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PSEB 6th Class Social Science SST Book Solutions Guide in Punjabi English Medium

September 3, 2024August 27, 2024 by sachin

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 6th Class Social Science SST Book Solutions Guide Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 6.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide | SST Social Science Guide for Class 6 PSEB

PSEB 6th Class Social Science SST Book Solutions in English Medium

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography: The Earth – Our Habitat

Chapter 1 Earth – As a Member of Solar System
Chapter 2 Globe – The Model of the Earth
Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth
Chapter 4 How Maps Help Us
Chapter 5 Realms of the Earth
Chapter 6 Our India – In World
Chapter 7 Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife of India (Not in Syllabus)

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide History: People and Society in the Ancient Period

Social Science Guide for Class 6 PSEB Civics: Community and its Development

PSEB 6th Class Social Science SST Book Solutions in Hindi Medium

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography: The Earth – Our Habitat

Chapter 1 पृथ्वी : सूर्य परिवार का अंग
Chapter 2 ग्लोब – पृथ्वी का मॉडल
Chapter 3 पृथ्वी की गतियाँ
Chapter 4 मानचित्र – हमारे सहायक
Chapter 5 पृथ्वी के परिमण्डल
Chapter 6 संसार में भारत
Chapter 7 भारत की जलवायु, प्राकृतिक वनस्पति और जंगली जीवन (Not in Syllabus)

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide History: People and Society in the Ancient Period

Social Science Guide for Class 6 PSEB Civics: Community and its Development

PSEB 6th Class Social Science SST Book Solutions in Punjabi Medium

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography: The Earth – Our Habitat (ਭੂਗੋਲ : ਸਾਡਾ ਆਵਾਸ)

Chapter 1 ਪ੍ਰਿਥਵੀ : ਸੂਰਜ-ਪਰਿਵਾਰ ਦਾ ਅੰਗ
Chapter 2 ਗਲੋਬ-ਧਰਤੀ ਦਾ ਮਾਡਲ
Chapter 3 ਧਰਤੀ ਦੀਆਂ ਗਤੀਆਂ
Chapter 4 ਨਕਸ਼ੇ-ਸਾਡੇ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਮਦਦਗਾਰ
Chapter 5 ਧਰਤੀ ਦੇ ਪਰਿਮੰਡਲ
Chapter 6 ਸਾਡਾ ਭਾਰਤ-ਸੰਸਾਰ ਵਿੱਚ
Chapter 7 ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਜਲਵਾਯੂ, ਬਨਸਪਤੀ ਅਤੇ ਜੰਗਲੀ ਜੀਵਨ (Not in Syllabus)

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide History: People and Society in the Ancient Period (ਇਤਿਹਾਸ : ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਕਾਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੋਕ ਅਤੇ ਸਮਾਜ)

Social Science Guide for Class 6 PSEB Civics: Community and its Development (ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਜੀਵਨ : ਸਮੁਦਾਇ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਦਾ ਵਿਕਾਸ)

PSEB 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Miscellaneous Exercise

August 16, 2024August 14, 2024 by sachin

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Miscellaneous Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Miscellaneous Exercise

Question 1.
Let f: R → R be defined as f(x) = 10x + 7. Find the function g: R → R such that gof = fog = I_R.
Solution.
It is given that f: R → R is defined as f(x) = 10x + 7.
One – one :
Let f(x) = f(y), where x, y ∈ R.
⇒ 10x + 7 = 10y + 7
⇒ x = y
∴ f is a one-one function.

Onto :
For y ∈ R, let y = 10x + 7.
⇒ x = \(\frac{y-7}{10}\) ∈ R
Therefore, for any y ∈ R, there exists x = \(\frac{y-7}{10}\) ∈ R such that
f(x) = f(\(\frac{y-7}{10}\))
= 10(\(\frac{y-7}{10}\)) + 7
= y – 7 + 7 = y
∴ f is onto.
Therefore f is one-one and onto.
Thus f is an invertible function.
Let us define g : R → R as g(y) = \(\frac{y-7}{10}\)
Now, we have
gof(x) = g(f(x)) = g(10x + 7)
= \(\frac{(10 x+7)-7}{10}=\frac{10 x}{10}\) = x
And, fog(y) = f(g(y))
= f(\(\frac{y-7}{10}\))
= 10(\(\frac{y-7}{10}\)) + 7
= y – 7 + 7 = y
∴ gof = I_R and fog = I_R
Hence, the required functiong:R → R is defined as g(y) = \(\frac{y-7}{10}\)

Question 2.
Let f: W → W be defined as f(n) = n – 1, if n is odd and f(n) = n + 1, if n is even. Show that f is invertible. Find the inverse of f. Here, W is the set of all whole numbers.
Solution.
It is given that
f: W → W is defined as f(n) = PSEB 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Miscellaneous Exercise 1

One-one :
Let f(n) = f(m)
It can be observed that if n is odd and m is even, then we will have
n – 1 = m + 1
⇒ n – m = 2
However, this is impossible.
Similarly, the possibility of n being even and m being odd can also ignored under a similar argument.
∴ Both n and m must be either odd or even.
Now, if both n and m are odd, then we have
f(n) = f(m) ⇒ n – 1 = m – 1 ⇒ n = m
Again, if both n and m are even , then we have
f(n) = f(m) ⇒ n + 1 = m+1 ⇒ n = m
∴ f is one – one.

Onto :
It is clear that any odd number 2r + 1 in co-domain W is the image of 2r in domain W and any even number 2r in co-domain W is the image of 2r + 1 in domain W.
∴ f is onto.
Hence, f is an invertible function.
Let us define g : W → W as

g(m) = PSEB 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Miscellaneous Exercise 2

Now, when n is odd
gof(n) = g(f(n)) = g(n – 1) = n – 1 + 1 = n
and, when n is even
gof(n) = g(f(n)) = g(n + 1) = n + 1 – 1 = n
Similarly, when m is odd
fog(m) = f(g(m)) = f(m – 1) = m – 1 + 1 = m
and when m is even
fog(m) = f(g(m)) = f(m + 1) = m + 1 – 1 = m
∴ gof = I_W and fog = I_W
Thus, f is invertible and the inverse of f is given by f^-1 = g, which is the same as f.
Hence, the inverse of f is itself.

Question 3.
If f: R → R is defined by f(x) = x² – 3x + 2, find f(f(x)).
Solution.
It is given that f: R → R is defined as f(x) = x² – 3x + 2.
f(f(x)) = f(x² – 3x + 2)
= (x² – 3x + 2)² – 3(x² -3x + 2) + 2
= x⁴ + 9x² + 4 – 6x³ – 12x + 4x² – 3x² + 9x – 6 + 2
= x⁴ – 6x³ + 10x² – 3x.

Question 4.
Show that the function f: R → {x ∈ R: – 1 < x < 1} defined by f(x) = \(\frac{x}{1+|x|}\) ∈ R is one-one and onto function.
Solution.
It is given that f: R → {x ∈ R: – 1 < x < 1} is defined as f(x) = \(\frac{x}{1+|x|}\), x ∈ R.
Suppose f(x) = f(y), where x,y ∈ R ⇒ \(\frac{x}{1+|x|}=\frac{y}{1+|y|}\)
It can be observed that if x is positive and y is negative, then we have \(\frac{x}{1+x}=\frac{y}{1-y}\)
⇒ 2xy = x – y
Since x is positive and y is negative, then x > y ⇒ x – y > 0
But, 2xy is negative.
Then, 2xy ≠ x – y.
Thus, the case of x being positive and y being negative can be ruled out.
Under a similar argument, x being negative and y being positive can also be ruled out.
∴ x and y have to be either positive or negative.
When x and y are both positive, we have x y
f(x) = f(y)
⇒ \(\frac{x}{1+x}=\frac{y}{1+y}\)
⇒ x + xy = y + xy
⇒ x = y
When x and y are both negative, we have
f(x) = f(y)
⇒ \(\frac{x}{1-x}=\frac{y}{1-y}\)
⇒ x – xy = y – yx
⇒ x = y
∴ f is one-one.
Now, let y ∈ R such that – 1 < y < 1.
If y is negative, then there exists x = \(\frac{y}{1+y}\) ∈ R such that
f(x) = f(\(\frac{y}{1+y}\))
= \(\frac{\left(\frac{y}{1+y}\right)}{1+\left|\frac{y}{1+y}\right|}=\frac{\frac{y}{1+y}}{1+\left(\frac{-y}{1+y}\right)}=\frac{y}{1+y-y}\) = y
If y is positive, then there exists x = \(\frac{y}{1-y}\) ∈ R such that
f(x) = \(f\left(\frac{y}{1-y}\right)=\frac{\left(\frac{y}{1-y}\right)}{1+\left(\frac{y}{1-y}\right)}\)

= \(\frac{\frac{y}{1-y}}{1+\left(\frac{y}{1-y}\right)}=\frac{y}{1-y+y}\) = y
∴ f is onto.
Hence, f is one-one and onto.

Question 5.
Show that the function f: R → R given by f(x) = x³ in injective.
Solution.
f: R → R is given as f(x) = x³.
Suppose f(x) = f(y), where x, y ∈ R.
⇒ x³ = y³ …………(i)
Now, we need to show that x = y
Suppose x * y, their cubes will also not be equal.
⇒ x³ ≠ y³
However, this will be a contradiction to Eq. (i).
∴ x = y
Hence, f is injective.

Question 6.
Give examples of two functions f: N → Z and g: Z → Z such that gof is injective but g is not injective.
[Hint: consider f(x) x and g(x) = |x|].
Solution.
Define f: N → Z as f(x) – x and g: Z → Z as g(x) =|x|
We first show that g is not injective.
It can be observed that
g(- 1) = |- 1|= 1; g(1) = |1|= 1
∴ g(- 1) = g(1), but – 1 ≠ 1.
∴ g is not injective.
Now, gof: N → Z is defined as gof(x) = g(f(x)) = g(x) =|x|.
Let x, y ∈ N such that gof(x) – gof(y).
⇒ |x| = |y|
Since x and y ∈ N, both are positive.
∴ |x |= |y |=> x = y
Hence, gof is injective.

Question 7.
Give examples of two functions f: N → N and g: N → N such that gof is onto but f is not onto.
[Hint: consider f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = i PSEB 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Miscellaneous Exercise 3 ]
Solution.
Define f: N → N by f(x) = x +1
and, g: N → N by g(x) =
We first show that f is not onto.
For this, consider element 1 in co-domain N. It is clear that this element is not an image of any of the elements in domain N.
∴ f is not onto.
Now, gof: N → N is defined by,
gof(x) = g(f(x)) = g(x + 1) = (x + 1) – 1 = x [∵ x ∈ N ⇒ (x + 1) > 1]
Then, it is clear that for y ∈ N, there exists x = y ∈ N such that gof(x) = y.
Hence, gof is onto.

Question 8.
Given a non-empty set X, consider P(X) which is the set of all subsets of X.
Define the relation R in P(X) as follows:
For subsets A, B in P(X), ARB if and only if A c B. Is R an equivalence relation on P(X)? Justify your answer.
Solution.
Since every set is a subset of itself, ARA for all A ∈ P(X).
∴ R is reflexive.
Let ARB ⇒ A ⊂ B.
This cannot be implied to B ⊂ A.
For instance, if A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2,3}, then it cannot be implied that B is related to A.
∴ R is not symmetric.
Further, if ARB and BRC, then A c B and B c C.
⇒ A ⊂ C
⇒ ARC
R is transitive.
Hence, R is not an equivalence relation since it is not symmetric.

Question 9.
Given a non-empty set X, consider the binary operation *: P(X) × P(X) P(X) given by A * B = A ∩ B ∀ A, B in P(X) where P(X) is the power set of X. Show that X is the identity element for this operation and X is the only invertible element in P(X) with respect to the operation*.
Solution.
It is given that * : P(X) × P(X) → P(X) is defined as A * B = A ∩ B ∀ A, B ∈ P(X).
We know that A * X = A ∩ X = A = X ∩ A ∀ A ∈ P(X).
⇒ A * X = A = X * A ∀ A ∈ P (X)
Thus, X is the identity element for the given binary operation*.
Now, an element A ∈ P(X) is invertible if there exists B ∈ P(x) such that
A * B = X = B * A. (As X is the identity element)
i.e., A ∩ B = X = B ∩ A
This case in possible only when A = X = B.
Thus, X is the only invertible element in P(X) with respect to the given operation*.
Hence, the given result is proved.

Question 10.
Find the number of all onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, n} to itself.
Solution.
Onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, …, n} to itself is simply a permutation on n symbols 1, 2, …, n.
Thus, the total number of onto maps from {1, 2, 3,…, n} to itself is the same as the total number of permutations on symbols 1, 2,…, n, which is n!.

Question 11.
Let S = {a, b, c} and T = {1,2, 3}. Find F^-1 of the following functions F from S to T, if it exists.
(i) F = {(o, 3), (6, 2), (c, 1)}
(ii) F = {(a, 2), (6, 1), (c, 1)}
Solution.
Given, S = {a, b, c}, and T = {1, 2, 3}
F: S → T is defined as :
F = {(a, 3), (b, 2), (c, 1)}
⇒ f(a) = 3, F(b) = 2, F(c) = 1
Therefore, F^-1 : T → S is given by
F^-1 = {(3, a), (2, b), (1, c)}

(ii) F: S → T is defined as
F = {(a, 2), (b, 1), (c, 1)}
Since F (b) = F (c) = 1, F is not one-one.
Hence, F is not invertible i. e., F^-1 does not exist.

Question 12.
Consider the binary operations * : R × R → R and o: R × R → R defined as a * b = | a – b| and a o b = a, ∀ a, b ∈ R. Show that * is commutative hut not associative, o is associative but not commutative. Further, show that ∀ a, b, c ∈ R, a* (b o c) = (a * b) o (a * c). [If it is so, we say that the operation * distributes over the operation o]. Does o distribute over *? Justify your answer.
Solution.
It is given that *: R × R R and o: R × R → R is defined as a * b = |a – b| and a o b = a ∀ a, b ∈ R.
For a, b ∈ R, we have
a * b = |a – b|
b * a = |b – a| = |- (a – b)|= |a – b|
∴ a * b = b * a
Therefore, the operation * is commutative..
It can be observed that
(1 * 2) * 3 = (|1 – 2|) * 3 = 1 * 3 = |1 – 3|= 2
1 * (2 * 3) = 1 * (|2 – 3|) = 1 * 1 =|1 – 1 |= 0
∴ (1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3) (where 1, 2, 3 ∈ R)
Therefore, the operation * is not associative.
Now, consider the operation o
It can be observed that 1 o 2 = 1 and 2 o 1 = 2.
∴ 1 o 2 ≠ 2 o 1 where 1, 2 ∈ R
Therefore, the operation o is not commutative.
Let a, b, c ∈ R. Then, we have
(a o b) o c = a o c = a
a o (b o c) = a o b = a
⇒ (a o b) o c = a o (b o c)
Therefore, the operation o is associative.
Now, let a, b, c ∈ R, then we have
a * (b o c) = a * b = |a – b|
(a * b) o (a * c) = (|a – b|) o (|a – c|) = |a – b|
Hence a * (b o c) = (a * b) o (a * c)
Now, 1 o(2 * 3) = 1 o (|2 – 3|) = 1 o 1 = 1
(1 o 2) * (1 o 3) = 1 * 1 = |1 – 1|= 0
1 o (2 * 3) ≠ (1 o 2) * (1 o 3)
where 1, 2, 3 ∈ R Therefore, the operation o does not distribute over *.

Question 13.
Given a non-empty set X, let *: P(X) × P(X) → P(X) be defined as A * B – (A – B) ∪ (B – A), ∀ A, B ∈ P(X). Show that the empty set Φ is the identity for the operation * and all the elements A of P(X) are invertible with A^-1 = A.
[Hint: (A – Φ) ∪ (Φ – A) = A and (A – A) ∪ (A – A) = A * A = Φ]
Solution.
It is given that *: P(X) × P(X) → P(X) is defined as
A * B = (A – B) ∪ (B – A) ∀ A, B, ∈ P(X).
Let A ∈ P(X). Then, we have
A * (Φ) = (A – Φ) ∪ (Φ – A) = A ∪ Φ = A
Φ * A = (Φ – A) ∪ (A – Φ) = Φ ∪ A = A
A * Φ = A = Φ * A ∀ A ∈ P(X)
Thus, Φ is the identity element for the given operation *.
Now, an element A s P(X) will be invertible if there exists B ∈ P(X) such that
A * B = Φ = B * A. (As Φ is the identity element)
Now, we observed that
A * A = (A – A) ∪ (A – A) = Φ ∪ Φ = Φ ∀ A ∈ P(X).
Hence, all the elements A of P(X) are invertible with A^-1 = A.

Question 14.
Define a binary operation * on the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) as
a * b =
Show that zero is the identity for this operation and each element a ≠ 0 of the set is invertible with 6 – a being the inverse of a.
Solution.
(i) e is the identity element if a * e = e * a = a
a * 0 = a + 0, 0 * a = 0 + a = a
⇒ a * 0 = 0 * a = a
∴ 0 is the identity of the operation.

(ii) b is the inverse of a if a * b = b * a = e
Now a * (6 – a) = a + (6 – a) – 6 = 0
(6 – a) * a = (6 – a) + a – 6 = 0
Hence, each element of a of the set is invertible with inverse.

Question 15.
Let A = {-1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {-4,-2, 0,2} and f, g: A → B be functions defined by f(x) = x² – x, x ∈ A and g(x) = 2|x – \(\frac{1}{2}\)| – 1, x ∈ A. Are f and g equal? Justify your answer.
[Hint: One may not be that two functions f: A → B and g: A → B
such that f(a) = g(a) ∀ a ∈ A, are called equal functions.]
Solution.
It is given that A = {- 1,0,1, 2}, B = {- 4, – 2, 0, 2).
Also, it is given that f, g: A → B are defined by f(x) = x² – x, x ∈ A and
g(x) = 2 |x – \(\frac{1}{2}\)| – 1, x ∈ A
It is observed that
f(- 1) = (- 1)² – (- 1) = 1 + 1 = 2
and g(- 1) = 2|(- 1) – \(\frac{1}{2}\)| – 1
= 2(\(\frac{3}{2}\)) – 1 = 3 – 1 = 2
⇒ f(- 1) = g(- 1)

⇒ f(0) = (0)² – 0 = 0
and g(0) = 2|0 – \(\frac{1}{2}\)|
= 2(\(\frac{3}{2}\)) – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0

⇒ f(0) = g(0)
f(1) = (1)² – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
and g(1)= 2|1 – \(\frac{1}{2}\)|
= 2(\(\frac{1}{2}\)) – 1 = 1 – 1 = o

⇒ f(1) = g(1)
f(2) = (2)² – 2 = 4 – 2 = 2
and g(2) = 2 |2 – \(\frac{1}{2}\)|
= 2(\(\frac{3}{2}\)) – 1 = 3 – 1 = 2
⇒ f(2) = g(2)
∴ f(a) = g(a) ∀ a ∈ A
Hence, the functions f and g are equal.

Question 16.
Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then, number of relations containing (1, 2) and (1, 3) which are reflexive and symmetric but not transitive, is
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
Solution.
This is because relation R is reflexive as (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) ∈ R.
Relation R is symmetric since (1, 2), (2 ,1) ∈ R and (1, 3), (3, 1) ∈ R.
But relationR is not transitive as (3, 1), (1, 2) ∈ R but (3, 2) ∈ R.
Now, if we add any one of the two pairs (3, 2) and (2, 3) (or both) to relation R, then relation R will become transitive.
Hence, the total number of desired relation is one.
Thus, the correct option is (A).

Question 17.
Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then, number of equivalence relations containing (1, 2) is
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C)3
(D) 4
Solution.
It is given that A = {1, 2, 3}
The smallest equivalence relation containing (1, 2) is given by,
R₁ = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)}
Now, we are left with only four pairs i. e., (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 3), and (3, 1).
If we add any one pair [say (2, 3)] to R₁ then for symmetry we must add (3, 2). Also, for transitivity, we are required to add (1, 3) and (3,1). Hence, the only equivalence relation (bigger than R₁) is the universal relation.
This shows that the total number of equivalence relations containing (1, 2) is two. The correct option is (B).

Question 18.
Let f: R → R be the signum function defined as
f(x) = PSEB 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Miscellaneous Exercise 5
and g: R → R be the greatest integer function given by g(x) = [x], where [x] is greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then, does fog and gof coincide in (0, 1]?
Solution.
It is given that
f: R → R is defined as f(x) = PSEB 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Miscellaneous Exercise 5
Also, g: R → R is defined as g(x) = [x], where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x .
Now, let x ∈ (0, 1]
Then, we have
[x] = 1, if x = 1 and [x] = 0 if 0 < x < 1. ∴ fog(x) = f (g(x)) = f([x]) = PSEB 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Miscellaneous Exercise 6 gof(x) = g(f(x))= g(1) [∵ x > 0]
= [1] = 1 .
Thus, when x ∈ (0, 1), we have fog(x) = 0 and gof(x) = 1.
But fog (1) ≠ gof (1)
Hence, fog and gof do not coincide in (0,1].

Question 19.
Number of binary operations on the set {a, b} are (A) 10 (B) 16 (C) 20 (D) 8
Solution.
A binary operation * on {a, b} is a function from {a, b} × {a, b} → {a, b} i. e.,* is a function from {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b)} → {a, b}.
Hence, the total number of binary operations on the set {a, b} is 2⁴ i.e. 16.
Thus, the correct option is (B).

PSEB 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Ex 1.4

August 16, 2024August 14, 2024 by sachin

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Ex 1.4 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Ex 1.4

Question 1.
Determine whether or not each of the definition of * given below gives a binary operation. In the event that * is not a binary operation, give justification for this.
(i) On Z⁺, define * by a * b = a – b
(ii) On Z⁺, define * by a * b = ab
(iii) On R, define * by a * b = ab²
(iv) On Z⁺, define * by a * b = |a – b|
(v) On Z⁺, define * by a * b = a
Sol.
(i) On Z⁺, * is defined by a * b = a – b.
It is not a binary operation as the image of (1, 2) under * is
1 * 2 = 1 – 2 = – 1 ∉ Z⁺.

(ii) On Z⁺, * is defined by a * b = ab.
It is seen that for each a, b ∈ Z⁺, there is a unique element ab in Z⁺.
This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique element a * b = ab in Z⁺. Therefore, * is a binary operation.

(iii) On R, * is defined by a * b = ab².
It is seen that for each a, b ∈ R, there is a unique element ab² in R.
This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique element a * b = ab² in R. Therefore, * is a binary operation.

(iv) On Z⁺, * is defined by a * b =|a – b|.
It is seen that for each a, b ∈ Z⁺, there is a unique element | a – b | in Z⁺. This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique element a * b = |a – b|in Z⁺. Therefore, * is a binary operation.

(v) On Z⁺, * is defined by a * b = a.
It is seen that for each a, b ∈ Z⁺, there is a unique element a ∈ Z⁺. This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique element a * b = a in Z⁺. Therefore, * is a binary operation.

Question 2.
For each operation * defined below, determine whether * is binary commutative or associative.
(i) On Z, define a* b = a – b
(ii) On Q, define a * b = ab + 1
(iii) On Q, define a* b = \(\frac{a b}{2}\)
(iv) On Z⁺, define a * b = 2^ab
(v) On Z⁺, define a * b = a^b
(vi) On R – {- 1},define a * b = \(\frac{a}{b+1}\)
Solution.
(i) On Z, operation * is defined as
(a) a * b = a – b
⇒ b * a = b – a
But a – b ≠ b – a
⇒ a * b ≠ b * a
∴ Defined operation is not commutative.

(b) a – (b – c) ≠ (a – b) – c
∴ Binary operation * as defined is not associative.

(ii) On Q, operation * is defined as a * b = ab +1
(a) ab + 1 = ba + 1, a * b = b * a
∴ Defined binary operation is commutative.

(b) a * (b * c) = a * (bc + 1) = a (bc + 1) + 1 = abc + a + 1
and (a * b)* c = (ab + 1) * c = (ab + 1)c + 1
= abc + c + 1
a * (b * c) ≠ (a * b) * c
∴ Binary operation defined is not associative.

(iii) (a) On Q, operation * is defined as a * b = \(\frac{ab}{2}\)
∴ a * b = b * a
∴ Operation binary defined is commutative.

(b) a * b = a * \(\frac{b c}{2}=\frac{a b c}{4}\)
and (a * b) * c = \(\frac{b c}{2}\) * c = \(\frac{a b c}{4}\)
⇒ Defined binary operation is associative.

(iv) On Z⁺, operation * is defined as a * b = 2^ab
(a) a * b = 2^ab, b * a = 2^ba = 2^ab
a * b = b * a
Binary operation defined is commutative.

(b) a * (b * c) = a * 2^ba = 2^{a . bc}
(a * b) * c = 2^ab * c = 2^2ab
Thus, (a * b) * c ≠ a * (b * c)
∴ Binary operation * as defined is not associative.

(v) On Z⁺, a * b = a^b
(a) b * a = b^a
∴ a^b = b^a
⇒ a * b ≠ b * a
* is not commutative.

(b) (a * b) * c = a^b * c
= (a^b)^c = a^bc
a * (b * c) = a * bc = a^bc.
This (a * b) * c ≠ (a * b * c)
∴ Operation * is not associative.

(vi) On Z⁺ operation * is defined as
a * b = \(\frac{a}{b+1}\), b ≠ – 1
∴ b * a = \(\frac{b}{a+1}\)
(a) a * b ≠ b * a
Binary operation defined is not commutative.

(b) (a * b) * c = \(a^{*}\left(\frac{b}{c+1}\right)=\frac{a}{\frac{b}{c+1}+1}=\frac{a(c+1)}{b+c+1}\)

(a * b) * c = \(\frac{a}{b+1} * c=\frac{\frac{a}{b+1}}{c+1}=\frac{a}{(b+1)(c+1)}\)

∴ a * (b * c) ≠ (a * b) * c
⇒ Binary operation defined above is not associative.

Question 3.
Consider the binary operation ^ on the set (1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined by a ^ b = min {a, b}. Write the multiplication table of the operation ^.
Solution.
The binary operation ^ on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is defined as
a ^ b = min{a, b} for a, b ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
Thus, the operation table for the given operation ^ can be given as

PSEB 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Ex 1.4 1

Question 4.
Consider a binary operation * on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by the following multiplication table.
(i) Compute (2 * 3) * 4 and 2 * (3 * 4)
(ii) Is * commutative?
(iii) Compute (2* 3) * (4* 5).
(Hint: use the following table) (i)

PSEB 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Ex 1.4 2

Solution.
(i) We have (2 * 3) *4 = 1 * 4 = 1
and 2 * (3 * 4) = 2 * 1 = 1

(ii) For every a, b ∈ (1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, we have a * b = b * a. Therefore, the operation * is commutative.
(iii) We have (2 * 3) = 1 and (4 * 5) = 1 .
∴ (2 * 3) * (4 * 5) = 1 * 1 = 1.

Question 5.
Let *’ be the binary operation on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is defined by a *’ b = H.C.F. of a and b. Is the operation *’ same as the operation * defined in Q. 4 above? Justify your answer.
Solution.
The binary operation *’ on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is defined as
a*’ b = HCF of a and b.
The operation table for the operation * can be given as :

PSEB 12th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Ex 1.4 3

We observe that the operation table for the operations * and *’ are the same.
Thus, the operation *’ is same as the operation *.

Question 6.
Let * be the binary operation on N given by a * b = L.C.M. of a and b.
(i) Find 5 * 7, 20 * 16
(ii) Is * commutative?
(iii) Is * associative?
(iv) Find the identity of * in N.
(v) Which elements of N are invertible for the operation *?
Solution.
The binary operation * defined as a * b = L.C.M. of a and b
(i) 5 * 7 = L.C.M. of 5 and 7 = 35
and 20 * 16 = L.C.M. of 20 and 16 = 80

(ii) a * b = L.C.M. of a and b
b * a = L.C.M. of b and a
⇒ a * b = b * a L.C.M. of a, b and b, a are equal
∴ Binary operation * is commutative.

(iii) a * (b * c) = L.C.M. of a, b, c
and (a * b)* c = L.C.M. of a, b, c
⇒ a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c
⇒ Binary operation * is associative.

(iv) Identity of * in N is 1
1 * a = a * 1 = a = L.C.M. of 1 and a.

(v) Let * : N × N → N defined as a * b = L.C.M. of (a, b)
For a = 1, b = 1, a * b = 1 = b * a. Otherwise a * b ≠ 1
∴ Binary operation * is not invertible.
⇒ 1 is invertible for operaiton *.

Question 7.
Is * defined on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by a * 6 = L.C.M. of a and 6 a binary operation? Justify your answer.
Solution.
The operation * on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is defined as a * b = L.C.M. of a and b.
Now, 2 * 3 = L.C.M. of 2 and 3 = 6.
But 6 does not belong to the given set.
Hence, the given operation * is not a binary operation.

Question 8.
Let * be the binary operation on N defined by a * 6 = H.C.F. of a and b. Is * commutative? Is * associative? Does there exist identity for this binary operation on N?
Solution.
The binary operation * on N is defined as a * b = H.C.F. of a and b It is known that
H.C.F. of a and b = H.C.F. of b and a V a, b ∈ N.
∴ a * b = b * a
Thus, the operation * is commutative.
For a, b, c ∈ N, we have
(a * b) * c = (H.C.F. of a and b) * c = H.C.F. of a, b and c
a * (b * c) = a * (H.C.F. of b and c) = H.C.F. of a, b, and c
∴ (a * b) * c = a* (b * c)
Thus, the operation * is associative.
Now, an element e ∈ N will be the identity for the operation * if a * e = a = e * a for ∀ a ∈ N.
But this relation is not true for any a ∈ N.
Thus, the operation * does not have any identity in N.

Question 9.
Let * be a binary operation on the set Q of rational numbers as
(i) a * b = a – b
(ii) a * b = a² + b²
(iii) a * b = a + ab
(iv) a * b = (a – b)²
(v) a * b = \(\frac{ab}{4}\)
(vi) a * b = ab²
Find which of the binary operations are commutative and which are associative.
Solution.
Operation is on the set Q.
(i) defined as a * b = a – b
(a) Now b * a = b – a But a – b *b – a
∴ a * b * b * a
∴ Operation * is not commutative.

(b) a* (b * c) = a * (b – c) = a – (b – c) = a – b + c
(a * b) * c = (a – b) * c = a – b – c
Thus, a * (b * c) ^ (a * b) * c
∴ The operation * as defined is not associative.

(ii) (a) a * b = a² + b²
b * a = b² + a² = a² + b²
∴ a * b = b * a
∴ This binary operation is commutative.

(b) a * (b * c) = a * (b² + c²)
= a² + (b² + c²)²
(a * b) * c = (a² + b²) * c = (a² + b²)² + c²
⇒ a * (b * c) * (a * b) * c
∴ The operation * given is not associative.

(iii) Operation * is defined as
a * b = a + ab
(a) b* a = b + ba
∴ a * b ≠ b * a
∴ This operation is not commutative.

(b) a * (b * c) = a * (b + bc)
= a + a(b + bc)
= a + ab + abc
(a* b) * c = (a + ab) *c = a + ab + (a + ab) . c
= a + ab + ac + abc
⇒ a* (b* c)& (a* b)* c
⇒ The binary operation is not associative.

(iv) The binary operation is defined as a * b = (a – b)²
(a) b * a = (b – a)² = (a – b)²
⇒ a * b = b * a
∴ This binary operation * is commutative.

(b) a * (b * c) = a * (b – c)²
= [a – (b – c)²]²
(a * b) * c = (a – b)² * c = [(a – b)² – c]²
⇒ (a * b) * c ≠ a * (b * c)
Thus, the operation given is associative.

(v) Binary operation is * defined as
a * b = \(\frac{ab}{4}\)

(a) b * a = \(\frac{ba}{4}\) = \(\frac{ab}{4}\)
a* b^b* a
∴ The operation is not commutative.

(b) a * (b * c) = a * \(\frac{bc}{4}\)
= \(\frac{a}{4}\left(\frac{b c}{4}\right)=\frac{a b c}{16}\)
(a * b) * c = \(\frac{ab}{4}\) * c
= \(\frac{a b}{4} \cdot \frac{c}{4}=\frac{a b c}{16}\)
⇒ a * (b* c) = (a * b) * c
Thus, the operation given is associative.

(vi) Binary operation is defined as
a * b = ab²
(a) b * a = ba² ≠ ab²
∴ a * b ≠ b * a
∴ The operation is not commutative.

(b) a * (b * c) = a * bc²
= a(bc²)²
= ab²c⁴
(a * b)* c = ab² * c
= (ab²)c²
= ab²c²
∴ a * (b * c) ≠ (a * b) * c
∴ Binary operation * given is not associative.

Question 10.
Find which of the operations given above has identity.
Solution.
An element e ∈ Q will be the identity element for the operation * if
a * e = a = e * a, ∀ a ∈ Q
(i) a * b = a – b
lf a * e = a, a ≠ 0
⇒ a – e = a, a ≠ 0 ⇒ e = 0
Also, e * a = a
⇒ e – a = a ⇒ e = 2 a
e = 0 = 2a, a ≠ 0
But the identity is unique. Hence this operation has no identity.

(ii) a * b = a² + b²
If a * e = a, then a² + e² = a
For a = – 2, (- 2)² + e² = 4 + e² ≠ – 2
Hence, there is no identity element.

(iii) a * b = a + ab
If a * e = a
⇒ a + ae a
⇒ ae = 0
⇒ e = 0, a ≠ 0
Also a * e = a
⇒ e + ae = a
⇒ e = \(\frac{a}{a+1}\), a ≠ 1
∴ e = 0 = \(\frac{a}{a+1}\), a ≠ 0
But the identity in unique. Hence this operation has no identify.

(iv) a * b = (a – b)²
If a* e = a, then (a – e)² = a.
A square is always positive, so for a = – 2, (- 2 – e)² ≠ – 2.
Hence, there is no identity element.

(v) a * b – ab/ 4
If a * e = a, then ae / 4 = a.
Hence, e = 4 is the identity element.
∴ a * 4 = 4 * a = 4a/4 = a.

(vi) a * b = ab²
If a * e = a
⇒ ae² = a
⇒ e² = 1
⇒ e = ±1
But identity is unique. Hence this operation has no identity.
Therefore only part (v) has an identity element.

Question 11.
Let A = N × N and * be the binary operation on A defined by (a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d). Show that * is commutative and associative. Find the identity element for * on A, if any.
Solution.
Given that A = N × N and * is a binary operation on A and is defined by (a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c,b + d.)
Let (a, b), (c, d) ∈ A
Then, a, b, c, d ∈ N
We have (a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
and (c, d) * (a, b) = (c + a, d + b) = (a + c, b + d)
[Addition is commutative in the set of natural numbers]
∴ (a, b) * (c, d) = (c, d) * (a, b)
Therefore, the operation * is commutative.
Now, let (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) ∈ A
Then, a, b, c, d, e, f ∈ N
We have {(a, b) * (c, d)} * (e, f) = (a + c,b + d) * (e, f)
= (a+ c + e, b + d + f)
(a, b) * ((c, d) * (e, f)) = (a, b) * (c + e, d + f) = (a + c + e, b + d + f)
((a, b) * (c, d)) * (e, f) = (a, b) * ((c, d) * (e, f))
Therefore, the operation * is associative.
An element e = (e₁, e₂) ∈ A will be an identity element for the operation * if
a * e = a = e * a ∀ a = (a₁, a₂) ∈ A, i.e., (a₁ + e₁, a₂ + e₂)
= (a₁, a₂) = (e₁ + a₁; e₂ + a₂)
which is not true for any element in A.
Therefore, the operation * does not have any identity element.

Question 12.
State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify.
(i) For an arbitrary binaiy operation * on a set N, a * a = a ∀ a ∈ N.
(ii) If * is a commutative binary operation on N, then a* (b* c) = (c * b) * a
Solution.
(i) Define an operation * on IV as a * b – a + b ∀ a, b ∈ N
Then, in particular, for b = a = 3, we have 3 * 3 = 3 + 3 = 6 ≠ 3
Therefore, statement (i) is false.

(ii) R.H.S. = (c * b) * a
= (b * c) * a [* is commutative]
= a * (b * c) [Again, as * is commutative]
= L.H.S.
∴ a * (b * c) = (c * b) * a
Therefore, statement (ii) is true.

Question 13.
Consider a binary operation * on N defined as a * b = a3 +b3. Choose the correct answer.
(A) Is * both associative and commutative?
(B) Is * commutative but not associative?
(C) Is * associative but not commutative?
(D) Is * neither commutative nor associative?
Solution.
On N, the operation * is defined as a * b = a³ + b³.
For, a, b ∈ N, we have
a * b = a³ + b³
= b³ + a³ = b * a [Addition is commutative in N]
Therefore, the operation * is commutative.
It can be observed that
(1 * 2) * 3 = (1³ + 2³) * 3 = 9 * 3
= 9³ + 3³
= 729 + 27 = 756

1 * (2 * 3) = 1 * (2³ +3³)
= 1 * (8 + 27) = 1 * 35
= 1³ + 35³
= 1 + (35)³
= 1 + 42875 = 42876
∴ (1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3) where 1, 2, 3 ∈ N
Therefore, the operation * is not associative.
Hence, the operation * is commutative, but not associative.
Thus, the correct answer is (B).

PSEB 11th Class Chemistry Important Questions in Punjabi English Medium

August 16, 2024August 14, 2024 by sachin

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 11th Class Chemistry Important Questions Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 11.

PSEB 11th Class Chemistry Important Questions in Punjabi English Medium

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Practical Questions and Answers

January 29, 2024January 27, 2024 by sachin

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Practical Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Practical Questions and Answers

Hockey

Question 1.
How does the game of hockey start?
Answer:
The game of hockey starts when a player passes over the ball under certain rules to another player of his side from the centre line.

Question 2.
How many players are there in a hockey team?
Answer:
There are 16 players in the game of hockey. Eleven of these players play the game while 5 players are substitutes.

Question 3.
How many players in the game of hockey can be replaced?
Answer:
Five players can be replaced in this game.

Question 4.
How much time is fixed for this game and how much extra time is given in case of a draw?
Answer:
The time allowed in the game of hockey is 35-5-35.

Golden Goal Rule:
If both the teams remain equal during the allotted time the extra time given is 7 \(\frac{1}{2}\), 7 \(\frac{1}{2}\) minutes . As soon as the goal is scored during this time the game ends. The team scoring the goal is declared the winner. Even then if a goal is not scored both the teams are given 5, 5, penalty strokes up to the time the match is decided.

Question 5.
Tell the length and breadth of hockey ground?
Answer:
The length of a hockey ground is 100 yards 91.25 m and its breadth is 60.55m yards.

Question 6.
Tell the weight and diameter of a hockey ball?
Answer:
The weight of a hockey ball is 5 \(\frac{1}{2}\) ounce and its diameter is 9 \(\frac{1}{2}\) inches.

Question 7.
Tell about the number of people involved in the administration of a hockey game?
Answer:
Following administrators help to organise a hockey match:

Referee – 1
Empire – 2
Linemen – 2

Question 8.
Give the positions of the players in a hockey game?
Answer:
There are 11 players in a hockey game:

Goal keeper.
Right full back.
Left full back.
Right half back.
Centre halfback.
Left half back.
Right-out forward.
Right-in forward.
Centre forward.
Left in forward.
Left out forward.

Question 9.
Tell the length and height of the goal post?
Answer:
A goal post is 4 yards in length and 7 feet in height

Question 10.
What is the length and height of a goal board?
Answer:
Goal board is 4 yards long and not higher than 18 inches.

Question 11.
What is the weight of a hockey-stick?
Answer:
The weight of a hockey stick for men is 28 ounce and 23 ounce for women.

Question 12.
What type of uniform should be there for a hockey player?
Answer:
The uniform for a hockey player includes a shirt, a nicker, socks, shoes. A goal-keeper needs pads and gloves also.

Question 13.
What is the striking diameter for the game of hockey?
Answer:
In front of each goal-post there is a white line which is 4 yards, 3.66 m long and 3 inches wide. It is drawn parallel to the goal post at a distance of 16 yards. It goes to the diameter of the breadth of the 3 inch line. Its centre will be the goal post. The striking diameter is the outer corners of the 16 yard line and the centre of the goal line including the lines.

Question 14.
Tell the distance of the penalty stroke?
Answer:
Penalty stroke is hit from a distance of 8 yards from the goal post.

Question 15.
Is there stick in the game of hockey?
Answer:
Now a days there is no stick in the game of hockey. Even if the hockey is raised above the shoulder it is not treated as a foul provided the hit is not dangerous.

Football

Question 1.
Tell the length and breadth of a football ground?
Answer:
The length of a football ground should not be more than 130 yards and less than 100 yards. Its breadth should not be more than 100 yards and less than 50 yards.

Question 2.
How many players are there in a football game also tell their position in the game?
Answer:
In a football game there are 16 players out of which 11 play the game and 5 are the substitutes.
Position. Goal keeper = 1, Full-back = 2, Half = 3, Forward = 5.

Question 3.
Tell the time for a football game?
Answer:
The time for a football game is 45-5-45 minutes.

Question 4.
What is the weight of a football and what is its diameter?
Answer:
The weight of a football is from 14 ounce to 16 ounce arid its diameter is 27 to 28 inches.

Question 5.
Tell the breadth of the lines of a football ground?
Answer:
All the lines of a football ground are 5 centimetre wide.

Question 6.
What is the weight of air in a football?
Answer:
The weight of air in a football is 0.6007 or 9.01505 pound per square inch.

Question 7.
How does the game of football start?
Answer:
The game of football starts with a pass of ball.

Question 8.
Tell the length and height of the goal posts?
Answer:
The goal posts are 8 yards in length and 8 feet in breadth.

Question 9.
Tell the distance of a penalty kick?
Answer:
Penalty kick takes place from a distance of 16 yards.

Question 10.
When does a goal take place?
Answer:
When the ball crosses the line in between the goal posts the goal takes place.

Question 11.
At what distance should the players of the opposite team stand when the jkick takes place?
Answer:
This distance should be 10 yards.

Question 12.
What is throw-in?
Answer:
When the ball goes out of the ground and the player of the opposite team throws the ball in from that very placg it is called throw-in.

Question 13.
How many flags are put in a football game?
Answer:
Six flags are fixed in a football game. Four of them are fixed at the corners of the ground and two are fixed at the end of the centre line at a distance of one yard each.

Question 14.
Tell four fouls in a football game?
Answer:
Following are the four main fouls in a football game:

To hit the player of the opposite team.
To touch the ball with hands.
To push a player.
To attack the opposite player from behind.

Question 15.
Give the number of the administrators in the football game?
Answer:
Referee = 1, Goal Judge = 2, Lineman = 2.

Question 16.
Can there be a penalty corner foul outside the D also?
Answer:
Penalty corner can be awarded outside the D also if the attacking player is stopped in a dangerous way.

Question 17.
When is the penalty-stroke awarded?
Answer:
When the players of the defending team deliberately catch the ball or keep it under foot the penalty stroke is given.

Volleyball

Question 1.
How many players are there in a volleyball game?
Answer:
There are 12 players in a volleyball game out of which six are the players and six are the substitutes.

Question 2.
How many players in a volleyball game can be substituted?
Answer:
Six players can be substituted. All the six players can be substituted.

Question 3.
Tell the length and breadth of a volleyball court?
Answer:
A volleyball court is 18 metres long and 9 metres wide.

Question 4.
Tell the length and width of a volleyball net?
Answer:
The length of a volleyball net is 9 metre and its breadth is one metre.

Question 5.
Tell the height of a volleyball net?
Answer:
The height of a volleyball net for boys is 2.43 metres and for girls it is 2.24 metres.

Question 6.
What is the weight of air in a volleyball?
Answer:
The weight of air in a volleyball should be 0.48 kg to 0.52 Kg.

Question 7.
How does the rotation take place in a volleyball game?
Answer:
In a volleyball game six players play from each side. Three out of them are in front of the attacking line and three are behind it. The first one takes the service. At the time of service 4, 3, 2 are before the attack line and 5, 6, 1 are behind them.

Question 8.
What is the position of players in a volleyball game?
Answer:
Following is the position of the players in a volleyball game:
4 3 2
5 6 1

Question 9.
Give the number of the administrators in a volleyball game?
Answer:
1. Referee = 1, 2,
Umpires = 1, 3
Linemen = 2.

Question 10.
How is a match decided in a volleyball game?
Answer:
The team that wins two sets out of the three sets is declared the winner. Five sets take place in national and international games. The team that wins three out of five is declared the winner.

Question 11.
For how many times the time-out can be availed in a volleyball game and what is the time span of a time out?
Answer:
Two time-out can be availed in one set. The time out is for 30 seconds only.

Question 12.
Give five main fouls in a volleyball game?
Answer:
Following are the five main fouls in a volleyball game:

To catch the ball when the game is going on.
To touch the centre-line.
To touch the line while taking the service.
To touch the ball for more than three times.
When the player touches the ball twice continuously.

Question 13.
What is the score fixed for a volleyball game?
Answer:
There are 15 points in a volleyball game. If both the teams score 14-14 points each it is obligatory for the game to be played upto 16-14, 17-15, 19-17.

Question 14.
Is a rope put at the lower side of the net?
Answer:
No rope is put at the lower side of the net.

Question 15.
Can the opposite team block a service?
Answer:
If the ball comes just near the net, the opposite team can block the service.

kho-kho

Question 1.
How many players are there in a Kho-Kho game?
Answer:
There are twelve players in a Kho-Kho game out of which 9 are the players and three are the substitutes.

Question 2.
Tell the length and breadth of a Kho-Kho ground?
Answer:
A Kho-Kho ground is 29 metres in length and 16 metres in breadth.

Question 3.
Who is called a chaser and who is a runner in a Kho- Kho game?
Answer:
The players who sit are called the chasers and those who run are called the runners.

Question 4.
How many innings are there in a Kho-Kho match?
Answer:
There are two innings in a Kho-Kho match.

Question 5.
What is the time for a Kho-Kho match?
Answer:
The time for a Kho-Kho match is 9-5-9,10 rest, 9, 5,9 minutes second innings.

Question 6.
How does the match start?
Answer:
Toss takes place before the beginning of the match. The team that wins the toss decides to become chaser or runner.

Question 7.
How many points are scored when a runner gets out?
Answer:
One point is scored when a runner gets out.

Question 8.
How is the match decided?
Answer:
The team that scores more points is declared the winner.

Question 9.
How many squares are there in a Kho-Kho game and what is their size?
Answer:
There are 8 squares measuring 30 c.m. x 30 c.m in a Kho- Kho game.

Question 10.
Is there a playing lobby in Kho-Kho? Tell its breadth?
Answer:
There is a playing-lobby in Kho-Kho and its breadth is 3 metres.

Question 11.
Tell the length and diameter of a Kho-Kho pole?
Answer:
The length of Kho-Kho pole is 1.22 metres and its diameter in 20 cm.

Question 12.
What is the distance between the Kho-Kho poles?
Answer:
The distance between the Kho-Kho poles is 24.40 metres.

Question 13.
What is the total number of the administrators of a Kho-Kho game?
Answer:
Two umpires, One referee, One time keeper, One scorer.

Question 14.
When is a player considered ‘out’ in Kho-Kho?
Answer:
When the chaser touches the runner or the runner goes out of the ground he is considered to be ‘out’.

Question 15.
Name five main fouls in Kho-Kho?
Answer:
The main fouls are given below:

I. To get up before getting the ‘Kho’.
II. To cut the centre line.
III. To turn without touching the pole.
IV. The wrong running by the chaser.
V. The runner goes out of the ground on his own.

Question 16.
What is the situation of a draw in Kho-Kho?
Answer:
If both the teams score equal points another innings is played and another innings is played if the match is yet undecided. If the match remains undecided the whole match is played again.

Kabbadi

Question 1.
Mention the length and breadth of the Kabaddi ground?
Answer:
The length of Kabaddi ground is 12.50 metres and Breadth 10 metres. For junior boys and girls length and breadth is 11 and 8 metres respectively.

Question 2.
Mention the number of players in Kabaddi?
Answer:
There are twelve players in Kabaddi game. Out of them seven players actually play and five are substitutes.

Question 3.
What is the time duration of the game of Kabaddi?
Answer:
The duration of Kabaddi game is 20-5-20 and for junior boys and girls is 15-5-15.

Question 4.
How many scores does Lona have?
Answer:
Lona has two extra points.

Question 5.
When is a player considered to be out?
Answer:
A player who goes out of the boundary during the play shall be considered ‘out’. If an opponent goes out of the boundry and catches the raider, the raider shall not be considered ‘out’ but all the players catching shall be ‘out’.

Question 6.
How many time-outs can be taken in Kabaddi?
Answer:
Two time-outs can be taken in Kabaddi. The duration of each time out is of 30 seconds.

Question 7.
How is the game of Kabaddi Match decided?
Answer:
Any team which gets more points shall be winner. In case of draw 5 extra minutes will be given until the match is decided.

Question 8.
Mention the number of officials conducting the game of Kabaddi?
Answer:
Officials in Kabaddi are:

One referee
Two umpires
Two lines-men
One scorer.

Question 9.
Describe the main fouls in the Kabaddi game?
Answer:

To hold the raider with help of leg-scissors.
Outside coaching is not allowed,
To catch by hair intentionally is foul.
To try to stifle a raider by shutting his mouth or throttling him.
Using violent tackling by one player against the other.

Question 10.
Mention the new amendment in the game of Kabaddi?
Answer:
In the game of kabaddi one metre Bonus line is added from the bonus line.

Question 11.
What do you understand by a Bonus for raider?
Answer:
When a raider comes after having crossed bonus line he gets one point.

Badminton

Question 1.
What is the total number of players in Badminton?
Answer:
There are two types of Badminton game. Singles and Doubles. In singles there are two players out of them one plays the game and one is a substitute. In doubles there are three players out of them two play and one is a substitute.

Question 2.
Mention the length and breadth of the badminton court?
Answer:
Badminton is of two types, Singles and Doubles, For singles the length and beadth is 44′ × 17′. For doubles the length and breadth is 44′ × 20′.

Question 3.
How does the game of badminton start?
Answer:
The two teams shall toss before the play starts. The toss winning team shall have the option of:
(I) Serving First
(II) Choosing Sides.

Question 4.
How many points does the game of Badminton have?
Answer:
Men’s doubles and singles games consist of 7.

Question 5.
In how many parts the Badminton court can be divided?
Answer:
We can divide Badminton court into two parts. Right court and left court.

Question 6.
Mention the length and breadth of the side gallery of the Badmintion Court?
Answer:
The side and back gallery shall be of 2\(\frac{1}{2}\), and 1\(\frac{1}{2}\), respectively.

Question 7.
Mention the weight of the shuttle?
Answer:
The weight of the shuttle is from 73 to 85 grams.

Question 8.
Discuss the main rules of the doubles game of Badminton?
Answer:
Doubles:
In the game, there are two players on each side. After having been decided which side is to deliver the service first, the player in the right hand service court of that side shall start the game. He shall serve to the opposing player in the right service court. This matter is decided by the toss winners, and the other matters by the losing one. It is decided before hand whether the game shall have 15 points or 21.

If the opponent returns the shuttle before it touches the ground to the player who started the game, he shall again return it to the latter. In this way, the play shall continue until the foul is made or the shuttle falls down on the ground. In case the service is not returned or the foul is made by the opposing side, the player doing the service shall score one point.

The members of the team delivering the service shall change their service court. Now the player doing the service shall be in the left hand service court and shall serve to the player of the opposing team in the left hand service court. In the beginning of each game, each team shall deliver the service from the right hand service court.

Question 9.
Write the main rules of the single game of Badminton?
Answer:
Singles:
All the above-mentioned rules shall be applicable to singles games but

(i) the player serves from, and receives service in his respective right hand service court. When the player who serves is at 0 or there is an even number of points in the game, the service is always deliverd from the right hand service court. In case of odd numbers, the service is delivered from the left hand service court.

(ii) Both the players change service courts after each has scored 1 point.

(iii) The ladies single game consists of 11 points. When the score is 9-all, the player who first reaches 9 can set the game to 3 points. In case of the score is 10-all, the game is set to 2 points.

Question 10.
Describe the main Faults of the game of Badminton?
Answer:
Faults:
In case a fault is committed by a player of the playing side, the player who delivers the service shall be “out”. If the fault is committed by an opponent, the playing side gets one point. It shall be considered a fault:

(a) When the struck or served shuttle is higher than the server’s waist or it is struck by the shaft of the racket higher than the server’s hand holding the racket.

(b) When in serving, the shuttle falls into the wrong service court or falls short of the short service line or beyond the long service line or outside the side boundary line.

(d) When before or during service any player intentionally obstructs his opponents.

(e) When in service, the shuttle falls outside the boundary of the court, passes through under the net, fails to pass the net, or touches the person or dress of a player.

(f) If the shuttle is struck before it crosses the striker side of the net.

(g) When the shuttle is in play, a player touches the net or its supports with his body, racket or dress.

(h) When the shuttle is held on the racket, a player strikes it twice in succession or it is struck twice in succession by the player first and then by his partner.

(i) The opponent shall be reckoned as ready if in play he returns the shuttle or tries to hit it, whether he is in or outside the boundary.

(j) When a player obstructs an opponent.

Wrestling – Free Style And Greeco Roman

Question 1.
Mention the duration of the Wrestling?
Answer:
The duration of Wrestling is 5 minutes.

Question 2.
Describe the length and breadth of the Wrestling Mat?
Answer:
The size of the Wrestling Mat should be 9 × 9 metres. The size of the mat of Olympic and World Championship is 9 × 9 metres.

Question 3.
How many times can a referee warns a wrestler?
Answer:
If any referee warns a wrestler, thrice wrestler will be considered the loser.

Question 4.
How is the score made in Wrestling?
Answer:
Score
(a) One point,

To a player who throws a rival on the mat and maintains control over him,
to that player who rises from beneath and maintains his hold on his opponent,
to a player who makes a good grasp and does not allow his opponent’s head and shoulder to touch the mat,
for one precaution the opponent gets one point.

(b) Two Points,

to that player who keeps good hold on his opponent and maintains his hold on him for some time,
to that player whose opponent immediately falls or falteringly falls.

to a player who keeps his opponent in danger (when shoulders make an angle of less than 90° from the mat) for five seconds,
bridge position for three seconds or fall takes five seconds.

Question 5.
How is the victory or defeat decided in Wrestling?
Answer:
When there is a difference of one point in the score of the opposite players, the bout ends in a draw. Again, if Tio contestant scores any point, or the points are equal, the match ends iii a draw. If the difference is of more than one point, a player with more points is declared the winner.

Question 6.
Describe the officials who conduct the Wrestling?
Answer:
There are three officials in all types of Wrestling bouts:

Mat chairman
Referee
Judge.

No official can be changed during the bout.

Question 7.
Discuss the main rules of weighing of the competitors?
Answer:

Weighing of competitors shall begin two to four hours before the Wrestling competition begins.
The competitors shall be weighed without clothes. They shall be medically examined by a doctor before they are weighed. The doctor will remove any player suffering from any contagious disease.
Each contestant can participate in Wrestling with a player belonging to his weight-group.
The competitors should be in a prefect physical condition. Their nails should be well pared. They shall be checked at the time of medical examination.
Weighing shall start at beast two hours before the competition and must conclude an hour before the first wrestling bout.

Question 8.
Mention the foul holds in Wrestling?
Answer:
Foul-holds:
The following fouls are taken into consideration:

Pulling of hair, ears, dress, private organs etc.
Twisting of fingers, grasping of the throat and other holds which may be life-endangering.
Holding in such a’ manner as may put the opponents’s life in danger, or may hurt any of his body part, or cause him pain so that the opponent helplessly leaves the bout.
Treading on the feet of the rival.
Touching the face of the opponent (from the eye-brows to the chin)
Grasping the opponent by throat.
Lifting the rival when he is in bridge position, and then throwing him on the mat.
Breaking the bridge by giving a push from the head.
Twisting the opponent’s arm at above 90° angle.
Grasping the opponent’s head with both hands.
Thrusting the elbow or knee into the abdomen or stomach of the rival.
Turning the opponent’s arm to the back and pressing it.
Grasping the opponent’s head in any manner.
Applying leg-scissors on the body or head.
Holding on to the mat.
Talking to each other and making dangerous assault.

Gymnastics

Question 1.
What type of implements are required for Gymnastics?
Answer:
We need the following implements:

For Men and Boys

Parallel Bar (compulsory and optional)
Vaulting Horse compulsory and optional
Ground Gymnastic compulsory and optional
Horizontal Bar optional and compulsory.

For Women and Girls

Beam Balance compulsory and optional
Ground Gymnastic compulsory and optional
Vaulting Horse optional.

Question 2.
How many players take part in Gymnastics?
Answer:
There are eight players in Gymnastics, out of the six players participate in competition and two are substitutes.

Question 3.
How are points awarded in Gymnastics?
Answer:
For each gymnastic exercise, there are points from 0 to 10, and each point is sub-divided into 10 parts. If the panel of the judges is of five members, the minimum and maximum points are not considered, and an average of mid three points is taken. If the panel is composed of three judges, the marks of three are taken for average.

Question 4.
Is the decision of the Jury final?
Answer:
The decision of the Jury is final. Participants cannot protest against their decision.

Question 5.
If a contestant in Gymnastics is ill, for how long can he be awaited for?
Answer:
If any contestant in Gymnastics falls ill, officials have to wait for him for thirty minutes.

Question 6.
How many players can be taken for team championship?
Answer:
For team championship six best Gymnasts shall be considered.

Swimming

Question 1.
How many types of swimming competitions are there?
Answer:
Following types of swimming competition are held:

For Boys:

Free style – 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500 m.
Back Stroke – 100, 200 m.
Breast Stroke – 100, 200 m.
Butterfly Stroke – 100 m.
Relay – 4 × 100 metre free style.
4 × 100 metre Medley (Breast, Back, Butterfly, Free Style)

For Girls :

Free Style – 100, 200 and 400 m.
Back Stroke – 100 m.
Breast Stroke – 100 m.
Butterfly Stroke – 100 m.
Relay – 4 × 100 metre free style.
4 × 100 metre Medley (Breast, Back Stroke)

Question 2.
How Heats and Finals in swimming competitions are organised?
Answer:
Heats and Finals in Swimming Competitions:
Seeding of Heats and Finals. The heats in all semi-finals and final swimming competitions shall be seeded as follows:

(1) Trial Hit

(1) The name, the order of time and the competitive time of all entrants are recorded on the admission form which is, then, sent to the competition committee. The competitor who does not get his or her time recorded in the form is listed at the bottom of the list. If there are more than one such competitors, their positions are decided by lots.

(2) The fastest swimmer or team is placed in the last heat, the next to him/it is placed in the last but one heat, and so on. In this way, all the swimmers or teams are fixed in various heats.

(3) When the lanes are in odd numbers, the fastest swimmers or team is placed in the central lane ; in case there are 6 or 5 lanes, the fastest swimmer or team is placed in third or fourth lane. The next to him/it in speed is placed to the right of the fastest swimmer/ team, and in this way, the other swimmers/teams are placed right or left according to their timing. The lane-position for the swimmers with equal timing is decided by lots.

(ii) Finals:
The lanes are determined in accordance with the above – mentioned rule 3 where the starting heats are not required. Where the starting heats have already been over, the lanes are determined according to Rule No. 3.

Question 3.
Mention the officials appointed to conduct swimming competitions?
Answer:
Officials for Olympic and International Swimming Competitions and other Swimming Competitions:

Referee-1
Starter-1
Chief Time Keeper-1
Time Keppers-3 per lane
Chief Judge-1
Finishing Judges-3 per lane
Inspectors of Turns-1
Announcer-1 each at both ends
Judges of Strokes-2
Recorder-1
Clerk of the House-1

For other competitions, the following minimum officials shall be as under:

Referee-1
Starter-1
Time Keepers-1 per lane
Finishing Judges-1 per lane
Inspectors of Turns and strokes-1 per every two lanes
Recorder-1

Question 4.
What precautions should we take in swimming?
Answer:
We must take following precautions in swimming:

We should come out from the water when the water enters our nose or mouth.
Inhale yourself according to your capacity.
When learning how to swim, do not go in deep water.
Shout at the time of drowning.
Don’t make noise while swimming.

Question 5.
How the points are awarded in swimming competition?
Answer:
The points are awarded by the following method. First, Second and Third position holders get 5-3-1 points respectively and in Relay races 16-6-2 points are awarded to first, second and third position holders.

Question 6.
Mention the main rules of swimming?
Answer:
Rules For Swimming:

The swimmer who obstructs any other swimmer during the swim shall be disqualified.
If a foul endangers the chance of success of a swimmer, the judges shall have the right to allow him to compete in the next round. If a foul occurs in the finals, the referee can allow him to swim again.
On return a competitor shall touch the end of the pool or end of the track with one or both hands. Diving from the bottom of the pool is not allowed.
A swimmer who stands on the both shall not be declared disqualified, but he shall not move.
Only the swimmer who covers the entire course shall be declared the winner.
In relay race, the competitor whose feet have lost touch with the starting block before his or her partner, going ahead of him or her touches.

Basketball

Question 1.
How many players take part in a Basket-Ball Game?
Answer:
There are twelve players in a Basket-ball game. Out of which 5 are taking part and seven are the substitutes.

Question 2.
What is the ledgth and breadth of a Basket-Ball court?
Answer:
Basket-Ball court is 28 metres in length and 15 metres in breadth.

Question 3.
What is the duration of a Basket-Ball Game? How you will decide the match in case of draw?
Answer:
The duration of the Basket-ball game is 10-2-10-10-10-2-10. At the time when match ended in draw extra 5-2-5 minutes are given, in case again it remains draw, extra 5-5 minutes are given without rest, after five minutes sides of basket-ball court are changed. This duration will be given till the match is decided.

Question 4.
How the Basket-Ball match is decided?
Answer:
The Basket-Ball match is decided in the way either team gets more points will be considered winner.

Question 5.
How many fouls are there in Basket-Ball Game?
Answer:
There are five fouls in Basket-Ball game. For examples:

Personal foul.
Technical foul.
Double foul.
Multiple foul.
Intentional foul.

Question 6.
After committing, how many fouls a player can be debarred from further play?
Answer:
When a player has committed five fouls, he is not allowed to play further.

Question 7.
How many time-outs are there in Basket-Ball game? Mention the duration of these time-outs?
Answer:
In Basket-Ball game two time-outs are there before interval for each team and two after the interval each team can take. The duration of time outs is one minute.

Question 8.
How many players can be substituted in game of Basket-Ball? How much time is consumed?
Answer:
In Basket-Ball game at any time, players can be substituted on the condition that the substituting team has a side throw and duration of the substitution is twenty seconds.

Question 9.
What is the weight of Basket-Ball? Also tell its diameter?
Answer:
The weight of Basket-ball is from 600 to 650 grams and its diameter from 75 to 78 cm.

Question 10.
What is the distance of poles outside from the Basket-Ball ground?
Answer:
The distance of pole from the end line of the court is one metre.

Question 11.
How the scores are made in Basket-Ball?
Answer:
When the basket is made directly a player gets two points. If it is made from free throw then there is one point. If the basket is made outside the shooting area, then there will be three points.

Question 12.
What is foul rule?
Answer:
If any team commits seven fouls in any half, the opponents get two free throws after each foul.

Question 13.
What is Eight Second rule?
Answer:
According to eight second rule a team is allowed only eight seconds to bring the ball in front court (opponent’s court). The same team cannot come back from front court.

Question 14.
What is three seconds rule?
Answer:
When a player stays more than three seconds in opponent restricted area, three seconds is given and opponents are awarded a throw in.

Question 15.
What do you understand about twenty six seconds rule?
Answer:
When a team has the control of the ball, and don’t try for score within 26 seconds then twenty six second rule is applied and opponents are awarded a throw-in. This opportunity seldom comes in the game.

Question 16.
How many officials are there to officiate the Basket-Ball game?
Answer:
There are following officials in a Basket-Ball game:

Referee – 1
Umpire – 1
Scorer – 1
Time Kepper – 1
30 Second Operators – 1

Question 17.
What is the length of Basket-Ball net?
Answer:
The length of the Basket-Ball net is 40 cm.

Athletics

Question 1.
In how many categories can we divide Athletics?
Answer:
We can divide athletics into two categories:

Track events – It includes all races.
Field events – It includes all jumps and throws.

Question 2.
In how many events can Athletics be divided?
Answer:

Races: 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, 5000, 10,000 metre Races.
4 × 100, 4 × 400 metre relay races.
Throws: Discus throw, Hammer throw, Shot put, Javelin Throw.
Jumps: High Jump, Long Jump, Tripple Jump, Pole Vault.

Question 3.
What do you mean by sprints?
Answer:
Sprints are those races in which sprinters run at full speed for a short distances. These are 100, 200, 400, 4 × 100, 4 × 400 metre; relay races.

Question 4.
What are the middle distance races?
Answer:
Middle distance races are those races in which sprinters can run fast and are able to maintain their speed to cover the distance. These races are 800, 1500 metre.

Question 5.
What are the Relay Races?
Answer:
Relay Races are Team Races in which each team member runs an equal distance. In short relay races sprinters run at full speed as in sprint races. A team consists of four members and a baton is exchanged during races.

Question 6.
What are the main rules of Races?
Answer:
The main rules of the races are as under:
1. Sprints run in 4′ lanes so that there is no hindrance for each athlete.

2. Lanes are decided by lots.

3. On hearing ‘On your Mark’ from the starter the sprinter take their place behind the starting line at ‘On Set’ sprinters get ready and after the pistol is fired, the sprinters start running. If any sprinter take his start before the gun is fired, the starter cancels that start and the concerned sprinter is warned. If he repeats the samemistake, he is debarred from taking part in the race.

Question 7.
What are the different rules of throws?
Answer:
Rules of the throws:

Shot put, Discus and Hammer are thrown from the circle.
Before or after the throw no part of the body of the thrower should not touch the ground outside the circle.
After the throw, thrower should come out from the half back of the circle ; coming out from the front part of the circle is considered a foul.
All the throws will be valid if they fall within the restricted area.
If the participants are more than eight, they will get tnree chances each. Those athletes who are ahead in throws are selected and again given three chances. An athlete who covers the maximum distance is declared a winner.
In throw events once we take the implements inside the circle, we cannot throw it again at the back.
In Shot put, Hammer and Discus throws, it is necessary that these should fall within 40 degree lines of the circle.
Every throw is measured from the nearest point of landing considering a straight line from the outside of the circle.
Fingers are not valid for measuring the distance.
Thrower cannot leave his circle while his throw has touched the floor.

Question 8.
How are the points awarded selecting the champion in the races?
Answer:
In races points are awarded as under :

First Position = 5
Second Position = 3
Third Position = 1

If there are Relay Races then the points are awarded as follows:

First Position = 10
Second Position = 6
Third Position = 2

Question 9.
What are the degrees of angles in Shotput, Discus and Hammer throw?
Answer:
In Shotput, Discus and Hammer throw the degree of circle is 40°.

Question 10.
What is the breadth of lane of 100, 200, 400 metre races?
Answer:
The breadth of lane in these races is 1.25 metre or 4′.1″.

Question 11.
What is a standard track?
Answer:
That Track is known as standard track which consists of Eight lanes, but in general six lane tracks are also used.

Question 12.
How is the start taken?
Answer:
The starts is taken as under

On Your Marks Set
Gun or Pistol Fire.

Question 13.
How many races are included in track events?
Answer:
100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, 5000, 10,000 metre races are included in track events.

Question 14.
Which are the tips that the athletes running 100,200 and 400 metre races should keep in mind?
Answer:
The following are some important tips that such athletes should keep in mind:

They should breathe normally.
When ordered to get set, they should hold their breath and should start running when they hear the gun shot.
They must not stop on sit after they finish their race.
They should be conscious about their position, so that they can run the first a few steps in a straight line.
To be confident about the start, they must practise a couple of starts slowly before the event.
Each time before they take the start, they must run for 30 or 40 metres.
They must practise at least 10 starts everyday.

Question 15.
How many ‘foul starts’ lead to the disqualification of the athlete for the race?
Answer:
Two foul starts in races and 3 such starts in tholon and decatholon make an athlete ineligible to take part in that event.

Question 16.
Describe the rules for the athletes of track events?
Answer:
The following tare the rules for the athletes of track events:

They should wear a clear outfit which does not hinder or obstract their movement.
They can run either wearing spikes or base footed.
An athlete is disqualified if he obstructs a fellow athlete or hinders his progress.
Every athlete wears his number clearly at the back and the front.
The athlete must stick to their allotted lanes throughout the race.
If an athlete delibrately leaves his lane, he is disqualified.
The jugdes can accommodate a player appropriately if both track and field events start simultaneously.
The athletes must not use banned drugs and intoxicants. If any athlete is found using such a substance, he is disqualified.
The start of 800 metres race is announced in native language “On Your Mark” and the whistle is blown to start the race.
The athlete shouldn’t touch the ground or the starting-line when “On Your Mark” has been announced.
An athlete, who makes two foul starts, is disqualified from the race.
The winner of a race is decided at the ‘finishing line’. The athlete, who touches the line first by any part of his body, is declared the winner.
If in a hurdles race the referee thinks that a particular athlete delibrately throws a hurdle down by his hand or foot he can duly disqualify that athlete.
If there are a large number of athletes in a ‘throw’ event, the referee sets a qualifying mark and gives six chances to each athlete.

Question 17.
Which are the different hurdles races? Describe briefly?
Answer:
The following are the hurdles races:

110 Metres hurdles
200 Metres hurdles
400 Metres hurdles.

1. The 110 Metres Hurdles:
There are ten hurdles in this race. The first hurdle is placed at 10.72 metres and the rest are placed at a distance of 9.14 metres except the last one which is placed at a distance of 14.02 metres. The height of the hurdles for boys is 1.06 metres which it is 89 cms. in 100 metres hurdles for senior girls and 76 cms. for junior girls.

2. 200 Metres Hurdles:
There are 10 hurdles in this race also. But the first hurdle is placed at 18.29 metres from the starting line and the last one is at a distance of 17.10 metres.

3. 400 Metres Hurdles:
In this race also there are 10 hurdles. The first hurdle is placed at 45 metres from the starting line, the remaining hurdles are at a distance of 35 metres and the last one, at 40 metres.

Question 18.
Write the measurements of the circles for Shotput, Hammer Throw and the Discus Throw?
Answer:
1. Shot put
2. 135 metres

2. Hammer throw

3.135 metres
3. Discus throw2.50 metres.

Question 19.
Describe the events on pentatholon and the Decatholon:
Answer:
(a) The following 5 events are included in pentatholon:

Long Jump
Javelin Throw
200 Metre race
Discuss Throw
100 Metres Hurdles Race

(b) The following 10 events make up the decatholon:

100 Metres Race
Long Jump
Shot put
High Jump
Four hundred Metres Race
110 Metres Hurdles Race
Discus Throw
Pole Vault
Javelin Throw
1500 Metres Race

Question 20.
Describe the weight and ‘Length of Javelin’ for boys and girls?
Answer:
The weight of the Javelin is 800 gms. for boys and between 600 and 625 gms. for girls. The length of the Javelin for boys is between 2.60 and 2.70 metres where the same for girls is between 2.20 and 2.30 metres.

Question 21.
What is the weight of the shot for hoys and girls?
Answer:
The weight of the shot for boys is 6 kg. and for girls it is 4 kg.

Table Tennis

Question 1.
Describe the length and width of the table in Table Tennis?
Answer:
The length of table of Table Tennis is 27. 4 cm. and breadth 15.25 cm.

Question 2.
How many types of games of Table Tennis is?
Answer:
I. Singles
II. Doubles.

Question 3.
Mention the number of players who take part in Table Tennis game?
Answer:
In singles there are two players, out of one actually plays the game and other is a substitute. In doubles there are three players, out of whom one is a substitute.

Question 4.
How is the game of Table Tennis started?
Answer:
A player who wins the toss decides for the service and loser for the side of the table.

Question 5.
Mention the length and height of the net of Table Tennis, game?
Answer:
The net is 183 cms. in length. Its upper part is at the height of 15.25 cms. from the playing surface.

Question 6.
Mention the weight and circumference of the Table Tennis ball?
Answer:
The weight of Table Tennis ball is not less than 2.40 gm. and not more than 2.53 gm. Its diameter is not more than 38.2 mm, and not less than 37.2 mm.

Question 7.
Describe about the Racket of TableTennis game?
Answer:
Racket can be of any type of any weight but its surface must be of dark colour.

Question 8.
How shall we judge the correctness of the Table Tennis ball?
Answer:
When the Table Tennis ball is thrown downward from the height of 3.05 metres; it should bounce not less than 22 cms. and not more the 25 cms.

Question 9.
How many points are there in a game of Table Tennis?
Answer:
A player or pair who scores first 21 points shall win the game. If both the players or pairs score 20 points, then that player or pair shall be winner who scores 2 point before the other player or pair.

Question 10.
How are points scored in the game of Table Tennis and how is the game won?
Answer:
A player shall lose a point in case:

He fails to deliver good service.
He fails to deliver good return when his opponent has mad good service or return.
He or his racket touches the net when the ball is in play.
His free hand touches the playing surface when the ball is in play.
He returns the ball with volley.
In doubles, he strikes the ball out of turn.

Cricket

Question 1.
How many players are there in a cricket Team?
Answer:
There are eleven players who actually play the game of cricket and five are substitutes.

Question 2.
Write the weight and diameter of a cricket ball?
Answer:
The weight of the cricket ball is from 155.9 Grams,(5 \(\frac{1}{2}\) ounces) to 163 grams (5 \(\frac{3}{4}\) ounce) and its diameter is from 22.4 cm (8 \(\frac{13}{16}\)“) to 22.9 cm. (9”).

Question 3.
Write the number of officials who officiate in the cricket match?
Answer:
Umpires = 2. Scorers = 2.

Question 4.
Tell the length and breadth of a cricket bat?
Answer:
The length of a cricket bat is 96.5 cms. and breadth 10.8 ms.

Question 5.
Write the distance of cricket stumps from one another?
Answer:
20.21 metres or 22 yards.

Question 6.
What do you understand by dead ball in cricket?
Answer:
A ball becomes dead:

when the bowler or wicket keeper holds the ball properly.
when the ball reaches the boundry line or bounces outside the boundry.
when the ball, without being played, lodges in the dress of a batsman or a bowler.
when a batsman is out.
if the umpire decides to stop the game after the bowler gets back the ball.
On the call of “over” or ‘time’ by the umpire.

Question 7.
What is an ‘over’ in a cricket?
Answer:
In each over the ball is bowled six times, no ball and wide ball are not reckoned in an over. The number of extra balls bowled in an over shall be equal to the number of “no balls” in that over.If the umpire fail to remember the number of balls in over, the over considered by the umpire shall not be counted.

Question 8.
What do you understand by the following?

No ball
Wide ball
Bye and leg bye
Out of his Ground
Batsman’s Retirement
Bowled
Catch
Handle the ball
Hit the ball twice
Wicket is down or Hit wicked
LBW (Leg Before Wicket)
Obstructing the field
Stumped
Run out
Wicket-keeper
Fielder

Answer:
No Ball. While playing the ball if the front foot of the bowler goes ahead of the batting crease or cuts the returning crease, the umpire declares No Ball. After hitting the ball the batsman can make as many runs as possible. The runs made in this way will be added to the score. If no run has been made, only one run will be added to the score. By spreading one of his arms the umpire gives the signal of no ball.

Wide Ball:
The umpire declares a wide ball if the bowler bowls the ball high over or wide the wicket which, in the opinion of the umpire, is out of the reach of the batsman. The runs made during the wide ball are reckoned in the wide ball. If no run is attemped, it is reckoned one run. The umpire gives the signal of wide ball by spreading his both arms straight.

Bye and Leg-bye:
The umpire shall declare ‘bye’ if the properly bowled ball passes the batsman (striker), without touching his bat or body and the run is obtained. But it should not be no ball or wide ball. But if the ball touches any part of the striker’s body except his hands which hold the bat and any run is got, the umpire shall declare “leg-bye”.

Out of his Grond:
A batsman shall be reckoned to be out of his ground until some part of his bat in hand or of his person is grounded behind the ground of popping crease.

Batsman’s Retirement:
A batsman owing to illness or injury may retire at any time. He may bat but he will have to seek the permission of the captain of the opposing team to know his number of batting.

Bowled:
If the wicket is bowled down, the striker (batsman) is said to be bowled out, even if the ball has touched first his body or foot.

Catch:
If the ball from the stroke of a bat or of the hand holding the bat (not the wrist) is caught by a fields man before it touches the ground, the batsman is “caught out”. At the time of a catch both the feet of the fields man should be on the ground of the playfield. If the fieldman catches the ball out of the boundary line, the batsman is not reckoned to be out, but is awarded 6 runs. If the ball lodges in the pads of the wicket-keeper, the batsman shall be reckoned to be “caught out”.

Handle the Ball:
During play, if the batsmen touches the ball with his hand he shall be reckoned to be out – “handle the ball out”.

Hit the Ball Twice:
If the ball is struck or stopped by any part of the batsman’s body after it has been hit, and if the batsman deliberately strikes it again, he shall be out” The ball can be hit twice only to defend the wicket but the condition is that it must have been done to defend the wicket. If any run is made in this process, it is not counted.

Wicket is Down or Hit Wicket. If during the play, the batsman hits down his wicket with any parts of the bat or body, it is called “hit wicket out”. If the wicket falls down as a result of the fall of his cap or hat or any broken part of his bat, even then he shall be reckoned to be “hit wicket out”.

L.B.W. (Leg Before Wicket). The batsman is considered to be “L.B.W. out” when he tries to obstruct the ball with any part of his body before touching the ball with his bat, and in the opinion of the umpire, the ball and wicket are in a straight line. If the batsman had not obstructed the ball with any part of his body, the ball would have straight hit the wicket.

Obstructing the field:
If a batsman deliberately obstructs a fieldsman from catching the ball, he can be out “obstructing the field”.

Stumped:
A batsman is out of his ground if his bat in hand or his foot is not on the ground behind the supposed popping crease. The batsman is considered to be out stumped when the ball is not “no ball” and is bowled and the batsman goes out of his ground otherwise than attempting a run, and the wicket-keeper outstumps the wicket (removes the stumps placed over the wickets).

Run Out:
The batsman is run out when the ball is in play, the batsman goes out of his ground to score a run, and his wicket is put down by the opposite side. If batsman cross each other, that batsman will be considered to be “run out” who is running to the fallen wicket.

Wicket-keeper:
The wicket-keeper shall always remain behind the wickets untill a ball delivered by a bowler touches the bat or the body of the striker or passes the wicket or the batsman is “out”. He cannot catch the ball.

Fielders:
The fieldsman can stop the ball with any part of his body. He is not allowed to stop the ball with his cap. ff he does so, its penalty shall be four runs. In case no run has been made, four runs shall be added.

Question 9.
What do you understand by the following:

Mendatory over
One-day match.

Answer:
Mandatory over:
On the last day of the match, one hour before the close of the match, the umpire signals about the mandatory over. After this, a game of 20 over is played. 6 Balls are bowled in an over. If it seems the match would be a draw, the game can be ended before the completion of these overs.

One-day Match:
There is a one-day national and international match, in which both the teams play in 40-40 or 50-50 overs. The team which scores more runs becomes the winner.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

January 15, 2024 by sachin

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Athletics Game History
The origin of athletics has been found in the ancient Greek. The activities of running, jumping, throwing can be traced in the primitive times. Man had to hunt for his survival for which these activities were needed. Sometimes he used to run away from danger. He used stone throwing for killing the animals.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 1
Later these activities took shape of competitive activities. Probably the first foot race took place thousands of years ago as this was described in Greek poem MLLIAD’ which was composed in 700 B.C. In 776 B.C. First Olympic Games were held in Greece where foot race was the only event. Athletics was introduced in England in 11th century. Modem athletics began in England in 1837. In 1896 first modem Olympic Games were held in Athens where athletic events were introduced. In 1912 sixteen countries formed ‘International Amateur Athletic Federation’.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 2
Athletics Game Latest General Rules
1. The start and finish of a race shall be measured from the edge of the starting line farther from the finish to the edge of the finish line nearer to the start.

2. On the command ‘on your marks’ or ‘set’ if competitor fails to comply after a reasonable time, shall constitute a false start.

3. If a competitor starts movement before the shot of the gun, it shall be a false start and disqualified at a very first instance.

4. The time is taken from the fire of the electronic gun to the time when competitor touches his torso with the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the finish line.

5. Every competitor must be provided with two chest numbers which must be worn on the chest and back. Where photo finish equipment is in operation the competitor must wear thigh numbers.

6. In all races run in particular allotted lanes, each competitor shall keep within his own lane.

7. In hurdling, each race has 10 hurdles. The hurdlers must run in their allotted lanes. They are disqualified if they allow their leg to trail along the side of a hurdle. The hurdler is not penalized for knocking down hurdle in his own lane.

8. Starting blocks shall be used for all races upto and including 400 m (including the first leg of the 4 x 200 m and 4 x 400 m) and shall not be used for any other race. When an athlete uses his own starting blocks, they shall comply with rules.

9. Wind Measurement. The periods for which the wind velocity shall be measured from the flash of the starter’s gun or approved starting apparatus are as follows:

100 m 10 S
100 m Hurdles 13 S
110 m Hurdles 13 S

In the 200 m event, the wind velocity shall be measured for a period of 10 seconds commencing when the first athlete enters the straight.
The wind gauge for track events shall be placed beside the straight, adjacent to first lane at 50 m from the finish line. It shall be positioned 1.22 m high and not more than 2 m away from the track.

Athletics Game Important Points

Competition Director:01
Manager:01
Technical Delegate:01 (or more)
Technical Manager:01
Jury of Appeal:03,05 or 07
Referee for Track Events:01 (or more)
Referee for Field Events:01 (or more)
Referee for Combined Events:01 (or more)
Chief Judge for Track Events:01
Chief Judge for Field Events:01
Judges for Track Events:03 (or more)
Judges for Field Events:03 (or more)
Chief Judge for Walking Event:01
Judges for Walking Event:04
Umpires for Track Events:04 (or more)
Starter:01 (or more)
Recaller:01 (or more)
Starters Assistant:01 (or more)
Lap Scorer:01 (or more)
Recorder:01 (or more)
Marshal:01 (or more)
Wind Gauge Operator:01 (or more)
Chief Photo Finish Judge:01
Assistant Photo Finish Judges:02
Measure ment Judge:01 (or more)
Call Room Judge:01 (or more)
Announcers:02
Statistician:01 (or more)
Stewards:01 (or more)
Doctor:01 (or more)

Athletics Game Rules And Regulations

Rules for Throwing Events:
1. The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot.
2. When there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials. Out of these trials best eight are selected and are given three additional chances. If there is a tie for eighth place, and competitor so trying shall be allowed for two additional trials. Eight or when the number of competitors are less, each competitor is given four trials.
3. At the competition each thrower is given two practice trials.
4. The competitor must not leave the circle until the implement has touched the sector.

Putting The Shot:

The shot shall be put from the shoulder with one hand only.
A competitor is allowed to touch the inside of both the iron ring and the stop board.
Use of gloves is not allowed.
Shot must fall within the sector.
Use of adhesives and leather belt is allowed.
Use of taping is not allowed.

Discus:

It shall be a foul throw if the competitor touches the ground outside the circle or the top edge of ring if he has begun the technique.
The discus must fall within the inner edges of the sector.

Rules For Jumping Events

Rules for Long Jump and Triple Jump:
1. The order of trials shall be drawn by lot.

2. When there are more than eight jumpers, each jumper shall be given three trials. Out of these trials best eight are selected and are given three additional chances. If there is a tie for eighth place, any jumper so tying shall be allowed for two additional chances. When the number of competitors is eight or fewer, each competitor is given four trials.

3. A competitor fails if he or she:

Touches the ground beyond the take off line with any part of his or her body.
Takes off from side of the take off board.
While landing or in the course of landing, the jumper touches the ground outside the landing area.
performs somersaulting.

4. In case of a tie, second best jump is considered. If still tie occurs, the third best is considered and so on.

Rules of High Jump:
1. The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot.

2. Before the competition begins, the chief judge announces the starting height and the subsequent heights to which the bar will be raised at the end of each round. Unless only the one competitor is remaining and the bar should never be raised by less than 2 cm in case of high jump.

3. A competitor fails if after the jump the bar does not remain on the upright bars because, of the action of the competitor.

4. In high jump, competitor must take off from one foot.

5. Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the runway area for sake of trials.

6. Two chances are given to clear one height.

Ties in the High Jump:
1. The competitor with the lowest number of jumps at the height at which the tie shall be … given the higher place.

2. If the tie still remains, the competitor who is having less failure throughout the event and including last height cleared shall be given the higher place.

3. If the tie still remains and if it is for the first place, the tying competitor shall have one more jump at the lowest height at which any of those involved in the tie failed, and yet if the decision is not final, the bar shall be raised or lowered 2 cm for the high jump. They shall then attempt one jump at each height until tie is resolved.
Measurements of Play Field and Specifications of Equipments

Standard Track:
For all International Championships, the length of the track is 400 m. It has 8 lanes. It consists of 2 straights and 2 bends. The inside of the track is bordered by metallic fencing which is 5 cm in height and 5 cm in width. Each lane is 1.22 m in width.

Dimensions:
In the Budapest congress of the LAAF held in 1966 a little addition was made regarding marking of track and .lanes. This says, “the measurement should be taken 30 cm outward from the inner border of the track dr where no border exists 20 cm from the line marking the inside of the track.”

Total Distance of Track:400 m
Straight Distance:84.39 m
Radius:36.50 m

Stagger:
The stagger is the distance given for each lane to compensate the excess distance which is increased due to the increase in radius of each line.
Formula for calculating staggers:
[w(n-1)-10 cm] 2 π

w-stands for width of lane
n-stands for number of lanes for which stagger is calculated
π -it is a constant and is equal to 22/7.

The distance of the staggers for the 200 m and 400 m race:

	200 m	400 m
1st Lane	0.00 m	0.00 m
2nd Lane	3.52 m	7.04 m
3rd Lane	7.35 m	14.71 m
4th Lane	11.19 m	22.38 m
5th Lane	15.02 m	30.05 m
6th Lane	18.86 m	37.71 m
7th Lane	22.69 m	45.38 m
8th Lane	26.52 m	53.05 m

Staggers for 800 m race:
The staggers for 800 m race consists of staggers for 200 m+Diagonal excess. The calculation for the runner in the first lane doesn’t arise as he will be running in the lane throughout the first lap. The diagonal distance by the runner in the second lane is very negligible and is not considered.
The distance of staggers for 800 m race

1st Lane	0.00 m
2nd Lane	3.52 m
3rd Lane	7.37 m
4th Lane	11.26 m
5th Lane	15.15 m
6th Lane	19.09 m
7th Lane	23.02 m
8th Lane	26.97 m

Specification of Hurdle. The following are the dimensions of the hurdle:
Men:

Distance of race	Height of hurdle	Distance from start line to first hurdle	Distance between hurdles	Distance from last hurdle to finish line
(Metres)	(Metres)	(Metres)	(Metres)	(Metres)
110	1.067	13.72	09.14	14.02
400	0.914	45.00	35.00	40.00

Women:

Distance of race	Height of hurdle	Distance from start line to first hurdle	Distance between hurdles	Distance from last hurdle to finish line
(Metres)	(Metres)	(Metres)	(Metres)	(Metres)
100	0.840	13.00	08.50	10.50
400	0.762	45.00	35.00	40.00

Construction:
The hurdles are made of metal and wood. They consist of 2 feet and 2 uprights. The uprights are fixed on the end of each base. The height of the hurdle is adjustable.The hurdle shall be of such a design that a force at least equal to the weight of 3.6 kg applied to the centre of the top edge of the bar is required to overturn it.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 3
Construction of Baton:
The baton is made up of hollow metallic tube which shall not be more than 30 cm and not less than 28 cm in length. The circumference of the baton shall be from 12 cm to 13 cm. Each baton should weigh 50 gm. It should be bright coloured so that it is easily visible during race.

Shot Put:
Construction of Shot The shot shall be of solid iron, brass or any other metal not softer than brass.
Specifications of Shot:

Shot	Men	Women
Weight	7.265 – 7.285 kg	4.005 – 4.025 kg
Diameter	110 -130 mm	95-110 mm

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 4 - Copy - Copy
Specifications of Discus:

Specifications of Javelin Throw:

Javelin	Men	Women
Weight	805-825 gm	605-625 gm
Length	260-270 cm	220-230 cm
Length of Metal Head (Nail)	250-330 mm	250-330 mm
Distance from Tip of Metal to C.O.G.	90-100 cm	80-95 cm
Diameter of Shaft	25-30 mm	20-25 mm
Width of Cord	150-160 mm	140-150 mm

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 6
Specifications of Long Jump:
The Runway:
The minimum length of the runway shall be 40 m. The width of runway should be from 1.22-1.25 m. It is marked with 4 cm wide white lines.

Take off Board:
It is placed 1 m from the nearer end of the landing area. It is made up of wood and measures 1.22 m x 20 cm x10 cm (depth).

Plasticine Indicator Board:
It is mounted in line to the edge of take off board which is nearer to the landing area. It measures 1.22 m x 10 cm x 7 mm (height). The edges shall either slant at 45° and are covered by 1 mm thick plasticine layer.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 7
Landing Area:
The landing area should have minimum width of 2.75 m and maximum of 3 m, the length of the landing area is 9 m. It is filled with the soft damp sand.

Specifications of Triple Jump:
All the specifications of pit, take off board and plasticine indicator board are same as in jump. But the takeoff board along with the plasticine indicator should not be less than 13 m for men and 11 m for women from the nearer end of the landing area.

Specifications of High Jump:
Runway: The minimum length of runway shall be 15 m.

Uprights: Aluminium movable uprights having distance between 4.00 – 4.04 m are allowed. Crossbar. It is made of fibre glass, metal or other suitable material weighing 2 kg. The length of cross bar should be 3.98 – 4.02 m.

Landing Area:
The landing area is rectangular measuring not less than 5 m x 3 m. The landing area should be of foam to avoid injury while landing.

Fundamental Skills:
Track Events
The Start:
The athlete must take good start for having a good chance of winning a sprint. A good start can be defined as coming out of starting blocks off quickly with maximum thrust. To break inertia of rest quickly, the sprinter is crouched before the start because crouching of base makes the body unstable before the start. The crouch start has mainly three parts:
1. Bunch or Bullet Start: In this type of start, the distance between blocks of the starting block varies from 15 to 27 cm. Generally knee of rear leg is aligned with the toe of the front foot.

2. Medium Start: In this start the distance between blocks of the starting block is 40 to 50 cm and the knee of rear leg is aligned with the arch of the front foot.

3. Elongated Start: This type of start is rarely used. The distance between blocks of the starting block varies from 55 to 65 cm. The knee of rear leg is aligned with the heel of the front foot.

Setting of Blocks:
The distance between the blocks is first adjusted according to the type of the start to be used. A sprinter having tall body must fix starting block 21″ from the starting line, however short statured athlete might fix starting block 18″ away from the starting line. In 100 m start the starting block is fixed in the middle and parallel to the lane. While the starting block is fixed along the tangent of the inner curve if the start of the race is starting from a curve. The starting block is fixed on the track with the help of two nails.

On Your Marks Position”
After hearing the command on your marks the athlete comes from behind the blocks. The athlete is advised to place his strong foot first in front and then his rear foot at the back. After placing both the feet in the starting block the athlete should place his hands in front of starting line in such a way that the thumb and first finger makes a bridge. Hands should be kept apart according to the shoulder width. The head should be in line with the body.

‘Set’ Position:
The most important position in the crouch start is the ‘set’ position. After the command ‘set’ the athlete should raise his hips slightly higher than the head and shoulder. After raising hips the body weight must be shifted in front. The eyes should be focused on lane about 3 to 4 feet away from starting line. At ‘set’ position the angles of front knee and rear knee should be around 90° and 120° respectively.

‘On Fire’:
The athlete should begin running immediately after the pistol is fired. The thrust is taken with the help of front foot and the rear leg comes out first. While driving rear leg, opposite arm is also given a swing in backward direction so that the coordination of arms and legs is maintained right from the beginning of the race.

Note: For long distance races, covering more than 800 m the command ‘set’ is eliminated and race is started with the rest of the two commands.

Finish:
At the ‘finish’, the ‘finishing tape’ should be of wool so that it breaks easily. The finish of the race is not considered with touching of tape but when the torso of an athlete just touches the vertical plane arising out from inner edge of the finish line and this vertical plane is aligned with the finishing tape. The finishing of the race is done in the following methods:

1. Lunge:
Most of the athlete use lunge style while finishing the race. Generally, experienced athletes use this method. In this method athlete lunges ahead with his head and chest. This activity is fastened with the help of backward arm swing. While performing lunge finish an athlete must maintain his body balance.

2. Shoulder Shrug:
In this technique when the athlete comes nearer to the finishing tape, he performs shrugging action. The body is twisted in such a way that the torso makes 90° angle with finish line. This can be achieved by shrugging the opposite shoulder in respect to the forward leg.

3. Running through the Tape:
Most of the beginners use this technique during finish of the sprint. The athlete is advised not to perform any finishing technique and he crosses the finish line without breaking speed and in a natural sprinting action.

Hurdle Races:
Hurdling began about 130 years back. In early times the hurdle races were performed with hurdles which were fixed on ground. At that time many runners got injury because they failed to clear the obstacle. Today hurdles are not fixed on the ground. Even knocking or falling of the hurdle doesn’t disqualify as it takes a fair amount speed out of his sprinting.

Technique of Hurdling:
Take off and flight, over the hurdle are most important requisites of a good hurdling.
As and when athlete approaches the hurdle, the first step is taken off by heel-ball and toe- action. After the take off, the legs are stretched in such a way that they make 90° angle with the hurdle. When the hurdler approaches he should flex his upper body towards the leg. At this stage rear leg should be flexed at 90°. While performing this action the coordination between arms and legs is maintained. After this landing is done with the front leg which is approximately 4 feet from the hurdle.

Relay Races:
4 x 100 m and 4 x 400 m sprint relays are the two most usual races. These relay races are run by four athletes by passing a baton among them.

Technique:
The baton can be exchanged in two ways:
1. Non-Visual Method. This method is used in 4 x 100 m relay race. In this method the athlete changes the baton without seeing back. The baton is changed in change over zone, which is 20 cm long. The first athlete keeps baton in right hand because he is to run on inner side of the curve. The 2nd runner stands in acceleration zone and starts running as the first runner approaches towards him. The non visual method is further divided in two parts:

(i) Upward Pass:
In this method the outgoing athlete should make cup shape fingers at the time of exchange and incoming athlete moves baton in an upward direction. As the baton touches the outgoing athlete’s hand the incoming athlete leaves the baton.

(ii) Downward Pass:
In this technique the outgoing athlete opens hand facing palm upward, the incoming athlete passes baton from downward pass.

2. Visual Method:
This technique is used in longer relay races. The outgoing athlete looks back and starts running. He takes the baton from incoming athlete with watching the movements of incoming athlete.

Field Event:
The field events are measured by the distance and height. They include throwing and jumping events.

Shot put:
Technique: Most of the throwers use either glide or the spin technique. Every thrower starts at the back of the circle facing the back.

Parry ‘O’ Brian Style:
1. Holding: The shot should rest at the base of fingers. The thumb and little finger first support at the sides.

2. Placement of Shot: The shot should be placed in the clavicle fossa just near to clavicle bone and touching the neck.

3. Stance:
The thrower should stand at the back of the putting circle facing back to the sector. The holding and placement of the shot is done after entering the circle. In case of right-hander, the thrower should flex his left leg and should raise flexed left arm.

4. T-formation:After the stance the thrower should bend his trunk down and to keep the balance left leg is extended.

5. Kick and Glide:
After making T of the body, the left leg is crouched and kick and glide is done to gain momentum. The glide should be long enough to reach the stop board.

6. Delivery:
When the left foot touches the stop board simultaneously the thrust from wrist, arm, shoulder and trunk is taken for putting the shot at 45° angle.

7. Follow Through:
After putting the shot die thrower should make a reverse flick by legs to prevent falling forward.

Disco Put Style:
In this method the movement of shot is circular. Instead of linear momentum, angular momentum is generated. Holding, stance, delivery and follow through is same as in Parry ‘O’ Brian style. But the difference is only in the turning. Thrower has to complete lVi-PA rounds putting the shot.

In the rotational style, the athlete stands upright, facing back to the putting circle. The upper body is turned towards right so that body weight shifts to right. After this the weight is again shifted to left foot. The left knee turns away from the right knee. The right foot in contact with the circle is preferred as long as possible. After the swing, right foot lands on the ball of the foot and right leg continues inward rotation. The left foot is grounded as quickly as possible at the front of circle. At this stage the chest of the thrower faces opposite to throwing direction. Like this the shot is released. After releasing shot, the left leg should swing anti-clockwise so that athlete continues to rotate back into the putting circle.

Discus:
Technique:
1. Holding the Discus:
The throwing hand is placed on the top of the discus so that the fingers are spread and also pushes over the edge. The wrist is kept rigid and the palm is flat against the surface of discus.

2. Stance: The athlete stands at the back of circle facing back to the direction of throw.

3. Swing:
The thrower makes the initial swings slowly, the speed is generated so that the right arm is fully extended and the discus comes behind the right hip. The height of the discus should be around at shoulder height.

4. Turns:
After achieving full swing the thrower pivots on the left foot with sweeping action of right leg. The thrower reaches the middle of the circle and lands right foot. After landing on right foot, the left leg is extended to the front of the circle. The weight is shifted to left leg.

5. Delivery: The discus is released at the shoulder height with fully extended arm.

6. Follow Through:
After the release of discus the right foot is moved in the front and simultaneously left leg is lifted to the backward reverse flick.

Javelin Throw:

Technique:
1. Holding: The javelin is held at the cord grip in three ways.

2. Standing Position: The javelin is held above the shoulder pointing forward and almost horizontal.

3. Approach Run:
After the initial stance athlete runs forward keeping the body in slightly leaning forward position. The athlete usually runs 36 metres and achieves 75% of speed. When the thrower is just four strides away from scratch line, the javelin is taken back. During this action athlete maintains the speed and places his feet in front of his body weight. The right knee is lifted and simultaneously push of the left leg is taken. This crossing action of legs in the air leans back the body.

4. Throwing Position:
The right foot is grounded first on the heel. As soon the body weight passes over the right foot and then the weight is shifted to left leg. This action arches the body like a bow. The right shoulder drives up and helps in throwing the javelin. The javelin is released high over the shoulder.

5. Follow Through:
After releasing javelin, the athlete takes one more stride so that the right foot land in front of scratch line. To stop forward movement, hopping is done on the right foot. .

Long Jump:
Technique-
The distance covered in a long jump depends upon the speed and angle of projection at the take off. A long jumper must acquire maximum speed before hitting the take off board.

1. Approach Run:
The athlete starts the run-up from the check mark. An odd number of strides is used s o that maximum speed is achieved. The approach mn should be so long so that strong foot exactly comes on the take off board. Generally top male jumpers take about 23 strides whereas top female athletes take about 17 strides.

2. Take Off:
The take off should be taken exactly from the take off board with vertical lift and at maximum horizontal range and to reach an effective landing position.

3. The Flight:
The aim of flight is to increase horizontal range and reach an effective landing position.

4. Hitch Kick Action:
In this the jumper takes additional stride in the air and cycles the legs. It is called as IV2 hitch whereas highly trained jumpers take another stride given a 2Vi hitch.

5. Hang Style: In this style the body is arched like a bow in the air. It is explained in the given figure.

6. Landing:
The landing must be made with the feet together and ahead of the body. The arms are moved back. After landing, side way falling is preferred to avoid the backward falling.

Triple Jump:
Technique-
It is also known as Hop, Step and Jump.
1. Approach Run: The check mark is placed so that athlete arrives take off board accurately with maximum acceleration.

2. Take off for Hop:
In this phase body is kept upright. The thighs are driven high and this leg drive is coordinated by action of opposite arm. During this phase the athlete lands the same foot from which he took off.

3. Step:
After the landing from hop, again step is taken but with increased height. Forward action of free leg and arms help the body in driving ahead. In this the jumper takes off from the same step and lands on the other foot.

4. Jump:
After taking step the jumper drives upward into the air vigorously. During this maximum height is achieved. Both arms are moved in forward to help vigorous arm swing.

5. Landing: The landing must be made with the feet together ahead of body same as in long jump.

High Jump:
Technique-
Hie technique of high jump devel oped many times. The following techniques were used:
(i) Scissor Style
(ii) Western Roll
(iii) Straddle Style
(iv) Fosbury Flop
The last two techniques are used now-a-days but fosbury is most advantageous and accepted.

Straddle Style:
In this method the take off foot is nearest to the bar. The jumper goes over facing the bar and lands on the other foot.
1. Approach Run:
Five to nine strides are taken to enable the jumper to get as much speed as required. The running is done at about 35°-45° to the bar.

2. Take-off:
The last stride should be long. The take off foot should touch the take off point in heel ball toe action. During the take off arms should swing upwards. The free leg is given swing above the head.

3. Action in Air:
After taking off the free leg and same side arm will cross the bar first together with head. As the body comes over the bar the take off leg is given kick in upward direction to clear the bar.

4. Landing: In straddle style the landing is done on shoulders or back depending upon the torque.

Fosbury Flop:
This method is widely used in the world. It is most advantageous because centrifugal forces are utilised in this style.
1. Approach Run: Usually 7-9 strides are taken, straight running is done in curve as the athlete approaches the bar.

2. Take-off:
The foot is planted at least two feet from the cross bar. The jumper must run tall with high. Aggressive knee drive is taken towards the bar. Simultaneously arm swing from both the arms is taken.

3. Action in the Air:
The knees are semi flexed. This results in the hips and thighs being held up. After the hips clear the bar, the legs are straightened so that it helps in lifting the legs away from the bar.

4. Landing: The landing is done on the shoulders in the landing area.

Important Terminologies:

Pentathlon: It consists of five events competition and is held in one day only.
Heptathlon: It consists of seven events competition for women held in two days.
Decathlon: It consists often events competition for men and is held in two days.
Stagger: It is the distance given for each lane to compensate the excess distance increased due to increase in radius.
Hurdle: These are the events in which competitor run over obstacles which are called hurdles.
Steeple Chase: It is the event comprising of 3000 metres distance with two type of obstacles.
Marathon: It is a long distance race run for 42.195 kilometres. .
Torso: It is a part of body excluding arms, feet, legs, hands, head and neck.
Pegging: When the nail of the javelin touches the ground, it is called pegging.
Putting: In shot put event the putting refers to throwing behind the line of shoulder.
Sector: Area for valid throw.
Baton: A baton is 30 cms long metallic hollow pipe which is used in relay races.
Exchange Zone: The exchange of baton takes place within 20 metres long zone and is called exchange zone.
Scratch Line: In javelin throw, the thickness of line is 7 cms which is called scratch line.
Relay: It is a race covered by four runners.
Foss Burry Flop: It is a technique of high jump in which the centrifugal force is utilized.
Photo Finish: Instrument used to decide the finish of the race.

Athletics Game Important Tournaments
International Level:

Europa Cup: Six Nation Championship held in Europe began in 1965
World Athletics Championship
Olympics: Athletics started in 1896
Commonwealth Games: Athletics started in 1930
IAAF Grand Prix
Asian Games: Athletics started in 1951
Asian Grand Prix
Asian Track and Field Championship: started in 1973

Nationaf Level:

National Circuit Meets
Federation Cup for Seniors
Federation Cup for Juniors.

Sports Personalities:
Arjuna Award Winners-

1966-B. S. Barua
1967-Bhim Singli
1967-Praveen Kumar
1968-ManjiWalia
1968-Joginder Singh
1969-HarnekSingh
1970-Mohinder Singh Gill
1971-Edward Sequcira
1972-Vijay Singh Chauhan
1973-SriramSingh
1974-Shivnath Singh
1974-T. C. Yohaiman
1975-V. Anusuya Bai
1975-Han Chand
1976-GeetaZuishi
1976-Bahadur Singh
1978-79 Angel Mary Joseph
1978-79 Sureh Babu
1979-80 R. Gyanasekaran
1980-81-Gopal Sami
1981-SabirAli
1982-Charles Borromeo
1982-Chand Rara
1982-M. D. Valsamma
1983-P.T.Usha
1983-Suresh Yadav
1984-Shiny Abraham
1984-Raj Kumar
1985-Raghubir Singh Bal
1985-Asha Agarwal
1985-AdiUe Sumariwala
1986-Suman Rawat
1987-Vandana Shanbagh
1987-Bagicha Singh
1987-Vandana Rao
1987-Balwinder Singh
1988-Athwmi Nachappa
1989-Moecy Kuflii
1990-Lcaa Rn
1992-Habair Praad
1993-K. Sawnma
1994-Ra Kufty
1995-Malathi Kriihnamirthy Holla (Para Athlete)
1995-Jyotirmoyee Sikdar
1995-Sbakli Siagh
1996-Par1mm 1baa
1997-AjffBhta
1996-Ka11cgowi (Para Athlete)
1997-M. Mahadrva (Para Athlete)
1997-Rccth Abraham
1998-P.rami Singli
1998-kachila Miatiy
1998-SD,EahaI
1998-Nerlam Jarwarn &ngh
1998-Siridiand Ram
1999-Guiab Charal
1999-G. Venk avampçla (P.r. Athlete)
1999-Gcmt Ku.
1999-Panhiniar, Singti
1999-Sunita Rani
2000-Joginder Singh Bedi (Para Athlete For Lifetime Contribution)
2000-Yadvendra Vashishta (Para Athlete)
2000-K. M. Beenamol
2001-K.R. Shankar Iyer (Para Athlete)
2002-Anju Bobby George
2002-Saraswati Saha
2003-Madhuri Saxena
2003-Soma Biswas
2004-Devendra Jhajharia (Para Athlete)
2004-J. J. Shobha
2004-Anil Kumar
2005-Manjit Kaur
2006-K. M. Bin
2007-Chitra K. Soman
2009-Sinimol Paulose
2010-Jagseer Singh (Para Athlete)
2010-Krishna Punia
2010-Joseph Abraham (Athletics)
2011-Preeja Sreedharan
2012-Ramkaran Singh (Para Athlete)
2012-Kavita Ramdas Raut
2012-Deepa Mallick (Para Athlete)
2012-Sudha Singh
2013-Amit Kumar Saroha
2013-Ranjith Maheshwari (Athlete)
2014-Tintu Luka
2015-Maehettira Raju Poovamma
2016-Lalita Shivaji Babar
2017-Varun Bhati (Para Athlete)
2017-Mariyappan Thangavelu (Para Athlete)
2017-Arokia Rajiv
2017-Khushbir Kaur

Dronacharya Award Winners:

1985-O.M. Nambiar
1994-Ilyas Babar
1995-Karan Singh
1997-Joginder Singh Saini
1998-Bahadur Singh
1998-Hargobind Singh Sandhu
1999-Kenneth Owen Bosen
2002-Renu Kohli
2002-Jaswant Singh
2003-Robert Bobby George
2006-R.D. Singh
2010-AK Kutty (Athlete for Life-time Contribution)
2011-Ramphal
2011-Kuntal Roy
2012-Virendra Poonia
2012-Satyapal Singh (Para Sports Athlete)
2012-J.S. Bhatia
2013-K P Thomas
2014-N. Lingappa (Athlete for Life-time Contribution)
2015-Naval Singh (Para Sports Athlete)
2015-Harbans Singh (Athlete for Lifetime Contribution)
2016-Nagapuri Ramesh
2017-Late Dr. R. Gandhi
2018-Sukhdev Pannu

Rajeev Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Winners:

1998-Jyotirmoyee Sikdar
2002-K. M. Beenamol
2003-Anju Bobby George

Practical:
Labelled diagram of 400 M Track & Field with computations:
400 Metre Athletics Track-
The standard is oval shaped and straight of 84.39 m and a radius of 36.5 m marking the two semi circles. The measurement is taken from 30 cm from the inner edge for lane 1 if there is a raised border or 20 cm if there is no border. All other lane distances are measured 20 cm from the white line.
Now a days to facilitate field for soccer, American football or rugby, the inside of track is made obstacle free. Basic dimensions are explained below:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 9
Lane Width:
There are 8 to 10 lanes each 1.22 m wide and no more than 1.25 m. The measurement being taken from the outside edge of one marking line to the outside edge of the next line, going outwards from the track side of the inner kerb. All semicircular curves are equal.

Line Width: 5 cm (1.97in) wide
Colour: White

Competition Area for Track Events:
The Competition area for Track Events includes:
(i) An oval track with at least 8 lanes (400 m+0.04 m x 1.22 m ± 0.01 m) and safety zones measuring not less than 1.00 m on the inside and preferably 1.00 m on the outside.
(ii) Straight with at least 8 lanes (100 m+0.02 m x 1.22 m ± 0.01 m for sprints and 110 m+0.02 m x 1.22 m ± 0.01 m for hurdles)
(iii) Starting area 3 m for 110 m hurdles.
(iv) Steeplechase track as for oval track with a permanent water jump (3.66 m x 3.66 m x 0.50 m- 0.70 m) placed inside or outside the second bend.

Staggers:
When race is running in lanes in the curves then a distance is given for Lanes 2-10 to equal distance for all the running athletes. This distance is known as stagger. It is calculated from the following formula:
Stagger = [w (n-1) -10 cm] 27 C
The data for staggered starts for 400 m Standard Track (constant lane width of 1.22 m) is listed in Table.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 23
Table-Staggered start data for the 400 m Standard Track (in m)

Relay Take Over Zones:
10 m before and after the takeover scratch line in each lane. Before this 10 metres acceleration zone is marked. For the 4 x 400 m relay races, the echelon starting positions for the first athletes in each lane should be marked as shown in the 400 m Standard Track Marking Plan.

The scratch lines of the first take-over zones are the same as the start lines for the 800 m. Each take-over zone’shall be 20 m long of which the scratch line is the centre. The zones shall start and finish at the edges of the zone lines nearest the start line in the running direction. The take-over zones for the second and last take-over is marked 10 m either side of the start/finish line.

The position of hurdles is as per given table:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 24
Field Events:
The field events are divided into two following parts:
(i) Jumping events
(ii) Throwing events

Facilities for Jumping Events:
The jumping events are Long Jump, Triple Jump, High Jump and Pole Vault. Their computations are explained below:

Facility for Long Jump:
The Long Jump event includes a runway, a take-off board and a landing area. Preferably the long jump pit is placed outside the track along one of the straights. Two adjacent runways with a landing area at each end are provided to allow competition in either direction by two groups of athletes.simultaneously.

Runway for the Long Jump:
The length of the runway is 40 m min. and is measured from the beginning of the runway to the take-off line. The width of die runway is 1.22 m ± 0.01 m wide.

Take-off Board for the Long Jump:
The take-off board is rectangular and measures 1.22 m ± 0.01 m long, 0.20 m ± 0.002 m wide and not more than 0.10 m deep. It is white coloured. The surface of the take-off board must be in line with the surface of the runway.

Landing Area for the Long Jump:
The landing area must be 7 m to 9 m long and 2.75 m min. wide.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 10

Plasticine Indicator: To detect foul a plasticine indicator is placed. It shall be 0.1 m X 1.22 m and 7 mm in height.

Facility for Triple Jump:
For triple jump event all the facilities are similar to the long jump but it differs only due placement of the take-off board. For international competition, it is recommended that the take-off board shall not be less than 13 m for men and 11 m for women from the nearer end of the landing area.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 11
Facility for High Jump:
The competition area for high jump includes a semicircular runway, a take-off area, two uprights with cross bar and a landing area. The removing of kerbs makes it possible to use the oval track as part of the runway. For major championships, the high jump facility must be large enough so that two high jumps can be conducted simultaneously. ‘

Runway for the High Jump:
The semicircular runway, with a radius of at least 20 m, will permit approaches from every direction.

Landing Mate for the High Jump:
The landing mat is 6 metre long and 4 metres wide. The overall height is minimum 0.70 metres. It is covered by a spike proof protective mat. It may be placed on a 0.10 m high grid which, on all sides shall be boarded to the ground with its front edge 0.10 m behind that of the mat.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 12
Facility for Pole Vault
The Pole Vault event includes a runway, a box for inserting the pole (vaulting box), two uprights with crossbar and a landing area. It is located either outside the track, parallel to one of the straights or within one of the segments. The facility must provide for two pole vaults to be conducted simultaneously in the same direction, preferably side by side and with same length of the pole vault runway for each.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 13
Runway for the pole vault is 40 metres minimum. The runway is 1.22 m ± 0.01 m wide. It is marked by white lines 0.05 m wide. At the end of the runway, the box for vaulting pole is mounted flush with the runway and installed such that the top inside edge of its end board lies on the 0-line and at the same height. The 0-line shall be marked by a white line, 0.01 m wide which extends beyond the outside edges of the uprights.
The dimensions of the box are explained in the figure given below:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 14
Uprights for the Pole Vault:
The two uprights are installed on horizontal bases, level with the 0-line, such that each can be moved from the 0-line not less than 0.80 m towards the landing area.

Landing Mats for the Pole Vault
The landing mats for all major international competitions must not be smaller than 6.00 m long (excluding the front pieces used for extra protection) x 6.00 m wide x 0.80 m high. It may be placed on a 0.10 m high grid. The front pieces must be at least 2 m long. The sides of the landing area nearest to the box shall be placed 0.10 m – 0.15 m from the box and shall slope away from the box at an angle of approximately 45°. The figure below explains the dimensions of the landing pit:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 15
Facilities for Throwing Events:
There are four throwing events that are: Shot Put, Discus Throw, Hammer Throw and Javelin Throw.

Facility for Shot Put:
1. Throwing Circle for the Shot Put: The inside diameter of the throwing circle is 2.135 m ± 0.005 m.

2. Stop Board for the Shot Put:
The stop board is made of wood or suitable metal and is painted white. It is placed midway between the sector lines and be firmly fixed to the ground. It is 1.21 m ± 0.01 m long on the inside. The width at the narrowest point is 0.112 m ± 0.002 m and the height is 0.10 m ± 0.002 m measured above the adjoining surface of the circle when the stop board is firmly in position.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 16
3. Landing Sector for the Shot Put The landing sector is 25 metres long. It has an angle of 34.92 degrees and the computation to draw it is explained in the figure given below:

Facility for Discus Throw:
The competition area for throwing events includes Facility for Discus Throw with throwing circle (2.50 m ± 0.005 m diameter), protective cage and landing sector (80 m radius, 48 m chord).
1. Throwing Circle for the Discus Throw:
The throwing circle is made of band iron, steel or other suitable material, the top of which shall be flush with the ground outside or the synthetic surface or concrete surround. The interior of the circle is constructed with concrete and must not be slippery. The surface of the interior is level and 0.02 m ± 0.006 m lower than the upper edge of the rim of the circle. The inside diameter of the circle is 2.50 m ±0.005 m. The rim of the circle is at least 6 mm thick, 70 mm to 80 mm deep and is painted white. The centre of the circle through which all performances are measured is marked.

2. Landing Sector for Discus Throw:
The landing sector consists of grass. The landing sector is laid from the middle of the circle with an angle of 34.92 degrees and is marked by 0.05 m wide white lines. The length of the sector is 80 m.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 18
Facility for Hammer Throw:
1. Hammer Throw Circle:
Hammer throw circle is same as shot put circle. However, no stop board is used for hammer throw event.

2. Landing Sector for the Hammer Throw:
The length of the landing sector of hammer throw is 90 metres. It has angle of 34.92 degree.

Safety Cage for Discus Throw and Hammer Throw:
Both the events have safe cage and the dimensions of common cage are explained in the figure given below:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 19
Facility for Javelin Throw:
The facility for javelin throw includes runway (30 m min. x 4 m), arc with a radius of 8 m and landing sector of 100 m radius.

Runway for the Javelin Throw:
The length of the runway is 30 m minimum. It shall be marked by two parallel white lines 0.05 m wide and 4.00 m ± 0.01 m apart. Two white square marks 0.05 m x 0.05 m beside the runway four metres back from the end points of the throwing arcs.

Throwing Arc for the Javelin Throw:
The throwing arc is situated at the end of the runway. It may be painted white and is made of suitable non-corrodible material like hard plastic. The throwing arc is 0.07 m wide and is
curved with a radius of 8.00 m from the centre point in the middle of the runway. The detailed specifications are explained in figure given below:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 20
Landing Sector for the Javelin Throw:
The landing sector is 100 metres long. The computation of the marking of landing sector is explained in figure given below:

The placements of all the events is explained in the figure given below:

Athletics Games Important Questions

Question 1.
Enlist various short distance races.
Answer:
100 m, 200 m and 400 m, 100 m HR (w) 110 m HR (M) 4 x 100 m Relay, 4 x 400 m Relay.

Question 2.
Where were the First Modem Olympic Games was organized?
Answer:
Athens in 1896.

Question 3.
Name the field events in Athletics.
Answer:
Jumping events and Throwing events.

Question 4.
How many judges are required for field event?
Answer:
03 (or more).

Question 5.
What is the distance of straights in track?
Answer:
84.39 m.

Question 6.
How many lanes are there in standard track?
Answer:
8 lanes.

Question 7.
What is the formula for calculating staggers?
Answer:
[w (n – 1)-10 cm] 2n

Question 8.
What is the distance of staggers for 800 m race for 2nd lane?
Answer:
3.52 m.

Question 9.
What is the height of hurdle for 110 m?
Answer:
1.067 m.

Question 10.
Write the diameter of Shot Put circle for men.
Answer:
110-130 m.

Question 11.
What is the weight of Shot Put for women?
Answer:
4.005 – 4.025 kg.

Question 12.
Give the length of Javelin for men.
Answer:
260-270 cm.

Question 13.
What is the diameter of shaft for men?
Answer:
25-30 mm.

Question 14.
What should be the width of landing area in long jump?
Answer:
2.75 m.

Question 15.
Name the types of start in track event.
Answer:
Bunch/Bullet start, Medium start and Elongated start.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Book Solutions 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics Important Notes, Questions and Answers.

Hockey Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

January 11, 2024January 10, 2024 by sachin

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Hockey Game Rules.

Hockey Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 1.
How many players take part in the game of Hockey?
Answer:
Players:
1. The game of hockey is played between two teams. Each team consists of 11 players. During the play no team will have more than one goalkeeper.

2. During the play a team can substitute maximum number of players.

3. A player once substituted can play again. No player can play in place of a suspended player.

4. No substitute is allowed during the award of Comer, Penalty Comer and Penalty Stroke. During the stoppage of play, except for the award of a comer, a penalty comer, or a penalty stroke, the substitute player can enter the playground with the permission of a referee. Time taken by it will be added to the duration of the game.

5. If extra time is given to draw some result the other player can also be substituted.

Duration of Play

The game has two durations of 35 minutes each. There is an interval of minimum 5 minutes to maximum 10 minutes in between the two durations. The teams change their ends/sides after the interval.

Captain

(a) In the beginning captains of both teams toss for the choice of ends or doing pass. The winner of the toss can choose one of the two pass or end.
(b) A captain may act as umpire in case of his absence.
(c) If necessary, the captains can change their goal keepers, and will inform about the change to the umpire.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the following? The field of Play, Goal post, Goal Board, Shooting Circle, Ball Hockey (stick), Dress of Players and Back pass.
Answer:
Field of Play:
The hockey playground is rectangular in size. It is 100 yards (91.4 m) long and 60 yards (55 m) wide. The longer lines are known as side lines and shorter lines as goal lines. The goal line shall be 3 wide. There is a Centre line in the middle of the playground which divides the ground into two equal parts. In between the goal line and centre line there is a 25 yard line, and parallel to five yards from a side line a mark two yards in length will be provided.

Inside the playfield, on each side line and parallel to the goal line 16 yards from its inner edge a mark 12 in length will be provided. For hits of corners, the field shall be marked by the goal lines on both sides of the goal at 5 yards. At a distance of 7 yards in front goal lines on both sides of the goal at 5 yards. At a distance of 7 yards in front of the centre of each goal a spot shall be marked which will not exceed 6 in diameter.

Hockey image 1

Hockey Field

Goal Post:
At the centre of each goal line, there will be a goal post consisting of two perpendicular posts 4 yards apart. These are joined together by a horizontal cross bar, 7 feet from the ground. The first part of the goal post will touch the outer edge of the goal line. Goal post shall not extend the cross bars, and cross bars, too, shall not extend goal posts. The goal posts and cross bars shall be 2′ wide and their depth shall not exceed 3′. The nets will firmly attached behind the goal posts. Their edges will be rectangular and they will face the playfield. The nets will be firmly attached behind goal posts, cross bars and goals, and the distance between these shall not exceed 6 inches.

GOAL POSTS

Hockey image 2

Goal Board:
Goal boards should not exceed 4 yards in length and 8′ in height. These will be placed on the comers inside the goal posts. These boards shall be perpendicular to the goal lines. Inside the goal posts the side boards will be placed in such a way that they have no effect on the inside of the goal or the outer width.

Shooting Circle:
A four yard long and 3 inch wide line shall be drawn in front of each goal. This line having the inner front corner of the goal posts as centre will reach each way to meet the goal lines by quarter circles. The space enclosed by these line, shall be called the shooting circle.

Ball:
The ball shall be made of white leather or of any other leather painted white. Its size is similar to that of the cricket ball, and it is sewn like the cricket ball, its weight should not exceed 5\(\frac{3}{4}\) ounces to 5 \(\frac{1}{2}\) ounces.

Its circumference shall be maximum 9\(\frac{1}{2}\)” and minimum 8\(\frac{3}{16}\)“.

Stick:
A stick should be flat on the left side alone. Its end should not be made of metal or attached with any metal. Its size is like the English letter “J”. It should not have any sharp edge on the top, neither should it have a dangerous splinter. Its weight shall be maximum 28 ounces and minimum 20 ounces. Its size is such that it may pass through a ring having a diameter of 2 inches. If the stick does not conform to these rules, it Will not be permitted to be used by the umpire.

Hockey image 3

Players Dress and Equipment:
Each team wears the dress approved by its association. The dress is such that players of one team can easily be distinguished from the players of the other team. A player’s dress and equipment consists of a shirt, underpants, socks and a pair of shoes. Each player shall put on such foot-wear as are not harmful to any other player. The teams have to wear dresses of different colours.

SHOOTING CIRCLE

Hockey image 4

The goal keeper’s equipment includes pads, nickers, gloves and mask. The player should not wear such articles as a watch, ring or iron bangle (“Karra”) because they may hint other players.

Back Pass:
The back pass is given by the toss winning player at the start of the play after a goal has been scored, and to start the game after the interval. After half time the player of the opponent team will do back pass. The player doing pass may put his foot on the centre line or on the other side.

Question 3.
What are the General rules of hockey?
Answer:
GENERAL RULES OF HOCKEY

1. When a player hits the ball, no part of the stick should go above the shoulder.

Hockey image 5

2. The ball should not be played with the opposite side of the stick. Only the flat side of the stick should be used. No player can interfere with the game without having his own stick.

3. The ball is not under cut. The game is also not played in such a way as it may give rise to a danger or make the play itself dangerous.

4. The ball should not be stopped on the ground or in air with any part of the body except the hand. If the ball is caught at all, it should be thrown on the ground quickly from the level of the chest.

5. Except with the stick, the ball should not be stopped, picked, thrown or carried in any other manner.

6. Hitting, hooking, holding, striking at or intervening with the opponent’s stick is not allowed.

7. A player should not obstruct the game by running between an opponent and the ball or intercept himself or with his stick as an obstacle. The attack should not be made on the left side of the rival. The ball should be touched before touching of the ball by the rival.

8. The goalkeeper is allowed to stop the ball with any part of his body in the shooting circle.

9. If the ball is lodged in the pads of a goalkeeper or in the clothing of any player or the umpire, the game will be stopped by the umpire. The game shall restart by a bully on the spot where the incident occurred.

10. If the ball strikes the umpire, the game shall continue.

11. No player is allowed to play in a dangerous manner or in the spirit of revenge. If a player misbehaves, the umpire can give him warning.

12. If it rains or there is a defect in the lighting system during the play of the match, the match will be resumed the next day.

13. Golden Goal Rule:
If the match ends in a draw, the extra time for play will be given, of which the durations of the play minutes each. Whenever during this period a goal is scored by a team the match ends there and then. In case there is no result, then 5-5 penalty strokes are given to each team till the winner is decided.

Breach of the Simple Rules of the Game

1. If infringement takes place outside the shooting circle, a free hit is awarded to the opposing team. But if the umpire thinks that the player of the defending team has committed the offence deliberately within 25 yards, then he must award the penalty comer.

2. If the offence is done inside the circle by an attacker, a free hit is awarded to the defending team. On the other hand, if the offence is committed inside the circle by the defending player, the attacker team is awarded a penalty corner or penalty stroke.

3. If two opponents commit the offence at the same time outside the circle, the umpire shall order for a bully to be played. But the bully should be played 5 yards off the goal line.

4. In case of rough play or misconduct, the umpire can:

warn the offending player,
suspend him temporarily, or
suspend him from playing the game further

A player temporarily suspended shall remain standing behind the net of his goal until the umpire calls him back. The time for temporary suspension will not be less than 5 minutes.

Question 4.
What do you know about the Pass, Hit, Free Hit, Comer, Penalty Comer, Goal, Shooting Circle, Penalty, Umpire, Push in, Ball outside the play field, The use of “2” Iron Bangle (KARA).
Answer:
1. Pass:
The play starts when a player gives a pass to the other player by striking the ball on the centre line.

2. Hit:
If a player makes the ball cross the side line completely, he or any other player of the opposing team is allowed to hit the ball by placing it on the spot from where it has crossed the line.

3. Free Hit:
(a) Free hit is normally taken from the place of offence. A free hit shall be taken from the breach place provided that a free hit is given to the defending team within 16 yards of the inner edge of its goal-line.

(b) Scoop- stroke is not allowed in that case.

(c) While taking free hit, the ball shall remain stationary. The free hit shall be taken again in case any other player of any team is within 5 yards of it.

(d) If the striker fails to hit the ball, he can re-take the hit.

(e) The striker after taking free hit shall not play the ball until it has been touched or played by another player of either team.

4. Corner:
(a) The attacking team shall be awarded a penalty comer if in the opinion of the umpire, the defending team has sent the ball intentionally within 25 yards of the line, provided a goal is not scored. The player of the attacking team will take free hit on the goal line or side line of the defending team or on that spot from where the ball has crossed the line and which is 3 yards from the nearest comer flag post.

(b) When the hit is taken, other than six players of the defending team shall remain outside the playfield and their feet and sticks shall remain behind their goal line. The remaining defenders shall remain away from the centre until the hit is taken. The attacking team will be in the playfield. The feet and sticks of its players shall be outside the circle. If any player enters the circle before the ball is hit, the hit shall be taken again.

(c) No shot at goal shall be scored with the comer hit till any player of the defending team stops the ball on the ground or the ball is touched by his foot or any other part of his body.

(d) The umpire shall order for the hit again in case any player of the defending team crosses the goal or centre line or any player of the attacking team comes forward on his own before the hit is taken.

5. Penalty Corner:
If in the opinion of the umpire a player of the defending team has sent the ball off the goal line intentionally, he shall award a penalty comer to the opposing team provided no goal is scored. While taking a penalty corner, a player will do the ball push from a point inside the circle on the goal line, then the player standing on the edge of D will stop it with hockey, and the third player will hit it. The penalty comer shall be considered as goal if the ball does not go higher than the plank of the goal or there is no under cut, and the ball crosses the goal line.

6. Goal:
When a ball passing completely through goal posts has crossed the goal line, a goal is scored. At that time the ball should be within the circle, having been hit by the stick of an attacker. The team that scores greater number of goals is the winner. If the goalkeeper plays a foul at the time of penalty stroke it is not necessary for the ball to cross the goal line.

7. Shooting Circle:
A four yards long and three inches wide line shall be drawn in front of each goal which is parallel to and 16 yards from the goal line. This line having the inner front comer of the goal posts as centre will reach each way to meet the goal lines by quarter circles. The 16 yards distance shall be upto the outer comers of the circle and the face of the goal post.

8. Penalty:
If as a result of penalty stroke:

(a) The ball completely crosses the goal line between the goal¬posts and under the cross-bars, a goal is scored.
(b) The goalkeeper commits any breach and hinders the score, it is considered a scored goal.
(c) The goalkeeper catches the ball or the ball is lodged in his pad it is called ‘stopped’.
(d) A penalty stroke ends if the ball becomes stationary in the circle or passes over it.
(e) The play is re-started with a free hit when no goal is scored. The defending team takes a free hit from 16 yards of goal line.
(f) The duration between the penalty stroke and the re-start of the play will be added in the half of the play.

Penalty:
1. If the attacking player breaks any rule, the game shall re-start by the defending team with a free hit from 10 yards.
2. If the goalkeeper breaks the rule, the umpire shall ask for the second stroke.

9. Umpires:
There are two umpires for the proper management of the game. Each umpire looks after the play of the game in one half of the playfield. He keeps a record of the game. An umpire should have two watches, two whistles of different sounds, a pencil, a note-book and a two-inch ring. His proper uniform comprises white shirt, white pant, white canvas shoes.

Hockey image 6

10. Push-in:
(i) When a ball passes completely across the side-line it is given a push-in or hit from the same spot. The ball is pushed in or hit by a player of the opposing team to the player who last touched it.

(ii) When push-in is being taken, no player of either team should be in the circle. If it is not so, the umpire shall ask for the second push-in.

(iii) A player who takes the push-in cannot play or touch the ball until it has been touched or played by any other player of either team.

If the rule is broken by the player who takes push-in, the push-in is awarded to the opposing team. If the rule is breached by any other player, the push-in shall be taken again. But if the rule is broken again and again, the opposing team shall be awarded a free hit.

11. Ball outside the Playfield:
(i) If the ball is sent by one of the teams over the goal-line and the goal is not scored, or if it is sent unintentionally over the goal line, from more than a distance of 25 yards from the goal line in the opinion of the umpire, by a player of the defending team, player of the defending team shall take a free hit from a distance of 16 yards of the place where the ball has crossed the goal line.

(ii) The opposing team is awarded a comer if the ball is sent out of the goal line by 25 yards intentionally by the player of the defending team.

(iii) If the defending team intentionally sends the ball over the goal line from any comer of the playfield, a penalty comer is awarded to the opposing team.

(iv) If in the opinion of the umpire, a player of the defending team sends the ball intentionally within 25 yards of the line, the opposing team is awarded a penalty comer.

12. The use of 2-Inch Iron Bangle (“Karra”):
A two inch iron bangle is used in hockey. A stick which passes through it is considered to be proper, and the player can play with that stick.

Accidents:
(a) If an umpire or a player is incapacitated by some accident the game is temporarily stopped by the umpire. The time wasted in it is recorded. If a goal is scored before the game is stopped, it shall be allowed if in the referee’s opinion it has been scored before the accident.

(b) The umpire shall re-start the game at the earliest. The play shall re-start by bully from the spot chosen by the umpire.

Question 5.
Describe some important Techniques of Hockey?
Answer:
Some Important Techniques of Hockey
So long as the players ambitions to take part in A class matches at the earliest do not acquire knowledge about important strokes of hockey, it is difficult for them to enjoy the game. I think if the newly trained players before playing in matches leam to use hockey in dribbling the ball on the ground, it will be a good beginning for them.

There is no hard and fast rule regarding the position of head, foot and hands in taking different types of strokes. But in taking an easy stroke the foot work plays an important role. First of all, a player should know how to hold the stick properly. One can leam other rules of taking strokes automatically while practising in individual and small groups. It is essential for complete success that a player should do all practice exercises at a slow pace. Then gradually he should increase his speed.

The important strokes are as follows:

Push-stroke is taken by the wrist. In this stroke the left hand is on the upper part of the handle, and the right hand remains in the middle of the stick, and the shoulders should remain directly behind it. The ball should be pushed along with the ground. This stroke is taken for small and sure ‘pass’ and it is of great creative importance.

Flick:
Both the hands remain with the stick in taking flick-stroke. This stroke is made with loose wrists. While flicking, the stick should remain totally with the ball. This stroke is taken without raising the stick behind. Normally, this stroke is made on the dribbling ball and is made, in place of a hit, for the quick exit of the ball. In the reverse flick, the reverse stick is used to move the ball to the right. It is a clever way to dodge the opponent.

When a player becomes expert in it, this type of his stroke is worth seeing. There was a time when Indian players playing with European teams used to stun them by making much use of the scoop. But recently it has been observed in a match played at New Delhi that making the best use of flick the opposing German players would succeed in throwing the ball over the Indian players, or, in other words, in entering their defence line. It was amazing that the ball was thrown inside 25 yards or more, as a result of which our defence line got no opportunity to make immediate defensive move there.

To take a powerful flick stroke it is essential that the hold on the stick is divided, that is, the hold of the right hand should remain slightly downward as compared to that of the left hand. There, is some difference in the rule to make a short distance flick stroke. Our players should be well-versed in this art because it is the best answer to the ‘player to player’ modern technique.

It is an attractive and the most useful stroke, but it needs regular practice and powerful wrists. The following exercises should be done to make the wrists more powerful:

(1) Hold the upper part of the stick with the right hand, and a little below, with the left hand. Turning the stick a little towards right push the ball. In the beginning of the stroke, the pressure of the body’s weight is on the left foot and the right shoulder turns a bit, and with it the stroke is made with the jerk of the wrist. In order to put this stroke in practice dribble the ball in the size of a circle with reverse-stroke.

(2) By remaining in that position and holding the stick only with the left hand, move the ball forward in the same manner. These two types of practice exercises are very essential, particularly for those Indian players who are totally ignorant in“left flick” or “push”. They will also provide that strength to the left hand which is essential for the flick-stroke.

This stroke is very useful from the viewpoint of giving high speed to the ball and for the quick exit of the ball. Through this stroke the player hides the direction of his ‘pass’ and also gets the essential strength for the variety of left hand.

Scoop:
This stroke is intentionally made to throw up the ball. In this stroke, the slightly bent stick remains behind the ball a little above the ground, and the two hands of the player on the stick remain far away from each other. If some problem arises in the play while making this stroke or when the ball falls on the ground, it should be deemed as infringement of rules. Though for a left – winger to dodge his opponent by throwing the ball on his stick, this stroke is very useful, yet the use of this stroke should be made occasionally. This stroke is very useful on a heavy, muddy playground.

Drive:
It is wrong notion that it is essential to raise the stick over the shoulder in any direction to hit the ball hard. The fact is that the ball reaches its destination very quickly with a hit made by the slightly backward raised stick. The speed and the strength of the hit depends upon the player’s foot work and the strength of the wrists at the time of hitting the ball. One should save oneself from the player’s undercut and the hit from below as these strokes are against the rules.

Lunge:
While making this stroke, the player holds the stick in one hand, his arms are completely drawn, the body leans over one foot and knees are bent. When the opposing player is away from the combat-distance this stroke is used to save the ball from his stick. Through this stroke the forward players can stop the ball from going out of the side line and goal line.

Jab:
This is a one-handed stroke. It can be taken either with the right or the left hand. This stroke is used to push the ball. This is a speedy forward activity of pushing the ball in which the player holds the stick in one hand and his arm remains extended forward. When two opposing players move forward with the aim of snatching the ball, use of this stroke is made to push the ball out of their reach before either of them snatches it.

For the Practice of Jab and Lunge

(a) By holding the stick in one hand and extending the arm fully, the player should do the practice of sharp jab.

(b) 1. The player should do the practice of playing reverse stroke by holding the stick in the left hand and by extending the arms fully. It will provide strength to the left wrist.

2. The two players, by placing the ball in between, should stand up. Then they should run fast to play the ball. Both the players should try to jab the ball with the right hand one before the other. Then they should try to lunge with the left hand. The practice of these two one-handed strokes is essential. When it is difficult to take the stroke with both the hands, only then the use of these strokes should be made. In other words, it.can be said that when the player needs “reach” more than the play of the game, these strokes prove to be very useful.

Dribble:
In hockey the art of dribbling is very important. A player cannot be perfect until he is not well-versed in this art. Dribbling should not be resorted to if it is adequate to hit or push the ball towards the colleague-player. The players of muddy, bouncing and uneven playgrounds should not do dribbling. The main aim of dribbling is to move the ball in possession to the left and then to the right.

The player, by maintaining this process, is to run fast. While doing dribbling a player should hold the stick in such a manner that the hold of his left hand remains upward the handle of the stick while the hold of his right hand remains 3-4 inches downward. The ball should remain one yard away from the player. While doing dribbling the stick should remain quite near the ball.

Fielding the Ball:
The experience tells that to stop the ball with the stick is very easy and quick process. That is why, hands are seldom used to stop the ball. It becomes essential to stop the ball with hands while taking the push for penalty corner or when the ball is in the air above the player’s waist in order to achieve the best result. If the ball is caught with hands, it should be immediately released.

While stopping the ball, the player should hold the stick in such a loose manner that his left hand remains on the handle of the stick and his right hand in the middle of the stick. In order to save the ball from swinging the hands should be left loose before the ball strikes. The ball is best stopped with stick.

When a rival forward player is running after the ball, then the best way to stop the ball for the player is to bring his body and stick to the level of the ball. If the player has the time and opportunity, then he should try to stop the ball from the right. Thus, he will be able to hit the ball easily.

The practice of Stopping and Hitting the Ball

Suppose two players ‘A’ and ‘B’ standing with a distance of 20 yards in between, and the centre line acts in their midst as the centre ‘R’ player hits the ball towards “A” players stops the ball and moves it back to ‘B’ again. The aim of both these players is to score the goal.

A goal is allowed if the all crosses the goal line of the rival player. In order to achieve his aim the player is to stop the ball properly and hit it back quickly. If the player has got a weak hit, then he should save himself, having entered the field of the rival player. By taking a quick hit within an area of 10 yards he will try to catch him in a difficult position.

Rules

If the player hits the ball across the side line or the 4 yards line drawn parallel to it, then the opposing player dan take the hit anywhere from the spot of crossing the ball.
If in the attempt to stop the ball, a player dribbles the ball over the line, then the opposing player can take the hit from the spot where the ball has dribbled.

The aim of practice is to improve the player’s art of stopping and hitting the ball. In order to make the best use of this practice, the players should remain on the look-out for the opportunity of quickly entering into and retreating from the field of the rival players.

The Practice of Stopping the Ball While Running

This practice should be done within 25 yards area towards the side line instead of the goal line. In order to catch each other in a difficult situation, both the players should hit the ball towards the left or right of the rival player. The ball going beyond reach will be stopped through lunge by the left and the right hand. The player is to learn this particular point.

Hockey image 7

Important Information About the Hockey Game

Numbers of players in a Hockey Team = 11 + 5
Length of the Hockey Ground = 100 yards, 91.4 metre
Breadth of the ground = 60 yrards, 55 metre
Duration of the Hockey play = 35 – 35 mipjite
Duration of interval = Five to Ten mipute
The weight of the Hockey Ball = 5 \(\frac{1}{4}\) to 5 \(\frac{3}{4}\) Aunce
Circumference of the ball = 224 to 235 M.M.
Weight of the Hockey stick = 737 gms
Size of the ring in which stick can pass through = 2.1
The distance of each pole = 3.66 m
The game of hockey is played between two teams. Each team has eleven players. During the play, no team can have more than one goal-keeper.
The game has two halves of 35-35 minutes. The interval or rest will be of 5 minutes duration.
After the interval both the teams shall change their side.
During the play a team can substitute maximum number of players. A player once substituted can be permitted to play again.
There are one technical official, two umpires, two judges and one reserve in a hockey match.
No substitute shall be permitted for a suspended player.
In the extra time the player who has been substituted can play again.
Both the captains can change goalkeepers as per need.
The captains can toss for the choice of ends/sides.
No player can wear such articles as ring, ‘karha’etc.
In the game of hockey there are in all 16 players, 11 of which take part in the game, and 5 players are kept in reserve.
While making a stroke, the stick may not go over the shoulder.
If the defending team intentionally commits a foul in or outside the “D”, the referee awards penalty comer.
If the goalkeeper or any player catches the ball or press it under his foot, the referee will award penalty stroke.
According to a new rule during the play a team can substitute maximum number of players. A player once substituted can be permitted to play again. In case of the break a player can not be substituted.
Goalkeeper can not be changed at the time of penality comer of penelity stroke. He can be changed only while he gets hurt.
Dotter line must be drawn of 20 yards in front of circle of 16 yards.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

January 10, 2024January 9, 2024 by sachin

This PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Programs run in a computer. A program is a group of step by step instructions. Group of these programs is called software. There are two types of software. First is application and second system software. Application software are used for specific tasks and system software is used to control the computer.

Software:

Computer can not do any work itself. It needs instructions to work. These instructions are written in computer readable languages. Group of these instructions is called a program. Group of programs is called software.

Types of Software:

Productivity of a computer is determined by the programs running in it. The assemblage of such programs is called software. Software can be divided into two categories as under:
1. System Software
2. Application Software
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 1

System Software

All the functions of a computer are controlled by system software. If the system software is not installed in a computer, then Application Software can not function. This establishes transmission of information in a computer.

It controls and runs the application programs. The following figure depicts the relationship among Hardware, Software and User. The system software are further divided into many types e.g. operating system, language translator, utility program etc.

Application Software

The combination of application programs is called application software. The application software is used for special function. To run these softwares, your computer must have system software installed on it. But every computer has system software (like operating system) pre-installed in it.

The application software is only used as per requirement. Different users have different requirements. So every user uses different software according to one’s need.

Office Tools

Office tools are software programs designed to make computer users more productive and efficient at our workplace. Office productivity tool is a category of application programs that help users produce things such as documents, databases, graphs, worksheets and presentations.

Office Productivity Tools

It is that category of software which allows the user to create documents, spreadsheets, databases etc. Examples of office productivity tools contains word processors DBMS, graphic software and spreadsheet.

Types of Office Tools:

1. Word Processing Software. It is the main software used in schools, homes, industrial and commercial establishments. Its main importance is that one can change, edit and print the text written in this software. MS-Word, Notepad, Pagemaker etc. are some word processing softwares. Once you learn how to use these softwares then it becomes easier to use other softwares.

2. Database Software. This software helps us to store the large quantity data and making alterations in them. They store data in a tabular form and can provide useful information as and when required. For example, we can store the record of names of students, the marks obtained by them and other related information in a database software. It is easy to include new data, delete or print it with the help of database software. MS Excel, Fox Pro, Oracle etc are database software.

3. Spreadsheet Software. Spreadsheet software stores the numeric data. Calculations can be done in it. In can be used for making time-table, keeping the income-expenditure account, storing the marks obtained by students and compiling their results. It consists of columns & rows. MS-Excel, LOTUS etc are spread sheet softwares.

4. Prersentation Software. This software can be used for editing pictures. The artists use this software for making computer images and drawings. One can make graphs, maps, charts etc with its usage. MS PowerPoint, Paint, Adobe Photoshop etc. are some examples of Graphic Software.

Multimedia Software

Multimedia software are those which are used for editing multimedia objects like films, audio files etc. It includes audio converter, player, burners, video encoder and decoders etc.

Objectives of using MS-word:

MS -Word is used for creating, editing and formatting a document, inserting tables, pictures and editing them. We have also used the feature of mail merge, spell- check and thesaurus etc.
Microsoft Word can be used for the following purposes:

To create business documents having various graphics including pictures, charts and diagrams.
To store and reuse readymade content and formatted elements such as cover pages and sidebars.
To create letters and letterheads for personal and business purpose.
To design different documents such as resumes or invitation cards etc.
To create a range of correspondence from a simple office memo to legal copies and reference documents.

Formatting in MS-Word

Planning a document design is vital to ensure the printed output of our document accomplishes our goal or not. Document design determine if the document orientation will be portrait (vertical) or landscape (horizontal), if the document will be formatted in single or multiple columns. A landscape document with two columns is the most readable and popular layout for an event program. It also determines if we will use any images or clip art.

Templates in MS-Word

Word 2010 allows us to apply built-in templates from a wide selection of popular Word templates, including resumes, agendas, business cards, and faxes.
To apply a template in Word, do the following:
1. On the File tab, click New.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 2
2. Under Available Templates, select the following:

To use one of the built-in templates, dick Sample Templates, click the template that you want, and then click Create.
To reuse a template that you’ve recently used, click Recent Templates, click the template that you’ve want, and then click Create.
To find a template on Office.com, under Office.com Templates, click the template category that you want, click the template that you want, and click download to download the template from Office.com to my computer.

3. Once you have selected the template you can modify it in any way to create the document you want.
Microsoft Word 2010 allows us to create and edit personal and business documents, such as letters, reports, invoices, emails and books. By default, documents saved in Word 2010 are saved with the .docx extension.

Creating a resume with MS – Word Templates

Follow the steps written below:

Click on New in File tab.
In Office.com templates, select Resumes and Cover Letters.
MS – Word will download the selected template from office.com templates.
Here various styles are available for resumes and cover letters. Select any one according to the requirement and click download.
Resume with selected template will appear.
Now you can edit it and can make the necessary changes in resume.
After filling all the required information in the resume, save it.

Ms-Excel:

Excel is a spreadsheet program used to create and format workbooks. It helps us in analyzing data and making data more informative in order to take business decisions. Specifically, we can use Excel to track data, analyze data, write formulae to perform calculations on that data, pivot the data in numerous ways, and present data in a variety of professional-looking charts.

Excel allows us to create a new workbook using a template, which is a predesigned spreadsheet. Several templates are preloaded in Excel, while others can be located on Office.com. A spreadsheet template is a predesigned spreadsheet which can be used, to create new spreadsheets with the same formatting and predefined formulae. With templates, we don’t need to know how to do the math, or even how to write formulae – these are already integrated into the spreadsheet.

Creating Workbook using Template

1. Click the File tab and Select New. The Available Templates pane appears.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 3
2. In Available templates, click Sample templates to choose a built-in template, or select an Office.com template category.
3. Now click on Finish & Merge option and select Edit Individual Documents from the menu.
4. A dialog box Merge to New Document will open. Choose option All and click Ok to show the report card of all the students in excel worksheet.
5. Now a new Word document will open having report cards of all the students. You can save this document and can also take printouts.

Sale Invoice

Sale invoice can be created in Excel using template. It is created like other templates. We can add data as per our requirement and save it.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 4

Using Mail Merge With Spreadsheet:

We can use Mail merge feature in Microsoft word to create student Annual Report. It seems very interesting.

Creating student Annual Report

Student Annual Report can be created using MS Word and MS Excel using following steps :

Prepare the annual report format in MS word. Mention student’s detail like admission no, roll no, name, father’s name, marks of each subject, overall result and percentage of marks of student.
On the other side, prepare an excel worksheet, in which student’s admission no, roll no, name, father’s name, subject-wise marks obtained in subjects Punjabi, English, Maths, Science, Social Studies and grades etc. are entered,
Next calculate the percentage of marks of each student using a formula.
Now, click on Mailing Tab, and start mail merge. Then, choose Letter option which we already prepared.
Next Click on Select Recipients and select Use Existing List option. Choose excel sheet from Select Table dialog box and click OK.
Place the cursor where you want to insert the value of field from excel sheet. Now go to Insert Merge Field option in Write & Insert Fields group. A dropdown menu will be displayed having field names.
Select the field names one by one after placing the cursor in proper place in the student annual report. All fields will be displayed.
After inserting all the clicking Preview Results next and previous button, you can preview the result of students by option.
Now click on Finish & Merge option and select Edit Individual Documents from the menu. A dialog box Merge to New Document will open. Choose option All and click OK to show the report card of all the students in excel worksheet.
Now a new Word document will open having report card of all the students. Save this document and we can also take printouts.

Page Layouts:

We see a document for printing in page layout and format if accordingly. It contains following things : –

Line Space
Page Margin
Page Orientation
Page Break
Tab Stop

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 5
1. Adjusting Line Spacing:

The default spacing is 1.15 line spacing and 10 points after each paragraph. The easiest way to change the line spacing for an entire document is to select the paragraphs or entire document that we want to change the line spacing on.
1. On the Flome tab, in the Paragraph group, click Line Spacing.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 6
2. Do one of the following.
Click the number of line spaces that you want.
Click Remove Space Before Paragraph to remove any additional lines added after each paragraph as a default.

2. Page Margins:

Page margins are the blank space around the edges of the page. In general, we insert text and graphics in the printable area inside the margins. When we change a document’s page margins, we change where text and graphics appear on each page.

Setting predefined page margins:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Margins. The margins gallery drop down menu will appear.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 8
2. Click the margin type that we want to apply.

3. Page Orientation:

We can choose either portrait (vertical) or landscape (horizontal) orientation for all or part of our document.
To change page orientation:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Orientation.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 10
2. Click Portrait or Landscape.
Different page orientations on same document:
1. Select the pages or paragraphs that you want to change to portrait or landscape orientation.
2. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Margins.

Click Custom Margins at the bottom of the drop down menu.
A Page Setup dialog box will appear.
On the Margins tab, click Portrait or Landscape.
In the Apply to list, click Selected text or This point forward.

Creating custom margins:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Margins.
2. At the bottom of the Margins gallery drop down menu, click Custom Margins.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 11

3. The Page Setup dialog box will appear.
4. Enter new values for the margins in all or some of the Top, Bottom, Left or Right text boxes.
5. Click OK.

4. Page Breaks:

Word automatically inserts a page break when we reach the end of a page. If we want the page to break in a different place, we can insert a manual page break.

Inserting a page break:
1. Click where you want to start a new page.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 12
2. On the Insert tab, in the Pages group, click Page Break.
One another formatting option is setting Tab stops.

5. Tab Stops:

Creating tab stops can be helpful when creating a large number of documents such as flyers, table of contents or even when creating a resume. They help us to display and line up information correctly.

Setting manual tab stops:
1. Click the tab selector at the left end of the ruler S until it displays the type of tab that you want.
2. Then click in the ruler at the top of the page, where you want to set the tab stop.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 14
The different types of tab stops are:

A Left Tab stop sets the start position of text that will then run to the right as we type.
A Center Tab stop sets the position of the middle of the text. The text centers on this position as we type.
A Right Tab stop sets the right end of the text. As we type, the text moves to the left.
A Decimal Tab stop aligns numbers around a decimal point.
Independent of the number of digits, the decimal point will be in the same position (we can align numbers around a decimal character only).
A Bar Tab stop doesn11 position text. It inserts a vertical bar at the tab position.

Clear Tab Stops

We can clear tab stops in a variety of ways, the simplest is going to the ruler, click and hold on the tab stop and drag in down towards the document. The tab stop will disappear. To quickly clear multiple tab stops and start fresh:
1. Click the Home tab, click the Paragraph Dialog Box Launcher.
2. A Paragraph box will appear, click on the Tabs button at the bottom left of the dialog box.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 15
3. A Tabs dialog box will appear.
4. In the list under Tab stop position, click the tab stop position that we want to clear, and then click Clear. To remove the spacing from all manual tab stops, click Clear All.
5. Click OK.

Finalizing A Document:

After completing our work, we need to finalize our document using some features of MS-word. –

Using the “Spell Check” Feature:
As we type our document, red wavy lines will appear under any word that is spelled incorrectly. The fastest way to fix spelling errors is to:
1. Put the cursor over the misspelled word and right click.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 16
2. A drop down box will appear with correct spellings of the word.
3. Highlight and left click the word you want to replace the incorrect word with.
To complete a more comprehensive Spelling and Grammar check, we can use the Spelling and Grammar feature:
1. Click on the Review tab.
2. Click on the Spelling & Grammar command.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 17
3. A Spelling and Grammar box will appear.
4. We can correct any Spelling or Grammar issue within the box.

Print Preview:

Print Preview automatically displays when we click on the Print tab. When we make a change to a print-related setting, the preview is automatically updated. To print preview your document follow these steps:
1. Click the File tab, and then click Print. To go back to your document, click the File tab.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 18
2. A preview of your document automatically appears. To view each page, click the arrows below the preview.

Print Command:

The Print tab is the place to go to make sure that we are printing what we want.
1. Click the File tab.
2. Click the Print command to print a document.
3. Click the Print button to print your document.
4. This dropdown shows the currently selected printer. Clicking the dropdown will display other available printers.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 19
5. These dropdown menu show currently selected Settings. Rather than just showing us the name of a feature, these dropdown menu show us what the status of a feature is and describes it.

Ms – Powerpoint:

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation tool that supports text, shapes, graphics, pictures and multimedia along with integration with other Microsoft Office tools like Excel. By default, documents saved in PowerPoint 2010 are saved with the .pptx extension whereas the file extension of the prior PowerPoint versions is .ppt. PowerPoint enables us to present information in office meetings, lectures and seminars to create maximum impact in a minimal amount of time.

Background in MS – PowerPoint

We all know that PowerPoint is a design-based program. Backgrounds in Power point are effective ways of improving the readability of the slides. The themes in PowerPoint help us to select the backgrounds by default, so every time we change the theme, the default background is set automatically. Theme includes more than just backgrounds.
A theme is a set of colors, fonts, effects and more that can be applied to our entire presentation to give it a consistent, professional look. We can apply any theme by clicking it in the Design ribbon.
Here are the steps to apply backgrounds in PowerPoint:
1. In the Design ribbon, under the Background group, click the Background Styles command.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 20
2. Select one of the background styles that suit your requirements.
3. To edit the background for a specific slide, right-click on the desired background slide and select “Apply to Selected Slides”.
4. Selected slide(s) now have the new background.

Transitions in MS – PowerPoint

PowerPoint supports slide transition feature which allows us to specify how the slides should transition during the slide show.
A powerPoint presentation that had special effects between each slide, are slide transitions. A transition can be as simple as fading to the next slide or as complex as a flashy effect. This means we can choose transitions to fit the style of any presentation. There are three categories of unique transitions to choose from, all of which can be found on the Transitions tab:

Subtle (slight transitions)
Exciting (Strong Transition)
Dynamic Content (strong transitions that affect only the content, such as text or images)

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 21

3. To specify the timing of the effects, on the Animations tab, use the commands in the Timing group.

Saving Presentation:

Save option allows us to save a new file or an existing file in standard format (.pptx format). If we are working on a previously saved file this will save the new changes in the same file format. If we are working on a new file, this command would be similar to the Save As command.

Saving Presentation as pdf File

As we know PowerPoint is used to create presentations, it supports various file types when it comes to saving the content. Using a pdf file type can be a great way of saving the slides.
Steps to save a presentation as a pdf file are :’
1. Go to the backstage view under the File tab.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 23
Home Insert Design Transitions Animations Slide Show Review
2. Click on Save -As to open the Save As dialog.
3. Add a proper name to the file.

4. Select the file type as .pdf from the list of supported file types and click save.
5. The .pdf file is created in the specified location.

Saving Presentation as Video File

PowerPoint allows presentations to be saved as files that can be posted on video sharing platform like YouTube or just played on any other-media.
Steps to save a presentation as a video file are:
1. Go to the backstage view under the File tab.
2. Click on Save As to open the Save As dialog.
3. Add a proper name to the file.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 25
4. Select the file type as .wmv from the list of supported file types and click Save.
5. The video creation is not an instant process like other file types as PowerPoint needs to create the video file. We can track the progress of video creation at the bottom of our presentation window.
6. Once the creation is complete, the video file is created in the specified location.

Image File:

Among the many file types that PowerPoint supports, Image File is also supported by it. There are a set of extensions for image files. The image file extensions supported by PowerPoint include JPEG (.jpg), GIF (.gif), TIFF (.tiff) and Bitmap (.bmp).

Printing Presentation:

It is sometimes necessary that we share our slides with our audience in printed format before we begin presenting them so they can take notes.

Broadcast Slideshow:

PowerPoint 2010 offers users to broadcast their presentations on the internet to worldwide audience. Microsoft offers the free broadcast Slide Show service, all we need to do is share the link with our audience and they can watch the presentation from anywhere. There is no special setup or charges required to do this, all we need is a Windows Five account.

Packaging Presentation:

Certain presentations are better suited for distribution as a CD to audience. In such cases, we can .create a CD packaging which can be burned into a CD and distributed.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

January 9, 2024January 8, 2024 by sachin

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Resources – Types and Conservation Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in 1-15 words :

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term ‘resources’?
Answer:
All the useful elements of the environment which satisfy human needs are called resources. Resources are called ‘Gifts of nature’ such as rocks, minerals, soil, rivers, plants, and animals. These are valuable for mankind. Man’s surroundings provide him with resources.

Question 2.
Which are the Natural Resources and who provides us?
Answer:
Forests, minerals, soil, and solar energy are natural resources. These make our environment or surroundings. These natural surroundings provide rsesources.

Question 3.
List all the types of resources.
Answer:
The three categories of resources are :

Natural Resources
Human Resources
Human Made Resources.

Question 4.
Define ‘soil’.
Answer:
The loose and unconsolidated material which forms the upper layer of the crust is called soil. Soil is formed by the breaking of parent rock.

Question 5.
What do we get from Seas?
Answer:
The big water bodies are called seas. Seas provide us organic minerals and power resources, fish, pearls, diamonds, etc. At some places, petroleum is also obtained from sea.

Question 6.
How can you conserve the resources properly?
Answer:
The proper and planned use of resources help in the conservation of resources. These should not be misused.These should not be wasted or destroyed.

II. Answer the following questions in 50-60 words :

Question 1.
Differentiate between Biotic and Abiotic resources.
Answer:

Biotic Resources	Abiotic Resources
1. These are obtained from living things.	1. These are obtained from non-living things.
2. Plants and animals are its examples.	2. Minerals and rocks are examples.
3. These are found in Biosphere and provide food, energy (coal and petroleum) and raw materials.	3. These are found on lithosphere and provide raw materials for industries.

Land: Land is the basis of human activities. It helps in agriculture, setting up of industries, means of transportation, sports, tourism, etc. Houses are built on land.Question 2.
Write a short note on the importance of Land and Soil Resources.
Answer:
The following is the importance of Land and Soil :

Soil: Man grows crops on soils. It provides food and other raw materials to man. Fertile soils support dense population.

Question 3.
From where do we get the minerals and where they used?
Answer:
Minerals are obtained from the interior of earth from rocks. These are metallic and non-metallic. Metallic minerals include iron, copper, gold, silver, aluminium. Non- metallic minerals include coal, mica, manganese and oil. These are used in industries. Before use, these are smelted to make pure.

Question 4.
Explain the Developed and Potential resources with examples.
Answer:

Potential Resources	Developed Resources
1. These are total quantity of a resource found existing in nature.	1. These are only those resources, which have been judged good for use.
2. These have not been put to use.	2. They are put to use fully for economic gain.
3. These are found everywhere.	3. These are not found everywhere.
4. Africa has 40% potential water power resources of world due to large rivers.	4. Africa has only 1% of developed water power resources of world due to lack of technology.

Question 5.
Why should we use the exhaustible resources wisely and with hesitation?
Answer:
The modern civilisation depends upon products—natural as well as man made. With the help of technology, resources are being utilised on a large scale. The exhaustible resources will not last long. 80% of the fossil fuels will be finished in one century With the exhaustion of resources, the civilisation will come to an end. Therefore conservation of resources is necessary. A balance should be maintained between population growth and utilisation of resources so that the continuity of modern civilisation goes on. The natural resources are common heritage. We have to share these with future generations.

Question 6.
What is the contribution of human resources to the development of other resources ?
Answer:
Resources are the elements of Bio-physical environment. But these become resources only when humans preserve these. Coal was always there, but it became a resource only when man used it as a source of energy. So it has been rightly said that the resources are not, they become so. Man uses technology and skill to develop resources. Machines and tools are used. Japan is a very good example where in spite of non existence of resources, the country has progressed to a great extent.

III. Answer the following questions in about 125-130 words :

Question 1.
What do you understand by the resources ? Name their types and explain their importance and methods of conservation.
Answer:
Type of Resources: Resources are generally classified into three types :

natural
human and
human-made.

Natural or man-made resources are of various types. On the bases of life, existence, availability, level of development and utilization these resources can be divided into the following types :

Biotic and Abiotic Resources
Developed and Potential Resources
Exhaustible and Inexhaustible Resources
Soil and Land Resources
Marine-and Mineral Resources
Human Resources

Resource Types

1. Biotic and Abiotic Resources. Biotic resources are those basic resources which originate from the living things. Approximately 85% of the world’s total food depend upon these biotic resources. Plants and other living creatures are included in these types of resources. These resources provide raw material for our industries. Coal and petroleum are also included in the category of biotic resources as they are produced from the plants and animals.
The non-living products like minerals, water etc., which are provided by the nature are called ‘Abiotic Resources’. The minerals are the base of our industry. If we do not use the minerals with care, these will exhaust very soon.

2. Developed and Potential Resources. The resources which are used for some economic gain are termed as ‘Developed resources’. On the other hand, the resources which are available but are not being used or can be used in the future are called ‘Potential Resources’. The rivers descending the mountains can be used to produce electricity and are included in the category of potential resources. When the water of these rivers is used to produce electricity then this water is known as a developed resources. The coal lying underneath the earth is a potential resource whereas the coal which is being used is considered as a developed resource.

3. Exhaustible and Inexhaustible Resources. The resources which are being depleted very fast .because of their continuous and excess use are called exhaustible resources, as petroleum products are being used very fast. The time is not very far away when there will be shortage or non-existence of these resources. Therefore, the exhaustible resources should be used wisely and carefully. ‘

The resources which get renewed as we use them are called inexhaustible resources. For example : We are using sun energy, wind energy, water and forests but these resources do not get depleted rather get renewed. These types resources are being made available continuously. ‘

4. Soil and Land Resources. Soil is a small and uppermost layer of the earth which is formed by breaking of parent rock, due to climate effect and decomposition of plants and animals. Soil is a very important resource for man. It plays an important role in the growth of plants and crops. The soils are of different types like sandy soil, clayey soil, loamy soil, alluvial soil, mountain soil, red soil, black soil etc. Man gives preference to fertile soil for growing crops. The areas with fertile soil are densely populated and are full of economic activities.
Land means the earth’s surface where man carries on his economic or other activities. Man had been using the land resource for a very long time. The land resource is being used for the purpose of agriculture, industry, to develop means of transport, sports, tourism etc. Man uses the land, keeping in view its relief, slope, type of soil, drainage or his requirements.

5. Marine and Mineral Resources Marine Resources. Water is a basic and a very important resource for man. Approximately 71% part of the earth is water. Big water bodies are called ‘seas’. These water bodies provide many biotic, mineral and energy resources. It is believed that the life on the earth started from the seas and oceans. 75% of the total land creatures originated from the water bodies. We get fish, pearls, shells, diamonds etc. from the seas in large quantities. At some places we get petroleum substances from the sea coasts. The fish provide food to the large part of the World’s population.

Mineral Resources: Mineral resources are the substances which are taken from the earth. Basically these are of two types-Metallic and non-metallic minerals. Metallic minerals include iron, copper, silver, gold, aluminium etc.

Petroleum, coal, mica, manganese etc. are some of the non-metallic minerals. The minerals are taken from different types of rocks. The minerals are the bases for our industries, therefore, much significance is attached to them.

6. Human Resources: Man has been awarded the best status of all the creatures produced by the nature. With his intelligence and ability to work, man himself is a very huge resource. Man’s capability plays an important role in the use of all other resources. The development of human resources is reflected from the development of any area. Japan is a very good example where inspite of the deficiency or non-existence of resources, the country has progressed to a great extent. The development of all other resources is incomplete till the human resource is fully developed. Man’s qualities, capacity, educational and technical qualification etc. play an important role in the development.

IV. Activity

Question 1.
Make a list of Hydroelectricity producing dams related to Punjab. Note down the names of rivers on which these dams are situated and names of districts in which these dams have been constructed.
Answer:

Dams	Rivers	Districts
1. Bhakra	Sutlej	Himachal Pradesh
2. Ganguwal	Nangal Hydel Channel	Ropar
3. Kotla	Nangal Hydel Channel	Ropar
4. Pong Dam	Beas	Hoshiarpur
5. Thein Daam	Ravi	Gurdaspur
6. Mukerian	Beas	Hoshiarpur

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Resources – Types and Conservation Important Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which are the biotic resources?
(a) rocks
(b) minerals
(c) plants
(d) hills
Answer:
(c) plants.

Question 2.
What are the basis of classifying resources?
(a) life
(b) achievement
(c) use
(d) all of the above.
Answer:
(d) all of the above.

Question 3.
Which is not termed of human resource?
(a) knowledge
(b) efficiency
(c) intelligence
(d) transparency.
Answer:
(d) transparency.

Question 4.
Which of the following are the ubiquitous resource?
(a) air, water
(b) coal, copper
(c) iron, ore
(d) uranium.
Answer:
(a) air, water.

Question 5.
Nager coil is famous for __________
(a) coal mining
(b) windmills
(c) solar energy
(d) oil refinery.
Answer:
(b) windmills.

Question 6.
In this picture some resources are shown these resources are :

(a) Abiotic resources
(b) Biotic resources
(c) Ubiquitous resources
(d) Human resources.
Answer:
(b) Biotic resources.

Question 7.
We enjoy a lot the beauty of waterfalls mountains, sea etc. Thus, they are natural resources which have ______value.
(a) Ethical Value
(b) Artistic Value
(c) Aesthetic Value
(d) Economic Value.
Answer:
(c) Aesthetic Value.

Question 8.
The following picture shows a specific type of plant. Identify the name of this plant :

(a) Thermal Plant
(b) Nuclear Plant
(c) Biogas Plant
(d) Hydro electric plant
Answer:
(c) Biogas Plant.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
_______ resources are derived from living things.
Answer:
Biotic

Question 2.
Localised resources are found only in _______ place.
Answer:
certain

Question 3.
The example of human resource is _______
Answer:
people

Question 4.
Anything that satisfy human needs is called _______
Answer:
resource

Question 5.
Non living resources are called _______ resources.
Answer:
Abiotic.

True/False :

Question 1.
Solar and wind energy is an example of renewable resources.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Environment means set of surroundings.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Resources are generally classified into two types.
Answer:
False.

Question 4.
Land use depend upon relief, slope, soil etc.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Coal and petroleum are not biotic resource.
Answer:
False.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does something become a resource?
Answer:
That thing which has a value and utility become a resource.

Question 2.
Why is modern man dependent on resources?
Answer:
In early times, human needs were limited. But now-a-days the needs have increased. So man has to depend upon many resources.

Question 3.
Explain, with examples, that the proper use of resources is real development of resources.
Answer:
Before the invention of coal, petroleum, and aeroplane, man was not aware of the Aluminium. Due to utility of Aluminium, its use increased. So we can say that proper use has led to the development of resources.

Question 4.
What are the four basis of classifying resources?
Answer:

life
achievement
stage of development
use.

Question 5.
Which resources are most important to obtain food-resources?
Answer:
To get food resources, agriculture is the most important source as it provides 85% of food resources.

Question 6.
Why coal and petroleum are biotic resources?
Answer:
Coal and petroleum are formed by organic and living plants and animals. So these are grouped as biotic resources.

Question 7.
How can you assess a country as a rich country?
Answer:
The wealth of a country is measured by its resources. The more developed resources make a country richer.

Question 8.
Why are fertile soil areas densely populated with large economic activities?
Answer:
Fertile soils help in growing crops. In fertile soils agriculture is developed. It leads to dense population and many economic activities.

Question 9.
On what factors does the landuse depend?
Answer:
Landuse depends upon relief, slope, soils, drainage and human needs.

Question 10.
What is human resource?
Answer:
Man made resources include machinery, transportation, industries. Human intelligence, knowledge and efficiency is termed as human resource.

Question 11.
Concept of Resource is changing. Why?
Answer:
The concept of resource is changing. It may expand or contract with the development of knowledge and technology.

Question 12.
Name the important types of soil.
Answer:
Sandy soil, Clayey soil, Loamy soil, Alluvial soil, Red soil, Black soil.

Question 13.
Classify resources on the basis of their source of origin.
Answer:
Based on their origin, resources can be biotic or abiotic. For example plants, animals, rocks, minerals, soils etc.

Question 14.
How can we conserve the resources?
Answer:
We can conserve resources by reducing consumption, recycling and reusing things.

Question 15.
What is technology?
Answer:
Technology is human made resource. It is the application of latest knowledge and skill in doing or making things.

Question 16.
The population of India is lesser than only one country. Name that country.
Answer:
China.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a resource?
Answer:
All the useful elements of environment which satisfy the human needs are called resources. Resources are called ‘Gifts of nature’ such as soils, rivers, plants, animals, rocks and minerals. These are valuable for mankind.

Question 2.
Why are humans also called a resource?
Answer:
They are called a resource because by developing the human skills only the resources can be developed. Resources are not, but they become due to man.

Question 3.
What do you understand by the statement “natural resources have utility and value”?
Answer:
Natural resources have utility and value is true. All the materials that are available in nature have some use or value and that’s what makes them valuable.

Water, air vegetation all have utility or usability, they may or may not have economic value.
Metals have economic value but a landscape may not have; but both are important to satisfy human need.
Time and technology makes them a resource.

Question 4.
What leads to creation of new resources?
Answer:
The knowledge, ideas, inventions and discoveries by people leads to creation of more resources. The discovery of fire led to idea of cooking and other related processes. Invention of wheels led to changes in modes of transport.

Question 5.
Discuss the role of technology in the utilisation of resources.
Answer:
Technology helps to develop the means of production. It increases the value of natural resources. Technology depends upon the human skill and technical knowledge. Mechanism helps in the better utilisation of natural resources. A resource is no resource until it is used.

Question 6.
Distinguish between Natural Resources and Human-made Resources.
Answer:

Natural Resources	Human made Resources
1. They are free gifts of nature.	1. They are not free gifts of nature.
2. They are both renewable and non-renewable.	2. They are non-renewable.
3. They help in the economic development of the country.	3. They help in economic and social development.

Question 7.
Distinguish between Exhaustible and Inexhaustible Resources.
Answer:

Exhaustible Resources	Inexhaustible Resources
1. These resources get exhausted after use.	1. These resources do not get exhausted after use.
2. These resources are regenerated after a very long time.	2. These are renewable or flow resources.
3. Minerals and metals are exhaustible resources.	3. Forests, water power are inexhaustible resources.

Question 8.
What do we mean by a reserve?
Answer:
It refers to that portion of resource which<can be developed profitably with the help of available technology.
For example : High quality iron is used for steel making. But sometimes a low grade iron ore or coal (lignite—Less than 40% carbon content) is used for steel making. Lignite coal in Neyvelli (Tamilnadu) is an example of a reserve resource.

Question 9.
What is meant by human-made resources?
Answer:
They are those resources which are created by human being with the help of machines. Some of the examples are buildings, tools etc.

Question 10.
Give two examples of human made resources.
Answer:
The human made resources are those resources which are created by human beings.

Some examples are :

Buildings,
Machines.

Question 11.
Give an account of natural resources.
Answer:
Natural Resources:
Resouces drawn from (nature) and used without much modification are called natural resources.

Water, soils, minerals are all natural resources.
Many of the resources are free gift of nature.
They can be used directly.
In some cases tools and technology are needed to use a natural resource in the best way.

Question 12.
How are natural resources classified?
Answer:
Natural resources are classified into different groups :

Level of development and use
origin
stock
distribution.

Question 13.
Why natural resources are important?
Answer:

These are important for the economic development of a region or a country.
They are the main sources of our agricultural activities.
They provide raw materials for the industry.
All activities depend on them directly or indirectly.
They help in maintaining the ecological balance of nature. Thus they should be used carefully.

Question 14.
What is meant by conservation?
Answer:
It means the use of the natural resources carefully without any wastage. They are important to us, so they should be used wisely so that they are not exhausted and we may have to face their scarcity.

Question 15.
‘Resources are not resources, they become so.’ Explain.
Answer:
Resources are elements of Bio-physical environment. But these become resources only when humans preserve these. Coal was always there, but it became a resource only when man used it as a source of energy. So it has been rightly said that resources are not resources, they become so.

Question 16.
What are the ill effects of overuse of resdUrces? What are the measures to make the earth habitate? ”
Answer:
Ill effects :
Degradation of resources: The rising demand for various resources has caused degradation or depletion of many valuable resources.

Example :

Overuse of soil has caused infertility in many areas.
Similarly widespread deforestation and killing of birds and animals have endangered many plants and animal species.
The quality of air, water and land resources has also been affected badly due to misuse or overuse of resources.

Question 17.
Distinguish between Renewable and Non-renewable resources.
Answer:

Renewable Resources	Non-renewable Resources
1. These have the capacity to regenerate.	1. These cannot regenerate that quickly.
2. These are free gifts of nature.	2. These are not free gifts of nature.
3. These are those resources which can be used again.	3. These cannot be used again.
4. For example air, water, etc.	4. For example coal, natural oil.

Question 18.
Future of our planet is linked with life support system. Discuss.
Answer:
Our earth is the only planet where life has been found till today. Future of our planet and its people, is linked with our ability to maintain and preserve the life support system that nature provides. This makes it our duty to ensure that the natural environment is preserved and properly managed.

Question 19.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
By sustainable development, we mean that resources are utilised carefully so that besides meeting the present requirement it also takes care of the future generations.

Question 20.
What is our duty regarding resources?
Answer:
It is our duty to ensure that

The diversity of life on the earth is conserved.
All uses of renewable resources are sustainable.
The damage to natural environment system is minimised.

Question 21.
Distinguish between Natural Resources and Human Resources.
Answer:

Natural Resources	Human Resources
1. They are free gifts of nature.	1. They are not free gifts of nature.
2. They are both renewable and non renewable.	2. They are non renewable.
3. They help in the economic development of the country.	3. They help in the economic and social development.

Question 22.
In how many ways man uses his environment?
Answer:
Environment means set of surroundings. It provides many resources to get food, shelter and clothing. Man uses land for crops, houses, factories,- construction of transport network. Man uses minerals for industries. He uses forests for timber, herbs and shrubs. Man gets fish and other benefits from seas and oceans.

Question 23.
How are development and resources interdependent?
Answer:
Development is possible through resources. Resources are the foundations of development. These have economic significance for human beings. Land, water and air are basic requirements for agriculture. We can’t do agriculture without these resources. Minerals are basic requirement for industries. Industries cannot run without minerals. Thus development and resources are inter-dependent.

Question 24.
Distinguish between actual resources and reserve resources.
Answer:
Actual Resources. Actual resources depend upon physical conditions of environment. These are surveyed. Their quantity is determined and are actually used. Their quantity is known.

Reserve resources are a part of actual resources. These can be made useful with technology. A low grade coal-lignite is a reserved resource in some areas.

Question 25.
Give one example each of developed and potential resources.
Answer:
When the water of river is used to produce electricity, it is called a developed resource. The coal underlying the earth is a potential resource.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
_______ resources are derived from living things.
Answer:
Biotic

Question 2.
Localised resources are found only in places.
Answer:
certain

Question 3.
The example of human resource is _______
Answer:
people

Question 4.
Solar and wind energy is an example of _______
Answer:
Renewable resources

Question 5.
Anything that is used to satisfy a need is called a _______
Answers :
resource

Question 6.
Petroleum in _______ is an example of actual resource.
Answer:
West Asia

Question 7.
_______ is the application of latest knowledge and skill is doing or making things.
Answer:
Technology.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a detailed note on the conservation of resources with special reference to marine and mineral resources.
Answer:
Conservation of Resources. Man depends upon his environment to meet his needs. He uses water, land, soil, vegetation, etc. to satisfy his needs. Man is using these resources at such an alarming rate that there will be a serious shortage of these resources in the near future. Natural resources are of a very limited supply. So conservation of resources is essential for the survival of man.

To some people, conservation means that the available resources should not be used. These should be held back. But conservation of resources means a careful and rational utilization of resources. These resources should be used intelligently for the welfare of mankind. It means careful control and management of resources so that these may be used for the benefit of future generations also. These should be preserved from reckless exploitation and wanton destruction. These resources should not be wasted in a short time. The resources should be maintained in a healthy condition for their use so as to achieve a high standard of living for mankind.

Importance:
Conservation of all resources has an economic, scientific, and aesthetic value for mankind :

Conservation of resources is necessary as these are the basis of the economic activities of man.
Resources must be conserved to meet the different human needs.
Conservation of resources is essential as life depends on these useful elements of the environment such as air, water, soil, rocks, forests, and water bodies.
Many areas of the world are still under-developed because the resources of these areas have not been used in a planned and rational manner.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

January 9, 2024January 8, 2024 by sachin

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the below questions carefully and answer the given questions.
Due to this vastness, India is called an Indian sub-continent. The sub-continent is a large and independent region. The boundaries of whose terrain are drawn by various natural features which distinguish it from the surrounding areas. India also crosses the Agil, Muzigh, Kunlun, and Karakoram, Hindukush and Jaskar mountain range from Tibet across the Himalayas in the north, from Pak, Jal Damru in the south and Gulf of Mannar from Sri Lanka, east. In the direction, Arakan separates Yoma from Myanmar (Burma) and in the western direction from the vast Dhar desert, Pakistan. Due to such a vast area of India many cultural, economic, and social variations are found. But despite this unity is found in climate, culture, etc. in the country.
(a) Why is India called the sub-continent?
Answer:
India is given the status of sub-continent due to its expansion and position. The sub-continent is a vast and independent landmass whose boundaries are formed by different topography. These topographies separate it from its surrounding areas. Agile across the Himalayas in the north of India. The mountain ranges of Mugtgh, Kunlun, Karakoram, Hindukush, etc. distinguish it from the north-western parts of Asia. In the South, the Pak strait of central and the gulf of Mannar separate it from Sri Lanka. Formerly Arakan Yoma separates it form Myanmar. The Thar Desert separates it from a very large part of Pakistan. Despite this, we cannot call present day India a sub¬continent. The Indian sub-continent is formed by the combination of undivided India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh.

(b) Which elements contribute to maintaining unity in the diversity of the country?
Answer:
India is a country of diversity. Yet a distinct unity appears in our society. The main elements that provide unity to Indian society are the following:
1. Monsoon Season. The monsoon winds make most of the rainfall in summer. This affects the agriculture of the country as well as other business. Monsoon winds make the power supply reliable by raining the mountainous regions. Infact, monsoon rainfall is the basis of the entire country’s economy.

2. Religious Culture. There are two things in favor of religious culture. One is that religious places have united the people of the country in one sutra. Secondly, religious saints have instilled a sense of brotherhood through their teachings. People from all parts of the country come and worship at Tirupati, Jagannathpuri, Amamath, Ajmer, Harimandir Sahib, Patna, Hemkunt Sahib and other pilgrimage places. The saints have also tried to create religious harmony.

3. Language and Art. Almost all the northern India. Vedas were propogated in Sanskrit language. Urdu was born in the middle age of this language. English is the contact language and Hindi is the national language. Together, these have provided an opportunity to understand each other closely. Siinlarly, folk songs and folk arts have also created an opportunity for people to express similar feelings.

4. Traffic and means of communication. Railways and roads have played an important role in bringing people of different areas closer. The means of communication like Doordarshan and newspapers have also connected the national stream by giving the national thinking of the people.

5. Migration. Many people from villages have started coming to the cities. Despite their racial differences, they have come to understand each other and thus they have come closer to each other. The truth is that many natural and cultural elements have given unity to our country.

Question 2.
The vast northern plains along the Himalayas provide habitat and livelihood to 40% of the country’s population. Their fortile soil, suitable climate, flat surface have contributed significantly in the spread and development of rivers, canals, roads, railways and cities and in the development of agriculture. Therefore, this plain region has the distinction of being the granary of the country. These plains have built a special kind of civilization and society since the Aryans. People from all over the country consider Ganga to be a holy river and the Rishikesh, Haridwar, Mathura, Prayag, Ayodhya, Kanshi etc. places in its valley have been the center of attraction for sufi saints and religious people living in different parts of the country. Later in these plains, great men like Sikh Guru, Mahatma Buddha, Mahavir Jain were born and different religious were established. Its deep impact can be seen in the Himalayan mountains and also in South India.
(a) Name the major landforms created by the rivers in the vast plains of the north.
Answer:
The landforms formed by the rivers in the northern plains are alluvial fins, alluvial cones, sepentine turns, hilly staircases, natural dams and floodplains.

(b) Describe the huge northern plains contribute to the development of the country.
Answer:
The Himalayan regions have the following contribution to the development of the country.

Rain. The monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean hit the Himalayan mountains and rain heavily. Thus, it donates rain to the northern plain. There is enough rainfall in this ground.
Useful Rivers. All the major rivers flowing in northern India originate from the Himalayan mountains like Ganga, Yamuna, Sutlej, Brahmaputra, etc. These rivers flow throughout the year. In the dry season, Himalayan ice burns these rivers.
Fruit and Tea. The slopes of the Himalayas are very useful for tea cultivation. Apart from these, fruits are also grown on the mountain slopes.
Useful Wood. Dense forests are found on the Himalayan Mountains. These forests are our wealth. Many industries in India depend on the wood derived from them. This wood is also used in building works.
Good Pastures. Beautiful and green pastures are found on the Himalayas. Animals are fed in them.
Mineral Substances. Many types of mineral substances are found in these mountains.

Question 3.
The word ‘climate’ or ‘wind water’ refers to the long-term seasonal conditions in a place, in which the temperature of that place is the amount of water in the air flowing from there. These conditions are mainly determined by important elements such as surface variation of the place, distance from the coastline and distance from the equator. It has a profound effect on human and human activities. India is a vast country. Its vast sin-face units, the peninsular position and the tropic of cancer passing through it have a profound effect on its climate. Due to the largest surface variations of temperature, rainfall, winds and clouds etc.
(a) Describe the (two) elements affecting the climate of India.
Answer:
The main elements influencing the climate of India are :

Distance from the equator.
Surface Pattern.
Air pressure system
Seasonal winds and
Proximity to Indian Ocean.

(b) What are the regional variations of Indian climate?
Answer:
The regional variations of Indian climate are as follows:
1. In winter the temperature reaches – 45°C in the Kargil regions of the Himalayan mountain but at the same time it is more than 20°C in Chennai (Madras) metropolis in Tamil Nadu. Similarly in summer the western direction of the Aravali mountains is crossed 50° centigrade, while the Srinagar is less than 20° centigrade. There is a temperature of 204 centimeters in Srinagar.

2. The annual rainfall is located in the mountain range of Mawsymaram, 1141 cm. Annual rainfall in Jaisalmer is less than 10 cm. in the year.

3. In Barner and Jaisalmer are carved clouds, but the whole year is the same as the same year throughout the year.

4. Due to the effect of the sea in Mumbai and other coastal cities, the temperature ramains almost same of the year. In contrast, the National area is found to be huge difference in the cold and hot temperature in the area and surrounding areas.

Question 4.
The economy, the relief and social development is deeply influenced the economic progress. In the social development, the area can be applied to the development of economic progress there. Indian agriculture, almost completely dependent on. agriculture (aggregated). In which development of the monsoon has given significant contributions to providing a major and strong basis. Monsoon is called a pivotal point of the country. Apart from agriculture, the entire production is dependent oh agricultural production, If monsoon rainfall is in appropirate amount, the agricultural production increases. But because of the failure of monsoon, the crops dried. The country goes dry and the grains are reduced in the stores.
(a) Discuss the important features of the monsoon.
Answer:
In India rainfall is mainly in July to September. This is the period of southwest monsoons blowing from sea to land. There are three important features of the monsoon rainfall.

Erratic. Rainfall is not reliable in India. It is not necessary that rain continues to be same. Due to this erratic situation of rain, the situation of starvation and famine is arranged. This erratic situation of rainfall is more in the inner parts of the country and in Rajasthan.
Uneven Distribution. There is uneven distribution of rainfall in India. Western slopes of western ghats and Meghalaya or in the hills of Assam. There is more than 250 cm. rainfall. In contrast Rajasthan, West Gujarat, North Kashmir etc., the rainfall is less than 25 cm.
Uncertainty. The amount of rainfall in India is not certain. Sometimes monsoon winds reached before time, It rains a lot. But sometimes the rainfall is low or sometimes ends up before a time. As a result the situation of drying is generated in the country.

(b) Why the Indian Economy (budget) is called gambling of monsoon winds?
Answer:
Indian monsoon is a gambling of monsoon winds. This sentence reveals that the advancement of India’s economy depends on that how much appropriate time of any year, distribution and quantity.
If the rain comes on time and its quantity is also suitable, a good crop of agriculture can be expected.

For example-crops are good due to good monsoon, so three things happen.

Fair raw materials available for factories. The industry-related factors of cotton, jute, oil seeds etc. are flourishing.
When the agriculture and industires are strengthened from good monsoon, the
productivity increases. On one hand, the export is promoted. On the other hand international trade is flourishing. Wealth grows in the country and people’s standard of living improves.
Due to good monsoon, there is an increase in water in the rivers, the water level of the dams rises high. Where this water helps in the production of hydropower, the irrigation system improves. This creates a stir in economic activities in the country. There is no doubt that today due to the advancement of science, we can grow a good crop even in the absence of monsoon, but we have to think about whether all farmers can benefit from lack of rainfall or unequal distribution of rainfall. A good monsoon affects every section and every region of the country. If the monsoon is suitable, the country’s economic development is assured. Therefore, it is fair to call the Indian economy a gamble of monsoon winds.

Question 5.
Agriculture has an important role in the Indian economy. The agricultural sector employs about two-thirds of the country’s workforce. The region derives 29.0 percent of the total national income and agricultural products a1 so have an important place in foreign exports. Many products of agriculture are used as raw materials in our factories. Due to the progress in the field of agriculture, the achievement of food grains per person, which was 395 grams in the 1950’s has increased to 510 grams per person per day in 1991.
India also ranks fourth in the world in the use of chemical fertilizers. The area under pulses in our country is the highest in the world. In the field of cotton products, India is the first country in the world, where the first efforts were made to produce improved varieties of cotton. The country has made significant achievements in the preparation of prawn fish and pest culture technological development.
(a) What percentage of land is cultivable in India?
Answer:
51% of the land in India is cultivable.

(b) Why is agriculture called the mainstay of the Indian economy?
Answer:
Agriculture is the mainstay of the Indian economy. Even though agriculture now contributes only 33.7% of the total national production, its importance is no less.

Agriculture sustains 2/3 of our population.
The agriculture sector provides employment to about two-thirds of the country’s workers.
Most of the industries get raw materials from agriculture. The truth is that the place of industries is being built on the foundation of agriculture.

Question 6.
A decline in per capita achievement of pulses in Punjab and other parts of the country is a matter of concern. It seems that the wave of ‘Green Revolution’, which has revolutionized the production of wheat and rice in the country has not made any special contribution in increasing the production of pulses. Actually, if it is said that there is harm then there will be no wrong. Because in the years following the Green Revolution, the area of pulses has been diverted to a large number of high yielding crops like wheat and rice. This has happened especially on a large scale in commercially agricultural states like Punjab.
(a) In Punjab, what kind of changes has occurred in the pulses production area after Green revolution.
Answer:
After the green revolution, the area of pulses production decreased from 9.3 lakh hectares to 9.5 thousand hectare.

(b) What are the main reasons for the decline in the production of pulses?
Answer:
The production of pulses has decreased in the last decades. The main reasons for this are as follows :

The area with pulses has been subjected to crops like wheat and rice, which produce more after the Green Revolution.
Some areas have been subjected to canals, roads, and other development projects due to development work.
The growing area of pulses has also declined due to increasing land demand for
housing of the growing population.

Question 7.
Our country is also considered very rich in terms of mineral wealth. It is estimated that the country accounts for one fourth of the total iron ore reserves in the world. There are also huge deposits of manganese, a major mineral used in the iron and steel industry. There are also abundant reserves of coal, limestone, bauxite and mica in the country. But non-ferrous minerals such as zinc, lead, copper and gold are in very limited quantities. The sulfur reserves in the country are almost nil, while sulfur is the mainstay of modern chemical industry. We also have plenty of water power resources and nuclear minerals. Their use as a power tool is increasing rapidly due to their power efficiency and very little tampering with the environment. For this reason, solar energy is also being used as a power tool. Solar energy is the priceless power store of God. Its use will increase rapidly as a source of power in the future.
(a) What is the contribution of minerals to the national economy?
Answer:
Minerals have great importance in the national economy. The following facts will make it clear.

The industrial development of the country depends mainly on minerals. Iron and coal are the basis of the machine age. We have one-fourth of the world’s iron ore deposits. There are also huge reserves of coal in India.
State governments get income from mining operations and provide employment to millions of people.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. are important sources of mineral energy.
Equipment made from minerals helps in the growth of agriculture.

(b) Why is solar energy called the source of future energy?
Answer:
Coal and mineral oil are exhaustive resources. There will come a day when the people of the world will not get enough energy from them. Their stores must have been exhausted. Unlike then, sun energy is a never-ending means. This gives a tremendous amount of energy. When the reserves of coal and mineral oil are exhausted, then power will be obtained and we will be able to do it easily with our domestic work and plants.

Question 8.
All the trees, thorn bushes, plants and grasses etc. are included in the natural vegetation which grow without human intervention. Before starting its study, it is necessary to know the related words like Flora, Vegetation and Forests. Different species of plants that grow in a certain time and in a certain area are included in the flora, shrubs, plants, grass etc. that grow at a place in a certain environment are called vegetation. Whereas a large area surrounded by dense and adjacent trees, plants, thorn bushes etc. is called forest. The term jungle is mostly used by environmental scientists and forest guards and geographers. Each type of developed vegetation has to go through a long life cycle by creating a delicate balance with its environment, which depends on the quality of its mutual cohesion and ability to adapt. The entire flora found in our country is not local, but 4Q% of it belongs to foreign castes which are called Boreal and Paleo-Tropical species.
(a) Name the foreign castes and quantities in the country.
Answer:

The foreign vegetation species present in the country are called as Boreal and Paleo-Tropical.
The amount of foreign vegetation in India is 40%.

(b) Write briefly on the autumn or monsoon vegetables.
Answer:
The vegetation that leaves its leaves before the start of summer to prevent further evaporation is called the autumn or monsoon vegetation. This vegetation can be divided into two sub-parts which are and wet based on rainfall.

Autumn Forest. This type of vegetation is found in four big areas, where the annual rainfall varies from 100 to 200 cm. Trees are less dense in these areas but their height reaches 30 metres. Sal, Sheesham, Teak, Chandan, Jamun, Amltas, Haldu, Ebony, Mulberry are the major trees of these forests.
Dry Deciduous Vegetation. This type of vegetation is found in areas with rainfall less than 50 to 100 cm. Its long strip starts from Punjab and extends to the adjoining areas of the southern plateau. Kelkar, Babool, Banyan, Haldu are the main trees here.

Question 9.
In our country, along with the diversity of vegetation, there is a large variety of fauna. In fact there is a deep interconnection between the two. About 76 thousand species of fauna are found in the country. 2500 species of fish are found in the fresh and salt water of the country. Similarly, there are 2000 species of birds. 400 species of snakes are found in India. Apart from this, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and small insects and worms are also found. Mammals have majestic elephants with majestic chicks. It is an organism of equatorial tropical forests. In our country, it is found in the forests of Assam, Kerala and Karnataka. It rains heavily and the forests are also very dense. In contrast camels and wild asses are found in very hot and dry deserts. Camel Thar is the common animal of the desert, while wild plants are found only in the Rann of Kuchh. They have a horned rhinoceros in the opposite direction. They live in marshy areas in northern parts of Assam and West Bengal. Among Indian animals, the Indian bison, the Indian buffalo are particularly notable.
(a) Name the animals found in the Himalayas.
Answer:
In the Himalayas, wild sheep, mountain goat, a long horned wild goat and tapir etc, are found, while pandas and Himatendua animals are found in high mountain

(b) What are the works being done to look after the animals in the country?
Answer:
Indian Wildlife Protection Act was enacted in 1972. Under this, 1,50,000 square kilometers of area (2.7% of the country and 12 percent of the total forest area) in various parts of the country were declared as national parks and wildlife sancturies.

Near Extinction Special attention has been paid to wildlife.
The work of counting animals and birds has been started at the National level. At present there are 16 tiger reserves in different parts of the country.

A special scheme for rhinoceros conservation is being carried out in Assam. The truth is that till now 18 Biosphere Reserves have been established in the country.
Under the scheme, the first life reservation area was created in Nilgiri. Protection of every animal is mandatory under this scheme. This natural heritage is for future generations.

Question 10.
A combined mixture of light, loose and unstructured rocky shreds and fine-grained bacteria found on the earth’s surface is called soil which has the power to give rise to plants. Deposition of this mixture is found in deep layers ranging from 15-30 cm to several metres. But the soil scientist is divided into three layers called A, B and C respectively, depending on the depth and quantity of soil colour, texture, size of particles etc. Due to the high quantity of humus in ‘A’ Horizon soils, they begin to turn black. But due to being situated in the zone of leaching on this layer, the minerals dissolve and go down and the colour starts to turn dark black. The colour of sub-layer with ‘B’ Horizon under this layer is brown due to the mineral matter leaking from the top layer. But the aihount of humus in it decreases. Below this layer, a layer of ‘C’ Horizon soil is found in which the substances separated from the above rocks do not have any special change and later go to the main base rock. The colour of this sub-rocky surface is grey or light brown,
(a) Describe the definition of soil.
Answer:
The combined mixture of light, loose and unstructured rock crust (shell powder) and fine granules found on the earth’s surface is called soil.

(b) What is the contribution of primary rocks in the birth of soil?
Answer:
The primary rocks in the country consist of lofty rocks of the northern plains or lava-formed rocks of the plateau. They contain various types of minerals. Therefore, they make good soil. The colour, formation, texture, etc. of the soil formed by the primary rocks depends on how long the rocks are being affected and by what kind of climate. In a state like West Bengal, the spil is highly developed due to the effects of chemical reactions in the climate and humus. But in dry area like Rajasthan, due to lack of vegetation, soil fertility decreases. Likewise, soil erosion is more in areas with high rainfall and high winds. Fertility decreases as a result.

Question 11.
In today’s knowledge and information-based world, the important contribution of human resources is being realized in national construction and development much better than before. Today all the countries of the world, especially the developing countries, are paying more attention to the development of human resources than before. Children can you think why is this ? In the countries of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia etc., known as ‘Asian Tigers’, the rapid development of economic development is being attributed to the huge investment made in the development of human resources in the last few decades. In human resource development, not only the parameters like education, technical skills, health and nutrition but also human-ethics-ideas, civilization- culture, species and nation-pride should be included. Only then will human resource development becQme a complete ideology.
(a) What is the most valuable resource of a country?
Answer:
Intellectually and physically healthy citizens.

(b) Why is it important to study the population structure of the country?
Answer:
There are many reasons why it is necessary to know the population structure of a country.

Various characteristics of the population of any country for social and economic planning such as the age structure of the population, gender structure, business structure etc. data is required.
Different components of the population structure are closely related to the economic development of the country. While the population structure components are affected by economic development from another, they are also unable to remain untouched by the impact of progress and level of economic development. For example, if the percentage of children and old people in the age structure of a country’s population is very high, then the country will have to spend more and more financial resources on basic facilities like education and health. On the other hand, the rate of economic development of the country is accelerated due to the higher proportion of working-age groups in the age structure.

Question 12.
The study of the regional pattern of population distribution provides the basis for understanding all demographic components of the population. For this reason, it is very important to understand the regional pattern of distribution of population. Here first we must also clarify the difference between population distribution and population density. Population distribution is related to place and density is related to ratio. Population distribution implies that what is the regional pattern of population in any part of the country, that is, the population pattern is nucleated or agglomerated in one place. On the other hand in density, which is related to population size and area, attention is given to the ratio of man and area. The history of human settlements in India is very old. That is why the population resides in every part of the country which is the sum of human. habitation. Yet the distribution of population is greatly affected by the fertility* of the land. As India is an agricultural country, the pattern of population distribution depends on agricultural productivity. For this reason, in states where the productivity of agriculture is high, the concentration of population is equally high. Apart from agricultural productivity, the variation of physical factors, industrial development and cultural elements also contribute significantly in influencing the population distribution pattern of India.
(a) Name the largest and least populous states of the country.
Answer:
The most populous state in the country is Uttar Pradesh and the least state is Sikkim.

(b) Describe the format giving the salient features of the regional pattern of population distribution in the country?
Answer:
The regional pattern of population distribution in India and its important features are as follows:
1. The distribution of population in India is very uneven. Population is very dense in river valleys and seaside plains, but the population is very sparse in the mountainous desert and scarcity areas. Only 3% of the population lives on 16 percent of the country’s land in the hilly regions of the north, while 40 percent of the population lives on 18 percent of the country’s land in the northern plains. In Rajasthan, 6 percent of the population lives on only 6 percent of the country’s land.

2. Majority of the population is settled in rural areas. About 71% of the total population of the country resides in rural areas, about 29% in cities. Large cities have a large population of urban population. Two thirds of the total urban population lives in first-tier cities with population of one lakh or more.

3. The concentration of minority communities in thei country is in the most sensitive and important outer border areas. For example, the Sikhs in Punjab and the Muslims in Jammu and Kashmir are in abundance near the Indo-Pak border in north western India. Similarly there is a gathering of people of Christianity along the borders of China and Burma (Myanmar) in the northeast. Many social, economic and political difficulties arise from such distribution.

4. On the one hand, the population is dense in the coastal plains and valleys of the rivers. On the other hand, the population in the mountainous, plateau and desert parts is sparse. -This distribution resembles a demographic divide.