. Thus, the blood continues to circulate in this manner.

Veins and Arteries
The pipes which bring the blood from lungs, and from other parts of the body to the heart are known as veins. The structure of the walls of veins resembles that of arteries, but the layer of their flexible tissues and muscles is very thin. Except pulmonary vein, all other veins carry the deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Arteries:
Arteries carry the oxygenated blood from heart to various parts of our body. These are made of flexible, but thick walls. Oxygenated blood flows through them. But the artery which carries blood to lungs has in it deoxygenated blood.This artery carrying deoxygenated blood is known as Pulmonary Artery. The prominent of all arteries is called Aorta.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System, Blood Circulation, Muscles and Excretion 11

PSEB 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 18 Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

February 12, 2024January 12, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 18 Salient Features of the Indian Constitution Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the salient features of the Indian Constitution.
Or
Discuss the chief features of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Since long the Indian leaders were making a persistent demand for the establishment of a Constituent Assembly to frame a Constitution for India. It was in 1946 when the Cabinet Mission came to India and conceded this demand of the IndiAnswer: The Indian Constituent Assembly came into existence in accordance with the Cabinet Mission Scheme.

The new Constitution was inauguarated on January 26, 1950. The makers of the Constitution studied the working of governmental systems of various countries, chose their merits and incorporated them in the Indian Constitution. Keeping in view the particular and peculiar circumstances of the country, they were determined to make India a Welfare State.

The following are the salient features of the Constitution:
1. Written and Detailed Constitution:
The Indian Constitution is a written Constitution. It was framed by a Constituent Assembly whose elections were held in 1946. The Indian Constitution is also a detailed Constitution. It is seven times as big as that of the Fourth Republic of France. The makers of the Constitution left very little scope for customs and conventions. The Constitution consists of 395 Articles and 12 Schedules. According to Dr. Jennings, “The Indian Constitution is the longest and the most detailed in the world”

2. Creation of a Sovereign Democratic Republic:
The Preamble to the Indian Constitution declares India to- be a “Sovereign Democratic Republic”. But by the 42nd amendment preamble to the Constitution is amended. For the words ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic’ the words “Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic” are substituted. And for words ‘Unity of the Nation’, the words “Unity and Intergrity of the Nation’ are substituted.

3. People’s Own Constitution:
The Indian Constitution has been framed by the Constituent Assembly by the people of India. The Constitution has not been imposed upon us. It originates from the people of India and is promulgated in the name of the people. The Preamble emphasises the ultimate sovereignty of the people—“We, the people of India…. do hereby Adopt, Enact and Give to Ourselves this Constitution.” The people are, thus, the source of all authority and all power lies with them.

Since the Constitution is founded on the authority of the people, no State or group of States can destroy it. No State can go out of the Indian Union.

4. Secular State:
The constitution of India establishes Secular State. By 42nd amendment the word “Secularism” is included in the preamble to the Constitution. By Secular State, we mean that the State has no religion, it does not patronize any religion, it does not make its policies and is not guided in the discharge of its functions by the teachings of any particular regligious faith, whatsoever may be the numerical strength of its followers.

Under the Indian Constitution all religions are treated alike and the State cannot discriminate one against the other on the basis of religion. The citizehs have been guaranteed freedom of religion. In India, religion is the personal affair of the people themselves and the State does not interfere in that. The Constitution clearly lays down that for appointments under the State, merit shall be the sole criterion, not the religious belief of the people.

5. Flexible and Rigid Constitution:
The Indian Constitution is rigid as well as flexible. Some of the Articles of the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the Parliament, for example, changing the names of the States, altering the boundaries of the State, matters relating to citizenship etc. Some of the Articles of the Constitution can be amended by at least 2/3rd majority of the members of Parliament with ratification by the legislatures of at least one-half of the States. For example, if any change is intended in the method of the election of the President of India, it can be done only when the amending bill is first passed

by majority of the total membership in each House of the Parliment;
a majority of not less than 2/3rd of the members of present and voting in each House of Parliment; and
ratification by the legislature of one-half of the States. There is yet third method of the amendement of the Constitution and i.e. some of the Articles of the Constitution can be amended by 2/3rd majority of he members of Parliament.

In this way the Indian Constitution is both rigid as well as flexible.

6. Federation with a Unitary Bias:
Though the word ‘Federation’ has not been used in any of the Article’s of the Constitution yet the Constitution establishes in form federation in India. According to Art. 1 of the Constitution: “India shall be a Union of States.” The Indian Constitution possesses all the necessary characteristics of a federation, viz.

The Indian Constitution is a written and rigid one;
power between the Centre and the States have been divided by the Constitution and
there exists an independent Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of laws passed by the legislature and orders issued by the executive. The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution.

In spirit, however, the Indian Constitution is unitary. About the Indian Constitution it is often said that “It is federal in form but unitary in spirit.”

7. Parliamentary form of Government:
The Indian Constitution establishes a parliamentary form of Government in India. The new Constitution clearly lays down that there shall be a Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President in the discharge of duties. Under 42nd amendment the President was bound to accept the advice of the Council of Ministers. But according to 44th Amendment the President has the discretion to remit the advice back to the Council of Ministers for reconsideration but he shall act in accordance with a reconsidered advice.

The Council of Ministers has been made responsible to the legislature. The Lok Sabha can dislodge the Govt, from office by passing a resolution of no-confidence. Thus, the President is the nominal head while Prime Minister is the real head. Similarly, in Provinces the Governor is the nominal head and the real functionary is the Cabinet.

8. Fundamental Rights:
Part III of the Indian Constitution deals with the fundamental rights of the people. One of the characteristics of these rights is that while some rights are only for the citizens, others are available to all citizens as well as aliens. Rights are essential for the all-round development of man; hence their inclusion in the Constitution. Indian citizens enjoy six categories of fundamental rights

Right to Equality.
Right to Freedom.
Right to Religion.
Cultural and Educational Rights.
Rights against Exploitation.
Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Under the Bill of Rights all the citizens have been given equal rights. There can be no discrimination between one citizen and the other on the basis of religion, language, caste, creed, sex, place of birth. Freedom of speech, expression, assembly, association, etc. have also been guaranteed.

9. Directive Principles of State Policy:
Chapter IV of the Indian Constitution embodies Directive Principles of State Policy. They have been declared “fundamental in the governance of the country.” It is the moral duty of the State to apply these principles while making laws. These principles embody those ideals on the basis of which social and economic democracy can be established in India. The makers of the Constitution were convinced that without economic democracy, political democracy has no significance. In other words, they aimed at the establishment of a Welfare State in India.

10. Fundamental Duties:
By 42nd amendment after Part IV of the Constitution, Part IV A is inserted in the Constitution. For the first time a set of 10 Fundamental Duties of Citizens have been enumerated. One more fundamental Duty was incorporated in Part 4-A of Article 51-A by the 86th Amendment made in Dec, 2002. The chapter of 11 Fundamental Duties is by far the most fundamental and very important for every generation, present as well as future.

11. Independent Judiciary:
Independent Judiciary is a bulkwork of democracy. The Indian Constitution makes provision for the establishment of an independent judiciary. An independent judiciary is essential not only for the protection of the fundamental rights of the people, it is equally essential in a Federal Government. The President of India is bound to consult the Chief Justice of India in the appointment of every judge of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.

The Constitution also lays down the qualifications of the judges. The judges are given high salaries which cannot he decreased (except during the financial emergency) during the period they hold office. The judges of the Supreme Court retire at the age of 65 while that of High Courts at the age of 62. The President cannot remove the judges arbitrarily. The Constitution provides a strict procedure for their removal. The Indian Judiciary has demonstrated its independence and impartiality in a number of cases. The most notable cases have been the Golak Nath case, the Bank Nationalization case and the Privy Purses case.

12. Bicameral Legislature:
Another features of the Indian Constitution is that the Indian Parliament consists of two Houses-the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabba, a Lower House, represents the whole nation while Rajya Sabha, an Upper House, represents the states. The Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.

13. Single Citizenship:
Normally, in a federation there is the provision for double citizenship-citizen of one’s own State and citizen of the country. Despite the establishment of federation, there is single citizenship in India. All are the citizens of India. The Indian Constitution does not recognise State citizenship.

14. Judicial Review:
Unlike the American Constitution, the Indian Constitution has specially provided for the judicial review. Under the Indian Constitution, Parliament is not a sovereign body as the Supreme Court can strike down the acts passed by the Parliament. Similarly, the orders of the executive are subject to judicial review. This power of the Supreme Court extends to the orders issued and laws passed by the State legislatures also.

15. Rule of Law:
Another distinctive feature of the Indian Constitution is Rule of Law. It means in India, law is supreme and it is the law which rules over the people. So long as a citizen obeys the laws, he need hot be afraid of any individual. All persons are equal in the eyes of law irrespective of their rank or position. No man, whatever his political or social status be, is above the law and everyone is subject to the same punishment for the breach of law which can be given to an ordinary citizen for the breach of the same law. An Individual can be punished only for a breach of law and for nothing else.

16. Adult Franchise:
Before the inauguration of the new Constitution, the Franchise under the Act of 1935, was very much limited. The new Constitution provides for universal adult suffrage. Every Indian citizen of 18 years or above has the right to vote.

17. A happy blend of many Constitutions:
It is sometimes alleged that the new Constitution of India has no originality. Our Constitution is a ‘unique document drawn from many sources’. For example, the influence of the American Constitutional system is evident in the chapter on Fundamental Rights and the role given by Constitution to the judiciary.

The idea of concurrent list has be&i taken from the Australian Constitution, that of Directive Principles of State Policy and the nomination of 12 members of the Rajya Sabha by the President of India, from the Irish Constitution of 1937; provision to strong centre from the Canadian Constitution and the Parliamentary system of Government from the British Constitution.

18. Joint Electorate System:
The Constitution abolishes the communal electorate system which was introduced in the Indian politics by the Government of India Acts of 1909, 1919 and 1935. Now joint electorate system is the feature of the Constitution.

19. Untouchability Abolished:
Another important feature of the Constitution is the abolition of Untouchability which the Congress had for years been trying to achieve through public enlightenment.

20. Protection of Minorities, Scheduled and Backward Classes and Tribes:
The Indian Constitution contains special provisions for the protection of minorities, Scheduled and Backward Classes and Tribes. Though all the citizens have been made equal before law, yet these classes and tribes have been given special rights and privileges. Seats have been reserved for them in the Parliament and the State Legislatures. In matters of appointments also certain quota of seats is reserved for them. According to Art. 336 the Anglo-Indian Community has also been given special privileges. According to the 95th amendment of the Constitution these special privileges shall be enjoyed by them till 2020.

21. Administrative Tribunals:
By 42nd amendment a new part XIV-A is inserted in the Constitution. The title of the this new part is Tribunal. In this new part two Articles 323 A and 332 B are inserted in the Constitution. Parliament by law may provide for the establishment of an administrative tribunal for the Union and a separate administrative tribunal for each State or for two or more States. Parliament will decide the procedure, jurisdiction, power and authority of these tribunals.

Question 2.
Discuss in brief the procedure for the amendment of the Indian Constitution.
Or
Write a short note on procedure to amend the Constitution.
Or
How is the Constitution amended? Describe the amendment procedure.
Answer:
The method of amending the Constitution in Indian is neither very difficult nor so easy. The framers of the Indian Constitution adopted the middle path and made the Indian Constitution neither too rigid nor too flexible. The procedure of amendment is mentioned in Article 368. There are three types of procedure of amending the Indian Constitution:

1. Amendment by the Parliament by a Simple Majority:
There are certain articles of the constitution which can be amended by a simple majority. The articles which can be amended in this way are concerned with matters like the admission of new States into India, creation of new States, to change the territory boundary or make of any State, consequential changes in the first and fourth schedules required because of the above given amendments, etc.

Similarly, the Parliament may, by simple majority, create or abolish a legislative council on the recommendations of the Legislative Assembly of the State. The Parliament has the authority to increase the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. It may create high courts for the Union Territories. It may entrust additional functions to the Public Service Commission. The Parliament is also empowered to lay down some more qualifications for the members of the Parliament and the State Legislatures.

The pay and allowances of the members of Parliament and the central ministers are fixed by the Parliament. But the laws made concerning subjects are not considered amendments of the constitution according to article 368 of the Constitution. In fact, the right of making changes in the Constitution is given to every Parliament and those changes are not considered amendments of the Constitution.
2. Amendment by the Parliament by a Two-third Majority.

The process of amending the Constitution is given in the article 368. The article or subjects which are not given in this article, can be amended by the Parliament alone with special majority. The bill for such an amendment may be introduced in any one of the two Houses. If both the Houses pass it with absolute majority and 2/3rd majority of the members present and voting, it will be sent to the President. The Constitution will stand amended on that point, when that bill is signed by the President.

3. Amendment by the Special Majority of Parliament and Ratification by State Legislature:
If an amendment is concerned with the article and the subjects given in the article 368, it must be approved by 50% of the States after being passed by both the Houses with absolute majority and 2/3rd majority of the members present and voting. The amendment will come into force after being signed by the President. The subjects given in article 368 are as follows:

Election of the President,
The manner and election of the President,
Extent of executive power of the Union,
Extent of executive power of the States,
High Courts for Union Territories,
Union Judiciary,
The High Courts in the States,
Legislative relations between the Centre and States,
List of the VII Schedule,
The representation of States in Parliament, and
Article 368 itself.

It is quite clear that most important provisions of the Constitution cannot be amended by the Parliament itself rather the consent of half the States is required.

Blend of Flexibility and Rigidity:
The Indian Constitution is a blend of flexibility and rigidity. It is neither flexible like the British Constitution nor rigid like the American. British Constitution is very flexible whereas American Constitution is very rigid. But our Constitution is changeable according to needs of the time.

Criticism:
The method of amending the Constitution suffers from certain defects j also. Method of amendment is criticised on the following grounds:

1. States have no Initiative for Constitutional Amendment:
The power of initiating an amendment lies only with the Parliament. The States have not been given any such power of initiating amendment. Besides, the approval of the States is not essential for all the amendments.

2. No Time Limit Fixed for Ratification by States:
The procedure suffers from another defect that no time limit is fixed in the Constitution for the approval of the States. They may take as much time as they like. There is no constitutional limitation on their power of delay.

3. Disagreement of two Houses of Parliament over a Constitutional Amendment:
There is no method of resolving the differences between the two Houses regarding a bill concerning the constitutional amendment. But this criticism is baseless because a bill concerning an amendment of the Constitution will be considered an Ordinary Bill, the procedure of which is clearly given in the Constitution. A joint sitting of both the Houses will be called to resolve the differences regarding the bill.

4. Assent of the President over Constitutional Amendments:
Nothing about the veto power of the President is given in the procedure of amendment. It is also not mentioned in the Constitution that an amendment which is approved by the States requires the assent of the President or not.

5. Some Notable Provisions:
There are certain provisions in the Constitution which can be changed even without introducing the amendment bill in the Constitution. Article 253 is of this nature. The Parliament can make law in order to enforce any treaty or agreements made with a foreign country.

6. Constitutional Protection:
According to Dr. Jennings, “It is quite obvious that there are clauses which don’t need to be constitutionally protected. An example taken at random is Article 22, which empowers a retired Judge to sit in a High Court. If the provision of such constitutional importance that it needs to be constitutionally protected and be incapable of amendment except with the approval of two-thirds of the members of each House, sitting and voting in the Union Parliament.”

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the written nature of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution is a written constitution. It was framed by the Constituent Assembly whose election were held in 1946. The Constitution was enforced on January 26, 1950. The constitution consists of 395 Articles and 12 schedules. Indian Constitution is the longest written constitution of the world. The makers of the Constitution left very little scope for customs and conventions.

Question 2.
Mention four features of our Constitution.
Answer:

Indian Constitution is written and lengthiest constitution of the world.
It establishes parliamentary government. The President is the nominal head of the state.
It provides Fundamental rights and Fundamental duties.
It contains Directive Principles of State Policy.

Question 3.
Mention four sources of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:

Amendment is the main source of Indian Constitution.
Acts of Parliament is another source of Indian Constitution.
The Act of 1935 is an important source of Indian Constitution. The Constitution derives a lot from the
Government of India Act 1935.
The Judicial decisions is another source of Indian Constitution.

Question 4.
Why is Indian Constitution bulky?
Answer:
Indian Constitution is the lengthiest constitution in the world. Indian Constitution is very lengthy due to the following reasons:

There is only one constitution for the central government as well as for the States.
The distribution of powers between the Center and the States are discussed in detail.
Fundamental Rights mentioned in Part III of the Constitution are in detailed.
Directive Principles of State Policy has also increased the volume of the Constitution.

Question 5.
“The Indian Constitution is both rigid and flexible.” Explain.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution is a blend of flexibility and rigidity. It is neither flexible like the British Constitution nor rigid like the American. Some of the Articles of the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the Parliament, for example, changing the names of the States, altering the boundaries of the State, matters relating to citizenship etc. Some of the Articles of the Constitution can be amended by at least 2/3rd majority of the members of Parliament with ratification by the legislatures of atleast one half of the States.

Question 6.
What we have taken from British Constitution?
Answer:
The framers of the Indian Constitution have drawn freely from the British Constitution. The following are the gifts of the British Constitution to our new Constitution-

The Indian President is a Constitutional head like the British King/Queen.
Like the British House of Commons, the Indian Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Second Chamber i.e., Rajya Sabha.
Like the British, Cabinet is responsible to the Parliament.
Like England, India has adopted Parliamentary form of Government.
Rule of law is also taken from England.

Question 7.
What features have we borrowed from U.SA.?
Answer:

The preamble of the Indian Constitution is akin to the Preamble of the American Constitution.
The Vice-president of India is like the Vice-president of the U.S.A.
Fundamental Rights of Indian Constitution resemble to the Bill of Rights of the U.S-A.
Like American Judiciary, Indian Judiciary is independent.

Question 8.
Why the Indian Constitution was enforced on 26th January, 1950?
Answer:
On December 31, 1929 the Congress passed a resolution of complete independence at Lahore session and decided to celebrate 26th January as the independence day. After that every year 26th January was celebrated as independence day. That is why our new Constitution which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949 came into effect on 26th January, 1950.

Question 9.
Write down any four characteristics of the method of Amendment of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:

Each part of the Indian Constitution can be amended. But in Keshavanand Bharti Case, Supreme Court held that the parliament had the power to amend all provision of Constitution but had no power to change the basic structure of the constitution.
Indian Constitution is a Combination of rigidity and flexibility.
Constitutional Amendment Bill can be introduced in either House of the Parliament.
State legislatures cannot initiate constitutional amendments. Amendment Bill can be introduced in the parliament only.

Question 10.
How is the constitution of India is amended?
Or
Describe the methods through which Indian constitution can be amended.
Answer:
The process of amending the constitution of India is given in the Art. 368. The method of amending the constitution of India is neither very difficult nor so easy. The framers of the Indian constitution adopted the middle path and made the Indian constitution neither too rigid nor too flexible. There are three types of procedure of amending the Indian constitution:

Amendment by the Parliament, by a simple Majority.
Amendment by the Parliament by a Two-third Majority.
Amendment by the special Majority of Parliament and Ratification by more than 50% states of India.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 2.
Explain any two features of our Constitution.
Answer:

Indian Constitution is written and lengthiest constitution of the world.
It establishes parliamentary government. The President is the nominal head of the state.

Question 3.
Mention two sources of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:

Amendment is the main source of Indian Constitution.
Acts of Parliament is another source of Indian Constitution.

Question 4.
Why is Indian Constitution bulky?
Answer:

There is only one constitution for the central government as well as for the States.
The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States are discussed in detail.

Question 5.
What is Secular State?
Answer:
A Secular State is that which is not based on any religion. A secular state guarantees individual and corporate freedom of religion, deals with the individual as a citizen irrespective of his religion, is not constitutionally connected to a particular religion nor does it seek either to promote or interfere with religion,

Question 6.
What we have taken from British Constitution?
Answer:
The following are the gifts of the British Constitution to our new Constitution-

The Indian President is a Constitutional head like the British King/Queen.
Like the British House of Commons, the Indian Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Second Chamber i.e., Rajya Sabha.

Question 7.
What features liave we borrowed from U.S.A.?
Answer:

The preamble of the Indian Constitution is akin to the Preamble of the American Constitution.
The Vice-president of India is like the Vice-president of the U.S.A.

Question 8.
Describe the methods through which Indian constitution can be amended.
Answer:
There are three types of procedure of amending the Indian constitution:

Amendment by the Parliament, by a simple Majority.
Amendment by the Parliament by a Two-third Majority.
Amendment by the special Majority of Parliament and Ratification by more than 50% states of India.

Question 9.
Mention any two criticisms, against the procedure Of amendment in the constitution.
Answer:

State have no Initiative for Constitutional Amendment. The power of initiating an amendment lies only with the Parliament. The States have not been given any such power of initiating amendment.
No Time Limit Fixed for Ratification by States. The procedure suffers from another defect that no time limit is fixed in the Constitution for the approval of the states.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention any one feature of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The constitution of India is written and comprehensive.

Question 2.
Write down any one source of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
British Constitution.

Question 3.
What is the significance of 26th January?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution was enforced on 26th January, 1950.

Question 4.
How many languages have been recognized In the Indian Constitution? Which of these is the official language of India?
Answer:
Indian constitution has recognized 22 languages. Hindi has been declared as the official language.

Question 5.
What did the architects of the Indian Constitution draw from the British Constitution?
Answer:
India has adopted parliamentary system from the British constitution. laite England, in India too, the rule of law, unified judicial system, civil service and single citizenship have been provided.

Question 6.
How many Articles and Schedules are in the Indian Constitution and in how many chapters have they been divided?
Answer:
There are 395 Articles and 12 Schedules in the Indian institution. They have been divided into 22 Chapters.

Question 7.
When was the Indian Constitution enforced?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution was enforced on 26 January, 1950.

Question 8.
Give any one argument to prove that India Is a seculler country.
Answer:
The word ‘Secular’ has been incorporated in the Preamble to the Indian Constitution through 42nd amendment: Thus India has clearly been declared a secular state.

Question 9.
Mention any one reason for the Indian Constitution being elephantine in size.
Answer:
There is only one constitution for the Union and the States in India.

Fill in The Blanks

1. The Constitution of India came into force on . January, 1950.
Answer:
26th

2. The Indian is drawn from various sources.
Answer:
Constitution

3. Indian Constitution is federal in form but in spirit.
Answer:
Unitary

4. In India, there is a citizenship.
Answer:
Single

5. The Indian Constitution has adopted the principle of universal suffrage.
Answer:
Adult.

True or False statement

1. The Indian Constituent Assembly came into existence in accordance with the Cabinet Mission scheme.
Answer:
True

2. Indian Constitution is a written Constitution.
Answer:
True

3. According to Indian Constitution, India is not a secular state.
Answer:
False.

4. No state can go out of the Indian Union.
Answer:
True

5. According to Art 1 of the Constitution, “India shall be a union of sovereign state.”
Answer:
False.

Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
The Indian Constitution is:
(A) Very Rigid
(B) Flexible
(C) Flexible as well as Rigid
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(C) Flexible as well as Rigid

Question 2.
Which of the following is not a feature of Indian Constitution
(A) Indian Constitution is Written
(B) Indian Constitution is the bulkiest Constitution
(C) India is a Secular State
(D) Indian Constitution is unwritten.
Answer:
(D) Indian Constitution is unwritten.

Question 3.
Voting age in India is:
(A) 18 years
(B) 25 years
(C) 21 years
(D) 30 years.
Answer:
(A) 18 years

Question 4.
Indian Constitution is a bag of borrowings.’ Who said it?
(A) K.T. Shah
(B) H.V. Kamath
(C) M.V. Pylee
(D) Ivor Jennings.
Answer:
(A) K.T. Shah

Question 5.
India is a:
(A) Secular State
(B) Hindu State
(C) Muslim State
(D) Sikh State.
Answer:
(A) Secular State

Question 6.
Indian Judiciary is:
(A) Independent
(B) Subordinate to the Executive
(C) Subordinate to the Parliament
(D) Corrupt.
Answer:
(A) Independent

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse

January 12, 2024January 11, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Physical Education Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse

Physical Education Guide for Class 6 PSEB Drug Addiction-A Curse Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which intoxication eliminates the power of thinking and digestion of a person?
Answer:
Alcohol is an intoxicant that eliminates the power of thinking and digestion of a person. Alcohol affects the brain first of all. Nervous system gets affected and the brain weakens. The thinking power or faculty declines. With the effect of this intoxicant, respiration increases, and one suffers from diseases pertaining to respiratory system.

Question 2.
Which poisonous element is found in a cigarette?
Answer:
‘Nicotine’ is a poisonous element that is found in a cigarette. This is an alkaloid from tabacco plant. Nicotine has its adverse effect on the head which begins to feel giddy, and then the heart is badly affected. The possibility of suffering from cancer increases with the excessive use of tobacco, particularly the cancer of lungs and throat.

Question 3.
Write down the effects of Alcohol on our health.
Answer:
Effects of Alcohol on our Health:
Alcohol is a liquid intoxicant. It is legally binding to write on each bottle of alcohol-“Drinking is injurious to health.” Even then more and more people are becoming addict to alcohol, and seem to ignore the statutory warning totally. Thus, more and more such people are becoming prey to many diseases. Their lungs get defected. The liver is damaged. Age declines. Alcohol, in fact, adversely affects all parts of the body. At first man fakes alcohol, then alcohol begins to take (consume) him. Alcohol has several bad effects, some of which are listed below:

Alcohol affects the brain first of all. Nervous system gets affected and the brain weakens. The thinking power or faculty declines.
The kidneys in the body weaken.
Alcohol becomes a hindrance in the production of digestive juices, as a result of which digestion becomes poor.
Respiration increases, and one suffers from diseases pertaining to respiratory system.
Blood vessels expand under the influence of regular drinking. Brain has to exert more, and one may suffer a heart attack any moment.
Regular drinking decreases the work capacity of muscles, The body gets weak to face the attack of disease germs.
The studies have revealed that a drunkard works less than a normal person. A drunkard also suffers from various diseases sooner than a normal individual.
Drinking is a social evil as it ruins home, health and wealth.

Question 4.
What are the intoxicants that cause cancer?
Answer:
Cancer causes with the consuming of cigarettes, bidis, jarda, Kheni etc. These are made from tobacco.

Effects of Smoking on Health:
In our country smoking and consuming tobacco has become a habit and fashion. There are several ways to consume tobacco such as smoking cigarettes, bidis, cigars, hubble-bubble, etc. Tobacco is also eaten in many forms such as eating “paan”, tobacco mixed with lime, “jarda”, etc. There is a dangerous toxic substance; called nicotine in tobacco. There are other toxins like ammonia, carbon dioxide, etc. Nicotine has its adverse effect on the head which begins to feel giddy, and then the heart is badly affected.
The harms of tobacco on health are as under:

Eating or taking tobacco weakens eyesight.
It increases heart beat. One suffers from heart diseases which often prove fatal.
Studies have revealed that tobacco consuming contracts blood vessels.
Tobacco benumbs the body tissues. One does not have good sleep and ultimately suffers from sleeplessness.
Stomach begins to remain upset with tobacco consumption.
Tobacco also causes cough, and the consumer of tobacco is prone to lung diseases like T.B.
The possibility of suffering from cancer increases with the excessive use of tobacco, particularly the cancer of lungs and throat.

Question 5.
What is the identity of the drug user in Society?
Answer:
Ever since time immemorial man has been using intoxicants. He was of the opinion that their use was helpful in removing some diseases and in making one feel fresh. But later on the harmful effects of intoxicants came to light. In today’s world, many types of intoxicants have come into use and are easily available. The sports world, in particular, feels concerned and worried. There is no doubt that man can work overtime by consuming some intoxicants, but in the long ran overwork results in his fast decay and death. Among these intoxicants some are worse than leprosy. Such intoxicants as alcohol, tobacco, opium, hashish, bhang, etc. are very harmful to one’s health.

The problem of drag addiction affects the drag user as well as his family and society. Drug user does not take interest in any kind of work. As a result he himself becomes a responsibility of the society and family. Nobody wants his friendship and respects him. It becomes more difficult for him to purchase costly drags daily. As a result he commits crimes to pay for his drags. Thus he loses his character and the relationship with
society becomes unhealthy.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Guide Drug Addiction-A Curse Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Name four intoxicants:
(A) Alcohol
(B) Tobacco
(C) Bhang and Opium
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 2.
Name any two systems which are being affected by intoxicants?
(A) Digestive and circulatory system
(B) Mentle system
(C) Bone system
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) Digestive and circulatory system
(B) Mentle system

Question 3.
Write any harms of intoxicants on sports person.
(A) Carelessness
(B) Irresponsibility
(C) Headache
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) Carelessness
(B) Irresponsibility

Question 4.
Write measures to get rid of drag addiction.
(A) Motivation
(B) Conference
(C) Psychological method
(D) All above
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 5.
Effects of smoking on health:
(A) The possibility of suffering from cancer.
(B) Tobacco is prone to lung diseases like T.B.
(C) Stomach begins to get weaker.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 6.
Effects of alcohol on our health.
(A) Alcohol affects the brain.
(B) The kidneys in the body get weaker.
(C) Digestive system become poor.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name any two systems which are being affected by intoxicants.
Answer:
Digestive system and circulatory system.

Question 2.
Write any two harms of intoxicants.
Answer:

Face becomes pale.
Disturbance of mental concentration.

Question 3.
Write any two harms of intoxicants on sportsperson.
Answer:

Carelessness and irresponsibility.
End of Sportsmanship

Question 4.
Alcohol affects brain. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Right.

Question 5.
Chewing tobacoo causes weak eyesight. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Right.

Question 6.
Smoking causes cancer or not.
Answer:
Causes cancer.

Question 7.
Use of Tobacco does not cause cough and the consumption of tobacco is not prone to T.B. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Wrong.

Question 8.
Under the influence of intoxicants player become careless. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Right.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Prepare a list of some commonly used intoxicants.
Answer:

Alcohol
Bhang
Caffeine
Opium
Hashish
Ademwin
Tobacco
Snuff
Kheni
Cigarette
Bidi
Jarda.

Question 2.
What is the harmful effect of narcotics?
Answer:
Narcotic drugs weaken the human body and affects the mind also. The behaviour of the person seems out of control. This affects his personal and social life.

Question 3.
Write any two measures to get rid of drug addiction.
Answer:
1. Motivation: The parents, school teachers and elders of the family play an important role to motivate the children to avoid narcotics.

2. Psychological Method: If it seems difficult, then the person should be prepared to give up drugs with the counselling of a psychologist.

Question 4.
Why is it important to get rid from Drug addiction?
Answer:
Drugs have become a great problem in the society nowadays. Drugs affect the user’s body by weakening the digestive system, immune system, circulatory system, respiratory system, metabolism, nervous system, etc. The persistent use of drugs may cause many severe diseases such as hypertension, numbness, diabetes, jaundice, cancer, etc. The risk of heart related diseases also increases, hands start shaking, the person suffers mental imbalance as well.

Use of narcotic drugs affects the behaviour of the person very badly. He loses control over his senses and quarrels with people without any genuine reason. The drug addict remains irritated all the time as the narcotics severely affects all the systems of his body. People of the society avoid him which further adds to his irritation. So it is very important to get rid of drug addiction.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem

January 12, 2024January 11, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Physical Education Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem

Physical Education Guide for Class 6 PSEB National Song and Anthem Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the national anthem Jana-Gana-Mana.
Answer:
Jana-Gana-Mana adhinayak jaya hai
Bharat-Bhagya Vidhata
Punjab-Sindh, Gujrath Maratha
Dravid Utkala Vanga
Vindhaya Himachal Yamuna, Ganga
Uchchala Jaladhi Taranga
Tav shubh naame jage
Tav shubh aashish maghe
Gahe tava jaya gaatha
Jan-Gan-Mangal-dayak-Jaya hai
Bharata Bhagya Vidhata
Jaya hey, jaya hey, jaya hey
Jaya jaya jaya jaya hey.

Question 2.
Write the national song Vande Mataram.
Answer:
Vande Mataram
Sujalam Suphalam Malayaj-Sheetalam
Sasya Shyamalam Mataram
Vande Mataram
Shubhrajyotsna Pulkita Yaminim
Phula Kusumit Drumadala Shobhinim
Suhasini Sumadhura Bhashinim
Sukhdam Vardam Mataram
Vande Mataram
Koti-koti kantha kalakala ninada Karale
Koti-Koti bhujair dhrita-Khara Kuravalc
Abala kena mueta bale.
Bahubaladharinim, namami tarinim,
Ripudalavarinim Mataram!
Tumi Vidya, tumi dharma,
Tumi hridi, tumi marma,
Tvam hi pranah sharire,
Bahute tumi ma shakti,
Hridaye tumi ma bhakti,
Tomarayipratima gari mandire mandire!
Tyam hi Durga dashap raharana dharini,
Kamala, kamaladalvaiharini,
Vani, Vidyadayini namami tvam,
Namami, Kamalam, amalam, atulam,
Sujalam, Suphalam, Mataram,
Vande Mataram!

Question 3.
What is the significance of the Anthem Jana-Gana-Mana?
Answer:
O Lord! you are the master of the minds of innumerable people and the architect of the destiny of India. Further, illustrating the picture of the dear land it has been said that the people of our provinces Punjab, Sindh, Gujrat, Maharasfitra, Orissa and Bengal our mountains Vindhayachal and the Himalayas and our holy rivers, Ganga, Yamuna and the rising waves of the vast ocean, recite your (God’s) name. We pray to receive your blessings and sing the glory of your countless qualities.

Question 4.
What is the meaning of Vande Mataram?
Answer:
O! Mother Bharat, we salute you.Your water is very pure. You are laden with beautiful flowers. The breezy winds of the south fascinate our minds. Hey! Motherland, we salute you time and again.

Dear Mother! your nights are brightened by the white blooming lights of the moon. And we derive pleasure out of it. The whole of you are laden with flowers and the green and fresh trees lend grace to you. Your smiles and your words bless us with it.

Question 5.
Fill up the blanks:
(a) Jana-Gana-Mana has been composed by- Rabindranath Tagore.
(b) Vande Matram has been written by- Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

Question 6.
On what occasions can the tune of the National Anthem be played?
Answer:

On 15th August at the time of unfurling the National Flag.
On 26th January, the Republic Day celebrations at the time of unfurling the National Flag.
At the time of salutation to the President and the Governor.
At the time of giving prizes to the winning Indian players at International Sports Matches.
At some vast national congregation, at the time of giving honour to the presiding officer.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Guide National Song and Anthem Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
On what occasion can the tune of the National Anthem be played?
(A) On 15th August
(B) On 26th January
(C) At the time of salutation to the President and the Governor.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(A) On 15th August
(B) On 26th January

Question 2.
The name of our two National Songs.
(A) Jana-Gana-Mana and Vande Mataram
(B) Jana-ManS-Gana
(C) Vande Mataram
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) Jana-Gana-Mana and Vande Mataram

Question 3.
Who wrote the Jana-Gana-Mana?
(A) Rabindranath Tagore
(B) Bankim Chandra
(C) Gandhi Ji
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) Rabindranath Tagore

Question 4.
When was our National song firstly sung?
(A) On 27th December 1911
(B) 1920
(C) 1925, December
(D) None of them.
(A) On 27th December 1911
Answer:
(A) On 27th December 1911

Question 5.
When Vande Mataram was sung in congress’s function firstly?
(A) 1896
(B) 1900
(C) 1920
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) 1896

Question 6.
When we sing National Anthem or its tune, what things should be kept in mind?
(A) Standing straight
(B) While singing do not move
(C) Do not talk with each other
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Very Short Answers Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name of our two national songs.
Answer:
Jana-Gana-Mana and Vande Mataram.

Question 2.
Who wrote Jana-Gana-Mana?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 3.
Who wrote our national song Vande Mataram?
Answer:
Bankim Chandra Chatarjee.

Question 4.
When and in which book Vande Mataram is printed?
Answer:
In 1882, Anandamath.

Question 5.
Who gave the music to Vande Mataram?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 6.
When was our National song firstly sung?
Answer:
On 27 December, 1911.

Question 7.
When was Jana-Gana-Mana sung as a national anthem?
Answer:
On 26 January, 1950.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Vande Matram.
Answer:
This song was written in the book ‘Anandamath’ in 1882 by Bankim Chandra Chaterjee. In 1886 the Indian National Congress recited it for the first time on a political occasion. Its music was composed by Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 2.
Write a note on Jana-Gana-Mana.
Answer:
The anthem was recited on 27th December, 1911 at a political, meeting of the Congress. On 24th January, 1950, the Constitution approved the Jana-Gana-Mana as the National Anthem.

Question 3.
When we sing Vande Matram, what things should be kept in mind?
Answer:

Standing straight.
While singing do not talk with each other.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

January 12, 2024January 11, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Book Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Welcome Life Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

Welcome Life Guide for Class 9 PSEB Self Awareness and Self Discipline InText Questions and Answers

Textbook Page No. 1

Dear students! Have you ever thought?

Question 1.
Why can’t a fish fly?
Answer:
To fly, wings are required and fish don’t have the wings. That’s why a fish cannot fly.

Question 2.
Why can all the creatures not climb up a tree?
Answer:
Climbing trees requires a special ability in the body that is not found in all creatures. That’s why only those creatures can climb a tree that has this kind of ability.

Question 3.
Why has Sachin Tendulkar been popular for being a cricketer and not as a painter?
Answer:
Because Sachin Tendulkar did not have the qualities of becoming a painter but had the quality of playing cricket. That’s why, instead of becoming a painter, he become a cricketer.

Question 4.
Why did Lata Mangeshkar grow up to be a singer and not a writer?
Answer:
Because she did not have the quality of becoming a writer but had the quality of becoming a singer.

Answer them

1. I am ……………..
Answer:
Ramesh Kumar

2. My family members feel ……………… because of me.
Answer:
Happy

3. I am very happy when I ……………….
Answer:
When I get maximum marks and stand first in the class.

4. I always worry about …………………
Answer:
I am getting fewer marks in exams.

5. How do you deal with the people you don’t like?
Answer:
I try to talk very less with them.

6. Are all the people always happy with you? Why?
Answer:
Although I try to keep everyone happy and that’s why I always try to fulfill their expectations.

Textbook Page No. 2

Activity

Question 1.
You have to answer the questions asked about you on the following rating scale. Each question has three possible answers. You chose the most suitable answer for you.
PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline Img 1
After answering the above questions. you have to analyze yourself. The components, you have answered with ‘Always’ are your strengths. You have to keep them up. Try to improve the aspects with the answers ‘Sometimes’. The traits for which your answer is ‘Never’ are definitely your weaknesses and you have to overcome them.

Answer:

S.No.	Questions	Always	Sometimes	Never
1.	I am Optimistic.	✓
2.	I adapt myself to changing situations easily.	✓
3.	I am a self-confident person.	✓
4.	I can easily do whatever I want to do.	✓
5.	I easily leave my impression on others.	✓
6.	I always perform my work with full devotion and dedication.	✓
7.	I happily accept my weaknesses.	✓
8.	I always help others in their work.	✓
9.	I am always ready to learn something new.	✓
10.	I always try my level best to remove my mistakes and weaknesses.	✓

Textbook Page No. 2 and 3

Now answer these questions with what you feel in the following situations :

Question 1.
If someone criticizes me.
Answer:
I give thought to it and try to correct my mistake.

Question 2.
When I see the progress of other students in my class.
Answer:
I feel happy that they are doing progress.

Question 3.
When I cannot make changes in things and situations according to my wish.
Answer:
I try to find the reason why I cannot change things.

Question 4.
I have set my goal for life and to achieve that goal.
Answer:
I will do more hard work to achieve the goal.

Question 5.
When I do something wrong.
Answer:
I try to do it again to make it correct.

Textbook Page No. 5

Dear students ! as you know we are a part of our society, just like the beads in a rosary. If a single bead is not good, it will change the grace of the rosary. Every person performs his duty towards society in his best possible responsible way. The development of this sense of responsibility starts at an early age. Childhood and adolescence are the foundation periods of life for the development of this trait of human personality. We know that we can perform our duty towards others well only if we know our responsibility towards ourselves. It is possible only if every aspect of our personality is developed well. So before learning our sense of responsibility towards others, we must take care of the development of various aspects of our personality like physical, emotional, and social development.

Question 1.
What do you know about the proper development of physical, emotional, and social development?
Answer:
Physical Development: When our physical and mental development is done properly according to age, it is called physical development.
Emotional Development: It means there exist every type of emotion within ourselves such as love, sympathy, sense of cooperation, etc.
Social Development: It means that an individual must contribute fully to the development of society. As man is a social animal, that’s why he must have this type of feeling.

Textbook Page No.5

Activity

Responsibility Towards Yourself

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline Img 2
Answer:

I will do proper exercise to keep myself fit and healthy.

I will develop every type of feeling within myself for my emotional development.

I will live and cooperate with others and develop the feeling of cooperation.

Responsibility Towards Family

The person comes in contact with his family first. Family is such a social institution, where the person is born. He/She shares all his/her joys and sorrows with his/her family members. So he/she has certain liabilities and responsibilities towards the family members. Let us see

Question 1.
What is your responsibility towards your family?
Answer:
I will keep my family happy by fulfilling my duties and responsibilities. With this, I will become a better citizen of the country.

Textbook Page No. 6

Responsibility Towards School

Question 1.
What is your responsibility towards your school?
Answer:
Maintain discipline in school, not damage school’s property, cooperate with my friends and teachers, etc.

Question 2.
How will you fulfill your responsibility towards your school?
Answer:
I will remain with my friends, will follow rules made by the school, will not damage the school’s property, will obey the orders given by teachers, etc.

Responsibility Towards Society And Nation

Question 1.
What is your responsibility towards your society and nation? How will you perform it?
Answer:
My responsibility is to be a good citizen of the nation. For this, I will perform all the duties honestly and will not do anything against the laws of the land.

Answer the following questions in Yes or No :

1. If any of my family members is unwell. I always take care of him/her. (Yes/No)
Answer:
Yes

2. I help my mother with household works. (Yes/No)
Answer:
Yes

3. In school, I always keep in discipline even if the teacher is not in the classroom. I contribute to school beautification also. (Yes/No)
Answer:
Yes

4. Keeping in mind the convenience of the neighbors, I always listen to the music at a lower volume. (Yes/No)
Answer:
Yes

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Guide Self Awareness and Self Discipline Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Right from the ages, ……………….. is running to find his identity.
(a) Man
(b) Lion
(c) Elephant
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Man.

2. Man is a ………….. animal.
(a) Political
(b) Social
(c) Economic
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Social

3. The subconscious mind is more hidden than the visible part of the …………….
(a) individual
(b) personality
(c) brain
(d) mind
Answer:
(b) personality

4. The main motive of ……………. is to identify oneself.
(a) self-consciousness
(b) society
(c) personality
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) self-consciousness

5. Every individual Is always having a …………………..
(a) quality
(b) shortcoming
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) both (a) and (b).

6. A person’s true identity is formed when he does not let his ……………… overwhelm him.
(a) quality
(b) shortcoming
(C) brain
(d) personality.
Answer:
(b) shortcoming.

7. ……………………. is very much necessary for us.
(a) Discipline
(b) Quality
(c) Shortcoming
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Discipline.

8. We must know the value of ………………
(a) society
(b) time
(c) brain
(d) discipline.
Answer:
(b) time.

9. There is a need to make a ………………. for the proper usage of time.
(a) plan
(b) personality
(c) house
(d) office
Answer:
(a) plan

10. How can we make the planning of time?
(a) By making a plan
(b) Dividing work on a priority basis
(c) By making tune table
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Fill in the Blanks:

1. We must make a time ………………
Answer:
table

2. We must know the importance of ……………
Answer:
time

3. ……………….. is a must in life.
Answer:
Discipline

4. First of all, an individual comes in contact with
Answer:
family

5. Family is an …………….. which always stands with us.
Answer:
institution

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (x) Statement:

1. We must know the importance of time.
Answer:
✓

2. Disciplined person gets success in life.
Answer:
✓

3. There is no importance of the feeling of responsibility.
Answer:
x

4. Man is not a social animal.
Answer:
x

5. Every individual has some qualities and shortcomings.
Answer:
✓

Match the Following:

(A)	(b)
Self Consciousness	Institution
Quality	Internal
Importance of time	Part of personality
Responsibility	Making time table
Family	Remain in discipline

Answer:

(A)	(b)
Self Consciousness	Internal
Quality	Part of personality
Importance of time	Making time table
Responsibility	Remain in discipline
Family	Institution

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who is looking for his identity from the ages?
Answer:
Man is looking for his identity from the ages.

Question 2.
What is the actual motive of Self Consciousness?
Answer:
The actual motive of self-consciousness is to identify oneself.

Question 3.
What is important before you can properly coordinate with others?
Answer:
There is definitely a need to understand oneself.

Question 4.
Every person is born with few things within himself. Name anyone.
Answer:
Every person is born with natural qualities.

Question 5.
Do a person’s qualities come out automatically?
Answer:
No, there is a need to find qualities hidden within an individual.

Question 6.
How can we express ourselves?
Answer:
By finding our strength and improving it, we can express ourselves.

Question 7.
When a person’s true identity is formed?
Answer:
When we do not let our shortcomings overwhelm us and by doing cooperate with others.

Question 8.
What is required to create a person’s true identity?
Answer:
He needs to remain in Self-discipline to create his true identity.

Question 9.
Is nature work within the discipline?
Answer:
Yes, nature has a fixed time to do any work.

Question 10.
Tell one method of time management?
Answer:
We must make a timetable and work according to it.

Question 11.
How could we waste our precious time?
Answer:
When we don’t focus on work, we waste our precious time.

Question 12.
When does a sense of responsibility begin to develop?
Answer:
Right from childhood, a sense of responsibility begins to develop.

Question 13.
When can we fulfill our responsibility properly?
Answer:
When all the aspects of our personality are developed, we can say that we can fulfill our responsibility properly.

Question 14.
Who does the person first come in contact with?
Answer:
First of all, he comes in contact with his family.

Question 15.
Who stands with us in our bad times?
Answer:
Family stands with us in our bad times.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the chief purpose of having Self-awareness?
Answer:
Man is a social animal and he is running for ages to find his true existence. For his proper adjustment in society, he needs to properly understand himself. There are many hidden qualities in himself. A large part of his personality is hidden within him. That’s why the chief objective of having self-awareness is actually knowing this hidden part of his.

Question 2.
When a person’s true identity is formed?
Answer:
Every individual is having many qualities but with these qualities, there are few shortcomings as well. A person’s true identity in society is formed when he does not allow his shortcomings to overwhelm him. At the same time, he must not be jealous of others but always ready to cooperate with them. So, all this can happen if he keeps himself in the discipline.

Question 3.
Why is punctuality important?
Answer:
Time and punctuality are very important in a person’s life. Every work is done on time and every work should be done on time. It is said that if a task is not done on time then the task is in vain. Sometimes if work is not done on time, then both work and time become useless. Just as nature does everything on time, so we should do everything on time.

Question 4.
Showtime management through a picture.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline Img 3

Long Answer Type Question:

Question 1.
Explain the sense of responsibility.
Answer:
We all live in society and while living in society, we have many responsibilities towards society. It is expected of everyone to fulfill his responsibilities. Right from childhood, the sense of responsibility starts to develop. From childhood, we begin to develop the qualities we have and also the quality of responsibilities begins to improve. We can fulfill our responsibilities to others if our personality is fully developed. If our personality is well developed then we can fix the responsibilities as well. We also have many duties and responsibilities towards ourselves and we have to fulfill those duties so that we can develop physically, socially, and emotionally. If we develop properly, we will definitely be able to take responsibility.

Source-Based Question:

Question 1.
Read the source and answer the questions that follow :
From the very beginning of civilization, man is struggling to find his identity. He has been wandering here and there for centuries in search of his true existence. As we all know, man is a social animal. For his proper adjustment in society, he needs to have proper coordination with others in order to understand others properly, it is necessary to know ourselves first, when we say that we know someone, actually it is not all true. What we see, is only a small part of one’s personality and most of the person is hidden in his/her unconsciousness. The person, sometimes even himself does not know his hidden self. The chief purpose of having self-awareness is actually knowing about this hidden part of us.

1. Why is a man wandering for centuries?
Answer:
For centuries, man is wandering here and there to find his true existence.

2. What type of animal is a man?
Answer:
Man is a social animal.

3. What is the objective of Self-awareness?
Answer:
The objective of Self-awareness is to actually know about oneself.

4. What is self-consciousness?
Answer:
Self-consciousness is a feeling in an individual to examine everything and to check whether the thing is right or wrong.

5. What is the subconscious mind?
Answer:
Much is hidden in the mind of a person about which he is hardly aware. That part of the mind is known as the subconscious mind.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

January 12, 2024January 11, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Science Guide for Class 7 PSEB Physical and Chemical Changes Intext Questions and Answers

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 59)

Question 1.
Mention whether the cutting of paper is a reversible or irreversible change.
Answer:
Cutting a paper is not a reversible change because the pieces cannot be reconnected to form the original piece. So this is an irreversible change

Question 2.
Is the cutting of paper a physical or a chemical change?
Answer:
Cutting of paper into pieces changes its shape, but no new material is formed. Therefore, it is a physical change.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 59)

Question 1.
Can you recover chalk from dust?
Answer:
Yes we can get chalk from chalk powder by making a paste of chalk powder. Then giving it a shape of chalk and allowing it to become dry.

Question 2.
Does chalk powder dissolve in water?
Answer:
No, chalk powder is insoluble in water.

Question 3.
What is the nature of above change. Is it physical or chemical?
Answer:
Chalk powder can be made into chalk, meaning you can get the basic substance (chalk powder) from it which has same properties as before but has changed in shape and size. It can be beaten to make chalk powder again. So this is a physical change only.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 60)

Question 1.
Ice melts into water with ……………….. in temperature.
Answer:
Ice melts into water with increase in temperature.

Question 2.
Water changes to ice with …………………. in temperature.
Answer:
Water changes to ice with decrease in temperature.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 61)

Question 1.
What is Evaporation ?
Answer:
Evaporation. This is the process by which a liquid is heated to a certain temperature and get converted into its gaseous form.

Question 2.
Define Condensation.
Answer:
Condensation. This is the process by which the vapours are cooled and converted into a liquid. This process is the opposite of evaporation process.
In the same way if the water vapours are cooled, then they are converted into water (liquid form).

Question 3.
Water changes into gaseous form with ………………… in temperature.
Answer:
Water changes into gaseous form with increase in temperature.

Question 4.
Water changes from gaseous state to liquid state with ………………. of temperature.
Answer:
Water changes from gaseous state to liquid state with decrease of temperature.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 61)

Question 1.
Which colour do you notice on heating the free end of hacksaw blade ?
Answer:
When heated, the free of the blade becomes red and when it is removed from the fire it is cooled and returns to its original colour.

Question 2.
Is the physical change reversible or irreversible ?
Answer:
Physical change is a reversible change because no new substances having new properties are seen to be formed in the process and on reversing the circumstances it returns to its original state.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 62)

Question 1.
Define a physical change.
Answer:
Physical change. It is a temporary change in which the physical properties of an object change such as change in colour, size, length, etc.

Question 2.
Is a new substance formed during a physical change ?
Answer:
During physical change no new substance with new properties is formed.

Question 3.
Explain any two examples of physical change from your surroundings.
Answer:
Examples of physical change:

Melting of wax,
Melting of ice,
Freezing of water into ice,
Dissolving sugar in water.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 64)

Question 1.
What type of metal oxide is formed on burning of magnesium ribbon ?
Answer:
Magnesium combines with oxygen of the air to form Magnesium ribbons. Magnesium oxide is a basic oxide.

Question 2.
What is the colour of magnesium oxide formed on heating magnesium ?
Answer:
Magnesium ribbon during combustion form white coulred powder of magnesium oxide.

Question 3.
Which paper do you use to check acidic or basic nature of any solution ?
Answer:
To test the nature of magnesium oxide, red litmus paper is used, which turns blue because the solution is basic (alkaline) in nature.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 65)

Question 1.
What is the common name of copper sulphate ?
Answer:
The common name for Copper sulphate is Blue vitriol.

Question 2.
Write the colour and chemical formula of ferrous sulphate.
Answer:
The chemical formula of Iron sulphate is FeSO₄ and colour of iron sulphate is green.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 66)

Question 1.
What is the formula of lime water ?
Answer:
Chemical formula of lime water is Ca(OH)₂.

Question 2.
How the presence of CO₂ gas can be detected ?
Answer:
When Carbon dioxide gas is passed through freshly prepared lime water, then lime water turns milky due to the formation of calcium carbonate.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 1

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 67)

Question 1.
What is a chemical change ?
Answer:
Chemical change. A change in which one or more new substances are formed which differ in structure and properties from the original reacting substances, is called chemical change.

Question 2.
Write two observations to see chemical change.
Answer:

Formation of a substance having new properties.
Change in chemical composition.

Question 3.
What is lime water ?
Answer:
Lime water a solution of Calcium hydroxide.

Question 4.
What happens when carbon dioxide is passed through lime water ?
Answer:
When carbon dioxide passes through lime water, calcium carbonate is formed due to which its colour becomes milky.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 2

Question 5.
Name the gas evolved when acetic acid (vinegar) reacts with baking soda.
Answer:
When vinegar (Acetic acid) reacts with baking soda, it produces carbon dioxide gas.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 3

Question 6.
What is the colour and formula of copper sulphate ?
Answer:
Colour of Copper sulphate. Blue Chemical formula of Copper sulphate. CuSO₄

Question 7.
Name some compounds formed as a result of chemical reactions.
Answer:
Names of some compounds formed as a result of chemical reactions-

Calcium carbonate,
Sodium chloride,
Sodium nitrate,
Copper Sulphate,
Water,
Carbon dioxide,
Magnesium oxide.

Question 8.
In Chapter 5, you neutralised an acid with a base. Is neutralisation a chemical change ?
Answer:
Neutralisation is a chemical change because acids and alkalis combine to form salt and water as products. The composition and properties of salts are different from acid nor alkali, i.e. a new substance with new properties is formed. From this it is clear that neutralisation is a chemical change.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 69)

Question 1.
What is end product in the process of crystallisation ?
Answer:
In the process of crystallization only clear crystals are formed. No new substance having new composition and new properties is formed. So this is a physical change.

Question 2.
When will you stop dissolving copper sulphate powder to hot water ?
Answer:
Continue to dissolve the Copper Sulphate powder in hot water till it is not possible to dissolve more of Copper sulphate. This state is called the saturation state. When more copper sulphate cannot be dissolved, then leave the solution to cool.

PSEB 7th Class Science Guide Physical and Chemical Changes Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) A changes in which only physical properties of a substance are changed, is a ……………….
change.
Answer:
Physical

(ii) Changes that lead to formation of new substance are called ………………. changes.
Answer:
Chemical Change

(iii) Fossil fuels produce …………………. gas on burning.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide

(iv) When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, it turns ……………… .
Answer:
Milky White

(v) ……………….. is the method for the prevention of rusting of iron objects.
Answer:
Coating

2. Match the Column ‘A’ with Column ‘B’:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(i) Physical change	(a) Galvanization
(ii) Chemical change	(b) Formation of a new substance
(iii) Prevention from rusting	(c) Mixing of vinegar and Baking Soda
(iv) Evolution of carbon dioxide	(d) Reversible change

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(i) Physical change	(d) Reversible change
(ii) Chemical change	(b) Formation of a new substance
(iii) Prevention from rusting	(a) Galvanization
(iv) Evolution of carbon dioxide	(c) Mixing of vinegar and Baking Soda

3. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
The example of chemical change is:
(a) erruption of volcano
(b) burning of candle
(c) cooking of food
(d All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question (ii)
When acetic acid is mixed with baking soda, the gas evolved is:
(a) hydrogen
(b) oxygen
(c) carbon dioxide
(d) carbon monoxide
Answer:
(c) carbon dioxide.

Question (iii)
For rusting of iron objects, the essential requirement is:
(a) air (oxygen)
(b) moisture (water)
(c) open surface of object
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question (iv)
For prevention of rust, we use:
(a) a coat of oil and grease
(b) a coat of paint
(b) galvanization
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question (v)
The chemical formula of Rust is:
(a) Fe₂O₃
(b) FeCO₃
(c) Fe₂O₃xH₂O)
(d) FeCO₃.xH₂O
Answer:
(c) Fe₂O₃xH₂O).

4. State True or False:

(i) Cutting a log of wood into pieces is a chemical change.
Answer:
True

(ii) Formation of manure from leaves is a physical change.
Answer:
False

(iii) Iron pipes coated with zinc do not get rusted easily.
Answer:
True

(iv) Iron and rust are the same substances.
Answer:
False

(v) Condensation of steam is not a chemical change.
Answer:
True

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
What is Rust ? Write its chemical formula.
Answer:
Rust.
When iron and items made of iron are exposed to the environment then the objects are attacked both by oxygen (air) and moisture present in the atmosphere. The surface of iron and iron items get covered by a layer of red, brown or orange color substance. This layer is called rust and this process is called corrosion of iron (Rusting of iron).
Chemical formula of rust: Fe₂O₃xH₂O)

Question (ii)
Write the conditions necessary for rusting of iron.
Answer:
Conditions for rusting are:

The open surface of an object made of iron.
Presence of air (oxygen).
Presence of moisture (water).

Question (iii)
Why are iron objects painted frequently ?
Answer:
Iron objects are painted so that the surface is not exposed to air (oxygen) and water in order to prevent the surface of iron from rusting.

Question (iv)
What is galvanization ?
Answer:
Galvanization. The process of depositing a layer of inert metal such as aluminium or zinc on the surface of iron objects, is called Galvanization.

Question (v)
Name two metals which are deposited on the surface of iron objects during the process of galvanization.
Answer:
Metals that are deposited on Iron are:

Chromium and
Nickel.

Question (vi)
Burning of candle is an example of which type of change-physical or chemical change ? Give reasons.
Answer:
Burning of candle is a chemical change because the wich of candle is made up of carbon and hydrogen. Candle flame burns to produce carbon dioxide and water which enters the atmosphere. On the other hand candle wax melts as a result of which its length decreases. Which is a physical change. Therefore it is an example of both physical and a chemical change.

Question (vii)
Why burning of fireworks is harmful ?
Answer:
The explosion of fireworks is a chemical change. Such explosions produce heat, light, noise and toxic gases, which pollute the atmosphere. So the pleasure of exploding fireworks is harmful exercise. The process of obtaining you are, therefore, advised not to use firecrackers.

Question (viii)
What is crystallisation ?
Answer:
Crystallisation.
Pure and large-sized geometrical shape of a substance from saturated solution of a substance is called crystallisation.

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Mixing of baking soda and vinegar is a chemical change or a physical change. Discuss.
Answer:
When Vinegar (acetic acid) is mixed with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) carbon dioxide, sodium acetate and water are formed. The composition and properties of these products are .very different from the reactants vinegar and baking soda, i.e. new substances with new properties are formed. So this reaction is a chemical change.

Question (ii)
Explain how cutting and burning wood are different type of change ?
Answer:
Cutting a piece of wood is a physical change because there is no formation of new substance having new properties.
Burning of wood on the other hand is a chemical change because after burning wood new substances carbondioxide water and ash are formed. We cannot reverse the process to get original substance (wood).

Question (iii)
What will happen when carbon dioxide is passed through lime water ?
Answer:
When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, lime water becomes milky as it becomes Calcium carbonate.

Question (iv)
Why does the colour of copper sulphate (CuSO₄) solution change, when an iron nail is dipped into it ? Write chemical equation also.
Answer:
Iron nail dipped here iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution in Copper sulphate solution changes the colour of Copper sulphate solution from blue to green due to the
formation of Iron sulphate.
Chemical Equation:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 4

Question (v)
Magnesium ribbon is burnt and the ash formed is mixed with water. Now answer the following:
(a) Write equation for the burning of magnesium.
(b) What will happen when the mixture of ash and water is added to (a) blue litmus solution and (b) red litmus solution.
(c) Name the substances formed by mixing ash and water. Is acidic or basic ?
Answer:
(a) 2Mg + O₂ > 2MgO (Magnesium oxide)

(b) When blue litmus is added to a solution of magnesium ash and water it does not change in colour. But on adding red litmus, the colour of litmus turns blue. This is because the solution of magnesium oxide is alkaline therefore, turns red litmus to blue.

7. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
What are physical and chemical changes ? Write differences between physical and chemical changes.
Answer:
Physical change.
It is a temporary change in which only the physical properties of a substance change i.e. change in colour, size, length, etc. This is therefore, a physical change. Physical change can be reversed by reversing the conditions. No new substance is formed in such a change.
Examples : Melting of wax, freezing of water into ice, magnetization of iron etc.

Chemical change.
A change in which new substances with one or more new properties are formed is called chemical change.
Examples : Burning of coal or wood, making of yogurt from milk, burning of magnesium ribbon, food spoilage, etc.

Differences between Physical and Chemical changes:

Physical change	Chemical change
(i) This is a temporary change.	(i) This is a permanent change.
(ii) No new substance is formed in it.	(ii) New substances with new properties are formed in it.
(iii) Products can be returned by simple methods.	(iii) Products cannot be reversed by ordinary means.
(iv) No difference in the composition of the substance.	(iv) Great difference in the composition of material.
(v) There is no energy change.	(v) There is energy change.

Question (ii)
What do you understand by rusting of iron ? Write the necessary conditions required for rusting of iron objects. How rusting of iron and iron objects can be prevented ?
Answer:
Iron rust.
This is a change in which iron and iron products are attacked when they come in contact with atmospheric air (oxygen) and moisture (water). As a result of this a reddish layer is formed on the surface of iron. This process weakens the strength of iron. This process and is called corrosion. This red dish brown layer formed on iron surface is called rust.

Conditions required for rusting :
(1) The open surface of an iron object.
(2) Presence of air (oxygen)
(3) Presence of moisture (water).

Measures to prevent iron from rusting : By preventing iron objects from coming into contact with oxygen (air) and water, we can prevent or reduce the process of rusting iron.

Iron can be prevented from rusting in the following ways :
(1) Applying a grease or oil coating. Applying a thin layer of grease / oil on the surface of iron products can prevent rusting.

(2) Paint. Corrosion can be prevented by applying a uniform and continuous layer of paint on the surface.

(3) Galvanisation. By depositing a layer of inert metal on the iron surface, the iron surface can be prevented from coming in contact with air and water. This process is called Galvanisation. Metals such as chromium and nickel are commonly used for iron coating.

Question (iii)
Give detail of process of crystallisation of copper sulphate (CuSO₄).
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 5
Method of making crystals of Copper Sulphate. Fill a beaker with water add a few drops of sulphuric acid. Heat it on a spirit lamp. When water starts boiling, add Copper sulphate powder slowly in it and keep stirring the solution. When the copper sulphate dissolves, add more copper sulphate powder until it does not dissolve any more powder. It is a saturated solution of Copper sulphate. Now leave this solution to cool. After a while you will see crystals of Copper sulphate formed. Filter it and keep the crystals to dry.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Physical and Chemical Changes Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks:

(i) When carbondioxide is passed through lime water, it turns milky due to formation of ……………… .
Answer:
Calcium carbonate

(ii) The chemical name of baking soda is …………………
Answer:
Sodium bi-carbonate

(iii) Two methods by which rusting of iron can be prevented are ………………. and …………..
Answer:
Painting, galvanization

(iv) Changes in which only …………………. properties of a substance change are called physical
changes.
Answer:
physical

(v) Changes in which new substances are formed are called ………………… changes.
Answer:
chemical

2. Match the Column I with Column II:

Column I	Column II
(i) Carbon dioxide	(a) Temporary change
(ii) Chemical changes	(b) Turns lime water milky
(iii) Burning of magnesium wire in air	(c) Evaporation
(iv) Physical change	(d) Chemical change
(v) Conversion of water to vapours.	(e) Formation of new products

Answer:

Column I	Column II
(i) Carbon dioxide	(b) Turns lime water milky
(ii) Chemical changes	(e) Formation of new products
(iii) Burning of magnesium wire in air	(d) Chemical change
(iv) Physical change	(a) Temporary change
(v) Conversion of water to vapours.	(c) Evaporation

3. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Rust is:
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Oxygen
(c) Iron
(d) Iron oxide
Answer:
(d) Iron oxide.

Question (ii)
Which of the following is not a physical transformation?
(a) Rusting of iron
(b) Melting of ice
(c) Dissolving sugar in water
(d) Freezing of water
Answer:
(a) Rusting of iron

Question (iii)
…………………. is a physical change.
(a) Rusting of iron
(b) Burning of magnesium ribbon
(c) Switching on light bulb
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Switching on light bulb.

Question (iv)
Whose crystals cannot be obtained?
(a) Sodium Chloride
(b) Copper Sulphate
(c) Carbon
(d) Iron sulphate
Answer:
(c) Carbon.

Question (v)
…………….. is the reaction of acid and alkali.
(a) Mixing
(b) Neutralisation
(c) Galvanization
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Neutralisation.

Question (vi)
The method of zinc coating on iron object is:
(a) Making alloys
(b) Neutralisation
(c) Galvanization
(d) Crystallization
Answer:
(c) Galvanization.

State True or False:

(i) Cutting a log of wood into pieces is a chemical change.
Answer:
False

(ii) Formation of manure from leaves is a physical change.
Answer:
False

(iii) Iron pieces coated with zinc do not get rusted easily.
Answer:
True

(iv) Iron and rust are the same substances.
Answer:
False

(v) Condensation of steam is not a chemical change.
Answer:
True

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which type of change occurs when a rubber band is stretched ?
Answer:
Physical change.

Question 2.
Give an example of physical change caused due to air.
Answer:
Blowing a balloon.

Question 3.
What happens when a chemical change takes place ?
Answer:
New substance having new properties is formed.

Question 4.
What is rust ?
Answer:
Rust. It is a film of brownish iron oxide formed on iron articles due to moist air of the atmosphere.

Question 5.
What are two conditions necessary for rusting ?
Answer:
Presence of (i) air and (ii) water.

Question 6.
What happens when ash obtained from burning magnesium ribbon is dissolved in water ?
Answer:
Magnesium hydroxide is formed.

Question 7.
What is the nature of magnesium hydroxide ?
Answer:
It is basic in nature.

Question 8.
What is colour of copper sulphate solution ?
Answer:
Blue.

Question 9.
What happens when a nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution ?
Answer:
Blue colour of copper sulphate solution changes to green colour.

Question 10.
Which gas is formed when vinegar is mixed with baking soda ?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Classify the following as physical or chemical changes:
(i) Melting of glass.
(ii) Burning of agarbatti.
(iii) Tearing of cloth.
(iv) Formation of seed from flower.
(v) Cooking of food.
(vi) Formation of cloud.
Answer:
Physical changes. Melting of glass, Tearing of cloth, Formation of cloud.
Chemical changes. Burning of agarbatti, Formation of seed from flower, Cooking of food.

Question 2.
Write characteristics of a physical change.
Answer:
Characteristics of a physical change:

The final products are similar to the original substances.
No new substances are formed.
This change is easily reversible.
It is a temporary change.
The energy evolved during this change is very low.
The total mass of reactants as well as products remains same.

Question 3.
Give characteristics of chemical change.
Answer:
Characteristics of chemical change:

One or more new substances are formed.
It is a permanent change and cannot be reversed easily.
Energy change during chemical change is usually large.
Total mass of reactants and products remains constant during the change.

Question 4.
Why is burning magnesium ribbon a chemical change ?
Answer:
Burning of Magnesium ribbon. When magnesium ribbon is burned in air, it gives out white bright light and changes into white ash. Since ash (magnesium oxide) is a new substance having different properties. So, burning of magnesium ribbon is a chemical change.

Question 5.
Why dissolving sugar in water is a physical change ?
Answer:
Dissolution of sugar in water. When sugar crystals are stirred in water, a clear solution is obtained. It is a physical change on the following basis:

No new substance is formed.
Sugar can be recovered by the process of crystallization.
The change is not accompained by heat.
Mass of sugar solution is equal to mass of water and sugar crystals.

Question 6.
When baking soda is mixed with lemon juice, bubbles are formed with the evolution of gas. What type of a change is it ? Explain.
Answer:
When baking soda is mixed with lemon juice (a weak acid) then carbondioxide is evolved in the form of bubbles.
This change is an example of a chemical change.

Question 7.
Explain why burning of wood and cutting it into small pieces are considered as two different types of changes.
Answer:
Burning of wood is a chemical change as wood on burning produces gases and ash.
Cutting of wood into its pieces have same physical properties. It is therefore, a physical change.

Question 8.
Explain how painting of an iron gate prevents it from rusting.
Answer:
Prevention of iron gate from rusting by painting. Rusting occurs in the presence of both water and air. If a coat of paint is applied to iron gate, its contact with air is broken and rusting is prevented.

Question 9.
Explain why rusting of iron objects is faster in coastal areas than in deserts.
Answer:
Faster rusting in coastal areas. The presence of humid air in coastal areas increases the rate of rusting. But on the other hand in deserts, air is dry, which inhibits the rate of rusting of iron.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
What is crystallization? How will you prepare crystals of alum?
Answer:
Crystallization. It is the process of separating a pure substance in the form of crystals having well defined, geometrical shape from its hot saturated solution by cooling. This process is very commonly used to purify solid substances.
To prepare crystals of alum
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 6
Take some distilled water in a beaker. Go on adding alum powder in installments slowly simultaneously with continuous stirring of the solution with a glass rod. Heat the beaker gently and try to dissolve more alum powder till it stops dissolving more alum powder. Filter the hot saturated solution in a glass beaker and allow it to cool. Observe the solution. Well-defined crystals of alum will be obtained after some time.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid

January 12, 2024January 11, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Physical Education Chapter 1 First Aid

Physical Education Guide for Class 8 PSEB First Aid Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is first aid?
Answer:
First Aid:
The aid given to the wounded or the patient till the doctor arrives or is approached is called First Aid. During play, players receive many wounds or cuts, and if they do not receive first aid timely, they may become crippled or handicapped for life. As such, it is very essential for Physical Education teachers and students to have knowledge of First Aid. They should be fully familiar with the symptoms and the principles of treatment of injuries received by players so that they may help the injured. Sometimes these injuries prove fatal when first aid is not available.

Importance:
In today’s world of science, human life is greatly influenced by technological advances, as a result of which many accidents occur. No wonder people continue to get injured or wounded. If the injured gets timely first aid, his life can be saved easily. The ways and means adopted to save the life of the injured or to lessen his pain before the doctor arrives or is approached constitute First Aid. Accidents can occur anywhere and anytime, at home and outside.

The first job in the First Aid is to prevent the flow of blood from the injury because excess of blood loss may prove to be fatal. Blood can flow from injuries received in different parts of the body. If timely and proper First Aid is available to the injured, problems which may crop up later can be avoided. The injured can be saved from untimely and sudden painful death by providing proper First Aid in time. In the treatment and cure of the injured, First Aid plays an important role.

Question 2.
What are the objectives of first aid?
Answer:
The objectives of first aid are as follows:

To carry the victim to a nearby hospital or a doctor at the earliest.
To promote recovery.
To prevent any further injury.
To save the life of the victim.

Question 3.
Which things can be included in a first aid box?
Answer:
The following things can be included in the first aid box:

Bandages: Triangular, round and warm.
Splints of different sizes.
Thermometer, forceps, scissors, torch and safety pins.
ORS sachets.
Lecoper or adhesive tape.
An inhaler.
A measuring beaker or glass.
A cotton packet.
Antiseptics, germicides, spirit, betadine, boric acid, soap, burnol, tincher iodine and dettol.
Sterilized cotton balls.

Question 4.
Write the rules of first aid.
Answer:
The rules of first aid are as follows:
1. Immediate Aid:
First Aid should be given to the injured at the earliest possible. There should be no hesitation or fear in providing First Aid because no time should be wasted in thinking. Immediate decisions have to be taken to save the life of the injured.

2. Artificial Respiration:
If a person is unconscious, and is not breathing, he should be given artificial respiration. A person suffering from heart attack can also be saved by artificial respiration.

3. Sympathetic Attitude:
The injured person gets extremely frightened. So a sympathetic attitude and good will prove to be very important. These are beneficial in removing the fear in the mind of the injured.

4. Prevention of bleeding:
The flow of blood from the injury should be stopped at the earliest as the excessive loss of blood may endanger the life of the injured.

5. Keeping the injured away from the crowd:
When a person gets involved in an accident, many people come and surround him from all sides. It prevents the flow of fresh air to the injured and the person also gets frightened and upset. So steps should be taken to keep the injured away from the crowd, and to provide First Aid at the earliest.

6. Immediate Medical Aid:
The Medical aid should be arranged for the injured immediately. No untrained person should be allowed to use hit and trial methods of treatment.

Question 5.
Who is a first aider?
Answer:
A person who has got a certified course of first aid training from an authentic organization is called a first aider.

Question 6.
Write the qualities of a first aider.
Answer:
The qualities of a first aider are as under-

A First Aider should be a person who seeks comfort and joy in serving others and who looks upon his job as his religious duty.
He/She should have the maximum knowledge of medical sciences, particularly the person should be quite well versed in Anatomy and Physiology.
He/She should be capable of understanding the nature of injury, and should be properly trained in First Aid.
He/She should be a person of genial nature and self-confidence.
He/She should be capable of understanding the mental state of the injured.
He/She should have patience, devotion and dedication.
He/She should be capable of giving First Aid in a very natural, affectionate manner.
He/She should be capable of encouraging the injured.
He/She should be familiar with all those points which are relevant in providing First Aid.
All necessary medicines should always be ready for use in his First Aid box.
A high academic qualification is not sufficient for a First Aider. He should have developed in him qualities of high moral character.

Question 7.
What do you know about (CPR)?
Answer:
C.P.R. stands for Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation.
If the pulse of the patient is not felt and the victim is unconscious, CPR methods should be used to restart his heartbeat and working of the lungs. Place the palms of your hands on the patient’s heart and press hard for about thirteen times. Then give mouth to mouth respiration twice. Repeat the procedure till the pulse of the victim is felt. If CRP is performed properly on time life of the victims can be saved.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid 1

C.P.R. should be given when:

The victim is unconscious.
Victim’s eyes are still.
The pulse of the victim is not felt.
There is no heart beat (Cardiac arrest).

C.P.R. should not to be performed:

If the victim is finding difficulty in breathing.
If the victim is suffering from a heart attack.

Question 8.
What do you know about mouth to mouth respiration?
Answer:
Mouth to Mouth Artificial Respiration:
The first aider puts his mouth on the mouth of the victim and gives artificial respiration till the victim’s chest fills up with air and swells up. This action should be repeated 12 to 16 times or until the victim starts breathing.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid 2
Steps involved in Mouth to Mouth Artificial Respiration are as follows:

Remove any blockage from the victim’s mouth.
Hold the victim’s chin with one hand and with the other hand close his nose tightly.
Finally, blow the breath forcefully into the victim’s mouth.

Question 9.
How artificial respiration can be given by using Schafer’s method? Explain.
Answer:
When a person is feeling difficulty in breathing then artificial breathing must be given to save his life. One of the methods, namely Schafer’s method is given below:

Schafer’s Method:
1. Position of the Patient:
Lie down the patient on earth by his face and belly touching the earth. His arms must be above his head, palm facing downward. Turn his face towards one side and loosen his clothes. If patient is lying on prone position, change it or reverse it, lift his arms away from his body.

2. Position of the Operator:
First Aider should sit beside the waist of the patient putting his knee on the floor. Heels must be little away, while sitting his face must be towards the head of the patient. After sitting, first aider should keep his hands on the back of the patient in a way that one hand will be on the backbone and other will be to its opposite. Wrist and thumb must be together, fingers towards earth, while keeping both arms straight.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid 3

3. Application of the Artificial Respiration:
First aider should put his body weight, while moving ahead, on the waist of the patient. By doing so the belly and other parts of the body of the patient would be pressed towards earth and from the centre diaphragm will also go down and the whole air of the lungs will be exhaled. These activities should be done within two seconds, after putting the weight on the patient for two seconds, the first aider will shift the weight on the toes slowly. The part of the belly would come back on original position and diaphragm will go down. Air wilkgo in the lungs. It should be performed within three seconds. Both activities must be executed within five seconds. It should be repeated twelve times within one minute. Artificial respiration must be continued till the patient starts
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid 4

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Guide First Aid Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The objectives of First Aid:
(A) To take the patient to the near Hospital.
(B) To promote recovery.
(C) Prevent any further injury.
(D) To save the life of victim.
Answer:
(A) To take the patient to the near Hospital.
(B) To promote recovery.
(C) Prevent any further injury.
(D) To save the life of victim.

Question 2.
What the first aid box should contain?
(A) Thermometer, Scissors
(B) Torch
(C) Chimti
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) Thermometer, Scissors
(B) Torch
(C) Chimti

Question 3.
The rules of First Aid:
(A) Stop bleeding .
(B) Provide Artificial respiration
(C) Keeping the injured away from the crowd
(D) All above Mentioned.
Answer:
(D) All above Mentioned.

Question 4.
The Qualities of First Aider:
(A) He should have the maximum knowledge of medical science.
(B) He should be a person of genial nature and self confident.
(C) He should have patience, devotion and dedication.
(D) Above all.
Answer:
(D) Above all.

Question 5.
What is CPR?
(A) Cardio
(B) Pulmonary
(C) Resuscitation
(D) Above all.
Answer:
(D) Above all.

Question 6.
When CPR should be given:
(A) The victim is unconscious
(B) Victim’s eyes are still
(C) The pulse of the victim is not felt
(D) Above all.
Answers:
(D) Above all.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
If anybody falls ill then what will you do?
Answer:
After the check up for fever, it should be tried to slow down the temperature of the person suffering from fever, and then he should be brought to the doctor.

Question 2.
What should be the attitude of first aider?
Answer:
The attitude of a first aider should be polite and sympathetic.

Question 3.
What is the colour of the burnt spot?
Answer:
It is ugly red in colour.

Question 4.
Name the help which is rendered to a patient before the doctor visits.
Answer:
First Aid.

Question 5.
What is the aim of First Aid?
Answer:
To save the life of a patient before the doctor arrives at the site or the patient is taken to the hospital for treatment.

Question 6.
What types of duties a First Aider should perform till the doctor attends the patient?
Answer:
He should look after the patient continuously.

Question 7.
What will you do when a person becomes unconscious and feels difficult in respiration? (From Board M.QuestionP.)
Answer:
Artificial Respiration should be provided to the person.

Question 8.
Mention the first quality of a First Aider.
Answer:
He should be active and alert.

Question 9.
How many days a dog should be watched after his bite?
Answer:
10 days.

Question 10.
Name the two insects who bite.
Answer:
Honey bee and Mosquitoe.

Question 11.
How we should wash a burning part of our body?
Answer:
Soapy in touch or simple water should be used.

Question 12.
How we should wash when some acid caused burning?
Answer:
Dilute acid mixture should be used to wash the area under burns.

Question 13.
Name any three things which can be applied on bite.
Answer:
1. Spirit
2. Ammonium Carbonate
3. Washing Soda.

Question 14.
Write any one method of Artificial Respiration.
Answer:
Mouth to mouth artificial respiration.

Question 15.
The normal temperature of human body should be …………….. .
Answer:
98.4°F.

Question 16.
Which number should be dialled for Ambulance service?
Answer:
108.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by First Aid?
Answer:
First Aid is the treatment provided to an ill or injured person at the spot according to the rules before the arrival of a doctor.

Question 2.
Write any two objectives of First Aid.
Answer:
1. To save the life of injured person before the arrival of a doctor.
2. To promote recovery.

Question 3.
Write any two rules of First Aid.
Answer:
1. Try to control bleeding from the deep wounds.
2. Do not allow the people to gather around the injured. The victim may feel uneasy as he will not get fresh air.

Question 4.
Who is a first aider?
Answer:
A person who has got a certificate course of first aid training from an authentic organisation is called a first aider.

Question 5.
Write any four rules of a first aider.
Answer:

A first aider should start first aid immediately with full confidence.
First aider should be experienced.
First Aider should take quick decision and act wisely.
A first aider should be calm. He should not become impatient.

Question 6.
What does C.P.R. stands for?
Answer:
C.P.R. stands for Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation.