PSEB Notes

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Kharif Crops will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Kharif Crops

→ Kharif crops are sown in June-July or during the monsoon season.

→ Kharif crops are harvested in October-November.

→ Kharif crops are categorized as cereals, pulses and oilseed, cotton, cane, Kharif fodders.

→ Some of the Kharif cereal crops are Rice, Basmati, Maize, Mash, Groundnut, Cotton, Sugarcane, Sorghum, and Bajra.

→ Paddy is also known as Jeeri, dhaan, Jhona.

→ China is at the top position in the production of rice, and in India West, Bengal is at the top position.

→ The area under the cultivation of Paddy is 28 lakh hectares in Punjab.

→ The average production from this is 60 quintals per hectare.

→ Paddy crop needs high temperature, high humidity, prolonged sunshine, a lot of water for its growth.

→ Medium to heavy soil is good for Paddy. Loamy soils are the best.

→ Improved varieties of rice are P.R.123, P.R.122, P.R.121, P.R.118, P.R.116, P.R.124.

→ The seed rate or seed requirement for rice is 8 kg per acre sown in an area of about 6.5 maria nurseries.

→ The time of nursery sowing for rice is from 15th to 30th May.

→ Nursery is grown on polythene sheets if a paddy transplanter (mechanical planter) is used for transplanting.

→ Transplanting of the seedlings is done in the second fortnight of June when seedlings become 20-25 cm tall or have 6-7 days.

→ Weeds like Swank and Mothers are found in the Paddy crop.

→ Direct seeding of rice is recommended for medium to heavy soils.

→ The crop should be harvested when the ears are nearly ripe and straw has turned yellow.

→ Insects that affect the paddy crop are rice stemborer, leaf folder, planthopper, and his.

→ Varieties of Basmati rice are Punjab basmati-3, Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, Pusa basmati-1121.

→ Nursery of Pusa basmati 1509 is sown in the second fortnight of June and that of Punjab Basmati 3 and Pusa basmati 1121 is sown in the first fortnight of June.

→ High doses of nitrogen application to basmati should be avoided.

→ In the production of Maize, the United States of America is at the top position in the world whereas Andhra Pradesh is at the top position in India.

→ Maize occupies 1 lakh 25 thousand hectares of area in Punjab. The average yield of maize is 15 quintals per acre.

→ Maize needs an environment that is considerably moist and warm from germination to flowering.

→ Varieties of Maize PMHl, PMH2 are for normal use and special purpose varieties are Punjab Sweet Corn-1 and Pearl Popcorn.

→ The seed rate for Pearl popcorn is 7 kg per acre whereas for other varieties it is 8 kg per acre.

→ Maize is sown from the end of May to the last week of June.

→ 4-6 irrigations are required for maize.

→ Mainly maize borer pest affects the maize crop.

→ Diseases that affect maize are seed rot and blight, stalk rot, etc.

→ Kharif pulse crops are Moong, Mash and Oilseed crops are groundnut and sesamum.

→ Soybean belongs to both pulses as well as oilseed categories.

→ India is a leading country in the production of pulses but the consumption of pulse is also high in India. Therefore there is a need to import pulses.

→ Moong crop occupies 5 thousand hectares in Punjab. Its average yield is 350 kg per acre.

→ Moong requires a hot climate. Well-drained loamy to a loam soil is suitable for Moong.

→ Soils which are saline-alkaline or waterlogged are not suitable for Moong.

→ Improved varieties of Moong are PAU-911, M.L.-818.

→ Moong is sown in the second fortnight of July.

→ Weeds are controlled in Moong by using Basalin and Treflan before sowing.

→ Harvest the Moong crop when about 80% of pods are mature.

→ Moong crop can be attacked by green Jasid, whitefly, hairy caterpillar, pod borer, aphid, etc.

→ Mash cultivation spreads over an area of 2 thousand hectares in Punjab and its average yield is 180 kg per acre.

→ Improved varieties of Mash are Mash 114, Mash 338.

→ When most of the leaves shed and pods turn greyish black, then harvest the crop.

→ The United States of America is at the top position in the world and Madhya Pradesh is at the top position in India, in the production of Soyafcean.

→ Some of the major uses of Soyabean – edible oil, soya milk and its products, bakery products, antibiotics, and fresh green beans.

→ Soybean requires a warm climate.

→ Improved varieties of Soyabean are S.L.-958, S.L.-744.

→ The seed rate for Soyabean is 25-30 kg seed per acre.

→ Soybean is sown in the first fortnight of June.

→ The crop is ready to harvest when all the leaves fall off and the color of pods changed.

→ Insects that attack soybean are hairy caterpillars, whitefly, etc.

→ A disease that can affect Soyabean yellow mosaic virus.

→ The highest oilseed producing country in the world is the United States of America and the highest oilseed producing state in India is Rajasthan.

→ Groundnut production is highest in China in the world and in India, it is in Gujarat.

→ Groundnut occupies 1500 hectares in Punjab.

→ The average yield of groundnut in Punjab is 7 quintals per acre.

→ Varieties of groundnut are S.G. 99, S.G. 84.

→ The seed rate (Kernels) for groundnut is 38-40 kg per acre.

→ The crop of groundnut is mature, it is indicated by uniform yellowing of the leaves and when older leaves fall off.

→ Insects/Pests which attack groundnut are Aphid, white grub, and hairy caterpillar.

→ Diseases that affect groundnut – collar rot, seed rot, Tikka, or Cercospora leaf-spot.

→ Cotton is sowed for textile and sugarcane is sown for getting sugar.

→ The fodder crop of Kharif is maize, Sorghum, and Bajra.

→ The highest production of cotton is in China in the world and in Gujarat in India.

→ Cotton occupies 5 lakh hectares in Punjab.

→ The average lint yield is 230 kg per acre in Punjab.

→ A hot and dry climate is needed for cotton.

→ Varieties of cotton are

• B.T. varieties – RCH 650, NCS 855, Ankur 3028, MRC 7017,
• non-B.T hybrid varieties – LHH-144,
• Normal varieties – L.H. 2108.

→ Desi cotton varieties-hybrid-PAU 626H, Simple variety F.D.K.124, L.D. 694.

→ The time of sowing for cotton is 1 April to 15 May.

→ Weeds found in cotton are It sit, Madhana/Makra, etc.

→ Pests/insects of cotton – Sucking pests like Jassid, aphid, whitefly, and mealybug. Tobacco caterpillar, pink bollworm, spotted bollworm, American bollworm.

→ Diseases of cotton are Leaf curl, bacterial Wight, wilt, track, and para will.

→ Production of sugarcane is highest in Brazil in the world and in India it is in Uttar Pradesh.

→ Sugarcane occupies 80 thousand hectares in Punjab.

→ The yield of sugarcane is about 280 quintals per acre. The average recovery of sugar is 9.4% from this.

→ A hot climate is required for sugarcane (i.e. tropical climate). Well-drained loamy soil is suitable for sugarcane.

→ Spring cane varieties are early maturing varieties that are CoJ-89.

→ Seed rate for cane crop is twenty thousand three budded set or four budded sets 15 thousand, or five budded sets-12 thousand for one acre.

→ Cane is sown from mid-February to the end of March.

→ Autumn cane crop varieties are CoJ-85, CoJ -83.

→ Autumn cane crop is sown from 20 September to 20 October.

→ Pests that may attack cane crops are Pyrilla, whitefly, termite, and different types of borers.

→ Diseases that may affect cane crops are Red rot, smut, wilt, red stripe, top rot, and stinking rot.

→ An adult animal needs 40 kg of green fodder per day.

→ Maize is the major fodder crop of Kharif. It is available for harvesting in 50 to 60 days.

→ The maize crop used for fodder is J-1006.

→ The seed rate for fodder crops of maize is 30 kg per acre.

→ Animals are happier to eat Sorghum (Jowar or chart).

→ Sorghum needs a hot and dry climate.

→ Varieties of Sorghum are S.L. 44.

→ The seed rate for Sorghum is 20-25 kg per acre.

→ To get early green fodder, Sorghum is sown in the middle of March.

→ The suitable time for sowing sorghum is from mid of June to mid of July.

→ More nutrients become available from Sorghum if harvesting is done from pre-boot to milk stage.

→ Varieties of Bajra (pearl millet) are P.H.B.F-1, F.B.C-16.

→ The seed rate for Bajra is 6-8 kg per acre.

→ Insects/pests for the Bajra crop are Root bugs, grasshoppers.

→ Diseases of bajra are green ear, downy mildew, and ergot.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 10 Coping with Stress will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 10 Coping with Stress

→ Stress is our physical or mental response to changes in the environment or challenging situations.

→ Stress is our body’s natural way of preparing itself for the pressures of school, home, or any other circumstances.

→ Stress is an important part of our daily life.

→ Everyone feels stressed whether he is a child, an adult, or an elder.

→ The causes of stress can be different for everyone but it is there for everyone.

→ Any student can be stressed in many ways such as work of the school, family circumstance, relations with friends, future thinking, the pressure of tests, etc.

→ When anyone is stressed, he should concentrate on things.

→ Close your eyes and take deep breaths. Count from one to ten. This activity must be repeated. It helps in reducing stress.

→ Stress is of two types good and bad.

→ Good stress motivates us to do any work and bad stress can lead us to many diseases.

→ Stress can have a wrong impact on our behavior, physical and mental healtl|nie reduces our ability to do any work.

→ If anyone lives under stress for a long tone becomes a victim of many diseases.

→ Student life is attached to stress.

→ The tension of tests, the tension of getting marks, fear of failure are a few of the causes which cause stress.

→ If stress is there then methods of removal of stress are also there and reduce stress by giving preference do necessary work, time management keeping ourselves happy.

→ We will become physically and mentally strong once we will follow the methods of reducing stress.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 9 Effective Communication will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 9 Effective Communication

→ The meaning of communication is to convey one’s message to anyone. For communication, two parties are necessary.

→ If we can convey our message to anyone in a better way or can listen to anyone easily, it tells others about our impressive personality.

→ In this way, effective communication and carefully listening to anyone is a skill that everyone must have.

→ Beautiful communication enhances our personality. That’s why the skill of effective communication is a must.

→ Incomplete communication can create many problems.

→ The meaning of incomplete communication is that we are unable to convey our message fully to the listener.

→ Maybe he heard the things from someone and did not get the complete message.

→ It can create many issues for us.

→ Good listening is important as well as good communication.

→ It requires practice so that we can listen to someone easily.

→ So it is very important that we have an interest and understanding of things.

→ There are many reasons why we like someone or pot such as we do not like the behavior of others, whether he speaks correctly or not, his choice of words is good or not.

→ Every person has a quality or a vice that makes him liked or disliked.

→ Likes and dislikes are associated with self-expression that how we communicate with others.

→ The way we speak, our language, our choice of words affect our better communication.

→ At the same time our behavior, expression of mind, etc. also affect our communication.

→ Can we tell someone what we mean without speaking or using words? Yes, we can do this.

→ We can use body parts to communicate with others such as hands, face, eyes, etc. and such language is known as body language.

→ So, we can practice and master the use of body language.

→ With constant practice, we can communicate emotions through our body language.

→ This art is of great importance who can’t speak or hear.

→ The greatest example of using body language to communicate one’s feelings to others is of Charlie Caplin who made pictures without using language and conveyed his message to the people.

→ Looking at Charlie Chaplin’s movies, we can say that communication through body language is quite possible.

→ Lots of practice is required to use body language for effective communication.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 8 Problem Solving Effective will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 8 Problem Solving Effective

→ Students are going through a phase in their lives at a time when many changes are coming in their decision-making process and their style of living life.

→ That’s why we find ourselves bound in so many mental and social clutches.

→ At this stage of life, students face problems from all sides.

→ These problems are internal as well as external.

→ So, first of all, it is important that we find the cause of the problem.

→ The problem can be related to anyone such as friends, family, school, personal, social, etc.

→ Any problem is only a problem until it is solved properly.

→ So it is important that we talk to elders such as parents or teachers and not to our poor or siblings to solve our problems.

→ We need solutions to our problems and for this, we need to understand the rule of SAFE HABITS.

→ Our problem is the problem unless we share it with our elders.

→ Our elders will guide us and solve our problems as well.

→ If we have free time, we can pursue a hobby such as reading books.

→ This will also increase our self-confidence and develop the art of reading.

→ We must make a timetable for all our activities.

→ This will get all our work done on time.

→ Life is a cycle of pleasures and pains.

→ So, it is important that we enjoy every moment and live it to the fullest.

→ We must help others when the time comes.

→ He will help us tomorrow when we need help.

→ Increasing the use of social media is wrong. It should be avoided.

→ Stay as stress-free as possible and line a happy life.

→ One should try to achieve it by imagining a better life.

→ When we get bored of daily life, we shoulda few days off and go for a vacation. After this, the person will work hard.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 7 Decision Making will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 7 Decision Making

→ We live a social life in which we have to make many kinds of decisions.

→ One right decision can change lives and a wrong decision can ruin lives.

→ When making any decision, we should think carefully about all its aspects and consequences.

→ Adolescent decisions are often made with the advice of friends but not with parents’ advice.

→ If at some point we have to say no to something, we should do it with full determination.

→ No decision should be made under any type of pressure.

→ We must examine the difference between right and wrong.

→ We need to think carefully about what is good and what is bad.

→ People have many habits and many of which are good and many of which are bad.

→ We must avoid bad habits and adopt good ones.

→ Everyone has many goals in life but it is very important to have the right direction to achieve those goals.

→ The wrong direction can lead us astray from our purpose.

→ There are many things in society that lead us astray from our goals and most people are attracted to these things.

→ Drugs are one such thing.

→ Along with the right direction to reach our destination, it is also important that we have dedication as well.

→ Only with dedication, we can achieve our goals.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 6 Managing Emotions will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 6 Managing Emotions

→ Everyone has a lot of emotions and everyone keeps showing them.

→ But it is important for us to control these emotions or it could be more harmful than good.

→ We can be very intelligent and successful if we are able to understand our emotions because a balance of emotions can get us on the road to success.

→ Balancing emotions means that we need to know exactly how to express a particular emotion.

→ If we manage to strike this balance, we can certainly succeed in life.

→ Emotions are like ocean waves that can jump at any moment.

→ If ocean waves occur on a large scale, Tsunami can occur.

→ In the same way, it can be harmful if the emotions occur on a large scale.

→ That’s why emotions should be kept in control or they can have a wrong impact on our social and mental health and on family relations.

→ If we want to express ourselves, it is important that we get in the habit of writing a diary on a daily basis.

→ Diary becomes a companion of happiness and keeps our secrets like a trusted friend.

→ We can lighten our minds by writing in a diary.

→ The person’s thinking and attitude should be positive.

→ We should always have forward-thinking.

→ We have to be humble with others or we will be at a great loss.

→ We need to maintain a balance of emotions and express them to a limited extent.

→ We have some negative and positive emotions and there is a need for their proper coordination.

→ We need to throw out the negative emotions and have more positive emotions.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 5 Creative Thinking will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 5 Creative Thinking

→ Creative thinking is the basis of human life.

→ When we think of innovation in life, it is called creative thinking.

→ When we look at something in a new way or think about it in a new way, it is because of our creative thinking.

→ Nature also keeps on creating something new.

→ Just like new flowers grow on a tree, so much new is being created every moment.

→ We can also think and create something new with our creative thinking.

→ We can start a new creation from our room.

→ We can point the walls nicely.

→ We can make the covers of our books and copies better.

→ We all live in the world and while living in the world, we face many kinds of problems.

→ Only then can we try to find a solution to that problem.

→ It is our thinking that helps us to find the best solution to the problems we face.

→ For example, you might have remembered the story of a thirsty crow who found the solution to the problem when he found less water in a Jug.

→ In the same way, we have an example of Dasrath Manjhi who lived in Bihar.

→ He worked between the hills.

→ One day his wife came to give him food.

→ She fell down from the hill and died.

→ The Hospital was. 55 km away.

→ She could have survived if she could have reached early.

→ Manjhi worked very hard alone for 22 years, cut the mountain, and made a 360 feet long and 30 feet wide road.

→ Initially, people made fun of him but later on, he was called. “The mountain man.”

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 4 Empathy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 4 Empathy

→ Emotions are an important part of our life.

→ We use many of the emotions in our daily life such as anger, love, fear, hardness, pain, etc.

→ As emotions are an important part of our life, it is necessary to learn that which emotion could be used at what time.

→ For example, laughter is good for health but laughing at the time of death of anyone becomes a wrong expression.

→ It is a must for us to identify the emotions, accept them and keep them under control.

→ Our society is based on social values and such a society is known as a civilized society.

→ Society runs smoothly due to such values as norms, honesty, respect, sense of responsibility, etc.

→ Few other emotions are also important such as cooperation, maintaining balance with others, etc.

→ The whole of the world is full of diversity and every creature knows that he is different from others.

→ While living in society, we come to know about many languages, customs, cultures, etc.

→ India is full of such diversity.

→ That’s why unity in diversity is quite visible in India.

→ Many communities and groups live in society.

→ We must live in peace and harmony with the people of different languages, religions, etc. We must respect such diversity.

→ Helping others is quite good but while helping, keep in mind that the person is needy or not. If not then the help will be in vain.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 3 Interpersonal Relationships will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 3 Interpersonal Relationships

→ This chapter deals with the issue of interpersonal relationships and how we have to deal with mutual relations.

→ Family is just like a tree. Every member of the family is like a branch of a tree.

→ Each member of the family has its own importance.

→ If a member dies, the person is greatly missed.

→ The family tree continues to grow.

→ That’s why it is important for us to continue to water this family tree with respect and love.

→ This will make the tree grow and flourish.

→ A small story is also given in the chapter ‘Live and Let Others Live’.

→ This story has many characters such as Komal Preet Kaur, Pooja Sharma, Anmol, and Manjit Singh.

→ This story starts with the conversation between Pooja and Komal and they move to tuitions.

→ After this, Manjot and Simran misbehave with Pooja and Komal and try to harass them.

→ Then Komal and Pooja discuss that how to get rid of this problem.

→ They do not want to discuss the matter with their parents or teachers as they could take out their own fault in it.

→ Then they think of Anmol who is a common friend of all.

→ Komal and Pooja share the whole of the incident with Anmol who further says that he will discuss the matter with Manjot and Simran.

→ Anmol meets both of the boys and tells them that in adolescent age, there is a character-building process.

→ That’s why they must keep control of themselves.

→ Anmol tells them that teasing girls is called Eve Teasing and teasing boys is known as Adam Teasing.

→ It is a criminal offense and an individual can be punished for such actions.

→ After listening to this from Anmol and both the girls, both Manjot and Simranjit understand the things and apologize for their actions. They promise them not to repeat the same mistake.

→ Anmol says that we must follow the concept of Live and Let Live.

→ In this way, they will become good friends.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 2 Critical Thinking will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 2 Critical Thinking

→ We live in society and while living in society, we have certain dreams.

→ To fulfill our dreams, occasionally we do daydreaming or talk in vague.

→ We have to fight and win the war to fulfill our dreams.

→ We have to work hard to fulfill our dreams which give us determination.

→ Only with a concentration of mind, we can make our dreams come true.

→ While living in the world, we compare many things with others. Sometimes, the comparison is positive which is good.

→ But if the comparison becomes negative then the person becomes jealous and starts walking on the path of despair.

→ If we are not satisfied with our situation and do not adopt positive thinking then we cannot have all-around development.

→ So, instead of trying to be negative, we must learn good things from others and should talk in a constructive way.

→ No two individuals are the same in this world.

→ They must have some differences between them.

→ We must learn from such differences to move forward, Modern media has made the whole world much smaller.

→ We can see and talk to a person sitting thousands of kilometers away.

→ But we must use the media wisely and not let them dominate us.

→ In the age of modernization, one should use the means of entertainment for one’s own entertainment but we must not forget the books which cannot be replaced in any case.

→ We must use social media wisely and in a constructive way.

→ We must not let social media dominate us and only use it to increase our knowledge.