Class 10

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Reading Comprehension Unseen Passages Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Reading Comprehension Unseen Passages

नोट : परीक्षा-पत्र में Unseen Reading Comprehension के लिए दिया जाने वाला पैरा प्रायः व्याकरण की निर्धारित पुस्तक में से ही लिया जाता है। इसलिए विद्यार्थियों को ऐसे पैरे बहुत ध्यान से तैयार कर लेने चाहिएं।

(A) Passages From Grammar Book Note :

In all the passages, questions have been changed according to new pattern of Testing.

Passage – 1

One evening a boy of three was out for a walk with his father. There was also an elderly man with the father. Chatting, they walked on and went beyond the village. The green crops delighted the eyes. The elders were walking along the edge of a field. Not hearing the footsteps of the boy, the father looked back. The boy was sitting on the ground and seemed to be planting something. The father became curious. “What are you doing?” said he. “Look, Father, I shall grow guns all over the field,” was the innocent reply of the boy. His eyes shone with the strong faith that guns would grow in the field. Both the elders were struck with wonder at the little boy’s words. The boy was Bhagat Singh who later fought like a hero for India’s freedom and sacrificed his life.

Word-meanings : 1. elderly – बुजुर्ग 2. chatting – बातचीत करते हुए ; 3. curious – उत्सुक; 4. sacrificed – बलिदान दे दिया

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
Where were the elders walking?
(a) Along the bank of a canal.
(b) Along the edge of a well.
(c) Along the bank of the river.
(d) Along the edge of a field.
Answer:
(d) Along the edge of a field.

Question 2.
What was the boy doing when his father looked back?
(a) He was sitting on the ground.
(b) He was planting something.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Neither (a) nor (b).
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

Question 3.
What faith did the boy have?
(a) He believed that bombs would grow in the field.
(b) He believed that guns would grow in the field.
(c) He believed that green crops would grow in the field.
(d) He believed that brave men would grow in the field.
Answer:
(b) He believed that guns would grow in the field.

Question 4.
Father looked back because …………
(a) he did not hear the footsteps of his son.
(b) his son was calling him.
(c) his son was left behind.
(d) his son asked him to do so.
Answer:
(a) he did not hear the footsteps of his son.

Question 5.
Bhagat Singh sacrificed his life for …..
(a) his family
(b) truth
(c) India’s freedom
(d) his ideals.
Answer:
(c) India’s freedom

Passage 2

Dr. C.V. Raman was, a genius? who won the Nobel Prize for Physics, using simple equipment barely worth $300. He was the first Asian scientist to win the Nobel Prize. He was a man of boundless curiosity and had a lively sense of humour. His spirit of inquiry and devotion to science laid the foundation for scientific research in India. And he won honour as a scientist, and affection as a teacher and a man. Raman was studious. He kept in touch with the latest developments in science in the world around him. He had personal contacts with many scientists. He used to read new books and research papers from different centres. “The equipment which brought me the Nobel Prize did not cost more than three hundred rupees. A table drawer can hold all my research equipment,” he used to say with pride. It was his conviction that if the research worker is not inspired from within, no amount of money can bring him or her success in research.

Word meanings : 1. genius – प्रतिभाशाली ; 2. equipment – साज-सामान, उपकरण; 3. inquiry – जांच, उत्सुकता ; 4. studious – अध्ययनशील ; 5. conviction – दृढ़-विश्वास।

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
What kind of a man was Dr. C.V. Raman?
(a) He was a man of unlimited curiosity.
(b) He had a lively sense of humour.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Neither (a) nor (b).
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

Question 2.
What is he famous for ?
(a) For being the first American scientist to win the Nobel Prize.
(b) For being the first Asian scientist to win the Nobel Prize.
(c) For being the first African scientist to win the Nobel Prize.
(d) For being the first Japanese scientist to win the Nobel Prize.
Answer:
(b) For being the first Asian scientist to win the Nobel Prize.

Question 3.
He believed that if the research work is not ……… any amount of money cannot make the research successful.
(a) applauded by people
(b) done deeply
(c) inspired from within
(d) done thoughtfully.
Answer:
(c) inspired from within

Question 4.
The equipment that won him the Nobel Prize
(a) did not cost more than five hundred rupees.
(b) did not cost more than three hundred rupees.
(c) did not cost more than four hundred rupees.
(d) did not cost more than six hundred rupees.
Answer:
(b) did not cost more than three hundred rupees.

Question 5.
Which word in the passage means ‘scholarly’?
(a) genius
(b) studious
(c) conviction
(d) barely.
Answer:
(b) studious

Passage 3

Early rising leads to health and happiness. The man who rises late can have little rest in the course of the day. Anyone who lies in bed late is compelled to work till late hours in the evening. He has to go without the evening exercise which is so necessary for his health. In spite of all his efforts, his work will not produce as good results as that of an early riser. The reason for this is that he cannot take advantage of the refreshing morning hours. Some people say that the quiet hours of midnight are the best time for working. Several great thinkers say that they can write best only when they burn the midnight. Yet it is true to say that few men have a clear brain at midnight when the body needs rest and sleep. Those who work at that time soon ruin their health. Bad health must, in the long run, have a bad effect on the quality of their work.

Word-meanings : 1. in the course of — के दौरान; 2. compelled — बाध्या होना ; 3. burn the midnight oil – देर रात तक काम करना

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
What leads to health and happiness ?
(a) Late rising.
(b) Early rising.
(c) Brisk walk.
(d) Long walk.
Answer:
(b) Early rising.

Question 2.
What is a late riser compelled to do ?
(a) To work for a short while.
(b) To work early in the morning.
(c) To stop working at all.
(d) To work till late hours in the evening.
Answer:
(d) To work till late hours in the evening.

Question 3.
Why can’t we have a clear brain at midnight?
(a) Because we are fully fresh at that time.
(b) Because we want to go for walk at that time.
(c) Because at that time our body needs rest and sleep.
(d) Because at that time we are fully disturbed.
Answer:
(c) Because at that time our body needs rest and sleep.

Question 4.
The man who rises late cannot take advantage of ………
(a) the refreshing sunny hours.
(b) the refreshing midnight hours.
(c) the refreshing evening hours.
(d) the refreshing morning hours.
Answer:
(d) the refreshing morning hours.

Question 5.
The word ‘essential’ means – …………
(a) compelled
(b) necessary
(c) advantage
(d) ruin
Answer:
(b) necessary

Passage 4.
Each one of us should have a hobby. Sometimes boys and girls are encouraged in schools to take up hobbies. They work at certain things in schools such as collecting stamps, or carpentry, but this so-called hobby is a thing for schools only. They do not pay any attention to it at their homes. Sometimes this is because of poverty, sometimes because of lack of interest. But a hobby is not really a hobby unless we are so interested in it that we want to carry it on whenever we have spare time. According to the dictionary meaning, a hobby is a favourite subject or occupation that is not one’s main business. It is something in which we are more interested than in anything else.

Word-meanings : 1. encouraged – प्रोत्साहित; 2. poverty – निर्धनता

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
What is the dictionary meaning of ‘hobby’ ?
(a) A skill that is one’s source of earning.
(b) Favourite subject or occupation that is not one’s main business.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b).
Answer:
(b) Favourite subject or occupation that is not one’s main business.

Question 2.
When does a hobby become a thing for schools only?
(a) It is when no attention is paid to it at home.
(b) It is when full attention is paid to it at home.
(c) It is when no attention is paid to it at school.
(d) It is when full attention is paid to it at school.
Answer:
(a) It is when no attention is paid to it at home.

Question 3.
Name the hobbies mentioned in the passage.
(a) Stamp collecting.
(b) Carpentry.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Neither (a) nor (b).
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

Question 4.
We should carry on our hobby whenever we have ……..
(a) no time
(b) spare time
(c) golden time
(d) busy time
Answer:
(b) spare time

Question 5.
Sometimes students cannot pay attention to their hobbies due to ……….
(a) over work and studies
(b) lack of spare time
(c) poverty or lack of interest
(d) none of these three.
Answer:
(c) poverty or lack of interest

Passage – 5

Ashoka, the most trusted son of Bindusara and the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, was a brave soldier. He was the most famous of the Mauryan kings and was one of the greatest rulers of India. Ashoka extended the Mauryan Empire to the whole of India, reaching out even into Central Asia. Ashoka succeeded in conquering Kalinga after a bloody war in which 100,000 men were killed, 150,000 injured and thousands were captured and retained as slaves. The sight of the slaughter involved in his conquest’ deeply affected his mind. He renounced war and sought peace in Buddha’s preachings of love and non-violence. So he gave up hunting.

Word-meanings: 1. extended – फैलाया; 2. in conquering- जीतने में; 3. retained – बंदी बना लिए गए ; 4. slaughter- हत्याकाण्ड; 5. conquest- जीत ; 6. renounced- त्याग दिया|

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
What was the name of Ashoka’s grandfather ?
(a) Bindusara Maurya.
(b) Rishabh Maurya.
(c) Chandragupta Maurya.
(d) Bhisham Maurya.
Answer:
(c) Chandragupta Maurya.

Question 2.
What happened in the war of Kalinga ?
(a) 100,000 men were killed.
(b) 150,000 men were injured.
(c) Thousands were captured and retained as slaves.
(d) All of these three.
Answer:
(d) All of these three.

Question 3.
Write the changes in Ashoka’s life after the war.
(a) He gave up war.
(b) He sought peace in love and non-violence.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

Question 4.
Ashoka was one of the …………..
(a) greatest saints of India
(b) greatest rulers of India
(c) greatest preachers of India
(d) greatest yogis of India
Answer:
(b) greatest rulers of India

Question 5.
For Ashoka the war of Kalinga was a ……………
(a) bloody massacre
(b) great war
(c) great victory for him
(d) turning point of his life.
Answer:
(d) turning point of his life.

Passage 6

“Brothers and sisters, the long night is at last drawing to a close. Miseries and sorrows are disappearing. Ours is a sacred country. She is gradually waking up, thanks to the fresh breeze all around. Are you prepared for all sacrifices for the sake of your mother-land ? If you are, then you can rid the land of poverty and ignorance. You should develop a strong physique? You should shape your mind through study and meditation. Only then will victory be yours. I loved my motherland dearly before I went to America and England. After my return, every particle of the dust of this land seems sacred to me.” Do you know who carried this message to the whole continent of Asia ? It was Swami Vivekananda.

Word meanings : 1. miseries – दुःख ; 2. gradually-धीरे-धीरे ; 3. physique – डील-डौल ; 4. meditation – चिन्तन।

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
How can we rid the land of poverty and ignorance?
(a) By fighting for our rights.
(b) By doing our duties.
(c) By making sacrifices for our family.
(d) By making sacrifices for the sake of our motherland.
Answer:
(d) By making sacrifices for the sake of our motherland.

Question 2.
How can you shape your mind ?
(a) Through study.
(b) Through meditation.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question 3.
Where did Swami Vivekananda carry the message ?
(a) To the whole continent of Antarctica.
(b) To the whole continent of Asia.
(c) To the whole continent of Africa.
(d) To the whole continent of Europe.
Answer:
(b) To the whole continent of Asia.

Question 4.
India is gradually. …….
(a) waking up
(b) sleeping
(c) lagging behind
(d) preparing for the war.
Answer:
(a) waking up

Question 5.
Who speaks the above lines ?
(a) Mahavira
(b) Gautama Buddha
(c) Swami Vivekananda
(d) Guru Nanak Dev.
Answer:
(c) Swami Vivekananda

Passage 7.

A Nation’s Strength :
Not gold, but only men can make
A nation great and strong
Men who, for truth and honour’s sake,
Stand fast and suffer long.

Brave men who work while others sleep,
Who darewhile others fly,
They build a nation’s pillars deep,
And lift them to the sky. – R.W. Emerson

Word-meanings : 1. stand fast – डटे रहना ; 2. dare – सामना करते हैं ; 3. fly – भाग जाते हैं ; 4. pillars – स्तम्भ।

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
What makes a nation great and strong ?
(a) Its youth.
(b) Its soldiers.
(c) Its people.
(d) Its government.
Answer:
(c) Its people.

Question 2.
What do brave men do while others sleep?
(a) They work hard.
(b) They suffer long.
(c) They also sleep.
(d) They run away.
Answer:
(a) They work hard.

Question 3.
How can they lift a nation to the sky ?
(a) Through their sacrifices.
(b) Through their faith.
(c) Through their duty.
(d) Through their hard work.
Answer:
(d) Through their hard work.

Question 4.
Complete the line :
Who dare while ……………..!
(a) others fly
(b) others laugh
(c) others die
(d) others challenge.
Answer:
(a) others fly

Question 5.
Who are the real pillars of a nation ?
(a) Common people.
(b) Rich people.
(c) Brave people.
(d) Poor people.
Answer:
(c) Brave people.

Question 6.
The word ‘dare’ means –
(a) endure
(b) challenge
(c) raise
(d) reality
Answer:
(b) challenge

Passage 8

My Books :

I love my books
They are the homes
of queens and fairies,
Knights? and gnomes.

Each time I read I make a call
On some quaint person large or small,
Who welcomes me with a hearty hand
And leads me through his wonderland.
Each book is like

A city street
Along whose winding
Way I meet
New friends and old who laugh and sing
And take me off adventuring.

Word-meanings : 1. knights – योद्धा ; 2. gnomes – बौने ; 3. quaint – अजीब ; 4. winding – बल-खाती।

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
The poet loves his books because through them he …………
(a) meets new friends
(b) sees new lands
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) neither (a) nor (b)
Answer:
(c) both (a) and (b)

Question 2.
How does the quaint person welcome the poet ?
(a) With no smile.
(b) With a sad heart.
(c) With a hearty hand.
(d) Any of these three.
Answer:
(c) With a hearty hand.

Question 3.
The poet is led through a …….. each time he reads a book.
(a) homeland
(b) wonderland
(c) woodland
(d) farmland.
Answer:
(b) wonderland

Question 4.
In the books, the poet meets new and old friends in the ……
(a) city streets
(b) wonderland
(c) villages
(d) farmhouses.
Answer:
(a) city streets

Question 5.
The antonym of the word ‘winding’ is ……
(a) straight
(b) round
(c) curved
(d) feeble
Answer:
(a) straight

Passage 9

Stone Walls Do Not A Prison Make:
Stone walls do not a prison make
Nor iron bars a cage :
Mind’s innocence and quiet take
That for a hermitage?

If I have freedom in my love,
And in my soul am free,
Angels alone that soar above
Enjoy such liberty. -R. Lovelace

Word-meanings : 1. hermitage – आश्रम; 2. angel – देवदूत

choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
What does not make a prison ?
(a) Strong walls.
(b) Stone walls.
(c) Weak walls.
(d) Brick Walls.
Answer:
(b) Stone walls.

Question 2.
According to the poet, what does not make a cage ?
(a) Iron bars.
(b) Wooden bars.
(c) Golden bars.
(d) Silver bars.
Answer:
(a) Iron bars.

Question 3.
Which quality of the mind makes a hermitage ?
(a) Innocence of the mind.
(b) Quiet acceptance.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Neither (a) nor (b).
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

Question 4.
‘Such liberty’ is enjoyed only by ……….
(a) birds
(b) angels
(c) devils
(d) animals.
Answer:
(b) angels

Question 5.
The word ‘liberty’ means – ……….
(a) spirit
(b) freedom
(c) jail
(d) rise
Answer:
(b) freedom

Passage 10

A child’s Evening Prayer :
Erel on my bed my limbs I lay,
God grant me grace my prayers to
say:
O God ! preserve? my mother dear
In strength and health for many a year;

And, O ! preserve my father too,
And may I pay him reverence due;
And may I my best thoughts employ
To be my parents’ hope and joy;
And O ! preserve my brothers both

From evil doings and from sloth,
And may we always love each other,
Our friends, our father, and our mother :
And still, O Lord, to me impart
An innocent and grateful heart,

That after my great sleep I may
Awake to Thy eternal day! – Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Worst-meanings : 1. ere – से फूर्व ; 2. preserve – सुरक्षित रखना ; 3. reverence – सम्मान ; 4. sloth — सुस्ती; 5. Thy — your.

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
When does the child pray ?
(a) Before going to bed.
(b) After going to bed.
(c) Before getting up.
(d) After getting up.
Answer:
(a) Before going to bed.

Question 2.
The child prays to God that his mother ……………. .
(a) may remain strong
(b) may remain healthy
(c) live long
(d) all of these three.
Answer:
(d) all of these three.

Question 3.
What does he ask for himself ?
(a) An innocent heart.
(b) A grateful heart.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Neither (a) nor (b).
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

Question 4.
The child pays ………… to his father.
(a) reverence
(b) strength
(c) wealth
(d) attention.
Answer:
(a) reverence

Question 5.
The child wants to be the hope and joy of ………
(a) God
(b) his parents
(c) his siblings
(d) his teachers.
Answer:
(b) his parents

Question 6.
Give the rhyme-scheme of the last four lines.
(a) abab
(b) abba
(c) aabb
(d) baba.
Answer:
(c) aabb

Passage 11.

The Rainbow :
Boats sail on the rivers,
And ships sail on the seas;
But clouds that sail across the sky
Are prettier? than these.
There are bridges on the rivers,
As pretty as you please;
But the bow that bridges heaven,
And overtops the trees,
And builds a road from earth to sky,
Is prettier far than these. – Christina Rossetti

Word-meanings : 1. sail – तैरना; 2. prettier — जयादा सुन्दर; 3. bow – कमान, इन्दूधनुष ; 4. overtops – के ऊपर से गुजाती है

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
Where does the rainbow build a road?
(a) From the sky to the sea.
(b) From the earth to the sky.
(c) From the land to the sea.
(d) None of these three.
Answer:
(b) From the earth to the sky.

Question 2.
What are prettier than boats and ships ?
(a) Aeroplanes.
(b) Raindrops.
(c) Clouds.
(d) Trains.
Answer:
(c) Clouds.

Question 3.
According to the poet, the …… is the prettiest.
(a) sky
(b) rainbow
(c) rain
(d) cloud.
Answer:
(b) rainbow

Question 4.
The rainbow bridges ………..
(a) hell
(b) aboder
(c) heaven
(d) sky.
Answer:
(c) heaven

Question 5.
The word ‘far’ means – ……….
(a) a little.
(b) much more.
(c) many a.
(d) the few.
Answer:
(b) much more.

Passage 12 

The Noble Nature :
It is not growing like a tree
In bulk?, doth make man better be;
Or standing long an oak, three hundred year,
To fall a log at last, dry, bald and sere?:

A lily of a day
Is fairer far in May,
Although it falls and dies that night;
It was the plant and flower of light.
In small proportions we just beauties see:

And in short measures life may perfect be. -Ben Jonson

Word-meanings : 1. bulk — आकार में बड़ा ; 2. bald — गंजा; 3. sere – बेकार के; 4. proportions — मात्रा

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Passage 1.
What does not make a man a better being ?
(a) Being wealthy
(b) Becoming famous.
(c) Growing in size.
(d) Being kind-hearted.
Answer:
(c) Growing in size.

Passage 2.
Which thing in nature can live up to three hundred years ?
(a) A lily flower.
(b) An oak tree.
(c) A sunflower.
(d) A willow tree.
Answer:
(b) An oak tree.

Passage 3.
How long does a lily live ?
(a) For a day.
(b) For a week.
(c) For a month.
(d) For a year.
Answer:
(a) For a day.

Passage 4.
The message of this poem is that a …………. but ………… life is far better than a worthless life of long years.
(a) long, virtuous.
(b) long, vicious.
(c) short, virtuous.
(d) short, vicious.
Answer:
(c) short, virtuous.

Passage 5.
In short measures also, life may be …….
(a) pious
(b) perfect
(c) impious
(d) imperfect.
Answer:
(b) perfect

Passage 13.

The great advantage of early rising is the good start it gives us in our day’s work. The early riser has done a large amount of hard work before other men have got out of bed. In the early morning, the mind is fresh and there are few sounds or other distractions, so that the work done at that time is generally well-done. In many cases, the early riser also finds time to take some exercise in fresh morning air, and this exercise supplies him with a fund of energy that will last until the evening . By beginning so early, he knows that he has plenty of time to do thoroughly all the work he can be expected to do, and is not tempted to hurry over any part of it. All his work being finished in good time, he has a long interval of rest in the evening before the timely hour when he goes to bed. He gets to sleep several hours before midnight, at the time when sleep is most refreshing and after a sound night’s rest, rises early next morning in good health and spirits for the labour of the next day.

Word-meanings : 1. advantage – लाभ ; 2. distractions – भटकाव ; 3. thoroughly – अच्छी तरह।

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
……….. gives our day’s work a good start.
(a) Late rising.
(b) Going to bed late.
(c) Early rising.
(d) Going to bed early.
Answer:
(c) Early rising.

Question 2.
Why is the work done in the early hours generally well-done ?
(a) Because the mind is fresh
(b) Because the mind is free from noises.
(c) Because the mind is free from distractions.
(d) All of these three.
Answer:
(d) All of these three.

Question 3.
When is the mind fresh ?
(a) Late at night.
(b) In the evening.
(c) In the early morning.
(d) At midnight.
Answer:
(c) In the early morning.

Question 4.
We can find ample time of rest in the evening by …
(a) taking exercise
(b) finishing our work at night
(c) rising late
(d) finishing our work in good time.
Answer:
(d) finishing our work in good time.

Question 5.
The word ‘tempted’ means –
(a) suitable
(b) benefit
(c) usually
(d) attracted
Answer:
(d) attracted

(B) Some Other Passages

Passage 1

Of all the trees, of southern Asia, the banyan is unique, not only for the manner of its growth, but for the area of shade it provides from the burning sun. Its close relationship with man has evolved? over the years to make the banyan a popular meeting place, a focal point of worship and a source of practical materials for commerce. Known as the strangler fig because of its unusual manner of growth, the banyan is an epiphyte6 or air plant, that has its birth in the branches of a host tree and lives on airborne moisture and nutrients. Banyan seeds are deposited by birds, bats or monkeys in the rich soil collected in the crevices? of host-tree branches. As the banyan grows, it sends aerial roots down the trunk of the supporting tree. In time, the roots that reach the ground choke the host tree by preventing its trunk from enlarging. The two best-known species of banyans are : the Indian (Ficus benghalensis), one of the world’s largest tropicalo trees; and the Chinese (Ficus retusa), a smaller species with fewer aerial roots.

Word-meanings : 1. provides – देता है, टिंटा 7 ; 2. evolved – धीरे-धीरे विकसित हुआ ; 3. focal – केन्द्रीय ; 4. strangler – जो किसी चीज़ की वृद्धि को दबाता या रोकता है ; 5. fig – चौड़े पत्तों वाला पेड़; 6. epiphyte – एक पौधा जो दूसरे पौधे या कभी-कभी दूसरी चीज़ पर बढ़ता है; 7. crevices – दरारें; 8. aerial – आकाश में लटका हुआ ; 9. tropical – उष्ण कटिबन्धी।

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
Why is the banyan called the strangler fig?
(a) Because it chokes the host tree.
(b) Because it chokes other trees.
(c) Because it chokes the drains.
(d) Any of these three.
Answer:
(a) Because it chokes the host tree.

Question 2.
In what ways is the banyan tree unique ?
(a) It is unique in the manner of its growth.
(b) It is unique in terms of the area of shade it provides.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Neither (a) nor (b).
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

Question 3.
The banyan tree is a popular meeting place because ……….
(a) it provides cool shade.
(b) it provides sweet fruit.
(c) it provides a focal point of worship.
(d) none of these three.
Answer:
(c) it provides a focal point of worship.

Question 4.
The Indian banyan is one of the world’s tropical trees.
(a) oldest
(b) smallest
(c) youngest
(d) largest
Answer:
(d) largest

Question 5.
The antonym of the word ‘enlarging’ is –
(a) enhancing
(b) following
(c) contracting
(d) forgiving.
Answer:
(c) contracting

Passage 2

Sir Alexander Fleming was a very humble? and modest? man. He found penicillin by chance. He was very hard-working. He tried all his life to fight for killing germs in the human body. Before the invention of penicillin, carbolic acid and sulpha drugs were used as disinfectants. These things killed the germs of many diseases, but they also harmed the cells of human body. Penicillin saved the lives of millions of human beings.

Word-meanings : 1. humble – नम्र, विनीत ; 2. modest – विनम् संकोची; 3. by chance – संयोग से ; 4. cells – कोशिकाएं।

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
What was the nature of Sir Alexander Fleming ?
(a) A very humble man.
(b) A very hardworking man.
(c) A very modest man.
(d) All of these three.
Answer:
(d) All of these three.

Question 2.
What did he find ?
(a) Penicillin.
(b) Radium.
(c) Carbolic acid.
(d) Sulpha drugs.
Answer:
(a) Penicillin.

Question 3.
Penicillin saved the lives of ……………….. human beings.
(a) hundreds
(b) thousands
(c) millions
(d) any of these three.
Answer:
(c) millions

Question 4.
……… harmed the cells of human body.
(a) Carbolic acid
(b) Sulpha drugs
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Neither (a) nor (b).
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

Question 5.
The word ‘invention’ means –
(a) medicines
(b) Sulpha drugs
(c) noble
(d) discovery
Answer:
(d) discovery

Passage 3

The elephant is the only animal with a trunk?. It uses its trunk in many ways. It pulls leaves of trees with its trunk and then puts them into its mouth. It can use its trunk to get water. The trunk can hold a lot of water to drink. An elephant needs to drink more than three pints of water every day. In Africa, men have hunted elephants for their tusks. The ivory from tusks is made into many beautiful things.
heavy things over long distances.

Word-meanings : 1. trunk- हाथी की सूंड ; 2. pint- तरल पदार्थ नापने की इकाई ; 3. tusk- हाथी का लम्बा दांत जो मुंह से बाहर निकला होता है ; 4. ivory- हाथीदांत।

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
An elephant uses its trunk to …..
(a) pull leaves
(b) put food into its mouth
(c) get water
(d) all of these three.
Answer:
(d) all of these three.

Question 2.
How much water does an elephant need to drink in a day?
(a) More than one pint of water.
(b) More than three pints of water.
(c) Less than two pints of water.
(d) Less than four pints of water.
Answer:
(b) More than three pints of water.

Question 3.
Which is the only animal who has a trunk ?
(a) The lion.
(b) The horse.
(c) The leopard.
(d) The elephant
Answer:
(d) The elephant

Question 4.
The ivory from ………… is used to make many beautiful things.
(a) trunk
(b) tusks
(c) tail
(d) trumpet.
Answer:
(b) tusks

Question 5.
Which word in the passage means ‘teeth?
(a) tusks
(b) trunk
(d) ivory.
Answer:
(b) tusks

Passage 4.

Guru Gobind Singh, the last of the ten Sikh Gurus, was a great son of India. He led India to sublime heights of glory. He brought about moral resurgences and created order out of disorderly social conditions. He was a multi-faceted personality. He was a poet, a soldier, a statesman, a leader and a true socialist, all in one. He put life into the dying social order by giving it a wholly new outlook.

Word-meanings : 1. sublime – उत्कृष्ट, भव्य; 2. glory – यश, गौरव: ; 3. resurgence – एक बार फिर से अधिक ताक़तवर तथा अधिक प्रसिद्ध होना।

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
Who was the last Sikh Guru ?
(a) Guru Nanak Dev.
(b) Guru Gobind Singh.
(c) Guru Arjun Dev.
(d) Guru Ram Das.
Answer:
(b) Guru Gobind Singh.

Question 2.
What did he do to improve the social order ?
(a) He brought about financial prosperity.
(b) He brought about moral resurgence.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Neither (a) nor (b).
Answer:
(b) He brought about moral resurgence.

Question 3.
How did he put life into the dying social order ?
(a) By working for the poor and weak people.
(b) By leading it to heights of glory.
(c) By giving it a wholly new outlook.
(d) None of these three.
Answer:
(c) By giving it a wholly new outlook.

Question 4.
Guru Gobind Singh was ……..
(a) a great soldier
(b) a great poet
(c) a true socialist
(d) any of these three.
Answer:
(d) any of these three.

Question 5.
The antonym of the word ‘disorderly’ is ……..
(a) ordered
(b) disorder
(c) orderly
(d) disordered.
Answer:
(c) orderly

Passage 5

True Friendship:

Everyone that flatters thee
Is no friend in misery.
Words are easy like the wind
Faithful friends are hard to find.

Every man will be thy friend,
Whilst thou hast wherewithal to spend.
But if store of crowns” be scant,

No man will supply thy want’.
He that is thy friend indeed,
He will help thee in thy need.
If thou sorrow, he will weep,
If thou wake, he cannot sleep.
Thus of every grief in heart,
He with thee doth bear a part.

These are certain signs to know,
Faithful friends from flattering foe. -William Shakespeare

Word-meanings : 1. flatter – चापलूसी करना, खुशामद करना; 2. thee, thou – तुम्हें, तुम; 3. easy like the wind – कुछ खर्च नहीं होता; 4. wherewithal – सम्पत्ति; 5. crowns – पुराने समय में ब्रिटेन में प्रचलित सिक्के; 6. scant – कम, थोड़ा; 7. want – ज़रूरत, आवश्यकता; 8. doth bear – लेता है; 9. foe – शत्रु।

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
What is this poem about ?
(a) About the love of money.
(b) About true friendship.
(c) About great leaders.
(d) About foolish persons.
Answer:
(b) About true friendship.

Question 2.
What does the poet say about flatterers ?
(a) He calls them friends.
(b) He calls them enemies.
(c) He calls them teachers.
(d) He calls them poets.
Answer:
(b) He calls them enemies.

Question 3.
When do people become our friends ?
(a) When we have the money to spend.
(b) When we have the time to spare.
(c) When we have the power to rule.
(d) When we have the wisdom to judge.
Answer:
(a) When we have the money to spend.

Question 4.
How will a true friend feel when we are in grief?
(a) He will feel a sense of relief.
(b) He will feel bored and disturbed.
(c) He will feel very indifferent.
(d) He will feel very unhappy.
Answer:
(d) He will feel very unhappy.

Question 5.
What distinction does the poet want us to understand ?
(a) The distinction between poverty and riches.
(b) The distinction between high and low.
(c) The distinction between friends and flatterers.
(d) The distinction between purity and impurity.
Answer:
(c) The distinction between friends and flatterers.

Passage 6

The Centipede

The little creature
with a hundred feet
was on its journey
to where

only it knew
My civilised foot
dressed in polished leather
came down upon it
ever so gently

there was only a soft sound
signifyings
the end
of a creature of God
my Maker.

I looked to see
if my sole was soiled?
and walked away.

word-meanings : 1. centipede – कनखजूरा ; 2. creature – जीव ; 3. civilised – सभ्य ; 4. polished leather – पॉलिश किए चमड़े के जूते ; 5. signifying – व्यक्त करते हुए ; 6. sole – तलवा ; 7. soiled – गन्दा होना।

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
What little creature does the poet talk of ?
(a) The scorpion.
(b) The wasp.
(c) The ringworm.
(d) The centipede.
Answer:
(d) The centipede.

Question 2.
Why does the poet call his foot civilised ?
(a) Because he was wearing polished shoes.
(b) Because his foot had crushed the little creature.
(c) Because his polished shoes had come down gently upon the little creature.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Because his polished shoes had come down gently upon the little creature.

Question 3.
What kind of poem would you say this is ?
(a) Romantic.
(b) Satirical.
(c) Humorous.
(d) Religious.
Answer:
(b) Satirical.

Question 4.
What happened when the poet’s foot came down upon the little creature ?
(a) There was a soft sound.
(b) There was a loud sound.
(c) There was a sharp cry.
(d) There was no sound at all.
Answer:
(a) There was a soft sound.

Question 5.
The poet walked away. What does this show ?
(a) He was full of repentance on what he had done.
(b) He was full of pity for the little creature.
(c) He was indifferent to what had happened.
(d) He was full of praise for God.
Answer:
(c) He was indifferent to what had happened.

Passage 7.

Who Loved The Best :
‘I Love you, mother,’ said little John;
Then, forgetting his work his cap went on,
And he was off to the garden swing?,
Leaving his mother, the wood to bring.
‘I love you, mother,’ said little Nell,
‘I love you better than tongue can tell.’
Then she teased and pouted half the day,
Till mother rejoiced when she went to play.
‘I love you, mother,’ said little Fan,

“To-day I’ll help you all I can’.
To the cradle then she did softly creep
And rocked the baby till it fell asleep.
Then stepping softly she took the broom
And swept floor and dusted the room.
Busy and happy all day was she,
Helpful and cheerful as child can be.
‘I love you, mother,’ again they said,
Three little children going to bed.
How do you think the mother guessed”,
Which of them really loved the best?

Word-meanings : 1. little – नन्हा; 2. swing— झूला; 3. pouted – मुंह फुला लिया; 4. rejoiced – बहुत खुश हो गई; 5. cradle – पालना; 6. cheerful- प्रसन्न guessed–अंदाज़ा लगाया

Choose the correct option to answer each question :

Question 1.
Who said, “I love you, mother’?
(a) John.
(b) Nell.
(c) Fan.
(d) All the three.
Answer:
(d) All the three.

Question 2.
Who had to bring the wood ?
(a) Mother.
(b) John
(c) Nell.
(d) Fan.
Answer:
(a) Mother.

Question 3.
Who was lying in the cradle ?
(a) John.
(b) Nell.
(c) Fan.
(d) None of these three.
Answer:
(d) None of these three.

Question 4.
Who was busy and happy all day ?
(a) Little John.
(b) Little Nell.
(c) Little Fan.
(d) The mother.
Answer:
(c) Little Fan.

Question 5.
Who do you think loved mother the best ?
(a) John.
(b) Nell.
(c) Fan
(d) None of these three.
Answer:
(c) Fan

Passage 8

The storm came on before its time,
She wandered? up and down;
And many a hill did Lucy climb;
But never reached the town.

The wretched parents all that night,
Went shouting far and wide;
But there was neither sound nor sight,
To serve them for a guide.

Word-meanings : 1. wandered — इधर-इधर भटकती रही; 2. wretched – दुःखी, शोक-संतप्त; 3. far and wide – दूर-दूर तक।

Choose the correct answer for each question :

Question 1.
When did the storm come ?
(a) Before its time.
(b) After its time.
(c) At midnight.
(d) Early in the morning.
Answer:
(a) Before its time.

Question 2.
Why did Lucy not reach the town?
(a) Because she didn’t want to travel in the storm.
(b) Because she didn’t want to leave her native place.
(c) Because she drowned in the river.
(d) Because she lost her way in the storm.
Answer:
(d) Because she lost her way in the storm.

Question 3.
What did the parents do?
(a) They went to the town.
(b) They searched for Lucy all night.
(c) They waited for her return from the town.
(d) They went to the police station for help.
Answer:
(b) They searched for Lucy all night.

Question 4.
She wandered ………..
(a) up and down
(b) here and there
(c) far and wide
(d) near and far.
Answer:
(a) up and down

Question 5.
But there was …..
(a) neither heat nor light
(b) neither sound nor sight
(c) either heat or light
(d) either sound or sight.
Answer:
(b) neither sound nor sight

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Translation Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Translation

Translate the following sentences into-English :

Modal-related Sentences

1. मैं यह प्रश्न हल कर सकता हूं।
I can solve this question.

2. आपको किसी अच्छे डाक्टर को दिखाना चाहिए।
You must consult some good doctor.

3. हमें अपने माता-पिता का कहना मानना चाहिए।
We ought to obey our parents.

4. हो सकता है, आज रात वर्षा हो।
It might rain tonight.

5. वह यहां रहा करता था।
He used to live here.

6. मेहनत करो, ऐसा न हो कि फ़ेल हो जाओ।
Work hard, lest you should fail.

7. हमें अपने देश की सेवा करनी चाहिए।
We should serve our country.

8. सबको एक न एक दिन मरना ही है।
Everybody has to die one day or the other

9. काश! मैं अमीर होता।
Would that I were rich!

10. मेरी क्या मज़ाल कि मैं आपका अपमान करूं।।
How can I dare to insult you?

Tense-based Sentences :

11. हम क्रिकेट खेलते हैं।
We play cricket.

12. मेरी घड़ी सही समय नहीं देती है।
My watch does not keep correct time.

13. पृथ्वी सूर्य के इर्द-गिर्द घूमती है।
The earth revolves round the sun.

14. वे कब सोते हैं?
When do they sleep?
(or) When do they go to bed?

15. मैं पत्र लिख रहा हूं।
I am writing a letter.

16. लड़के शोर मचा रहे हैं।
Boys are making a noise.

17. क्या चपड़ासी घंटी बजा रहा है?
Is the peon ringing the bell ?

18. आप अपनी किताबें क्यों खराब कर रहे हो?
Why are you spoiling your books ?

19. मैंने अपना काम समाप्त कर लिया है।
I have finished my work.

20. उसने इस पाठ की दोहराई नहीं की है।
He has not revised this lesson.

21. क्या वर्षा ऋतु शुरू हो गई है?
Has the rainy season set in ?

22. वह कभी भी आगरा नहीं गया है।
He has never visited Agra.
(or) He has never been to Agra.

23. सुबह से बूंदा-बाँदी हो रही है।
It has been drizzling since morning.

24. मैं दस वर्ष से इस स्कूल में पढ़ा रही हूं।
I have been teaching in this school for ten years.

25. क्या सुबह से मूसलाधार वर्षा हो रही है?
Has it been raining in torrents since morning ?
(or) Has it been raining cats and dogs since morning ?

26. क्या माली सुबह से पौधों को पानी नहीं दे रहा है?
Has the gardener not been watering the plants since morning ?

27. मैं कल अपने मित्र के घर गया।
I went to my friend’s house yesterday.

28. वे कल बाज़ार नहीं गए थे।
They did not go to the market yesterday.

29. क्या आपने अपना समय बर्बाद किया?
Did you waste your time ?

30. हम चाय पी रहे थे।
We were drinking tea.

31. वे क्रिकेट नहीं खेल रहे थे।
They were not playing cricket.

32. क्या वे स्कूल जा रहे थे? ।
Were they going to school ?

33. मेरे स्कूल पहुंचने से पहले घंटी बज चुकी थी।
The bell had rung before I reached the school.

34. क्या डॉक्टर के आने से पहले रोगी मर चुका था?
Had the patient died before the doctor arrived ?

35. लड़के दो दिन से नाचने का अभ्यास कर रहे थे।
Boys had been practising the dance for two days.

36. क्या वह काफी समय से पुस्तक लिख रहा था?
Had he been writing a book for a long time ?

37. वे पतंगें उड़ाएंगे।
They will fly kites.

38. क्या वे कल. स्कूल आएंगे?
Will they come to school tomorrow?

39. वे अपना पाठ याद कर रहे होंगे।
They will be learning their lesson.

40. क्या तुम्हारी माता जी खाना बना रही होंगी?
Will your mother be cooking food?

41. मैं तब तक सड़क पार कर चुका होऊँगा।
I will have crossed the road by then.

42. क्या वह मुझसे पहले स्कूल पहुंच चुका होगा?
Will he have reached the school before me?

43. मैं दो घंटे से पढ़ रहा होऊँगा।
I will have been studying for two hours.

44. क्या वह जालंधर में 1995 से रह रहा होगा?
Will he have been living in Jalandhar since 1995?

45. धोबी सुबह से कपड़े नहीं धो रहा होगा।
The washerman will not have been washing the clothes since morning.

Imperative Sentences

46. कभी झूठ मत बोलो।
Never tell a lie.

47. बुरी संगत से बचो।
Avoid bad company.

48. शोर मत मचाओ।
Do not make a noise.

49. सदैव सत्य बोलो।
Always speak the truth.

50. चुप रहो।
Keep silence.

51. उसको बोलने दो।
Let him / her speak.

52. मुझे जाने दो।
Let me go.

53. आओ, सैर के लिए चलें।
Come, let us go for a walk.

54. आओ; धूप में बैठे।
54. Come, let us sit in the sun.

55. मेरे लिए पानी का गिलास मँगवा दीजिए।
Get me a glass of water.

56. अपना समय बर्बाद न करें।
Do not waste your time.

57. मेरी बात सुनो।
Listen to me.
(or)
Listen to what I say.

58. बकवास मत करो।
Don’t talk nonsense.
(or)
Don’t talk rot.

59. यह पत्र डाक में डाल दो।
Post this letter.

60. अपनी किताबें खोलो।
Open your books.

Non-activity Sentences

61. आज मौसम बहुत सुहावना है।
The weather is very pleasant today.

62. आज बहुत गर्मी है।
It is very hot today.

63. आज बहुत ठंड है।
It is very cold today.

64. मैं एक विद्यार्थी हूँ।
I am a student.

65. आज हवा बंद है।
It is close today.

66. यह खबर सच है।
This news is true.

67. दिल्ली भारत की राजधानी है।
Delhi is the capital of India.

68. हमारी कक्षा में दस लड़कियाँ हैं।
There are ten girls in our class.

69. भारत त्योहारों की भूमि है।
India is a land of festivals.

70. मैं आज अच्छा महसूस नहीं कर रही हूँ।
I am not feeling well today.

Proverbs

71. हाथी के दांत खाने के और दिखाने के और। |
All that glitters is not gold.

72. जो गरजते हैं, वो बरसते नहीं। .
Barking dogs seldom bite.

73. घर का जोगी जोगड़ा और बाहर का जोगी सिद्ध।।
A prophet is not honoured in his own country.

74. धोबी का कुत्ता, न घर का न घाट का।
No man can serve two masters.

75. जैसा बोओगे, वैसा ही काटोगे।
You reap what you sow.

76. थोथा चना, बाजे घना।
Empty vessels make much noise.

77. जैसा देश, वैसा भेष।
While in Rome, do as the Romans.

78. परोपकार घर से ही शुरू होता है।
Charity begins at home.

79. अपना-अपना, पराया-पराया।
Blood is thicker than water.

80. चोर-चोर मौसेरे भाई।
Birds of a feather flock together.

Idiomatic Sentences

81. मेरे पिता जी मेरे घर के कर्ता-धर्ता हैं।
My father is all in all in my home.

82. मेरी बेटी मेरी आंखों का तारा है।
My daughter is the apple of my eye.

83. यह घर दोनों भाइयों के झगड़े का कारण है।
This house is the bone of contention between the two brothers.

84. उसका भाषण गांव वालों की समझ से बाहर था।
His lecture was beyond comprehension for the villagers.

85. अपने काम से काम रखो।
Mind your own business.

86. जिंदगी फूलों की सेज नहीं है।
Life is not a bed of roses.

87. इधर-उधर की मत हांको, अपने काम पर ध्यान |
Don’t beat about the bush, come to the point.

88. भारत दिन दुगनी रात चौगुनी उन्नति कर रहा है।
India is progressing by leaps and bounds.

89. उसने अपनी सौतेली माता जी की मृत्यु पर झूठे आंसू
He shed crocodile tears on the death बहाए। of his stepmother.

90. उसको कम सुनाई देता है।
He is hard of hearing.

Interrogative Sentences

91. आप क्या चाहते हो?
What do you want ?

92. पौधों को पानी कौन दे रहा है?
Who is watering the plants ?

93. वह सुबह से कहां है?
Where is he since morning ?

94. वोट कैसे डाले जाते हैं ?
How are votes cast ?

95. आपने आने में इतना विलंब क्यों किया? ।
Why are you so late ?

Exclamatory Sentences

96. कितने सुंदर दिन हैं!
How pleasant the days are !

97. बच्चा कितना होशियार है!
How intelligent the child is

98. खेद है! भारत मैच हार गया।
Alas ! India has lost the match.

99. श्रीमान जी, शुभ सवेर।
Sir, good morning.
(or)
Good morning, sir.

100. वह कितना मासूम लगता है!
How innocent he looks!

Miscellaneous Exercise

1. प्रकृति के नियमों को कौन बदल सकता है ?
Who can change the laws of nature ?

2. उसने सभी को निमंत्रित कर लिया।
He invited one and all.

3. शान्त हो जाएं और धैर्य रखें।
Be quiet and have patience.

4. इस दफ्तर में कोई पद खाली नहीं है।
There is no vacancy in this office.

5. वह मेरा चचेरा भाई है।
He is my cousin.

6. वे एक ही थाली के चट्टे-बट्टे हैं।
They are chips of the same block.

7. कितना सुन्दर दृश्य है !
What a beautiful scene it is!

8. मेरा नौकर वह चिट्ठी डाक में डाल चुका है।
My servant has posted that letter.

9. परमात्मा पर भरोसा रखो।
Trust in God.

10. क्या बच्चों में मिठाई बांटी जाएगी ?
Will sweets be distributed among the children?

11. डूबते को तिनके का सहारा।
A drowning man catches at a straw.

12. क्या उसने अंग्रेज़ी में अपनी कमी पूरी कर |
Has he made up his deficiency in ली है ?

13. यदि वह सच बोलेगा तो मैं उसे माफ कर दूंगा।
If he speaks the truth, I will forgive him.

14. सुन्दरता को गहनों की आवश्यकता नहीं।
Beauty needs no ornaments.

15. बुरी संगति से अकेला भला।
Batter alone than in bad company.

16. मनुष्य स्वयं ही अपने भाग्य का निर्माता है।
Man is the architect of his own fate.

17. भगवान करे कि आप परीक्षा में सफल हों!
May you succeed in the examination !

18. कल आपने कितनी देर तक काम किया ?
How long did you work yesterday?

19. मैं आपकी सहायता अवश्य करूंगा।
I will definitely help you.

20. वह एक सफल कलाकार है।
He is a successful artist.

21. मैं उसे धोखा नहीं दे सकता।
I can’t deceive him.

22. वह काम ढूँढ रहा है।
He is in search of a job.

23. क्या आप दुःख-सुख में मेरा साथ देंगे ?
Will you stand by me through thick and thin ?

24. लोकतन्त्र में लाभ भी हैं और नुकसान भी।
Democracy has its merits as well as demerits.

25. मैं थक कर चूर हो गया हूं।
I am dead tired.

26. यह बस दिल्ली को जाएगी।
This bus will go to Delhi.

27. वह किराए के मकान में रहता है।
He lives in a rented house.

28. कमरे में उस समय कोई नहीं था।
There was no one in the room at that time.

29. लड़के भिखारी के पीछे भागे।
Boys ran after the beggar.

30. मैं इस वर्ष दसवीं की परीक्षा दे रहा हूँ।
I am taking the Matriculation Examination this year.

31. The Indian team has already won three matches.
भारतीय टीम तीन मैच पहले ही जीत चुकी है।।

32. They have been waiting for the result since noon.
वे दोपहर से परिणाम की प्रतीक्षा कर रहे हैं।

33. I know him well.
मैं उसे अच्छी तरह जानता हूँ।

34. Women are in no way inferior to men.
स्त्रियां पुरुषों से किसी तरह भी हीन नहीं हैं।

35. He had no excuse for coming late.
उसके पास देरी से आने का कोई बहाना नहीं था।

36. Good health is the key to success.
अच्छा स्वास्थ्य सफलता का रहस्य है।

37. Banks are closed on holidays.
बैंक छुट्टी वाले दिनों में बन्द रहते हैं।

38. I had sent a message to my friend.
मैंने अपने मित्र को एक सन्देश भेजा था।

39. Where there is smoke, there is fire.
जहां धुआं हो, वहां आग ज़रूर होती है।

40. He gave his coat to be ironed.
उसने अपना कोट इस्तरी कराने के लिए दिया।

41. I am on the lookout for a job.
मैं नौकरी की तलाश में हूं।

42. He spread mischievous lies about me.
उसने मेरे बारे में शरारत-पूर्ण बातें फैलाई।

43. He often suffers from giddiness.
उसे साधारणत: चक्कर आते रहते हैं।

44. I am not even on speaking terms with him.
मेरी उससे बोलचाल नहीं है।

45. To err is human.
मनुष्य ग़लती का पुतला है।

46. He will reach here next week in connection with his business.
वह अगले सप्ताह अपने व्यापार के सम्बन्ध में यहां पहुंच जाएगा।

47. He was sentenced to three years of rigorous imprisonment.
उसे तीन वर्ष की सख्त सजा मिली।

48. He is a jolly fellow.
वह खुशमिजाज है।

49. Two of a trade seldom agree.
कुत्ते का कुत्ता बैरी।

50. Nothing succeeds like success.
चलती का नाम गाड़ी।

51. He has left bag and baggage
वह अपना सारा समान ले कर चला गया है।

52. Since when have you known him?
आप उसे कब से जानते हैं ?

53. His trousers have got torn.
उसकी पतलून फट गई है।

54. Time is a great healer.
समय सब घावों का मरहम है।

55. Do not find fault with others.
दूसरों में दोष मत निकालो।

56. Music is the language of the soul.
संगीत आत्मा की आवाज़ है।

57. He has spoken ill of you.
उसने तुम्हारी निंदा की है।

58. We do not sell on credit.
हम उधार नहीं बेचते।

59. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
मित्र वह जो दुःख में काम आए।

60. We must help the needy.
हमें ज़रूरतमंदों की मदद करनी चाहिए।

61. I don’t like your childish habits.
मुझे आपकी बच्चों जैसी आदतें पसंद नहीं हैं।

62. Change is the law of Nature.
परिवर्तन प्रकृति का नियम है।

63. Women are respected in India.
भारत में स्त्रियों का सम्मान किया जाता है।

64. He takes after his father.
उसकी शक्ल उसके पिता जी से मिलती है।

65. My friend stood by me through thick and thin.
मेरे मित्र ने दुःख-सुख में मेरा साथ दिया।

66. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
डावांडोल की मिट्टी खराब।

67. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
नौ नकद न तेरह उधार।

68. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
नाच न जाने आंगन टेढा।

69. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
नीम हकीम खतरा-ए-जान।

70. A bad man is better than a bad name.
बद अच्छा, बदनाम बुरा।

71. Prevention is better than cure.
इलाज से परहेज़ अच्छा।

72. Happiness lies in contentment.
सुख नाम संतोष का।

73. Handsome is that handsome does.
सुन्दर वह जो सुन्दर काम करे।

74. Honesty is the best policy.
ईमानदारी सबसे अच्छी नीति है।

75. Health is the greatest wealth.
स्वास्थ्य ही सबसे बड़ा धन है।

76. Hunger is the best sauce.
भूख में चने भी बादाम।

77. Pride hath a fall.
अभिमान का सिर नीचा।

78. Riches change hands
दौलत आनी-जानी चीज़ है।

79. Self-praise is no recommendation.
अपने मुँह मियां मिठ्ठ।

80. Something is better than nothing.
सारी नहीं तो आधी सही।

81. Slow and steady wins the race.
सहज पके सो मीठा होय।

82. To live in Rome and fight with Pope!
समुद्र में रह कर मगरमच्छ से वैर!

83. To make a .mountain out of a molehill.
राई का पहाड़ बनाना।

84. The match ended in a draw.
मैच बराबर रहा।

85. He has no ear for music.
उसे संगीत का शौक नहीं है।

86. Nehru’s name is a household word.
नेहरू जी का नाम हर एक की जुबान पर है।

87. His arm was dislocated.
उसकी बाजू (भुजा) उतर गई।

88. He had a fracture in his arm.
उसकी बाजू (भुजा) टूट गई।

89. There was a pin-drop silence in the hall.
हॉल में बिल्कुल सन्नाटा था।

90. He is bent upon mischief.
वह शरारत पर तुला हुआ है।

91. What brings you here ?
आपका यहां कैसे आना हुआ?

92. Bill sticking is prohibited here.
यहाँ इश्तिहार लगाना मना है।

93. There is a screw loose in his brain.
उसके दिमाग में कुछ खराबी है।

94. This cloth will wear well.
यह कपड़ा अच्छा चलेगा।

95. How did you come by this book?
यह पुस्तक आपके हाथ कैसे लगी ?

96. Nip the evil in the bud.
बुराई को आरम्भ में ही दबा दो।

97. He always blows his own trumpet.
वह हमेशा अपनी ही डींग मारता है।

98. The railway compartment was packed to suffocation.
रेलगाड़ी का डिब्बा खचाखच भरा हुआ था।

99. Do not poke your nose into the affairs of others.
दूसरों के मामलों में टांग न अड़ाएं।

100. Your visits are few and far between.
आप ईद के चांद हो गये हैं।

101. It is only hearsay.
यह तो केवल सुनी-सुनाई बात है।

102. His tricks won’t succeed here.
उसकी दाल यहां नहीं गलेगी।

103. He lives like a lord.
वह बड़े ठाठ से रहता है।

104. All his plans ended in smoke.
उसकी सभी आशाओं पर पानी फिर गया।

105. Never spend beyond your means.
कभी भी अपनी आय से अधिक खर्च न करो।

106. It is not like good people to backbite others.
दूसरों की चुगली करना अच्छे लोगों का काम नहीं।

107. Do not tamper with electricity.
बिजली से छेड़खानी न करो।

108. He indulges in tall talk.
वह बड़ी-बड़ी गप्पें हांकता है।

109. Exercise is a panacea for all ills.
व्यायाम सौ दवाइयों की एक दवा है।

110. People ran pell-mell there.
वहां भाग-दौड़ मच गई।

111. There is no stir in the air.
नाम-मात्र भी हवा नहीं है।

112. Please sup with me this evening.
आज शाम का खाना आप मेरे साथ खाइए।

113. He took my remarks ill.
उसने मेरी बात का बुरा मनाया।

114. This question is beyond my comprehension.
यह प्रश्न मेरी समझ से बाहर है।

115. यह बात किसी से छुपी नहीं है।
This is an open secret.

116. आप मेरी आंखों में धूल नहीं झोंक सकते।
You cannot throw dust into my eyes.

117. यह समाचार जंगल की आग की तरह फैल गया।
This news spread like wildfire.

118. You should feel ashamed of yourself.
चुल्लू भर पानी में डूब मरो!

119. Strange are the ways of God!
भगवान के खेल न्यारे हैं!

120. Change is the order of the world.
संसार परिवर्तनशील है।

121. अच्छे आदमी भगवान को जल्दी प्यारे हो जाते हैं।
Good men die early.

122. You are suffering from mania.
आपके सिर पर तो भूत सवार है।

123. Bad luck is dogging his footsteps.
दुर्भाग्य उसके पीछे पड़ा हुआ है।

124. He is no match for you.
आपके साथ उसका कोई मुकाबला नहीं।

125. You look much run down.
आप बड़े कमज़ोर हुए दिखाई देते हैं।

126. I always call a spade a spade.
मैं सदा खरी-खरी बात सुना देता हूं।

127. He does not look his age.
वह अपनी उमर का नहीं लगता है।

128. I cannot stand such an intense heat.
मैं इतनी सख्त गर्मी सहन नहीं कर सकता।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 3.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 3.1

Question 1.
Aftab tells his daughter, “Seven years ago I was seven times as old as you were then. Also, three years from now, I shall
be three times as old as you will be” (Isn’t this interesting ?). Represent this situation algebraically and graphically.
Solution:
Let Aftabs present age = x years
and Aftab’s daughter’s present age = y years
Algebraical-Situation
According to 1st condition,
x – 7 = 7(y – 7)
or x – 7 = 7y – 49
or x – 7y + 42 = 0
According to 2nd condition,
x + 3 = 3(y + 3)
or x + 3 = 3y + 9
or x – 3y – 6 = 0
∴ Pair of Line’ar Equation in two variables are
x – 7y + 42 = 0
and x – 3y – 6 = 0

Graphical – Situation:
x – 7y + 42 = 0
x – 3y – 6 = 0

x = 7y – 42 ………….(1)
x = 3y + 6 …………..(2)
Putting y = 5 in (1), we get
Putting y = 0 in (2), we get

x = 7 × 5 – 42 = 35 – 42
x = -7
Putting y = 6 in (1), we get
x = 7 × 6 – 42 = 42 – 42 = 0
Putting y = 7 in (1), we get:
x = 7 × 7 – 42 = 49 – 42 = 7

Table

Plotting the points A (-7, 5), B (0, 6), C (7, 7) and drawing a line joining them, we get the graph of the equation x – 7y + 42 = 0
x = 3 × 0 + 6
x = 0 + 6 = 6
Putting y = 3 in (2), we get:
x = 3 × 3 + 6
= 9 + 6 = 15
Putting y = -2 in (2), we get:
x = 3 × -2 + 6
= -6 + 6 = 0

Table:

Plotting the points D (6, 0), E (15, 3), F (0, -2) and drawing a line joining them, we get the graph of the equation x – 3y – 6 = 0

From the graph it is clear that the two lines intersect at G (42, 12).
Hence, x = 42 and y = 12 is the solution of given pair of linear equations.

Question 2.
The coach of a cricket team buys 3 bats and 6 balls for 3900. Later, she buys another bat and 3 more balls of the same kind for 1300. Represent this situation algebraically and geometrically. [Pb. 2019, Set-A, B, C]
Solution:
Let cost of one bat = x
Cost of one hail = y
Algehraical – Situation
According to 1st condition,
3x + 6y = 3900
or x + 2y = 1300
According to 2nd condition,
1x + 3y = 1300
∴ Pair of linear equations in two variables are:
x + 2y = 13001
and x + 3y = 1300

Graphical – Situation:
x + 2y = 1300
x = 1300 – 2y …………..(1)
Putting y = 0 in (1), we get
x = 1300 – 2 × 0
x= 1300
Putting y = 500 in (1), we get :
= 1300 – 2 × 500
= 1300 – 1000 = 300
Putting y = 650 in (1), we get :
x = 1300 – 2 × 650
1300 – 1300 = 0

Table:

Plotting the points A (1300, 0), B (300, 500) and C (0, 650) drawing a line joining them we get the graph of the equation x + 2y = 1300.
x + 3y = 1300
x = 1300 – 3y …………….(2)
Putting y = 0 in (2), we get :
x = 1300 – 3 × 0 = 1300
Putting y = 500 in (2), we get :
x = 1300 – 3 × 500
= 1300 – 1500 = – 200
Putting y = 300 in (2), we get :
x = 1300 – 3 × 300
= 1300 – 900 = 400

Table:

Plotting the points A (1300, 0), E (-200, 500), F (400, 300) and drawing a line joining them we get the graph of the
equation.
x + 3y = 1300

From the graph it is clear that the two lines intersect at A (1300, 0).
Hence x = 1300 and y = 0 is the solution of given pair of linear equations.

Question 3.
The cost of 2 kg of apples and 1 kg of grapes on a day was found to be 160. After a month, the cost of 4 kg of apples and 2 kg of grapes is ₹ 300. Represent the situation algebraically and geometrically.
Solution:
Let cost of 1 kg apples = ₹ x
Cost of 1 kg grapes = ₹ y
Algebraical – Situation
According to 1st condition,
2x + 1y = 160
According to 2nd condition,
4x + 2y = 300
∴ Pair of linear equations in two variables
2x + y = 160
and 4x + 2y = 300
Graphical – Situation
2x + y = 160
2x = 160 – y
x = \(\frac{160-y}{2}\) ……………(1)
Putting y = 0 in (1), we get :
x = \(\frac{160-0}{2}=\frac{160}{2}\) = 80
Putting y = 60 in (1), we get :
x = \(\frac{160-60}{2}=\frac{100}{2}\) = 50
Putting y = 160 in (1), we get :
x = \(\frac{160-160}{2}=\frac{0}{2}\) = 0

Plotting the points A (80, 0), B (50, 60), C (0, 160) and drawing a line joining them, we get the graph of the equation 2x + y = 160
Now 4x + 2y = 300
or 2x + y = 150
2x = 150 – y
x = \(\frac{160-y}{2}\) …………(2)
Putting y = 0 in (2), we get:
x = \(\frac{160-0}{2}=\frac{150}{2}\) = 75
Putting y = 50 in (2), we get:
x = \(\frac{150-50}{2}=\frac{100}{2}\) = 50
Putting y = 150 in (2), we get:
x = \(\frac{150-150}{2}=\frac{0}{2}\) = 0

Plotting the points D (75, 0), E (50, 50), F (0, 150) and drawing a line joining them, we get the graph of equation
4x + 2y = 300

From the graph, it is clear that the two lines do not intersect anywhere i.e. they are parallel.

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Guide Pdf is part of PSEB Solutions for Class 10.

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide | Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB | PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions

कविता भाग

• Chapter 1 दोहावली (तुलसीदास)
• Chapter 2 पदावली (मीराबाई)
• Chapter 3 नीति के दोहे (रहीम, बिहारी, वृंद)
• Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं (मैथिलीशरण गुप्त)
• Chapter 5 गाता खग (सुमित्रानंदन पंत)
• Chapter 6 जड़ की मुसकान (हरिवंशराय बच्चन)

कहानी भाग

• Chapter 7 ममता (जयशंकर प्रसाद)
• Chapter 8 अशिक्षित का हृदय (विश्वंभरनाथ शर्मा ‘कौशिक’)
• Chapter 9 दो कलाकार (मन्नू भंडारी)
• Chapter 10 नर्स (कला प्रकाश)
• Chapter 11(i) माँ का कमरा (श्याम सुंदर अग्रवाल)
• Chapter 11(ii) अहसास (ऊषा आर शर्मा)

निबंध भाग

• Chapter 12 मित्रता (आचार्य रामचंद्र शुक्ल)
• Chapter 13 मैं और मेरा देश (कन्हैयालाल मिश्र ‘प्रभाकर’)
• Chapter 14 राजेन्द्र बाबू (महादेवी वर्मा)
• Chapter 15 सदाचार का तावीज़ (हरिशंकर परसाई)
• Chapter 16 ठेले पर हिमालय (डॉ० धर्मवीर भारती)
• Chapter 17 श्री गुरु नानक देव जी (डॉ० सुखविंदर कौर बाठ)

एकांकी भाग

• Chapter 18 सूखी डाली (उपेंद्रनाथ अश्क)
• Chapter 19 देश के दुश्मन (जयनाथ नलिन)

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Vyakaran

• संधि
• समास
• भाववाचक संज्ञा-निर्माण
• विशेषण-निर्माण
• पर्यायवाची या समानार्थी शब्द
• समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द
• अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द
• विलोम शब्द
• अनेकार्थक शब्द
• वाक्य शुद्धि
• अपठित गद्यांश
• अनुच्छेद लेखन
• पत्र-लेखन
• अनुवाद
• मुहावरे और लोकोक्तियाँ
• विज्ञापन, सूचना और प्रतिवेदन
• प्रपत्र पूर्ति

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Polynomials Ex 2.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2 Polynomials Ex 2.3

Question 1.
Apply the division algorithm to find the quotient and remainder on dividing p (x) by g (x) as given below:
(i) p (x) = x³ – 3x² + 5x – 3, g (x) = x² – 2 (Pb. 2018 Set I, II, III)
(ii) p (x) = x⁴ – 3x² + 4x + 5, g(x) = x² + 1 – x
(iii) p (x) = x⁴ – 5x + 6, g (x) = 2 – x² [Pb. 2017 Set-B]
Solution:
(i) Given that p (x) = x³ – 3x² + 5x – 3 and g (x) = x² – 2,

By division algorithm,
x³ – 3x² + 5x – 3 = (x – 3) (x² – 2) + (7x – 9)
Hence, quotient = x – 3 and remainder = 7x – 9

(ii) Given that p (x) = x⁴ – 3x² + 4x + 5
or p (x) = x⁴ + 0x³ – 3x² + 4x + 5
and g (x) = x² + 1 – x
or g (x) = x² – x + 1

By Division Algorithm,
x⁴ – 3x² + 4x + 5 = (x² + x – 3) (x² – x + 1) + 8
Hence, Quotient = x² + x – 3 and remainder = 8

(iii) Given that p (x) = x⁴ – 5x + 6
or p (x) = x⁴ + 0x³ + 0x² – 5x + 6
and g (x) = 2 – x²
or g (x) = – x² + 2

By division algorithtm,
x⁴ – 5x + 6 = (- x² – 2) (- x² + 2) + (- 5x + 10)
Hence, quotient = -x² – 2.
remainder = – 5x + 10

Question 2.
Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by applying the division algorithm:
(i) t² – 3, 2t⁴ + 3t³ – 2t² – 9t – 12
(ii) x² + 3x + 1, 3x⁴ + 5x³ – 7x² + 2x + 2
(iii) x³ – 3x + 1, x⁵ – 4x³ + x² + 3x + 1
Solution:

∵ remainder is zero
∵ By division algorithm,
t² – 3 is factor of 2t⁴ + 3t³ – 2t² – 9t – 12

(ii)

∵ remainder is zero
∴ By division algorithm, x² + 3x + 1 is a factor of 3x⁴ + 5x³ – 7x² + 2x + 2

(iii)

∵ remainder is not zero.
∴ By division algorithm, x³ – 3x + 1 is not a factor of x⁵ – 4x³ + x² + 3x + 1.

Question 3.
Obtain all other zeroes of 3x⁴ + 6x³ – 2x² – 10x – 5, if two of its zeroes are \(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\) and – \(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\).
Solution:
Given that two zeroes are \(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\) and –\(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\)
∴ (x – \(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\)) [x – (-\(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\))] are factors of given polynomial or
(x – \(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\)) (x + \(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\)) are factors of given polynomial.
or x² – \(\frac{5}{3}\) is a factor of given polynomial.
Now, apply division algorithm to given polynomial and x² – \(\frac{5}{3}\)

∴ 3x⁴ + 6x³ – 2x² – 10x – 5
= (x² – \(\frac{5}{3}\)) (3x² + 6x + 3)
= (x² – \(\frac{5}{3}\)) (3) [x² + 2x + 1]
= 3 (x² – \(\frac{5}{3}\)) [x² + 2x + 1]
[S = 2, P = 1]
= 3 (x² – \(\frac{5}{3}\)) [x(x + 1) + 1 (x + 1)]
= 3 (x² – \(\frac{5}{3}\)) (x + 1) (x + 1)
Now, other zeroes of polynomials are given by
x + 1 = 0 ; x = -1 or
x + 1 = 0 ; x = -1
The zeroes of the given fourth degree polynomial are :
\(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\), –\(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\), -1, -1.

Question 4.
On dividing x³ – 3x² + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder were x – 2 and – 2x + 4 respectively find g(x).
Solution.
Compare given data with division algorithm, we have
p(x)= g (x). q(x) + r (x) or
p(x) – r(x) = g(x).q(x)
or g(x) . q (x) = p(x) – r(x)
or g(x) = \(\frac{p(x)-r(x)}{q(x)}\)
By putting various values, we get:
g(x) = \(\frac{\left(x^{3}-3 x^{2}+x+2\right)-(-2 x+4)}{x-2}\)

g(x) = \(\frac{x^{3}-3 x^{2}+x+2+2 x-4}{x-2}\)

g(x) = \(\frac{x^{3}-3 x^{2}+3 x-2}{x-2}\) …………….(1)

Now,

∴ \(\frac{x^{3}-3 x^{2}+3 x-2}{x-2}\) = x² – x + 1
From (1) and (2), we get:
g(x) = x² – x + 1

Question 5.
Give examples of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the dhriskm algorithm and
(i) deg p (x) = deg q (x)
(ii) deg r (x) = 0
(iii) deg q (x) = deg r (x)
Solution:
(i) Let p(x) = 5x² – 5x +10; g(x) = 5 q(x) = x² – x + 2; r(x) = 0

∴ By division algorithm,
5x² – 5x + 10 = 5(x² – x + 2) + 0
or p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x)
Also, deg p(x) = deg q(x) = 2

(ii) Let p(x) = 7x³ – 42x + 53
g(x) = x³ – 6x + 7
q(x) = 7; r(x) = 4

∴ By division algorithm,
7x³ -42x + 53 = 7(x³ – 6x+ 7)+ 4
or p(x) = q(x) g(x) + r(x)
Also, deg q(x) = 0 = deg r(x)

(iii) Let p(x) = 4x³ + x² + 3x + 6;
g(x) = x² + 3x + 1;
q(x) = 4x – 11;
r(x) = 32x + 17

∴ By division algorithm,
4x³ + x² + 3x + 6 = (4x – 11) (x² + 3x + 1) + (32x + 17)
or p(x) = q(x) . g(x) + r(x)
Also, deg q(x) = deg r(x)

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Advertisement Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Advertisement Writing

(1) Draft an advertisement for ‘Mangla Academy’.

MANGLA ACADEMY An ideal coaching centre, located in the centre of the city, near Galaxy Tower. Well-qualified staff for all subjects and all competitive examinations. Quite reasonable and affordable fees. Equipped with all facilities for practicals. Contact : Ravi Mangla Director Ph. 2000015, 2000025.

(2) Advertise ‘the showroom named ‘Kids World’.

KIDS WORLD : Come with your little ones and choose from a wide range of: Dresses and Outfits Games and Toys Comics and Storybooks & Much More Visit today and enjoy the benefit of special gifts and discounts. Galaxy Towers (Phagwara) Ph. 3010120, 3010121.

(3) Advertise ‘Futura Coconut Hair Oil’.

Depend On Futura Coconut Hair Oil To get rid of dandruff. To check the falling of hair. To treat your dry and rough hair. Futura Coconut Hair Oil (FCHO) A Quality Product of Indian Herbals Ltd.

(4) Draft an advertisement for ‘Chamak Detergent Powder’.

For a Sparkling Wash of Your Clothes and Dishes Always Depend On CHAMAK DETERGENT POWDER MOST ECONOMICAL Leaves no stains anywhere & Friendly Towards Your Hands A Quality Product of Ratson and Watson India Ltd.

(5) You have organized a handloom exhibition in your colony. Draft an advertisement for the same.

INTER-STATE HANDLOOM EXHIBITION Dates ….. 1st May — 15th May Timing ….. 8 a.m. — 8 p.m. daily Venue ….. Sangam Palace, Gokul Vihar, Ludhiana. Book your orders in bulk and enjoy heavy discounts Exquisite Handloom Products on Display From Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, J & K, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat Sponsored by : Punjab Khadi Udyog.

(6) Advertise ‘Singla Mosquito Repellant Oil’.

ENJOY AN UNDISTURBED SLEEP with Singla Mosquito Repellant Oil Colourless Odourless Non-allergic Quitmos Cream Quitmos Liquid Quitmos Mats

(7) Draft an advertisement for a new footwear showroom.

MAURYA FOOTWEAR POINT Your wait is over. A new footwear showroom has opened in your area. We have all the leading brands like Bata, Lakhani, Action, Relaxo, Liberty etc. Originality of the stuff guaranteed. Prices are genuine. Special discount on certain days. Kindly pay at least one visit and see the difference. Maurya Footwear Point 33 Foota Road Opposite New Sunder Nagar Chandigarh Road Ludhiana Ph. 4209211, 5637863

(8) As the Principal of New Light Public School, Jagraon, draft an advertisement for a daily newspaper, inviting applications for the post of a librarian in your school.

WANTED A QUALIFIED LIBRARIAN Wanted an experienced librarian, at least B.A. B.Lib., in the pay-scale 4300-120-5600. D.A. and H.R.A. according to State Govt, rules admissible. Apply by 20th May. Principal, New Light Public School, Jagraon.

(9) Advertise ‘Gupta Travel Agency’.

GUPTA TRAVEL AGENCY Visit for exciting domestic and international holiday packages both for individuals and groups. Decide your time and place and leave the rest to us. 1. Magical Singapore 5 nights / 6 days ₹ 64,999/- 2. Australia (Sydney, Coral Islands and CNS) 7 nights / 8, days ₹ 94,999/ 3. Exotic Goa 3 nights / 4 days ₹ 13,333/- Contact : Parkash Kumar Gupta (Manager) Ph. 233313

(10) Advertise ‘Rin Detergent Powder’.

For a Sparkling Wash of Your Clothes and Dishes Always Depend On RIN DETERGENT POWDER MOST ECONOMICAL Leaves no stains anywhere & Friendly Towards Your Hands A Quality Product of Rat son and Watson India Ltd.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Message Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Message Writing

A message is some information, news, request, etc. sent to somebody in writing, speech, by telephone, etc. Telephone is the quickest means for sending a message. Sometimes it so happens that a message is received by telephone, but the person for whom the message is meant is not at hand. So someone else has to receive it. And if he himself has to go out, he has to leave in writing the message for the person for whom it is meant.

(1) Read the telephonic conversation given below and write the message in about 50 words:

Sanjeev : Hello ! Is it 13557799?
Sandeep : Yes, may I know who is calling?
Sanjeev : This is Sanjeev. I want to talk to Mr. Mittal.
Sandeep : Papa is not at home. Would you like me to convey him any message?
Sanjeev : Tell him that the meeting scheduled for 30th March has been
postponed to 4th April.
Sandeep : I’ll tell him.
Sanjeev : Thank you.

MESSAGE 22nd March Dear Papa 5:00 p.m. There was a phone call from Mr. Sanjeev. He aids that the meeting scheduled for 30th March had been postponed to 4th April. Sandeep

(2) Read the telephonic conversation given below :

Ramesh : Hello Ria, where is Mama ?
Ria : She has gone to the kitty party.
Ramesh : Please tell her that I will bring two of my friends for dinner tonight.
Ria : Fine. Is there anything else she should know ?
Ramesh : Yes, tell her to prepare fish-curry.
Ria : Is that all ?
Ramesh : Yes. Bye.

Ria has to go to her friend’s house. So she writes the message for her mother. Write the message for Ria.

MESSAGE 6.00 Pm 8th June Mama Ramesh told me on the phone that he bringing two of his friend for dinner tonight. His want you to prepare fish-curry for the dinner. Ria

(3) Read the following telephonic conversation :

Neha : Hello ! Is it 4607875?
Seema : Yes.
Neha : I am Neha. May I speak to Kriti, please?
Seema : She has gone to market and won’t be back till 9 o’clock.
Neha : Please tell her that she is invited to my birthday party on 15 April at 6 p.m. at my house.
Seema : I’ll convey your message.
Neha : Thank you.

Write this message on behalf of Seema.

MESSAGE 7.00 Pm 3 April Kriti There was a phone call from Neha. she has invited you to her birthday party on September at 6 pm at her house. Seema

(4) Given below is a telephonic conversation between Nandan and Nikita.

Nandan : I am Nandan. May I talk to Arun?
Nikita : I’m sorry, he is not at home.
Nandan : Why didn’t he come to school today?
Nik ita . : He has gone to visit a relative.
Nandan : Will you please convey my message to him?
Nikita : What is it?
Nan dan : Tell him to bring my English notebook as I need it for correction tomorrow.
Nikita : Anything else?
Nandan : Yes, tell him that our science test has been postponed. Our teacher
will announce the new date tomorrow.
Nikita : I will tell him.
Nandan : Thank you.

Nikita has to go to the market, so she writes the message for Arun. Write this message for her.

MESSAGE 4.30 pm 17 Sept, Arun There was a phone call from Nandan He said that you must take his English notebook to school as he needs it for correction He also said that your science test had been postponed The new date will he announced tomorrow. Nikita

(5) Read the telephonic conversation given below :

Anoushka : Hello, is it 2295098?
Ritu : Yes, may I know who is calling?
Anoushka : I am Anoushka. Can I talk to Ishaan?
Ritu : He has gone to the library.
Anoushka : Please tell him that his interview for ‘Tata Indicom’ has been fixed for tomorrow 9 a.m. sharp. He should reach the office in time and also bring his certificates along with him. Don’t forget. It is urgent.
Ritu : I’ll convey the message.
Anoushka : Thank you.

Ritu has to go to visit her sister, so she writes the message for Ishaan. write this message.

MESSAGE 6.00 Pm 11 Sept, Ishaan There was a telephone cell from Anoushka. She said that your interview for Tata indicom has been fixed for tomorrow 9 a.m sharp. You should reach the office in time along with your certificates. Ritu.

(6) Read the following telephonic conversation between Gulzar and Sonam :

Gulzar – Is it 8287135 ?
Sonam – Yes, who is calling ?
Gulzar – I am Gulzar from JCT, Phagwara. I would like to speak to Dhruv.
Sonam – He is not at home. I am his sister and you can give me the message.
Gulzar – Please tell him that he has been selected for the post of junior engineer and he must join duty tomorrow at 10 a.m.
Sonam – Anything else ?
Gulzar – Yes, tell him to bring along the photocopies of his certificates.
Sonam – Sure, I’ll convey your message.
Gulzar – Thank you. Bye.

Sonam writes the message for Dhruv as she has to go out for dinner. Write this message for her.

MESSAGE 5.00 PM 7th March Dhruv One Mr Gulzar from JCT, Phagwara. rang up to inform you that you have been selected for the post of junior engineer. You must join duty tomorrow at 10 a.m. You should also take with you the photocopies of you certificates’. Sonam

(7) Read the following telephonic conversation :

Ravi : Hello ! Is it 2895634 ?
Tina : Yes, may I know who is on the line ?
Ravi : This is Ravi. May I talk to Suraj ?
Tina : He is not at home.
Ravi : Do me a favour. Tell him to pick me up while going to office tomorrow as my car has been sent for servicing.
Tina : Anything else ?
Ravi : Tell him to bring the file I gave him.
Tina : I’ll convey your message.
Ravi : Thank you. Bye.

Tina writes the message for Suraj as she has to go to her kitty party. Write this message on her behalf.

MESSAGE 3:00 p.m 22 March Suraj There was a phone call from Ravi. He want, you to pick him up while going to office tomorrow as his car has been sent for servicing. Also take along the file he gave you. Tina

(8) Read the telephonic conversation given below :

Rajiv : Hello, is that Anu ?
Rajni : No, it’s Rajni speaking. Anu is not at home at the moment. What is the matter ?
Rajiv : We had planned to see ‘Power Cut’ running at Arora Palace today evening. Please tell her to wait for me at the main gate.
Rajni : Do not worry. I shall leave a message for her.
Rajiv : Thank you, Rajni. Bye.

Rajni has to go to market and she will not be able to meet Anu. Write a message on her behalf in about 50 words.

MESSAGE 10:00 a.m 10th October Anu You had planned to see ‘Power Cut’ runtime at Arora Palace today evening with Rajiv. He rang up to tell you that you should wait for him at the main gate. Rajni

(9) Read the following telephonic conversation :

Ajay : Hello, is it 2376589 ?
Anu : Yes, may I know who is speaking ?
Ajay : This is Ajay. I want to speak to Mr. Goyal.
Anu : Papa is not at home. Would you like me to convey any message, to him ?
Ajay : Tell him that the meeting scheduled for 9th March has been postponed to 11th March.
Anu : I’ll tell him.

Anu has to go to school. Write the message on her behalf.

MESSAGE 8:00 a.m 7th March Papa Mr. Ajay rang upto inform you that the meeting scheduled for 9th March has been ostpàied to 11th March. Anu

(10) Read the telephonic conversation given below :

Mrs. Sharma: Hello, is it 2984567?
Ria: Yes, who would you like to speak to?
Mrs. Sharma: I want to talk to Sunita. I am Megha Sharma.
Ria: Hello auntie, mummy has gone to market.
Mrs. Sharma: Tell her that Nina’s father-in-law is not well and we are going
to see him at Kapoor Hospital where he has been admitted.
Tell your mother to be ready by 6 p.m. as I’ll pick her up on the way.
Ria: I’ll give her your message, auntie.
Mrs. Sharma: Thank you, dear. Bye.

Ria has to go to her friend’s house. Write the message for her mother on lier behalf.

MESSAGE 2:00 a.m 15th March Mummy Sharma auntie rang up to say that Nina aunties father-in-law is not well. They are going to see him at Kapoor Hospital Sharma aùntIwill pick you up out. the way You shrink be ready by 6 pm. Ria

(11) Read the telephonic conversation given below :

Kishore : Hello ! Could I speak to Raghu ?
Rani : Raghu has gone out. This is his sister Rani speaking.
Kishore : Will you please tell him to reach the Extension Library by 10 a.m.
tomorrow for the renewal of our membership ?
Rani : Of course, I will tell him. Anything else ?
Kishore : Yes, tell him to carry his membership card.
Rani : Sure. Bye.

Rani has to go to club for a meeting. Write down the message she would write for Raghu.

MESSAGE 4:00 p.m 4th March Raghu There was a phone call from Kishore. He said that vim should reach the extensive Library by 10 a.m. tomorrow for the renewal of membership. You should also carry your membership card. Rani

(12) Read the following telephonic conversation :

Rajesh: Hello, could I speak to Hemant, please?
Harish: Sorry, Hemant has not yet arrived.
Rajesh: Could you please convey to him that Mr. Verma has arrived at the company head office and he would like to meet Hemant tomorrow morning.
Harish: Sure, I’ll tell him?
Rajesh: Tell him to reach the office by 9 a.m.
Harish: I’ll coñvey the message.
Rajesh: Thank you. Bye.

Harish: has to go to Delhi, so he leaves the message for Hemant. Write the message on his behalf.

MESSAGE 2:00 p.m 11 March Hemant Rajesh rang up to say that Mr. Verma has arrived at the company head office. He would like to meet you tomorrow morning. Reach the office by 9 a.m. Harish

13. Read the following telephonic conversation between Asha and Kiran.

Kiran is about to leave home and will not be able to meet Arun. She leaves a message for him. Write this message in not more than 50 words. Put the message in a box.
Asha : Hello, is that Kiran ?
Kiran: Speaking.
Asha: It’s Asha here. You know there’s a good movie on. It’s ‘My Left Foot’.
It’s running at Alpana. How about it tomorrow?
Kiran: Yes, not a bad idea.
Asha: Let’s go to the evening show. Where should we meet?
Kiran: Let’s meet at Wimpy’s Corner, at 5.30. Is that okay?
Asha: Fine. Look, Vijay’s coming along too. Why don’t you ask Arun to join us?
Kiran: I’ll do that. He’s not at home at the moment, but I’ll ask him to ring you up this evening.
Please don’t buy the tickets until he calls.

MESSAGE 5:30 p.m 8 March. Arun There was a phone from Asha She and Vijay are going to see the movie ‘My Left Foot tomorrow evening I, too, have agreed to accompany them We shall he meeting at Wimpy’s Cornerrhat 5:30 Asha wants you also to accompany. Please ring her up this evening and confirm She’ll be waiting. Kiran

(14) Read the following telephonic conversation which took place when Suresh was staying with his uncle. Write the message from Suresh to his uncle, using not more than 50 words. Put the message in a box.

Seshu : Hello ! Hello ! This is Seshu from Lucknow. Can I speak to Mr. Rao, please? I am a friend of his son, Matlhav Rao.
Suresh : This is Suresh Rao My uncle’s not here the moment. We heard about the earthquake. Is Madhav all right?
Seshu : Yes, yes. He’s okay now. But he had a bad fall during the earthquake and he broke his left leg. It was a multiple fracture, but there’s nothing to worry about now.
Suresh : Is he in hospital?
Seshu : Yes, he’s at the Tata Memorial Hospital here. Would you please inform his family?
Suresh : Of course, I will. Thank you for calling.

MESSAGE 9.15 p.m 25 April Dear Uncle There Was a telephone call for you from one Mr. Seshu, our Madhav’s friend, from Lucknow. He said that Madhav had a fall during the earthquake and he broke his leg. He got a multiple fracture and has been admitted to the Tata Memorial Hospital there. But he added that there was nothing to worry. Suresh.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Polynomials Ex 2.4 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2 Polynomials Ex 2.4

Question 1.
Verify that the number given alongside of the cubic polynomials below are their zeroes. Also verify the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients in each case :
(i) 2x³ + x² – 5x + 2; \(\frac{1}{2}\), 1, -2
(ii) x³ – 4x² + 5x – 2; 2, 1, 1
Solution:
(i) Let p (x) = 2x³ + x² – 5x + 2
Compare it with ax³ + bx² + cx + d
a = 2, b = 1, c = -5, d = 2
Now, P(\(\frac{1}{2}\)) = 2\(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{3}\) + \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}\) – 5\(\frac{1}{2}\) + 2

= \(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}-\frac{5}{2}\)

= \(\frac{1+1-10+8}{4}=\frac{0}{4}\) = 0
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\) is zero of p (x)
and p(1) = 2(1)³ + (1)² – 5 (1) + 2
= 2 + 1 – 5 + 2 = 5 – 5 = 0
∴ 1 is zero of p (x).
Also, p(-2) = 2(-2)³ + (- 2)² -5(-2) + 2
= -16 + 4 + 10 + 2 = – 16+ 16 = 0
∴ – 2 is zero of p (x).
From above discussion, it is clear that \(\frac{1}{2}\), 1, – 2 are the zeroes of given polynomial.
Let these zeroes are
α = \(\frac{1}{2}\), β = 1, γ = – 2
Now, α + β + γ = \(\frac{1}{2}\) + 1 + (-2)
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) + 1 – 2
= \(\frac{1+2-4}{2}\)
= –\(\frac{1}{2}\) = –\(\frac{b}{a}\)

αβ + βγ + γα = (\(\frac{1}{2}\)) (1) + (-1) (-2) + (-2) (\(\frac{1}{2}\))
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) – 2 – 1
= \(\frac{1-4-2}{2}\)
= \(-\frac{5}{2}\) = \(\frac{c}{a}\)

αβγ = (\(\frac{1}{2}\)) (1) (-2)
= (\(-\frac{2}{2}\))
= (\(-\frac{d}{a}\))
From above discussion, it is clear that there is a relationship between zeroes and coefficients.

(ii) Let p (x) = x³ – 4x² + 5x – 2.
Compare it with ax³ + bx² + cx + d
∴ a = 1, b = – 4, c = 5, d = – 2
Now p(2) = (2)³ – 4 (2)² + 5 (2) – 2
= 8 – 16 + 10 – 2
= 18 – 18 = 0 2 is zero of p (2).
and p( 1) = (1)³ – 4(1)² + 5(1) – 2
= 1 – 4 + 5 – 2 = 6 – 6 = 0
From above discussion it is clear that 2, 1, 1 are the zeroes of given polynomial. Ans.
Let these zeroes are
α = 2, β = 1, γ = 1
Now, α + β + γ = 2 + 1 + 1 = 4
= \(\frac{-(-4)}{1 \cdot}=\frac{-b}{a}\)
αβ + βγ + γα = (2) (1) + (1) (1) + (1) (2) = 2 + 1 + 2 = 5
= \(\frac{5}{1}=\frac{c}{a}\)

αβγ = (2) (1) (1) = 2
= \(\frac{-(-2)}{1}=\frac{-d}{a}\)
From above discussion, it is clear that there is a relationship between zeroes and coefficient.

Question 2.
Find a cubic polynomial with the sum, sum of the product of its zeroes taken two at a time, and the product of its zeroes as 2, – 7, – 14 respectively.
Solution:
The general expression of cubic polynomial are
ax³ + bx² + cx + d.
Let α, β, γ be its zeroes
α + β + γ = Sum of zeroes = 2
αβ + βγ + γα = Sum of product of zeroes = – 7
αβγ = Product of zeroes = – 14
∴ ax³ + bx² + cx + d
= k [(x – α) (x – β) (x – γ)] where k is any constant.
= k [x³ – (α + β + γ) x² + (αβ + βγ + γα)x – αβγ]
= k [x³ – 2x² – 7x + 14] [Using (1)]
For different values of k, we get different cubic polynomial.

Question 3.
If the zeroes of the polynomial x³ – 3x² + x +1 are a – b, a, a + b, find a and b.
Solution:
Let p (x) = x³ – 3x² + x + 1 and its zeroes are a – b, a, a + b.
a – b is zero of p (x) ………(Given)
∴ p (a – b) = 0
or (a – b)³ – 3 (a – b)² + (a – b) + 1 = 0 or
[a³ – b³ – 3a²b + 3ab²] – 3 [a² + b² – 2ab] + a – b + 1 = 0
or a³ – b³ – 3a²b + 3ab² – 3a² – 3b²
+ 6ab + a – b + 1 = 0 ….(1)
and a is zero of p (x) …………(Given)
∴ p (a) = 0
or a³ – 3a³ + a + 1 = 0 ………….(2)
Also, a + b is zero of p (x) …(Given)
∴ p (a + b) = 0
or (a + b)³ – 3 (a + b)² + (a + b) + 1 = 0
or (a³ + b³ + 3a²b + 3ab²) – 3 (a² + b³ + 2ab) + a + b – 1 = 0 or
a³ + b³ + 3a²b + 3ab² – 3a² – 3b³ – 6ab + a + b + 1 = 0 …………….(3)
Adding (1) and (3), we get :
2a³ + 6ab² – 6a² – 6b² + 2a + 2 = 0 or
a³+ 3ab² – 3a² – 3b² + a + 1 = 0 or
(a³ – 3a³ + a + 1) + (3ab² – 3b²) = 0 or
0 + 3b² (a – 1) = 0 [Using (2)]
or a – 1 = 0
or a = 1 ………(4)
From (3) and (4), we get:
(1)³ + b³ + 3(1)²b + 3(1 )b² – 3(1)² – 3b² – 6 (1) b + 1 + b + 1 = 0 or
1 + b³+ 3b + 3b² – 3 – 3b² – 6b + b + 2 = 0
or b³ – 2b = 0 or
b (b² – 2) = 0 or
b² – 2 = 0 or
b² = 2
or b = ±√2
Hence a = 1, b = ±√2

Another Solution:
Given that three zeroes of polynomial x³ – 3x² + x + 1 are a – b, a, a + b respectively
Now, sum of zeroes = (a – b) + a + (a + b) = a – b + a + a + b = 3a
But, sum of zeroes using coefficient = \(\frac{-\text { Coefficient of } x^{2}}{\text { Coefficient of } x^{3}}\)
= \(\frac{-(-3)}{1}\) = 3
∴ 3a = 3 or a = 1
Also, product of zeroes = (a – b) . a . (a + b) = (a² – b²) a
Putting the value of a, we get :
= (1² – b²) . 1
= 1 – b²
But, product of zeroes using coefficient = \(=\frac{-\text { Constant term }}{\text { Coefficient of } x^{3}}\)
= \(\frac{-1}{1}\) = -1
1 – b² = – 1
– b² = – 1 – 1
– b² = – 2 or
b² = 2
b = ±√2
Hence a = 1 and b = ±√2

Question 4.
If two zeroes of the polynomial x⁴ – 6x³ – 26x² + 138x – 35 are 2 ± √3, find other zeroes.
Solution:
Given that two zeroes are (2 + √3) and (2 – √3)
∴ [x – (2 + √3)] [x – (2 – √3)] are factors of given polynomial.
Now, [x – (2 + √3)] [x – (2 – √3)]
= x² – [2 – √3 + 2 + √3]x + [(2 + √3) + (2 – √3)]
= x² – 4x + [(2)² – (√3)²]
= x² – 4x + 1
∴ (x² – 4x + 1) is factor of given polynomial. Now, apply division algorithm to given polynomial and (x² – 4x + 1)

∴ x⁴ – 6x³ – 26x² + 138x – 35
= (x² – 4x + 1) (x² – 2x – 35)
= (x² – 4x + 1) [x² + 5x – 7x – 35]
S = – 2, P = – 35
= (x² – 4x + 1) [x (x + 5) – 7 (x + 5)]
= (x² – 4x + 1) (x + 5).(x – 7)
Now, other zeroes of polynomials are given by :
x + 5 = 0 Or x – 7 = 0
x = – 5 Or x = 7
∴ the zeroes of the given fourth degree polynomial are :
2 + √3, 2 – √3, -5, 7.

Question 5.
If the polynomial x⁴ – 6x³ + 16x² – 25x + 10 is divided by another polynomial x² – 2x + k, the remainder comes out to be x + a, find k and a.
Solution:
Given that, polynomial x⁴ – 6x³ + 16x² – 25x + 10 is divided by another polynomial x² – 2x + k then remainder comes out to be x + a
So, first of all we divide,
x⁴ – 6x³ + 16x² – 25x + 10 with x² – 2x + k and find quotient and remainder.

∴ by division algorithm for Polynomials x⁴ – 6x³ + 16x² – 25x +10
= (x² – 2x + k) [x² – 4x + (8 – k) + [(- 9 + 2k) x + (10 – 8k + k²]
Quotient = x² – 4x + (8 – k) and
Remainder = (- 9 + 2k) x + (10 – 8k + k²)
But, remainder = x + a ….(Given)
∴ (- 9 + 2k) x + (10 -8k + k²) = x + a
Compare the like coefficients, we get :
-9 + 2k = 1 Or
2k = 1 + 9
2k = 10
k = \(\frac{10}{2}\) = 5 or

10 – 8k + k² = a
Putting the value of k, we get
10 – 8 × 5 + (5)² = a
10 – 40 + 25 = a
-5 = a
a = -5
Hence k = 5 and a = -5

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Polynomials Ex 2.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2 Polynomials Ex 2.2

Question 1.
Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.
(i) x² – 2x – 8
(ii) 4s² – 4s + 1
(iii) 6x² – 3 – 7x
(iv) 4u² + 8u
(v) t² – 15
(vi) 3x² – x -4
Solution:
(i) Given Quadratic polynomial,
x² – 2x – 8
∵ [S = -2, P = -8]
= x² – 4x + 2x – 8
= x (x – 4) + 2 (x – 4)
= (x – 4) (x + 2)
The value of x² – 2x – 8 is zero,
iff (x – 4) = 0 or (x + 2) = 0
iff x = 4 or x = – 2
Therefore, zeroes of x2 – 2x – 8 are – 2 and 4.
Now, Sum of zeroes = (- 2) + (4) = 2
= \(\frac{-(-2)}{1}=-\frac{(\text { Coefficient of } x)}{\text { Coefficient of } x^{2}}\)
Product of zeroes = (- 2) (4) = – 8
= \(\frac{-8}{1}=\frac{\text { Constant term }}{\text { Coefficient of } x^{2}}\)
Hence, relationship between the zeroes and the coefficient are verified.

(ii) Given quadratic polynomial,
4s² – 4s + 1
= 4s² – 2s – 2s + 1
∵ [S = -4, P = 4 × 1]
= 2s (2s – 1) – 1 (2s – 1)
= (2s – 1) (2s – 1)
The value of 4s² – 4s + 1 is zero
iff (2s – 1) = 0 or (2s – 1) = 0
iff s = \(\frac{1}{2}\) or s = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
Therefore, zeroes of 4s² – 4s + 1 are \(\frac{1}{2}\) and \(\frac{1}{2}\)

Now, sum of zeroes = \(\frac{1}{2}\) + \(\frac{1}{2}\) = 1
= \(\frac{-(-4)}{4}=\frac{-(\text { Coefficient of } s)}{\left(\text { Coefficient of } s^{2}\right)}\)

Product of Zeroes = \(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)=\frac{1}{4}\)

= \(\frac{\text { Constant term }}{\text { Coefficient of } s^{2}}\)
Hence, relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients are verified.

(iii) Given quadratic polynomial,
6x² -3 – 7x
= 6x² – 7x – 3
∵ [S = – 7, P = 6x-3=-18]
= 6x² -9x + 2x-3
= 3x (2x – 3) + 1 (2x – 3)
= (2x – 3) (3x + 1)
The value of 6x² – 3 – 7x is zero
iff (2x – 3) = 0 or 3x + 1 = 0
iff x = \(\frac{3}{2}\) or x = –\(\frac{1}{3}\)
Therefore, zeroes of 6x² – 3 – 7x are \(\frac{3}{2}\) and –\(\frac{1}{3}\)
Now, Sum of zeroes = \(\frac{1}{3}\)

= \(\frac{3}{2}+\left(\frac{-1}{3}\right)\)

= \(\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{3}=\frac{9-2}{6}\)

= \(\frac{7}{6}=\frac{-(-7)}{6}\)

= \(\frac{-(\text { Coefficient of } x)}{\text { Coefficient of } x^{2}}\)

Product of zeroes = \(\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)\left(\frac{-1}{3}\right)\)

= \(\frac{-3}{6}=\frac{\text { Constant term }}{\text { Coefficient of } x^{2}}\)

Hence, relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients are verified.

(iv) Given quadratic polynomial,
4u² + 8u = 4u(u + 2)
The value of 4u² + 8 u is zero
iff 4u = 0 or u + 2 = 0
iff u = 0 or u = – 2
Therefore, zeroes of 4u² + 8M are 0 and – 2
Now, Sum of zeroes = 0 + (- 2) = -2
= \(\frac{-8}{4}\)
= \(-\frac{(\text { Coefficient of } u)}{\text { Coefficient of } u^{2}}\)

Product of zeroes = (0) (- 2) = 0
= \(\frac{0}{4}=\frac{\text { Constant term }}{\text { Coefficient of } u^{2}}\)
Hence, relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients are verified.

(v) Given quadratic polynomial,
t² – 15 = t² – (√15)²
= (t – √15) (t + √15)
The value of t² – 15 is zero
iff t – √15 = 0 or t + √15 = 0
iff t = √15 or t = – √15
Therefore, zeroes of t² – 15 are – √15 and √15.
Now, Sum of zeroes = -√15 + √15 = 0 = \(\frac{0}{1}\)
= \(\frac{-(\text { Coefficient of } t)}{\text { Coefficient of } t^{2}}\)

Product of zeroes = (-√15) (√15) = – 15 = \(-\frac{15}{1}\)

= \(\frac{0}{1}\)
= \(=\frac{\text { Constant term }}{\text { Coefficient of } t^{2}}\)
Hence, relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients are verified.

(vi) Given quadratic polynomial,
3x² – x – 4
= 3x² + 3x – 4x – 4
= 3x (x + 1) – 4 (x + 1)
∵ [S = – 1, P = 3 x – 4 = – 12]
= (x + 1) (3x – 4)
The value of 3x² – x – 4 is zero
iff (x + 1) = 0 or 3x – 4 = 0
iff x = -1 or x = \(\frac{4}{3}\)
Therefore, zeroes of 3x² – x – 4 are – 1 and \(\frac{4}{3}\)

Now, Sum of zeroes = – 1 + \(\frac{4}{3}\)
= \(\frac{-3+4}{3}=\frac{1}{3}\)
= \(\frac{-(-1)}{3}=\frac{-\text { Coefficient of } x}{\text { Coefficient of } x^{2}}\)
Product of zeroes = (- 1) \(\frac{4}{3}\)
= \(\frac{-4}{3}=\frac{\text { Constant term }}{\text { Coefficient of } x^{2}}\)
Hence, relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients are verified.

Question 2.
Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of its zeroes respectively.
(i) \(\frac{1}{4}\), -1
(ii) √2, \(\frac{1}{3}\)
(iii) 0, √5
(iv) 1, 1
(v) –\(\frac{1}{4}\), \(\frac{1}{4}\)
(vi) 4, 1. [MQP 2015]
Solution:
(i) Given that, sum of zeroes and products of zeroes of given polynomial \(\frac{1}{4}\) are -1 respectively.
Let the quadratic polynomial be ax² + bx + c and its zeroes be α and β
α + β = Sum of zeroes = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
and αβ = Product of zeroes = – 1
Now, ax² + bx + c = k (x – α) (x – β) where k is any constant
= k [x² – (α + β)x + αβ]
= k[x² – \(\frac{1}{4}\)x + (-1)]
= k[x² – \(\frac{1}{4}\)x – 1]
for different value of k, we get different quadratic polynomials.

(ii) Given that, sum of zeroes and product of zeroes of given quadratic polynomial are √2 and \(\frac{1}{3}\) respectively.
Let the quadratic polynomial be ax² + bx + c and its zeroes be α and β
α + β = Sum of zeroes = √2
and αβ = Product of zeroes = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
Now, ax² + bx + c = k (x – α) (x – β) where k is any constant
= k[x² – (α + β) x + αβ]
= k[x² – √2x + \(\frac{1}{3}\)]of k, we get different quadratic polynomial.
for different values of k, we get different quadratic polynomial.

(iii) Given that, sum of zeroes and products of zeroes of given quadratic polynomial are 0 and √5 respectively.
Let the quadratic polynomial be ax² + bx + c and its zeroes be α and β
α + β = Sum of zeroes = 0
and αβ = Product of zeroes = √5
Now, ax² + bx + c = k(x – α) (x – β)
where k is any constant
= k [x² – (a + (α+ β)x + αβ)
= k[x² – 0x + √5]
= k[x² + √5]
for different values of k, we get different quadratic polynomial.

(iv) Given that, sum of zeroes and product of zeroes of given quadratic polynomial are 1 and 1 respectively.
Let the quadratic polynomial be ax² + bx + c and its zeroes be α and β
α + β = Sum of zeroes = 1 and
αβ = Product of zeroes = 1
Now, ax² + bx + c = k(x – α) (x – β)
where k is any constant.
= k [x² – (α + β)x + αβ]
= k [x² – 0x + √5]
= it [x² – x + √5]
for different values of k, we get different quadratic polynomial.

(v) Given that, sum of zeroes and product of zeroes of given quadratic polynomial are \(-\frac{1}{4}\) and \(\frac{1}{4}\) respectively.
Let the quadratic polynomial be ax² + bx + c and its zeroes be α and β
α + β = Sum of zeroes = –\(\frac{1}{4}\)
and αβ = Product of zeroes = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
Now ax² + bx + c = k (x – α) (x – β) where k is any constant
= k[x² – (α + β) x + αβ]
= k[x² – (-\(\frac{1}{4}\))x + \(\frac{1}{4}\)]
= k[x² + \(\frac{1}{4}\)x + \(\frac{1}{4}\)]
For different values of k, we get different quadratic polynomial.

(vi) Given that, sum of zeroes and product of zeroes of given quadratic polynomial are 4 and 1 respectively. Let the quadratic polynomial be
ax² + bx + c and its zeroes be α and β
α + β = sum of zeroes = 4 and
αβ = Product of zeroes = 1
Now, ax2 + bx + c = k(x – α) (x – β) where k is any constant
= k [x² – (α + β) x + αβ]
= k [x² – 4x + 1]
For different values of k, we get different quadratic polynomials.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Paragraph Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Paragraph Writing

नोट-परीक्षा-पत्र में विद्यार्थियों को तीन अथवा चार विषय दिए जाएंगे जिनमें से किसी एक पर उन्हें लगभग 100 शब्दों में एक पैराग्राफ लिखना होगा। ये पैराग्राफ किसी व्यक्ति, घटना अथवा अनुभव, आदि के बारे में पूछे जा सकते हैं। किसी विषय पर एक अच्छा पैराग्राफ लिखने के लिए निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखिए –

1. दिए हुए विषय पर चिन्तन कीजिए और इसके सम्बन्ध में जो बातें (points) आप लिखना चाहते हों, उन्हें क्रमबद्ध कर लीजिए।

2. पैराग्राफ लिखते समय इस बात का ध्यान रखिए कि आपके पैराग्राफ में एक सहज प्रवाह हो – अर्थात् पैराग्राफ का प्रत्येक वाक्य अपने पूर्व के वाक्य में से निकलता हुआ प्रतीत होना चाहिए।

3. अपने पैराग्राफ में केवल उन्हीं शब्दों का प्रयोग कीजिए जिनका अर्थ और प्रयोग आप को भली प्रकार आता हो। अपनी योग्यता से अधिक योग्य दिखलाई देने का यत्न कभी मत कीजिए।

4. अपने वाक्यों की लम्बाई इतनी रखिए कि वे आपके काबू में रहें। अधिक लम्बे वाक्य सुन्दर लेख का लक्षण नहीं होते हैं।

5. आपके पैराग्राफ का पहला वाक्य विषय का उल्लेख करने वाला होना चाहिए और अन्तिम वाक्य निष्कर्ष-पूर्ण होना चाहिए। आरम्भिक और अन्तिम वाक्य लिखने में विशेष ध्यान दिया जाना चाहिए।

6. आपका पैराग्राफ दिए हुए विषय पर ही केन्द्रित होना चाहिए। व्यर्थ की बातें लिखकर अपने पैराग्राफ को लम्बा करने का यत्न कभी मत कीजिए।

7. आपका पैराग्राफ संक्षिप्त तथा अर्थ-पूर्ण होना चाहिए। पुस्तक के इस भाग में अनेक विषयों पर पैराग्राफ दिए गए हैं। विद्यार्थियों को परामर्श दिया जाता है कि वे इन्हें ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ें और देखें कि किस प्रकार से किसी विषय को एक सारगर्भित पैराग्राफ का रूप दिया जा सकता है।

1. An Indian Festival

Outline: Diwali…… twenty days…… Dussehra…… Shri Ram…… Ayodhya…… set free…… Mughal Emperor …… festival…… village and town…… houses and shops…… painted…… new colours…… candles and electric lights …… gifts …… fireworks…… worship goddess Lakshmi…… gamble…… evil…… ended.

Diwali is an important Indian festival. It generally falls in the month of November. It comes twenty days after Dussehra. Shri Ram came back to Ayodhya on this day. Shri Guru Hargobind was set free by the Mughal Emperor on this day. This festival is celebrated in every village and town. Houses and shops are painted in new colours. People light their homes with candles and electric lights. They buy sweets and toys. They distribute gifts among friends and relatives. Children enjoy fireworks at night. On this day, people worship goddess Lakshmi. Some people gamble on this day. It is an evil. It should be ended.

2. Good Manners

Outline : Good manners oil the machine of life ……… earn us respect ……… ‘please’and ‘thank you’settle bitter quarrels ……… should be observed respect elders ……… be polite to the younger ……… talk less and listen more ……… take turn in queue ……… civility of behaviour is a moral obligation ……… bad manners create bitterness.

Good manners oil the machine of life and keep it healthy. They are necessary in every walk of life. They are a double blessing. They give us inner joy and also keep others happy. They earn us respect also. So we should be courteous in our behaviour. We should respect our elders and be polite to younger ones. We should talk less and listen more. We should take turn in queue. We should never forget that civility of behaviour is a moral obligation. While bad manners create bitterness, good manners win us friends. Even simple words like ‘Please’ and ‘Thank you’ settle bitter quarrels. If we have good manners we can make journey of life successful not only for others, but also for ourselves.

3. My Motherland

Outline : India my motherland …… most people live in villages …… many big cities …… land of saints …… big country …… Himalayas …… Indian Ocean …… fertile land …… brave and wise people …… proud of my motherland.

India is my motherland. Most of the people here live in villages. There are many big cities also. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai are some of them. India is a land of saints. It is the land of Kalidas, Kabir and Guru Nanak. India is a very big country. In its north, there are the Himalayas. They are the highest mountains in the world. The Indian Ocean is in its south. India is a land of big forests, lakes, valleys and rivers. They add to its beauty. The soil of India is very fertile. It gives us many kinds of crops. India is a land of lions, tigers and elephants. And Indians are brave and wise people. They are peace-loving people. I am proud of my country and its people.

4. Fashion Among Students

Outline : Students …… most of the time in front of the mirror …… very particular about clothes …… hairstyles …… show off…… inwardly hollow …… no attention to inner development…… a foolish trend.

Most of the time of students is spent in front of the mirror. They want to decorate themselves in such a way as to attract every eye. In their desire to look modern and attractive, they go crazy for new fashions. They dress themselves in the latest styles. With every change in fashion, their hairstyles also change. To be in the latest fashion seems to be the only care of our young boys and girls. They care so much for their exteriors that they have no time to attend to their interiors. They frequent the beautician for facials but never visit the library for books, journals or periodicals. If ever they carry some book or journal in their hand, that, too, is never meant for reading but merely for the sake of fashion. I hate these modern clowns.

5. Discipline

Outline : Discipline necessary …… house…… classroom …… assembly …… office ……playground …… without discipline confusion, disorder and chaos…… no work or progress possible without discipline …… training of mind.

Discipline is necessary in all walks of life. Any house without discipline will surely go to the dogs. A teacher can’t teach if his students don’t keep discipline in the class. The head of a family won’t be able to run his family if its members don’t maintain discipline. The members of an assembly must observe discipline if they are to do any good job. No office can function without discipline. Even in a playground, the players have to obey the rules of the game. They have to play under discipline. Without discipline, there is bound to be confusion, disorder and chaos. No work or progress is possible without discipline. It is discipline which enables a nation to march on the way to progress. It must be kept in mind that discipline can’t be enforced by law alone. It is training of the mind. It has to come from within.

6. A Small Family Is a Happy Family

Outline : Small family enjoys life …… food and clothes of their choice …… expenses limited …… enough money …… enough time …… enjoy luxuries of life.

A small family enjoys life to the full. The couple may enjoy the food of their choice. They can wear clothes of their liking. They have only one or two children. So their expenses are limited. They can enjoy life in any way they like. They have enough money to spend on the education and clothes, etc. of their children. They have a lot of time to look after their children. They can work hard and buy their own house to live in. They can enjoy luxuries of life. It is rightly said that a small family is a happy family.

7. Fast Food — a Health Hazard

Outline : Present-day life affects eating habits …… taken to fast foods …… such foods lose value and taste …… oily and spicy …… cause various diseases …… should not be eaten.

The present-day fast life has affected our eating habits also. We have taken to foods that can be cooked fast and eaten fast. But such food loses much of its value and taste. Fast foods are generally prepared at wayside eating stalls and cheap restaurants. They are ill-cooked. They are very oily and spicy. They can cause a number of ailments in our body. They can- give us ulcers and even cancer. Habit of taking fast foods is suicidal. It is in our own interest to give it up. Fast foods are junk foods and junk should be thrown away rather than be eaten.

8. A Scene at the Railway Station

Outline : I spend some time at the railway station …… like watching trains …… before the arrival of a train …… growing excitement and activity …… some in a great hurry …… some unhappy at the departure of loved ones s coolies run …… vendor boys move in and out of the train jostling and elbowing …… after the train has left platform gives a deserted look.

Last Sunday, I went to the railway station to receive a friend of mine who was coming from Delhi. I bought a platform ticket and since there was time for the train to arrive I thought of spending some time there. There was a lot of excitement and activity on the platform. People were in a great hurry to catch the train. After the arrival of the train some people, who had come to see off, were unhappy at the departure of their loved ones. The coolies were running. The vendor boys were moving in and out of the train. There was a great rush because of which there was a lot of jostling and elbowing. But after the train left, it was all quiet at the platform and the platform gave a deserted look.

9. The Scene at an Election Booth

Outline : The election day full of excitement …… my school …… polling centre …… lavish activity …… rush of voters …… cars, minibuses used to bring candidates from homes …… free drinks offered to voters …… polling officer enquired the names of voters verified identity cards …… after casting vote, ink mark put on, voter’s left forefinger …… booth closed at 4 p.m.

In our city municipal elections were held last month. Our school was chosen as the polling centre. There was a feverish activity on the day of polling. Everybody was full of excitement. Cars and mini buses were used to bring the candidates from homes. There was a great rush of voters. Free drinks were offered to the voters. Then the voters entered polling booth from one side. The polling officer enquired the names of the voters. He verified each voter by his/her identity card. Before casting the vote, the indelible ink mark was put on every voter’s fore-finger. After that, they went behind the curtain. There they pressed the button of the Electronic Voting Machine according to their choice. They came out from the other side after casting their vote.

10. Inauguration of the New Computer Wing of Our School

Outline: New Computer Wing…… inaugurated by Principal, Govt. Polytechnic College…… interesting and informative talk on computers …… new computer wing going to help the students.

The new Computer Wing of the school was inaugurated by Dr. Ravi Sharma, Principal of Govt. Polytechnic, Faridabad. On this occasion, a talk on computers and their use was organised. The talk was given by Dr. Arvind Sharma. His talk was very interesting and informative. He told the students about different kinds of computers and their use in our present-day life. He impressed upon the students to take maximum advantage of their new computer wing and gain some elementary knowledge about the working of computers. The new computer wing is going to help the students a great deal.

11. A Visit to a Book Fair

Outline : Organised by the local publishers …… held in Town Hall…… rich display of books …… large number of people …… series of competitions …… fair a great success.

A three-day book fair was organised by the local publishers and distributors of the city. It was held in the Town Hall from the 17th to the 19th of the month. There was a rich display of books on almost all subjects for school and college students. The fair attracted a large number of students, parents and other book-lovers. In order to make the fair attractive to students, a series of competitions were held for school students on each day of the fair. Students of all local schools could take part in these competitions. Prizes were given to the winners in painting, cursive writing and intelligence tests in science, maths and general knowledge. The fair was a ‘great success in so far as it aroused the interest of the students to read good and useful books.

12. Annual Inspection of Our School

Outline : Annual inspection last month …… few days before Principal called meeting …… students asked to decorate the school…… whitewashed and cleaned the classrooms …… won first prize.
Answer:
The annual inspection of our school took place last month. A few days before the inspection, our Principal called a meeting. All the teachers and the students took part in it. The Principal asked the students to lend a hand in decorating the school. We were asked to clean and whitewash our classrooms ourselves. The students gladly agreed to it. First of all, we removed all the benches and desks from our classroom. We took a broom and swept the room. Then we prepared some buckets of whitewash. We took a brush and whitewashed the walls. A ladder was used to whitewash the ceiling. Then we took some enamel paint. Two coatings of this paint were given to the doors and windows. After whitewashing and painting, we cleaned the floor. Lastly, we arranged the furniture. On the day of inspection, we won the first prize.

13. A Visit to a Hill Station

Outline : During…… last summer…… Mussoorie…… friends…… new experience…. number of visitors. …… foreigners…… atmosphere…… hustle and bustle…… very pleasant…… ‘Queen of Hills’. ……material life…… visit is still fresh….

During the last summer vacation, I visited Mussoorie with some of my friends. I had never been to Mussoorie before. So it was a new experience for me. There were a large number of visitors. The presence of foreigners and honeymooners lent an additional charm to the atmosphere. Everywhere, there was a great hustle and bustle. The weather was very pleasant. The scenery all round was very charming. The fir-clad hills presented a fine view. Rightly has Mussoorie been called the ‘Queen of Hills’. It transports one into a heaven of joy. It makes one forget about the worries of material life. We visited all the beauty spots in the neighbourhood of Mussoorie. The memory of this visit is still fresh in my mind.

14. Value of Newspapers

Outline : Newspapers …… our life …… well-informed …… give us confidence …… government…… wrong policies…… social purpose…… social evils…… help job-seekers…… suitable matches…… sons and daughters …… part and parcel….

Newspapers have an important place in our life. They keep us well-informed. They increase our general knowledge. They give us confidence. They tell us what is happening around us. They are the world’s mirrors. Newspapers guard our rights. They keep a check on the government. They bring to light the wrong policies of the government. Newspapers serve a social purpose also. They educate us against social evils. Thus, they help in reforming society. Newspapers help job-seekers also by advertising the vacant posts. They help parents in finding suitable matches for their sons and daughters. Truly, newspapers have become a part and parcel of modern life.

15. Science Fair in Our School 

Outline : Inaugurated by the District Education Officer …… 120 items on display…… most of them working models …… showed newness …… everyone fascinated ?.. students explained with confidence …… teachers had worked hard …… appreciated.

A science fair was organized in our school auditorium on the 7th of this month. It was inaugurated by the District Education Officer. There were more than 120 items on display. Most of them were working models. Each model showed newness and innovation in the practical application of some scientific law. Everyone was fascinated to see the exhibits. Students explained with confidence the mechanism of each model. Both, the students and teachers, had worked very hard to make this fair a success. Their efforts were appreciated by all present.

16. A Scene of a Flooded Village

Outline : There…… heavy rains…… July …… got flooded…… three days…… shelter…… roofs…… crops were all washed …… cattle died …… water level kept rising …… would get drowned …… army men came…… boats to safety…… villagers …… homes.

There were heavy rains in the month of July this year. The village in which I live got flooded after it had been raining for three days and nights. There was knee-deep water in all the houses of the village. The villagers had nowhere to go to. They took shelter on the roofs of their houses. Their crops were all washed away. Many of their cattle died. It was a horrible sight. To make it worse, the water level kept rising hour by hour. The villagers began to fear that all of them would get drowned. But luckily, the army men came to our help. They ferried the villagers in their boats to safety. The flood subsided after five days. The villagers came back to their homes.

17. A Rainy Day 

Outline : India ……….. land of varying seasons ……….. summer very hot ……….. rain brings relief dark clouds gather in the sky cool breeze ………..downpour children dance in rain ……….. streets flooded with water ……….. rain stopped cool weather……….. rainbow in the sky……….. people enjoy.

India is a land of various seasons. Here summer is very hot. Only rain brings relief. It was the month of July last year. One day, it was very hot. Men and animals were panting. All were perspiring. We longed for a shower of rain. In the afternoon, some dark clouds appeared in the sky. A cool breeze began to blow. Soon the whole sky was overcast with dark clouds and there was a heavy downpour. Streets and bazaars were flooded with water. Little children came out and played in the rain. The rain stopped after two hours. The weather became cool. A rainbow appeared in the sky after the rain. People enjoyed the cool weather.

18. Drug Addiction

Outline: Drug addiction very common among the youth …… causes…… neglect and harsh treatment …… frustration…… educational system.

Drug addiction is becoming very common among our youth. Perhaps the youth find this life too burdensome. As an escape from it, they take to drugs. Sometimes parents themselves become the cause of it. They are either too strict or have no time to attend to their children. The young ones feel neglected. Our purposeless system of education is also one of the big causes. When the youth fail to get any employment after 15-20 years of education, they get frustrated and take to drugs. Drug addiction has become a big social problem. There is no short-cut cure for drug abuse. We often complain that our youth are going wrong. But, we hardly do anything to understand their problems. The best way to keep our youth away from drugs is to use their energies in constructive ways. An employment-based educational system should be evolved.

19. Environmental Pollution

Outline : Living in polluted world …… air, water, food, etc. …… everything polluted ……scientists listed the dangers of environment pollution …… all governments worried…… man himself responsible …… use of fertilizers …… nuclear testing contaminating water …… several deadly diseases ….. an immediate control must.

Environment pollution is the greatest problem facing a man. We are living in a polluted world; where air, water, food, etc. everything upon which we survive is polluted. Scientists have listed down the dangers of environment pollution and the governments around the globe are worried about the same. In fact, man himself is responsible for such a situation. In his ignorance he has so far been destroying the wealth of nature, trees and forests. An immediate control is required to keep the environment free from pollution. More attention is being paid to afforestation. The unauthorized felling of trees is being checked. Scientists are developing methods to minimize the effect of smoke let out by our autos and chimneys.

20. Wonders of Science

Outline: Science…… this world…… marvellous changes…… life easy…… blessing for man…… our dreams into realities…… reduced human suffering…… medicine and surgery…… fatal…… many articles of daily use …… made…… comfortable.

Science has made man the master of this world. It has brought marvellous changes in man’s life. It has made our life easy and comfortable. It has, in fact, proved a blessing for man. It has translated our dreams into realities. It has brought revolution in the fields of agriculture, industry, transport and communication. Science has greatly reduced human suffering. Great progress has been made in the fields of medicine and surgery. Diseases once thought fatal can now be cured very easily. Science has given us many articles of daily use. These articles have made our life easy and comfortable.

21. Planting Trees

Outline: Trees…… in this world…… without trees…… man to live…… necessities of life…… purify the air …… beautify our surroundings…… the land safe from …… pleasant shade …… sun…… in his greed …… wealth of nature …… problems for mankind…… man’s own …… grow trees ….

Trees do more good to man than any other thing in this world. In fact, without trees, it would be impossible for man to live. They give us all the necessities of life. They give food for man. They purify the air. They help to bring rain. They beautify our surroundings. They give shelter to countless wild animals and birds. They keep the land safe from soil erosion. They give us pleasant shade from the heat of the sun. But it is very sad that man, in his greed, has destroyed this wealth of nature. It has resulted in many grave problems for mankind. It will be in man’s own interest to grow trees and look after them.

22. Life in a Village

Outline : The three words …… Simple, Pure and Fresh …… simple-hearted people …… thoughts and actions…… hospitable…. no anxiety…… calm and peaceful…… free from…… din of cities…… Says Leo Tolstoy …… A villager…… grow rich…… enough to eat…… worth-living.

The three words that can amply describe the life in a village are Simple, Pure and Fresh. The villagers are very simple-hearted people. They know no cunning. They are pure in their thoughts and actions. They are very hospitable. They live simply and happily. They have no anxiety. Life in a village is very calm and peaceful. It is free from the noise and din of cities. The air is fresh and health-giving. Says Leo Tolstoy in one of his stories, “A villager’s life is not a.fat one, but it is a long one.” A villager may never grow rich, but he has always enough to eat. In short, we can say that life in a village is worth-living.

23. An Ideal Citizen

Outline : Pride of nation …… duty comes first…… law-abiding …… pays taxes …… national outlook …… above the considerations of caste and creed…… works for national unity…… patriotism highest religion.

An ideal citizen is the pride of his nation. He is conscious of his rights and his duties. For him duty comes first. He knows that it is impossible to enjoy one’s rights without first doing one’s duty. He never forgets the duties that he owes to society. He is law-abiding. He obeys all the laws of the land. He pays all the taxes that are due to him. He has a truly national outlook. He is not narrow-minded. He is above the considerations of caste and creed. He works for national unity. Patriotism is the highest religion for him.

24. A House on Fire

Outline: It was Sunday…… with my friend…… saw clouds of smoke…… big fire…… running…… buckets of water…… sand and water …… after half an hour …… suffered a great loss …… grain and money…… People felt sorry …… gave him food, clothes …… carpenter thanked …… folded hands.

It was Sunday. I was sitting in my room with my friend. Suddenly, we saw clouds of smoke rising in the sky. There was a big fire. People were running to the site of fire. Children were shouting for help. People brought buckets of water. We also joined them. We threw sand and water on the flames. The fire was put out after half an hour. It was the house of a carpenter. The poor man suffered a great loss. All his wood, grain and money were gone. The house was reduced to ashes. He was very sad at his loss. People felt sorry for him. They gave him food, clothes and some money. The poor carpenter thanked them with folded hands.

25. My Hobby

Outline: My hobby…… reading books…… good and useful books…… knowledge ……pleasure…… great writers …… noble things of life…… best friends…… endless store …… food for the mind…… not very expensive…… borrow books from libraries.

Reading books is my hobby. I read only good and useful books. I read some good journals also. I get much useful knowledge from them. Reading gives me much pleasure. I can enjoy the company of great writers by reading their works. I can learn from them good and noble things of life. Good books are the best friends. They are an endless store of knowledge. We can learn much from them. They give us food for the mind. Reading books is the best of all hobbies. It is not very expensive. We can borrow books from libraries.

26. My Favourite Book

Outline: Many books…… “Gita’…… liked the most…… religious book…… philosophy…… work hard…… worry …… result…… certainly rewards…… leave the rest to God get peace of mind.

I have read many books. But I have liked one book the most of all. It is the ‘Gita’. It is a religious book of the Hindus. It has a very rich philosophy. It teaches us that man should work hard. He should not worry about the restful. God certainly rewards us for our work. Good work always leads to good results. So an man should only mind his work. He should leave the rest to God. I like this philosophy very much. I get peace of mind by reading this book.

27. My Best Friend

Outline: My best friend…… class-fellow…… lives next door tome ……go to school together…… intelligent…… captain of the tennisteam…… teachers love…… honest and sincere…… respects his elders…… polite to all…… poor and needy students…… true friend ……in the real sense…… friendly with him.

The person I like most is my best friend, Amit Kapoor. He is my class-fellow. He lives next door to me. We go to school together. We play and study together. Amit is very intelligent. He always stands first in the class. Amit is also good at sports. He is the captain of the tennis team of our school. All teachers love him. I like Amit for his good and simple habits. He always speaks the truth. He is honest and sincere. He respects his elders. He is polite to all. He helps the poor and needy students. He is a true friend in the real sense. Everybody wants to be friendly with him. I am proud of my friend. May he live long !

28. My Favourite Teacher

Outline: My favourite teacher…… active and smart…… M.A. B.Ed…. English…… method of teaching…… simple and effective…… ideal teacher…… real sense…… helps his students…… source of inspiration…… for the students…… proud of him…… live long

Mr. Ram Paul is my favourite teacher. He is my class teacher. He is forty years old. He is very active and smart. He is an M.A. B.Ed. He teaches us English. He is the master of this subject. His method of teaching is very simple and effective. His results are always good. Mr. Ram Paul is an ideal teacher in the real sense. He is ever ready to help his students. He helps the poor students with money and books. He is very kind to his1 students. He loves the students and the students respect him. He is a source of inspiration for his students. We are proud of him. May he live long !

29. Our School Library

Outline : A house of books …… big library …… big hall…… divided into four sections…… reading room …… 10,000 books …… newspapers and magazines …… students …… vacant periods …… read …… librarian …… issue books…… guides the students how to choose…… students can take…… after reading them.

A library is a house of books. There is a library in every school. There is a big library in our school also. It is housed in a big hall. The hall is divided into different sections. There is one section for each subject. There is a reading room also. There are about 10,000 books in our school library. The books are arranged on shelves. The newspapers and magazines are placed on the tables. The students go to the library in their vacant periods. They read books, newspapers and magazines there. The students love sitting in it. There is a librarian. He issues books. The students can take books to their homes also. They return the books after reading them.

30. The Morning Assembly of Our School

Outline: Students and teachers…… morning assembly…… stand in rows ……stand facing the assembly …… school compound …… head boy of school…… main news …… thought of the day …… explains it …… some important announcement…… go to classrooms.

Our school begins at half past eight in the morning. All the students and teachers reach the school in time. The morning assembly begins. All the students stand in rows in the school compound. They stand facing the school building. Four boys stand facing the assembly. First of all, there is the morning prayer. Then the head boy of the school reads out the main news of the day. A teacher gives the thought of the day and explains it. Sometimes our Headmaster makes some important announcement during the assembly. Then we go to our classrooms and the first period begins.

31. An Indian Farmer

Outline: An Indian farmer…… fields…… plough…… waters them …… sows seeds…… looks after crops…… no easy job…… very difficult and tiring…… remains poor…… hand to mouth …… lot is pitiable…… lives happily…… simple in habits ……pure in thoughts…… evils of city life.

The life of an Indian farmer is very hard. He has to work hard in his fields. He has to work in sun and rain. He has to plough his fields. He has to water them. Then he has to sow seeds in his fields. He looks after his crops day and night. Harvesting is also no easy job. It is very difficult and tiring. Even after so much labour, the Indian farmer remains poor. He has to live from hand to mouth. His lot is pitiable. But though he is poor, he lives happily. He is simple in his habits. He is pure in his thoughts. He lives away from the evils of city life.

32. An Indian Beggar

Outline: An Indian beggar…… common sight…… streets and bazaars…… railway stations…… in rags…… looks very dirty…… pretend to be lame…… painful voices ……pity …… money, clothes, flour…… don’t like…… poor homes…… work to do…… allowed to beg…… very ugly.

The Indian beggar is a common sight. We can see him anywhere and everywhere. We can see him in streets and bazaars. We can see him at bus stops and railway stations. He is always in rags. He looks very dirty. Some beggars pretend to be lame or blind. They cry in painful voices. People are moved to pity. They give them money, clothes, flour, etc. But I don’t like it. Beggars should be kept in poor homes. There they should be given work to do. Nobody should be allowed to beg in public places. It looks very ugly.

33. The Independence Day

Outline: India became free…… August 15,1947…… Indepdendence Day…… British rule…… red-letter day …… history of the country…… celebrated with great enthusiasm…… national holiday ……public meetings…… big function…… Prime Minister…… unfurls the National flag…… Red Fort…… hard-won freedom ……protect it.

India became a free country on August 15, 1947. So, August 15 is called the Independence Day of India. The British rule came to an end on this day. It is a red- letter day in the history of the country. It is celebrated all over the country with great enthusiasm. On this day all schools, colleges and offices remain closed. It is a national holiday. Public meetings are held in all towns and cities. A big function is held in Delhi. The Prime Minister unfurls the national flag at the Red Fort. Our freedom is a hard-won freedom. We should protect it.

34. The Republic Day

Outline : India became Republic…… Constitution came into force…… secular democratic …… power of government…… common people…… castes, creeds and religions…… equal…… red-letter day…… celebrated all over the country…… enthusiasm…… national flag unfurled…… public buildings…… big function…… Delhi…… President …… presides…… worth seeing…. national holiday.

India became a Republic on January 26, 1950. The Constitution of the country came into force on this day. India became a secular democratic country. The power of government passed into the hands of the common people. All castes, creeds and religions are to be equal in the eyes of the law. It is a red-letter day in the history of the country. It is celebrated all over the country with great enthusiasm. The national flag is unfurled at all the public buildings. A big function is held in Delhi. The President of the country presides over this function. It is worth seeing. This day is a national holiday.

35. A Football Match

Outline: Our school…… Khalsa School…… football match…… Sh. Jaswant Singh referee…… toss…… chose our side…… game slow ……played well…… our defence…… no goal…… blew the whistle…… interval…… Vinod passed …… the ball…… ran into the D…… kicked it hard…… goal…… loud cheers…… referee blew the whistle…… game was over…… won the match.

Last Monday, a football match was played between our school and Khalsa School. It was played on our school grounds. Sh. Jaswant Singh was the referee. He blew the whistle. There was a toss. We won the toss. We chose our side. The match began. At first the game was slow, but soon it became brisk. All the players played well. Our defence was very strong. There was no goal. The referee blew the whistle for interval. In the second half, Vinod passed the ball on to me. I ran with it into the D. Then I kicked it hard. It went through the poles. It was a goal. There were loud cheers. The referee blew the whistle. The game was over. We won the match by one goal.

36. Morning Walk

Outline: Morning walk…… best exercise…… costs nothing…… health…… refreshes …… saves from diseases…… develops…… habit…… pure thoughts…… dewdrops…… fresh flowers…… charm…… mind…… loving…… natural beauty …… not only…… body…… mind also.

Morning walk is the best form of exercise. It costs nothing. It is very useful for our health. It refreshes our mind. It strengthens our body. It saves us from many diseases. Morning walk keeps us fresh for the whole day. It develops in us the habit of rising early. It brings pure thoughts in our mind. The dewdrops, the fresh flowers, the chirping birds and the rustling leaves charm our mind. We start loving these objects of natural beauty. Thus, morning walk is useful not only for our body, but for our mind also.

37. A Visit to a Zoo 

Outline :A zoo…… visited …… parents…… tickets…… saw birds…… rare kinds of…… herons, gulls…… wild beasts …… lioness and her cub…… basking…… wolves…… rhinos…… muddy pond…… big snakes…… fearful…… stayed there …… three hours…… came back home.

There is a zoo in our city. I visited it last Sunday. I went with my parents. We bought tickets and went in. First of all we saw birds. There were many beautiful and rare kinds of birds. We saw parrots, canaries, swallows, peacocks, ducks, cranes, herons, gulls and geese. Then we saw some wild beasts. A lioness and her cub were basking in the sun. They roared now and then. We also saw wolves, tigers, elephants and rhinos. When we were coming back, we saw a muddy pond. There were many big snakes in it. It was fearful to look at them. We stayed in the zoo for about three hours. Then we came back home.

38. Leisure 

Outline : Life is not worth living if we remain busy in work ….. lot of energy wasted ….. restored by leisure ….. enjoy sights of nature develop new tastes and creative hobbies ….. busy men miss all this ….. overwork causes ailments….. make right use of leisure.

Leisure is the free or spare time one gets after one’s busy schedule. One must have some leisure to enjoy the sights of nature and to look after one’s physical, mental, moral, emotional and spiritual needs. A lot of energy is wasted in doing the day’s work. That energy is restored by leisure. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. It has been rightly said. During the leisure hours, we can develop new tastes as well as creative hobbies. All this is possible only if we have some leisure hours at our disposal. Busy men miss all this. Overwork and no rest causes ailments of various kinds. We should make the right use of leisure. This life is not worth living, if we always remain busy in work.